The variable valve timing mechanism f ~ r the Rover K 16 engine ...

The variable valve timing mechanism f ~r the
Rover K 16 engine
Part 2: application to the engine and tlre
performance obtained
P H Parker*
Rover Group Limited. Warwick. UK
Abstract: Pnrt I of this paper desi:ri!)ed the principles and basic design (,I' (he Rover variable valve
timing system (VVC). This second p:.:~.: describes in detail the mechanical Jc!: gn which was developed
to suit the particular requiren1enl.i ..I' the planned 1.8 litre version of iil~: Rover K 16 engine. The
testlng programme undertaken tc: .::,~.~blish durability and prove the 1:; o.iuct is covered and the
performance obtained from the VVL.' 1:ngine is compared with the corre.~~.;:~~ding base engine uhich
uses standard valve gear.
: .
Keywords: variable valve tirninp. \:ifC
NOTATION
AFR
ATDC
BDC
b.nl.e.p.
EC I,:
I C'C
I L'O
M'OT
air-fuel ratio
after top dead centre (deg)
bottom dead centre
brake mean efkctive pressure (bail
electronic control unit
inlet vaLve closing
inlet valve opening
wide open throttle
Part I of this paper [I] described the prie~cii,.les of the
operation and introduced the chosen arral,;r!.~i:ent of the
mechanisms for the variable vi~lve timing s>\:.:in used on
the VVC version of the Rover 1.8 litre K 1:) ~.igi~ie.
The particular inlet valve timine requiicl .it a given
enpne condition is obtained b? v~rrying il!~ angular
velocity ratio of the cams relative to the tniine crankshaft
as they rotate. The amplitude and pl1;ise of this
cyclic variation is adjusted to change the , r: ing. Each
cylinder requires an individual mechanisnl 1:) synchronize
with the engine firing order and a:; c.t,llained in
rekrence [I] the compact desien of the V. ,:;..lies engine
led to a decision to 'iltuate one double variable mcchanism
on each cr:d a!id use the exhaust canishaft as .1
layshaft to take thc tl~ive to the rear mechanism. Evcn
then the space avall,.lile is restricted both radially and
axially. which mad..: ~I-it: design and de~elopment of ttic
system wry challer:gii~g.
Figure I is a plan ilciv ol' the camshaft drive and tlit:
VVC arrangement 1 1 the engine. which shows how tl?c
mechanisms have 1:;.11 fitted into the space. Figure 7 11;
an exploded ison1c.r; ;L view of the rear double ect-entrlc
unit and Fig. ? is 'I jll~otograph of the engine cylind,.:~.
head sectioned I'or i: . ... bition. These three lig~~res c:ln I>c
studied in conjunc~l .I;: \r it11 the following notes. xvhic:l~
list the main mecl..!.t:i..~l design featul-es:
I. The double c.L,c.:t:3~tric units have been made ;IS
compact as i:,.- lble in the axial direction hy
arranging for +:ci:iiponents to overlap each othc:r
where possibl'. I'his can be seen in Fig. 2. TI!:.
various cut-ou:?; III the components. which allow lor
the relative PII>I;..~II. have been desiened to clc;~r
within the clic,j::!~ range of valve per~od atljustme:)t.
7. The front and [c::r ;~ssemblies are similar but n;lt
identical. The I :!(:t that the two ussemhlles ;irt.
opposite-hand

cuolsJa\ pag~po~~~ illuanhasqns lnq .uS!sap II?!~IUI
XI) u! paq!sacl% 2-12.11 XII~UJ asnq 21j: LUOJJ slsddal
s!lnl:~piq aql .Su!~l:>q Jl:aJ aql lo ap!s qx:a uo
pall:nl!s sasyj palcslpap uo uayI:1 s! lC:n-1q1 ]~I:L~SNII:~
a111 aJaqm au!Zua asvq aql LUOJ~ S J ~ J I s!ql ~ 'pl:a~l
J J ~ U I aq) ~ ~ J 01 110 palloq s! qyqm .Ja!JJns ulns aql
u! palnnl!s sd1:s Zu!~l:nq ~addn all1 uo il~~:np!h!pu!
uay1:1 3q 01 a21:q sp1:01 lsnJq1 ~I:IXI? 241 flu>"
-odti~os a11:.11:das ~JI: J ~ ~ L I I I qsi:a , ~ I JOJ S~JI:~SLLII?J
I ~ U I >q1 asni?Jaa .au!Sua asvq aql JOJ sr: a1ui:s
aql .illx:xas! s!ql '~apu!lLn qx:a ~IIM pai~?~~ossr:
stuns OM] aq1 U33M13q pa11!1il!s S ~ U I J I : PJI:PUI:IS ~ ~
aql uo .Klis>~ip ua>ll?l aJr: sp1:ol SuIleJado aqch aql .i
'UOlU1U03 all? S>l.lOlq a!Jp pUV s~u!JI?~~ 'S~UIJ aAIJp
aql .Ja.za.Mnlg .S~JI:~SLUI:~ pur: samqs IOJ~UO~ 'SIJI:~S
aA!Jp ~ndc! .!;Su!snoq JI:~J ~ U C IUOJ~ aql uaatnlaq

-lii~iso13~11:~ JO ~SIULJ aq1 pul: Su!uado a.1lc.l jo 1~1:ls aql
11>a+\laq aLu!l all1 jo o11c1 aql Z1111:?lns1~;7 .ilsn~nuiluo:,
Cq ;],)g 241 UI pa~nsl?au~ SI Su!l~a? po~~ad a.\ll:A aql
.mylns plnom lualsis lo~luo:,
~~C]LLI!> .L~>,\I)~IJJ e 1733 aql ~ o1!11.11!~0311?
j alqcl!ns e jn
~~~ai~~dola.\>p 1111~~1:~ ?(q 11:ql pull ~ ~ I I S Iaq I [ IOU p1nn.m
\;1.43,71s ~OJJLIