akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa ...
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa ...
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa ...
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<strong>akaki</strong> <strong>wereTlis</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>universiteti</strong><br />
<strong>humanitarul</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> fakulteti<br />
nikoloz farjanaZe<br />
pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis warmoSobis specifika<br />
(inglisuri da qarTuli enebis masalaze)<br />
10.02.04 – germanikuli enebi<br />
disertacia filologiis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />
samecniero xelmZRvaneli<br />
filologiis <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> doqtori, profesori<br />
madona megreliSvili<br />
quTaisi<br />
2010
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................5<br />
Tavi I ........................................................................................................................................16<br />
pragmatikis kvlevis sfero – istoriuli wanamZRvrebi da Teoriebi<br />
1.1 pragmatika rogorc lingvo-semiotikuri cneba da misi genezisi ............16<br />
1.2. pragmatikis cnebis Sinaarsi ....................................................................................18<br />
1.3. sametyvelo qmedebebi da sametyvelo movlenebi .............................................23<br />
1.3.1 sametyvelo qmedeba da misi struqturuli aspeqtebi – lokucia,<br />
ilokucia, perlokucia. .................................................................................................25<br />
1.3.2. ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori da misi meqanizmi ..................................28<br />
1.3.3. sametyvelo situacia da warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebi .........29<br />
1.4 sametyvelo qmedebebis klasifikacia ...................................................................35<br />
1.5 konteqsti da sametyvelo qmedebebi ......................................................................40<br />
1.5.1 sametyvelo konteqsti da sametyvelo qmedeba ...........................................40<br />
1.5.2 mocemuli Tu agebuli konteqsti: komunikaciuri arCevani ..................43<br />
1.5.3 limitirebuli Tu aralimitirebuli konteqsti: komunikaciuri<br />
arCevani ................................................................................................................................46<br />
1.5.4 obieqturi da kognituri konteqsti: komunikaciuri arCevani ............49<br />
1.5.5 konteqstis integraluri struqtura da komunikaciuri arCevani ...54<br />
1.6 sametyvelo qmedeba da konteqstis urTierTmonacvleoba ..........................56<br />
1.7 subieqtis kategoria – pragmatikuli kvlevis centraluri obieqti ...60<br />
Tavi II ......................................................................................................................................66<br />
diskursi – Tanamedrove lingvo-semiotikis centraluri obieqti:<br />
misi struqturuli analizis aspeqtebi .........................................................66<br />
2.1 diskursis cneba .............................................................................................................66<br />
2
2.1.1 diskursi da socialuri realoba ...................................................................69<br />
2.1.2 diskursi da misi gavlena socialuri realobaze ..................................70<br />
2.1.3 diskursi da kultura ..........................................................................................76<br />
2.2 diskursi da misi analitika ....................................................................................77<br />
2.2.1 fonuri codna ...........................................................................................................78<br />
2.2.2 kulturuli sqemebi da maTi gavlena diskursze ....................................81<br />
2.3 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumenti rogorc diskursi da misi<br />
analizi .............................................................................................................................82<br />
2.4 diskursis kritikuli analizi rogorc meTodi ............................................87<br />
Tavi III .....................................................................................................................................91<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi da misi aspeqtualuri<br />
analizi ............................................................................................................................91<br />
3.1 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebi rogorc diskursi da misi<br />
aspeqtualuri parametrebi .......................................................................................91<br />
3.2 saganmanaTleblo politikur dokumentTa klasifikacia ...........................92<br />
3.2.1 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentis SesaZlo orazrovneba da<br />
misi kritikuli analizi ..............................................................................................97<br />
3.2.2 lingvisturi idealizmi ....................................................................................100<br />
3.3 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumenti rogorc teqsti da diskursi<br />
............................................................................................................................................103<br />
3.4 enis materialisturi gageba da diskursis Teoriebi ................................121<br />
3.5 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentis diskursuli analizi .......126<br />
3.6 saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi da misi integraruli<br />
struqtura: procesi da produqti .....................................................................133<br />
3.7 neoliberaluri saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi da misi<br />
analizis sakvanZo sityvebi ...................................................................................135<br />
daskvnebi ..............................................................................................................................150<br />
3
gamoyenebuli literatura ............................................................................................154<br />
4
Sesavali<br />
1. sadisertacio naSromis Tema da problematika<br />
winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi eZRvneba pragmatikuli<br />
mniSvnelobis warmoSobis specifikis kvlevas. Cven SeviswavliT<br />
mniSvnelobis raobas, kerZod ki, pragmatikul mniSvnelobas, da<br />
inglisuri da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis<br />
magaliTze warmovadgenT im faqtorebis analizs, romlebic arsebiT<br />
rols TamaSoben pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis generaciis procesSi<br />
socialuri realobis formirebis fonze.<br />
daaxloebiT 50-wliani istoriis manZilze pragmatikam da<br />
pragmatikuli kvlevis obieqtma mravali cvlileba ganicada sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis Seswavlidan diskursis analizamde (Austin 1962, Bach and<br />
Harnish 1979, Grice 1967, Leech 1980, Levinson 1983, Searle 1969). diskursSi asaxuli<br />
socialuri realobis kritikuli kvleva enaTmecnierebis SedarebiT<br />
axali mimarTulebaa (Fairclough 1992, Foucault 1996, Van Dijk 1997). masSi<br />
pragmatikuli aspeqti gansakuTrebiT specifikuria da, Tumca am<br />
mimarTulebiT arsebobs kvlevebi dasavlur konteqstSi (Van Dijk 1981; Yule<br />
2000), CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi samecniero literaturis safuZvelze<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom qarTul realobaSi ar aris diskursis<br />
kritikuli analizis meTodis Sesabamisad Catarebuli kvleva. aseve ar<br />
aris samecniero Sromebi saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis<br />
lingvisturi Seswavlis mimarTulebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalzed<br />
mniSvnelovania gamovikvlioT is pragmatikuli aspeqtebi, romlebic<br />
ganapirobeben saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursis pragmatikuli da<br />
komunikaciuri mniSvnelobebis generacias, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,<br />
gavlenas axdenen socialuri realobis formirebaze.<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursis pragmatikuli aspeqti<br />
saintereso enobrivi movlenaa, radganac igi moicavs rogorc<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursis mniSvnelobebs, aseve socialur<br />
5
urTierTobebs. diskursSi CarTulni arian socialuri subieqtebi,<br />
romlebic moqmedeben TavianT socialur konteqstSi, rogorc diskursis<br />
TanaSemoqmedi da Tanamoqmedi elementebi. aqedan gamomdinare, diskursis<br />
kritikuli analizi aris ara marto mniSvnelobis miniWebis<br />
retrospeqtuli Seswavla, aramed moqmedi subieqtis mier Seqmnili<br />
diskursis saSualebiT realobis formirebis kvleva.<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursis pragmatikuli da<br />
kritikuli analizis perspeqtivaTa sinTezi aucilebelia, raTa<br />
SeviswavloT is aspeqtebi, romlebic Riad ar aris mocemuli, aramed<br />
gamoxatulia diskursis mier. diskursis pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis<br />
sruli gaazrebisaTvis kvleva unda gascdes interaqciis socialuri<br />
aspeqtebis Seswavlas, raTa man moicvas teqstis formisa da struqturis<br />
miRma arsebuli cnebebi:<br />
• komunikaciaSi monawile individis komunikaciuri intencia;<br />
• komunikaciaSi monawile individis fonuri codna;<br />
• komunikaciaSi monawile individis rwmena da miswrafebebi.<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi aris Tanamedrove diskursis<br />
erT-erTi tipi, romelSic naTlad aisaxeba enaSi mimdinare leqsikosemantikuri,<br />
socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri movlenebi. saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikuri diskursis analizi saSualebas mogvcems SeviswavloT enis<br />
struqturaSi asaxuli individis enobrivi kompetencia, socialuri<br />
urTierTobebi da konteqsti. mocemuli cnebebis kvlevis fonze<br />
gamoikveTeba is aspeqtebi, romlebic ganapirobeben pragmatikuli<br />
mniSvnelobis warmoSobis specifikas.<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebis swori da saTanado interpretaciisaTvis<br />
arsebobs konteqstualuri garemoebebi. amaTgan zogierTi saerToa<br />
nebismieri saxis komunikaciisaTvis. magaliTad, metyvelebisa da smenis<br />
unari da komunikantebis saubari erTsa da imave enaze. amave dros<br />
mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, rom ena aris socialuri fenomeni da enis<br />
6
kvlevam aucileblad unda moicvas enis socialuri buneba da<br />
sazogadoebriv konteqstSi misi gamoyeneba.<br />
konteqstsa da sametyvelo qmedebas Soris urTierTmimarTeba aris<br />
sakmaod rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani. winamdebare kvlevis amocanaa,<br />
gavaanalizoT konteqstis interaqtiuli buneba da gavarkvioT am<br />
interaqtiul movlenaSi monawile individebs SeuZliaT Tu ara<br />
konteqstualuri situaciebis konstruireba. formalur situaciebisa da<br />
instituciuri rolebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi socialuri monawileebi<br />
da Zalauflebis miniWebis procesi mkacrad aris dadgenili da<br />
izolirebulia yoveldRiuri interaqciisagan, xolo araformalur<br />
situaciebSi komunikaciaSi monawile individi Tavisufalia sametyvelo<br />
qmedeba Tavisi subieqturi Semecnebis Sesabamisad gaaanalizos.<br />
individis mier sametyvelo qmedebis subieqturi Sefasebis<br />
SesaZleblobam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis<br />
kvlevis sagnis formirebaSi. lingvisturi Teoriebis simravlem warmoSva<br />
aucilebloba – moiZebnos SemakavSirebeli rgoli anu centri. swored<br />
subieqturoba anu subieqtis kategoria SeiZleba iyos lingvistur<br />
TeoriaTa centri. subieqtis kategoria iqca Tanamedrove lingvistikis<br />
centralur kategoriad (Coward & Ellis 1977). Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove<br />
lingvistikis interesTa centrSi dadga adamiani da mis mier<br />
Sesrulebuli sametyvelo qmedeba. sametyvelo qmedebis interpretaciis<br />
Sesaxeb Teoriebis SemuSaveba pragmatikis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens.<br />
interpretaciis obieqti aris pragmatikuli mniSvneloba, romlis<br />
Camoyalibebaze gavlenas axdens mravali faqtori. Cveulebriv,<br />
semantikuri koncefciebi agebulia enobriv erTeulebsa da idealizebul<br />
kategoriebs (cnebebs, saganTa klass) Soris urTierTobebze, pragmatika<br />
ki Tavis yuradRebas mimarTavs subieqtisa da mis enobriv qmedebas Soris<br />
arsebuli damokidebulebis Seswavlisaken. subieqturi faqtoris mimarT<br />
interesi gamowveulia kvlevis erTeulis SecvliT. enaTmecnierebi<br />
aanalizeben ara sityvisa da winadadebis mniSvnelobas, aramed<br />
gamonaTqvamis komunikaciur Sinaarss. pragmatikis winaSe dadga amocana –<br />
7
Seiswavlos is kanonzomierebani, romlebic ganapirobeben subieqtur<br />
mniSvnelobaTa warmoSobas, da daadginos maTi konvenciurobis xarisxi.<br />
enis kvlevis centralur kategoriad subieqtis kategoriis aRiarebiT<br />
wina planze wamoiwia enis socialurma bunebam. enaSi aisaxeba socialuri<br />
urTierTobebi, kacobriobis istoria da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
dagrovebuli gamocdileba, romelic ayalibebs metyveli subieqtis<br />
enobriv kompetencias. enobrivi kompetencia ar aris mxolod<br />
gamonaTqvamebis gamoxatvis an sametyvelo qmedebebis Sesrulebis unari.<br />
socialuri interaqcia gacilebiT ufro rTuli fenomenia, vidre zemoT<br />
moyvanili qmedebebis realizeba. mocemul mtkicebulebas mivyavarT<br />
Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis sakvanZo problemamde – moiZebnos kvlevis<br />
is obieqti, romelic moicavs rogorc enis subieqturobas, aseve enis<br />
socialur bunebasa da socialur urTierTobebs. rogorc kvlevam aCvena,<br />
swored am faqtorma ganapiroba Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis sakvlevi<br />
erTeulis cvlileba da mravali mimarTulebis Seswavlis obieqti aris<br />
ara sityva, an gamonaTqvami, an Tundac calkeuli sametyvelo qmedeba,<br />
aramed diskursi, romelic moicavs metyvel individs, sametyvelo<br />
konteqstsa da socialuri urTierTobebs.<br />
kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda diskursis iseTi ganmartebis<br />
SemuSaveba, romelic naTlad warmoaCens Tavad diskursis cnebas da<br />
romelsac daufuZneba mocemuli kvleva. diskursi moicavs mniSvnelobasa<br />
da socialur urTierTobebs. isini qmnian rogorc subieqturobas, aseve<br />
Zalaze dafuZnebul urTierTobebs (Ball 1990).<br />
diskursi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rTuli da kompleqsuri cnebaa.<br />
kvlevis organizebulobisa da Tanmimdevrulobis TvalsazrisiT<br />
aucilebelia kvlevis obieqtis dadgena, romelic Seqmnis analizis<br />
konceptualur CarCos. Cveni interesebidan gamomdinare, kvlevis<br />
erTeulad SevarCieT saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi, romelic<br />
aris Tanamedrove diskursis erT-erTi tipi da romelSic naTlad aisaxa<br />
enaSi mimdinare leqsiko-semantikuri, socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri<br />
movlenebi.<br />
8
1980-iani wlebi mniSvnelovani xana iyo enis kvlevis sferoSi<br />
arsebiTi gardatexis TvalsazrisiT (Luke 1995). am periodamde<br />
saganmanaTleblo kvlevebi efuZneboda iseT disciplinebts, rogorebicaa<br />
sociolingvistika, komunikaciis eTnografia da eTnomeTodologia. isini<br />
ZiriTad aqcents akeTebdnen enis mizez-Sedegobriobasa da kulturul<br />
nairferovnebaze. 1980-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mecnierul interesTa<br />
yuradRebis centrSi moeqca enis ganviTarebis kvleva da diskurssa da<br />
mniSvnelovan socialur formaciaTa Soris urTierTobebi. kvlevis axali<br />
midgoma cdilobs ena gaaanalizos im kuTxiT, romelic saSualebas<br />
mogvcems avxsnaT individTa fsiqologiuri miznebi da zraxvebi, maTi<br />
motivacia, gamocdileba da unar-Cvevebi. Tvisobrivad axali tipis kvleva<br />
aris mcdeloba – avxsnaT, Tu rogor ayalibebs sistemurad diskursi<br />
socialur da bunebriv samyaros (Williams 1992). saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikuri diskursis analizi saSualebas mogvcems SeviswavloT enis<br />
struqturaSi asaxuli individis enobrivi kompetencia, socialuri<br />
urTierTobebi da konteqsti, romlebic ganapirobeben pragmatikuli<br />
mniSvnelobis warmoSobis specifikas.<br />
2. problemis aqtualoba<br />
winamdebare naSromis problemis aqtualobas ganapirobebs ramdenime<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtori. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia maTi mkafiod<br />
formulireba, rac xels Seuwyobs Tavad naSromis miznebisa da<br />
amocanebis naTlad warmoCenas.<br />
a) miuxedavad imisa, rom pragmatika ukve ramdenime aTwleulia<br />
funqcionirebs, rogorc kvlevis damoukidebeli da Tanmimdevruli<br />
mimarTuleba, mainc aris diskusia imis Sesaxeb, aqvs Tu ara am<br />
disciplinis farglebSi warmoebul kvlevas TviTmyofadi xasiaTi. Cvens<br />
mier warmodgenili naSromi aris mcdeloba, kidev erTxel moxdes<br />
pragmatikuli Teoriis WrilSi Seqmnili lingvisturi kvlevebis<br />
mimoxilva, rac saSualebas mogvcems ganvsazRvroT, mniSvnelobis ra<br />
9
aspeqtebi unda moicvas pragmatikulma analizma. mocemuli sakiTxi metad<br />
mniSvnelovania, radgan pragmatika aris enis funqcionaluri<br />
TvalsazrisiT kvleva, romlis mizanic aris lingvisturi struqturebis<br />
axsna aralingvistur mizezebsa da faqtorebTan kavSirSi. es ganapirobebs<br />
Cveni naSromis aqtualobis erT-erT aspeqts, radgan enis<br />
funqcionalurobis TvalsazrisiT kvleva metad problemuria da Znelia<br />
erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT pragmatika da sxva disciplinebi (magaliTad,<br />
fsiqolingvistika da sociolingvistika), romlebic dainteresebuli<br />
arian enis mimarT funqcionaluri midgomiT.<br />
b) Cvens naSromSi dasmuli problema aqtualuria lingvisturi<br />
TvalsazrisiT, radganac masSi naTlad aris dayenebuli da<br />
gaanalizebuli enaTmecnierebis kvlevis sagnis evolucia calkeuli<br />
sityvebis enobrivi Seswavlidan diskursis analizamde. enis kvleva ar<br />
SeiZleba Semoifarglos mxolod calkeuli niSnebis analiziT, radgan<br />
ena ar aris mxolod saxeldebis procesi. igi ar aris niSnebis statikuri<br />
erTianoba, romelTa meSveobiTac individebi reagireben gare samyaroze.<br />
naSromSi dayenebulia aqtualuri sakiTxi, rom ena aris socialur<br />
praqtikaTa erToblioba, romlis meSveobiTac xalxi agebs individebisa<br />
da sagnebis azrian samyaros.<br />
g) mniSvnelovania naSromSi warmoCenili enis qmediTi buneba.<br />
performativebis Teoria ukve aRar warmoadgens siaxles. magram, rac<br />
naSromis aqtualobas ganapirobebs, aris is, rom igi axdens ara<br />
calkeuli gamonaTqvamebis performatiuli maxasiaTeblebis analizs,<br />
aramed mTeli diskursi warmodgenilia, rogorc erTi mTliani<br />
socialuri performativi. mniSvnelovania diskursis enis qmediTobis<br />
WrilSi kvleva, radgan igi xazs usvams im faqts, rom diskursi aris<br />
Sinaganad mowesrigebuli struqtura, romelic gavlenas axdens ara<br />
marto formaze, aramed gadmocemuli informaciis Sinaarsze, anu avlens<br />
komunikaciisa da azrovnebis legitimur saSualebebs.<br />
d) mocemuli naSromis aqtualobas aseve ganapirobebs enis cnebis kvleva<br />
enis materialisturi paradigmis WrilSi. ena ar aris mxolod wesebisa<br />
10
da struqturebis sistema an kidev mxolod socialuri fenomeni. swored<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, naSromSi gamokveTilia aucilebloba, rom diskursis<br />
socialuri da politikuri Teoriebi aucileblad unda Seerwyas<br />
diskursis analizis lingvistur midgomebs. es moiTxovs kvlevis<br />
fokusirebas realur teqstebSi enis gamoyenebaze. aseve unda mivaqcioT<br />
yuradReba im urTierTimimarTebas, romelic arsebobs am teqstebsa da<br />
ufro masStabur diskursul da socialur praqtikebs Soris.<br />
aucilebelia ena ganvixiloT rogorc diskursi da socialuri praqtika.<br />
analizs unda daeqvemdebaros ara mxolod teqsti an diskursis Seqmnisa<br />
da interpretaciis procesi, aramed is urTierToba, romelic arsebobs<br />
teqstebs, procesebsa da maT socialur pirobebs Soris. am ukanasknelSi<br />
erTiandeba situaciuri konteqstis uSualo garemoebebi da instituciuri<br />
da socialuri struqturebis ufro Soreuli pirobebi. naSromi<br />
aqtualuria im kuTxiTac, rom mocemuli sakiTxebi ganxilulia me-20 da<br />
21-e saukuneebis inglisuri da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo politikuri<br />
dokumentebis analizze dayrdnobiT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
qarTul konteqstSi mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis fonze.<br />
3. kvlevis meTodologia da gamoyenebul meTodTa sistema<br />
naSromis kvlevis saganma da dasmul sakiTxTa xasiaTma ganapiroba<br />
gamoyenebuli meTodologiisa da meTodebis tipis SerCeva. pragmatikuli<br />
mniSvnelobis warmoSobas ganapirobebs mravali faqtori, romlis<br />
kvlevac erTi Teoriis farglebSi warmoudgenlad migvaCnia. mniSvnelobis<br />
mravalwaxnagianoba saWiroebs kompleqsur midgomas da kvlevac daefuZna<br />
lingvo-semiotikur meTodologias, romelic mniSvnelobis generaciis<br />
process ikvlevs anTropocentristuli da komunikaciuri paradigmis<br />
WrilSi. amitom kvlevis meTodad avirCieT diskursis kritikuli analizi.<br />
igi aris interdisciplinuri kvleva da aerTianebs im disciplinebs,<br />
romlebic awarmoeben lingvo-semiotikur da socialuri procesebisa da<br />
socialuri cvlilebebis analizs. diskursis kritikuli analizis<br />
meTodologia moicavs sazogadoebisa da Zalauflebis, socialuri<br />
11
Semecnebis, gramatikisa da semiotikuri aspeqtebis Semswavlel Teoriebs<br />
– enaTmecniereba, fsiqolingvistika, semantika, pragmatika,<br />
sociolingvistika da teqstis lingvistika. mocemul meTodebTan erTad,<br />
diskursis kritikul analizSi did rols TamaSobs hermenevtika,<br />
romelic mniSvnelovania teqstis interpretaciisa da teqstisa da<br />
mkiTxvelis urTierTimamrTebis Seswavlis procesSi. mocemuli Teoriebi<br />
saSualebas iZleva empiriuli kvleva vawarmooT struqturuli,<br />
diskursuli, teqstualuri, interteqstualuri, socio-kulturuli da<br />
socio-kognituri analizis meTodebis meSveobiT. es empiriuli kvleva<br />
aris wriuli procesi, romelic ramdenime Sres moicavs:<br />
warmodgenebis<br />
Seswavla<br />
Teoria<br />
konceptualizacia:<br />
Teoriuli<br />
cnebebisa da<br />
urTierTimarTebis<br />
SerCeva,<br />
warmodgenebi<br />
interpretacia<br />
operacionalizacia<br />
informaciis<br />
Serceva<br />
diskursi/teqsti<br />
procedurebi da<br />
instrumentebi<br />
nax. 1 empiriuli kvleva rogorc<br />
wriuli procesi (Merton 1967: 43)<br />
12
4. naSromis siaxle<br />
mocemuli naSromis mecnierul siaxles ganapirobebs ramdenime<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtori, upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom mTavari<br />
siaxlea Tavad naSromis empiriuli kvlevis obieqti, kerZod ki –<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi. swored am mTavari siaxlis<br />
fonze ikveTeba siaxleTa ufro konkretuli momentebi:<br />
a) naSromSi pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis generaciis procesis<br />
kvlevisas moxda TeoriaTa mTeli speqtris Sejereba, rac aris<br />
pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis Seswavlis Tvisobrivad axleburi,<br />
interdisciplinuri kvleva. igi saSualebas iZleva yuradRebis<br />
fokusireba movaxdinoT da SeviswavloT diskursis komunikaciuri<br />
mniSvneloba, romlis formirebasac ganapirobebs rogorc enobrivi<br />
aspeqtebi, aseve araenobrivi faqtorebi da garemoebebi.<br />
b) naSromSi axleburad aris warmoCenili diskursis konteqstualuri<br />
kvlevis SesaZlebloba. diskursisa da konteqstis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis Seswavla ar aris axali mimarTuleba<br />
lingvistikaSi. siaxles warmoadgens diskursis TeoriaTa<br />
paradigmaSi Tavad konteqstis cnebis axleburi interpretacia, raTa<br />
man moicvas rogorc lingvisturi movlenebi, aseve socialuri<br />
praqtikebi da kulturuli ganzomilebebi, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
mniSvneloba SeviswavloT ufro farTo speqtriT.<br />
g) naSromSi SemuSavebuli socio-kognituri midgoma kidev erTi<br />
inovaciuri aspeqtia, romelmac kvlevaSi Semoitana sociofsiqologiuri<br />
ganzomileba. socio-kognituri midgoma saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs diskursi ganvixiloT, rogorc komunikaciuri movlena,<br />
romelic moicavs rogorc werilobiT, aseve verbalur teqsts, mis<br />
konversaciul (sasaubro) interpretaciasa da semiotikur<br />
ganzomilebas. mocemuli midgoma SesaZlebels xdis diskursis<br />
funqciur-struqturul analizs.<br />
d) kvlevaSi subieqtis kategoria (mosaubre individi, an<br />
interpretatori) or sxva mediumTan erTad (diskursi da konteqsti)<br />
13
warmoCenilia, rogorc pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis generaciis<br />
ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi mTavari faqtori. sociologiuri da<br />
lingvisturi Teoriebis paradigmis meSveobiT Cven SevecadeT<br />
agvexsna individis mier Sesrulebuli qmedebis roli socialuri<br />
struqturis formirebasa da damkvidrebaSi.<br />
5. naSromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba<br />
naSromis Teoriul Rirebulebas gansazRvravs masSi mocemuli<br />
pragmatikul TeoriaTa Sesaxeb dRemde arsebuli naSromebis Sejerebaanalizis<br />
mcdeloba. mniSvnelobis kvleva kacobriobis arsebobis mTeli<br />
istoriis ganmavlobaSi uwyveti kamaTisa da diskusiis fonze<br />
mimdinareobs. mocemul naSromSi Cven SevecadeT agvesaxa mniSvnelobis<br />
kvlevis yvelaze sadavo aspeqtebi da maTi analizis fonze agvego is<br />
cnebiTi Sreebi, romlebic arsebiT faqtorebs warmoadgenen pragmatikuli<br />
mniSvnelobis generaciis procesSi.<br />
6. naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba<br />
Cvens naSroms xelSesaxebi praqtikuli mniSvnelobac gaaCnia. igi<br />
naTelyofs, rom sxvadasxva tipis mniSvnelobis Sinaarsis srulyofili<br />
kvlevisaTvis aucilebelia sxvadasxva lingvistur da ara-lingvistur<br />
TeoriaTa Sejereba. es TavisTavad ganapirobebs maTi swavlebis<br />
aucileblobas, rac xels Seuwyobs komunikaciis enobrivi da araenobrivi<br />
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb Cveni codnis gaRrmavebas. naSromis<br />
Teoriuli mxare da kvlevis Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva<br />
sauniversiteto kursebSi semantikis, pragmatikis, teqstis lingvistikis,<br />
sociolinvistikisa da diskursis analizis swavlebisas.<br />
14
7. konceptualuri CarCo<br />
diskursi<br />
subieqtis<br />
kategoria<br />
pragmatikuli<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
konteqsti<br />
nax. 1 kvlevis konceptualuri CarCo<br />
mocemuli konceptualuri CarCo warmoadgens Cven mier Catarebuli<br />
Teoriuli samuSaos cnebiT sqemas. kvlevis sagnidan da specifikidan,<br />
aseve piradi interesidan gamomdinare, Teoriuli Zieba daefuZna sam<br />
ZiriTad cnebas – diskursi, subieqtis kategoria da konteqsti.<br />
samecniero literaturis analizisa da interpretaciis Sedegad Cveni<br />
naSromi ZiriTadad emyareba diskursis analizis Teorias, kerZod ki,<br />
diskursis kritikul analizs. Cven viziarebT mocemuli Teoriis<br />
midgomas, romlis mixedviTac Tanamedrove samyaroSi diskursi<br />
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs ara marto socialuri realobis formirebas,<br />
aramed Tavad metyveli subieqtis mier am realobis aRqmisa da<br />
interpretaciis process. diskursi Tavad agebs socialuri realobis<br />
mniSvnelobebs. metyveli subieqti diskursis struqturidan gamomdinare,<br />
amave struqturis mixedviT, axdens mniSvnelobis interpretacias<br />
diskursis mier formirebuli socialuri konteqstis Sesabamisad.<br />
15
Tavi I<br />
pragmatikis kvlevis sfero – istoriuli wanamZRvrebi da<br />
Teoriebi<br />
1.1 pragmatika rogorc lingvo-semiotikuri cneba da misi genezisi<br />
pragmatikul mniSvnelobaze saubrisas, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
aucilebelia gairkves, Tu ras niSnavs Tavad termini pragmatika da<br />
mniSvnelobis ra aspeqtebs moicavs igi. arsebobs sazogado SeTanxmeba,<br />
rom termin pragmatikis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba ukavSirdeba filosofos<br />
Carlz moriss (Levinson 1983; Yule 1996). man, rom semiotikis (mecniereba<br />
niSnebis Sesaxeb) ganxilvisas, pragmatika gamoyo semiotikis erT-erT<br />
mimarTulebad, rogorc niSnebis interpretatorebTan mimarTebis kvleva.<br />
mis mier SemuSavebuli triqotomiis ori danarCeni mimarTuleba aris<br />
sintaqtika (an sintaqsi) da semantika. pirveli, man ganixila, rogorc<br />
,,niSnebs Soris formaluri mimarTebis kvleva”, xolo meore warmoadgina,<br />
rogorc ,,kvleva niSnebis im sagnebTan kavSirisa, romelTa mimarTac es<br />
niSnebi gamoiyeneba” (Morris 1938: 6).<br />
pragmatikul mniSvnelobaze saubrisas, levinsoniL(Levinson 1983)<br />
ganmartebiT, aseve aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom pragmatika<br />
gamoiyeneba ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli gagebiT. morisiseuli<br />
gaazrebiT, pragmatika aris Zalian farTo cneba, romelic ikvlevs<br />
niSnebis funqcionirebisas mimdinare fsiqologiur, biologiur da<br />
socialur procesebs. pragmatikis aseTi gageba Zalian farToa da am<br />
poziciis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi igi moicavda enis iseT aspeqtebs,<br />
romlebsac axla ikvleven lingvistikis damoukidebeli disciplinebi:<br />
fsiqolingvistika, socio-lingvistika da mravali sxva (Levinson 1983).<br />
meore mxriv, moxda pragmatikis CarCoebis daviwroeba da am kuTxiT<br />
didi roli iTamaSa filosofosma da logikosma karnapma (Carnap 1938<br />
16
citirebuli Levinson 1983: 2). misi azriT, Tuki gamonaTqvamis mniSvnelobis<br />
kvlevisas xdeba mosaubris Ria moxsenieba, aseT SemTxvevaSi analizi<br />
mimdinareobs pragmatikis WrilSi. pozicias, romlis mixedviTac<br />
pragmatika aris enis im aspeqtebis kvleva, romlebic aucileblad<br />
moiTxoven enis momxmareblis referencias, mivyavarT terminis metad<br />
viwro gagebasTan. levinsonis (Levinson 1983) mtkicebiT,<br />
filosofosebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki logikosebisaTvis, pragmatikis<br />
amgvari ganmarteba SeuZlebels gaxdida enis gamoyenebis srulyofil<br />
kvlevas, Tundac deiqturi da indeqsuri sityvebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa<br />
magaliTad, piris nacvalsaxelebi me da Sen (an Tqven). am faqtorebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, pragmatika ganimarta, rogorc kvleva bunebrivi da<br />
xelovnuri enebisa, romlebic Seicaven indeqsur an deiqtur sityvebs.<br />
meore mxriv, radganac nebismier bunebriv enaSi moipoveba deiqturi<br />
sityvebi, maTi kvlevis mxolod pragmatikis CarCoebSi moqceva miuRebeli<br />
aris lingvistebisaTvis, radganac es logikurad imis mimaniSnebeli<br />
iqneboda, rom bunebriv enebs ar gaaCniaT semantika da mniSvnelobas<br />
mxolod sintaqsi da pragmatika ikvlevs (Gazdar 1979). amitomac, rogorc<br />
levinsoni amtkicebs, Tuki lingvistikisaTvis mniSvnelovania<br />
triqotomiis (sintaqsi, semantika, pragmatika) arseboba, maSin<br />
aucilebelia pragmatikisaTvis saTanado CarCos dadgena, raTa<br />
lingvisturma kvlevam moicvas konteqstis arsebiTi aspeqtebi (Levinson<br />
1983). enaSi deiqturi da indeqsuri sityvebis (magaliTad, me, Sen, aq, axla)<br />
arseboba akanonebs konteqstis aucileblobas sametyvelo qmedebis sruli<br />
da marTebuli interpretaciis procesSi. konteqstma unda moicvas droisa<br />
da sivrcis parametrebi, komunikaciaSi monawile individTa pirovnebebi,<br />
maTi rwmena da miswrafebebi, codna, ganaTleba da individualuri<br />
zraxvebi. amdenad, mniSvnelovania moZiebul iqnas pragmatikis iseTi<br />
ganmarteba, romelic am disciplinisaTvis kvlevis saTanado CarCoebs<br />
daadgens da SesaZlebels gaxdis mniSvnelobis srul da Tanmimdevrul<br />
Seswavlas.<br />
17
1.2. pragmatikis cnebis Sinaarsi<br />
pragmatikis saTanado ganmartebis SemuSaveba ganapirobebs<br />
pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis kvlevis CarCoebs, radganac pragmatikis<br />
definiciis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba Tavad pragmatikul mniSvnelobaze<br />
saubari. me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi bevrs saubrobdnen, rogorc amas<br />
levinsoni (1983) ganmartavs, rom pragmatika ar gamoxatavs raime<br />
specifiurs; igi ubralod aris erT-erTi im terminTagani, romelsac<br />
xSirad SeimuSaveben xolme mecnierebi, raTa Seqmnan iluzia, TiTqos<br />
aRweren raime siRrmiseuls. laionzis azriT (Lyons 1977), bunebrivi enebis<br />
aRwerisas gansxvaveba sintaqss, semantikasa da pragmatikas Soris aris<br />
sakmaod bundovani. Tumca aTwleulis Semdeg sul ufro naklebad<br />
ayenebdnen eWvqveS pragmatikis damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibebisa<br />
da arsebobis sakiTxs (Porter 1986; Yule 2000), magram xSiria dava imis<br />
Sesaxeb, mniSvnelobis ra aspeqtebi unda moicvas pragmatulma kvlevam.<br />
amdenad, pragmatikis sferoSi momuSave enaTmecnierTa amocana iyo,<br />
SeemuSavebinaT pragmatikis iseTi ganmarteba, romelic am disciplinis<br />
kvlevis sferos daadgenda da daumkvidrebda mas adgils lingvistikis<br />
wiaRSi.<br />
arsebobs pragmatikis uamravi ganmarteba. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania<br />
ganvixiloT ramdenime maTgani, warmovaCinoT maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi<br />
faqtorebi da SevimuSaoT pragmatikis erTi ganmarteba, romelsac<br />
daeyrdnoba mocemuli naSromi.<br />
levinsonis (Levinson 1983: 7) mier SemoTavazebuli erT-erTi<br />
ganmartebiT, pragmatika aris im principebis kvleva, romlebic<br />
gvexmarebian gaverkveT zogierTi winadadebis an gamonaTqvamis<br />
anomalurobaSi. magaliTad:<br />
(1) Come there please!<br />
(2) I order you not to obey this order.<br />
18
am winadadebebis sruli komunikaciuri mniSvnelobis gaazreba an<br />
maTi logikurad wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod garkveuli konteqstis<br />
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. amdenad, Tumca es winadadebebi sakmaod kargad<br />
axdenen im principebis demonstrirebas, romlebsac pragmatika swavlobs,<br />
igi namdvilad ver gamodgeba am disciplinis eqsplicitur definiciad,<br />
radganac maTSi pragmatikuli anomaliebi mxolod nagulisxmevia,<br />
siRrmiseul struqturaSia mocemuli da ar xdeba maTi Ria, eqsplicituri<br />
ganmarteba.<br />
iules (Yule 2000) mier mocemuli erT-erTi ganmartebis Sesabamisad,<br />
pragmatika aris mosaubris (an mwerlis) mier gadmocemuli da msmenelis<br />
(an mkiTxvelis mier) interprirebuli mniSvnelobis kvleva. Sesabamisad,<br />
pragmatika moiazreba, rogorc adamianis, individis mier gamoxatul<br />
gamonaTqvamSi Cadebuli zraxvis analizi da ara Tavad am gamonaTqvamSi<br />
Semavali sityvebisa Tu frazebis analizi. es ganmarteba exmianeba<br />
graisis Teorias (Grice 1957), romlis Sesabamisadac igi ganasxvavebs<br />
mosaubris mniSvnelobasa da gamonaTqvamis mniSvnelobas. amdenad, am<br />
ganmartebis mixedviT, pragmatika aris mosaubris mniSvnelobis kvleva.<br />
levinsonis (Levinson 1983) mier SemoTavazebuli pragmatikis momdevno<br />
ganmartebis mixedviT, es disciplina aris enis kvleva funqcionaluri<br />
TvalsazrisiT da igi aris mcdeloba axsnas lingvisturi struqturebi<br />
aralingvistur mizezebsa da faqtorebTan kavSirSi. Tumca, lingvisturi<br />
pragmatikis aseTi gaazreba problemuri iqneba, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
Znelia erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT pragmatika da sxva disciplinebi<br />
(romlebic dainteresebuli arian enis mimarT funqcionaluri midgomiT),<br />
magaliTad, fsiqolingvistika an sociolingvistika.<br />
pragmatika ikvlevs adamianTa mier gansazRvrul konteqstSi<br />
nagulisxmev mniSvnelobas da, agreTve, Tu ra gavlena aqvs konteqsts<br />
naTqvamze (Yule 2000). aseT SemTxvevaSi, yuradReba unda mieqces, Tu rogor<br />
axdens mosaubre individi misTvis sasurveli saTqmelis organizacias<br />
imis Sesabamisad, Tu vis esaubrebian, sad, rogor da ra pirobebSi xdeba<br />
saTqmelis gamoxatva. naTqvamidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
19
pragmatika aris konqteqsturi mniSvnelobis kvleva. TumcaRa es<br />
ganmarteba saWiroebs Semdgom dazustebas. udavoa, rom konteqstis<br />
erTaderTi funqcia ar aris gamonaTqvamis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebidan<br />
erT-erTi Sesaferisi interpretaciis arCeva. ufro metic, konteqstma<br />
Tavad SeiZleba warmoSvas gamonaTqvamis sxvadasxvagvarad interpretaciis<br />
aucilebloba. am logikiT, levinsonis (Levinson 1983) azriT, SeiZleboda<br />
imis mtkiceba, rom enis gramatika (terminis farTo gagebiT, romelic<br />
moicavs fonologias, sintaqssa da semantikas) aris lingvisturi<br />
formebisaTvis konteqstisagan damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis miniWebis<br />
kvleva, maSin roca pragmatika aris konteqstSi am formebis<br />
sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis kvleva. samwuxarod, es ganmartebac ar<br />
aris srulyofili da masSi Tavs iCens erTi mniSvnelovani problema.<br />
Zalian xSirad, sakmaod rTulia konteqstze damokidebuli (performansi)<br />
da konteqstisagan Tavisufal (kompetencia) interpretaciebis<br />
erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. amis yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa kacis (Katz<br />
1977) cnobili magaliTi, sadac is erTmaneTs upirispirebs rabbit da bunny,<br />
an dog da doggy. am wyvilebis meore wevri sxvadasxva tipis konteqstis<br />
pirobebSic ki gamoiyeneba bavSvebis mier an maTTan mimarTebaSi. amdenad,<br />
rogorc Cans analogiuri interpretaciebi enis struqturaSive aris<br />
mocemuli. amdenad,<br />
pragmatika aris enasa da konteqsts Soris arsebuli im<br />
urTierTmimarTebis kvleva, romelic gramatizebulia an<br />
kodirebulia enis struqturaSi.<br />
(Levinson 1983: 9)<br />
Tavad levinsons es ganmarteba ar miaCnia srulyofilad, radgan igi,<br />
sxva zemoT moyvanili definiciebis msgavsad, zRudavs pragmatikis<br />
CarCoebs da SesaZlebels xdis disciplinam moicvas mxolod deiqsisis,<br />
presupoziciebisa da sametyvelo qmedebebis kvleva. samwuxarod, igi ver<br />
moicavs enis gamoyenebis im principebs, romlebic enis gramatikaSi ar<br />
aris gamoxatuli, magaliTad – sasaubro implikacia.<br />
20
sasaubro implikaciasTan uSualod aris dakavSirebuli iules (Yule<br />
2000) pozicia, romlis azriTac pragmatika aucileblad ikvlevs<br />
msmenelis mcdelobas Caswvdes da gaiazros naTqvami, raTa moaxdinos<br />
mosaubris gamonaTqvamis swori interpretacia. es midgoma ikvlevs, Tu<br />
rogor xdeba komunikaciis procesSi gacilebiT meti informaciis miReba,<br />
vidre warmoTqmul winadadebaSi an gamonaTqvamSi Semavali sityvebis<br />
jamuri mniSvnelobaa. amdenad, iules (Yule 2000: 3) azriT, pragmatika aris<br />
uxilavi mniSvnelobis kvleva.<br />
pragmatikis zemoT moyvanili bolo ganmartebidan SeiZleba mivideT<br />
im daskvnamde, rom am terminma unda moicvas rogorc enis struqturis<br />
konteqstze damokidebuli aspeqtebi, aseve enis gamoyenebisa da gaazrebis<br />
principebi, romelTac lingvistur struqturebTan aranairi kavSiri<br />
gaaCniaT. Tumca sakmaod Znelia, magram aucilebelia SevimuSaoT<br />
pragmatikis iseTi ganmarteba, romelSic gaerTianebuli iqneba yvela es<br />
komponenti, raTa moxdes enis struqturasa da enis gamoyenebis principebs<br />
Soris urTierTmimarTebis kvleva.<br />
pragmatikis SesaZlo ganmartebebis umetesobidan aqcenti xSirad<br />
keTdeba gamonaTqvamis mxolod komunikaciur mniSvnelobaze. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, arc Tu iSviaTad miiCneven, rom pragmatika ZiriTadad aris<br />
enis gamoyenebis principebis kvleva da igi ar axdens lingvisturi<br />
struqturebis aRweras. levinsonis (Levinson 1983) ganmartebiT, es aris am<br />
disciplinis viwro gageba, romelic sakmaod zRudavs pragmatikis<br />
kvlevis sferos. pragmatikis amgvari interpretacia aseve ukavSirdeba<br />
Comskis (Chomsky 1965) diqotomias kompetenciasa da performanss (qmedebas,<br />
Sesruleba) Soris, romlis mixedviTac pragmatika logikurad moiazreba,<br />
rogorc enis gamoyenebis performansuli (qmediTi) principebis kvleva.<br />
Tumca, rogorc ukve iTqva, es ganmarteba sakmaod aviwroebs<br />
enaTmecnierebis am dargis sazRvrebs. CvenTvis igi mniSvnelovania,<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac masSi xazgasmulia enis ara marto aRweriTi, aramed<br />
qmediTi buneba.<br />
21
enis qmediTi buneba da pragmatikis enobrivi qmedebis Semswavlel<br />
disciplinad warmoCena xazgasmulia kacis (Katz 1977: 19) mier mocemul<br />
pragmatikis ganmartebaSi:<br />
... pragmatikuli Teoriebi ... ar xsnian lingvistur<br />
konstruqciebsa Tu gramatikul struqturebs ... isini<br />
swavloben mosaubrisa da msmenelis motivacias winadadeba<br />
gaiazron konteqstTan mimarTebaSi. amdenad, pragmatikuli<br />
Teoria aris performansis nawili.<br />
mosaubrisa da msmenelis motivacia – gaigon da gaiazron imaze meti,<br />
rac gamonaTqvamSi pirdapir aris gadmocemuli, ganapirobebs maT arCevans<br />
– gaigon da gadmosceen raime saxis informacia Tu Tavi Seikavon<br />
komunikaciisagan. amisi mizezi aris distanciis cneba. iules (Yule 2000)<br />
azriT, fizikuri, socialuri Tu konceptualuri siaxlove ganapirobebs<br />
Tanaziar gamocdilebas. imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad axlos arian<br />
erTmaneTTan komunikaciaSi monawile individebi, mosaubre akeTebs<br />
arCevans, ra moculobis informacia gadmosces. amdenad, pragmatika aris<br />
fardobiTi distanciis kvleva.<br />
zemoT moyvanili msjelobidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, rom Znelia<br />
moZieba erTi srulyofili ganmartebisa, romelic moicavs pragmatikis,<br />
rogorc enaTmecnierebis damoukidebeli disciplinis yvela komponents.<br />
meore mxriv, TiToeuli es ganmarteba gulisxmobs enis im aspeqtebs,<br />
romlebic aucilebelia mniSvnelobis sruli da Tanmimdevruli<br />
kvlevisaTvis. udavoa, rom konteqsti mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs<br />
komunikaciaSi. aq aranakleb mniSvnelovania komunikaciaSi monawile<br />
individTa faqtori. amdenad, pragmatika SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />
lingvistur niSnebsa da maT gamomyenebelTa Soris urTierTmimarTebis<br />
kvleva. ufro meti konkretulobisaTvis gamogvadgeba liCis (Leech 1980: 2)<br />
ganmarteba: pragmatika aris ,,im urTierTmimarTebis kvleva, romelic<br />
arsebobs lingvisturi gamonaTqvamis abstraqtul mniSvnelobasa da im<br />
komunikaciur Zalas Soris, romelic gamonaTqvams warmoTqmis situaciaSi<br />
gaaCnia.” komunikacia ki, levinsonis dakvirvebiT (1983), Sedgeba<br />
gamonaTqvamis ,,Semqmnelisa” da gamonaTqvamis ,,mimRebisagan”, sadac<br />
22
,,Semqmneli” cdilobs ,,mimRebSi” gamoiwvios fiqri, an aiZulos igi<br />
Seasrulos raime saxis qmedeba. komunikaciis procesi aris ganzraxvis<br />
rTuli tipi. igi miiRweva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xdeba<br />
,,Semqmnelisa” da ,,mimRebis” zraxvaTa da interesTa Tanxvedra. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi xdeba saerTo ziari codnis Seqmna (rogorc mas levinsoni<br />
uwodebs), rodesac komunikaciaSi monawile orive mxarem icis, rom<br />
,,Semqmnels” gaaCnia garkveuli ganzraxva. ,,Semqmnelis” faqtori<br />
ukavSirdeba zemoT ukve naxseneb graisis (Grice 1957) diqotomias, sadac<br />
igi ganasxvavebs mosaubris mniSvnelobasa da gamonaTqvamis mniSvnelobas.<br />
graisis kvaldakval, Siferi (Schiffer 1972) amtkicebs, rom pragmatika es<br />
aris mosaubris mniSvnelobis kvleva, xolo gamonaTqvamis mniSvneloba<br />
ganekuTvneba semantikis kvlevis sferos.<br />
zemoT mocemulma msjelobam aCvena, romZnelia SevimuSaoT<br />
pragmatikis sazogadod miRebuli da srulyofili ganmarteba. amis<br />
dasturia enis mkvlevarTa da filosofosTa Soris kamaTi. erTi ram ki<br />
danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: pragmatikam ,,mniSvnelobis kvlevis axal<br />
eras” (Cole 1978: xii) daudo safuZveli da ganviTarda, rogorc enobrivi<br />
qmedebis Semswavleli saintereso, praqtikuli da nayofieri disciplina.<br />
1.3. sametyvelo qmedebebi da sametyvelo movlenebi<br />
Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi mimdinareobs ara marto calkeuli<br />
sityvebis, frazebisa da Tundac teqstis kvleva, aramed Seiswavleba<br />
enobrivi qmedebebi. saubrisas mosaubre individi ara marto qmnis<br />
gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic Seicaven gramatikul struqturebsa da<br />
sityvebs, aramed igi am gamonaTqvamebis meSveobiT asrulebs garkveuli<br />
saxis qmedebas (Austin 1962; Yule 2000). Tuki aviRebT yoveldRiur situacias,<br />
romelSic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis udidesi nawili aris CarTuli,<br />
magaliTad, samuSao konteqsti, sadac xelmZRvanel pirs gaaCnia<br />
23
Zalaufleba, aseT SemTxvevaSi mis mier Sesrulebuli gamonaTqvami<br />
gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralo informaciis gamoxatva.<br />
(3) me Tqven dagawinaurebT.<br />
am magaliTSi mocemuli gamonaTqvami SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos<br />
mosamsaxure piris dasawinaureblad. qmedebebs, romlebic sruldeba<br />
gamonaTqvamebis meSveobiT, Cven Cveulebriv sametyvelo qmedebebs<br />
vuwodebT. gamoxatuli Sinaarsis mixedviT SesaZlebelia maTi<br />
klasifikacia – mobodiSeba, daCivleba, Seqeba, dapireba, mipatiJeba,<br />
moTxovna da a.S.<br />
sxvadasxva tipis sametyvelo qmedebebis es deskriptuli terminebi<br />
gamoxataven mosaubre individis komunikaciur intencias (ganzraxvas),<br />
romlis miRwevasac mosaubre individi gamonaTqvamebis meSveobiT<br />
cdilobs. mosaubre, rogorc wesi, moelis, rom msmeneli obieqti sworad<br />
aRiqvams mosaubris mier gamoxatul komunikaciur ganzraxvas (Yule 2000).<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi mosaubresa da aseve msmenelsac exmareba komunikaciis<br />
procesSi mocemuli garemoebebi. am garemoebebs, romlebic aseve moicaven<br />
garkveuli gamonaTqvamebis erTobliobas, vuwodebT sametyvelo movlenas.<br />
iule (2000) ganmartavs, Tavad sametyvelo movlenis buneba gansazRvravs,<br />
SeZleben Tu ara komunikaciaSi monawile individebi gamonaTqvamis imgvar<br />
interpretacias, rom igi aRiqvan, rogorc garkveuli sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
Sesruleba. magaliTad, Tuki adamiani didi xani emzadeba ojaxTan erTad<br />
bunebaSi gaseirnebisaTvis da moulodnelad daiwyo wvima, am faqtTan<br />
mimarTebaSi mosaubre individis mier Sesrulebuli qvemoT mocemuli<br />
gamonaTqvami SeiZleba aRviqvaT mxolod da mxolod Civilad an<br />
sarkazmad:<br />
(4) ra mSvenieri amindia!<br />
magram gansxvavebul garemoSi es gamonaTqvami SeiZens gansxvavebul<br />
Sinaarss. magaliTad, Tuki warmovidgenT sapirispiro situacias, rodesac<br />
uamindobis gamo ojaxi didi xani ver axorcielebda bunebaSi gaseirnebis<br />
gegmas, uecrad damdgari kargi amindis Sesaxeb warmoTqmuli (4)<br />
24
gamonaTqvami SeiZleba aRviqvaT aRtacebad an Seqebad. Tuki SesaZlebelia<br />
erTi da imave gamonaTqvamis or sxvadasxva saxis sametyvelo qmedebad<br />
interpretireba, aSkaraa, rom sametyvelo qmedebis gaazrebisas ufro met<br />
informacias viRebT, vidre es ubralo gamonaTqvamSia mocemuli.<br />
1.3.1 sametyvelo qmedeba da misi struqturuli aspeqtebi – lokucia,<br />
ilokucia, perlokucia.<br />
zemoT mocemuli msjelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia<br />
vivaraudoT, rom komunikacia ar aris mxolod propoziciis (SeTavazeba,<br />
mtkiceba) gamoxatva. mxolod “SiSveli” propozicia, rogorc mas kruzi<br />
(Cruse 2004: 345) uwodebs, ar gamoxatavs srulyofil informacias.<br />
imisaTvis, rom Sedges komunikacia, aucilebelia propoziciebis<br />
garkveuli ilokuciuri ZaliT gamoxatva (ibid). propoziciis amgvari<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, mosaubre individi asrulebs specifiuri saxis<br />
qmedebas, rogoricaa mtkiceba, gafrTxileba, SeTavazeba, da a.S. amgvar<br />
qmedebebs, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, vuwodebT sametyvelo qmedebebs.<br />
mniSvnelovania ganvasxvavoT, Tu ra saxis qmedebas asrulebs mosaubre<br />
individi sametyvelo qmedebis Seqmnis procesSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,<br />
gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmis meSveobiT Sesrulebuli moqmedeba Sedgeba sami<br />
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli qmedebisagan – lokuciuri aqti,<br />
perlokuciuri aqti da ilokuciuri aqti (Austin 1962; Cruse 2004; Yule 2000).<br />
lokuciuri qmedeba aris gamonaTqvamis Seqmnis aqti, anu sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Sinaarsiani lingvisturi gamonaTqvamis Seqmnis<br />
procesi. ostinis (Austin 1962) ganmartebiT, lokuciuri aqti aris<br />
konkretuli bgerebisa da konstruqciebSi sityvebis garkveuli azriTa da<br />
referenciiT warmoTqmis aqti. Sesabamisad, Tuki mosaubre individi<br />
awydeba problemas sityvebis an bgerebis formirebisas, rac aucilebelia<br />
azris mqone gamonaTqvamis Sesaqmnelad, igi ver moaxerxebs lokuciuri<br />
qmedebis Sesrulebas.<br />
25
TavisTavad, lokuciuri aqtis Seqmnis procesi moicavs garkveul<br />
etapebs. laionzis (Lyons 1977) azriT, nebismieri lokuciuri aqtis<br />
Sesrulebisas aucilebelia sami safexuris gavla – gamonaTqvamis<br />
inskripciis (monaxazis) Seqmna, winadadebis Seqmna da konteqstualizacia.<br />
pirveli safexuri asaxavs saubris fizikur aqts, anu garkveuli tipis<br />
bgerebis warmoqmnas (werilobiTi komunikaciis SemTxvevaSi simboloebis<br />
Seqmnas). meore safexurze xdeba enis gramatikis Sesabamisad sityvaTa<br />
Tanmimdevrobis Seqmna. enobrivi kompetenciis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva<br />
mosaubre individi sxvadasxvagvari TanmimdevrulobiT axerxebs<br />
gramatikulad gamarTuli gamonaTqvamis agebas. serli (1969) am pirvel or<br />
safexurs ajgufebs erTad, radgan isini asaxaven gamonaTqvamis uSualod<br />
Seqmnisa da warmoTqmis process. kruzi (Cruse 2004) ganmartavs, rom<br />
konteqstualizaciis procesi Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: pirveli,<br />
bevri winadadeba moicavs leqsikur an gramatikul bundovanebas. rogorc<br />
wesi, mosaubre individi gamonaTqvams warmoTqvams mxolod erTi<br />
ganzraxviT. meore komponenti ki aris is faqti, rom warmoTqmul<br />
winadadebasa Tu gamonaTqvamSi mocemul referentul frazas gaaCnia<br />
konkretuli eqstralingvisturi referenti. amdenad, Tu warmoTqmuli<br />
winadadeba aris TxrobiTi, maSin lokuciuri aqti gamoxatavs erT an met<br />
propozicias (SeTavazeba, mtkicebuleba).<br />
ilokuciuri qmedeba lokuciuri qmedebis struqturaSive aris<br />
mocemuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom, Tuki aris Sesaferisi konteqstualuri<br />
pirobebi, lokuciuri qmedebis Sesrulebas Tan axlavs ilokuciuri<br />
qmedebac (Cruse 2004). magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT dapireba. Tuki qmari<br />
eubneba cols:<br />
(5) gpirdebi, rom giyidi axal qurqs.<br />
am sityvebis ubralo warmoTqmisTanave SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom<br />
dapirebis qmedeba Sesrulda. rogorc wesi, mosaubre individi garkveuli<br />
mizniT qmnis gamonaTqvams. gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmisas mosaubre mas<br />
mianiWebs garkveul specifiur funqcias. es ki ukve aris sametyvelo<br />
26
qmedebis meore ganzomileba – ilokuciuri qmedeba. ilokuciuri qmedeba<br />
sruldeba gamonaTqvamis komunikaciuri Zalis meSveobiT. magaliTad,<br />
(6) dedam es-esaa sadili moamzada.<br />
am gamonaTqvams SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva funqcia. igi SeiZleba<br />
iyos mtkiceba, SeTavazeba, axsna-ganmarteba, informireba an sxva mravali<br />
komunikaciuri mniSvnelobis matarebeli gamonaTqvami. sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis am ganzomilebas aseve uwodeben gamonaTqvamis ilokuciur Zalas<br />
(Yule 2000).<br />
perlokuciuri qmedeba aris im saxis qmedeba, romelsac metyveli<br />
subieqti enis meSveobiT asrulebs. igi, ra Tqma unda, ar qmnis<br />
gamonaTqvams mxolod imisTvis, rom is warmoiTqvas, an hqondes raime<br />
funqcia. igi sametyvelo qmedebas asrulebs garkveuli efeqtis<br />
mosaxdenad an gamosawvevad (ibid). aq saqme gvaqvs sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
mesame ganzomilebasTan – perlokuciur qmedebasTan. lokuciuri aqtis<br />
arseboba ver uzrunvelyofs perlokuciur qmedebas. magaliTad, Tuki<br />
vcdilobT vinmes dayoliebas an darwmunebas, ra Tqma unda, Cven unda<br />
davelaparakoT mas. anu adgili aqvs lokuciur qmedebas. magram saubari<br />
TavisTavad, Tundac Sesaferisi ganzraxvis arsebobis pirobebSi, ver<br />
uzrunvelyofs msmeneli subieqtis darwmunebas an dayoliebas (Cruse 2004).<br />
mosaubre individma SeiZleba warmoTqvas (6) gamonaTqvami, miiCnevs ra, rom<br />
msmeneli sworad gaiazrebs gamonaTqvamSi Cadebul ganzraxvas (mag.<br />
warmoadginos axsna-ganmarteba, Tu ratom dgas saxlSi gemrieli suni an<br />
daiyolios msmeneli miirTvas dedis mier momzadebuli sadili).<br />
dayoliebis an darwmunebis SemTxvevaSi ki msmenelma individma unda<br />
Seasrulos qmedeba, romliskenac mas mosaubre individi ubiZgebs. es<br />
procesi aseve cnobilia perlokuciuri efeqtis saxeliT (Yule 2000).<br />
am sami ganzomilebidan, rogorc iule (ibid) ganmartavs, arc Tu<br />
iSviaTad ganixilaven ilokuciur Zalas. analogiurad, sametyvelo<br />
qmedebas moiazreben Zalian viwro gagebiT, romlis pirobebSic<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba moicavs gamonaTqvamis mxolod ilokuciur Zalas.<br />
27
gamonaTqvamis ilokuciuri Zala aris misi funqcia. erTi da igive<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba ASeiZleba sxvadasxva funqciis matarebeli iyos.<br />
magaliTad:<br />
(7) me Sen xval gnaxav.<br />
es gamonaTqvami SeiZleba iyos dapireba, damuqreba,<br />
winaswarmetyveleba, varaudi an gafrTxileba. garemo pirobebisa da<br />
konteqstis Sesabamisad warmodgenili am gamonaTqvamis analizi<br />
warmoaCens gansxvavebul ilokuciur Zalebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom is<br />
faqti, rom erTsa da imave sametyvelo qmedebas SesaZloa hqondes<br />
gansxvavebuli ilokuciuri Zala, rac problemas qmnis misi saTanadod<br />
interpretaciis procesSi. kiTxva ismis Semdegnairad: rogor SeiZleba<br />
mosaubre darwmunebuli iyos, rom msmeneli saTanadod aRiqvams<br />
ganzraxul ilokuciur Zalas iules (2000) ganmartebiT, am kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxis gasacemad unda ganvixiloT ori faqtori: ilokuciuri Zalis<br />
indikatori meqanizmi da warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebi.<br />
1.3.2. ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori da misi meqanizmi<br />
ilokuciuri Zalis gamomvleni yvelaze aSkara meqanizmi aris im<br />
tipis zmna, romelic eqspliciturad asaxelebs Sesrulebul ilokuciur<br />
qmedebas (Yule 2000). aseT zmnebs ewodebaT performatiuli zmnebi (Vp).<br />
(8) me (Vp) Tqven, rom ...<br />
zmnebi: ,,gpirdebi”, ,,gafrTxileb”, ,,gTxov”, aris SesrulebiTi zmnebi,<br />
romlebic Riad warmoaCenen ilokuciuri Zalis indikator meqanizms.<br />
mosaubre yovelTvis ar asrulebs sametyvelo qmedebas eqspliciturad,<br />
aramed aRweren mas. magaliTad:<br />
(9) _ gTxovT xmadabla ilaparakoT.<br />
_ ra brZaneT<br />
28
_ me gTxoveT xmadabla gelaparakaT.<br />
mocemul magaliTSi mosaubre aRwers im sametyvelo qmedebas,<br />
romelic man Seasrula (Txovna) da yuradRebas amaxvilebs ilokuciur<br />
Zalaze (Txovna).<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi mosaubre individi ar iyenebs performatiul<br />
zmnas. aseT SemTxvevaSi ilokuciuri Zalis indikatori meqanizmi SeiZleba<br />
iyos sityvaTa wyoba (gansakuTrebiT inglisur enaSi), sityvaze dasmuli<br />
maxvili an intonacia da a.S. garda am meqanizmebisa, ilokuciuri Zalis<br />
gamosavlenad aucilebelia garkveuli konvenciuri pirobebi, romlebic<br />
gamoavlenen sametyvelo qmedebaSi Cadebul ilokuciur Zalas.<br />
1.3.3. sametyvelo situacia da warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebi<br />
arsebobs garkveuli mosalodneli an Sesaferisi garemoebebi,<br />
romlebsac warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebs uwodeben (Cruse 2004).<br />
Sesaferisobis anu warmatebuli komunikaciis es pirobebi aucilebelia,<br />
raTa komunikaciaSi monawile individebma moaxdinon Sesrulebuli<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis swori da saTanado interpretacia. zogierTi aseTi<br />
pirobaTagani, ra Tqma unda, saerToa nebismieri saxis enobrivi<br />
komunikaciisaTvis (ibid). magaliTad, aucilebeli winapirobaa, rom<br />
mosaubresa da msmenels esmodeT erTmaneTis (magaliTad, unda<br />
saubrobdnen erTsa da imave enaze). aseve aucilebelia orive individs<br />
hqondes smenis unari da a.S. zogierT SemTxvevaSi sametyvelo qmedeba<br />
iqneba warumatebeli, Seuferebeli, Tuki qmedeba saTanado (Sesaferisi)<br />
piris mier saTanado (Sesaferis) pirobebSi ar aris warmoTqmuli.<br />
magaliTad:<br />
(10) me Tqven damnaSaved gcnobT!<br />
Tuki es gamonaTqvami mosamarTlis mier saTanado garemoSi ar aris<br />
warmoTqmuli, am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo procesis dros sasamarTlo<br />
29
darbazSi, gamonaTqvami, ra Tqma unda, gadmoscems informacias, magram igi<br />
mTlianad moklebulia ilokuciur Zalas.<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebisaTvis yoveldRiur konteqstSic arsebobs<br />
garkveuli winapirobebi (Yule 2000). komunikaciaSi monawile<br />
individebisaTvis aris zogadi pirobebi, romlebic maT enis gaazrebasa da<br />
gagebaSi exmareba. aseve arsebobs Sinaarsobrivi pirobebi. magaliTad,<br />
gafrTxilebisa Tu dapirebis sametyvelo qmedebis Sesrulebisas<br />
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsi aucileblad momavals unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
momdevno tipis piroba aris mosamzadebeli pirobebi, romlebic<br />
SeiZleba gansxavavebuli iyos sxvadasxva saxis sametyvelo qmedebisaTvis<br />
(Cruse 2004). magaliTad, deklaraciuli sametyvelo qmedebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
pirovneba, romelic asrulebs mocemul qmedebas, unda flobdes Sesabamis<br />
Zalauflebas da, rac mTavaria, qmedeba unda Sesruldes saTanado<br />
pirobebSi saTanado qmedebebis meSveobiT. magaliTad, rogorc kruzi (ibid:<br />
358) ganmartavs, sakmarisi ar aris gemze Sampanuris boTlis mixeTqeba da<br />
warmoTqma, I name this ship Venus, imisaTvis, rom gemma SeiZinos saxeli. am<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis Sesasruleblad aucilebelia saTanado ceremoniis<br />
mowyoba oficialurad aRiarebul pirTa monawileobiT. analogiuri<br />
mdgomareobaa bavSvis monaTvlis SemTxvevaSic. an kidev: rodesac<br />
mosaubre individi iZleva dapirebas, rom Seasrulebs garkveuli saxis<br />
qmedebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs oris saxis mosamzadebeli piroba:<br />
pirveli, movlena, ra Tqma unda, TavisTavad ar moxdeba; da meore,<br />
movlenas eqneba pozitiuri efeqti. rodesac mosaubre individi iZleva<br />
gafrTxilebas, arsebobs Semdegi saxis mosamzadebeli pirobebi: naTeli<br />
ar aris msmenelma icis Tu ara, rom garkveuli saxis movlena moxdeba,<br />
magram mosaubrem ki namdvilad icis, rom es movlena moxdeba, da am<br />
movlenas sulac ar eqneba pozitiuri efeqti.<br />
mosaubrisa Tu msmenelis mier raime movlenis gaazrebasa Tu<br />
ucodinarobas ukavSirdeba gulwrfelobis pirobebi. rodesac mosaubre<br />
asrulebs dapirebis sametyvelo qmedebas, mxolod man icis sakuTari<br />
gulwrfelobis Sesaxeb, namdvilad apirebs Tu ara momavali qmedebis<br />
30
Sesrulebas. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba aviRoT didi britaneTis<br />
leiboristi premier ministris, toni bleris, mimarTva, romelic man<br />
warmoTqva 1997 wels premier ministrad arCevis Semdeg, rodesac man<br />
mimarTa didi britaneTis moqalaqeebs:<br />
(11) After 18 long years of Opposition, of frustration and despair, I am proud,<br />
privileged, to stand before you as the new Labour Prime Minister of our country. I<br />
believe in Britain. I believe in the British people. One cross on the ballot paper.<br />
One nation was reborn.<br />
(Tony Blair 1997)<br />
18 wliani dapirispirebis, daZabulobisa da uimedobis Semdeg me<br />
amayi var, radgan gamaCnia privilegia Tqvens winaSe vidge,<br />
rogorc am qveynis axali leiboristi premier ministri. me mwams<br />
britaneTis. me mwams britaneli xalxis. saarCevno biuletenze<br />
dafiqsirebuli arCevani da eric Tavidan ibadeba.<br />
mxolod aTwleulebis Semdeg SegviZlia vimsjeloT, ramdenad<br />
gulwrfeli iyo toni bleri am sityvebis warmoTqmisas, magram im<br />
konkretul momentSi aravis SeeZlo misi gulwrfelobis gansazRvra,<br />
garda Tavad toni blerisa. saqarTvelos konteqstSic ganaTlebis<br />
sferoSi arsebul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli dapirebebis<br />
realur Sedegebze saubars mxolod ramodenime wlis Semdeg movaxerxebT,<br />
rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba miRebuli Sedegebis Sefaseba.<br />
(12) ეროვნული სასწავლო გეგმა მხოლოდ სწავლა სწავლისთვის არ<br />
შექმნილა, ჩვენი მიზანია ბავშვმა რეალური ზოგადი განათლება<br />
მიიღოს და სწორი დამოკიდებულებები და ღირებულებები<br />
განუვითარდეს, როგორც მოქალაქეობრივი შეგნების, ასევე<br />
პატრიოტიზმის, ანალიზის, ლოგიკური აზროვნების კუთხით.<br />
(dimitri SaSkini 2010)<br />
igive mdgomareobaa gafrTxilebis SemTxvevaSic. mosaubres namdvilad<br />
swams, rom momaval qmedebas ar eqneba pozitiuri efeqti. Tuki<br />
gulwrfelobis pirobebi ar aris dakmayofilebuli, sametyvelo qmedeba,<br />
ra Tqma unda, sruldeba, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs msmeneli<br />
individis rwmenis borotad gamoyenebas (Cruse 2004: 358).<br />
31
momdevno faqtori, rac aucileblad unda vaxsenoT, aris arsebiTi<br />
(mniSvnelovani) piroba, romelic srulad moicavs im faqts, rom<br />
dapirebis warmoTqmiT mosaubre individs surs Seqmnas valdebuleba,<br />
romelic mas dapirebuli qmedebis ganxorcielebas aiZulebs (ibid). sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, swored gamonaTqvami anu sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
Sesruleba axdens dapirebuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb<br />
valdebulebis dakisrebas.<br />
(13) Today I want to set an ambitious course for this country. To be nothing less<br />
than the model 21st century nation, a beacon to the world. It means drawing deep<br />
into the richness of the British character. Creative. Compassionate. Outward-looking.<br />
Old British values, but a new British confidence. We can never be the biggest. We<br />
may never again be the mightiest. But we can be the best. The best place to live. The<br />
best place to bring up children, the best place to lead a fulfilled life, the best place to<br />
grow old.<br />
(Tony Blair 1997)<br />
dRes me msurs davsaxo ambiciuri momavali Cveni qveynisaTvis.<br />
Cven unda gavxdeT 21-e saukunis sanimuSo eri, mTeli msoflios<br />
Suqura. amisaTvis Cven Rrmad unda CavwvdeT britanuli xasiaTs.<br />
SemoqmedebiTi. Semwynarebeli. farTod moazrovne. Zveli<br />
britanuli Rirebulebebi, magram axali Tavdajerebuloba.<br />
SesaZloa Cven veRarasodes gavxdeT yvelaze didi eri. SesaZloa<br />
verasodes viqneT yvelaze Zlevamosili. magram Cven xelgvewifeba<br />
viyoT saukeTeso. britaneTi SeiZleba saukeTeso adgili iyos<br />
sacxovreblad, sadac Taobebi gaizrdebian, sadac icxovreben<br />
warmatebuli cxovrebiT, sadac yvelaze sasurveli iqneba<br />
xandazmulobis wlebis gatareba.<br />
msgavsi viTarebaa gafrTxilebis SemTxvevaSi. arsebiTi pirobis<br />
Sesabamisad, mosaubris mdgomareoba icvleba umoqmedobidan<br />
moqmedebisaken, rac gulisxmobs mosaubris mier msmenelis informirebas<br />
momavali arasasiamovno movlenis Sesaxeb. amdenad, arsebiTi piroba<br />
gansazRvravs, Tu ra Sinaarsi unda iyos mocemuli gamonaTqvamSi da ra<br />
konteqstSi unda iqnes es gamonaTqvami warmoTqmuli (Yule 2000). igi aseve<br />
asaxavs mosaubris zraxvebs. yvela es komponenti aucilebelia, raTa<br />
specifiuri sametyvelo qmedeba Sesabamisad (warmatebiT) warmoiTqvas.<br />
32
olos, gvinda ganvixiloT kruzis mier gamoyofili sametyvelo<br />
qmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi (Cruse 2004: 358). misi azriT, rasac<br />
Cvenc veTanxmebiT, msmenelma aucileblad unda gaaTviTcnobieros<br />
ganzraxva mosaubrisa, romelsac saTanado sityvebis warmoTqmis<br />
meSveobiT surs Seasrulos ilokuciuri qmedeba. am process kruzi<br />
gagebas (uptake – gageba, gaazreba, miReba) uwodebs. aucileblad unda<br />
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan gageba da miReba. warmovidginoT situacia,<br />
rom viRacam Cadenili cudi saqcielis gamo mogvibodiSa.<br />
(14) We have opened up opportunity at every stage of life. But we have not yet<br />
broken the link between social class and achievement. No society can afford to waste<br />
the talent of its children and citizens. So major challenges at each key phase of life<br />
remain.<br />
(Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners 2004: 6)<br />
Cven SevqmeniT axali SesaZleblobebi cxovrebis yovel etapze.<br />
magram jerjerobiT mTlianad ver davZlieT kavSiri socialur<br />
klassa da warmatebas Soris. arc erT sazogadoebas ar aqvs<br />
ufleba dakargos misi moqalaqeebisa da axalgazrda Taobis<br />
niWi. amdenad, cxovrebis TiToeul mniSvnelovan fazaze kvlav<br />
rCeba mniSvnelovani problemebi.<br />
Cveni ufleba aris miviRoT an ar miviRoT mobodiSeba. magram<br />
mobodiSebis ukugdeba ar niSnavs, rom Cven ver gavigeT an ver gaviazreT<br />
mosaubris ganzraxva (misi ganzraxva iyo bodiSis moxda). rogorc kruzi<br />
ganmartavs, zogadad miaCniaT, rom gageba ar aris sametyvelo<br />
qmedebisaTvis aucilebeli elementi. magram kruzi Tavad ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
am mosazrebas. magaliTad, zemoT vaxseneT trabaxi. logikuria, rom<br />
aravin itrabaxebs, Tuki ifiqrebs, rom msmeneli mis trabaxs ar<br />
daijerebs. gamarjvebuli politikis gamtarebeli mTavrobis<br />
Tavdajerebuloba igrZnoba britaneTis ganaTlebis saministros<br />
xuTwliani saganmanaTleblo strategiis teqstSi:<br />
(15) We already have an education system which is among the best in the world, and<br />
children’s services which make life better for hundreds of thousands of children each<br />
year. Since 1997,there has been a step-change in both investment and reform.<br />
Spending on education in England has risen from £35 billion in 1997-98 to £51<br />
billion in 2004-05.1 As well as transforming life-chances, our reforms have shattered<br />
33
myths about education and shown that it is possible to make real change and<br />
improvement quickly at every phase and stage of learning.<br />
(Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners 2004: 12)<br />
Cven ukve gvaqvs iseTi ganaTlebis sistema, romelic saukeTesoa<br />
mTels msoflioSi. ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebuli servisi<br />
aumjobesebs aTasobiT bavSvis cxovrebas yovelwliurad. 1997<br />
wlidan moyolebuli gatarda mravali cvlileba rogorc<br />
investiciis TvalsazrisiT, aseve reformebis kuTxiTac.<br />
ganaTlebis sferos dafinanseba 1997-98 wlebSi 35 miliardi<br />
funtidan 2004-2005 wlebSi gaizarda 51 miliard funtamde.<br />
cxovrebiseuli SesaZleblobebis transformirebis kvaldakval<br />
Cvenma reformebma gaaqarwyles miTebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb da<br />
aCvenes, rom SesaZlebelia realuri cvlilebebis<br />
ganxorcieleba, raTa swrafad gaumjobesdes swavlebis<br />
TiToeuli faza da etapi.<br />
aris meore momentic. Tundac trabaxis SemTxvevaSi, veravin ityvis<br />
winaswar metyveli subieqti trabaxobs Tu ara. mxolod pirobis<br />
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia msmenelma Tqvas, rom metyveli<br />
subieqti trabaxobda. amdenad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
warmatebiT gaxorcielebisaTvis sametyvelo qmedebis Sesrulebis Semdeg<br />
metyveli subieqtis qmedeba Sesrulebuli sametyvelo qmedebis Sesabamisi<br />
unda iyos. dapirebis SemTxvevaSi metyvelma subieqtma danapirebi unda<br />
Seasrulos. brZanebis gacemis SemTxvevaSi brZanebis gamcemi metyveli<br />
subieqti kmayofili unda iyos, Tuki referentma Seasrula miRebuli<br />
brZaneba. SekiTxvis dasmis SemTxvevaSi metyveli subieqti unda daelodos<br />
pasuxs. mocemuli pirobebis daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi sametyvelo<br />
qmedebebi, ra Tqma unda, ar kargaven TavianT Tvisebebs. anu ar SegviZlia<br />
uarvyoT sametyvelo qmedebis Sesrulebis faqti, magram saTanado<br />
pirobebis ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi isini kargaven sasurveli efeqtis<br />
miRebis unars (Cruse 2004).<br />
34
1.4 sametyvelo qmedebebis klasifikacia<br />
ena gamoiyeneba adamianTa Soris komunikaciis dasamyareblad,<br />
Sesabamisad, igi sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia da warmoadgens misi<br />
arsebobisaTvis aucilebel erT-erT mTavar elements. enis<br />
sazogadeobasTan mimarTebaSi kvlevis procesSi bunebrivad ibadeba<br />
kiTxva: enis gamoyenebis ramdeni saSualeba arsebobs (Searle 1976: 1) am<br />
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mcdelobisas mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT, Tu<br />
ras gulisxmobs Tavad enis gamoyeneba. radganac am naSromSi veTanxmebiT<br />
serlis (ibid) mosazrebas, rom adamianTa Soris enobrivi komunikaciis<br />
erT-erTi mTavari elementi aris ilokuciuri qmedeba, aucilebelia<br />
gavarkvioT, ilokuciuri qmedebis ramdeni kategoria arsebobs.<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebis ostiniseuli klasifikacia, rogorc serli<br />
(ibid) ganmartavs, moicavs xuT ZiriTad kategorias: verdiqtivebi<br />
(Sefasebebi), eqspozitivebi (poziciis Riad dafiqsireba), eqsersitivebi<br />
(direqtivebis micemisa da damorCilebisaken moTxovnis gamomxatveli<br />
qmedebebi), behabitivebi (sxva adamianTa qmedebebis mimarT poziciis<br />
gamomxatveli qmedebebi) da komisivebi (valdebulebis aReba). serli<br />
marTebulad ar miiCnevs sametyvelo qmedebebis am klasifikacias<br />
ramdenime mniSvnelovani mizezis gamo. pirveli da, albaT, yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani mizezi aris is, rom es klasifikacia asaxavs ara<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebs zogadad, aramed ubralod warmoadgens inglisuri<br />
ilokuciuri zmnebis klasifikacias. igi azrs kargavs sxva enebis<br />
meSveobiT Sesrulebuli sametyvelo qmedebebis Seswavlisas. serli<br />
miiCnevs, rom ostiniseuli taqsonomiis yvelaze didi sisuste aris is,<br />
rom ostini ar iZleva naTel da Tanmimdevrul principebs, romelze<br />
dayrdnobiTac igi axdens sametyvelo qmedebebis klasifikacias.<br />
serli (ibid) Tavad iZleva sametyvelo qmedebebis klasifikacias,<br />
romelsac sxva lingvistebic iziareben (Cruse 2004; Yule 2000). serliseuli<br />
taqsonomia (Searle 1976: 10) moicavs reprezentativebs, direqtivebs,<br />
35
komisivebs, eqspresivebsa da deklaraciebs. qvemoT mokled ganvixilavT<br />
enis am xuTi tipis funqcias.<br />
reprezentativebi aris im saxis sametyvelo qmedebebi, romlebic<br />
warmoadgenen da Riad gamoxataven mosaubre individis rwmenas, anu<br />
samyaros miseul aRqmas. mosaubres swams is, rasac Riad gamoxatavs.<br />
reprezentativebis mier gamoxatuli propoziciebi (debulebebi) SeiZleba<br />
SevafasoT, rogorc mcdari an WeSmariti (ibid). faqtebis, mtkicebulebebis,<br />
daskvnebis gamoxatvisas mosaubre samyaros warmoadgens misi rwmenis<br />
Sesabamisad, sakuTar subieqtur samyaros. magaliTad:<br />
(16) dedamiwa ar aris samyaros centri! mze aris samyaros centri!<br />
Tumca es winadadeba 21-e saukuneSi emyareba mecnierulad<br />
damtkicebul obieqtur faqtebs, Sua saukuneebSi warmoTqmuli<br />
(magaliTad, galileo galileis mier) isini namdvilad gamoxatavdnen<br />
mosaubris subieqtur samyaros, samyaros miseul Wvretas.<br />
reprezentativebis calke klasad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven<br />
SevZlebT vivaraudoT, rom ilokuciebi, romlebic performatuli zmnebis<br />
meSveobiT arian gamoxatuli, ar arian ubralo ,,debulebebi”. isini<br />
SegviZlia SevafasoT WeSmariteba-mcdarobis TvalsazrisiT (Searle 1976: 11).<br />
magaliTad, ,,trabaxobs” (boast) da ,,Civis” (complain) – orive zmna aris<br />
reprezentativi da isini gamoxataven mosaubris interesebs, xolo zmnebi:<br />
,,daaskvnis” (conclude) da ,,gamoiTvlis” (deduce) aseve arian<br />
reprezentativebi, romlebic asaxaven urTierTmimarTebas reprezentatul<br />
ilokuciur qmedebasa da diskurss an gamonaTqvamis konteqsts Soris.<br />
kruzi (Cruse 2004: 356) am kategoriis sametyvelo qmedebebs asertivebs<br />
(assertive – mtkiceba, gancxadeba) uwodebs. SesaZloa es termini ukeT asaxavs<br />
am tipis sametyvelo qmedebebs, radganac isini ara mxolod gadmocemen an<br />
warmoadgenen metyveli subieqtis pozicias an samyarosadmi mimarTebas,<br />
aramed aCveneben mis rwmenas, rom warmoTqmuli propozicia (SeTavazeba,<br />
mtkiceba) aris WeSmariti. amdenad, reprezentativebi aris sametyvelo<br />
36
qmedebebi, romlebic sityvebis meSveobiT emorCilebian gare samyaros,<br />
realobas.<br />
direqtivebi aris im tipis sametyvelo qmedeba, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
mosaubre individi cdilobs msmeneli obieqti daiyolios da<br />
Seasrulebinos raime saxis qmedeba. direqtivebi gamoxataven mosaubre<br />
individis survilebs. am tipis sametyvelo qmedebebia brZaneba, miTiTeba,<br />
moTxovna, SeTavazeba. isini SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi an uaryofiTi (Yule<br />
2000). kruzi (Cruse 2004) maT ganixilavs ,,mcdelobebad” da amtkicebs, rom<br />
direqtivebi SeiZleba iyos (a) ,,moridebuli mcdeloba”, rodesac mosaubre<br />
cdilobs daiyolios msmeneli da gaakeTebinos mis mier SeTavazebuli<br />
qmedeba; da (b) ,,intensiuri mcdeloba”, romlis SemTxvevaSic mosaubre<br />
aiZulebs msmenels daemorCilos mis survils.<br />
(17) a. erTi Wiqa wyali Tu SeiZleba.<br />
b. Cumad! nu xmaurob!<br />
direqtivebi gansxvavdebian eqspresivebisagan imiT, rom direqtivis<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis Sesrulebisas mosaubre individi cdilobs samyaro<br />
da arsebuli situacia dauqvemdebaros sityvebs. direqtivebis<br />
propoziciuli Sinaarsi yovelTvis aris iseTi mdgomareoba, romlis<br />
pirobebSic msmeneli asrulebs an momavalSi Seasrulebs raime qmedebas<br />
(Cruse 2004: 11).<br />
komisivebi aris im tipis sametyvelo qmedeba, romelsac mosaubre<br />
individi asrulebs, raTa gamoxatos sakuTari pozicia garkveuli<br />
momavali qmedebis mimarT (ibid). komisivebi aris sametyvelo qmedebebi,<br />
romlebic gamoxataven dapirebas, muqaras, fics da a.S. am tipis<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba sruldeba mxolod mosaubre individis an mTeli<br />
jgufis warmomadgeneli mosaubris mier (Yule 2000).<br />
(18) a. CvenTvis ganaTleba erT-erTi umTavresi prioritetia.<br />
b. We have three priorities – education, education, education.<br />
37
(Tony Blair 1997)<br />
komisivebis gamoxatvisas mosaubre individi iRebs valdebulebas,<br />
rom moaxerxebs garemo samyaro Seuxamos, Seusabamos sityvebs.<br />
eqspresivebi aris im tipis sametyvelo qmedeba, romelic gamoxatavs<br />
mosaubre individis grZnobebs. isini gamoxataven fsiqologiur<br />
mdgomareobas, mosaubre individis mier gancdil siamovnebas, tkivils,<br />
simpaTias, siZulvils, sixaruls an mwuxarebas (Searle 1976). iule (Yule 2000)<br />
ganmartavs, rom, rogorc wesi, es emociebi gamowveulia mosaubris, an<br />
msmenelis mier Sesrulebuli qmedebis mier, magram isini mxolod da<br />
mxolod mosaubris pirad gamocdilebas gamoxataven.<br />
(19) a. gilocavT!<br />
b. brwyinvalea!<br />
g. Zalian vwuxvar yovelives gamo!<br />
iule amtkicebs, rom (ibid) eqspresivebis gamoyenebisas mosaubre<br />
individi sityvebs uxamebs arsebul samyaros, ramdenadac eqspresivebi<br />
aris mosaubris reaqcia momxdar movlenaze an arsebul situaciaze.<br />
iules azri winaaRmdegobaSi modis serlis (Searle 1976) mosazrebasTan,<br />
romelic miiCnevs, rom eqspresivebi ar gamoxataven mosaubris samyarosTan<br />
mimarTebas. igi miiCnevs, rom eqpresivebis Sesrulebisas mosaubre ar<br />
cdilobs samyaro dauqvemdebaros sityvebs, an sityvebi examebodes gare<br />
samyaros. warmoTqmuli propoziciis WeSmariteba mxolod ivaraudeba.<br />
wamoyenebuli debulebis ilustrirebisaTvis serli (ibid: 12) asaxelebs<br />
TvalsaCino magaliTs. vTqvaT, mosaubre individi ebodiSeba meore<br />
pirovnebas imis gamo, rom fexze daabija. am SemTxvevaSi mosaubre<br />
individis mizani ar aris imis mtkiceba, rom viRacas fexze daabijes, an<br />
ganzrax gamoiwvios fexze dabijeba. aseTi SemTxvevebi, rogorc serli<br />
ganmartavs, kargad aris gamoxatuli inglisuri enis sintaqsSi. zmnebis<br />
amgvari performatiuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi inglisuri winadadebis<br />
struqtura moiTxovs gerundivs an sxva saxelad formas. magaliTad:<br />
38
(20) I apologise for stepping on your toe.<br />
(21) I congratulate you on winning the race.<br />
(22) I thank you for paying me the money.<br />
kruzi (Cruse 2004: 357) eTanxmeba serlis mosazrebas, romlis<br />
mixedviTac eqspresivebi ZiriTad aqcents akeTeben komunikaciaSi CarTul<br />
individebze. es pozicia ayalibebs intuitiurad damakmayofilebel<br />
struqturas.<br />
deklaraciebi aris im tipis sametyvelo qmedebebi, romlebic maTi<br />
warmoTqmis meSveobiT cvlian samyaros (Yule 2000). serlis (Searle 1976)<br />
azriT, deklaraciis sametyvelo qmedebis warmatebiT Sesruleba<br />
garantias iZleva, rom sametyvelo qmedebis propoziciuli Sinaarsi<br />
Seesabameba samyaros. magaliTad, Tu me warmatebiT Sevasruleb vinme<br />
subieqtis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis sametyvelo qmedebas, es niSnavs, rom<br />
am subieqtma namdvilad daikava Sesabamisi Tanamdeboba. magram, am<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erTi ram aucileblad unda aRiniSnos. imisaTvis,<br />
rom sametyvelo qmedebam Seasrulos zemoT dasaxelebuli funqcia, am<br />
qmedebis Semsrulebel individs specifiur konteqstSi unda gaaCndes<br />
gansakuTrebuli instituciuri roli, raTa man SeZlos deklaraciis<br />
saTanadod Sesruleba. iules (Yule 2000: 53) azriT, specifiur konteqstSi<br />
gamoxatuli gansakuTrebuli instituciuri roli kargad Cans Semdeg<br />
magaliTebSi:<br />
(23) a. Priest: I pronounce you husband and wife. (mRvdeli: me Tqven col-qmrad<br />
gacxadebT.)<br />
b. Referee: You’re out! (msaji: Tqven gaZevebuli xarT!)<br />
c. Jury Foreman: We find the defendant guilty. (nafic msajulTa<br />
mamasaxlisi: Cven braldebuli damnaSaved migvaCnia.)<br />
39
amdenad, rogorc es magaliTebi aCveneben, sityvebis meSveobiT<br />
mosaubre individi cvlis samyaros, awesebs axal wesrigsa da refernt<br />
sagnebs aniWebs axal statuss (Searle 1976: 14).<br />
1.5 konteqsti da sametyvelo qmedebebi<br />
wina paragrafSi warmovadgineT pragmatikis SesaZlo ganmartebebi<br />
da is aspeqtebi, romelic aucileblad unda moicvas pragmatikulma<br />
kvlevam. erT-erTi aseTi aspeqti aris konteqsti. am paragrafSi Cven<br />
ganvixilavT konteqstis saxeobebs da SevecdebiT gaverkvioT, Tu ra<br />
rols TamaSobs igi komunikaciis procesSi.<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis Teoria aris enis filosofiis erT-erTi dargi,<br />
sadac yvelaze pirvelad warmoCnda konteqstis cneba. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom ostini iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani, romelic Seecada gaerkvia<br />
konteqstis arsi da misi roli komunikaciis procesSi, anu Seeswavla<br />
,,totaluri sametyvelo qmedeba totalur sametyvelo situaciaSi” (Austin<br />
1962: 148). konteqstis raoba dagvexmareba gaverkveT Tavad sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis arsSi, radganac migvaCnia, rom sametyvelo qmedebebi arian<br />
konteqstis Sesabamisad cvalebadi socialuri qmedebebi.<br />
1.5.1 sametyvelo konteqsti da sametyvelo qmedeba<br />
enis qmediTi buneba naTlad Cans ostinis saprogramo naSromSi<br />
,,rogor vimoqmedoT sityvebis meSveobiT” (Austin 1962), sadac igi aCvenebs,<br />
rom gamonaTqvami ar ASeiZleba iyos performatiuli (ar Cans<br />
gamonaTqvamis qmediTi Zala), Tuki igi Sesaferis garemoSi ar aris<br />
warmoTqmuli. sametyvelo qmedebis konteqsts ostini ganixilavs, rogorc<br />
arsebuli pirobebisa Tu movlenebis krebuls, romlebic dakavSirebuli<br />
arian gamonaTqvamis Seqmnis procesTan da im ZalasTan, romelic<br />
sasurvelia gadmoices am gamonaTqvamSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom ostini<br />
40
mkveTrad ar mijnavs erTmaneTisagan gare pirobebsa Tu movlenebs (awmyo<br />
an warsuli socialuri qmedeba, garemo faqtorebi) da komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas. igi mometebul<br />
yuradRebas aqcevs im sakiTxs, mocemuli realuri situacia akmayofilebs<br />
Tu ara sametyvelo qmedebis warmatebuli sakomunikaciis aucilebel<br />
konteqstualur pirobebs.<br />
serli (Searle 1969, 1979) eTanxmeba ostins im faqtTan mimarTebaSi, rom<br />
konteqstma namdvilad unda daakmayofilos warmatebuli komunikaciis<br />
pirobebi, raTa sametyvelo qmedebis meSveobiT warmatebuli komunikacia<br />
moxdes. ilokuciuri qmedebebis ganxilvisas serli konteqsts gaiazrebs<br />
ara rogorc arsebuli viTarebebis erTianobas, aramed komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individTa propoziciul mimarTebaTa krebuls – am pirobaTa<br />
umetesoba formulirebulia komunikaciaSi monawile individTa rwmenisa<br />
Tu zraxvebis TvalsazrisiT. amgvari mimarTeba gzas uxsnis konteqstis<br />
subieqtur an kognitur gaazrebas.<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis Teoriis formulirebisas baxi da harniSi (Bach<br />
and Harnish 1979) axdenen sametyvelo qmedebis definicias da amtkiceben,<br />
rom komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT sametyvelo qmedebis warmatebuloba<br />
damokidebulia imaze, aRiarebs Tu ara msmeneli metyveli subieqtis<br />
komunikaciur ganzraxvas. es aRiareba Tavis mxriv emyrareba ,,saerTo<br />
(saziaro) konteqstualur rwmenas da msoflmxedvelobas – es rwmena da<br />
mosazrebebi ara mxolod dakavSirebuli arian gamonaTqvamis konteqstTan,<br />
aramed swored konteqsti axdens maT gaaqtiurebas. sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
Sesaferisobis dadebiTi Sefaseba gulisxmobs savaraudo ilokuciuri<br />
aqtis warmatebiT Sesrulebas. uaryofiT Sefasebas, anu warumatebel<br />
komunikacias sametyvelo qmedebisaTvis moaqvs gansxvavebuli Sedegebi<br />
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli komunikaciuri wesi aris ugulebelyofili.<br />
magaliTad, irRveva gulwrfelobis piroba da mosaubre adresats eubneba:<br />
,,Tqvens adgilas rom viyo, me aucileblad davTanxmdebodi am<br />
SemoTavazebas”, maSin roca igi fiqrobs, rom es sulac ar aris<br />
momxibvleli winadadeba. an: politikosi arCevnebis win amomrCevels<br />
41
warudgens im momavali keTili saqmeebis sias, romelsac igi arCevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi aucileblad Seusrulebs amomrCevels, magram sabolood<br />
arafers akeTebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom aq gulwrfelobis nakleboba<br />
sulac ar niSnavs, rom sametyvelo qmedeba moklebulia konvenciur<br />
efeqts. Tumca aSkaraa, rom Seuferebeli anu warumatebeli sakomunikacio<br />
pirobebi sametyvelo qmedebebs mizanmimarTulobas ukargaven. metyvelma<br />
subieqtma mainc Seasrula sametyvelo qmedeba, magram Seuferebel<br />
pirobebSi da arasasurveli komunikaciuri mniSvnelobiT. magaliTad,<br />
saTanado Zalauflebis arqonis SemTxvevaSi brZaneba SeiZleba uxeS<br />
moTxovnad iqces.<br />
serli (Searle 1969) iziarebs pozicias, rom konteqsts gaaCnia<br />
Semfasebeli roli da warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebi warmoadgens<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis saTanadod SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis<br />
krebuls. am poziciis sapirispirod, graisi (Grice 1967) amtkicebs, rom<br />
gamonaTqvamis WeSmaritoba damokidebuli ar unda iyos msjelobaze,<br />
ramdenad Sesaferisi Tu Seuferebelia gamonaTqvami. Seuferebel<br />
gamonaTqvamebs graisi miiCnevs iseT gamonaTqvamebad, romelTa sasaubro<br />
implikacia aris mcdari an SecdomaSi Semyvani. am poziciis mixedviT,<br />
ostinis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, konteqsti ver SeinarCunebs<br />
Semfaseblur rols,. warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebs Soris serli<br />
(Searle 1969) aseve asaxelebs ,,mniSvnelovan” pirobas, romelic mosaubre<br />
individisagan moiTxovs saTanado ganzraxvas – dapirebis micemis<br />
SemTxvevaSi is aucileblad unda grZnobdes pirobis Sesrulebis<br />
pasuxismgeblobas. amdenad, warmatebuli sakomunikacio pirobebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba xels uwyobs sametyvelo qmedebebSi aRviqvaT ara marto<br />
maTi konvenciuri efeqti, aramed gaviazroT isini rogorc komunikaciuri<br />
ganzraxvis gamomxatveli gamonaTqvamebi.<br />
rogorc zemoT naTqvamidan davinaxeT, urTierToba konteqstsa da<br />
sametyvelo qmedebas Soris aris sakmaod rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani. am<br />
urTierTmimarTebaSi ukeT gasarkvevad, sbisas (Sbisa 2002: 424) azriT,<br />
aucilebelia pasuxi gaeces ramdenime SekiTxvas.<br />
42
1. sametyvelo qmedebis konteqsti mocemulia (arsebobda sametyvelo<br />
qmedebamde an komunikaciamde), Tu agebuli (komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individebis mier Seqmnili)<br />
2. sametyvelo qmedebis konteqsti aralimitirebulia (ar aqvs<br />
dadgenili CarCoebi, ar aqvs SezRudva ganviTardes nebismieri<br />
mimarTulebiT), Tu limitirebulia (SezRudulia raime<br />
principebis Sesabamisad)<br />
3. sametyvelo qmedebis konteqsti aris obieqturi (Sedgeba arsebuli<br />
realobisa da faqtebisagan), Tu subieqturi da kognituri<br />
(Sedgeba mosaubris zraxvebisagan an emyareba komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile orive mxaris rwmenasa da miswrafebebs)<br />
1.5.2 mocemuli Tu agebuli konteqsti: komunikaciuri arCevani<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis Teoriis Sesabamisad konteqsti xSirad<br />
ganixileba, rogorc winaswar mocemuli: misi Sinaarsi ar aris<br />
damokidebuli im sametyvelo qmedebaze, romlis konteqstsac Tavadve<br />
warmoadgens; igi dadgenilia sametyvelo qmedebis Sesrulebamde. rogorc<br />
sbisa (Sbisa 2002) ganmartavs, ostiniseuli warmatebuli sakomunikacio<br />
pirobebi sametyvelo qmedebisagan damoukideblad unda iyos<br />
dakmayofilebuli mosaubris, adresatisa da gamonaTqvamis situaciis mier<br />
amave sametyvelo qmedebis Sesrulebamde. serlis (Searle 1969) mixedviT,<br />
warmatebuli sakomunikacio pirobebi Seqmnilia sametyvelo qmedebamde im<br />
sityvebisagan damoukideblad, romlebsac metyveli subieqti warmoTqvams,<br />
raTa mocemuli sametyvelo qmedeba Seasrulos.<br />
literatura, romelic konteqsts ganixilavs verbaluri interaqciis<br />
(komunikaciis) analizis CarCoSi, rogorc amas duranti da gudvini<br />
ganmartaven (Duranti & Goodwin 1992), mxars uWers konteqstis<br />
konstruirebul bunebas (konteqsti sametyvelo qmedebamde aris agebuli).<br />
am mosazrebis sapirispirod, sbisas (Sbisa 2002) miaCnia, rom komunikaciaSi<br />
43
monawile individebi winaswar ar amowmeben, Tu ramdenad Sesaferisia<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba imisaTvis, raTa aRiaron, rom es sametyvelo qmedeba<br />
namdvilad Sesrulda. sbisas mosazrebas eTanxmeba kruzic (Cruse 2004: 384).<br />
misi azriT, gamonaTqvamis interpretaciisaTvis aucilebeli saTanado<br />
konteqsti winaswar ar aris mocemuli. konteqsts irCevs komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile msmeneli individi. kruzi miiCnevs, rom swori anu saTanado<br />
konteqsti aris im varaudTa erToblioba, romelic sabolood iZleva<br />
adekvatur konteqstualur efeqts.<br />
(24) eTikis kodeqsis safuZvelze TiToeuli skola Sinaganawess<br />
SeimuSavebs da misi dacva yvela maswavleblisTvis,<br />
moswavlisTvis da direqtorisTvis aucilebeli iqneba. vinc<br />
Sinaganawess ar daemorCileba, damrRvevebis winaaRdeg<br />
adekvaturi zomebi gatardeba. skolis usafrTxoebis koncefciis<br />
farglebSi, axali saswavlo wlidan Tbilisisa da baTUmis<br />
yvela skolaSi sertificirebuli mandaturebi Sevlen. wlis<br />
bolomde ki zugdidis, rusTavis, quTaisisa da goris skolebs<br />
moicaven.<br />
(saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro 2010)<br />
Cven winaswar skeptikurad arasodes varT xolme ganwyobili<br />
Tanamosaubris mier gadmocemuli informaciis an Sesrulebuli<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis mimarT, Tuki gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, Cven ar<br />
moveliT, an intuitiurad ar vxvdebiT, rom komunikaciaSi monawile meore<br />
mxarem SeiZleba mogvatyuos.<br />
adamiani xSirad miiCnevs, rom Cveni Tanamosaubris mier warmoTqmuli<br />
sityvebi qmnian Sesaferis sametyvelo qmedebas (Goffman 1971). amave<br />
pozicias iziarebs kruzic (Cruse 2004) da miiCnevs, rom metyvel subieqts<br />
komunikaciaSi wamyvani roli aqvs. metyvel subieqts gaaCnia garkveuli<br />
warmodgena msmenelis codnisa Tu gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb da<br />
cdilobs imgvarad gadmosces sasurveli informacia da Seasrulos<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba, rom msmenelma minimaluri kognituri danaxarjebiT<br />
moaxerxos naTqvamis swori interpretacia. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT<br />
rCeva, romelic erTma adamianma SeiZleba misces meore adamians – ,,Tuki<br />
Tqven gsurT saintereso wigni waikiTxoT, me girCevdiT steinbekis<br />
,,zamTari Cveni mRelvarebisa”.” adresati, romelic am gamonaTqvams<br />
44
aRiqvams, rogorc rCevas, miiCnevs, rom adresanti ara mxolod zogadad<br />
kargad erkveva mxatvrul literaturaSi, aramed darwmunebulia, rom<br />
mocemuli wigni namdvilad did siamovnebas mianiWebs mkiTxvels. an, Tuki<br />
policiis formaSi gamowyobili adamiani aCerebs mZRols da sTxovs<br />
sabuTebis wardgenas, mZRoli am moTxovnas brZanebad aRiqvams da eWvqveS<br />
ar ayenebs policielis Zalauflebas mocemul konteqstSi. pirveli<br />
magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, adamianma, romelsac rCeva misces, ar icis da<br />
verc amowmebs, Tu ramdenad kompetenturia rCevis mimcemi individi am<br />
konkretul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. savaraudod, sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
Sesrulebamde arc mrCeveli afasebs xolme sakuTar kompetenturobas<br />
rCevis micemis TvalsazrisiT. meore SemTxvevaSi ki, Znelad Tu vinme<br />
Seitans eWvs, rom policiis tanisamosSi gamowyobili adamiani namdvilad<br />
aris Tu ara policieli. mocemuli magaliTebis mixedviT, komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individebi miiCneven, rom sametyvelo qmedeba TavisTavad<br />
akmayofilebs warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebs.<br />
warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebis msgavsad, konteqsti aseve<br />
TavisTavad akmayofilebs presupoziciebs. es mosazreba warmoiSva im<br />
fenomenidan, romelsac luisi (Lewis 1979) uwodebs ,,akomodacias”<br />
(ganTavseba) – rodesac warmoTqmuli gamonaTqvami moiTxovs garkveuli<br />
tipis presupozicias, am presupoziciis srul gaazrebamde adresati mas<br />
aTavsebs Tavis fonur varaudebSi. pirispir saubari, media komunikaciebi<br />
Tu sxvadasxva Janris werilobiTi komunikacia presupoziciis<br />
akomodacias (ganTavseba) iyenebs, raTa adresati Cawvdes fonur<br />
informacias an miiRos axali informacia yovelgvari damatebiTi<br />
diskusiis gareSe. Tuki Cven, magaliTad, SemTxveviT movismineT or<br />
adamians Soris saubari, romelic aRwers vinme daviTisaTvis (pirobiTi<br />
personaJi) avtomobilis moparvis faqts, Cven iolad gamovitanT daskvnas,<br />
rom daviTs (Tumca Cven mas saerTod ar vicnobT) yavda avtomobili.<br />
amdenad, Tuki komunikaciis monawileebs ar sWirdebaT winaswar<br />
ganixilon dakmayofilebulia Tu ara warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebi<br />
an presupoziciebi, adresats SeuZlia Tavad sametyvelo qmedebidanve<br />
45
gamoitanos sametyvelo qmedebis konteqstis Sesaxeb saWiro informacia.<br />
komunikaciaSi monawile individis roli SedarebiT pasiuria. igi<br />
cdilobs ganixilos mis xelT arsebuli konteqstebi da gamoiyenos<br />
mxolod is konteqsti, romelic mas saSualebas miscems moaxdinos<br />
metyveli subieqtis mier Sesrulebuli sametyvelo qmedebis swori<br />
interpretacia (Cruse 2004). maSasadame, migvaCnia, rom mcdaria is pozicia,<br />
romelic konteqsts winaswar mocemul realobad ganixilavs. piriqiT,<br />
mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom konteqsti aris interaqtiuli movlena,<br />
romelsac Tavad komunikaciaSi monawile individebi qmnian urTierTobis<br />
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad.<br />
1.5.3 limitirebuli Tu aralimitirebuli konteqsti: komunikaciuri<br />
arCevani<br />
xSirad zedmetad miaCniaT kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, konteqsti unda iyos<br />
limitirebuli, Tu unda hqondes SesaZlebloba ganivrcos yoveli<br />
mimarTulebiT da amdenad iyos yovlismomcveli. fiqroben, rom<br />
konteqstma aucileblad unda moicvas yvelaferi, rac ,,aucilebelia” im<br />
amocanis Sesasruleblad, risTvisac Cven konteqsti gvesaWiroeba (Kaplan<br />
1989: 591), iqneba es gamonaTqvamis interepretacia Tu Sefaseba. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, marTebulad ar migvaCnia dawesdes limiti<br />
im ,,aucilebel” komponentebze, romelic konteqstma unda moicvas. magram,<br />
meore mxriv, roli, romelic sametyvelo qmedebis kvlevam SeiZleba<br />
mianiWos konteqsts, mniSvnelovnad icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor<br />
aRviqvamT konteqsts – limitirebulad Tu aralimitirebulad.<br />
aralimitirebulikonteqsti Cven saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis interpretacia. magram, rogorc sbisa (Sbisa 2002)<br />
amtkicebs, aralimitirebuli konteqstis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis Sefaseba. ufro metic, misive azriT, sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis Sefaseba konteqstidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />
mTeli msoflio gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT mimdinare Sefasebisagan,<br />
46
Tuki, ra Tqma unda, konteqsti sruliad ar moicavs am msoflio<br />
gamocdilebas.<br />
ostinis (Austin 1962) mixedviT, sametyvelo qmedebis konteqsti<br />
limitirebulia, radgan warmatebuli komunikaciis wesebi mkacrad adgenen<br />
situaciis im aspeqtebs, romelTa Sesabamisadac unda Sefasdes<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis Sesaferisoba. imisaTvis, rom davadginoT raime<br />
mtkicebuleba WeSmaritia Tu mcdari, aucileblad unda miviRoT<br />
mxedvelobaSi is situacia, romlis pirobebSic moxda am mtkicebulebis<br />
warmoTqma. aqve aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individTa miznebi da amocanebi. ostinis azriT (ibid: 143-145),<br />
mtkicebuleba ,,France is hexagonal” (safrangeTi aris eqvskuTxovani) SeiZleba<br />
aRviqvaT, rogorc WeSmariti, Tuki es mtkicebuleba warmoTqves raime<br />
konkretuli miznis Sesabamisad (Tuki, magaliTad, igulisxmeba, Tu<br />
ramdeni mxridan aris mosalodneli mtris Tavdasxma omis SemTxvevaSi); an<br />
mcdari, Tuki mtkicebuleba warmoTqves raime sxva mizniT (magaliTad,<br />
igulisxmeba safrangeTis sazRvrebis geografiuli moxazuloba). amdenad,<br />
rogorc am magaliTebidan Cans, logikuria vamtkicoT, rom komunikaciis<br />
miznebi ganapirobeben erTi da imave movlenis romeli aspeqtebis mixedviT<br />
unda Sefasdes sametyvelo qmedebis WeSmariteba an mcdaroba. sbisas<br />
azriT (Sbisa 2002), Tavad is faqti, rom es aspeqtebi gansxvavebulia<br />
sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi, gvaCvenebs, rom sametyvelo qmedebis situaciuroba<br />
da misive konteqsti delimitireba erTamaneTTan mWidrod aris<br />
dakavSirebuli. serli (Searle 1969: 57) sametyvelo qmedebis warmatebulad<br />
SesrulebisaTvis aucilebel ,,normalur” sakomunikacio pirobebTan<br />
erTad asaxelebs komunikaciaSi monawile individTa damokidebulebebs,<br />
mimarTebebs da situaciur maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic dakavSirebuli<br />
arian warmatebuli komunikaciis specifiuri wesebiT. ramdenadac, rogorc<br />
serli TviTonve ganmartavs, ar arsebobs amomwuravi ganmarteba, Tu ras<br />
niSnavs ,,normaluri” sakomunikacio pirobebi, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes im<br />
detalebis usasrulo raodenoba, romelic Cveni azriT unda moicvas<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis konteqstma. faqtobrivad, serli (Searle 1979: 130-131)<br />
47
miiCnevs, rom konteqsts axasiaTebs usasrulod gavrcobis unari da<br />
potenciurad is aris yovlismomcveli: yovel samtyvelo qmedebas<br />
mniSvneloba gaaCnia mxolod fonuri warmodgenebisa Tu codnis<br />
Sesabamisad, romelTa ricxvic SeiZleba usasrulo iyos.<br />
komunikaciis mimarT sxva pragmatikuli mosazrebebis mixedviT,<br />
konteqsti mudmivad ganivrcoba, Tumca empiriulad igi delimitirebulia<br />
(gaaCnia sazRvrebi). stalkneris (Stalkner 1999) azriT, mosaubris mier<br />
warmoTqmuli yoveli presupozicia konteqstis, rogorc fonuri<br />
informaciis delimitirebas axdens. Tumca sperberisa da uilsonis<br />
(Sperber and Wilson 1986) azriT, konteqsti delimitirebulia im empiriuli<br />
faqtiT, rom mosaubris gonebaSi zogierTi mosazreba aqtiurdeba sxva<br />
damatebiTi mosazrebebisa da asociaciebis gaaqtiurebiT. am poziciis<br />
gaziareba niSnavs imis aRiarebas, rom, rac ufro meti detali Semodis<br />
konteqstSi, izrdeba sametyvelo qmedebis ukeT gagebisa da gaazrebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. es ki gulisxmobs, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis mTeli msoflio gamocdilebis Sesabamisad gaaanalizebas, rac,<br />
ra Tqma unda, SeuZleblad migvaCnia.<br />
aucilebelia moviZioT ukeTesi principebi, romlebic moaxdenen<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis delimitacias. upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelobis<br />
konteqstze damokidebulebas enis filosofosebi ganixilaven indeqsuri,<br />
demonstratiuli, deskriptuli sityvebisa da mTeli propoziciebis<br />
analizis pirobebSi (Bianchi 1999). konteqstze damokidebulebas unda<br />
hqondes raime wyaro, rac naTlad Cans im faqtSi, rom enis gamoyeneba<br />
umetesad aris situaciuri. faqtobrivad, enis gamomyenebeli<br />
pasuxismgebelia ena gamoiyenos romelime qmedebis CarCoSi. sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis amgvari situaciuroba limitirebul konteqsts moiTxovs. Tuki<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis romelime konteqstis Sesabamisad Sesruleba da<br />
gaazreba mas situaciur movlenad warmoadgens, migvaCnia, rom es<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba amave konteqstis mixedviT unda Sefasdes. ufro<br />
metic, imisaTvis, rom moxdes sametyvelo qmedebis gansazRvruli Sefaseba<br />
(Sesaferisoba/Seufereblobis, WeSmariteba/mcdarobis TvalsazrisiT),<br />
48
Tavad konteqsti unda iyos delimitirebuli, anu mkafiod unda iyos<br />
gansazRvruli, Tu ra ganekuTvneba konteqsts da ra ara. yovlismomcveli<br />
konteqsti ver uzrunvelyofs situaciurobas da, rogorc ostini (Austin<br />
1962: 146) ganmartavs, igi sametyvelo qmedebas aqcevs karikaturul<br />
konstativad – ,,idealur gamonaTqvamad, romelic Sesaferisi iqneboda<br />
yoveli situaciisaTvis, nebismieri miznisaTvis, nebismieri<br />
auditoriisaTvis da a.S.”.<br />
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, cxadi xdeba, rom<br />
konteqstis nebismieri koncefcia, romelic ar moicavs delimitirebis<br />
kriteriumebs, SeiZleba miviCnioT aradamakmayofileblad. sbisas (Sbisa<br />
2002) ganmartebiT, unda moxdes konteqstis delimitireba Tuki Cven<br />
gvsurs, rom situaciuroba gaxdes sametyvelo qmedebis integraluri<br />
maxasiaTebeli.<br />
1.5.4 obieqturi da kognituri konteqsti: komunikaciuri arCevani<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic unda ganvixiloT<br />
konteqstTan mimarTebaSi, aris misi obieqturi Tu kognituri buneba.<br />
konteqsts gaaCnia obieqturi buneba, Tuki mas gansazRvravs ara<br />
komunikaciaSi monawile individTa zraxvebi, aramed realur cxovrebaSi<br />
momxdari situaciebi, romelTa arsebobis Sesaxeb SesaZloa komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individebs warmodgenac ar hqondeT. gokeri (Gauker 1998:153)<br />
obieqtur konteqsts aRwers, rogorc ,,gonebisaTvis transcendentul”<br />
cnebas, kognituri konteqsti ki Sedgeba komunikaciis erTi an ramdenime<br />
monawilis intenciuri (ganzraxuli) mdgomareobisa an mdgomareobebisagan.<br />
igi aRiqmeba ,,kogniturad”, radganac es situaciebi aris<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi. sbisas (Sbisa 2002: 428) miaCnia, rom sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis Teoria uaryofs obieqtur konteqsts da mas ganmartavs, rogorc<br />
propoziciuli mimarTebebis erTobliobas. konteqstis kognitur bunebas<br />
sakmaod bevri mxardamWeri hyavs Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi (Penco 1999).<br />
Tumca, sbisa (Sbisa 2002) amtkicebs, rom es mimarTeba ar gamodgeba<br />
49
sametyvelo qmedebebis, rogorc socialuri aqtebis, kvlevis procesSi.<br />
misi azriT, yovelive es naTlad Cans, Tuki konteqstis rols<br />
ganvixilavT sametyvelo qmedebebis Sefasebisas.<br />
konteqsti rom mxolod komunikaciaSi monawile individTa<br />
zraxvebisagan Sedgebodes, sametyvelo qmedebis warmatebuli komunikaciis<br />
pirobebis dasakmayofileblad am individTa monawileoba minimaluri<br />
iqneboda (Sbisa 2002). ra Tqma unda, maT aucileblad unda hqondeT<br />
garkveuli intenciuri (zraxviTi) mdgomareoba, magram am individTa<br />
komunikaciaSi CarTuloba ar iZleva situaciis sruli gaazrebisa da<br />
marTvis garantias. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxolod mosaubre<br />
individis rwmena an codna ar aris sakmarisi, rom man raime<br />
gamonaTqvamisaTvis Seqmnas Sesaferisi situacia an konteqsti. magaliTad,<br />
imisaTvis, rom adamianma gasces karis daxurvis brZaneba, sakmarisia mas<br />
swamdes , rom kari aris Ria. an: Tuki individi moibodiSebs imis gamo,<br />
rom man mTlianad SeWama Cemi sayvareli tkbileuli, sakmarisia individs<br />
swamdes, rom man SeWama tkbileuli. magram, aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom<br />
mxolod individis rwmena ar aris sakmarisi, rom Tanamosaubrem<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba warmatebulad miiCnios. Tuki, magaliTad, me vici, rom<br />
kari ukve daketilia, mosaubre individis mier Sesrulebuli samtyvelo<br />
qmedeba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi brZaneba) ver maiZulebs me karis daketvas.<br />
Tuki me aseve vici, rom Cemma megobris bavSvebma SeWames Cemi sayvareli<br />
tkbileuli, aseT SemTxvevaSic, mosaubre individis mier Sesrulebuli<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba (mobodiSeba) ver CaiTvleba warmatebiT<br />
Sesrulebulad. sbisas (Sbisa 2002) mtkicebiT, sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebis dasakmayofileblad arc is aris<br />
sakmarisi, Tuki komunikaciaSi monawile individebs gaaCniaT saerTo<br />
rwmena (iziareben erTmaneTis rwmenasa da Sexedulebebs). im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, Tuki komunikantebs Tanabrad swamT, rom kari aris Ria, brZaneba karis<br />
daxurvis Sesaxeb aucileblad aRmoCndeba Seuferebeli, rodesac<br />
komunikantebi darwmundebian, rom kari aris daxuruli. aq, ra Tqma unda,<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom sametyvelo qmedebis warmoTqmisas, komunikantTa<br />
rwmenaze dayrdnobiT, sametyvelo qmedeba aris saTanadod Sesrulebuli,<br />
50
adgan komunikaciaSi monawile individebs swamT, rom kari aris Ria. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi xdeba subieqturi rwmenis obieqturi realobiT gabaTileba,<br />
ris Sedegadac xdeba sametyvelo qmedebis Sesrulebisas arsebuli<br />
warmatebuli komunikaciis pirobebis gabaTileba. mobodiSebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki warmovidgenT, rom me ar vici, vin SeWama Cemi sayvareli<br />
tkbileuli, mobodiSebis aqti aris warmatebiT Sesrulebuli. magram ver<br />
moxerxdeba mobodiSebis konvenciuri efeqtis miRweva (danaSaulis<br />
gamosworebis mcdeloba), Tuki es danaSauli realurad ar arsebobs. sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rogorc ki gairkveva simarTle, rom Cemi megobris<br />
Svilebma SeWames Cemi sayvareli tkbileuli, aucilebeli gaxdeba mTeli<br />
situaciis gadaazreba. Tuki CvenTvis aucilebeli aris Sesaferisi<br />
pirobebis ara formalurad arseboba (pirobebi pirobebisaTvis), aramed<br />
viswrafviT, rom es pirobebi eyrdnobodnen realobas, raTa miRweul<br />
iqnes konvenciuri efeqti, aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven konteqsti unda<br />
gaviazroT ara rogorc kognituri mdgomareobebis an intenciuri<br />
(zraxviTi) mimarTebebis erTianoba, aramed konteqsti unda<br />
warmovadginoT, rogorc eqsternuli (gare) pirobebis mTlianoba –<br />
materialuri Tu socialuri faqtorebis erToblioba. am mtkicebidan<br />
logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom sametyvelo qmedebebis, rogorc<br />
socialuri aqtebis, kvlevisas konteqsti unda aRviqvaT, rogor<br />
obieqturi cneba.<br />
konteqstis obieqturi buneba ukeT warmoCindeba, Tuki ganvixilavT im<br />
moTxovnebs, romelTac lingvisturi presupozicia sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
konteqsts uyenebs. am SemTxvevaSi pasuxi unda gaeces mniSvnelovan<br />
SekiTxvas: imisaTvis, rom sametyvelo qmedeba iyos Sesaferisi, aris Tu<br />
ara sakmarisi, rom metyvelma subieqtma warmoTqmuli winadadebis mier<br />
Seqmnili presupozicia aRiqvas WeSmaritad Cemi subieqturi rwmena, rom<br />
vTqvaT, britaneTs hyavs dedofali, Cems mier warmoTqmul TxrobiT<br />
winadadebas ver aqcevs Sesaferis mtkicebulebad.UTuki komunikaciis sxva<br />
monawileebic iziareben Cems warmodgenebsa da rwmenas, iqmneba<br />
Sesaferisobis efeqti. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom es yovelive ver qmnis<br />
51
sametyvelo qmedebis realur Sesaferisobas. amdenad, sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
Sesafaseblad aucilebeli foni unda iyos obieqturi da ara kognituri.<br />
informaciis gadmosacemad presupoziciebis gamoyeneba konteqstis<br />
obieqtur bunebas usvams xazs (Sbisa 2000). kognituri konteqstis CarCoSi<br />
informaciuli presupoziciis axsnis erT-erT strategiaTa Soris aris<br />
pozicia, romlis mixedviTac, presupoziciis informaciuli gamoyenebisas<br />
mosaubres miaCnia, rom adresati Tavidanve iziarebs garkveul<br />
warmodgenebs (Stalnaker 1974). magram am mtkicebulebis sapirispirod<br />
sakmaod gonivrulad migvaCnia gokeris azri, romelic miiCnevs, rom Tuki<br />
adresati da adresanti Tavidanve iziareben warmodgenebsa Tu<br />
mosazrebebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi, albaT logikuri da bunebrivi iqneba, Tuki<br />
vityviT, rom sulac ar arsebobs am mosazrebis artikulaciis<br />
(warmoTqmis) aucilebloba (Gauker 1998). sakmaod sainteresoa, Tu rogor<br />
vaxerxebT komunikaciis dros warmosaxviT Sesaferisobasa da realur<br />
Sesaferisobas Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. sbisas (Sbisa 2002) mtkicebiT, es<br />
sakiTxi dRemde gadauWreli rCeba. komunikaciis ukeT gaazrebis meore<br />
strategia gvTavazobs presupoziciis ganmartebis gafarToebas ise, rom<br />
man moicvas ara mxolod is rwmena da mimarTebebi, romelTac<br />
komunikantebi iziareben, aramed is warmodgenebic, romelTa aRqmisaTvis<br />
adresanti saTanadod aris ganwyobili (Soames 1982). magram, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
Cndeba SekiTxva, rogor unda moveqceT im informatiul presupoziciebs,<br />
romelTa mimarTac adresants ar gaaCnia raime winaswari ganwyoba, an<br />
iseT presupoziciebs, romelTa miReba-gaziareba adresants ar surs<br />
(magaliTad, adresants miaCnia, rom es presupoziciebi mcdaria)<br />
warmovidginoT, me mwams, rom saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo reforma<br />
mxolod da mxolod qarTuli realobisaTvis aris Seqmnili da<br />
gaTvlili: aseT SemTxvevaSi me ubralod ukuvagdeb yovelgvar<br />
sapirispiro mosazrebas misi Seufereblobis motiviT, an SesaZloa me eWvi<br />
Semeparos sakuTari warmodgenebisa da rwmenis sisworeSi da mivemxro<br />
Cemi Tanakomunikantis mier mowodebul mosazrebas. amdenad,<br />
informatiuli presupozicia adresants warudgeba, rogorc mosazreba,<br />
52
omelic man aucileblad unda gaiziaros yovelgvari adrindeli<br />
ganwyobis miexedavad (Sbisa 1999).<br />
maSasadame, obieqturi konteqsti iZleva SesaZleblobas avxsnaT<br />
informatiuli presupozicia. sbisas (Sbisa 2002) ganmartebiT, rodesas S<br />
warmoTqvams TxrobiT winadadebas p da p (masSi Cadebuli<br />
presupoziciuri indikatoris gamo) gulisxmobs q-s, Tuki obieqturi<br />
konteqsti ver daakayofilebs q-s, S-s mier warmoTqmuli gamonaTqvami ver<br />
gaxdeba Sesaferisi mtkicebuleba. Tuki miviCnevT, rom S-is mier<br />
warmoTqmuli gamonaTqvami aris saTanadod gamoxatuli mtkicebuleba,<br />
maSin Cven aseve unda miviCnioT, rom q aris ara ubralod S-is rwmenis<br />
Sedegi, aramed mas aseve akmayofilebs obieqturi konteqsti. komunikaciis<br />
procesSi Cven gvwams, rom S-is mier warmoTqmuli TxrobiTi winadadeba<br />
qmnis warmatebiT gadmocemul mtkicebulebas. Cven mtkiced varT<br />
ganwyobili imisaTvis, rom virwmunoT q. amdenad, informatiuli<br />
presupoziciebi zustad da zedmiwevniT miiReba gamoanTqvamSive mocemuli<br />
lingvisturi indikatorebisagan, radganac isini warmoadgenen im<br />
pirobebs, romlebic obieqturma konteqstma unda daakmayofilos.<br />
lingvisturi indikatorebisagan informatiuli presupoziciebis miRebis<br />
procesi xsnis, Tu ratom inaxavs maT adresanti rogorc presupoziciebs,<br />
anu rogorc TavisTavad mocemul informacias, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki<br />
isini Seicaven sruliad axal informacias. es procesi aseve iZleva<br />
pasuxs dilemaze, Tu ratom an rogor warmoadgenen presupoziciebi<br />
informacias samyaros Sesaxeb. konteqstis kognituri gaazrebis<br />
farglebSi adresantis rwmena, rom mosaubris mier warmoTqmuli<br />
TxrobiTi winadadeba aris saTanadod Sesrulebuli mtkicebuleba, mas<br />
mianiWebs SesaZleblobas mivides mxolod im daskvnamde, rom mosaubre<br />
fiqrobs an varaudobs q-s.<br />
53
1.5.5 konteqstis integraluri struqtura da komunikaciuri arCevani<br />
zemoT mocemul msjelobaSi SevecadeT gveCvenebina, rom konteqsti<br />
unda iyos konstruirebuli, limitirebuli da obieqturi. magram dgeba<br />
sakiTxi, konteqstis es maxasiaTeblebi aris Tu ara erTmaneTTan<br />
SeTavsebadi.<br />
konstruirebuli buneba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia kognituri<br />
konteqstisaTvis. sbisa (Sbisa 2002) amtkicebs, rom interaqtiul movlenaSi<br />
monawileebi SeiZleba martivad SeTanxmdnen, Tu rogor ganmarton is<br />
situacia, romelSic isini arian, an romlis Sesaxebac isini saubroben –<br />
situacia aris arsebul SesaZlebel CarCoTagan erT-erTi, rac<br />
saSualebas iZleva gaviazroT konteqstualuri miniSnebebi. isini<br />
exmarebian komunikaciis monawileebs komunikaciis damyarebaSi.<br />
(25) But we must also learn the lessons of the past. It is now sixty years since<br />
Butler’s landmark 1944 settlement, which raised the school-leaving age to 15, and<br />
introduced free secondary education, as well as shaping a lasting partnership between<br />
Church and State in education. In the same decade, the 1942 Beveridge Report and<br />
the 1948 Children Act transformed welfare and children’s services. These reforms<br />
were colossal; they transformed the landscape of welfare and of public services.<br />
Their influence is hard to over-state, and has been overwhelmingly a positive one.<br />
(Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners 2004: 3)<br />
Cven warsulidan unda viswavloT gakveTilebi. ukve samoci weli<br />
gavida batleris 1944 dadgenilebidan, romelmac skolis<br />
damTavrebis asakad daadgina 15 weli da SemoiRo ufaso<br />
saSualo ganaTleba. man aseve Camoayaliba mtkice<br />
TanamSromloba eklesiasa da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Soris ganaTlebis<br />
sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. imave dekadaSi, 1942 wlis beverijis<br />
moxsenebam da 1948 wlis aqtma bavSvTa Sesaxeb momsaxurebisa da<br />
ganTlebis sferoSi arsebiT cvlilebebs daudes saTave. maTi<br />
gavlenis gazviadebuli Sefaseba SeuZlebelia da igi SeiZleba<br />
ganvixiloT mxolod pozitiur konteqstSi.<br />
mocemuli magaliTi naTlad aCvenebs, rom komunikaciis pirobebSi<br />
teqstis Semoqmedi individi Tavad agebs im konteqsts, romlis pirobebSic<br />
surs interaqciis interpretacia. hipoTeza am CarCoebis arsebobis Sesaxeb<br />
saSualebas iZleva, avxsnaT procesi, Tu rogor axerxeben komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individebi mimarTebebis da rwmenis formirebasa da gaziarebas.<br />
54
magram, aqve ismis SekiTxva: rogor SeZleben komunikantebi am CarCoebis<br />
meSveobiT axali obieqturi realobis konstruirebas aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
albaT logikuria miviCnioT, rom konteqstis konstruirebisaTvis Tavad<br />
konteqsti unda iyos kognituri da ara obieqturi.<br />
am SeuTavseblobisagan gamosavali SeiZleba iyos, Tuki miviCnevT,<br />
rom orive tipis konteqsti mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sametyvelo<br />
qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi. magram aqve kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
mxolod kognituri da ara obieqturi konteqsti SeiZleba iyos<br />
konstruirebuli. amdenad, migvaCnia, rom erTaderTi gamosavali aris, Tu<br />
or gansxvavebul konteqstis tips aseve or gansxvavebul rolsa da<br />
daniSnulebas mivaniWebT: sametyvelo qmedebis interpretacia<br />
damokidebulia kognitur konteqstze, xolo maTi Sefaseba ki – obieqtur<br />
konteqstze. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom es dayofa ar SeiZleba iyos<br />
mtkiced gansazRvruli da dadgenili. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,<br />
gamonaTqvamis interpretaciis zogierTi aspeqti damokidebulia obieqtur<br />
faqtebze, magaliTad, vin saubrobs an romel drosa Tu sivrceSi xdeba<br />
gamonaTqvamis warmoTqma. ufro metic, obieqturi konteqsti CarTulia<br />
informatiuli presupoziciebis gaazrebis procesSi, radganac mxolod<br />
obieqturi konteqstis pirobebSi axerxebs presupozicia axali<br />
informaciis gadmocemas (Sbisa 2002).<br />
konteqstis sxvadasxvagvar bunebas Soris arsebuli SeuTavseblobis<br />
gadasaWrelad arsebobs kidev erTi saSualeba. aucilebelia vaRiaroT,<br />
rom komunikaciaSi monawile individebs SeuZliaT aagon ara mxolod<br />
kognituri konteqsti, aramed obieqturi konteqstis garkveuli aspeqtebi<br />
(Sbisa 2002). samyaroSi arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari tipis situacia,<br />
romelTagan zogierTi aris konvenciuri, xolo zogierTi ki –<br />
instituciuri (Van Gelder 1998). Cven SegviZlia gavaanalizoT konvenciuri<br />
an instituciuri situaciebi, Tuki daveyrdnobiT praqtikul SeTanxmebas<br />
(da ara kogniturs), romelic SeiZleba arsebobdes relevantur<br />
socialur monawileTa Soris (Sbisa 2001). amdenad, monawileTa SeTanxmeba<br />
did rols Seasrulebs, raTa movaxerxoT da gavaanalizoT (obieqturad)<br />
55
monawileTa uflebebi, valdebulebebi, Zala, avtoriteti da a.S.. sulac<br />
ar iqneba araTanmimdevruli, Tuki davaskvniT, rom interaqtiul<br />
movlenaSi monawile individebs SueZliaT am situaciebis konstruireba,<br />
an kidev, igive situaciebi ganekuTvnebodes mocemuli interaqciis<br />
obieqtur konteqsts. am situaciis magaliTad gamogvadgeba vinmes<br />
socialuri an Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba, romelic mas uflebas aniWebs<br />
gasces raime saxis brZaneba. Zalaufleba, ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs<br />
Sesabamis socialur monawileTa mier am Zalauflebis aRiarebis gareSe.<br />
formalur situaciebsa da instituciuri rolebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
(magaliTad, mosamarTle) Sesabamisi socialuri monawileebi da<br />
Zalauflebis miniWebis procesi mkacrad aris dadgenili da<br />
izolirebulia yoveldRiuri interaqciisagan. magram, araformalur<br />
situaciebSi, komunikaciaSi monawile individi Tavisufalia gaaanalizos,<br />
vTqvaT romelime brZanebiTi winadadeba, da miiCnios igi Sesaferis<br />
brZanebad da mianiWos mas Sesabamisi Zala. amdenad, individs SeuZlia<br />
moaxdinos sakuTari rolis redefinicia ubralod im sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis SesrulebiT, romelic gulisxmobs (gamonaTqvamis struqturaSia<br />
mocemuli) am individis rols.<br />
1.6 sametyvelo qmedeba da konteqstis urTierTmonacvleoba<br />
konteqstis cvlileba zogjer gamoiyeneba, raTa ganisazRvros<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebi da ganamtkicos intuitiuri (ostiniseuli)<br />
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom isini arian qmedebebi (Sbisa 2002) . qmedebebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, moicaven Sedegebs – qmnian axal mdgomareobebsa Tu<br />
situaciebs, inarCuneben Zvel mdgomareobebsa Tu situaciebs, an kidev<br />
Zvels anacvleben axliT. zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom sametyvelo<br />
qmedebebs SeuZliaT konteqstSi am cvlilebebis Setana (Ballmer 1978, 1981;<br />
Gazdar 1981; Sbisa 1987; Stalnaker 1978). gazdari (Gazdar 1981: 68-69) sametyvelo<br />
qmedebebs ganmartavs, rogorc konteqstidan konteqstSi cvalebad<br />
56
funqciebs: isini dakavSirebuli arian konteqstTan da TavianTi<br />
ilokuciuri Zalis Sesabamisad axdenen mocemuli konteqstis<br />
transformacias. levinsoni (Levinson 1983) sainteresod miiCnevs am<br />
Teorias, magram aseve gamoTqvams eWvs, rom igi srulad da amomwuravad<br />
aanalizebs sametyvelo qmedebis bunebas. misive ganmartebiT, graisiseulserliseuri<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebis Teoria siRrmiseulad ar Seiswavlis<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebis im efeqtebs, romelzec wesiT sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
Semsrulebeli individi aris pasuxismgebeli. es Teoria recepcias<br />
(informaciis miRebas) ganixilavs ilokuciuri qmedebebisaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovan erTaderT efeqtad da ugulebelyofs konvenciur efeqts,<br />
romelic warmoiSoba ara mxolod recefciis meSveobiT. amdenad,<br />
mniSvnelovani aris ganvixiloT sametyvelo qmedebebis konteqstis<br />
Sesabamisad cvalebadi funqcia.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, Cven unda gaviazroT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens<br />
konteqstis obieqturi Tu kognituri buneba, raTa sametyvelo qmedebebi<br />
ganvixiloT konteqstis Sesabamisad cvalebadi qmedebebi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
dagvexmareba stalnakeris (Stalnaker 1978) mtkicebulebis sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis analizi. mas Semdeg rac xdeba mtkicebulebis gamoxatva, misi<br />
Sinaarsi emateba komunikaciaSi monawile individTa presupoziciebs –<br />
kognitur konteqsts. maSasadame, konteqsti Seicvala, komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile inidividTa xelT arsebul SesaZlo samyaroTa raodenobac<br />
Semcirda. rogorc sbisa (Sbisa 2002) ganmartavs, erTi SexedviT,<br />
stalnakeris mier mowodebuli mosazreba aris sakmaod martivi da<br />
damajerebeli, magram mainc arsebobs garkveuli eWvi mis mimarT.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, Zalian Zneli aris konteqstis cvlilebis<br />
transpozicia imgvarad, rom konteqstis es cvlileba aseve gavrceldes<br />
im sametyvelo qmedebaze, romelic ar aris mtkicebuleba. magaliTad,<br />
Tuki SevasrulebT sametyvelo qmedebas ,,gTxov, daxure kari”, ra<br />
informacia emateba konteqsts aris igi informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />
qmedeba surs mosaubrem Seasrulebinos im individs, romelsac mimarTavs<br />
amgvari midgoma ki niSnavs, rom brZaneba dakargavs Tavis srul efeqts da<br />
57
igi gaxdeba iseTi sametyvelo qmedeba, romelic gvaZlevs informacias<br />
mxolod mosaubris survilis Sesaxeb.<br />
meore, SeiZleba gaugebroba warmoiSvas im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
konteqstis cvlileba ekuTvnis sametyvelo qmedebis ilokuciur Tu<br />
perlokuciur ganzomilebas. presupozicia aris komunikaciaSi monawile<br />
individis kognituri mdgomareoba, ZiriTadad rwmena. magram aqac aris<br />
garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, rac Cadebulia stalnakeris (Stalnaker 1978) mier<br />
SemoTavazebul TeoriaSi konteqstis cvlis Sesaxeb – rwmenis gamoxatva<br />
aris tipuri perlokuciuri qmedeba.<br />
kidev erTi sakiTxi, rac CvenTvis SesaZloa saintereso iyos, aris<br />
SekiTxva – rogor gamoixateba mtkicebulebebSi stalnakeris mier<br />
asaxuli konteqstis cvla am SemTxvevaSi ver gamodgeba graisis (Grice<br />
1967) TanamSromlobis maqsimebi, radganac isini amtkiceben, rom mosaubrem<br />
unda scados Tqvas simarTle (am SemTxvevaSi igi Tavs aridebs iseTi<br />
ramis Tqmas, rac misi rwmeniT aris sicrue, an ar gaaCnia myari argumenti<br />
raime amtkicos). magram, es maqsimebi ar amtkiceben, rom mosaubre<br />
aucileblad marTali unda iyos (anu mis mier gamoxatuli informacia<br />
aris WeSmariteba). amdenad, im rwmenis Sesabamisad, romlis mixedviTac<br />
mosaubre aucileblad icavs TanamSromlobis princips, Cven SegviZlia<br />
mxolod da mxolod is davaskvnaT, rom mosaubre Seecada eTqva<br />
simarTle, rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs mosaubris mier<br />
gadmocemuli informaciis WeSmaritebas. amdenad, informaciis mimRebma<br />
individma SesaZloa miiCnios, rom mosaubre icavs TanamSromlobis<br />
principebs, magram mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia undobloba gamoxatos Tavad<br />
mosaubris mier gadmocemuli mtkicebulebis mimarT.<br />
stalnakeri aseve aRiarebs meore saxis konteqstis cvlas, romelsac<br />
igi uwodebs ,,Cveulebrivs” (Stalnaker 1999: 88). SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom<br />
marto is faqti, rom mtkicebuleba warmoiTqva, xdeba konteqsti Secvlis<br />
mizezi, radganac sityvebis meSveobiT gamoixata garkveuli informacia,<br />
raRac siaxle moxda samyaroSi da gamonaTqvamis da sametyvelo qmedebis<br />
meSveobiT komunikaciaSi monawile yvela individma Seityo amis Sesaxeb.<br />
58
es aseve iwvevs kognituri konteqstis cvlilebasac: komunikaciaSi<br />
monawileni ukve iziareben im rwmenas, rom raRac iTqva. stalnakeris<br />
mtkicebiT, konteqstis amgvari cvlileba aris Cveulebrivi da farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli. da es ukanaskneli faqti sulac ar akninebs mis<br />
mniSvnelobasa da misdami interess. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT aramtkicebiTi<br />
sametyvelo qmedebebi. “Please close the door” Secvlis konteqsts,<br />
Tuki mas davumatebT, “Mary has requested John to close the door”. individis mier<br />
moTxovnis gamoxatva ari aris arsebuli viTarebis ubralo<br />
gamoxatuleba. moTxovnis gamoxatva cvlilebas iwvevs im valdebulebebSi,<br />
romelic arsebobs komunikaciaSi CarTul individebs Soris. es cvlileba<br />
xorcieldeba konvenciurobiT, im SeTanxmebis meSveobiT, romelic<br />
arsebobs Sesabamis socialur individebs Soris. cvlilebas axorcielebs<br />
ilokuciuri qmedebis konvenciuri efeqti, rac, ra Tqma unda, metia vidre<br />
informaciis ubralo miReba anu perlokuciuri Sedegi. cvlileba aseve<br />
xorcieldeba obieqtur konteqstSi, radganac valdebulebebi, rwmena,<br />
misawrafebebi aris interaqtiuli situaciebis obieqturi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
da ara komunikaciis monawileTa ubralo kognituri mdgomareoba (Sbisa<br />
2002). amdenad, Tuki vaRiarebT, rom winadadebis marto warmoTqmac ki<br />
gavlenas axdens konteqstze, Cven SevZlebT davinaxoT, rom sametyvelo<br />
qmedebebi aris ara mxolod komunikaciuri zraxvebis gamoxatuleba,<br />
aramed srulyofili qmedebebi, romelTac aucileblad mosdevs Sedegi.<br />
maSasadame, Cans, rom konteqsti aris mudmivad cvalebadi, magram<br />
interaqciis TiToeul momentSi SesaZlebelia Sesrulebuli sametyvelo<br />
qmedebis Sefaseba im konteqstis Sesabamisad, romelic agebulia<br />
interaqciis miznebis mixedviT. konteqsti icvleba ara mxolod imis gamo,<br />
rom araverbaluri qmedebebi an movlenebi iwveven realurad arsebuli<br />
garemo pirobebis cvlilebas, aramed imitom, rom Tavad sametyvelo<br />
qmedebebi iwveven cvlilebas konteqstis konvenciur maxasiaTeblebSi.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstruirebuli, limitirebuli da obieqturi<br />
konteqsti gvexmareba sametyvelo qmedebebi ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />
konteqstis Semcvleli socialuri qmedebebi.<br />
59
1.7 subieqtis kategoria – pragmatikuli kvlevis centraluri obieqti<br />
ena, rogorc sistema, adamianTa Soris komunikaciisa da azris<br />
gamoxatvis mizans emsaxureba. es procesi ki gulisxmobs informaciis<br />
gadacemasa da aRqmas sityvebis, winadadebebisa da gamonaTqvamebis<br />
meSveobiT. tradiciul enaTmecnierebaSi gamoiyo mravali mimdinareoba,<br />
romelTa mizania mniSvnelobis sruli da sistemuri Seswavla. im sferos<br />
mravali aspeqti, romelsac moicavs termini ,,pragmatika”, didi xnis win<br />
moeqca lingvistikis interesis sferoSi. kerZod, bevri ram, rasac<br />
pragmatikas ukavSireben, jer kidev Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi arsebobda<br />
,,ritorikis” saxelwodebiT. Tavad termini ,,pragmatika”, rogorc ukve<br />
aRiniSna, SemoiRo Carlz morisma. Tumca aqve unda vTqvaT, rom bevri<br />
mecnieri ar iziarebs im mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT, Tanamedrove<br />
etapze lingvisturi pragmatika arsebobs damoukidebeli da erTiani<br />
mimdinareobis saxiT. pragmatikuli ,,aspeqti” ar SeiZleba izolirebuli<br />
iyos lingvistikisagan. pragmatika – es ar aris lingvisturi kvlevis<br />
aspeqti; igi aris Tavad lingvistikis arsi (Булыгина 1984).<br />
arsebobs ukve mtkice mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom ,,sametyvelo<br />
aqtebi” (lingvisturi pragmatikis yvelaze aSkara kvlevis obieqti)<br />
adekvaturad Seiswavleba mxolod saerTo Teoriis farglebSi (Searle 1969).<br />
es Teoria ganixilavs da Seiswavlis socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
damyarebis wesebsa da struqturas. Tavad ,,sametyvelo aqtebis” Teoria<br />
momdinareobs iqidan, rom komunikaciis mTavari erTeuli aris ara<br />
winadadeba an raime enobrivi gamonaTqvami, aramed garkveuli saxis<br />
qmedebis Sesruleba, rogoricaa mtkiceba, Txovna, brZaneba, madlierebis<br />
gamoxatva, mobodiSeba, milocva da a.S.<br />
lingvisturi Teoriebis simravle warmoSobs saWiroebas moiZebnos<br />
SemakavSirebeli rgoli anu centri. aseTi centri ki SeiZleba iyos enis<br />
subieqturoba – subieqtis kategoria, romelic aris Tanamedrove<br />
pragmatikis centraluri kategoria (Coward; Ellis 1977). Sesabamisad,<br />
Tanamedrove lingvistikis interesTa centrSi dadga adamiani da mis mier<br />
60
Sesrulebuli samtyvelo aqtebi. mravali enaTmecnieris azriT,<br />
gamonaTqvamis pragmatikul interpretacias safuZvlad udevs Tavad<br />
mosaubris piradi ,,mes” dayofa Sreebad: ,,me”–rogorc winadadebis<br />
qvemdebare, ,,me” – rogorc metyvelebis subieqti da ,,me” – rogorc<br />
Sinagani ego. amaT paralelurad Sreebad iyofa Tavad pragmatikac:<br />
elementaruli nawili – ,,me-s” ,,lokacia” drosa da sivrceSi; ufro<br />
rTuli nawili – ,,me-s” ,,lokacia” (,,me” rogorc metyvelebis subieqti)<br />
saubris aqtTan mimarTebaSi. da bolos, mosaubre piris – ,,me-s” mimarTeba<br />
Tavisi sakuTari – ,,egosadmi”, romelmac icis mosaubris miznebi da misi<br />
ganzraxva Tqvas simarTle an tyuili (Grice 1968). bunebrivia, Cndeba<br />
kiTxva, saidan iRebs es idea saTaves yovelive zemoT Tqmulma Tavi iCina<br />
mxatvrul literaturaSi.<br />
rogorc kakabaZe (1968) ganmartavs, Tanamedrove romani aris<br />
pirovnuli (fiqtiuri) mTxrobelis mimarT mowodebuli monaTxrobi<br />
qveynierebaze, romelic misawvdomia rogorc pirovnuli gamocdileba.<br />
TxrobaSi Cabmuli unda iyos pirovnuli mkiTxveli. calkeuli romani<br />
povebs dasrulebul saxes imiT, rom igi romelime moqmedebas an adgils<br />
(e.i. adgilTa simravles) aqcevs struqturis matarebel fenad. mTxrobeli<br />
aris epikuri nawarmoebis nawili, misi arseba monaTxrobTan aris<br />
Serwymuli. romanisti sinamdvilis eqstensiur mxares gamoxatavs,<br />
lirikosi – intensiurs, dramaturgi – orives. romani ganasaxierebs,<br />
gamoxatavs cxovrebis eqstensiur totalobas. Tanamedrove romani<br />
midrekilia inteleqtualizmisa da abstraqtulobisaken. klasikuri<br />
romanis empiriulma, obieqturma, faqtobrivma moqmedebam gadainacvla<br />
personaJebis cnobierebaSi; ufro zustad, klasikuri romanis faqtobrivi,<br />
empiriuli moqmedeba Secvala personaJis cnobierebaSi momxdarma<br />
moZraobam. amas ukavSirdeba Tanadroul romanSi arsebuli tendencia<br />
materialurobis, sagnobriobis, ,,nivTierobis” daSla-gaqrobis,<br />
masalisagan ganTavisuflebisa. axal romanSi mTxrobeli aTqvefilia<br />
personaJebsa da moqmedebaSi. Txrobis Tu aRweris es yaida iwvevs<br />
mTxrobelis gadasvla-Serwymas moqmedebasa da personaJebTan. mTxrobelma<br />
imdenive icis, ramdenic misma personaJebma. romanists Tavis nawarmoebSi<br />
61
Semoaqvs xolme ori sinamdvile, ori sibrtye, ori plani, ori aspeqti:<br />
garegani da Sinagani, empiriuli da filosofiuri, faqtobrivi da<br />
simboluri. garegani, empiriuli plani isaa, rac masaliT, faqtebiT,<br />
,,imperiaTi” cocxlad, uSualod gveZleva, xolo Sinagani – filosofiuri<br />
sibrtye aris is, ra azric, ra mniSvnelobac, ra ideuli datvirTvac<br />
eniWeba am imperiul faqtebs. es Tavisebri dualizmi, simboluroba<br />
uaRresad damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove mxatvruli literaturisaTvis.<br />
,,lokaciis” Sreebad dayofa mimdinareobs ,,me-s” dayofis<br />
paralelurad. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom marsel prustis romani<br />
,,dakarguli drois ZiebaSi” – esaa Txroba sxvadasxva da amasTanave<br />
Tanaarsebul droTa Sesaxeb. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba aviRoT dekartes<br />
cnobili gamonaTqvami, Cogito, ergo sum (vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob). am<br />
sentenciaSi arsebobs sul mcire ori subieqti, ori ,,me”. erTi – is, vinc<br />
azrovnebs, anu rogorc es prustTanaa mocemuli, aRiqvams samyaros,<br />
,,empiriuli”, ,,konkretuli” ,,me”. meore – is, vinc TiTqosda gvaiZulebs<br />
vTqvaT ,,me vazrovneb” an ,,me aRviqvam samyaros”.<br />
winadadeba, romelsac subieqtad gaaCnia ,,me”, warmoadgens diskursisa<br />
da, Sesabamisad, pragmatikis rogorc implicitur, aseve eqsplicitur<br />
fokuss. am tipis winadadebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba im<br />
winadadebebisagan, romelTa subieqtic ar aris ,,me”. ,,me” subieqti ar<br />
amyarebs referencias gare samyarosadmi - ,,me” erTdroulad aris rogorc<br />
gare samyaros sagani, aseve azrovnebis subieqti. ,,me”-subieqti ar<br />
moiTxovs individualobas an individualizacias: ,,me” yovelTvis aris<br />
individi umaRles xarisxSi. igi ar saWiroebs arsebobis presupozicias –<br />
saubris aqti ukve TavisTavad niSnavs mosaubris arsebobas.<br />
amdenad, diskurss gaaCnia erTi mtkice logikuri safuZveli, erTi<br />
mTavari presupozicia: mosaubre subieqtis ,,egos” arseboba<br />
ganpirobebulia Tavad saubris aqtis mier.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SiegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom<br />
pragmatikas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi.<br />
62
,,cogito” dekartesaTvis iyo adamianis, rogorc moazrovne arsebis, arsis<br />
gamoxatuleba. gansxvavebiT amisgan, axali principi SeiZleba iyos ,,loquor”<br />
– ,,vmetyveleb, maSasadame varsebob”.<br />
Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pragmatikis, rogorc semiologiuri<br />
discplinis, Sinaarsi gansazRvrulia. Zveli gaazrebiT, termini<br />
pragmatika aRniSnavda swavlebas niSnebis (upirveles yovlisa, sityvebis)<br />
enis gamomyeneblisadmi mimarTebis Sesaxeb, Tanamedrove pragmatikis cneba<br />
sruliad gansxvavebulia. igi axla ganisazRvreba, rogorc disciplina,<br />
romlis sagansac warmoadgens dinamikaSi mocemuli gabmuli da sakmaod<br />
grZeli teqsti – diskursi, romelic ukavSirdeba mTavar subieqts, mTeli<br />
teqstis ,,egos”, teqstis Semoqmed adamians. adamiani aris movlenebis<br />
avtori, im movlenebisa, romlebic mocemulia metyvelebaSi.<br />
sametyvelo aqtsa da prozaul teqsts Soris garkveuli<br />
paralelizmi arsebobs. prozis specifika poeziisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
momdinareobs misi komunikaciuri xasiaTidan. yoveldRiuri adamianuri<br />
urTierTobebis msgavsad, literaturuli komunikaciisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia pragmatikuli parametrebi: metyveli subieqti, adresati<br />
da adresatTan dakavSirebuli perlokuciuri efeqti (esTetikuri<br />
zemoqmedeba). SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom minimaluri, dasrulebuli<br />
mxatvruli teqsti – aforizmebi, sentenciebi da maqsimebi gadmocemulia<br />
ara mxolod TxrobiTi formiT, aramed SekiTxvisa da brZanebebis<br />
(imperativebis) meSveobiT, romlebic aSkarad aris mimarTuli<br />
adresatisaken.<br />
sametyvelo qmedebis interpretaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis SemuSaveba<br />
pragmatikis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens. interpretaciis obieqti aris<br />
pragmatikuli mniSvneloba. mis Camoyalibebaze gavlenas axdens mravali<br />
faqtori. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:<br />
(26) When a diplomat says ‘yes’, he means ‘perhaps’. When he says ‘perhaps’, he means<br />
‘no’. And when he says ‘no’, he is not a diplomat.<br />
63
When a lady says ‘no’, she means ‘perhaps’. When she says ‘perhaps’, she menas ‘yes’.<br />
And when she says ‘yes’, she is no lady.<br />
rodesac diplomati ambobs ,,diax”, is gulisxmobs ,,SesaZloa”.<br />
rodesac mandilosani ambobs ,,SesaZloa”, igi gulisxmobs ,,diax”, da<br />
rodesac igi ambobs ,,diax”, igi ar aris mandilosani.<br />
am xumrobaSi mocemulia ZiriTadi pragmatikuli formula, romelsac<br />
zogjer ,,mosaubris mniSvnelobas” uwodeben. Cveulebriv, semantikuri<br />
koncefciebi agebulia enobriv erTeulebsa da idealizebul kategoriebs<br />
(cnebebs, saganTa klass) Soris urTierTobebze. pragmatika ki Tavis<br />
yuradRebas mimarTavs subieqtisa da mis enobriv qmedebas Soris<br />
damokidebulebisaken. semantikuri formula aris A word means – ,,sityva<br />
niSnavs”, pragmatikuli formula ki SeiZleba iyos A speaker means –<br />
,,mosaubres surs Tqvas”. am frazas p. graisi ganmartavs, rogorc<br />
mosaubris survils, gavlena moaxdinos msmenelze da acnobos mas Tavisi<br />
ganzraxvis Sesaxeb (Grice 1957). ,,mosaubris mniSvneloba” umetesad ar<br />
emTxveva winadadebis obieqtur Sinaarss (Searle 1975).<br />
subieqturi faqtoris mimarT interesi, rogorc ukve vaxseneT,<br />
gamowveulia kvlevis erTeulis SecvliT. enaTmecnierebi ikvleven ara<br />
sityvisa da winadadebis mniSvnelobas, aramed gamonaTqvamis komunikaciur<br />
Sinaarss. pragmatikis winaSe dgas amocana, Seiswavlos is<br />
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic ganapirobeben subieqturi mniSvnelobebis<br />
warmoSobas, da daadginos maTi konvenciurobis xarisxi.<br />
davubrundeT zemoT moyvanil magaliTs, romelic exeba<br />
diplomatebsa da qalbatonebs. rogorc Cans, es debulebebi, Tundac<br />
xumrobiT naTqvami, ar vrceldeba yvela sametyvelo situaciaze,<br />
romlebSic diplomatebi da qalbatonebi monawileoben. mandilosani ar<br />
dakargavs Tavis qalur bunebas, roca qorwinebis ceremoniaze ityvis<br />
,,diax-s”. Tuki is ityvis ,,SesaZloa”, igi namdvilad ver gamoxatavs<br />
Tanxmobas. sametyvelo qmedebis pragmatikuli mniSvneloba mgrZnobiarea<br />
ara marto metyveli subieqtis mimarT, aramed im socialuri garemos<br />
64
mimarTac, romelSic igi xorcieldeba. aqve ar unda dagvaviwydes<br />
,,adresatis faqtoric”. rogorc moyvanili magaliTidan davinaxeT,<br />
mandilosnebisa da diplomatebis pasuxebi ganpirobebulia adresatis<br />
faqtoris mier: mxolod garkveuli tipis adresati, romelic<br />
komunikaciaSi monawileobs ara rogorc globaluri pirovneba, aramed<br />
Tavisi garkveuli ampluiT, Seesabameba Tanamosaubris aspeqts. Cveulebriv<br />
sametyvelo situaciaSi metyveli subieqtisa da adresatis parametrebi<br />
erTmaneTs unda Seesabamebodes. magaliTad: maswavlebeli – moswavle;<br />
qmari – coli; mama – Svili; komunikacias aseve aregulirebs sasaubro<br />
situacia da sakomunikacio garemo – megobrebi, mezoblebi, Tanamgzavrebi,<br />
Tanatolebi, kolegebi. zogjer, ra Tqma unda, xdeba asimetrizacia,<br />
rodesac aris gansxvaveba gamoyenebas, asaksa da socialur mdgomareobas<br />
Soris. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad termini ,,adresatic” ar aris<br />
SemTxveviTi. igi kargad gamoxatavs arss, radganac misi faqtori xazs<br />
usvams im faqts, rom sametyvelo qmedeba gamiznulad aris mimarTuli<br />
msmeneli subieqtisaken. amasTan, metyveli subieqti da msmenelis<br />
sakomunikacio aspeqtebi aucileblad unda emTxveodes erTmaneTs. sxva<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yoveli samtyvelo qmedeba gaTvlilia adresatis<br />
gansazRvrul modelze. adresatis presupoziciis dakmayofileba<br />
metyvelebis efeqturobis erT-erTi mTavari winapirobaa.<br />
65
Tavi II<br />
diskursi – Tanamedrove lingvo-semiotikis centraluri<br />
obieqti: misi struqturuli analizis aspeqtebi<br />
2.1 diskursis cneba<br />
vidre detalurad visaubrebT diskursis analizze, aucilebelia<br />
ganvmartoT Tavad termini diskursi, raTa movaxerxoT misi arsis sruli<br />
gaazreba. es dagvexmareba, erTi mxriv, im aspeqtebis dadgenaSi, romelTa<br />
kvlevac unda moicvas diskursis analizma, aseve igi mniSvnelovan<br />
wvlils Seitans kvlevis CarCos naTlad CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
diskursi aris termini, romelic sul ufro metad gamoiyeneba<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, yoveldRiur sasaubro situaciebSic ki, sadac<br />
igi aRniSnavs ,,saubars” an ,,metyvelebas”. aq Cven vecdebiT SevimuSaoT<br />
diskursis ganmarteba, romelsac daefuZneba Cveni msjeloba.<br />
Discourses are composed of people, of objects (like books), and of characteristic way<br />
of talking, acting, interacting, thinking, believing, and valuing, and sometimes<br />
charecteristic ways of writing, reading, and/or interpreting. Discourses are out in the<br />
world, like books, maps and cities.<br />
(Gee 1992: 20)<br />
,,diskursi Sedgeba xalxisgan, sagnebisagan (magaliTad<br />
wignebisagan) da saubris, qmedebis, urTierTobis, fiqris,<br />
rwmenis, Sefasebis damaxasiaTebeli manerisagan. zogjer<br />
diskursi aseve Sedgeba weris, kiTxvisa da interpretaciis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli manerisagan. diskursi arsebobs samyaroSi<br />
wignebis, rukebisa da qalaqebis msgavsad.”<br />
diskursis es ganmarteba sakmaod tevadia da igi moicavs mraval<br />
cnebas. igi xazs usvams im faqts, rom diskursi ar gulisxmobs mxolod<br />
metyvelebis aqts. igi moicavs rogorc zepirsityvier, aseve werilobiT<br />
komunikacias da kidev erTxel usvams xazs enis qmediT (performatul)<br />
bunebas – qmedebas metyvelebis meSveobiT.<br />
66
diskursi ar aris mxolod sityvebis erToblioba. is aris im wesebis<br />
erToblioba, risi Tqmac metyvel subieqts SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia. is<br />
aseve gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda Tqvas metyvelma subieqtma. (... a ‘discourse’ is<br />
not just a set of words, it is a set of rules about what you can and cannot say and about what.)<br />
(Apthorpe & Gasper 1996: 4)<br />
es ganmarteba naTlad warmoaCens im faqts, rom diskursi aris<br />
Sinaganad mowesrigebuli struqtura, romelic gavlenas axdens ara<br />
marto formaze, aramed gadmosacemi informaciis Sinaarsze.<br />
Discourse includes not only language, but also what is represented through language.<br />
A discourse identifies appropriate and legitimate ways of speaking and thinking.<br />
(Grillo 1997: 13)<br />
diskursi moicavs ara marto enas, aramed imas, rac gamoxatulia<br />
enis meSveobiT. diskursi adgens saubrisa da azrovnebis<br />
saTanado da legitimur saSualebebs.<br />
mocemuli ganmartebebi cxadyofs, rom diskursi aris gacilebiT<br />
ufro meti, vidre saubari da weraa. diskursi aris wesebisa da qmedebis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, saTanado da legitimuri saSualebebis erToblioba.<br />
linkis (Link 1983: 60) mixedviT, diskursi SeiZleba ganvmartoT,<br />
rogorc metyvelebis institucionalizebuli manera, romelic awesrigebs<br />
da xels uwyobs qmedebas da, amdenad, aZlierebs Zalauflebas. am<br />
ganmartebis TvalsaCino magaliTia diskursi, romelic warmodgenilia<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi akumulirebuli codnis saxiT. sxvadasxva diskursi<br />
mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da qmnian erTian<br />
sazogadoebriv diskurss. diskursTa es erToblioba gamudmebiT izrdeba<br />
da mdidrdeba.<br />
diskursi ar aris mxolod sazogadoebrivi praqtikis gamoxatuleba,<br />
aramed igi emsaxureba garkveul miznebs, kerZod ki Zalis praqtikul<br />
realizebas (Jäger, Maier 2009: 35). Zalis cneba asaxavs ,,gansakuTrebuli<br />
meqanizmebis (rogorc sazRvruli, aseve gansazRvruli) mTel serias,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia qmedebebisa da sxvadasxva diskursis stimulireba”<br />
67
(Foucault 1996: 394). diskursi uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis<br />
gamoyenebas, radganac is aregulirebs saubars, azrovnebasa da qmedebas.<br />
diskursisa da Zalis urTierTmimarTebas, romelic mocemuli<br />
ganmartebebidan gamoikveTa, ufro detalurad ganvixilavT mogvianebiT.<br />
erTi faqtori, rac aucileblad unda vaxsenoT diskurssa da ZalasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, aris diskursisa da ideologiis urTierTmimarTeba. fuko<br />
erTmaneTTan aigivebs diskurssa da ideologias (Foucault 1972). ufro<br />
sworad, igi ideologiis cnebas Caanacvlebs diskursis cnebiT. fukos<br />
mixedviT dikursi aris erT-erTi im mravalricxovan praqtikaTagan,<br />
romelTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani erTeulia rogorc werilobiTi, aseve<br />
zepirsityvierad Sesrulebuli mniSvnelovani sametyvelo qmedebebi.<br />
debulebebi aris garkveuli tipis movlenebi, romlebic ukavSirdebian<br />
istoriul konteqsts, magram aseve arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom<br />
isini gameordnen. sainteresoa, Tu rogor ganmartavs diskurss Tavad<br />
fuko (ibid: 49):<br />
Discourses are composed of signs but what they do is more than use these signs to<br />
designate things. It is this move that renders them irreducible to the language and to<br />
speech. It is this “move” that we must reveal and describe.<br />
diskursi Sedgeba niSnebisagan, magram igi ara marto aRniSnavs<br />
sagnebs am niSnebis gamoyenebiT, aramed gacilebiT meti funqcia<br />
gaaCnia. diskursSi mocemulia moZraoba, romelic mas enisa da<br />
metyvelebisagan ganuyofelad aqcevs. swored es ,,moZraoba” unda<br />
gamovaaSkaraoT da SeviswavloT.<br />
amdenad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom diskursi ,,moicavs mniSvnelobasa da<br />
socialur urTierTobebs; igi qmnis rogorc subieqturobas, aseve Zalaze<br />
dafuZnebul urTierTobebs” (... embody meaning and social relationships, they<br />
constitute both subjectivity and powere relations) (Ball (a) 1990: 2). Tumca diskursi<br />
moicavs niSnebs da Sedgeba sagnebis konceptualizaciis rTuli<br />
struqturisagan, romelic referenciis CarCos ideis analogiuria,<br />
diskursis analizi ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT ostinisa da serlis mier<br />
warmoebul enis kvlevasTanO(Olssen et al. 2004). fukos (Foucault 1972: 27) azriT,<br />
romelime diskursuli faqtis enobrivi analizisas dasmuli SekiTxva<br />
aris is, Tu ra wesebis mixedviT Seiqmna romelime konkretuli debuleba<br />
68
(gamonaTqvami) da romeli wesebis Sesabamisad SeiZleba SevqmnaT sxva<br />
msgavsi tipis debulebebi. fukos dakvirvebiT, diskursis movlenebis<br />
aRwera sul sxva tipis SekiTxviT aris dainteresebuli. diskursuli<br />
analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom Seiqmna swored<br />
mocemuli tipis da ara sxva tipis debuleba an gamonaTqvami. amdenad,<br />
diskursis analizis centralusi elementi aris diskursul da eqstradiskursul<br />
movlenebs Soris urTierTmimarTeba. diskursul movlenebs<br />
enisa da teqstualobisagan ganasxvavebs misi gardauvali kavSiri<br />
konteqstTan (Barrett 1988). es faqtori gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
CvenTvis, radgan politikuri diskursis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis diskursi) analizisas<br />
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT politikis danergvisa da politikis<br />
formirebis konteqsti.<br />
2.1.1 diskursi da socialuri realoba<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, rom diskursis analizisas mniSvnelovania<br />
SeviswavloT diskursuli movlenebis konteqstTan, realobasTan kavSiri.<br />
msjelobisas amosavali wertili unda iyos is faqti, rom diskursi<br />
realobas ar asaxavs ubralod. diskursi ara marto ayalibebs realobas,<br />
aramed akanonebs socialur realobas (Olssen et al. 2004: 23). am debulebidan<br />
gamomdinare, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom diskursis gareSe socialuri<br />
realobis arseboba warmoudgenelia. amdenad, diskursi SeiZleba<br />
gaviazroT, rogorc materialuri realoba. amasTan, is ar ariis<br />
meorexarisxovani materialuri realoba, ,,naklebad materialuri”, vidre<br />
,,namdvili” realoba (Jäger, Maier 2009: 36). diskursi srulmniSvnelovani da<br />
srulfasovani materialuri realobaa (Link 1992). amdenad, diskursi ar<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ,,mcdari cnobierebis” an ,,realobis<br />
damaxinjebuli aRqmis” cneba (Jäger, Maier 2009: 37). ramdenadac diskursi<br />
TavisTavad aris materialuri realoba, Sesabamisad, diskursis, rogorc<br />
materialuri realobis maxasiaTebeli TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom<br />
69
diskursis Teoria aris materialisturi Teoria. igi gswavlobs<br />
materialistur Teoriebs da ara ,,ubralo” ideebs. diskursis koncefcia<br />
SeiZleba CamovayaliboT, rogorc produqciis sazogadoebrivi saSualeba.<br />
anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, diskursi ar aris ,,ubralo ideologia”;<br />
igi warmoSobs sazogadoebriv subieqtebs, sazogadoebriv Temebsa da<br />
realobas (ibid: 37).<br />
zemoT moyvanili msjelobidan gamomdinare, Cven miviCnevT, rom<br />
sxvadasxva tipis diskursi gansazRvravs realobas. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,<br />
am procesSi CarTuli arian socialuri subieqtebi, romlebic moqmedeben<br />
TavianT socialur konteqstSi, rogorc diskursis TanaSemoqmedi da<br />
Tanamoqmedi elementebi. socialur subieqtebs SeuZliaT am procesSi<br />
monawileoba, radganac isini integrirebuli arian diskursSi da, amdenad,<br />
maT gankargulebaSia saTanado codna. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia imis<br />
mtkiceba, rom diskursis analizi aris ara marto mniSvnelobis miniWebis<br />
retrospeqtuli analizi, aramed moqmedi subieqtebis mier gamoxatuli<br />
diskursis saSualebiT realobis Seqmnis analizi.<br />
2.1.2 diskursi da misi gavlena socialuri realobaze<br />
diskursisa da realobis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb zemoT<br />
mocemuli msjelobis Semdeg Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT diskursTan<br />
mWidrod dakavSirebuli cneba – Zala (Zalaufleba). upirveles yovlisa,<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc erTi mxriv arsebobs diskursis Zala, aseve<br />
meore mxriv arsebobs Zala, romelic diskursze maRla dgas.<br />
diskursis Zala mdgomareobs imaSi, rom diskursi gamoxatavs<br />
,,pozitiur” debulebaTa erTobliobas, romelTa Riad gamoxatvac<br />
SesaZlebelia (Jäger, Maier 2009: 37). es ki niSnavs, rom diskursi gamoxatvadi<br />
debulebebis gadmocemis paralelurad blokavs iseT debulebebs,<br />
romelTa Riad warmoTqmac SeuZlebelia (Link, Link-Heer 1990). radganac<br />
drois dinebis paralelurad izrdeba dagrovili codnis moculoba,<br />
70
sxvadasxva diskursi gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdens sazogadoeba<br />
realobis interpretaciasa Tu diskursuli da ara-diskursuli praqtikis<br />
organizebas (momaval saubars, azrovnebasa Tu moqmedebas). magaliTad,<br />
britaneTis realobaSi toni bleri xalxis mimarT Tavis mimarTveSi<br />
cdilobs erT dros ara-popularuli leiboristuli partiis<br />
msoflmxedveloba gansxvavebulad warmoadginos, moaxdinos misi<br />
axleburi interpretacia, mianiWos mas axali mniSvneloba da aqcios<br />
gamarjvebuli xalxis ideologiad:<br />
(27) The size of our victory imposes a very special responsibility on us. To be a<br />
government of high ideals and hard choices. Not popular for one time but<br />
remembered for all time. Not just a better government than the Tories but one of the<br />
great, radical, reforming Governments of our history. To modernise Britain as we<br />
modernised the Labour Party. To build a Britain, not for a few, but for all the<br />
people. And it will require change. Hard choices. I know this country can make<br />
them if we show how and why. The British don't fear change. We are one of the great<br />
innovative peoples.<br />
(Tony Blair 1997)<br />
Cveni gamarjvebis masStatebi gansakuTrebul valdebulebebs<br />
gvakisrebs. Cven unda viyoT mTavroba, romelic sazrdoobs<br />
maRali idealebiT, rac saWiroebs rTuli arCevanis gakeTebas.<br />
arCevani, romelic SeiZleba iyos arapopularuli, magram<br />
romelic did xans emaxsovrebaT. Cveni mizani ar aris viyoT<br />
torebze ukeTesi. Cven unda SevqmnaT erT-erTi saukeTeso,<br />
didebuli, radikaluri, reformatori mTavroba, rac ki odesme<br />
arsebula Cveni istoriis manZilze. leiboristuli partiis<br />
modernizebis msgavsad Cven unda movaxdinoT britaneTis<br />
modernizeba. es ki moiTxovs cvlilebebs. mZime arCevania. magram<br />
me vici, rom es qveyana ganaxorcielebs am cvlilebebs, Tuki Cven<br />
maT vaCvenebT, Tu ra unda gakeTdes, rogor da ratom.<br />
britanelebs ar gveSinia cvlilebebis. Cven varT erT-erTi didi<br />
inovatori xalxTagani.<br />
iegeri da maieri (Jäger, Maier 2009: 37) ganmartaven, rom SesaZloa<br />
ganvasxvavoT diskursis ori efeqti: pirveli, diskursi axdens<br />
individualuri Tu masobrivi cnobierebis formirebas da, maSasadame,<br />
ayalibebs individualur Tu koleqtiur subieqtebs; meore, ramdenadac<br />
cnobiereba gansazRvravs qmedebas, Sesabamisad diskursi gansazRvravs<br />
71
qmedebas. es adamianuri qmedeba ki, rogorc iegeri da maieri (ibid)<br />
ganmartaven, qmnis materializacias. amdenad, diskursi warmarTavs<br />
realobis individualur da koleqtiur formirebas.<br />
diskursis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, subieqti ki ar qmnis realobas,<br />
aramed diskursi ayalibebs subieqtebs. iegeri da maieri (ibid) xazs usvamen<br />
im faqts, rom es pozicia gamaRizianebelia im mecnierTaTvis, romlebic<br />
icaven individis unikalurobis ideas. diskursis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
subieqti sainteresoa ara rogorc moqmedi piri, aramed rogorc<br />
diskursis produqti. fukos (Foucault 1980: 117) kamaTobs, rom:<br />
(28) One has to dispense with the constituent subject, to get rid of the subject itself,<br />
that’s to say, to arrive at an analysis which can account for the constitution of the<br />
subject within a historical framework. And this is what I would call genealogy, that<br />
is, a form history which can account for the constitution of knowledges, discourses,<br />
domains of objects etc.<br />
kvlevisas unda vcadoT Tavidan moviSoroT subieqti, anu unda<br />
mivmarToT iseT analizs, romelic mogvexmareba istoriul<br />
WrilSi SeviswavloT subieqtis Camoyalibebis procesi. amas me<br />
vuwodeb genealogias, anu istoriis iseT formas, romelic<br />
naTlad dagvanaxebs, Tu rogor yalibdeba codna, sxvadasxva<br />
saxis diskursi da zogadad obieqtebis sfero.<br />
fukos es mosazreba, ra Tqma unda, sworad akeTebs aqcents diskursis<br />
rolze realobisa da saerTod subieqtebis Camoyalibebis procesSi.<br />
magram,, aucilebelia sworad gaviazroT diskursisa da subieqtis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. Cven zemoT vaCveneT, rom subieqti aris<br />
lingvisturi da, kerZod, pragmatikuli kvlevis mTavari erTeuli (ix. 1.8<br />
subieqtis kategoria). marTalia, diskursi did rols TamaSobs rogorc<br />
realobis CamoyalibebaSi, aseve subieqtis formirebaSi, magram yoveli<br />
subieqti met-naklebi individualobiT aRiqvams realobas da maTi reaqciac<br />
Seqmnil realobaze ar aris erTgvarovani (iseTi SemTxvevebic xom aris,<br />
rodesac subieqti saerTod ukuagdebs realobas da sakuTar subieqtur<br />
realobaSi arsebobas aniWebs upiratesobas).<br />
fukos diskursis Teoria sulac ar uaryofs subieqts. igi miznad<br />
isaxavs gaaanalizos subieqtis Camoyalibeba mis istoriul da socialur<br />
72
konteqstSi sinqronul da diaqronul WrilSi (Jäger, Maier 2009: 38).<br />
mniSvnelovani kiTxvebia: vin aRiqmeboda subieqtad drois erT konkretul<br />
etapze rogor xdeboda aRqmis es procesi magaliTad, warsulisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, qalebsa da bavSvebs dasavlur sazogadoebaSi dRes gaaCniaT<br />
subieqtis statusi. Tanamedrove menejmentSi, tradiciuli<br />
biurokratiisagan gansxvavebiT, TanamSromlebi moiazrebian subieqtebad.<br />
maT miniWebuli aqvT Zala, magram am Zalas Tan axlavs Sesabamisi<br />
pasuxismgebloba. mokled rom vTqvaT, fukos diskursis Teoria eWvqveS<br />
ayenebs damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri subieqtis arsebobas, magram ar<br />
uaryofs subieqts, ar aris misi arsebobis winaaRmdegi. aqtiuri individi<br />
mTlianad aris CarTuli, rodesac saqme exeba praqtikaSi Zalis<br />
realizebas. individi fiqrobs, msjelobs, gegmavs, monawileobs<br />
interaqciaSi da qmnadobis procesSi. magram es individi aseve awydeba<br />
TviTdamkvidrebis problemas, rodesac man sakuTari adgili unda moipovos<br />
sazogadoebaSi.<br />
rodesac vaanalizebT diskursis Zalis efeqts, aucileblad unda<br />
davinaxoT sxvaoba teqstis efeqtsa da diskursis efeqts Soris. Cven<br />
mogvianebiT ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT teqstsa da diskursze, kerZod<br />
ki saganmanaTleblo politikur teqstebsa da diskursze, magram migvaCnia,<br />
rom mocemul etapze mokled unda ganvixiloT teqstisa da diskursis<br />
urTierTmimarTeba. calkeul teqsts gaaCnia minimaluri efeqti, romelic<br />
Zalian Zneli SesamCnevi da Sesaswavlia. teqstis sapirispirod, diskurss,<br />
misi ganmeorebadi SinaarsiT, simboloebiTa da strategiebiT, mivyavarT<br />
codnis warmoqmnasa da Camoyalibebamde da, amdenad, gaaCnia gacilebiT<br />
ufro Zlieri efeqti, vidre nebismier calkeul teqsts (Jäger, Maier 2009: 39).<br />
mniSvnelovani aris ara calkeuli individualuri teqsti, aramed<br />
debulebebisa da gzavnilebis gamudmebiT gameoreba, raTa mivaRwioT<br />
maqsimalur efeqts. klempererma aRmoaCina, rom am meqanizmis pirveli<br />
niSnebi jer kidev me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gamoCnda nicistebis enaSi.<br />
mesame raixis enis analizisas igi aRniSnavs, rom faSistebis enas hqonda<br />
dariSxanis mcire dozebis gamudmebuli moqmedebis msgavsi efeqti da misi<br />
uaryofiTi Sedegi gamoCnda srulad mxolod garkveuli periodis Semdeg<br />
73
(Klemperer 2000/2006). msgavs meTods xSirad mimarTaven Tanamedrove<br />
politikosebi, romlebic TavianT politikur mimarTvebSi imeoreben<br />
Temebsa da cnebebs maTi diskursi efeqtis maqsimalizaciisTvis.<br />
(29) ... We are free to build that model 21st Century nation, to become that beacon to<br />
the world...<br />
... Again my vision for post-Empire Britain is clear. It is to make this country<br />
pivotal, a leader in the world. To use the strengths of our history to build our future.<br />
With the US our friend and ally. Within the Commonwealth. In the United Nations...<br />
(Tony Blair 1997)<br />
... Cven Tavisufalni varT vaSenoT 21-e saukunis nacia, raTa<br />
gavxdeT Tanamedrove msoflios Suqura ...<br />
... da isev, me maqvs naTeli warmodgena, Tu rogori unda iyos<br />
post-imperiuli britaneTi. Cemeuli xedvis Sesabamisad, aes<br />
qveyana unda gaxdes sapiloto, msoflios lideri. Cven unda<br />
gamoviyenoT Cveni istoriis dadebiTi gamocdileba, raTa<br />
vaSenoT momavali SeerTebul StatebTan erTad, romelic aris<br />
Cveni megobari da mokavSire. aseve, Cven unda viTanamSromloT<br />
TanamegobrobasTan, gaerTianebul erebTan ...<br />
rac Seexeba diskursze maRla mdgom Zalas, sxvadasxva individebsa<br />
da jgufebs zemoqmedebis moxdenis gansxvavebuli Sansi da saSualeba<br />
gaaCniaT. Tumca, sagulisxmoa, rom arc erT maTgans martivad ar SeuZlia<br />
win aRudges dominant diskurss da aseve arc erT maTgans aqvs diskursze<br />
sruli kontroli. diskursi individze maRla dgas. yvela<br />
Tanamonawileobs diskursis SeqmnaSi, magram calkeul individsa Tu<br />
jgufs ar SeuZlia diskursis gakontroleba. aseve aravis SeuZlia<br />
zustad gansazRvros diskursis mosalodneli saboloo efeqti (Jäger,<br />
Maier 2009). diskursi warmoSobis Semdeg TviTonve agrZelebs<br />
damoukideblad arsebobas. igi gacilebiT ufro meti codnis<br />
matarebelia, vidre erTi subieqti. amdenad, diskursis Zalis efeqti ar<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc romelime konkretuli individisa Tu<br />
jgufis cnobiereba an manipulirebadi ganzraxva. SesaZlebelia,<br />
mosaubris mier romelime konkretuli diskursis gamoyenebis mizezi<br />
74
gansxvavdebodes amgvari qmedebis socialuri mniSvnelobisagan (Burr 2003:<br />
61).<br />
diskursis Zalis efeqti Zalian didia da mas upiratesoba gaaCnia<br />
socialuri realobis Camoyalibebis procesSi. TumcaRa, aseve unda<br />
aRvniSnoT is faqti, rom avtoritetul politikosebsa Tu Zalauflebis<br />
mqone sxva jgufebs sabolood SeuZliaT cvlilebebi Seitanon<br />
diskursSi. magaliTad, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mosulma axalma<br />
mTavrobam saqarTvelos socialur realobaSi, sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT<br />
Soris, ganaTlebis sivrceSi Semoitana mravali axali diskursi.<br />
(30) ... sistemis reorganizaciis mizani iyo gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebisa da kontrolis adgilobriv doneebze gadatana,<br />
amave dros, erovnuli standartebis daweseba da xarisxis<br />
kontrolis uzrunvelyofa. amJamad saSualo skolebis marTvas<br />
zedamxedvelobas uwevs arCeuli sameurveo sabWo, xolo<br />
universitetebSi pasuxismgebeli organoa warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
sabWo. Sedegad, adgilobrivi Temebi, mSoblebi,<br />
maswavleblebi, leqtorebi da studentebi meti<br />
uflebamosilebiT aRiWurvnen, raTa skolebisa da<br />
universitetebis marTvasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi<br />
miiRon.<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) 2008: 7)<br />
(31) ... reformebi Seexo <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> dafinansebis<br />
struqturasac da axla funqcionirebs modeli “fuli misdevs<br />
students”. skolis biujeti pirdapir aris damokidebuli<br />
moswavleTa raodenobaze, xolo Tu moswavle skolas<br />
Seicvlis, dafinansebac mas mihyveba. am sistemiT, saSualo<br />
skolebs sakuTari wliuri biu-jetis marTvis meti avtonomia<br />
aqvT da, amgvarad, SeuZliaT prioritetebis dasaxva garkveuli<br />
samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis farglebSi.<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) 2008: 48)<br />
es magaliTi aCvenebs im faqts, rom garkveul jgufebsa Tu<br />
individebs gaaCniaT ufro meti Zala, romlis meSveobiTac isini gavlenas<br />
axdenen diskursze. iegerisa da maieris (Jäger, Maier 2009) azriT, amis<br />
mizezi aris is, rom garkveul jgufebsa Tu individebs gaaCniaT<br />
privilegia, romlis pirobebSic maT xeli miuwvdebaT media saSualebebsa<br />
Tu finansur resursebze. maTive dakvirvebiT (ibid: 39):<br />
75
... discourses exert power because they transport knowledge on which collective and<br />
individual consciousness feeds. This knowledge is the basis for individual and<br />
collective, discursive and non-discursive action, which in turn shapes reality.<br />
diskurss gaaCnia Zala, radganac igi aris im codnis matarebeli,<br />
romelic kvebavs koleqtiur da individualur cnobierebas. es<br />
codna aris individualuri da koleqtiuri, diskursuli da aradiskursuli<br />
qmedebis safuZveli, romelic Tavis mxriv ayalibebs<br />
realobas.<br />
2.1.3 diskursi da kultura<br />
wina TavebSi Cven ganvixileT mosaubre individi da konteqstis<br />
Taviseburebani. arsebobs mravali faqtori, romlebic gansazRvraven Tu<br />
ra da rogor unda Tqvas mosaubre individma. man sakuTari saTqmelis<br />
organizeba unda SeZlos imis mixedviT, rac, maTive azriT, msmenelma icis<br />
an ar icis. man aseve unda moaxdinos misTvis sasurveli informaciis<br />
Tanmimdevrulad dalageba da gadmocema. Tuki igive mosaubre mis mier<br />
gadmocemuli informaciis werilobiT dafiqsirebas gadawyvets, mas ukve<br />
aRar hyavs msmeneli, romelic dauyovnebliv interaqtiulad reagirebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, mosaubre individma unda scados gamoiyenos eqsplicituri<br />
struqturuli meqanizmi, raTa moaxdinos sakuTari teqstis organizeba. am<br />
sakmaod gafarToebul konteqstSi, mosaubre da mwerali ukve aRar<br />
ganixileba enis interpersonaluri funqciiT gamomyeneblad. enis<br />
interpersonalur funqciaSi igulisxmeba enis gamoyeneba socialur<br />
interaqtivSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosaubre da mwerali enas iyenebs<br />
teqstualuri funqciiT – qmnis saTanadod organizebul teqsts. igi aseve<br />
iyenebs enas ideuri funqciiT – Tandmimdevrulad warmoadgens fiqrebs,<br />
miswrafebebsa da gamocdilebas. zepirsityvierad an werilobiT<br />
gamoxatuli saTqmelis formisa da funqciis kvvlevas uwodeben<br />
diskursis analizs, rasac detalurad ganvixilavT am TavSi.<br />
76
2.2 diskursi da misi analitika<br />
diskursis analizi moicavs qmedebaTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs.<br />
rogorc levinsoni (Levinson 1983: 286) ganmartavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
arsebobs zedmetad gamartivebis saSiSroeba, SesaZlebelia diskursis<br />
analizisadmi ori midgoma – diskursis analizi da konversaciis<br />
(saubris) analizi. orive saxis analizis ZiriTadi amocanaa Seiswavlos,<br />
Tu rogor xdeba diskursis organizeba da misi Tanmimdevrulobisa da<br />
logikurobis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca levinsoni (ibid) upiratesobas<br />
dialogis analizs aniWebs, igi aseve mizanSewonilad miiCnevs kvlevis<br />
orive midgomis sinTezs, raTa moxdes diskursis sruli da sistemuri<br />
kvleva. igi Tvlis, rom diskursis analizi aris mcdeloba, mniSvnelobis<br />
kvlevam moicvas gacilebiT ufro didi erTeuli, vidre winadadebaa. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi aucileblia kvleva gascdes winadadebis farglebs, raTa<br />
SesaZlebeli gaxdes iseTi sametyvelo qmedebebis Seswavlac, romlebic<br />
ar arian realizebuli Tanmimdevruli Tu kargad formirebuli<br />
diskursis meSveobiT (Van Dijk 1972).<br />
marTalia iule (Yule 2000) ar iziarebs diskursis kvlevis<br />
levinsoniseul diqotomias (diskursis analizi Tu dialogis analizi),<br />
magram igic aRiarebs diskursis analizisadmi orgvari midgomis<br />
SesaZleblobas. viwro interesebis Sesabamisad analizma SeiZleba<br />
moicvas kvleva, Tu rogor gamoiyneba calkeuli sityvebi an frazebi<br />
komunikaciaSi. ufro farTo speqtris Sesabamisad, diskursis analizi<br />
SeiZleba iyos ama Tu im kulturaSi garkveul etapze sxvadasxva<br />
socialur konteqstSi, magaliTad, politikaSi an ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
gabatonebuli dominanturi ideologiis kvleva. rodesac diskursis<br />
analizi Semoifargleba wminda lingvisturi sakiTxebiT, igi<br />
koncentrirebulia gamoikvlios werilobiTi an zepirsityvieri<br />
komunikaciis procesi, sadac ena gamoiyeneba garkveul konteqstSi<br />
garkveuli intenciis (ganzraxvis) gamosaxatad (ibid).<br />
77
unebrivia, rom didi interesi arsebobs diskursis struqturis<br />
mimarT. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, Tu ra aspeqtebi<br />
gansazRvraven diskursis srulyofil formirebas. diskursis am<br />
struqturul WrilSi ganxilvisas, ra Tqma unda, umTavresi aqcenti<br />
keTdeba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa gabmul teqstSi Semaval<br />
winadadebebs Soris eqsplicituri kavSiri, rac kravs teqsts da qmnis<br />
gabmul Sinaarssa da winadadebebs Soris logikur kavSirs. aseve<br />
mniSvnelovania kvleva teqstis organizaciis im elementebisa, romlebic<br />
TxrobisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da warmoadgens mis ganuyofel<br />
nawils.<br />
rac Seexeba diskursis analizs, pragmatikuli aspeqti aq ufro<br />
specifikuria (Yule 2000: 84). pragmatikuli kvleva umTavres aqcents akeTebs<br />
im aspeqtebze, romlebic Riad ar aris mocemuli, Tumca diskursis<br />
(werilobiTi Tu zepirsityvieri) meSveobiT aris gamoxatuli. imisaTvis<br />
rom moxdes diskursis sruli pragmatikuli gaazreba, kvleva unda<br />
gascdes interaqciis socialuri aspeqtebis Seswavlas. aucilebelia<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba teqstis formisa da struqturis miRma arsebul<br />
cnebebze: komunikaciaSi monawile individis fonuri codna, rwmena Tu<br />
miswrafebebi. amdenad, rogorc ukve adrec aRiniSna, diskursis<br />
pragmatikuli gaazrebisaTvis aucilebelia komunikanti individis<br />
intenciis (ganzraxvis) kvleva.<br />
2.2.1 fonuri codna<br />
enis komunikaciuri funqciis Seswavlis kuTxiT warmoebuli kvlevebi<br />
naTlad aCveneben, rom komunikaciaSi monawile individs namdvilad<br />
gaaCnia arapirdapir gamoxatuli informaciisa Tu gzavnilis saTanadod<br />
interpretaciis SesaZlebloba. komunikanti individis es SesaZlebloba<br />
unda emyarebodes komunikaciis aqtamde arsebul fonur codnas, anu<br />
codnis struqturebs, rogorc mas iule uwodebs (Yule, 2000: 85). es<br />
78
struqturebi funqcionireben, rogorc arsebuli winare gamocdilebidan<br />
SeZenili komunikaciaSi monawile individisaTvis nacnobi sakomunikacio<br />
modelebi, romlebsac komunikanti gamoiyenebs axali gamocdilebis<br />
gaazrebisa da interpretaciis procesSi. am tipis modelis yvelaze<br />
zogadi terminia sqemebi (ibid). amdenad, sqemebi SeiZleba ganvmartoT,<br />
rogorc gonebasa da mexsierebaSi arsebuli winare codnis struqtura.<br />
Tuki arsebobs sqemebis fiqsirebuli, statikuri modeli, mas aseve<br />
uwodeben CarCos (ibid). CarCo, romelsac ama Tu im socialuri jgufis<br />
yvela wevri iziarebs, funqcionirebs, rogorc prototipuli versia. am<br />
CarCos ilustraciisaTvis iule (Yule 2000: 86) ganixilavs gasaqiraveblad<br />
warmodgenil binis magaliTs. rodesac saubari aris binis gaqiravebaze,<br />
dainteresebuli individi binis cnebasTan daakavSirebs aucilebel<br />
komponentebs, rogorebicaa samzareulo, saabazano da saZinebeli. magram,<br />
sakuTari gamocdilebidan SemiZlia vamtkico, es komponentebi xSirad<br />
Riad ar aris mocemuli gamonaTqvamSi da SeiZleba gaugebrobis mizezic<br />
gaxdes, magaliTad gancxadebaSi:<br />
(32) Apartment for rent. 600 pounds.<br />
qiravdeba bina. 600 funti.<br />
32-e magaliTSi mocemuli diskursis mcire fragmentis normaluri<br />
(lokaluri) interpretacia, rogorc amas iule (2000) uwodebs,<br />
gadmocemuli informaciis gaazrebis procesSi emyareba ara mxolod<br />
‘binis’ CarCos (32-e winadadeba – binis cnebasTan asocirebulia saabazano,<br />
saZinebeli da samzareulo), aramed ‘qiravdeba bina’ gamonaTqvamis<br />
CarCosac. gancxadebis avtors mxolod aseTi CarCoebis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi eqneba garantia, rom mkiTxveli Seavsebs informacias,<br />
romelic gancxadebaSi ar aris mocemuli – 600 funti aris binis erTi<br />
Tvis da ara erTi wlis qira. Tuki (32-e) diskursis mkiTxveli CaTvlis,<br />
rom mocemuli Tanxa aris binis erTi kviris qira, aseT SemTxvevaSi unda<br />
vivaraudoT, rom igi sargeblobs sruliad gansxvavebuli CarCoTi.<br />
magaliTad, mas binis daqiravebis sruliad sxva gamocdileba gaaCnia.<br />
79
unda vTqvaT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu romel<br />
CarCos efuZneba individis mier diskursis interpretacia. pragmatikuli<br />
arsi yovelTvis erTi da igive iqneba – gancxadebis mkiTxveli winare<br />
codnis struqturas iyenebs, raTa moaxdinos im informaciis<br />
interpretacia, romelic gancxadebaSi Riad ar aris mocemuli.<br />
rodesac mocemulia sqemebis ufro dinamiuri tipebi, maT ZiriTadad<br />
ganixilaven skriptebad (Yule 2000: 86). skripti aris winare arsebuli<br />
codnis struqtura, romelic moicavs movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobas. rogorc<br />
wesi, skriptebi gamoiyeneba momxdari movlenebis interpretaciisaTvis.<br />
magaliTad, rogorc iule (ibid) ganmartavs, Cveulebriv, adamianebis<br />
gankargulebaSia skriptebi yvela im SemTxvevisaTvis, rac Cveulebriv<br />
xdeba adamianis cxovrebaSi. aseTi SemTxvevebia: eqimTan viziti, maRaziaSi,<br />
kinoSi, TeatrSi, restoranSi wasvla da a.S. magaliTad:<br />
(33) marTalia studenti gavxdi, magram daviqance.<br />
am gamonaTqvamis avtoris ‘studentad gaxdomis’ normaluri skriptis<br />
nawili aris gamocdebis Cabareba. yovelive danarCeni – gamocdebisaTvis<br />
mzadebis xangrZlivi da damRleli procesi, gamocdebis periodSi<br />
gadatanili stresi da daRliloba aris movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba,<br />
romelTa aRqmasa da interpretacias uzrunvelyofs fonuri codna. anu,<br />
mosaubre individi miiCnevs, rom msmenelma individma icis, rom studentad<br />
gaxdomis gardauvali piroba aris, vTqvaT, saqarTvelos konteqstSi,<br />
erovnuli gamocdebis Cabareba. piradi gamocdilebis, an sxvaTa<br />
monaTxrobis safuZvelze msmenel individs SeuZlia gaiazros (16)<br />
gamonaTqvami, moaxdinos misi saTanado interpretacia da mixvdes, Tu<br />
ratom aris mosaubre individi daqanculi.<br />
skriptis cneba aris ubralo saSualeba, romelic gvexmareba raime<br />
movlenaSi amovicnoT qmedebaTa mosalodneli Tanmimdevroba. amdenad,<br />
radganac miiCneva, rom komunikaciaSi monawile individebma ician<br />
garkveul konteqstSi romelime skriptis Semadgeneli detalebi, naklebad<br />
mosalodnelia skriptis am detalebis komunikaciaSi Riad dafiqsireba.<br />
80
erTi da imave kulturis wevrTaTvis Tanaziari skriptebis arseboba maT<br />
saSualebas aZlevs gamonaTqvamis meSveobiT gadmoscen gacilebiT meti<br />
informacia, vidre es Riad aris mocemuli gamonaTqvamSi (Yule 2000). Tumca,<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelTaTvis<br />
SeuZlebelia erTmaneTTan komunikacia imave efeqturobiTa da warmatebiT.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, komunikaciaSi CarTul individebs aucileblad uxdebaT<br />
gacilebiT meti gamonaTqvamis warmoTqma, raTa uzrunvelyon<br />
gadmocemuli informaciis swori interpretacia da Tavidan aicilon<br />
komunikaciuri gaugebroba.<br />
2.2.2 kulturuli sqemebi da maTi gavlena diskursze<br />
albaT, yvela adamians miuRia gamocdileba, rasac popularul enaze<br />
uwodeben kulturul Soks. es aris SemTxveva, rodesac individi sakuTar<br />
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT raime movlenasa Tu faqtTan mimarTebaSi<br />
iqmnis winaswar xatebas an molodins da awydeba moulodnelobebs,<br />
romlebic gamowveulia kulturuli sxvaobiT. zemoT moyvanili<br />
msjelobidan gamomdinare, es kulturuli Soki SeiZleba avxsnaT<br />
saTanado skriptis arqoniT. magaliTad, britaneTSi magistraturis<br />
kursis gavlisas, erT-erTi kulturul SokTagani iyo, rodesac<br />
profesorma mTxova misTvis mxolod saxeliT mimemarTa. qarTuli<br />
kulturis warmomadgenlisaTvis mimarTvis aseTi forma ucxo da<br />
miuRebeli iyo. ‘profesoris skripti’ qarTul kulturaSi aucileblad<br />
moiTxovs ‘batono’ mimarTvis formis arsebobas. Tumca, axali kulturis<br />
pirobebSi cxovrebis Semdeg mxolod saxeliT mimarTva TandaTan misaRebi<br />
gaxda CvenTvisac. moyvanili magaliTidan gamomdinare aSkaraa, rom Cveni<br />
fonuri codnis struqturebi, samyaros aRqmis sqemebi, rogorc amas iule<br />
(Yule 2000) miiCnevs, ganisazRvreba kulturiT. mas igi kulturul sqemebs<br />
uwodebs (ibid: 87). adamiani Tavis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT<br />
gamoimuSavebs kulturul sqemebs.<br />
81
odesac gansxvavebebi aSkarad aris mocemuli, individs, rogorc<br />
Cans, gaaCnia unari moaxdinos kulturuli sqemebis detalebis<br />
modificireba (Cems SemTxvevaSi male miveCvie “batono” an “qalbatono”<br />
mimarTvis formis gareSe asakiT an cenziT ufro maRla mdgom adamianTan<br />
urTierTobas). sxva, ufro Sefaruli gansxvavebebis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Zalian Znelia imis gaazreba, rom gansxvavebuli sqemebis<br />
pirobebSi SesaZlebelia mcdari interpretacia. magaliTad, britaneTSi<br />
yofnisas biblioTekaSi ganTavsebulma gancxadebam CemSi gaugebroba<br />
gamoiwvia:<br />
(34) The library will be closed from December 23 till December 27.<br />
miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom danamdvilebiT vici, britaneTSic,<br />
mravali sxva qveynis msgavsad, Sobas aRniSnaven 25 dekembers, mainc<br />
mcdarad gaviazre biblioTekaSi ganTavsebuli es gancxadeba da vifiqre,<br />
rom biblioTeka ixureboda raime teqnikuri mizezis gamo.<br />
2.3 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumenti rogorc diskursi da misi<br />
analizi<br />
1980-iani wlebi mniSvnelovani era iyo socialur mecnierebebSi enis<br />
kvlevis sferoSi arsebiTi gardatexis TvalsazrisiT (Luke 1995). xsenebul<br />
periodamde saganmanaTleblo kvlevebi efuZneboda iseT disciplinebs,<br />
rogorebicaa: sociolingvistika, komunikaciis eTnografia da<br />
eTnomeTodologia. am kvlevebis umetesoba ZiriTad aqcents akeTebda enis<br />
mizez-Sedegobriobaze da kulturul nairferovnebaze. 1980-iani wlebidan<br />
moyolebuli mecnierul interesTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca enis<br />
ganviTarebis kvleva da diskurssa da mniSvnelovan socialur<br />
formaciaTa Soris urTierToba (ibid: 8). kvlevis axali midgoma cdilobs<br />
ena gaaanalizos im kuTxiT, romelic saSualebas mogvcems avxsnaT<br />
individTa fsiqologiuri miznebi da zraxvebi, maTi motivacia,<br />
gamocdileba da unar-Cvevebi. Tvisobrivad axali tipis kvleva aris<br />
82
mcdeloba gavarkvioT, Tu sistemurad rogor ayalibebs diskursi<br />
socialur da bunebriv samyaros (Williams 1992).<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi diskursze dafuZnebul kvlevaze gavlena<br />
moaxdina sul mcire samma mniSvnelovanma Teoriulma mimdinareobam.<br />
pirveli, fsiqolingvistikis gamoCenam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina<br />
ganaTlebis sferoze. fsiqolingvisturi kvleva gansxvavdeba<br />
bihevioristuli (enis qmediTi buneba) midgomisagan da amtkicebs, rom<br />
individi dabadebidanve SemoqmedebiTad iyenebs enas da misi enobrivi<br />
kompetencia saSualebas mogvcems gavaanalizoT mis mierve Seqmnili<br />
teqsti. meore, sociolingvistikam da komunikaciis eTnografiam xazi<br />
gausva enis gamoyenebis socialur xasiaTs (Gumperz & Hymes 1972; Hymes<br />
1995). kvlevis am programam enis ganviTareba sistemurad daakavSira<br />
socializaciasTan, xolo enis gamoyeneba daakavSira normebsa da<br />
wesebTan. TiToeuli am modelTagani Tavis mxriv warmoadgens teqstisa<br />
da diskursis kontrastul axsnas. maSin, roca fsiqolingvisturi modeli<br />
enis producirebas (Seqmnas) xsnis mosaubris Sinagan sintaqtikur da<br />
semantikur SesaZleblobebTan kavSirSi, sociolingvisturi modeli<br />
cdilobs teqsti axsnas wesebiT marTuli socialuri interaqciisa da<br />
qmedebis meSveobiT, romelsac mosaubre swavlobs socialur garemoSi.<br />
mesame moZraoba, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa diskursis<br />
kvlevis procesSi, efuZneba socialuri istoriisa da Tanamedrove<br />
kulturis poststruqturul analizs, romlis mixedviTac diskurss<br />
gaaCnia konstruqciuli buneba. diskursis konstruqciul bunebas xazs<br />
usvams fuko, romelsac miaCnia, rom, rogorc farTo socialuri<br />
formaciebis pirobebSi, aseve lokaluri gamoyenebisas diskursi<br />
ganmartavs, agebs da gansazRvravs adamianis, rogorc subieqtis adgils<br />
(Foucault 1972).<br />
(35) humanuri ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
SesaZleblobaTa da arCevanis mravalferovnebas. dovlaTi,<br />
ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovani faqtoria aRniSnul<br />
SesaZleblobaTa Sesaqmnelad, magram ara erTaderTi. humanuri<br />
ganviTareba aseve gulisxmobs politikur Tavisuflebas,<br />
83
ganaTlebas, jandacvasa da usafrTxoebas. pirovnebis<br />
Tavisuflebasa da individualur arCevans arsebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs alternativis arsebobisaTvis. cudi<br />
janmrTelobis gamo, SesaZloa, SeizRudos adamianis fizikuri<br />
unarebi. ganaTleba adamians ufro farTo sarbiels sTavazobs.<br />
xolo usafrTxoeba da mdgradoba pirovnebis arCevanis<br />
Sedegebis dasacavad aris saWiro.<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) 2008: 1)<br />
(36) cxadia, rom ganaTlebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
sazogadoebis efeqtianobisaTvis. ganaTlebas SeuZlia<br />
uTanasworobis Semsubuqeba RaribTaTvis SesaZleblobebis<br />
SeTavazebis gziT. ganaTlebas aseve gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs adamianTa CarTulobisa da uflebamosilebiT<br />
aRWurvisaTvis.<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) 2008: 7)<br />
(37) Our new society will have the same values as it ever did. Fighting poverty and<br />
unemployment. Securing justice and opportunity. It should be a compassionate<br />
society. But it is compassion with a hard edge. A strong society cannot be built on<br />
soft choices. It means fundamental reform of our welfare state, of the deal between<br />
citizen and society. It means getting money out of social breakdown and into<br />
schools and hospitals where we want to see it. The new welfare state must encourage<br />
work not dependency.<br />
(Tony Blair 1997)<br />
Cveni axali sazogadoeba SeinarCunebs Tavis Rirebulebebs,<br />
magaliTad, siRaribesTan da umuSevrobasTan brZola,<br />
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa da saTanado SesaZleblobebis<br />
Seqmna. es sazogadoeba aRsavse unda iyos TanagrZnobiT. magram<br />
TanagrZnoba did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. amitom, Zlierma<br />
sazogadoebad unda imoqmedos gabedulad da gaakeTos swori<br />
arCevani. yovelive es moiTxovs mzrunveli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
fundametur reformas, sazogadebasa da moqalaqeebTan arsebuli<br />
urTierTobebis gadaxedvas. Cven ar unda davabandoT fuli<br />
warumatebel socialur reformebSi, aramed unda gavzardoT<br />
skolebisa da savadmyofoebis dafinanseba, raTa pasuxi gavceT<br />
dgrovil socialur problemebs. axalma mzrunvelma<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m xeli unda Seuwyos Sromas da ara usaqmurobas.<br />
fukos azriT, diskursi sistemurad ayalibebs im obieqtebs,<br />
romelsac is aRwers. amasTanave diskursi instituciuri<br />
kategorizaciisaTvis agebs ierarqiebs, romelSic adamianebs TavianT<br />
84
adgils umkvidrebs. codnasa da Zalas (Zalauflebas) Soris es<br />
urTierTmimarTeba miiRweva socialuri da bunebrivi samyaros Sesaxeb<br />
,,WeSmaritebis” konstruqciis (agebis) meSveobiT (ibid: 49). diskursis mier<br />
agebuli es WeSmariteba ayalibebs TavisTavad cxad ganmartebebsa da<br />
kategoriebs, romelTa meSveobiTac mTavrobebi marTaven da akontroleben<br />
TavianT mosaxleobas. es aspeqtebi mniSvnelovania <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
politikaSi da igi, ra Tqma unda aisaxeba ganaTlebis sistemaSic:<br />
(38) ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebi miznad isaxavda, erTi<br />
mxriv, kontrolis decentralizacias, xolo meore mxriv,<br />
centralizebuli standartebisa da zedamxedvelobis<br />
meqanizmis SemoRebas. korufcia saerTod aRmoifxvra sistemis<br />
zogierT nawilSi da Zalisxmeva ixarjeba skolebsa da<br />
universitetebSi swavlebis ufro maRali standartebis<br />
damkvidrebisaTvis. es uaRresad pozitiuri miRwevebia humanuri<br />
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) 2008: 54)<br />
(39) ... And all of this depends, as we have set out, on a radically reshaped system for<br />
delivering education and children’s services, and in particular a reshaped role for<br />
Local Government and for my Department, moving away from direction towards an<br />
enabling and empowering role. It depends on freedom for those at the front line to<br />
personalise services and to improve them. And it depends on Ministers like me<br />
holding our nerve and being able to resist the lure of the next initiative in favour of a<br />
system that drives its own improvement more and more.<br />
(Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners 2004: 5)<br />
... rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, yovelive es damokidebulia sruliad<br />
axleburad Camoyalibebul sistemaze, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
ganaTlebisa da bavSvTa servisis miwodebis savsebiT<br />
gansxvavebul formas. radikalurad Seicvala adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobisa da departamentis roli da prioritetad iqca<br />
ZalauflebiT aRWurvisa da pasuxismgeblobis gadanawilebis<br />
sakiTxebi. mocemuli faqtorebi damokidebulia im pirTa<br />
Tavisuflebaze, romelTa uSualo funqciaa mocemuli<br />
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis gaweva da gaumjebeseba. es aseve<br />
damokidebulia ministrebze, romelTac unda hqondeT unari<br />
miiRon swori gadawyvetilebebi saganmanaTleblo sistemis<br />
gaumjobesebi kuTxiT.<br />
es ierarqia aseve qmnis CarCos, romelsac individi iyenebs sakuTari<br />
Tavisa da sxvebis daxasiaTebisa da kategorizaciisaTvis. fuko Tvlis,<br />
rom zemodan ideologiuri manipulacia marTulia. mas miaCnia, rom<br />
85
winaaRmdegobiTa Tu TanamonawileobiT sazogadoeba monawileobas<br />
diskursis formirebaSi TavianTi moraluri Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad.<br />
diskursi da diskursuli urTierTobebi qmnian skolebsa da sxva<br />
mniSvnelovan socialur dawesebulebebs (Luke 1995). fukos naSromebi<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi moRvawe individebs sTavazobs axal mniSvnelovan<br />
platformas, saidanac maT axleburad SeuZliaT aRiqvan teqstebi da<br />
diskursi. es axleburi xedva saSualebas gvaZlevs teqsti da diskursi<br />
aRviqvaT ara rogorc am diskursisa Tu teqstis Semqmnelis artefaqti,<br />
romelsac konkretulma konteqstma misca dasabami, aramed SegviZlia<br />
ZiriTadi aqcenti gavakeToT imaze, Tu rogor qmnian teqstebi socialur<br />
formaciebs, sazogadoebasa Tu socialur individebs (Gore 1993).<br />
,,individis” cneba aris diskursis axleburi agebis meTodi, romelic<br />
emsaxureba konkretul politikur da samTavrobo miznebs. Tumca<br />
diskursSi aris meore momentic, romelic individis Camoyalibebis<br />
procesSi iRebs monawileobas da cxovrebis traeqtoriaSi am individs<br />
garkveul pozicias aniWebs (Foucault 1979).<br />
maSasadame, Tuki enis kvlevisas ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba socialur<br />
aspeqtze, romelic diskursSi aris realizebuli, maSin saganmanaTleblo<br />
kvlevam qmedebis, unar-Cvevebisa da gonebis kvlevis gverdiT<br />
mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda miaqcios diskurss, rogorc individis<br />
Camomyalibebel kategorias.<br />
aucileblad unda avRniSnos isic, rom, rogorc luki (Luke 1995: 10)<br />
ganmartavs, rom ganaTlebis sferos mkvelvarebis winaSe dgas erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani SekiTxva. ras SeiZleba ewodos diskursis analizi<br />
saganmanaTleblo sferoSi<br />
mravali sociolingvisturi da lingvisturi analizi did<br />
yuradRebas aqcevs da swavlobs enis modelebs maTi gamoyenebis<br />
procesSi. amgvari kvlevis gverdiT aucileblad unda vcadoT<br />
SeviswavloT da avxsnaT, Tu ra politikuri da ideologiuri Sedegebi<br />
gaaCnia diskursis gamoyenebas lokalur konteqstSi (Gee, Michaels &<br />
86
O’Connor 1992). amgvarad, diskursis analizisadmi Tanamedrove midgomebis<br />
mTavari amocanaa, Seiswavlos diskursis mikropolitika da warmoadginos<br />
misi Teoriuli dasabuTeba, Seiswavlos enis gamoyenebis modelebi, magram<br />
imgvarad, rom diskursis lokaluri gamoyeneba daakavSiros ufro<br />
masStabur politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul formaciebTan (McHoul &<br />
Luke 1989). amdenad, diskursis kritikuli sociologiuri analizisas<br />
mniSvnelovania SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba diskursisa da Zalis<br />
formaciebis manifestacia teqstis yoveldRiuri, yofiTi gamoyenebisas.<br />
sainteresoa SeviswavloT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens socialuri<br />
reproduqciis masStaburi modelebi yoveldRiur saganmanaTleblo<br />
procesze.<br />
mocemul sakiTxebze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia diskursis<br />
kritikuli analizi, romelic aris enis kritikuli kvlevis procesi<br />
(Fairclough, 1989; Fairclough 1995; Luke 1995). sainteresoa, ra potenciali da<br />
Rirebuleba gaaCnia diskursis sociologiur analizs, raTa<br />
gamovikvlioT, Tu ra wvlili Seaqvs saganmanaTleblo codnasa da<br />
kompetencias Zalisa da subieqturobis Camoyalibebis procesSi.<br />
diskursis kritikul analizs SeuZlia mogvawodos mniSvnelovani<br />
informacia – Tu rogor ayalibebs werilobiTi Tu zepirsityvieri<br />
teqstebi saganmanaTleblo politikasa da wesebs, romlebic<br />
aregulireben sazogadoebisaTvis codnis miwodebis process, ayalibeben<br />
individebs da socialur ierarqiaSi umkvidrebs adgils.<br />
2.4 diskursis kritikuli analizi rogorc meTodi<br />
arsebobs diskursis kritikuli analizis sxvadasxva versia,<br />
romelTac mravali Teoriuli tradicia SemoaqvT socialur TeoriaSi.<br />
(Van Dijk 1997;) fearklofi (Fairclough 2003) ganasxvavebs teqstis analizis<br />
mimarT ramdenime midgomas – teqstze orientirebuli diskursis analizi<br />
da analizi, romelic teqstze ar aris orientirebuli. meore tipis<br />
87
analizi, rogorc zemoT ukve ganvixileT, saTaves iRebs fukosagan. igi<br />
ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvilebs teqstis istoriul da socialur<br />
konteqstze da naklebad interesdeba teqstis lingvisturi<br />
maxasiaTeblebiT. fearklofi akritikebs teqstis analizis mimarT aseT<br />
midgomas. misi azriT, aucilebelia analizi daefuZnos sxvadasxva<br />
disciplinis Teoriebsa da teqnikas, raTa moxdes sxvadasxva midgomis<br />
Sejereba da SesaZlebeli gaxdes teqstis srulyofili kvleva.<br />
fearklofi (Fairclough 2001: 29) aRniSnavs, rom, misi azriT, diskursis<br />
kritikuli analizi unda iyos interdisciplinuri kvleva, romelic “...<br />
opens a dialogue between disciplines concerned with linguistic and semiotic analysis ... and<br />
disciplines concerned with theorizing and researching social processes and social change”<br />
(aris dialogi im disciplinaTa Soris, romelic awarmoeben lingvistur<br />
da semiotikur analizs ... da im disciplinaTa Soris, romelTa amocanaa<br />
socialuri procesebisa da socialuri cvlilebebis kvleva).<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizis amocanaa, Seiswavlos diskursul<br />
praqtikebs, movlenebs, teqstebsa da ufro masStabur socialur da<br />
kulturul struqturebs, urTierTobebsa da procesebs Soris arsebuli<br />
urTierTmimarTeba. diskursis kritikuli analizi ikvlevs, Tu rogor<br />
axdens teqsti samyaros, socialuri urTierTobebisa da socialuri<br />
individebis konstruirebas (Taylor 2004). diskursis kritikuli analizi<br />
gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs imaze, Tu rogor ayalibebs Zalasa da<br />
ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi ideologiurad<br />
sazogadoebriv praqtikebsa da teqstebs.<br />
diskursis Teoriis perspeqtivebi did gavlenas axdens<br />
saganamanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis analizis Tanamedrove<br />
midgomebze (Ball (b) 1990; Taylor 1997; Taylor et al. 1997). am perspeqtivis<br />
Sesabamisad, politikis Seqmnis procesi ganixileba rogorc mniSvnelobis<br />
gamo brZola da politikas ki aRweren rogorc gansxvavebuli miznebis<br />
mqone mowinaaRmdegeTa brZolis Sedegs, sadac ena, ufro konkretulad ki,<br />
diskursi, taqtikurad gamoiyeneba (Fulcher 1989: 7). am tipis midgoma<br />
Sedegiania, radganac igi gvexmareba politikis sferoSi gavaanalizoT<br />
88
diskursis politika da SeviswavloT politikuri dokumentis teqstsa da<br />
mis istoriul, politikur, socialur da kulturul konteqstebs Soris<br />
urTierTmimarTeba (Taylor 2004).<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizi gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia<br />
politikis kritikuli analizisaTvis, radganac igi saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
detalurad SeviswavloT enis sxva socialur procesebTan<br />
urTierTmimarTeba. is aseve gvexmareba davinaxoT, Tu rogor<br />
funqcionirebs ena ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebSi.<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizi uzrunvelyofs sistemuri analizisaTvis<br />
aucilebel CarCos – mkvlevars SeuZlia aCvenos, Tu rogor<br />
funqcionirebs politika konkretul konteqstSi (ibid). magram,<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom diskursis roli socialur garemoSi ar davinaxoT<br />
rogorc TavisTavad cxadi movlena. fearklofs miaCnia, rom diskursis<br />
roli socialur garemosTan mimarTebaSi unda gamovlindes analizis<br />
meSveobiT (Fairclough 2001: 234). diskursis kritikuli analizi klvevis<br />
gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli meTodia, radgan igi aris lingvisturi da<br />
socialuri kvlevis kombinacia. mis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis is<br />
faqti, rom is aris eqspliciturad kritikuli (Taylor 2004).<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizis efeqturobasa da am meTodis<br />
SesaZleblobas – iyos kritikuli – hyavs mowinaaRmdegenic. jounsi (Jones<br />
2007: 338) miiCnevs, rom diskursis kritikul analizSi yvelaze didi<br />
problema aris Tavad diskursis analizi. misi azriT, kategoriebi,<br />
elementebi da procedurebi, romlebic sxvadasxva formiTaa CarTuli<br />
,,diskursis analizSi”, da efuZneba konvenciur diskriptul<br />
lingvistikasa da pragmatikas, arian komunikaciis procesis kritikulad<br />
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas moklebuli. misi azriT, analizis aseTi<br />
CarCoebi emyareba enis Sesaxeb iseT rwmenas, rasac harisi (Harris 1996)<br />
,,enis miTs” uwodebs. miTi, harisis mosazrebiT, niSnavs, komunikaciuri<br />
praqtikebis socialur procesebSi integraciis SeuZleblobas. xolo ena<br />
ar aris iseTi sityva, romelic unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli individis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi komunikaciuri mcdelobebis asaRwerad. igi aris termini,<br />
89
omelic asaxavs mniSvnelobebisa da formebis abstraqtul, Caketil<br />
sistemasa da wesebs, romelTa arseboba gardauvali winapirobaa<br />
lingvisturi komunikaciis aqtebis warmatebuli realizaciisaTvis.<br />
jounsi (Jones 2007) aseve miiCnevs, rom msoflioSi ar arsebobs<br />
lingvisturi analizis iseTi meTodi, romelic enis gamomyenebels<br />
miuTiTebs, Tu rogor aRiqvas romelime konkretuli gamonaTqvami (mag.<br />
SekiTxva, SeTavazeba, brZaneba) da ra reagireba gaakeTos masze.<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizi aris meTodi, romelic (a) cdilobs<br />
warmoaCinos ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebis diskursuli<br />
agebis principebi da (b) mowodebulia progresuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
cvlilebebisaken (Fairclough 2001).<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizi aris xelsayreli meTodi, raTa<br />
SeviswavloT da gavaanalizoT politikur dokumentebSi asaxuli axali<br />
teqstualuri formaciebi (Taylor 2004). fearklofs (Fairclough 2001: 229)<br />
miaCnia, rom diskursis kritikuli analizi aris ,, ... a resource which can be<br />
used in combination with others for researching change in contemporary social life” (aris<br />
resursi, romelic SegviZlia gamoviyenoT sxva resursebTan kombinaciaSi,<br />
raTa gamovikvlioT Tanamedrove socialur realobaSi mimdinare<br />
cvlilebebi). aseTi Tanamedrove cvlilebebis gamomxatveli diskursia,<br />
magaliTad, ,,globalizaciis”, ,,socialuri araTanasworobis”, ,,marTvis<br />
stilis cvlilebis” amsaxveli teqstebi. swored amgvari cnebebi (da ara<br />
konkretuli leqsikuri Tu stilisturi saSualebebi) aris Cveni kvlevis<br />
ZiriTadi interesis sagani.<br />
90
Tavi III<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi da misi<br />
aspeqtualuri analizi<br />
3.1 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebi rogorc diskursi da misi<br />
aspeqtualuri parametrebi<br />
wina TavebSi Cven ganvixileT enis informatiuli daniSnuleba, misi<br />
komunikaciuri funqcia da qmediTi buneba. ena aris mediumi, romelic<br />
metyvel subieqts aZlevs saSualebas, gadmosces informacia, daamyaros<br />
komunikacia da Seasrulos sametyvelo qmedebebi, risi meSveobiTac<br />
individi axerxebs socialur konteqstSi sakuTari survilebis,<br />
miswrafebebisa da zraxvebis materializacias. Cveni naSromis ZiriTadi<br />
mizania enis am funqciebis Seswavla saganmanaTleblo politikuri<br />
dokumentebis magaliTze. amdenad, am TavSi saganmanaTleblo politikis<br />
teqstis mixedviT ganvixilavT saganmanaTleblo politikis diskursul<br />
ganzomilebebs. olsenis (Olssen et al. 2004) poziciis kvaldakval Cven<br />
vaRiarebT enis materialistur Teorias, rogorc enis kritikuli<br />
analizis safuZvels.<br />
marTalia, enis kritikuli analizis safuZvlad avirCieT enis<br />
materialisturi Teoria, magram aucilebelia kvleva gascdes erTi<br />
konkretuli Teoriisa Tu paradigmis farglebs da iyos farTo speqtris,<br />
raTa moicvas socialuri sivrcis mravali aspeqti. unda vaRiaroT, rom,<br />
rogorc olseni (ibid: 59) aRniSnavs, zogierTi mkvlevari gamodis<br />
“politikis sociologiis”, rogorc diskursis socialur aspeqtSi<br />
kvlevisaTvis Seuferebeli meTodis winaaRmdeg. magaliTad, troinas<br />
(Troyna 1994: 71) miaCnia, rom politikis sociologia aris kvlevis<br />
Seuferebeli midgoma, radgan igi ,,arafriT gansxvavdeba politikis sxva<br />
socialuri Tu politikuri analizisagan” (is no different from other social and<br />
political analyses of policy). sxvaoba ki namdvilad aris. diskursis kritikul<br />
analizs diskursis sxva tipis kvlevisagan ganasxvavebs misi<br />
91
multidisciplinaruli buneba (Taylor 2004). diskursis kritikuli analizi,<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, politikuri diskursis kvlevis<br />
gansakuTrebulad xelsayreli meTodia, radgan igi aris lingvisturi da<br />
socialuri analizi. luki (Luke 2002) miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia<br />
meTodebis aseTi sinTezi, raTa SevZloT teqstis formaciis srulyofili<br />
kvleva. teqstis formaciis es procesi, romelic politikur teqstebSi<br />
aris mocemuli, SesaZlebelia srulyofilad SeviswavloT diskursis<br />
kritikuli analizis meSveobiT. amdenad, diskursis kritikuli analizi<br />
aris kvlevis meTodTa erToblioba, romelic gamoiyeneba politikuri<br />
teqstebis Seswavlisas (Ball 1990 (b); 1993; 1994). amdenad, politikis<br />
kritikuli analizi aris socialur <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> kritikuli midgoma<br />
politikuri diskursis mimarT (Ozga 2000). aqve aucileblad unda<br />
ganvmartoT, Tu ra igulisxmeba termin ,,kritikulSi”. es aris kritikis<br />
iseTi forma, romlis mizania realobis lokaluri kvleva da brZola<br />
damTrgunveli, despoturi socialuri struqturebis winaaRmdeg. igi aris<br />
pragmatikuli kvleva, romelic asaxavs kritikuli Teoriis<br />
transformacias. kvlevis es meTodi ukuagdebs lingvistur idealizms da<br />
xazs usvams enis materialistur bunebas, rac gamoixateba Zalauflebis<br />
Seqmnasa da praqtikul realizebaSi (Rehg and Bohman 2001).<br />
3.2 saganmanaTleblo politikur dokumentTa klasifikacia<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebi ganixileba, rogorc<br />
politikuri miznebisa da samoqmedo kursis gamoxatuleba da igi<br />
aregulirebs politikis SemoqmedTa da administratorTa moqmedebas (Codd<br />
1988). magaliTad, didi britaneTis konteqstSi raime konkretuli<br />
politikuri iniciativis praqtikul realizebamde mTavroba gamoscems<br />
mwvane dokuments, romelic warmodagens mTavrobis mier SemuSavebul<br />
kanonproeqts, romlis Sedegadac unda gaxorciledes siaxle. am tipis<br />
dokumentebi xSirad interaqtiuli stilisaa. avtori, umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
92
ki, avtorTa jgufi, mimarTavs mkiTxvels, moqalaqeebs, auditorias,<br />
romelTac pirdapir Seexeba mocemuli dokumentis Sedegad<br />
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi. mwvane dokumenti aris mTavrobis<br />
mcdeloba moqalaqeebs gaacnos da moawonos axali kanoni, romelic<br />
daaregulirebs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sa da mis moqalaqeTa Soris urTierTobas<br />
sxvadasxva socialur sferoSi.<br />
(40) ... As we develop our strategy for the next five years for children’s services, and for<br />
education and lifelong learning, we need to think about that future – about the kind of<br />
world we want our children to grow up in. ... The central characteristic of such a new<br />
system will be personalisation – so that the system fits to the individual rather than the<br />
individual having to fit to the system. This is not a vague liberal notion about letting<br />
people have what they want. It is about having a system which will genuinely give high<br />
standards for all – the best possible quality of children’s services, which recognise<br />
individual needs and circumstances; the most effective teaching at school, which builds a<br />
detailed picture of what each child already knows, and how they learn, to help them go<br />
further; and, as young people begin to train for work, a system that recognises individual<br />
aptitudes and provides as many tailored paths to employment as there are people and<br />
jobs. And the corollary of this is that the system must be both freer and more diverse –<br />
with more flexibility to help meet individual needs; and more choices between courses<br />
and types of provider, so that there really are different and personalised opportunities<br />
available.<br />
(Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners 2004: 4)<br />
... Cveni xuTwliani gegmis SemuSavebisas, romlis mizaniaa<br />
cvlilebebis Seitanos bavSvTa momsaxureobis, ganaTlebisa da<br />
uwyveti swavlebis sferoSi, Cven aucileblad unda vifiqroT<br />
momavalze, Tu ra tipis garemoSi gvsurs gaizardon Cveni Svilebi...<br />
... am sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iqneba personalizacia, ise,<br />
rom sistema moergeba TiToeuli individis moTxovnebs da mas ar<br />
mouwevs gamoiCinos Zalisxmeva, raTa Tavad Seeguos sistemas. es ar<br />
aris bundovani liberaluri cneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra surs miiRos<br />
xalxma. es iniciativa gulisxmobs iseTi sistemis Seqmnas, romelic<br />
namdvilad daadgens yvelasaTvis misaReb maRal standartebs –<br />
saukeTeso xarisxis servisi bavSvTa momsaxureobis sferoSi,<br />
romelic aRiarebs individualur moTxovnebsa da saWiroebebs;<br />
yvelaze efeqturi skola, sadac namdvilad mimdinareobs swavlebis<br />
procesi. am procesSi realurad gamoCndeba TiToeuli bavSvis<br />
arsebuli codna da daisaxeba strategiebi, Tu rogor iswavlos<br />
kide ufro meti. rodesac axalgazrda xalxi daiwyebs momavali<br />
samuSaosaTvis momzadebas, sistema Seiswavlis individis<br />
SesaZleblobebs da dasaxavs mraval mimarTulebas, romelic<br />
aucileblad SesabamisobaSi mova calkeuli pirovnebis<br />
SesaZleblobebs, survilebsa da miznebTan. mTavari piroba am<br />
SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom sistema unda iyos ufro Tavisufali da<br />
93
ufro mravalferovani, raTa man moaxerxos TiToeuli individis<br />
moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. rac ufro met arCevans warmoadgens<br />
sistema, miTi meti SesaZlebloba miecema axalgazrdas.<br />
amgvari interpretaciis Sesabamisad, politikuri diskursis<br />
analizi aris dokumentis teqstis miRma mdebare avtoriseuli ganzraxvis<br />
Zebnis mcdeloba. kvlevis am paradigmaSi CarTuli elementebi arian<br />
politikuri diskursis mkvlevari individi, politikis Semqmneli da<br />
politikis uSualo momxmarebeli. maT eniWebaT gansxvavebuli funqciebi:<br />
politikuri diskursis mkvlevari informacias gadmoscems yovelgvari<br />
piradi interesebis gareSe, politikis Semqmneli individia is, vinc qmnis<br />
politikur diskurss, xolo politikis momxmarebeli aris individi an<br />
individTa jgufi, romelic pasuxismgebelia politikis interpretaciasa<br />
da ganxorcielebaze. Tavad politikuri dokumenti ganixileba, rogorc<br />
politikuri diskursis Seqmnis, interpretaciisa da ganxorcielebis<br />
procesSi CarTul individTa Soris komunikaciis saSualeba (ibid: 237).<br />
politikis qmnas tradiciulad axasiaTeben, rogorc teqnikurempiriul<br />
process, sadac mkvlevarma unda Seqmnas garkveuli moculobis<br />
codnis baza, romelic moicavs rogorc faqtobriv axsna-ganmartebebs,<br />
aseve im cnebebs Soris urTierTkavSirs, rac aucilebelia politikuri<br />
SemoTavazebebis formulirebisa da Tavad politikuri dokumentebis<br />
SeqmnisaTvis (Olssen 2004). politikis mkvlevari qmnis im struqturebTan<br />
dakavSirebul zogad kanonebsa da Teoriebs, romlebic saganmanaTleblo<br />
process marTaven. politikis Semoqmedma sworad unda gansazRvros<br />
,,saukeTeso saSualebebi” dasaxuli miznebis realizebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad (Codd 1988). amdenad, rogorc fei ganmartavs (Fay 1975:<br />
57), politikis analizs eniWeba instrumentaluri funqcia:<br />
(41) A policy science is supposed to be a device for organizing political thought in a<br />
rational way, merely a method for clarifying empirical relationships among<br />
alternative actions and for sorting out their likely consequences, and a procedure for<br />
making ‘correct’ decisions; as such, it is supposed to be employable by anyone,<br />
regardless of his political views ... and its results are supposed to be impartial in the<br />
sense of not being dependent upon the particular evaluations of the policy scientists<br />
for their truth.<br />
94
politikuri mecniereba aris politikuri azris racionalurad<br />
organizaciis saSualeba; igi aris mxolod meTodi, romelic<br />
gvexmareba avxsnaT alternatiul qmedebebs Soris arsebuli<br />
urTierTmimarTeba da gavTvaloT am qmedebebis savaraudo<br />
Sedegebi, raTa uzrunvelvyoT ,,swori” gadawyvetilebis miReba.<br />
igi SeiZleba gamoiyenos nebismierma, miuxedavad misi<br />
politikuri mrwamsisa. politikuri mecnierebis klvevis mier<br />
warmoCenili WeSmariteba unda iyos miukerZoebeli im gagebiT,<br />
rom maTi Sefaseba ar unda efuZnebodes politikis sferoSi<br />
moRvawe mecnierTa Sefasebebs.<br />
martivad rom vTqvaT, politikis formirebis Sesaxeb teqnikurempiristuli<br />
xedva saganmanaTleblo process gaiazrebs, rogorc<br />
dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad aucilebel saSualebas. es saSualebebi<br />
aris saganmanaTleblo miznebis gamoxatuleba, romelic aseve moicavs<br />
saganmanaTleblo Rirebulebebs. magaliTad, marTalia saqarTvelos<br />
konteqstSi saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis stili SedarebiT<br />
mSrali da formaluria, magram maTSi gamoxatuli Rirebulebebi naTeli<br />
da xelmisawvdomia mkiTxvelis farTo speqtrisaTvis.<br />
(42) zogadi ganaTlebis xarisxis amaRlebis, saswavlo procesis<br />
gamWvirvalobisa da stabilurobis mizniT, 2010-2011 saswavlo<br />
wlisTvis erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi<br />
Sevida. daxvewili erovnuli saswavlo gegma saSualebas iZleva<br />
moswavle skolas daubrundes, zogadi xarisxiani ganaTleba miiRos<br />
da Tavisuflad airCios momavali cxovrebis gza.<br />
(erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2010)<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis mimarT teqnikur-empiriuli midgomis<br />
Sesabamisad, politikuri debulebebi, anu politikuri dokumentebi,<br />
kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, saganmanaTleblo miznebs,<br />
Rirebulebebsa da amocanebs akavSireben faqtobriv informaciasTan. amis<br />
gamo, es debulebebi unda ganmarton im individebma, visi<br />
pasuxismgeblobacaa am konkretuli politikis ganxilva an danergva.<br />
magaliTad, didi britaneTis SemTxvevaSi, axali koaliciuri mTavroba<br />
gamovida iniciativiT, rom yvela skolas aqvs SesaZlebloba gaxdes<br />
saqalaqo akademia. mocemul konteqstSi, akademia niSnavs saSualo<br />
safexuris ganaTlebis mimwodebel dawesebulebas, romelsac gaaCniaT<br />
gacilebiT didi Tavisufleba, vidre Cveulebriv saSualo skolebs.<br />
95
mTavroba am iniciativaSi xedavs gazrdil SesaZleblobebs<br />
skolebisaTvis TviTonve airCion da ganaviTaron TavianTi saswavlo<br />
programebi da Tavi daaRwion adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis kontrols.<br />
magram, winaaRmdegoba warmoiSobe mocemuli politikis<br />
interpretatorebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic mocemul iniciativaSi<br />
xedaven did safrTxeebs da amis safuZvels maT aZlevs sakuTari<br />
gamocdileba:<br />
(43) ... The independent academies can opt out of national pay negotiations and set<br />
their own curriculum, despite being largely state-funded.<br />
(Michael Gove, Education Secretary 2010)<br />
(44) ... Schools in deprived urban areas can apply to become academies if they raise<br />
£2m from private sponsors. The government then tops this up, typically by about<br />
£25m. The NASUWT union will present reports from its representatives at seven of<br />
the existing 17 academies to ministers this week. They say some are trying to<br />
bypass unions in negotiations. Some are causing staff to work longer hours and<br />
supervise lunch hours, according to documents seen by the Guardian newspaper.<br />
The union confirmed the content of the documents but declined to discuss it. Two<br />
academies had asked staff to sign clauses to stop them "disclosing academy<br />
business".<br />
... damoukidebel akademiebs saSualeba aqvT gaTavisufldnen<br />
dafinansebis erovnuli gegmisagan da sakuTari TavisaTvis<br />
daadginon TavianTi kurikulumi miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi<br />
dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaro iqneba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujeti.<br />
... qalaqis SeWirvebul raionebSi ganTavsebul skolebs<br />
saSualeba aqvT miiRon akademiis statusi, Tuki isini kerZo<br />
sponsorebisagan Seagroveben 2 milion funts. amis Semdeg,<br />
mTavroba Seavsebs maT biujets 25 milion funtamde. NASUWT<br />
(qal maswavlebelTa skolis direqtorTa kavSiris erovnuli<br />
asociacia) moamzadebs misi warmomadgenlebis moxsenebebs<br />
arsebuli 17 akademiebidan 7 akademiiis Sesaxeb. isini<br />
amtkiceben, rom es akademiebi cdiloben molaparakeba<br />
warmarTon kavSiris gverdis avliT. zogierTi TanamSromlebs<br />
aiZulebs imuSaon dadgenil saaTebze ufro meti lanCisaTvis<br />
gamoyofili saaTebis CaTvliT. kavSirma daadastura, rom aris<br />
SemTxvevebi, rodesac akademiebi aiZulebs TanamSromlebs xeli<br />
moaweron SeTanxmebas, romliTac isini iReben valdebulebas<br />
saaSkaraoze ar gamoitanon ,,akademiebis saqmianoba”.<br />
mocemuli msjelobis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom<br />
politikuri dokumentebi aris specifiuri informaciis, ideebisa da<br />
96
zraxvebis gamoxatuleba. amdenad, diskursis analizis amocanaa teqstis<br />
swori interpretacia (Codd 1988). rodesac romelime politikur<br />
diskursTan mimarTebaSi wamoiWreba azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, miiCneven, rom<br />
mkiTxvelma arasworad gaigo dokumentSi mocemuli informacia Tu<br />
gzavnili. kodi Tvlis, rom politikis analitikosis amocanaa amgvari<br />
gaugebrobebis aRmofxvra, raTa daamkvidros mocemuli diskursis<br />
avtoritetuli interpretacia. mocemuli pozicia emyareba rogorc<br />
zraxvebis, aseve enis bunebis mcdar idealistur gagebas (mocemul<br />
sakiTxs detalurad ganvixilavT momdevno qveTavSi).<br />
3.2.1 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentis SesaZlo orazrovneba da<br />
misi kritikuli analizi<br />
Cven ukve vTqviT, rom politikuri dokumentebi gamoxataven zraxvebs.<br />
es pozicia cnobilia rogorc gamiznuli sicrue (Wimsatt & Beardsley 1954).<br />
gamiznuli sicrue niSnavs, rom politikuri teqsti Seesabameba teqstis<br />
avtoris ganzraxvas, anu teqsti aris teqstis Semoqmedis zraxvebis<br />
gamoxatuleba (Codd 1988). gamiznuli sicrue momdinareobs idealisturi<br />
poziciidan, romelic amtkicebs, rom ,,zraxvebs” gaaCnia relevanturi<br />
mniSvneloba (Lyas 1973). kodi (Codd 1988) amtkcebs, rom, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
mcdaria pozicia, romlis mixedviTac zraxvebi aris piradi mentaluri<br />
movlenebi. meore faqtori, rac aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, aris<br />
is, rom zraxvebi da zraxvebis formulireba erTmaneTTan ar unda<br />
gavaigivoT. da bolos, rac aseve mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa aris is<br />
sakiTxi, rom erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT intencia, rogorc<br />
winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma Tu moqmedebis CarCo, da qmedeba, romelic<br />
ganzrax sruldeba. amdenad, teqstis interpretacia unda daefuZnos<br />
intenciis garemoebiT azrs da ara nominalur azrs (ibid).<br />
97
kvleva<br />
(faqtebi)<br />
intencia<br />
(Rirebulebebi/<br />
miznebi)<br />
politikuri debuleba<br />
(dokumenti)<br />
interpretacia<br />
implementacia<br />
(danergva)<br />
sazogadoebrivi<br />
ganxilva<br />
nax. 2. politikuri teqstis analizis teqnikur-empiriuli modeli (Codd<br />
1988: 238)<br />
avtonomiuri (damoukidebeli) teqstis cneba ar Seesabameba diskursis<br />
analizis miznebsa da amocanebs. marTalia, arsebobs pozicia, romelic<br />
uaryofs avtoris cnebis aucileblobas analizis procesSi, magram<br />
migvaCnia, rom komunikaciis procesi, romlis erT-erTi saxeobaa<br />
politikuri dokumenti, aucileblad unda moicavdes rogorc teqstis<br />
Semoqmeds, aseve teqstis interpretators (ix. 2).<br />
98
mniSvnelovania is momenti, rom darwmunebiT arafris Tqma SeiZleba<br />
avtoriseul zraxvebze, amitom analizi efuZneba teqstobriv<br />
maxasiaTeblebsa da konteqsts, romelSic xdeba diskursis interpretacia.<br />
zogierTi struqturalisti ufro Sors wavida imis mtkicebaSi, rom<br />
analizisas sruliad ugulebelyofili unda iyos avtoriseuli cneba.<br />
... a text is not a line of words releasing a single ‘technological’ meaning but a<br />
multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original,<br />
blend and clash. ... a text’s unity lies not in its origin but in its destination ... the<br />
birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.<br />
(Barthes 1977: 148)<br />
... teqsti ar aris sityvebis erToblioba, romelic warmoSobs<br />
erTaderT ,,teqnologiur” mniSvnelobas. igi aris<br />
mravalganzomilebiani sivrce, sadac werilobiTi gzavnilebi,<br />
romelTagan arc erTi araa originaluri, erTmaneTs erwymian<br />
da ejaxebian. ... teqstis mTlianoba ganpirobebulia ara misi<br />
warmomavlobiT, aramed misi daniSnulebiT. ... mkiTxvelis<br />
dabadeba xdeba mwerlis sikvdilis xarjze.<br />
politikur dokumentTan mimarTebaSi es pozicia gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqti, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
politikur dokuments ar gaaCnia erTi konkretuli avtori, aramed<br />
avtorTa jgufi (Ball 1993; Codd 1988). amas garda, nebismieri politikuri<br />
dokumenti gaTvlilia mkiTxvelTa garkveul raodenobaze da ara erT<br />
konkretul mkiTxvelze. amitom mxolod avtoriseuli zraxvebis kvlevis<br />
nacvlad umjobesia politikis analizi orientirebuli iyos imis<br />
gamosakvlevad, Tu ra gansxavebuli efeqti SeiZleba hqondes politikur<br />
dokuments, rodesac mis interpretacias mkiTxvelTa gansxvavebuli<br />
kategoria axdens. umjobesi iqneba, amgvari analizi warimarTos enis<br />
materialisturi Teoriis farglebSi (Codd 1988: 239). amisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia ganvixiloT is lingvisturi faqtorebi, romlebic<br />
mocemulia politikis Seqmnis tradiciul teqnikur-empiriul mimarTebaSi.<br />
99
3.2.2 lingvisturi idealizmi<br />
politikuri dokumentebis analizi maTSi mocemuli ideebisa da<br />
zraxvebis axsnisa da ganmartebis TvalsazrisiT gulisxmobs enis im<br />
Teoriis gamoyenebas, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos idealisturi, radganac<br />
igi asaxavs urTierTobas sityvebs, azrebsa da sagnebs Soris (Codd 1988).<br />
es urTierTmimarTeba asaxes ogdenma da riCardsma (Ogden & Richards<br />
1923:11)TavianT cnobil ,,semiotikursamkuTxedSi”.<br />
nax. 3 semiotikuri samkuTxedi<br />
ogdeni da riCardsi miiCnevdnen, rom enas gaaCnia iribi<br />
urTierTmimarTeba realuri samyaros mimarT, xolo mimarTeba enasa da<br />
azrs Soris aris pirdapiri da kauzaturi (ibid: 10-11). isini Tvlidnen, rom<br />
saubris procesSi mosaubre individi iyenebs simbolizms, romelic<br />
gamowveulia nawilobriv Cven mier Sesrulebuli referenciiT da<br />
100
nawilobriv ki socialuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT – mizani, ris<br />
gamoc Cven vaxdenT referencias, Cveni simboloebis savaraudo efeqti<br />
sxva adamianebze da Cveni sakuTari damokidebuleba samyaros mimarT. am<br />
msjelobis Sesabamisad, konceptualuri WeSmariteba damokidebulia<br />
azris gadmocemisas enis swor gamoyenebasa da saTanado interpretatoris<br />
mier enis adekvaturad moxmarebaze. amdenad, enis am Teoriis Sesabamisad,<br />
simboluri WeSmariteba (logikuri Tanmimdevruloba) gansxvavdeba<br />
referentuli WeSmaritebisagan (Sesabamisoba). es niSnavs, rom<br />
SesaZlebelia propozicia iyos empiriulad mcdari, magram igi sworad<br />
gadmoscemdes mosaubris naazrevs. informaciis konceptualuri gaazreba<br />
ar aris damokidebuli empiriul WeSmaritebaze.<br />
It is often of great importance to distinguish between false and incorrect<br />
propositions. An incorrect symbol is one which in a given universe of discourse<br />
causes in a suitable interpreter a reference different from that symbolized in the<br />
speaker.<br />
(Ogden & Richards 1923: 102)<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT mcdari da<br />
araswori propozicia. arasworia iseTi simbolo, romlis<br />
gamoc diskursis mocemul sivrceSi warmodgenili<br />
interpretatori axdens referencias, romelic gasxvavebulia<br />
mosaubris mier simbolizebuli referenciisagan.<br />
politikuri diskursis analitikosebi analizis procesSi xSirad<br />
iyeneben enis imgvar koncefcias, romlis mizanicaa, enis sworad<br />
gamoyenebis meSveobiT ena gaxadon gamWvirvale, raTa teqstis sxvadasxva<br />
mkiTxvelma SeZlos Caswvdes teqstis mniSvnelobas. am tipis<br />
analitikosebi enas miiCneven gamocdilebis gamosaxatavad aucilebel<br />
gamWvirvale saSualebad (Codd 1988). Tumca am midgomas gaaCnia Tavisi<br />
sisuste, romelic aucileblad unda gavaanalizoT.<br />
Cven veTanxmebiT kodis (ibid) mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, rom enis<br />
Sesaxeb empiriul-idealisturi pozicia srulyofilad ver asaxavs im<br />
101
faqts, rom ena TavisTavad aris socialuri fenomeni, romlis<br />
struqturaSic mocemulia materialuri pirobebi, sadac xdeba enis<br />
realizeba. aucilebelia enis alternatiuli Semecneba, romelic<br />
aRiarebs, rom sametyvelo qmedebebsa Tu teqstebSi mocemul sityvebs<br />
gacilebiT didi funqcia gaaCnia, vidre sagnebisa Tu ukve arsebuli<br />
ideebis ubralo dasaxelebaa. magaliTad, xSiria didi britaneTis<br />
SemTxvevaSi braldebebi kurikulumisa da maswavleblebis mimarT imis<br />
Taobaze, rom, Tundac istoriis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi, xdeba istoriuli<br />
faqtebis gafiltvra mTavrobisaTvis misaReb WrilSi da xdeba<br />
studentebis ideologiuri damuSaveba.<br />
(45) Rather than delivering impartial information, the Corruption of the Curriculum<br />
report argues that too many lessons have an ideological message - and that pupils are<br />
missing out on academically-rigorous lessons.<br />
The way science is taught has "more to do with media studies than hard science",<br />
claims the report - with accusations that it has become a place to debate issues such<br />
as nuclear power, rather than learn objective scientific facts.<br />
In history, the report claims that pupils are "taught through a filter of politicallycorrect<br />
perspectives" - which fails to give them a meaningful, chronological grasp of<br />
the narrative of history.<br />
Geography is accused of getting onto the environmental bandwagon and failing to<br />
arm pupils with enough information to form their own independent opinions.<br />
(The BBC News 2007)<br />
obieqturi informaciis miwodebis nacvlad, kurikulumis<br />
korumpirebis Sesaxeb moxseneba amtkicebs, rom Zalian bevri<br />
gakveTili Seicavs ideologiur gzavnilebs da moswavleebs sul<br />
ufro naklebad eZlevaT saSualeba moisminon akademiuri<br />
sizustis mqone gakveTilebi.<br />
mecnierebis swavlebisas ,,saqme ufro metad gvaqvs mas mediis<br />
SeswavlasTan, vidre zust mecnierebasTan”, rodesac<br />
gansaxilveli sakiTxebia dava birTvuli Zalis Sesaxeb da<br />
naklebad iswavleba obieqturi mecnieruli faqtebi.<br />
studentebs istorias aswavlian ,,politikurad koreqtuli<br />
perspeqtivebis WrilSi”, ris gamoc ar xerxdeba maTTvis azriani,<br />
qronologiurad gamarTuli istoriis miwodeba.<br />
102
geografiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs garemos dacvis<br />
sakiTxebze koncentraciasTan, rac saSualebas ar aZlevs<br />
studentebs miiRon sakmarisi informacia da TviTonve<br />
Camoayalibon damoukidebeli obieqturi mosazreba.<br />
Cven kargad unda gaviazroT, Tu ra realuri socialuri efeqtis<br />
moxdena SeuZlia enis gamoyenebas. politikuri diskursis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mniSvnelovania SevecadoT avxsnaT, Tu rogor SeuZlia enas iyos<br />
politikuri ara mxolod politikur movlenebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, aramed efeqtis TvalsazrisiT, radgan igi aris<br />
Zalisa da Zalauflebis instrumenti da obieqti. enis amgvarma<br />
alternatiulma gagebam gavlena unda iqonios <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>saTvis Seqmnili politikis analizze. mniSvnelovania<br />
yuradReba gavamaxviloT enis ideologiur efeqtze, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />
arsebuli socialuri formaciebis SesanarCuneblad. enis amgvari<br />
materialisturi cneba efuZneba enis sxvadasxva Teoriebs, romlebsac<br />
momdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT.<br />
3.3 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumenti rogorc teqsti da diskursi<br />
politikis kvleva gansakuTrebulad rTuli sakiTxia da analizis<br />
procesze did gavlenas axdens is faqtori, Tu rogor aRviqvamT Tavad<br />
cnebas. mocemul naSromSi Cven politikas ganvixilavT rogorc teqsts da<br />
rogorc diskurss. vidre uSualod gavaanalizebT politikis am or<br />
ganzomilebas, xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom, rogorc boli (Ball 1993:<br />
11) aRniSnavs, politika ar aris ,,sagani” (nivTi). igi aseve moicavs iseT<br />
elementebs, rogoricaa procesi da Sedegi.<br />
politikis cnebas xSirad ganmartaven, rogorc ,,marTvis<br />
teqnologias” (Lather 2006). <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>saTvis igi aris saSualeba, raTa<br />
moqalaqeebisaTvis Seqmnas qcevis misaRebi CarCo, daakanonos saerTo<br />
miznebi da amocanebi, Seqmnas saerTo xedva, risi meSveobiTac igi<br />
103
(<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>) uzrunvelyofs stabilurobasa da usafrTxoebas.<br />
saqarTvelos realobaSi Seqmnili erovnuli saswavlo gegmis magaliTze<br />
SegviZlia vimsjeloT, Tu rogor warmoudgenia <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s misi<br />
moqalaqeebis bedi ganaTlebis miRebis fonze.<br />
(46) 2011-2012 saswavlo wlidan erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi<br />
Setanili cvlilebebi amoqmeddeba. 150-ze meti eqspertis mier<br />
Seqmnili normatiuli dokumenti Sedegzea orientirebuli, rac<br />
imas niSnavs, rom skolis damtavrebis Semdeg bavSvi realur<br />
zogad ganaTlebas miiRebs. erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi gaweril<br />
prioritetebs wigniereba, mediawigniereba, cifruli wigniereba,<br />
raodenobrivi azrovneba, plurilingvuri kompetencia,<br />
socialuri da samoqalaqo unar-Cvevebi da sivrciT azrovneba<br />
warmoadgens. yovelive es bavSvebs samomavlod<br />
TviTrealizebaSi daexmareba.<br />
(barabaZe 2010)<br />
(47) ... In a fundamental shift away from old-school Tory elitism, thousands of<br />
secondary schools would be opened with a focus on the most deprived pupils.<br />
... The fact that in some parts of our country there are not good schools available to<br />
local parents is a disgrace. In one of the richest economies in the world it really<br />
shouldn't be so difficult to get a good state education. It's something we'll give big<br />
priority too.<br />
(David Cameron 2009)<br />
... Cven gvinda ganvaxorcieloT fundamenturi cvlileba, rac<br />
gansxvavebuli iqneba torebis Zveli elitaruli skolebis<br />
politikisagan. aTasobiT saSualo skola gaixsneba, romlebic<br />
koncentrirebuli iqnebian yvelaze SeWirvebul moswavleebze.<br />
... is faqti, rom Cveniqveynis zogierT nawilSi ar aris kargi<br />
skola, roelic xelmisawvdomi iqneba adgilobrivi<br />
moswavleebisa da mSoblebisaTvis, aris Cveni sircxvili. maSin,<br />
rodesac Cven gvaqvs erT-erTi umdidresi ekonomika msoflioSi,<br />
ase Zneli ar unda iyos kargi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ganaTlebis miReba.<br />
es CvenTvis erT-erTi yvelaze prioritetuli sakiTxi iqneba.<br />
magram, amave dros, politika axdens <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi intervenciis legalizebas (Ball 2008; Lather 2006). politika aris<br />
,,procesi da ara produqti, romelic moicavs mudmiv dialogsa da<br />
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv jgufebis interesTa brZolas” (Ozga 2000: 2).<br />
104
politika aseve xSirad ganixileba, rogorc brZolis, kompromisisa<br />
Tu avtoritetuli interpretaciis meSveobiT miRweuli kodirebuli<br />
gamoxatuleba. misi dekodirebis procesic aseve mravalmxrivia –<br />
politikis interpretatorebi dekodirebas axdenen sakuTari<br />
interpretaciis Sesabamisad, romelic efuZneba istorias, gamocdilebas,<br />
unar-Cvevebs, resursebsa da, ra Tqma unda, konteqsts.<br />
politika, rogorc teqsti sakmaod rTuli cnebaa, radgan igi aris<br />
gansxvavebuli tipisa da formis, gansxvavebuli miznebisa Tu zraxvebis<br />
matarebeli; aseve gansxavebulia politikis Seqmnisa Tu realizebis<br />
konteqsti (Berkhout & Wielemans 1999; Hodgson & Spours 2006). Tumca mainc<br />
SegviZlia mivideT met-naklebad misaReb ganmartebamde, romlis<br />
mixedviTac, politikis teqsti aris ,,politikuri zraxvebisa” (Berkhout &<br />
Wielemans 1999: 420) da ,,politikuri miznebis” (Olssen, Codd and O’neill 2004: 60)<br />
gamoxatuleba. igi aris debulebebis, faqtobrivi informaciisa da<br />
zraxvebis erToblioba. magram, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, eseni Zalian<br />
iSviaTad arian ,,kerZo mentaluri movlenebi” (ibid: 61) da, amdenad, maTi<br />
saTanado interpretacia mniSvnelovania politikis implementaciis<br />
procesSi.<br />
politika mudmivi kamaTis sagania, ris Sedagadac igi xSirad<br />
icvleba. nebismieri teqstisaTvis mkiTxvelTa mravalricxovaneba niSnavs<br />
mravalmxrivi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas (... for any text a plurality of readers<br />
must necessarily produce a plurality of readings) (Codd 1988: 239). politikis es<br />
koncefcia privilegias aniWebs mkiTxvel subieqts. Tumca es namdvilad<br />
ar niSnavs, rom politikis Semoqmedi veranairad akontrolebs maT mier<br />
Seqmnili teqstis azrsa da mniSvnelobas. politikis avtorebi<br />
yovelnairad cdiloben maT xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT<br />
gaakontrolon mkiTxvelze politikuri teqstis savaraudo efeqti.<br />
gidensi (Giddens 1987: 106) miiCnevs, rom ,,Cveulebriv saubarSi, mosaubres<br />
yovelTvis aqvs saSualeba pirdapiri SekiTxvisa Tu reformaciis<br />
daxmarebiT gadaamowmos, sworad aRiqva Tu ara msmenelma komunikaciuri<br />
ganzraxva. sulac ar arsebobs safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom Cven ar<br />
105
SegviZlia igive saSualeba gamoviyenoT teqstTan mimarTebaSi.” erT-erTi<br />
kvlevisaTvis intervius micemisas mkvlevarma mimarTa mocemul xerxs,<br />
raTa Tavidanve swori mimarTulebiT waeyvana Cveni msjeloba.<br />
(48) _ Our interview will touch some aspect of emotional intelligence of leaders.<br />
_ That sounds interesting.<br />
_ Are you familiar with the concept of emotional intelligence<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gidenss miaCnia, rom damatebiT kiTxvis dasma<br />
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT teqstTan mimarTebaSi. magram sirTule is aris, rom<br />
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, politikur dokuments ar hyavs erTi avtori (ix.<br />
3.2). amdenad, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom politika da, Sesabamisad,<br />
politikuri teqstebi ar aris sruliad naTeli, an dasrulebuli an<br />
srulyofili (Ball 1993). teqsti aris teqstis Seqmnis sxvadasxva etapze<br />
miRweuli kompromisebis Sedegi. politikis da Sesabamisad, politikuri<br />
dokumentis Seqmna mis saboloo artikulaciamde gaivlis ramdenime<br />
rgols – sawyisi impulsi Tu saWiroeba (romelic ganapirobebs axali<br />
politikis SemuSavebis aucileblobas), sakanonmdeblo formulirebis<br />
mikropolitika, saparlamento ganxilvebi da bolos Tavad<br />
dainteresebul mxareTa mier am politikis artikulacia.<br />
(49) ... We must do better to tackle the pockets of deep educational disadvantage...<br />
... Now I want us to lift our ambitions. We will continue to put more money into<br />
our schools, and complete the reforms we began so that in time we have a system of<br />
independent, self-governing state schools, with fair funding and fair admissions, but<br />
driven above all by the needs of pupils, wishes of parents and the dynamism of our<br />
best teachers...<br />
(Tony Blair 2005)<br />
... Cven ufro meti unda gavakeToT, raTa aRmovfxraT<br />
saganmanaTleblo sferoSi arsebuli uTanasworoba ...<br />
... me minda Riad ganvacxado Cveni ambiciebis Sesaxeb. Cven<br />
gavagrZelebT Cveni skolebis dafinansebis gazrdas, da<br />
davasrulebs im reformebs, romlebic daviwyeT. ase rom, Cven<br />
gveqneba damoukidebeli, TviTmmarTveli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> skolebi,<br />
samarTliani dafinansebis sistemiTa da skolaSi Caricxvis<br />
106
samarTliani procedurebiT, romlebic orientirebulni iqnebian<br />
moswavleTa saWiroebebze, mSobelTa moTxovnebze da Cveni<br />
saukeTeso maswavleblebis dinamiurobaze ...<br />
politikis Seqmna mimdinareobs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s SigniT warmoebuli<br />
molaparakebebisa da SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, rac gavlenas axdens<br />
politikis formulirebis procesze. aucilebelia imis gaazreba, rom<br />
didi gansxvavebaa, erTi mxriv, dRis wesrigisa da ideologiuri<br />
politikis kontrolsa da, meore mxriv, politikis zemoqmedebis processa<br />
da politikuri teqstis Seqmnis process Soris. boli (ibid: 11) aRniSnavs,<br />
rom xSirad Zalian rTulia analitikurad imis gaazreba, Tu ra aris<br />
politika da ra miznebis miRweva surT romelime konkretuli politikis<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
politika aris mudmivi cvalebadobis procesi. igi icvlis Tavis<br />
mniSvnelobas cvalebadi garemos konteqstSi. politikisa da misi<br />
mniSvnelobis cvlilebas iwvevs misi interpretatorebis cvalebadobac.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s wiaRSi politikas gaaCnia Tavisi mamoZravebeli Tu sulis<br />
Camdgmeli Zala. Sesabamisad droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba misi mizani da<br />
amocanebi da xdeba misi gadamuSaveba Tu reorientacia. es gamowveulia im<br />
faqtiT, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> cdilobs mis mier SemuSavebuli politika<br />
Seusabamos gare samyaros da masSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. Zalauflebis<br />
mqone sxvadasxva moqmedi pirebi Tu maTi interesebi ganapirobeben<br />
politikis cvlilebas. magaliTad, didi britaneTis wiaRSi,<br />
ZalauflebaSi mosuli sxvadasxva Zalis Sesabamisad Seiqmna axali<br />
politikuri xedva da Sesabamisad SemuSavda axali kursi da midgomebi.<br />
magaliTad, keneT beikerma sagranto skolebi daupirispira margaret<br />
teTCeriseul saskolo reformas. margaret teTCerma SemoiRo erovnuli<br />
kurikulumi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s winaSe dayenebuli saganmanaTleblo<br />
problemebis gadasaWrelad (Ball 2008). axali koaliciuri mTavrobis<br />
pirobebSic did britaneTSi mimdinareobs politikuri dokumentebisa da<br />
teqstebis axleburi reinterpretacia axali politikuri programebis<br />
miznebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, axali iniciativa – yvela<br />
skolam mimarTos mTavrobas akademiis statusis mosapoveblad. am<br />
107
mowodebaSi arapirdapir Cadebulia mTavrobis ganzraxva, romelic<br />
realurad gulisxmobs Zveli politikis axal iniciativad reinkarnacias,<br />
mTavrobis mier indvividualur skolebze pasuxismgeblobis gadabarebis<br />
survils.<br />
politikis procesebSi politikis Semoqmedi, politikis<br />
interpretatori da misi uSualo momxmarebeli, politikis sxvadasxva<br />
interpretaciisa da ,,interpretaciaTa interpretaciebis” momswrea (Rizvi &<br />
Kemmis 1987). amdenad, saganmanaTleblo politikuri teqstebi ar<br />
warmoiSoba arafrisgan. maT gaaCniaT konkretuli interpretaciisa da<br />
reprezentaciis istoria (Ball 1993). aqve logikuria vamtkicoT, rom<br />
politikuri teqstebi ar aRmoCndebian socialur Tu instituciur<br />
vakuumSi. rogorc teqsts, aseve mis mkiTxvelsa da im konteqsts, sadac<br />
xdeba teqstis anu politikis realizeba, yvelas uklebliv Tavisi<br />
istoria gaaCnia. politika ibadeba arsebul socialur garemoSi,<br />
romelic asaxavs adgilobriv sazogadaoebriv urTierTobebs. SesaZloa<br />
politikuri dokumenti ar iyos sazogadoebisagan logikurad da<br />
bunebrivad wamosuli moTxovnebis produqti, magram igi umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi aris socialuri realobis, Seqmnili politikuri,<br />
kulturuli Tu ekonomikuri viTarebis gamoZaxili. magaliTad, qarTul<br />
realobaSi, socialuri SeWirvebis fonze momxdari cvlilebebis fonze<br />
Seiqmna politikuri, saganmanaTleblo, kulturuli da ekonomikuri<br />
sferoebis reformirebis aucilebloba. saganmanaTleblos sferoSi<br />
Seiqmna saganmanaTleblo speqtris decentralizaciis iniciativa. Tavad<br />
idea momdinareobs msoflio bankisa da sxva donori organizaciebisagan,<br />
romelTa meSveobiTac daiwyo saganmanaTleblo reformis ganxorcieleba.<br />
Tavad reformis tipic nakanraxevi aris xsenebuli donori<br />
organizaciebis mier, da igi ar momdinareobs xalxis gaazrebuli<br />
moTxovnisagan. Tumca, arsebuli msoflio gamocdilebis fonze,<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobam mizanSewonilad miiCnia decentralizaciis<br />
politikis danergva qarTul realobaSi saganmanaTleblo sistemis<br />
reformirebis mizniT.<br />
108
(50) ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebi miznad isaxavda, erTi<br />
mxriv, kontrolis decentralizacias, xolo meore mxriv,<br />
centralizebuli standartebisa da zedamxedvelobis<br />
meqanizmis SemoRebas. korufcia saerTod aRmoifxvra sistemis<br />
zogierT nawilSi da Zalisxmeva ixarjeba skolebsa da<br />
universitetebSi swavlebis ufro maRali standartebis<br />
damkvidrebisaTvis. es uaRresad pozitiuri miRwevebia humanuri<br />
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. dafinansebis saerTo done<br />
kvlav problematuria. manam, sanam mTavroba imedovnebs, rom<br />
aRniSnul reformebs mohyveba Semdgomi gaumjobeseba<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebuli danaxarjebis mniSvnelovani<br />
gazrdis gareSe.<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) 2008: 54)<br />
politikuri dokumenti aris praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
teqstualuri intervencia (Ball 2008). magaliTad, saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikis SemTxvevaSi maswavleblebi da politikis sxva momxmareblebi<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi ar arian CarTulebi politikis formirebis procesSi<br />
da maT mier teqstis interpretacia xSirad gansxvavdeba konkretuli<br />
politikuri teqstis Semoqmedis miznebisa da zraxvebisagan. Sesabamisad,<br />
saganmanaTleblo politika xSirad problemas uqmnis maT momxmarebel<br />
subieqtebs, amitom interpretaciis problema unda aRmoifxvras<br />
konteqstSi, radgan winaswar SeuuZlebelia imis gansazRvra, Tu ra<br />
reaqcia mohyveba romelime konkretul iniciativas. aseve SeuZlebelia<br />
winaswar Tqma politikis realizators utovebs Tu ara politikuri<br />
teqstiT gansazRvruli moqmedebis CarCo Tavisufali manevrirebis<br />
saSualebas. magaliTad, erovnuli saswavlo gegmas didi britaneTis<br />
pirobebSi adareben ,,giJebis mosarjulebel perangs”, radgan ganaTlebis<br />
dargSi moRvawe profesionalebs, maswavleblebsa Tu direqtorebs,<br />
miaCniaT, rom igi maT ar aZlevs SemoqmedebiTi midgomis gamoyenebis<br />
saSualebas (Arnot, 1991). magram politikis Semqmnelebs es braldeba ar<br />
miaCniaT samarTlianad da miiCneven, rom erovnuli kurikulumi sakmaod<br />
did Tavisuflebas aniWebs skolebsa da maswavleblebs.<br />
(51) A good secondary school has effective teaching at its core. Teaching is tailored<br />
to the needs to individual pupils, with progress regularly assessed. The National<br />
Curriculum is not regarded as a constraint or a straitjacket – it is the foundation for<br />
a wide range of curriculum options and for a variety of learning experiences and<br />
109
styles. Successful schools know that learning continues beyond the formal day or<br />
week, with a wide choice of options and experiences beyond the classroom.<br />
(Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners 2004: 59)<br />
kargi saSualo skolisaTvis mTavari aris efeqturi swavleba.<br />
swavlebis procesi morgebulia individualur moswavleze da<br />
xdeba misi progresis uwyveti Sefaseba. erovnuli saswavlo<br />
gegma ar awesebs SezRudvebs da igi ar aris ,,giJebis<br />
mosarjulebeli perangi” – igi kurikulumis meSveobiT iZleva<br />
farTo arCevanis saSualebas swavlis stilisa da<br />
gamocdilebis TvalsazrisiT. warmatebulma skolebma ician,<br />
rom swavla grZeldeba swavlebis formaluri procesis<br />
damTavrebis Semdegac, rodesac saskolo klasis gareT iqmneba<br />
uamravi arCevani da SesaZlebloba.<br />
Tuki paralels gavavlebT, saqarTveloSi erovnuli saswavlo gegma<br />
dasavluri iniciativis Sedegad dainerga. igi miznad isaxavs ganaTlebis<br />
sferos reformasa da swavla-swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas,<br />
saganamanaTleblo standartebis amaRlebas.<br />
(52) saswavlo programebs qmnis axlad Seqmnili erovnuli<br />
saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri. yvela <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> da<br />
kerZo skola valdebulia, Seasrulos erovnuli saswavlo<br />
gegmaTa miznebi da daicvas gansazRvruli kriteriumebi,<br />
Tumca, saswavlo gegmebis 25%-ze gadawyvetilebas TviTon<br />
skola iRebs. miuxedavad amisa, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> Seafasebs skolis<br />
miRwevebs da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, monawileobas miiRebs<br />
swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaSi.<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) 2008: 49)<br />
saqarTveloSic erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mimarT araerTgvarovani<br />
damokidebulebaa. Cven mier 2008 wels Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom<br />
pedagogTa nawilis azriT, igi aris kargad formirebul instruqciaTa<br />
erToblioba, romelSic naTlad aris gamoxatuli miznebi, amocanebi da<br />
mosalodneli Sedegebi. nawili ki Tvlis, rom erovnuli saswavlo gegma<br />
ar aris morgebuli saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo konteqsts da<br />
saWiroebs daxvewas (Parjanadze 2008). magram aqac, didi britaneTis<br />
magaliTis msgavsad, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis SemqmnelTa mosazreba<br />
gansxvavebulia.<br />
(53) ... erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi<br />
Sevida. daxvewili erovnuli saswavlo gegma saSualebas iZleva<br />
110
moswavle skolas daubrundes, xarisxiani zogadi ganaTleba<br />
miiRos da Tavisuflad airCios momavali cxovrebis gza.<br />
(erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2010: 3)<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikur teqstze saubrisas aucileblad unda<br />
naTelvyoT, rom, marTalia, politikuri dokumenti adgens samoqmedo<br />
CarCos, magram igi ar zRudavs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas.<br />
interpretatorma Tu politikis momxmarebelma politikis mimarT unda<br />
gamoiCinos SemoqmedebiTi midgoma (Ball 1993). politikuri teqstis<br />
konteqstSi praqtikuli realizeba unda moxdes produqtiuli gaazrebisa<br />
da adaptaciis meSveobiT. politika, rogorc wesi, ar iZleva mkacr<br />
miTiTebebs, Tu ra unda gaakeTo konkretulad. rogorc boli ganmartavs,<br />
saganmanaTleblo politika warmoadgens pirobebs, romlebic qmnian<br />
samoqmedo arCevans. arCevanis arseboba gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiT<br />
socialur aqtivobas da ara meqanikur qmedebas. amdenad, saganmanaTleblo<br />
teqstis realizeba efuZneba gageba-gaazrebas, unar-Cvevebs, gamocdilebas,<br />
resursebs, TanamSromlobasa da, rac mTavaria, interteqstualur<br />
Sesabamisobas. interteqstualur SesabamisobaSi vgulsxmobT, rom xSirad<br />
politikis interpretatori Tu momxmarebeli analitikurad<br />
fokusirebulia erT konkretul teqstze, romelic aris ufro farTo<br />
politikuri diskursisa Tu diskursuli movlenis erTi konkretuli<br />
elementi, da mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba am farTo diskursis sxva<br />
komponenti teqstebi. es kidev erTxel aCvenebs fonuri codnis<br />
aucileblobas teqstis, ufro farTod ki – diskursis mniSvnelobis<br />
sruli da amomwuravi gaazrebisas. ideologiurad rac ufro<br />
abstraqtulia politika, rac ufro daSorebulia praqtikisagan, miT<br />
ufro Znelia misi praqtikul konteqstSi realizeba. es faqtoric xazs<br />
usvams konteqstis mniSvnelobas.<br />
zogierT politikur teqsts SeuZlia cvlilebebi Seitanos im<br />
pirobebSi, romelSic xdeba misi praqtikuli realizeba. magram arc erT<br />
politikur teqsts ar SeuZlia yvela garemoebis Secvla (Riseborough 1992).<br />
TumcaRa, rodesac cvlileba namdvilad xorcieldeba, am procesSi<br />
CarTulia Zala, romlis matarebelic aris politikuri teqsti.<br />
111
teqstualur intervencias mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba<br />
SeuZlia (Ball 1993: 13). magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom<br />
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi xSirad gansxvavebulia im savaraudo<br />
cvlilebebisagan, romelTa miRwevac romelime konkretuli politikis<br />
avtors surda. Zala, rogorc amas fuko (Foucault 1981: 94) aRniSnavs, aris<br />
produqtiuli.<br />
(54) ... relations of power are not in superstructural positions, with merely a role of<br />
prohibition or accompaniment; they have a directly productive role, wherever they<br />
come into play. Policies typically posit a restructuring, redistribution and<br />
disruption of power relations, so that different people can and cannot do different<br />
things.<br />
... ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi ar aris<br />
zestruqturul poziciaSi da ar gaaCnia akrZalvis an<br />
Tanxlebis martivi roli; rodesac saqme exeba am<br />
urTierTobebis efeqts, maT aqvT produqtiuli roli. rogorc<br />
wesi, politika aregulirebs Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis<br />
restruqturizacias, gadanawilebasa Tu neitralizebas ise,<br />
rom gansxvavebul adamianebs aniWebs gansxvavebul<br />
SesaZleblobebs.<br />
Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi sxva urTierTobebTan (ekonomikuri<br />
procesebi, codnis moculoba Tu sqesTa urTierTimimarTeba) mimarTebaSi<br />
ar aris garegan poziciaSi, aramed Serwymulia maTTan (ibid). Zala aris<br />
mravalwaxnagovani, interaqtiuli da rTuli fenomeni. saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikuri teqsti ver cvlis Zalauflebriv urTierTobebs, aramed<br />
xdeba misi nawili (Ball 1993). aqedan gamomdinare, politikis miznebs,<br />
teqstebs, interpretaciebsa da reaqciebs Soris urTierTmimarTeba metad<br />
rTuli xasiaTisaa. amitom, politikis analizi unda iyos ara<br />
SezRudvebisa Tu uflebebis Seswavla, aramed am SezRudvebsa da<br />
uflebebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis mudmiv cvalebadobis kvleva.<br />
amgvarma analizma unda moicvas agreTve politikis rogorc mTliani, ise<br />
lokaluri Sedegebis kvleva.<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizis gamoyeneba saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikuri diskursis kvlevisas sociolingvitikisa da<br />
eTnomeTodologiis kvaldakval iziarebs im pozicias, rom enis<br />
gamoyenebis procesi unda SeviswavloT socialur konteqstSi (Drew &<br />
112
Heritage 1992). werilobiTi da zepirsityvieri teqstebis diskursis<br />
kritikuli analizi diskurss ganixilavs ori saxiT: kritikulad da<br />
konstruqciulad. Cven viyenebT orive midgomas. Zalauflebis sistemuri<br />
asimetriebi mosaubresa da msmenels da mkiTxvelsa da mwerals Soris<br />
SegviZlia davakavSiroT stratificirebuli (klasobrivi) politikuri da<br />
ekonomikuri interesebis producireba-Seqmnasa da reproducirebasTan.<br />
instituciur konteqstSi diskursi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />
socialur producirebaSi Zalismieri urTierTobebis naturalizaciis<br />
saSualeba. es niSnavs, rom Tanamedrove kulturebSi dominanti<br />
diskursebi warmoadgenen im socialur formaciebsa da Zalismier<br />
urTierTobebebs, romlebic arian istoriis, socialuri formaciisa da<br />
kulturis Semoqmedni, TiTqos isini arian organuli da biologiuri<br />
aucileblobis produqti (Luke 1995). amdenad, diskursis kritikuli<br />
analizi TviTonve aris politikuri qmedeba, intervencia saubrisa da<br />
teqstis bunebriv dinebaSi.<br />
maRali tempis kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi cxovreba aris<br />
teqstis gajerebuli materia. yoveli cxovrebiseuli momenti CarTulia<br />
teqstSi. teqsti aq unda ganvmartoT, rogorc ena gamoyenebaSi, nebismieri<br />
saxis werilobiTi Tu zepirsityvieri ena, romelsac gaaCnia logikuri<br />
Tanmimdevroba da kodirebuli Sinaarsi (Halliday & Hasan 1985). Tuki<br />
bunebrivi enebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli niSanTa sistemebi aris<br />
komunikaciis nedleuli, maSin teqsti aris artefaqti, romelsac subieqti<br />
qmnis mniSvnelobisa da socialuri urTierTobebis formirebis procesSi<br />
(Voloshinov 1986). radganac teqsti aris intersubieqturobis momenti –<br />
subieqtebs Soris socialuri da diskursuli urTierTobebi – isini<br />
moicaven mwerlebsa da mkiTxvelebs, mosaubresa da msmenels, anu<br />
individebs, romelTa ganzraxva sakomunikacio ganzraxva TavisTavad<br />
cxadi ar aris meore teqstTan kavSiris gareSe. wera-kiTxva, mosmenasaubari<br />
damokidebulia interteqstualobaze, ganmeorebad sityvaTa<br />
wyobaze, debulebebze da Temebze, romlebic meordeba sxvadasxva<br />
teqstebSi (Fairclough 1992 (b)).<br />
113
yvela teqsti ganTavsebulia ZiriTad socialur institutebSi<br />
(ojaxi, skola, eklesia, samuSao adgili, masmedia, mTavroba da a.S.).<br />
subieqtebi iyeneben teqsts, raTa mniSvneloba SesZinon TavianT samyaros<br />
da ganaxorcielon socialuri qmedebebi. amave dros, teqsti agebs<br />
individs, miuCens mas adgils socialur konteqstSi da axdens<br />
mniSvnelobebis konstruirebas (Luke 1995). am mxrivs saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikuri dokumentebi winaaRmdegobrivia. politika rogorc teqsti<br />
mxars uWers Tanasworobasa da Tanabaruflebianobas.<br />
(55) ... Behind these headlines is a fundamental weakness in equality of<br />
opportunity. Those from higher socio-economic groups do significantly better at<br />
each stage of our system than those from lower ones – indeed, socio-economic<br />
group is a stronger predictor of attainment than early ability...<br />
(Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners 2004: 15)<br />
... am saTaurebs miRma imaleba ZiriTadi sisuste<br />
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis TvalsazrisiT. maRali<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri fenidan gamosulebs gacilebiT ukeTesi<br />
Sedegebi aqvT Cveni saganmanaTleblo sistemis TiToeul etapze<br />
dabali fenebidan gamosul studentebTan SedarebiT.<br />
namdvilad, socialur-ekonomikuri jgufi ukeTesi maCvenebelia,<br />
vidre sxva raime monacemi ...<br />
Tumca diskursis meSveobiT formirebuli socialuri realoba<br />
gansxvavebulia. didi britaneTis konteqstSi sazogadoebis stratifikacia<br />
sakmaod did problemas warmoadgens, radgan xdeba skolebisa da<br />
moswavleebis diferencireba, rodesac skolas xSirad irCeven ubnebis<br />
mixedviT, xolo skolebi ki, Tavis mxriv, moswavleTa seleqcias<br />
awarmoeben maTi sazogadoebrivi da socialuri klasis mixedviT.<br />
(56) Yes, we are New Labour. Yes, our policies and attitudes have changed. But<br />
there are no Old Labour or New Labour values. There are Labour values. They are<br />
what make us the Party of compassion; of social justice; of the struggle against<br />
poverty and inequality; of liberty; of basic human solidarity; and the day we cease to<br />
be those things is the day we keep the name of the Labour Party but lose the reason<br />
for its existence.<br />
(Tony Blair 1997)<br />
diax, Cven varT axali leiboristuli partia. daix, Cveni<br />
politika da damokidebuleba Seicvala. magram, ar arsebobs<br />
Zveli da axali leiboristuli Rirebulebebi. arsebobs zogadad<br />
114
leiboristuli Rirebulebebi. isini Cven gvaqceven Tanadgomisa<br />
da TanagrZnobis partiad, socialuri samarTlianobis partiad;<br />
Cven vibrZviT siRaribisa da uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg, Zireuli<br />
adamianuri solidarobisaTvis; da rodesac Cven SevwyvetT am<br />
RirebulebebisaTvis brZolas, Cven SevinarCunebT leiboristuli<br />
partiis saxels, magram ar gveqneba aranairi safuZveli am<br />
partiis arsebobisaTvis.<br />
werilobiTi an zepirsityvieri teqstis meSveobiT agebuli<br />
socialuri interaqcia qmnis diskursul movlenebs. romelime<br />
konkretuli teqsti SeiZleba gamoviyenoT romelime ufro farTo<br />
masStabis movlenis konteqstSi, romelic moicavs komunikaciis<br />
monawileTa Soris interaqcias. TiToeuli subieqtisaTvis teqsti aris<br />
ara ubralod is, rasac isini warmoTqvamen rogorc ,,bavSvi”, ,,moswavle”,<br />
,,studenti”, ,,maswavlebeli” an ,,mSobeli” maTi fiqsirebuli rolis<br />
Sesabamisad. teqsti aris komunikaciis is uSualo saSualeba, romlis<br />
meSveobiTac aris agebuli maTi socialurad konstruirebuli identuroba<br />
anu subieqturoba (Henriques et al. 1984).<br />
socialuri subieqturoba ar aris unitaruli an erTjeradi<br />
fenomeni. yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul konteqstSi Cven diskursSi vikavebT<br />
sxvadaxva pozicias da diskursic gvTavazobs SesaZleblobas<br />
gansxvavebuli, mravalmxrivi da hibriduli subieqturobisaTvis, romelic<br />
subieqtma SeiZleba SeaTavsos teqstobrivi konstruirebis,<br />
interpretaciisa da praqtikis procesSi (Lee 1992). subieqturoba<br />
teqstobriv praqtikaSi strategiulad formirebadi fenomenia, romelic<br />
yalibdeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis dinamikaSi.<br />
teqsti ar aris SemTxveviTi an spontanuri, arc izolireblad<br />
mdgomi erTeuli, romelic nulovani bazisidan iwyeba yovel diskursul<br />
movlenaSi. teqstebi erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli da exmianebian<br />
erTmaneTs zogjer sistemurad, zogjer – arasistemurad, an kidev<br />
avtoriseuli mizandasaxulobis Sedegad da zogjer ki SemTxveviTobidan<br />
gamomdinare. yoveli teqsti Sedgeba ganmeorebadi debulebebisagan:<br />
mtkicebulebebis, propoziciebisa da sxavadasxva sityvieri<br />
115
formulirebisagan. es debulebebi meordeba sxvadasxva teqstSi da<br />
ayalibebs interteqstualobas (Luke 1995).<br />
politika, rogorc diskursi, ufro metia, vidre faqtobrivi<br />
informaciis, miznebisa Tu zraxvebis semantikuri gamoxatuleba. igi<br />
moicavs rogorc ,,niSnebis formalur sistemas, aseve im socialur<br />
praqtikas, romelic ganagebs maT gamoyenebas” (... both the formal system of signs<br />
and the social practicies which govern their use) (Olssen, Codd & O’Neill 2004: 65).<br />
diskursi agebs realobasa da misi interpretaciisaTvis aucilebel<br />
konceptualur CarCos. sxvadasxva epoqas moaqvs sxvadasxva dominanturi<br />
diskursi, rogoricaa magaliTad neoliberalizmi Tu menejerializmi,<br />
romlebic umeteswilad gansazRvraven politikur teqstSi mocemul<br />
miznebs, zraxvebsa Tu Rirebulebebs (Lauder 1991). diskursi aris enis<br />
gamoyenebis da amdenad cocxali gamocdilebis sfero (Olssen, Codd and<br />
O’Neill 2004: 65). naTqvamidan gamomdinare, politikuri teqsti aris<br />
politikuri diskursis mier Seqmnili realobis semantikuri<br />
gamoxatuleba. politika, rogorc teqsti, exeba Zalauflebas, xolo<br />
politika, rogoc diskursi, asaxavs struqturas (Ozga 2000: 94). marTalia<br />
es ori kategoria erTmaneTisagan gasxvavdeba, magram mainc maTi calcalke<br />
arseboba warmoudgenelia (Ball 2006).<br />
rodesac vsaubrobT politikaze, rogorc diskursze, aucilebelad<br />
unda gvaxsovdes, rom struqturaSi mocemulia sazogadoebrivi Zala da<br />
sazogadoebrivi zraxvebi Tu miswrafebebi. subieqtebi qmnian garkveuli<br />
Zalis matarebel politikuri zraxvebis gamomxatvel mniSvnelobas,<br />
romlis interpretaciaze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva konteqsti. amdenad,<br />
politikuri diskursis analizi ikvlevs politikis Semoqmedi subieqtis<br />
naazrevs. politika da masTan dakavSirebuli iniciativebi axorcieleben<br />
Zalauflebas diskursis mier Seqmnil realobaSi. diskursuli praqtika<br />
etapobrivad ayalibebs im obieqtebs, romlebsac igi asaxavs. Sesabamisad,<br />
diskursi gansazRvravs, Tu risi Tqma SeiZleba, rogori interpretacia<br />
aris misaRebi. igi aseve aregulirebs, Tu vin, sad da ra ZalauflebiT<br />
SeiZleba isaubros. diskursis analizi ki ikvlevs yvela am komponents.<br />
116
diskursi moicavs ara marto mniSvnelobasa da azrs, aramed<br />
propoziciebisa da sityvebis gamoyenebas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom diskursi Tavad agebs interpretaciis CarCos da Tavadve<br />
gansazRvravs sityvaTa wyobasa da kombinacias. ,,diskursi ar emorCileba<br />
enasa da metyvelebas” (Foucault 1974: 49). metyveli subieqti ar saubrobs<br />
diskurss. piriqiT, diskursi ganapirobebs Cvens saTqmels. metyveli<br />
subieqti aris diskursis mier konstruirebuli subieqturoba, xma, codna,<br />
Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis produqti. metyvelma subieqtma ,,ar icis”,<br />
ras ambobs; metyveli subieqti ,,aris” is, rasac ambobs da akeTebs (Ball<br />
1993: 14). es ki niSnavs, rom metyveli subieqti asaxulia politikis<br />
meSveobiT da igi amave politikiT iWers misTvis gansazRvrul adgils. es<br />
aris sazogadoebrivi praqtikis, Rirebulebebisa da eTikis sistema.<br />
,,diskursi axorcielebs amocanebs da ikrebs Zalauflebas” (Said 1986: 152).<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikaTa erTobliobam SeiZleba moicvas,<br />
magaliTad, bazari, menejmenti, Sefasebis procesi rogorc ,,WeSmaritebis<br />
reJimi”, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi marTaven TavianT Tavsa da sxvebs<br />
(Ball 1993). es procesi emyareba rogorc WeSmaritebisa da mcdarobis<br />
efeqtis Seqmnasa da transformacias, aseve ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebuli<br />
problemebis mimarT mecnierebisa da ierarqiulobis gamoyenebas. aseTi<br />
saganmanaTleblo problemebi SeiZleba iyos standartebi, disciplina,<br />
swavlebis xarisxi, resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba da a.S. (Smart 1986).<br />
diskursis analizisas mniSvnelovania im cnebebis Seswavla, romelic<br />
dominirebs Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo diskursSi. (Cven qvemoT<br />
ganvixilavT saganmanaTleblo diskursis am dominant Temebs.)<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis, sxva nebismieri politikis msgavsad,<br />
interpretacia da danergva xorcieldeba namdvili brZolis fonze.<br />
magram mTeli procesi mimdinareobs cvalebadi diskursuli CarCos<br />
farglebSi. es diskursuli CarCo axdens interpretaciisa da danergvis<br />
procesSi arsebuli SezRudvebisa Tu SesaZleblobebis artikulacias<br />
(Ball 1993). politikis mkiTxveli, interpretatori da gamomyenebeli xSirad<br />
kiTxulobs politikas da reagirebs masze garkveuli diskursuli<br />
117
garemoebebis Sesabamisad. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom kiTxvisa da<br />
interpretaciis procesSi xSirad ar xdeba raime diskursuli praqtikis<br />
gavlenis sruli gaazreba. politikuri diskursis analizisas aseve unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT Sesrulebuli inteleqtualuri samuSao, romelic<br />
ganaxorcieles politikis Semoqmedebma da mxardamWerebma. agreTve<br />
mniSvnelovania fenomenic im subieqtTa, romlebic arian axali<br />
Zalismieri urTierTobebis beneficiarebi. amdenad, msjeloba aCvenebs,<br />
rom politikis efeqti aris diskursuli. ,,is cvlis Cvens xelT arsebul<br />
saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac gveZleva ,,sxvagvarad” fiqris<br />
SesaZlebloba” (ibid: 15). boli aseve aRniSnavs, rom politikas, rogorc<br />
diskurss, ,,xmaTa” gadanawilebis efeqti gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi igi<br />
gulisxmobs, rom mniSvneloba ar aqvs, vin ras ambobs an fiqrobs.<br />
mxolod garkveul individTa ,,xma” iZens azrsa da avtoritets.<br />
Tanamedrove rTul sazogadoebaSi arsebobs uamravi winaaRmdegobrivi da<br />
araTanmimdevruli diskursi, amitomac mniSvnelovania, rom am kompleqsur<br />
konteqstSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyos subieqtTa codna da miswrafebebic.<br />
Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, rogorc boli ganmartavs (ibid: 15), unda<br />
vaRiaroT, rom socialur politikaSi mainc arsebobs ,,dominanti<br />
diskursebi”. aseTebia magaliTad, neo-liberalizmi, menejmentis Teoria<br />
da Sesabamisad wamoiWreba sakvanZo Temebi, rac aucileblad unda<br />
ganvixiloT.<br />
Tanamedrove kulturisa da socialuri urTierTobebis gavlena<br />
komunikaciur qmedebebze naTlad Cans diskursis teqnologizaciaSi,<br />
globalizaciasa da internacionalizaciaSi (Fetzer & Weizman 2006). am<br />
faqtorebis gavlena aseve Cans politikuri diskursis<br />
konversionalizaciasa da profesionalizaciaSic (Clayman & Heritage 2002;<br />
Fairclough 1998). pragmatikuli perspeqtivis integracia politikuri<br />
diskursis kvlevaSi aris mcdeloba, kvlevam moicvas teqstisa da saubris<br />
warmoSobisa da recefciis (aRqmis) Taviseburebebi. am amocanis gadaWraSi<br />
CarTulia sami komponenti (Fetzer & Weizman 2006: 144). pirveli,<br />
komunikaciuri procesisa da komunikaciuri produqtis Sejerebuli<br />
118
statusis eqsplicituri aRwera. am etapze Cven vaanalizebT, Tu vin aris<br />
politikuri diskursis savaraudo mimRebi da rogor xdeba azrisa da<br />
mniSvnelobis Sejereba komunikaciaSi CarTul sxvadasxva individTa<br />
Soris. meore, pragmatikuli perspeqtiva ikvlevs diskursis Seqmnisa da<br />
gaazrebisaTvis aucilebel specifiur konteqstualur SezRudvebsa Tu<br />
moTxovnebs. am etapze aseve mimdinareobs kvleva, Tu rogor iRebs<br />
auditoria mosaubris komunikaciur zraxvebs. mesame, pragmatikuli<br />
perspeqtiva xsnis da aanalizebs konteqstze damokidebul mniSvnelobas.<br />
konteqsti ki moicavs komunikaciur movlenasa da qmedebaze socialur da<br />
sociokulturuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebas. igi aseve moicavs<br />
komunikaciis TanamonawileTa komunikaciur qmedebebs, rogorc mTliani<br />
komunikaciuri konteqstis Semadgenel komponentebs.<br />
komunikaciuri qmedebebis Seswavlis procesSi aucileblad unda<br />
mivaqcioT yuradReba perlokuciuri qmdebebisa (Austin 1962) da<br />
perlokuciuri efeqtebis (Searle 1969) dualobas, radganac igi<br />
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs a) ganzraxul da miRweul efeqtebsa da b)<br />
auditorias, rogorc mTliansa da msmenelebis qvekategoriebs, rogorc am<br />
mTliani auditoriis Semadgenel nawilebs (Fetzer & Weizman 2006).<br />
komunikaciuri ganzraxvisa da komunikaciuri efeqtis dualobis<br />
gaazrebis aucileblobas aseve xazs usvamen Ciltoni da Sefneri (Chilton &<br />
Schaffner 2002: 11), romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSireben politikuri<br />
diskursis mimarT pragmatikul midgomasa da diskursis analizs, da<br />
ganmartaven, rom perlokuciuri efeqti ,,... is of crucial importance in political<br />
discourse analysis in particular, because it points to the potential discrepancy between intended<br />
effect (that is, effect that some hearers may infer to be inteded) and the actual effect on the<br />
hearer” (perlokuciuri efeqti metad mniSvnelovania politikuri<br />
diskursis analizisas, radganac igi miuTiTebs SesaZlo gansxvavebaze,<br />
romelic potenciurad arsebobs ganzraxul efeqtsa (efeqti, romelic<br />
msmenels miaCnia, rom aris ganzraxuli) da msmenelze moqmed realur<br />
efeqts Soris). SesaZlebelia am kategorizaciis kidev ufro daxvewa,<br />
Tuki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT komunikaciur CarCoSi komunikaciis<br />
119
TanamonawileTa statusze (Goffman 1974; Levinson 1988). potenciuri da<br />
faqtobrivi perlokuciuri efeqtis arseboba gulisxmobs, rom<br />
warmatebuli komunikaciisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa met-naklebad<br />
specifiuri auditoriis wevrTa Tanamonawileoba, romelTac eqnebaT<br />
Sesabamisi statusi – komunikaciis monawileebi, romelTac ar mimarTaven<br />
da ratificirebuli monawileni. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba miviCnioT,<br />
rom diskursis auditoria ar aris erTgvarovani. piriqiT, igi dayofilia<br />
qvekategoriebad – ratificirebuli Tu ara-ratificirebuli, ubralo<br />
damkvirvebeli Tu uSualo monawile da momswre. politikuri diskursis<br />
SemTxvevaSi mocemuli qvekategoriebi kidev ufro mravalferovania.<br />
magaliTad, romelime politikuri partiis wevrebi, am partiis oponentebi,<br />
obieqturi auditoria, da bolos, SemTxveviTi auditoria (Fetzer & Weizman<br />
2006). politikur interaqciaSi myof ratificirebul TanamonawileTagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, politikuri diskursis sxva monawileebi pirdapir da<br />
uSualo gavlenas ver axdenen diskursis azrsa da mniSvnelobaze. isini<br />
aseve uZlurni arian komunikaciaSi gansazRvron TavianTi statusi. maT<br />
ubralod warudgenen politikuri diskursis saboloo produqts,<br />
romelsac SeuZliaT daeTanxmon an ar daeTanxmon. Tumca, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom politikuri interaqciis araratificirebuli monawilebi<br />
pirdapir gavlenas ver axdenen mTlian politikur komunikaciaze, maT<br />
mainc aqvT saSualeba, garkveul etapze gavlena moaxdinon auditoriis<br />
sxva wevrebis azrebsa da poziciaze (Ball 2008). amdenad, auditoriis<br />
sxvadasxva wevrebze gavrcelebuli perlokuciuri efeqti SesaZlebelia<br />
daukavSirdes im zraxvebs, romlebic gamoxatulia verbalurad an<br />
araverbalurad.<br />
kidev erTxel gavusvaT xazi im mosazrebas, rom politikuri<br />
diskursis sivrceSi auditorias ar gaaCnia pirdapiri gavlena<br />
mniSvnelobis formirebis procesze. auditoriis Semadgenel wevrebs<br />
saSualeba ar aqvT pirdapiri gavlena moaxdinon politikur teqstze.<br />
magram maT SeuZliaT reagireba arapirdapiri gziT, rac gulisxmobs<br />
politikuri diskursis Sesaxeb komentaris gakeTebasa da auditoriis<br />
sxva wevrebTan azrebisa da ideebis gaziarebas. swored am faqtorebis<br />
120
gamo, rogorc fetceri da vaizmani ganmartaven (Fetzer & Weizman 2006),<br />
Tanamedrove politikur diskurss mianiWes medirebuli (SuamavlobiTi)<br />
diskursis statusi.<br />
politikuri diskursis ormagi statusi ar Semoifargleba mxolod<br />
politikis diskursad Tu teqstad dayofiT. ormagi statusi moqmedebs<br />
komunikaciur movlenaSi CarTul aqtiur TanamonawileTa SemTxvevaSic<br />
(ibid). politikosebi, Jurnalistebi, politikis interpretatorebi Tu<br />
implementatorebi aseve arian Suamavali da sazogadoebrivi statusis<br />
matareblebi. maTi ormagi statusi aris erT-erTi gadamwyveti faqtori,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs maT uflebebsa da valdebulebebs. es ukanasknelni<br />
maT ganasxvavebs ubralo auditoriisagan. politikur sivrceSi<br />
politikosebs aqvT ufleba gansazRvrul garemoebebSi Riad daafiqsiron<br />
TavianTi arCevani – monawileoba miiRon Tu ara raime movlenaSi. magram<br />
risi uflebac maT ar aqvT, aris dumili. Tuki isini airCeven dumilis<br />
politikas, maT xSirad xataven, rogorc aragulwrfel da<br />
TanamSromlobis principebis winaaRdeg indicidebs (Fetzer 2002). ufro<br />
metic, miiCneven, rom isini ar asruleben TavianT movaleobas, rac<br />
gulisxmobs sazogadoebis informirebas saTanado formiT.<br />
diskursi, amdend, Sedgeba teqstSi ganmeorebadi debulebebisa Tu<br />
sxvadasxva sityvieri formulirebisagan. isini qmnian mniSvnelobis<br />
cnobad sistemebsa da codnisa da rwmenis sferos (Kress 1989). diskursebi<br />
funqcionireben erTianobisa da mTlianobis gansxvavebuli xarisxiT da<br />
gaaCniaT specifiurobis gansxvavebuli done.<br />
3.4 enis materialisturi gageba da diskursis Teoriebi<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizi, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, aris kvlevis<br />
multidisciplinaruli meTodi (ix. 2.4). Sesabamisad, masze gavlena<br />
121
moaxdina enis sxvadasxva Teoriam, romlebic aucileblad unda<br />
ganvixiloT, raTa naTeli gaxdes kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi.<br />
enis kvlevis sferoSi udidesi roli iTamaSa sosiurma. misma<br />
Sromebma mTavari gavlena iqonies struqturalistur tradiciebze,<br />
romlis mixedviTac garkveul etapze ena win uswrebs gamocdilebas da<br />
cnebebs Soris gansxvavebis warmoCeniT sacnaurs xdis samyaros (Saussure<br />
1974). Cveni mizani ar aris enis struqturalisturi Teoriebis detaluri<br />
ganxilva, magram, rac aucileblad unda vTqvaT, aris is, rom enis<br />
Teoriis am tradiciam sruliad uaryo idea, rom ena axdens individis<br />
gamocdilebiseuli realobis simbolizacias da diskursSi gamoxatavs am<br />
realobas, romelic mogvianebiT sxva individebisaTvis sacnauri xdeba,<br />
rogorc realoba (Codd 1988).<br />
sosiuri akritikebda enis imgvar gagebas, romlis mixedviTac<br />
sityvebi gamoxataven winare arsebul ideebs. igi aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda<br />
im mosazrebas, rom ena SeiZleba Semoifarglos mxolod saxeldebis<br />
procesiT. sosiuri amtkicebda, rom ena ar aris niSnebis statikuri<br />
erTianoba, romelTa meSveobiTac individebi erTmaneTs gadascemen<br />
informacias garegani faqtorebiT formirebuli ,,sagnebis” samyaros<br />
Sesaxeb (Saussure 1974). piriqiT, ena aris socialur praqtikaTa<br />
erToblioba, romlis meSveobiTac xalxi individebisa da sagnebis azrian<br />
samyaros agebs. Sesabamisad, sosiurma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava langi<br />
(langue – enis konvenciaTa (pirobiTobis) normatiuli wesebi) da parole<br />
(parole – konkretul situaciebSi mosaubris mier Sesrulebuli<br />
gamonaTqvamebi).<br />
enis idealisturi Teoriis sapirispirod sosiuri amtkicebda, rom<br />
enobrivi niSani aerTianebs ara sagansa da saxels, aramed cnebasa da<br />
bgeriT gamoxatulebas. sosiurs miaCnda, rom ena aris socialur ZalTa<br />
produqti. igi aris rogorc niSanTa SemTxveviTi sistema, aseve<br />
socialurad konstruirebul (agebuli) praqtikaTa (qmedebaTa) wiaRi. sxva<br />
nebismieri socialuri institutis msgavsad igi Seicvleba droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi, magram yovelTvis socialuri da droiTi limitebis<br />
122
farglebSi. aseTi limitebi, anu struqturebi, erTi mxriv, qmnian da,<br />
meore mxriv, akontroleben im arCevans, romelic gaaCniaT enis<br />
gamomyeneblebs (Saussure 1974).<br />
ena akontrolebs ara mxolod koleqtiurobis cneba, aramed droc.<br />
es ori faqtori mtkiced aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom yovelTvis arsebobs solidaroba warsulTan mimarTebaSi, igi<br />
ar zRudavs arCevanis Tavisuflebas (Olssen et al. 2004). Cven vambobT wigni an<br />
magida imitom, rom Cvenma winaprebma warsulSi Tqves wigni da magida. es<br />
faqti, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ar uSlis xels or antiTetikur Zalas<br />
Soris arsebul kavSirs. radganac niSani aris SemTxveviTi, igi tradiciis<br />
garda sxva kanons ar emorCileba da, radganac igi tradicias efuZneba,<br />
swored amitom niSani aris SemTxveviTi (Saussure 1974).<br />
sosiuris Sromebma safuZveli moumzades enis materialistur<br />
Teorias, romlis farglebSic termini diskursi moicavs rogorc niSanTa<br />
formalur sistemas, aseve socialur praqtikas, romelic marTavs am<br />
niSanTa gamoyenebas (Codd 1988). am gagebiT, diskursi iTavsebs ara marto<br />
enis mniSvnelobas, aramed enis gamoyenebis realur efeqtebs, enis<br />
materialurobas. Sesabamisad, ena xdeba ideologiuri. ideologia<br />
Cadebulia enaSi da ara simbolizeburi (Althusser 1969). imave azrs<br />
eTanxmeba kodi da amtkicebs, rom diskursi ar aris doqtrinaTa<br />
erToblioba an rwmenaTa da warmodgenaTa sistema, romlebic individma<br />
SeiZleba miiRos an ukuagdos (Codd 1988: 242).<br />
Ideology is inscribed in the discourse in the sense that it is literally written or<br />
spoken in it; it is not a separate element which exists independently in some freefloating<br />
realm of ‘ideas’ and is subsequently embodied in words, but a way of<br />
thinking, speaking, experiencing.<br />
(Belsey 1980: 5)<br />
ideologia Cadebulia enaSi im gagebiT, rom igi pirdapir<br />
Cawerilia an naTqvamia enaSi. igi ar aris damoukidebeli<br />
elementi, romelic ideebis samyaroSi Tavisuflad livlivebs<br />
123
da mogvianebiT ganxorcielebulia sityvebSi. diskursi es aris<br />
azrovnebis, saubrisa Tu gamocdilebis saSualeba.<br />
radganac xalxi monawileobs sxvadasxva diskursSi (politikuri,<br />
samecniero, religiuri), arsebobs mravali saSualeba, romelTa<br />
meSveobiTac igi aRniSnavs da warmoadgens am individTa gamocdilebas.<br />
magram es midgoma ar axdens diskursis subieqturi gamocdilebisagan<br />
izolirebas. piriqiT, diskursi Tavad agebs subieqtur gamocdilebas da<br />
subieqturobis konstruirebis procesSi warmoadgens materialur Zalas<br />
(McDonell 1986).<br />
rodesac vsaubrobT materialur Zalaze, aucileblad unda<br />
gamovkveToT enasa da ideologias Soris urTierTmimarTeba, radganac<br />
ideologia aris enis materialuri Zalis realizeba. ideologia moicavs<br />
yvela im saSualebas, romelTa meSveobiTac mniSvneloba axdens<br />
dominirebis realizebas (Thompson 1984). rodesac vsaubrobT diskursis<br />
dominirebis cnebaze, aucileblad unda vaxsenoT diskursuli Zala.<br />
mxolod enis materialisturi poziciidan aris SesaZlebeli vaCvenoT, Tu<br />
rogor axorcielebs diskursi Zalauflebis gamoyenebas. ena ar aris<br />
mxolod komunikaciisa da Tundac codnis instrumenti, igi aseve aris<br />
Zalis instrumenti. individi cdilobs, rom ara marto gasagebi gaxdes<br />
mis mier Sesrulebuli metyvelebis aqti, aramed mas surs, rom misi<br />
swamdeT, emorCilebodnen, pativs scemdnen da, Sesabamisad, iyos<br />
gamorCeuli (Bourdieu 1977).<br />
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, rogor SeiZleba ena iyos Zalis<br />
instrumenti, aucilebelia gavavrcoT Tavad Zalis cneba. garkveul<br />
doneze Zala Tavidanve SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc uxeSi Zala an<br />
SezRudva. Zalis cnebaSi ufro rTulia imis gaazreba, Tu rogor<br />
xorcieldeba Zala nebayoflobiT, anu ideologiuri hegemonia (Codd 1988).<br />
Zalis Seswavla suverenobisa Tu eqspluataciis TvalsazrisiT aris<br />
naklebad problematuri, vidre Zalis im formebis Seswavla, romelic<br />
aRwevs cnobierebaSi. Zalis es formebi normatiulad xorcieldeba<br />
124
komunikaciis struqturebSi Tu sazogadoebrivi realobis<br />
konstruqciebSi.<br />
Zala, romelic diskursis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, aris Zalis is<br />
forma, romelic aRwevs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela aspeqtSi da<br />
qmnis materialur pirobebs, romelSic individebi formirdebian rogorc<br />
subieqtebi da obieqtebi. es aris Zalis iseTi forma, romelic<br />
xorcieldeba sxvadasxva diskursis meSveobiT, rogoricaa magaliTad<br />
samarTlis diskursi, medicinis, fsiqologiis, ganaTlebis diskursi da<br />
a.S. (Codd 1988).<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> akontrolebs ganaTlebis<br />
sistemas, magram igi aseve cdilobs SeinarCunos Zalismieri<br />
urTierTobebi mTlianad mTels sazogadoebaSi. amis gamo,<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikasTan dakavSirebuli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s oficialuri<br />
diskursi (magaliTad kurikulumi, uwyveti ganaTleba, profesiuli<br />
ganviTareba, saskolo menejmentis Sefaseba da a.S.) aris is konkretuli<br />
sfero, sadac diskursi xdeba Zalis instrumenti da obieqti.<br />
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi diskursi moqmedebs sxvadasva<br />
doneebze. magaliTad maswavleblebs gaaCniaT TavianTi sakuTari<br />
profesiuli diskursi, rac dakavSirebulia pedagogiur praqtikasTan. es<br />
diskursi akontrolebs saklaso saqmianobasa da disciplinas. mTlianad<br />
saskolo procesebi ki aris diskursis distribuciis, konteqstze<br />
morgebisa da stratifikaciis aparati. kurikulumSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
diskursis garda arsebobs mravali Teoriuli diskursi, romlebic<br />
moicaven ganaTlebis fenomens, rac aucilebelia Zalisa da Zalauflebis<br />
realizaciisaTvis da gacilebiT ufro grZelvadiani efeqti gaaCnia<br />
ganaTlebis procesze.<br />
125
3.5 saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentis diskursuli analizi<br />
enis Teoriebis ganxilva aucilebeli iyo analizis konceptualuri<br />
CarCos Camosayalibeblad. Swored am CarCos farglebSi mimdinareobs<br />
Cveni kvleva. saganmanaTleblo politikuri teqstebis diskursuli<br />
analizis CarCos formirebisas aucilebelia kidev erTxel davafiqsiroT<br />
Cveni pozicia: rigi mecnierebis msgavsad (Ball 2008; Codd 1988; Olssen et al.<br />
2004), Cven migvaCnia, rom diskursi ar unda CaiTvalos rogorc mxolod<br />
,,teqsti” an ubralod sosiuriseuli langue an parole, aramed fenomenTa<br />
erToblioba, romelSic da romlis meSveobiTac mimdinareobs<br />
mniSvnelobis socialuri producireba. diskursi aris kompleqsuri<br />
ganzomileba, romelic efuZneba arsebuli politikuri Tu ekonomikuri<br />
viTarebis eqstra-diskursul pirobebs. eqstra-lingvisturi ganzomilebis<br />
Zala da efeqturoba udavoa, Tumca aucilebelia gamovkveToT, rom<br />
mocemuli eqstra-diskursuloba efeqturia mxolod diskursSi,<br />
diskursis meSveobiT, da sxva diskursTa fonze, romlebic gavlenas<br />
axdenen diskursis warmoSobisa da formirebis pirobebze (Olssen et al. 2004).<br />
am gagebiT, socialuri praqtikis analizi yovelTvis warmoSobs<br />
diskursuli analizis aucileblobas, radgan socialuri praqtika<br />
diskursulad aris realizebuli. Sesabamisad, politikuri diskursi<br />
ufro metia, vidre ubralo ,,teqsti”. politikuri diskursi aris<br />
dominanti diskursisa da socialuri praqtikis komponenti. maSin<br />
rodesac realobis materialuri wesrigi inarCunebs avtonomiur<br />
onTologiur arsebobas, epistemologiuri TvalsazrisiT, realoba<br />
yovelTvis ganxorcielebulia diskursulad. amgvari pozicia<br />
xelsayrelia, radgan igi saSualebas iZleva Tavidan aviciloT<br />
logocentrizmi da teqstualuri reducireba (Codd 1988). es niSnavs, rom<br />
Cven ar uarvyofT eqstra-diskursuli realobebis ontologiur statuss<br />
da aseve ar SemovifarglebiT teqstualobiT.<br />
diskursis materialisturi cnebis gaazreba aucilebelia diskursis<br />
analizis procesSi (Fairclough 1995). analizi ar unda Semoifarglos<br />
126
diskursuli praqtikebis, rogorc wesebis sistemis socialuri da<br />
politikuri analiziT. kvlevam aucileblad unda moicvas saubris an<br />
weris realuri SemTxvevebis teqstualuri analizi (Olssen et al. 2004).<br />
diskursis socialuri da politikuri Teoriebi aucileblad unda<br />
Seerwyas diskursis analizis lingvistur midgomebs. es moiTxovs kvlevis<br />
fokusirebas realur teqstebSi enis gamoyenebaze. aseve unda mivaqcioT<br />
yuradReba im urTierTimimarTebas, romelic arsebobs am teqstebsa da<br />
ufro masStabur diskursul da socialur praqtikebs Soris.<br />
fearklofis (Fairclough 1989) azriT, aucilebelia ena ganvixiloT rogorc<br />
diskursi da socialuri praqtika. analizs unda daeqvemdebaros ara<br />
mxolod teqsti an diskursis Seqmnisa da interpretaciis procesi, aramed<br />
is urTierToba, romelic arsebobs teqstebs, procesebsa da maT<br />
socialur pirobebs Soris. socialur pirobebSi erTiandeba situaciuri<br />
konteqstis uSualo pirobebi da garemoebebi da instituciuri da<br />
socialuri struqturebis ufro Soreuli pirobebi. diskursis analizis<br />
es aucilebeli pirobebi fearklofma (Fairclough 1992 (a): 73) asaxa mis mier<br />
SemuSavebul diskursis sam-ganzomilebian koncefciaSi:<br />
127
teqsti<br />
diskursuli praqtika<br />
(warmoeba, distribucia, moxmareba)<br />
socialuri praqtika<br />
nax. 4 diskursis samganzomilebiani koncefcia (Fairclough 1992 (a): 73)<br />
mocemuli grafis meSveobiT fearklofma scada gamoexata<br />
diskursis samganzomilebiani koncefcia, romlis meSveobiTac igi<br />
cdilobs sami saxis analizis Sejerebas: teqstis analizi, diskursuli<br />
praqtikis analizi da socialuri praqtikis analizi. mocemuli CarCos<br />
mixedviT, teqsti aris werilobiTi Tu zepirsityvieri enis specifiuri<br />
SemTxveva. igi diskursuli movlenis erT-erTi ganzomilebaa. meore<br />
ganzomileba moicavs socialur (politikur, ideologiur,<br />
saganmanaTleblo, religiur) praqtikas. diskursis, rogorc teqstis<br />
analizi fokusirebulia lingvistur movlenebze, maSin roca diskursis,<br />
rogorc diskursuli praqtikis erTi mcire nawilis analizi, scildeba<br />
128
teqstis lingvistur maxasiaTeblebs da ikvlevs teqstis warmoqmnis,<br />
distribuciisa da moxmarebis procesze. yvela es procesi aris<br />
socialuri xasiaTis da moiTxovs kavSirs konkretul ekonomikur,<br />
politikur da instituciur konteqstTan, romelTa pirobebSic<br />
warmoiqmneba mocemuli diskursi.<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis diskursis analizi SeiZleba<br />
efeqturad daefuZnos mocemul CarCos. is saSualebas iZleva moxdes<br />
diskursis sxvadasxva tipis diferenciacia da agvixsnas, ratom aris ena<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis kvlevisas politikurad mniSvnelovani.<br />
diskursis analizisas aucilebelia gaverkveT, diskursis romeli tipi<br />
dominirebs ganaTlebis socialur sferoSi da, amdenad, romeli<br />
socialuri praqtika aris ideologiurad Zlieri. diskursis kritikuli<br />
analizis erT-erTi mTavari mizania ,,teqstis denaturalizacia”, romelic<br />
iswrafvis Riad warmoaCinos, Tu rogor faraven teqstSi mocemuli<br />
reprezentativebi maTi statusisa da Zalauflebis wyaros (Luke 1995: 19).<br />
politikuri diskursis analizisas mniSvnelovania ara marto<br />
Temebi, romelic Cndeba da mkvidrdeba axali diskursis iniciaciis<br />
Sedegad, aramed enis semiotikuri aspeqtebi, radgan diskursis kritikuli<br />
analizi, rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, aris lingivstur-semiotikuri<br />
analizisa da socialuri urTierTobebis analizis sinTezi (ix. 3).<br />
amgvari sinTezis momxrea fearklofi (Fairclough 2001). igi asabuTebs, rom<br />
dasaxuli kvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia<br />
sxvadasxva socialuri analizis Serwyma.<br />
socialur aspeqtebze dafuZnebuli kvlevis CarCo gansazRvravs im<br />
cnebebs, gansakuTrebiT ki socialur praqtikas, romelic unda moicvas<br />
diskursis kritikulma analizma. erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli socialuri<br />
praqtikebi, erTi mxriv, qmnian socialur wyobas, meore mxriv ki, Tavad<br />
yalibdebian mocemuli socialuri wyobis mier. ,,axal droSi”<br />
formirebuli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> saganmanaTleblo politikis analizi unda<br />
daefuZnos globaluri konteqstis lokalur versias (Taylor 2004).<br />
129
diskursis kritikuli analizis CarCos semiotikuri aspeqtebi<br />
moicavs socialur praqtikebTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad semiotikur<br />
cnebebs – JanrTa, diskursTa da stilTa nairsaxeoba:<br />
• Janri – interaqciisa da urTierTmimarTebis manera;<br />
• diskursi – reprezentaciis manera;<br />
• stili – arsebobis manera, identoba.<br />
mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom es sami cneba erTmaneTTan<br />
dialeqtikurad arian dakavSirebuli, radganac ,,diskursi realizebulia<br />
JanrSi, diskursi danergilia stilSi, xolo qmedebebi da identoba<br />
warmodgenilia diskursSi da diskursis meSveobiT” (Fairclough 2003: 20).<br />
socialuri wyobis semiotikuri aspeqti aris diskursis wyoba, romelic<br />
TavisTavad aris is saSualeba, romliTac gansxvavebuli Janri da<br />
diskursi ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs.<br />
politikuri diskursis kritikuli analizi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor<br />
ukavSirdeba teqstis semiotikuri da lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
socialur interaqciaSi mimdinare movlenebs (Fairclough 2001: 240).<br />
socialuri analizi (teqstis eqsternaluri (garegani) urTierTobebi)<br />
Serwymulia semiotikur-lingvistur analizTan (teqstis Sinagani<br />
urTierTobebi). analizis am ori Sris Sedegad miRebuli<br />
interdiskursuli analizis ZiriTadi amocanaa gaarkvios, ra Janri da<br />
diskursia gamoyenebuli teqstSi da rogor urTierTqmedeben isini<br />
teqstSi.<br />
politikuri teqstis Seqmnisa da formirebis procesSi yovelTvis<br />
aris semiotikuri da lingvisturi arCevani (Taylor 2004). politikuri<br />
teqstebi aris ritorika da metafora, romelTa amocanac aris<br />
mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis moxdena. erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, rac<br />
aucileblad unda gvaxsovdes politikuri diskursis analizisas, aris<br />
politikuri teqstis ideologiuri efeqti, romlis mizanica cnebebis<br />
reprezentacia, urTierTdakavSireba da identifikacia. aseve saintereso<br />
sakiTxia, Tu ideologiurad rogor ageben da inarCuneben politikuri<br />
130
teqstebi Zalismier urTierTobebs. aranakleb faseulia politikur<br />
teqstSi warmodgenili Rirebulebebi. mocemuli sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad<br />
aucilebelia teqstis Semdegi aspeqtebis kvleva:<br />
• mTliani teqstis organizacia (struqtura, mag. Txroba,<br />
argumentireba da a.S.);<br />
• winadadebebis kombinaciebi (mTavari da damokidebuli<br />
winadadebebis organizeba da kombinacia);<br />
• sityvebi (mag. leqsika, kolokaciebi, metaforebis gamoyeneba da<br />
a.S.).<br />
teqstis reprezentatiuli bunebis eqspoziciis paralelurad<br />
diskursis kritikuli analizis mizania aCvenos, Tu rogor gansazRvravs<br />
da ganagebs teqsti mkiTxvelsa da msmenels da ra pozicias aniWebs maT.<br />
is, Tu rogor avxsniT politikis garkveul tipebs istoriuli<br />
perspeqtivis WrilSi, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli klasis, rasisa da<br />
sqesis realobebis struqturul formulirebasTan. politikuri<br />
dokumentebi asaxaven da gamoxataven am struqturulad formirebad<br />
realobebs. politikuri dokumentebi aseve mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben<br />
politikuri konsensusis legitimaciis TvalsazrisiTac (Olssen et al. 2004).<br />
politikuri konsensusebi naTlad aisaxa dasavlur politikur<br />
diskursSi. magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis dasavluri samyaros politikuri<br />
dokumentebi gamoxatavdnen liberal-humanistur reaqcias 1950-iani-1960-<br />
iani wlebis teqnokratiul diskursze. Tavis mxriv, 1980-iani wlebis<br />
keinsiseulma mzrunvelma <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m kraxi ganicada da daiwyo axali<br />
neo-liberaluri manitaristuli diskursisa da Sesabamisi<br />
msoflmxedvelobis aRorZineba, rac naTlad aisaxa mraval <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
politikasa da politikur diskursSi (Angus 2004; Arnot 1991; Power 2007).<br />
diskursis cneba Cven saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT im urTierTobebis<br />
konceptualizacia, romelic arsebobs individualur pilitikur teqstsa<br />
da farTo socialur da politikur sistemebs Soris. Tuki politika<br />
aris <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s diskursi, igi TavisTavad bunebiT aris politikuri da<br />
unda gaviazroT, rogorc sazogadoebis politikuri struqtura da<br />
131
politikuri qmedebis forma. kidev erTxel gvinda xazi gavusvaT erT<br />
faqts. Tu vaRiarebT, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s gaaCnia gavlena sazogadoebis<br />
sxvadasxva jgufebsa da seqtorze, maSin eWvgareSea, rom Tavisi bunebiTa<br />
da gavleniT politika aris ideologiuri. am naSromis xasiaTidan<br />
gamomdinare aqcents vakeTebT saganmanaTleblo ideologiaze.<br />
kurikulumTan, Sefasebis sistemasTan, adamianur SesaZleblobebTan,<br />
adamianur fsiqologiasTan Tu qmedebasTan dakavSirebuli ideologiebi<br />
gamoxatuli aris oficialur saganmanaTleblo dokumentebSi Tavad am<br />
dokumentebis meSveobiT (Olssen et al. 2004). magaliTad, meore msoflio omis<br />
Semdeg saganmanaTleblo sistemebs ganixilavdnen dagegmili ekonomikis<br />
teqonologiuri imperativebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebSic <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
Tavad axdenda sakuTari Tavis realizebas, rogorc ganaTlebis<br />
gaumjobesebis xelSemwyobi. mogvianebiT, 1980-ian 1990-ian wlebSi, sabazroliberaluri<br />
diskursis SemoRebam moitana mravali cvlileba, radganac<br />
ganaTlebis politikuri diskursi Canacvlebulia biznesisa da ekonomikis<br />
diskursiT (Gunter 2008). diskursis es axali tipi saganmanaTleblo<br />
procesisa da warmatebis radikalurad axal models qmnis. es<br />
redefinicia, cvlileba da transformacia aisaxeba ara mxolod<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis enaSi, aramed im procedurul politikaSi,<br />
romelsac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> uWers mxars. politika aq aRniSnavs nebismieri<br />
moqmedebis kurss, romelic ukavSirdeba miznebis arCevas, Rirebulebebis<br />
gansazRvrasa da resursebis gadanawilebas. amdenad, politika aris<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba da ena, romelic gamoiyeneba am<br />
procesis legitimaciisaTvis (Olssen 2004). Sesabamisad, politikis analizi<br />
aris, erTi mxriv kvleva, romelic uzrunvelyofs im informaciuli<br />
bazisis formirebas, rasac politika efuZneba, da, meore mxriv, arsebuli<br />
politikis kritikuli analizi. pirvel pozicias ewodeba politikisaTvis<br />
warmoebuli analizi, xolo meores – politikis analizi (Gordon et al. 1977).<br />
politikis es orgvari gageba gvexmareba politikis diskursis<br />
buneba gaviazroT mocemuli diskursis enis meSveobiT. sazogadoebrivi<br />
praqtikis doneze (politika da ideologia) politika ufro metia, vidre<br />
codnis roducireba. igi Tavad aris politikuri qmedebis forma. am<br />
132
TvalsazrisiT, saganmanaTleblo politika moqmedebs da efeqturia<br />
rogorc <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> doneze, sadac xdeba mocemuli politikis<br />
formulireba da interpretacia, da aseve skolisa Tu adgilobrivi<br />
konteqstis mikro doneze, sadac xdeba politikis ganxilva, gakritikeba,<br />
adaptireba, miReba Tu ukugdeba da implementacia-realizeba. swored es<br />
faqtorebi ayalibeben analizis CarCos, romelic politikis koncefcias<br />
ganixilavs rogorc teqsts, rogorc diskurssa da socialur praqtikas.<br />
3.6 saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi da misi integraruli<br />
struqtura: procesi da produqti<br />
politikuri diskursi xSirad ganixileba rogorc procesi da<br />
rogorc produqti. Tumca, vidre uSualod am sakiTxs ganvixilavT,<br />
aucilebelia gavarkvioT, ras asaxavs cneba ,,politikuri”. politikaze<br />
saubrisas am fenomens ganmartaven rogorc ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofs specifiuri ideebisa da interesebis dacvasa da<br />
praqtikul realizebas (Schaffner 1996). es procesi aris politikuri nebis<br />
manifestacia da konkretul socialur qmedebad transformacia.<br />
politikuri qmedeba mzaddeba da kontroldeba enis meSveobiT misi<br />
mudmivi TanxlebiTa da gavlenis pirobebSi.<br />
politikuri diskursis, rogorc procesisa da produqtis, analizi<br />
gulisxmobs enis konteqstSi gamoyenebis kvlevas, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
moiTxovs pragmatikuli principebis gamoyenebas. pragmatikuli principebi<br />
aucilebelia, raTa gamovavlinoT gansxvaveba pirdapir (sityva styviT)<br />
mniSnvelobasa da nagulisxmev informacias Soris. ufro metic, saWiroa<br />
pragmatikulma kvlevam moicvas im kognituri procesebis analizi,<br />
romelic aaSkaravebs komunikaciur intenciebs (zraxvebs) da axdens maTs<br />
Sejerebas. amdenad, mniSvneloba ar arsebobs ganyenebulad, aramed misi<br />
rekonstruireba xdeba interaqciis procesSi. enis, rogorc procesisa da<br />
produqtis, SemecnebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa imis gaazreba, rom<br />
133
lingvisturi sistema ar aris avtonomiuri, aramed igi interaqtiuli<br />
sistemaa, romelic dakavSirebulia lingvistur, socialur,<br />
sociokulturul da kognitur konteqstebTan (Fetzer & Weizman 2006: 148).<br />
,,pragmatika yovelTvis mgrZnobiarea konteqstis mimarT: igi Seiswavlis<br />
saganTa specifikas droisa da adgilis faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT”<br />
(Scannell 1998: 257). kvlevis pragmatikul CarCoSi ena aris socialuri<br />
qmedebebis, kerZod ki, komunikaciuri qmedebebis anu sametyvelo<br />
qmedebebis Sesrulebis saSualeba. ena strategiulad gamoiyeneba, raTa<br />
Sesruldes lokuciuri, ilokuciuri da perlokuciuri efeqtebi an<br />
warmoTqmis qmedebebi, propoziciuli qmedebebi da ilokuciuri qmedebebi<br />
(ix. 3.2). Cven veTanxmebiT skanelis pozicias, romelsac miaCnia, rom<br />
diskursis kvlevis mimarT pragmatikuli midgomis mTavari moTxovnaa<br />
kvlevam warmoaCinos ,,ndobis hermenevtika” (Scannell 1998: 258). ndobis<br />
hermenevtika, anu graisiseuli terminiT rom vTqvaT, TanamSromlobis<br />
principi da sxva maqsimebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben pragmatikuli<br />
kvlevisas, Tumca isini ver uzrunvelyofen diskursis srul da<br />
amomwurav analizs (ix. 3.2). TanamSromlobis principis maqsimaTagan<br />
komunikaciis procesSi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos<br />
xarisxis maqsima, romelic iTvaliswinebs mxolod WeSmariti debulebis<br />
formirebas. magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT (ix. 3.2), igi uzrunvelyofs<br />
mxolod mosaubris mier ratificirebul da ara absolutur an obieqtur<br />
WeSmaritebas. pragmatikuli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT aseve mniSvnelovania<br />
kidev ori maqsima. aris postulati, romelic mosaubrisagan moiTxovs ar<br />
gadmosces iseTi informacia, rac misi rwmeniT aris mcdari an kidev ar<br />
warmoadginos mtkicebuleba adekvaturi myari safuZvlis gareSe. es<br />
faqtorebi mocemuli unda iyos idealuri da gamWvirvale komunikaciis<br />
pirobebSi, rac socialur realobaSi, samwuxarod, iSviaTi SemTxvevaa.<br />
Tuki Cven gvaqvs aSkara safuZveli vamtkicoT, rom TanamSromlobis<br />
maqsimebi ganzrax aris darRveuli, bunebrivad warmoiqmneba sasaubro<br />
implikaciis arsebobis winapiroba. sasaubro implikaciis pirobebSi ki<br />
diskursis analizis mizania arapirdapiri mniSvnelobis moZieba, kvleva<br />
da analizi. eqstra-lingvisturi da meta-lingvisturi codnis sxva tipebi<br />
134
aseve SeiZleba gaazrebuli iyos, rogorc arapirdapiroba. arapirdapiroba<br />
ki, Tavis mxriv, komunikaciis Tanamonawileebisagan moiTxovs diskursis<br />
problematuri monakveTis rekonteqstualizacias, raTa maT moaxerxon<br />
mosaubris alternatiuli mniSvnelobis rekonstruqcia (Fetzer & Weizman<br />
2006).<br />
enis gamoyenebisa da komunikaciuri qmedebebis Seswavlis procesSi<br />
lingvisturi qmedebis Semqmneli da mimRebi ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT,<br />
rogorc analitikuri praimi (ibid). isini unda SeviswavloT komunikaciis<br />
CarCoSi maTi rolisa da statusis Sesabamisad. am CarCoSi mosaubre,<br />
msmeneli da auditoria yalibdeba maTi interaqciuli, socialuri,<br />
sociokulturuli da instituciuri rolis Sesabamisad. msmenelisa da<br />
auditoriis kategoria saWiroebs damatebiT diferenciacias<br />
ratificirebuli da araratificirebuli statusis TvalsazrisiT (ix. 3.3).<br />
Tanamedrove samyaroSi politikuri diskursi avlens fokusis<br />
dualobas, anu igi orientirebulia komunikaciur movlenasa da<br />
diskursis wyobaze (Fairclough 1998). diskursis kritikuli analizis<br />
mixedviT ki, rac araerTxel aRvniSneT, teqsti axdens socialuri<br />
sistemebis konstruirebasa da rekonstruirebas. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
Tanamedrove politikur diskurss, masSi, erTi mxriv, mocemulia<br />
profesionali politikosebis profesionaluri diskursi (romelTa<br />
gankargulebaSia Tanamedrove saSualebebi da personaluri Tu teqnikuri<br />
mxardaWera) da, meore mxriv, politikis gamomyeneblebi, romlebsac<br />
SeiZleba mieniWoT ,,nawilobrivi eqspertebis” statusi (Fetzer & Weizman<br />
2006: 149). rac Seexeba profesionalur politikur diskurss, am CarCoSi<br />
gaerTianebuli individebi atareben eqspertebis statuss da sargebloben<br />
avtoritetuli reputaciiT. eqspertis statusi interaqtiulia diskursis<br />
Semadgenel sxva sistemebTan – socialuri klasi, sqesi, kultura.<br />
135
3.7 neoliberaluri saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi da misi<br />
analizis sakvanZo sityvebi<br />
politikuri diskursis analizisas, upirveles yovlisa, unda<br />
ganisazRvros kvlevis sagani. mkvlevrebi xSirad davoben, rom<br />
saganmanaTleblo plitikis kvleva xSirad koncentrirebulia mxolod or<br />
ZiriTad Temaze: saganmanaTleblo Tanasworoba da saganmanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebebis marTva (Mitchell 1984). am debulebis formirebidan didi<br />
xani gavida da saganmanaTleblo diskursis kvlevaSi gamoCnda mravali<br />
axali Tema, romelTa kvleva qmnis diskursis analizis birTvs.<br />
Tanasworoba-Tanabaruflebianobisa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis<br />
marTvis gverdiT warmoiSva axali Temebi, magaliTad: swavla da<br />
swavlebis procesi da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis ekonomika.<br />
kvleva da analizi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba daiyos or nawilad: a)<br />
mkvlevrebi, romlebic dainteresebuli arian politikis formirebisa da<br />
implementaciis procesis kvleviT, b) mkvlevrebi, romlebic ikvleven<br />
konkretuli politikis Sinaarssa da mis efeqtsa da gavlenas.<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumenti ar aris ganzraxvis ubralo<br />
deklaracia. igi gavlenas axdens <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> saganmanaTlblo<br />
politikaze, warmoadgens faqtobriv informacias, miRwevebis Sefasebas da<br />
saxavs momaval prioritetebsa da miznebs.<br />
mocemuli politikuri dokumentis ena aris sakmaod formaluri,<br />
Tumca mkiTxvelis mimarT megobruli damokidebuleba teqstis<br />
struqturaSia Cadebuli. Txrobis formaluri stili SenarCunebulia<br />
mocemuli politikuri dokumentis mTels teqstSi da es Tanmimdevruloba<br />
zrdis politikur dokumentSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis mniSvnelobas.<br />
politikuri dokumentis avtori, Tu avtorTa jgufi zedmiwevniTi<br />
sifrTxiliT arCeven sityvebs, romlebic srul SesabamisobaSi arian<br />
neoliberalur saganmanaTleblo politikur diskursTan da asaxaven<br />
mocemuli diskursis Rirebulebebs. dokumentis verbaluri mxare<br />
gaTvlilia nebismieri socialuri jgufisa Tu ganaTlebis mqone<br />
136
auditoriaze. dokumenti iolad SeuZlia waikiTxos gansxvavebuli<br />
socialuri fenisagan gamosulma individebma, romelTac gaaCniaT<br />
gansxavebuli ganaTleba Tu profesia. Tumca, avtori, rogorc ukve<br />
aRvniSneT (ix. 1.4), sruliad ver akontrolebs, Tu rogor moaxdens<br />
mkiTxveli mocemuli dokumentis interpretacias.<br />
teqsti struqturulad aris gamarTuli, rac aiolebs mis wakiTxvas.<br />
mcire abzacebi, punqtebad mocemuli ideebi da iolad gasagebi saTaurebi<br />
gaTvlilia, rom iolad miipyros mkiTxvelis yuradReba da Caswvdes<br />
Sinaarss. teqstis Sinagani Tanmimdevruloba erTmaneTTan akavSirebs<br />
gansxvavebul Tematikas da uzrunvelyofs mkiTxvelis koncentracias<br />
kiTxvis mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi. TxrobaSi gamosWvivis enTuziazmi,<br />
romelic yalibdeba imis SegnebiT, rom mravali pozitiuri cvlileba<br />
iqna ganxorcielebuli da isic naTelia, Tu ra aris kidev gasakeTebeli.<br />
dokumenti iwyeba warmatebuli reformebis mokle analiziT, rac, ra<br />
Tqma unda, efeqturi dasawyisia da Tavidanve pozitiurad ganawyobs<br />
mkiTxvels. mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli warmatebuli reformebi<br />
zrdis mkiTxveli auditoriis ndobas. mocemul saganmanaTleblo<br />
dokumentSi avtori iyenebs pirveli piris mravlobiTi ricxvis<br />
nacvalsaxels ,,Cven”, rac miuTiTebs rogorc mTavrobis, aseve maT mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebisa Tu proeqtebis Sinagan Tanmimdevrulobaze.<br />
,,Cven” imis mimaniSnebelia, rom miRwevebi aris ara SemTxveviTi, aramed<br />
kargad organizebuli da efeqturi gunduri muSaobis Sedegi. politikuri<br />
dokumenti ganixilavs reformis calkeul etapebs. igi aris axali<br />
leiboristuli mTavrobis pirveli etapis Sejameba da acnobebs<br />
mkiTxvels, rom, miuxedavad ,,arasaxarbielo” memkvidreobisa, ,,Cven”<br />
(mTavroba, rogorc kargad formirebuli da organizebuli gundi)<br />
axerxebs problemebis daZlevas da mravalmxriv warmatebulia.<br />
politikuri dokumenti moicavs sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs. igi xazs<br />
usvams im faqts, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m gazarda ganaTlebis dafinanseba.<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi standartebis gazrda erT-erT mTavar prioritetad<br />
aris warmodgenili. aseve wina planzea wamoweuli ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
137
momuSave profesionalTaTvis wamaxalisebeli faqtorebis Seqmna. es<br />
iniciativa mocemul dokumentSi warmodgenilia warmatebuli marTvisa da<br />
liderobis erT-erT mTavar komponentad. dokumenti warmoaCens, Tu<br />
ramdenad siRrmiseulad aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli mTavrobasa da<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s TiToeuli mozardisa da axalgazrdis moTxovnebi da<br />
saWiroebebi. janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba eTmoba. calkeuli studentisa da moswavlisaTvis, iseve<br />
rogorc mSoblisaTvis, arCevanis Seqmna reformis mTavar upiratesobad<br />
aris warmoCenili.<br />
Tavad Txroba gulwrfeli da obieqturia. igi realisturad asaxavs<br />
ganaTlebis sistemis arsebul mdgomareobas. warmatebis enTuziazmiT<br />
savse aRweris gverdiT aseve mocemulia warumateblobis aspeqtebic. kidev<br />
mravali amocanaa gadasaWreli ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebuli<br />
problemebis dasaZlevad. miuxedavad garkveuli mimarTulebebiT<br />
miRweuli warmatebebisa, sistema kvlav ver asaxavs srulyofilad<br />
socialurad daucveli da SeWirvebuli axalgazrdebis interesebs.<br />
dokumentSi naTlad aris gaaanalizebuli is faqti, rom mowinave<br />
studentebze gakeTebuli aqcenti aseve mzrunvelobis miRma tovebs<br />
saSualo warmatebis maCvenebel studentebs, romlebic mTliani<br />
studentebis 40 procents Seadgens (Five Year Strategy for Children and Learners<br />
2004: 16). dokumenti aRiarebs im faqts, rom daxvewa sWirdeba mTlianad<br />
mTels sistemas, raTa moicvas yvela socialuri da ekonomikuri jgufisa<br />
da gansxvavebuli inteleqtualuri Tu gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone<br />
axalgazrdebi. dokumenti aseve xazgasmiT aCvenebs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s did<br />
dainteresebas swavlebis personalizaciasa da arCevanis gazrdis<br />
aucileblobaze, raTa sistemam moaxerxos daakmayofilos sistemaSi<br />
Semavali yvela individis interesebi.<br />
politikuri dokumenti, rogorc diskursi, gacilebiT ufro mets<br />
gamoxatavs, vidre Temebisa da problemebis ubralo CamoTvlaa. nebismier<br />
politikur dokuments gaaCnia ontologiuri da semantikuri Zala (Ball<br />
2008). mocemuli dokumentic ar aris gamonaklisi. igi gavlenas axdens<br />
138
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s saganmanaTleblo politikis formirebaze, romelic<br />
yalibdeba konkretul socio-ekonomikur da politikur konteqstSi.<br />
polituri diskursi, erTi mxriv, gansazRvravs, xolo, meore mxriv,<br />
ganmartavs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s rols.<br />
bolo aTwleulebi momswrea gansxvavebuli politikuri<br />
diskursebisa, romlebic TavianTi ideologiisa da msoflemxedvelobis<br />
mixedviT sxvadasxvagvarad warmoadgenen <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sa da individs Soris<br />
urTierTmimarTebas (Whitty 2002). aq aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg sabazro ekonomikam mtkiced moikida<br />
fexi, ramac safuZveli daudo msoflios masStabiT axali politikis<br />
formirebas (Kivisto & Faist 2007). bazari, menejmenti da qmediTunarionoba is<br />
cnebebia, romelTac safuZveli daudes neo-liberalur politikur<br />
diskursebs mTeli msoflios masStabiT. axalma politikurma diskursma<br />
uzrunvelyo ,,mzrunveli” <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s cnebis ,,axali menejerializmiT”<br />
Canacvleba (Angus 2004). Sesabamisad, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politikasac<br />
gansazRvravs ,,bazris principebi” (xazi Cvenia). Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom am politikaTa umetesoba savsea winaaRmdegobebiT da mocemuli<br />
dokumentic ar aris gamonaklisi.<br />
umTavresi sakiTxi, romelsac saganmanaTleblo politika exeba aris<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s rolis gansazRvra, romelic saganmanaTleblo politikaTa<br />
yvelaze seriozuli winaaRmdegobaa (Waks 2006). es winaaRmdegobac<br />
Camoyalibda dekadebis manZilze <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s transformaciis etapebze.<br />
umTavresi cvlileba, romelic <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> formaciam ganicada<br />
globalizaciis epoqaSi, aris keinsis mzurveli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s epoqis<br />
dasruleba da neo-liberalur ekonomikur politikaze kursis aReba, rac<br />
ganapirobebs, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ukve aRar aris ,,Ramis daraji” (ibid).<br />
globalizaciam moitana drois axali moTxovnebi da, Sesabamisad, axalma<br />
politikurma cnobierebam da diskursma xeli Seuwyo samewarmeo<br />
principebis, privatizaciisa da deregulacia-decentralizaciis<br />
politikaTa formirebas. decentralizaciis politika ganaTlebis<br />
sferoSic mTavar iniciativad Camoyalibda. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m moaxdina<br />
139
adgilobriv saganmanaTleblo erTeulebze Zalauflebis gadanawileba,<br />
romlis meSveobiTac isini ganageben biujetsa da marTvasTan<br />
dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxebs (Welsh and McGinn 1999). swored aq iCens Tavs<br />
pirveli winaaRmdegoba – erTi mxriv Zalauflebis gadanawileba da,<br />
meore mxriv, erovnuli kurikulumis, standartebisa da centraluri<br />
kontrolis SemoReba. Sesabamisad, inglisis konteqstSi erovnul<br />
saswavlo gegmas xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ,,giJebis<br />
mosarjulebel perangad” da ara saswavlo procesisaTvis aucilebel da<br />
xelisSemwyob CarCod (ix. 3.1.2). mocemuli politikuri dokumenti naTlad<br />
gamoxatavs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ZiriTad pozicias pasuxismgeblobis mimarT.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mzadaa ,,didsulovnad” (xazi Cvenia) gainawilos<br />
pasuxismgebloba adgilobriv saganmanaTleblo erTeulebTan, imis<br />
nacvlad, rom Tavad iyos mTavari pasuxismgeblobis matarebeli.<br />
marketizacia aris meore iniciativa, rac Tan moitana neoliberalurma<br />
diskursma. bazris principebze agebuli politika mZlavrad<br />
Semovida saganmanaTleblo sferoSic da igi gansazRvravs skolis<br />
marTvisa da dafinansebis meTodebsa da saSualebebs. saganmanaTleblo<br />
bazris amocanaa Seqmnas arCevani da konkurencia, romlis pirobebSic<br />
amaRldeba standartebi da qmediTunarianoba, rasac Tavis mxriv Sedegad<br />
mohyveba dadebiTi iniciativebi da maTi pozitiuri realizeba.<br />
,,globaluri codnis asparezze gamarTuli omis konteqstSi” mxolod<br />
saukeTesoebi moipoveben arsebobis uflebas, Tuki isini moaxerxeben<br />
,,servisis” nairsaxeobaTa efeqturad da profesionalurad miwodebas<br />
(Hasley et al. 1997: 176). Sesabamisad, codnis ,,momxmareblebs” (mSoblebi,<br />
studentebi da axalgazrdebi marketizaciis politikuri diskursis<br />
meSveobiT gaxdnen ,,momxmareblebi”) eqnebaT namdvili arCevani. bazari<br />
daaregulirebs sazogadoebrivi inkluziurobis sakiTxsac.<br />
marketizaciis mocemuli Rirebulebebi, romlebsac aq SevexeT,<br />
garegnulad sakmaod pozitiuria da gaTvlilia sazogadoebis<br />
keTildReobaze. Tumca mocemuli politikuri diskursi arc mTlad<br />
umtkivneuloa mraval sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. pirvel adgilze SeiZleba<br />
140
davayenoT ganaTlebis mizani da Rirebulebebi. marketizaciis CarCoSi<br />
ganaTleba iqca savaWro saqonlad – vin unda SeiZinos es saqoneli,<br />
rogor da ra fasad – mocemuli sakiTxebis warmatebiT gadaWra<br />
gadamwyvetia ganaTlebis biznesSi (Power 2007). marketizaciis amgvar<br />
pirobebSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs uxdebaT taqtikuri<br />
manevrireba, raTa minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimalur fasad gayidon<br />
TavianTi saqoneli, raTa sakuTari warmateba uzrunvelyon uaRresad<br />
didi konkurenciis pirobebSi arsebul saganmanaTleblo bazarze.<br />
maRali konkurenciis pirobebSi gadarCenis survili xSirad qmnis<br />
iseT konteqsts, romlis pirobebSic saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebi<br />
irCeven ,,Rirseul momxmarebels” (xazi Cvenia). saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikaSi arsebuli literatura aCvenebs, rom bazari privilegirebul<br />
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs saSualo klass da qmnis socialur<br />
araTanasworuflebianobas (Ball 2003; Brown 1990; Ozga 2000; Waks 2006). didi<br />
britaneTis pirobebSi xSirad kamaToben, rom saganmanaTleblo politika<br />
asaxavs ,,saSualo klasis” interesebs da akanonebs sazogadoebriv<br />
segregacias (klasebad dayofas). saganamanaTleblo dawesebulebebis<br />
arCevanis politika xSirad qmnis iseT pirobebs, rodesac realuri<br />
arCevanis SesaZlebloba aqvs sazogadoebis mxolod garkveul jgufs,<br />
romelsac gaaCnia ,,socialuri kapitali”, rogorc mas ueqsi uwodebs<br />
(Waks 2006). umetesad saSualo klasis mSoblebs SeuZliaT ganaTlebaSi<br />
kargi fasis gadaxda. Sesabamisad, bazaric mxolod maT miswrafebebsa da<br />
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs.<br />
sistema xSirad izolacias ukeTebs emigrantebs, eTnikur<br />
umciresobebsa da muSaTa klasis ojaxebs, radgan maTTvis ganaTlebis<br />
miwodeba ,,Zviria” da miRebuli Sedegebi ki sakmaod dabali. Tumca<br />
akademiuri moswrebis mixedviT seleqcia leiboristuli partiis erTerTi<br />
prioriteti iyo, araTanabaruflebianoba sistemaSi dRemde rCeba<br />
(Fitz, Davies & Evans 2006). mSoblebisaTvis arCevanis Seqmnis ritorika<br />
xSirad aris mcdeloba, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m dafaros ,,Tavisufali bazris<br />
pirobebSi socialuri seleqciis SemTxvevebi” (Brown 1990: 75). ufro metic,<br />
141
mocemuli ritorika mTavrobas saSualebas aZlevs Tavidan aicilos<br />
pasuxismgebloba ganaTlebis sferoSi da, Tuki wamoiWreba<br />
Tanabaruflebianobis an cudi saganmanaTleblo Sedegis sakiTxi, mxolod<br />
mSoblebi arian pasuxismgebelni, raTa maT gaakeTon swori arCevani. Cveni<br />
azriT, marketizacia, Tavisufali arCevani da konkurencia srulebiT ar<br />
aris saganmanaTleblo problemebis aRmofxvris saSualebebi. neoliberaluri<br />
diskursi ver uzrunvelyofs iseTi socialuri realobis<br />
formirebas, romelSic Seiqmneba saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis gadaWris<br />
pirobebi.<br />
amdenad, mocemuli dokumentis magaliTze, Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT,<br />
rom saganamanaTleblo dokumenti – rogorc teqsti da rogorc<br />
diskursi, gansxvavebuli fenomenebia. dokumenti aris Sinagani logikuri<br />
TanmimdevrobiT kargad organizebuli teqsti. igi agebulia neoliberaluri<br />
diskursis principebTan sruli SesabamisobiT. Tumca<br />
dokumenti savsea winaaRmdegoebiT, magram analizi aCvenebs, rom<br />
problema, rogorc wesi, aris ara teqsti, aramed Tavad politikuri<br />
diskursi, romlis wiaRSic xdeba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politikis formireba.<br />
konservatiuli partiis mmarTvelobis dros did britaneTSi 1979-<br />
1997 wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT 1986 wlis Semdeg, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi<br />
ganxorcielda ganaTlebis organizebis kuTxiT. axali kanonmdeblobisa<br />
da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politikis Sesabamisad cvlilebebi Seexo skolebs,<br />
kolejebs, universitetebsa da sxva saxis saganamanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebebs (Levin & Young 2000). yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo<br />
aqti iyo 1988 wlis aqti saganmanaTleblo reformis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
miiRes keneT beikeris ganaTlebis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mdivnad moRvaweobis dros.<br />
aqti gulisxmobda mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gatarebas saskolo<br />
politikis kuTxiT. misi meSveobiT dakanonda erovnuli saswavlo gegma<br />
da erovnuli Sefasebis sistema. momdevno mniSvnelovani cvlileba, rac<br />
am reformam moitana, iyo finansuri decentralizacia, romlis<br />
pirobebSic dafinansebas skolebi iReben moswavleTa raodenobis<br />
mixedviT pirdapir centraluri mTavrobidan yovelgvari Suamavali<br />
142
golis gareSe (skolis lokaluri mmarTveloba). axali reformis<br />
gatarebas undoda axali, Zlieri ritorika, romelic, ra Tqma unda,<br />
daufuZna axal neo-liberalur diskurss. beikeris politikuri teqsti<br />
axali saganamanTleblo diskursis meSveobiT socialur konteqstSi<br />
dasamkvidrebeli Temebisa da terminebis gacnobis naTeli dadasturebaa.<br />
(57) Raising the quality of education in our schools is the most important task.<br />
We need to inject a new vitality into that system. It has become producerdominated.<br />
It has not proved sensitive to the demands for change. This Bill will<br />
create a new framework, which will raise standards, extend choice and produce a<br />
better-educated Britain.<br />
Cvens skolebSi swavlebis xarisxis gazrda aris yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani amocana. Cven axali sicocxle unda STavberoT<br />
sistemas, radgan masSi dominanti pozicia ganaTlebis<br />
momwodebels ukavia. igi saTanado efeqturobiT ver exmaureba<br />
cvlilebebisadmi moTxovnebs. mocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqti<br />
Seqmnis axal CarCos, romelic uzrunvelyofs standartebis<br />
amaRlebas, gazrdis arCevanis saSualebas, ris Sedegadac Cven<br />
miviRebT ukeTesad ganaTlebul britaneTs.<br />
am sityvaSi beikeri cdilobs xazi gausvas SemoTavazebuli<br />
reformis Zlier bunebas. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda<br />
fundamentaluri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba ganaTlebis sistemaSi. igi<br />
gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebda axali saganmanaTleblo diskursis<br />
meSveobiT Semotanil axal cnebebze – decentralizacia, mSoblebisaTvis<br />
miniWebuli arCevanis ufleba, konkurencia. es aris ZiriTadi berketebi,<br />
romlebic axali ritorikis mixedviT uzrunvelyofen standartebis<br />
amaRlebasa da dasaxuli miznebis realizebas. beikeri cdilobs<br />
gamudmebuli xazgasmiT axali cnebebis damkvidrebas msmenel<br />
auditoriaSi:<br />
(58) The proposals I have outlined to the house today constitute a major change. I<br />
would some up the Bill’s 169 pages in three words – standards, freedom and<br />
choice.<br />
dRes Cem mier am palataSi warmodgenili SemoTavazebebi<br />
ganapirobeben mniSvnelovani cvlilebis gatarebas. mocemuli<br />
sakanonmdeblo aqtis 169 gverdis Sejameba SesaZlebelia sami<br />
sityviT – standartebi, Tavisufleba da arCevani.<br />
143
mocemulma aqtma daakanona cvlileba, romelsac dRemde<br />
ewinaaRmdegebian im motiviT, rom ganaTlebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
mocemuli iniciativa zRudavs arCevanis Tavisuflebas da sistema aris<br />
saSualo da elitaruli wreebisaTvis xelsayreli seleqciuri meTodi.<br />
konservatiuli partia uaryofda am braldebas da amtkicebda, rom<br />
konkurenciis pirobebSi skolebs mouxdebodaT swavlebis standartebis<br />
amaRleba, rac xelsayreli iqneboda yvela moswavle axalgazrdisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sakmaod TvalSisacemia, rom<br />
Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis Tema <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s oficialur<br />
debulebebsa da mtkicebulebebSi TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelyofilia.<br />
Tavis am cnobil mimarTvaSi beikeri erTi sityviTac ar exeba<br />
Tanasworobisa da Tanabaruflebianobis Temas.<br />
mSoblebisaTvis arCevanis uflebis miniWebis, saganmanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebebis mravalferovnebis, konkurenciisa da mmarTvelobiTi<br />
Zalauflebis decentralizaciis Temebi damaxasiaTebelia konservatiuli<br />
partiis saganmanaTleblo politikisaTvis. magaliTad 1992 wels<br />
mTavrobam gamosca sakanonmdeblo aqti Choice and Diversity: A New Framework for<br />
Schools. igi neo-liberaluri diskursis deklaraciiaa:<br />
(59) Our reforms rest on commonsense prinsiples – more parental choice;<br />
rigorous testing and external inspection of standards ... transfer of responsibility<br />
to individual schools and their governors; and, above all, an insistence that every<br />
pupil everywhere has the same opportunities through a good common grounding<br />
in key subjects.<br />
(1992: iii)<br />
Cveni reforma efuZneba saRi azriT nakarnaxev principebs –<br />
gazrdili arCevani mSoblebisaTvis; zusti testireba da<br />
standartebis gare inspeqcia ... pasuxismgeblobis gadacema<br />
skolebisa da maTi gamgeblebisaTvis; miswrafeba, rom<br />
nebismier adgilas TiToeul moswavles momzadebis done<br />
Tanabari iyos ZiriTad sagnebSi.<br />
rodesac vsaubrobT saganmanaTleblo politikur dokumentebze,<br />
mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad msgavsia gansxvavebul<br />
konteqstSi formirebuli saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis ena<br />
da, savaraudod, politikuri azrovneba, romelic asaxulia dokumentis<br />
144
enaSi. meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxia oficialuri diskursis rolis<br />
gansazRvra saganmanaTleblo reformis ganxorcielebisas.<br />
msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso fuladi fondis ZalisxmeviT<br />
metwilad xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac dasavlur kulturaSi am<br />
kulturisaTvis morgebuli reforma inergeba sruliad sxva konteqstSi,<br />
arc Tu iSviaTad am axali konteqstis winaswari Tanmimdevruli<br />
Seswavlis gareSe. sainteresoa, ra msgavsebaa britanul da qarTul<br />
saganmanaTleblo reformebs Soris.<br />
zogadi aspeqtiT, am or konteqstSi mocemuli saganmanaTleblo<br />
reforma msgavsia. qarTuli saganmanaTleblo kanonmdebloba Zalian<br />
xSirad asaxavs imave Temebs, rasac britanuli, sadac moxda mocemuli<br />
reformis formireba da institucionalizacia. orive qveynis<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursi asaxavs msgavs Temebs, rogoricaa<br />
konkurencia, arCevani, akademiuri moswreba da pasuxismgebloba. orive<br />
konteqstSi erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saganmanaTleblo<br />
reforma da ekonomikuri konkurentunarianoba. mocemul reformebs<br />
safuZvlad udevs winapiroba, rom saganmanaTleblo sistema veRar<br />
pasuxobs drois mier wayenebul moTxovnebs da saWiroa saganmanaTleblo<br />
sivrcis sruli reabilitacia. saganamanaTleblo diskursi mocemul or<br />
konteqstSi cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania profesionali<br />
adamianuri resursis arseboba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s keTildReobisaTvis.<br />
saganmanaTleblo dokumentebi xazgasmiT aCveneben, rom gazrdilia<br />
konkurencia <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta Soris da, Sesabamisad, Zlier ganaTlebis<br />
sistemas aniWeben udides mniSvnelobas mocemuli konkurenciis mier<br />
Seqmnili winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis procesSi. Tumca es konkurencia,<br />
rogorc amas ganaTlebis kuTxiT warmoebuli mravali kvleva aCvenebs<br />
(Giddens 1999; Power 2007; Waks 2006;), warmoiSoba globaluri interaqciis<br />
intensifikaciiT, Tavad globalizacia, rogorc cneba, iSviaTad, zogjer<br />
ki saerTod ar aisaxeba saganmanaTleblo politikis diskursSi.<br />
istoriuli perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT, ufro specifiur<br />
konteqstSi Znelia saqarTvelosa da britaneTis saganmanaTleblo<br />
145
diskursis Sedareba ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. britaneTi logikurad<br />
da Tanmimdevrulad mivida neo-liberaluri diskursis mier<br />
iniciacirebuli cnebebis teqstobriv realizaciamde, maSin roca, qarTul<br />
konteqstSi moxda mza diskursis pirdapiri danergva. aman gamoiwvia<br />
cnebebisa da Rirebulebebis swrafi gadafasebis aucilebloba da am<br />
reformaTa sruli gaTviTcnobiereba da, Sesabamisad, maTi realizeba jer<br />
kidev sawyis etapzea. inglisSi konservatiuli mTavrobis politikuri<br />
diskursi iyo SedarebiT Tanmimdevruli mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi mTavroba gamoyofda arCevans,<br />
diversifikaciasa da konkurencias, rogorc standartebisa da xarisxis<br />
gaumjobesebis ZiriTad berketebs (Levin & Young 2000). Tumca ar SeiZleba<br />
gadaWarbebuli warmodgena Segveqmnas britanuli saganmanaTleblo<br />
reformebis Tanmimdevrulobis Sesaxeb, magram erTi ram cxadia:<br />
konservatiuli programis ZiriTadi komponentebi, gansakuTrebiT aqcenti<br />
sabazro principebsa da sajaro Sefasebaze, namdvilad erTi mTlian<br />
reformaTa paketis Semadgeneli nawili iyo da ara Seqmnil garemoebaTa<br />
Sesabamisad spontanurad ganxorcielebuli iniciativebi.<br />
saganmanaTleblo reformebi garegnuli maxasiaTeblebiT SesaZloa<br />
hgavdes erTmaneTs, miTumetes, rom qarTul konteqstSi igi<br />
transformirebulia swored dasavluri iniciativis Sedegad, maT Soris<br />
didi sxvaobaa cnebebisa da Rirebulebebis doneze. sxvaobas ganapirobebs<br />
iurisdiqciasa da politikur kulturaTa Soris gansxvaveba, romlebic,<br />
Tavis mxriv, formirebulia istoriisa da instituciuri struqturebis<br />
mier. Tumca mainc arsebobs saerTo Temebi, romlebsac saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikuri diskursi farTod ganixilavs.<br />
Tanasworobis politikas mravali mecnieri ikvlevs (Arnot 1991; Angus<br />
1993; Hodgson & Spours 2006). 1960-iani wlebidan saganmanaTleblo<br />
politikuri diskursis kvlevaSi sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba<br />
Tanasworobis cnebas rasis, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri statusis<br />
mixedviT segregaciis sawinaaRdmegod (Mitchell 1984). Tanasworobisa da<br />
Tanabaruflebianobis politikis analizi aseve ganixilavs moswavle<br />
146
axalgazrdebis lokaciis problemas (Whitty 2002). moswavleTa<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT segregacia avtomaturad ukavSirdeba<br />
fiskalur uTanasworobas da mas gaaCnia mravali negatiuri efeqti.<br />
soflisa da qalaqis socialuri Rirebulebebis SeuTavseblobam Tavi<br />
iCina saganmanaTleblo politikur dokumentebSi. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> cdilobs am<br />
problemebs Tavi gaarTvas sxvadasxva saskolo reformis meSveobiT.<br />
teqnikuri ganaTlebis regionaluri centrebi, specializebuli skolebi<br />
da dafinansebis vauCeruli sistema aris saskolo reformebis is<br />
iniciativebi, romelic mTavrobam danerga Tanasworobisa da<br />
Tanabaruflebianobis problemebis gadasaWrelad.<br />
Tanasworobis sakiTxi, SeiZleba iTqvas, SedarebiT axali fenomenia<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikur diskursSi. samagierod, skolis marTvasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli problemebi iseTive Zvelia, rogorc Tavad sajaro<br />
ganaTleba. mimdinare problema aris gadawyvetilebis miRebaze<br />
Zalauflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis gadanawileba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ierarqiis<br />
sxvadasxva safexursa da rgolze. es ki mtkivneuli sakiTxia rogorc<br />
Tavad reformatorTaTvis, aseve politikis SemoqmedTaTvis.<br />
winaaRdegobebi, rac arsebobs im saagentoTa Soris, romlebic<br />
pasuxismgebelni arian sajaro skolebis marTvaze, intensiurad aisaxeba<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikuri diskursis analizSi (Ball 1990, 1993, 2006,<br />
2008; Berkhout & Wielemans 1999; Olssen et al. 2004). saganmanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebebis marTva xSirad ganixileba sistemis centralizaciadecentralizaciis<br />
WrilSi. mocemulma centralizacia-decentralizaciis<br />
CarCom gamoavlina sistemaSi arsebuli dilemebi. mTavari problema<br />
mdgomareobs im faqtSi, rom saganmanaTleblo sistema moeqca ganaTlebis<br />
sferos profesionalTa mier avtokratiuli kontrolis qveS, ramac<br />
warmoSva moTxovna, rom saganmanaTleblo politikam da iniciativebma<br />
asaxos ara mxolod elitis, aramed sazogadoebis yvela fenis interesebi<br />
da miswrafebebi.<br />
swavla da swavleba, marTvasTan erTad saganmanaTleblo analizisa<br />
da kvlevis uZvelesi Temebia. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi<br />
147
eqsplicitur politikaSi asaxva SedarebiT axali fenomenia (Ball 2008).<br />
amis Sedegad saganmanaTleblo politikis analizi koncentrirebulia, Tu<br />
rogor xorcieldeba saskolo kurikulumze kontrolis gadanawileba da<br />
rogor mimdinareobs kurikulumis specifiuri Sinaarsis Sesaxeb<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miReba. studentebis Sefaseba da testireba aseve<br />
moeqca uprecendento yuradRebis qveS da igi dRemde rCeba<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikis kvlevisa da qmedebis yvelaze<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi sfero.<br />
skolis personalis treningi da sertificireba bolo wlebSi<br />
politikis SemoqmedTa yuradRebis mTavari obieqtia. am or sakiTxTan<br />
uSualod dakavSirebuli Temaa individualuri maswavleblisa da<br />
saskolo mowyobis efeqturoba. es ukanaskneli bolo periodis<br />
saganmanaTleblo sferoSi warmoebuli kvlevebis mTavari obieqtia (Abu-<br />
Duhou 1999; Edwards et al. 2000; Evarard et al. 2004; Gaynor 1998; Hopkins 2001; Leithwood<br />
& Menzies 1998; Sharvashidze 2003).<br />
marketizacia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Temaa Tanamedrove<br />
saganmanaTleblo politikur diskursSi. saganmanaTleblo<br />
dawesebulebebis marTvis procesSi sul ufro metad Semodis bazris<br />
elementi. saganmanaTleblo institutebi imarTeba imgvarad, TiTqos isini<br />
arian Cveulebrivi biznes obieqtebi, romlebic erTmaneTis konkurentebi<br />
arian TavianTi produqciis momxmareblisaTvis miwodebis procesSi<br />
(Gorard, S. & Fitz 2000). es ar aris ubralo simulacia. magaliTad, umaRlesi<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi universitetebi valdebulni arian kerZo seqtoridan<br />
moipovon da gazardon TavianTi dafinanseba. magram mravali faqtoris<br />
gamo <strong>universiteti</strong> ar aris ubralo biznesi, radgan misi dafinansebis<br />
umetesi wili mainc <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> wyaroebidan modis.<br />
ganaTlebis diskursis teqnologizacia aris diskursuli praqtikis<br />
sferoSi intervenciis procesi. am intervenciis mizani da amocanaa<br />
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis wiaRSi diskursis axali wyobis<br />
formireba, raTa moxdes instituciuri praqtikisa da kulturis<br />
148
estruqturizacia. es procesi mimdinareobs diskursuli praqtikis<br />
xelaxali struqturuli dagegmarebiT.<br />
149
daskvnebi<br />
mocemuli naSromis mizani iyo warmoeCina enis analizisa da<br />
interpretaciis procesisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, romlebic<br />
aucilebelia pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis generaciis procesSi.<br />
pragmatikuli mniSvnelobisa da misi parametrebis kvlevis Sedegad Cven<br />
mivediT Semdeg daskvnebamde:<br />
1. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs pragmatikis kvlevis gansxvavebuli<br />
CarCoebi, gamonaTqvamis analizma aucileblad unda moicvas konteqsti.<br />
Cvens mier Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis<br />
generaciis procesisaTvis aucilebelia, rom konteqsti iyos<br />
konstruirebuli, limitirebuli da obieqturi. konteqstis<br />
konstruirebuli buneba warmoCinda im faqtSi, rom interaqtiul<br />
movlenaSi monawile subieqtebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen, Tu rogor<br />
ganmarton is situacia, romelSic isini arian CarTulni. komunikaciis<br />
monawileTa SeTanxmeba did rols asrulebs maTi uflebebis,<br />
valdebulebebis, Zalisa da avtoritetis analizisas. Zalaufleba ar<br />
arsebobs Sesabamis socialur monawileTa mier am Zalis aRiarebis<br />
gareSe. formalur situaciebSi Zalauflebis miniWebis procesi mkacrad<br />
aris dadgenili da izolirebulia yoveldRiuri interaqciisagan. rac<br />
Seexeba araformalur garemos, monawile individi Tavisufalia<br />
gaanalizos nebismieri saxis komunikaciuri qmedeba da moaxdinos<br />
sakuTari rolis redefinicia.<br />
2. kvlevam aCvena, rom sametyvelo qmedebis konteqsti aris mudmivad<br />
cvalebadi. magram interaqciis TiToeul momentSi SesaZlebelia<br />
Sesrulebuli sametyvelo qmedebis Sefaseba im konteqstis Sesabamisad,<br />
romelic agebulia interaqciis miznebidan gamomdinare. konteqsti<br />
icvleba ara mxolod imis gamo, rom araverbaluri qmedebebi an movlenebi<br />
iwveven realurad arsebuli garemo pirobebis cvlilebas, aramed imitom,<br />
rom Tavad sametyvelo qmedebebi iwveven cvlilebas konteqstis<br />
konvenciur maxasiaTeblebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstruirebuli,<br />
150
limitirebuli da obieqturi konteqsti gvexmareba sametyvelo qmedebebi<br />
ganvixiloT, rogorc konteqstis Semcvleli socialuri qmedebebi.<br />
3. diskursis sistemuri kvleva efeqturia enis materialisturi<br />
Teoriis farglebSi. materialisturi CarCo diskurss warmoadgens,<br />
rogorc niSanTa formalur sistemas da rogorc socialur praqtikas,<br />
romelic marTavs am niSanTa gamoyenebas. diskursi moicavs ara marto<br />
enis mniSvnelobas, aramed enis gamoyenebis realur efeqtebs, enis<br />
materialurobas. am konceptualur poziciaze dayrdnobiT, Cven vaCveneT,<br />
rom ena xdeba ideologiuri. ideologia enaSi struqturulad aris<br />
mocemuli da igi ar aris simbolizebuli. diskursi aris doqtrinaTa<br />
erToblioba, an rwmenaTa da warmodgenaTa sistema, romelic individma<br />
SeiZleba miiRos an ukuagdos.<br />
4. sametyvelo qmedebebis interpretaciis procesi efuZneba<br />
pragmatikul kvlevas. interpretaciis obieqti aris swored pragmatikuli<br />
mniSnveloba, romlis Camoyalibebaze mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas.<br />
Cveulebriv sametyvelo situaciaSi metyveli subieqtisa da adresatis<br />
parametrebi erTmaneTs Seesabameba. metyveli subieqti da msmenelis<br />
sakomunikacio aspeqti aucileblad emTxveva erTmaneTs. yoveli<br />
sametyvelo qmedeba gaTvlilia adresatis gansazRvrul modelze.<br />
adresatis presupoziciis dakmayofileba metyvelebis efeqturobis erTerTi<br />
winapirobaa.<br />
5. mocemulma kvlevam aCvena, rom pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis<br />
generaciis procesis analizisaTvis aucilebelia diskursuli movlenebis<br />
konteqstTan, realobasTan kavSirSi Seswavla. msjelobisas amosavali<br />
wertilia is faqti, rom diskursi ubralod ar asaxavs realobas. igi ara<br />
marto ayalibebs realobas, aramed akanonebs kidec socialur realobas.<br />
diskursis gareSe socialuri realobis arseboba warmoudgenelia. igi<br />
aris srulmniSvnelovani da srulfasovani materialuri realoba.<br />
6. pragmatikuli mniSvneloba ar aris avtonomiuri xasiaTis.<br />
marTalia arsebobs pozicia, romelic uaryofs avtoris cnebis<br />
aucileblobas pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis generaciis procesSi, magram<br />
mocemulma kvlevam aCvena, rom komunikacia, romlis erT-erTi saxeobaa<br />
151
saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumenti, aucileblad unda moicavdes<br />
rogorc teqstis Semoqmeds, aseve teqstis interpretators, raTa moxdes<br />
pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis srulfasovani realizeba da misi<br />
pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis generacia.<br />
• enis komunikaciuri funqciis analizma gvaCvena, rom komunikaciaSi<br />
monawile individs gaaCnia arapirdapir gamoxatuli informaciisa<br />
Tu gzavnilis saTanadod interpretaciis SesaZlebloba.<br />
komunikanti individis es SesaZlebloba emyareba komunikaciis<br />
aqtamde arsebul fonur codnas, anu codnis struqturebs. es<br />
struqturebi funqcionireben, rogorc arsebuli winare<br />
gamocdilebidan SeZenili komunikaciaSi monawile individis<br />
nacnobi sakomunikacio modelebi, romlebsac komunikanti<br />
gamoiyenebs axali gamocdilebis gaazrebisa da interpretaciis<br />
procesSi.<br />
• saganamanaTleblo politika sametyvelo qmedebis Teoriis<br />
Sesabamisad unda warmovadginoT, rogorc erTi mTliani<br />
globaluri performativi. mniSvnelovani winapiroba, rac unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT ara marto saganmanaTleblo, aramed zogadad<br />
politikis analizisas aris politikuri dokumentebis or aspeqtSi<br />
ganxilva – politika rogorc teqsti da rogorc diskursi.<br />
politika, rogorc teqsti aris socialur konteqstSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli teqstualuri intervencia. diskursi ki<br />
warmoadgens socialur konteqsts da misi interpretaciisaTvis<br />
aucilebel konceptualur CarCos.<br />
• saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc<br />
britanul, aseve qarTul konteqstSi, maswavleblebi da politikis<br />
sxva momxmareblebi umetes SemTxvevaSi ar arian CarTulebi<br />
politikis formirebis procesSi da maT mier teqstis<br />
interpretacia xSirad gansxvavdeba konkretuli politikuri<br />
teqstis Semoqmedis miznebisa da zraxvebisagan.<br />
7. mocemulma kvlevam aCvena, rom analizi ar unda Semoifarglos<br />
diskursuli praqtikebis, rogorc wesebis sistemis socialuri da<br />
152
politikuri analiziT. man aucileblad unda moicvas saubris an weris<br />
realuri SemTxvevebis teqstualuri analizi. diskursis socialuri da<br />
politikuri Teoriebi aucileblad unda Seerwyas diskursis analizis<br />
lingvistur midgomebs. es moiTxovs kvlevis fokusirebas realur<br />
teqstebSi enis gamoyenebaze. aseve unda mivaqcioT yuradReba im<br />
urTierTimimarTebas, romelic arsebobs am teqstebsa da ufro masStabur<br />
diskursul da socialur praqtikebs Soris.<br />
8. saganmanaTleblo politikuri dokumentebis mixedviT, britanuli<br />
da qarTuli saganmanaTleblo reformebi garegnuli maxasiaTeblebiT<br />
SesaZloa hgavdes erTmaneTs, miTumetes, rom qarTul konteqstSi neoliberaluri<br />
saganmanaTleblo politika transformirebulia swored<br />
dasavluri iniciativis Sedegad. TumcaRa, maT Soris didi sxvaobaa<br />
cnebebisa da Rirebulebebis doneze. sxvaobas ganapirobebs iurisdiqciasa<br />
da politikur kulturaTa Soris gansxvaveba, romlebic Tavis mxriv<br />
formirebulia istoriisa da instituciuri struqturebis mier. Tumca,<br />
mainc arsebobs saerTo Temebi, romlebsac saganmanaTleblo politikuri<br />
diskursi farTod ganixilavs.<br />
153
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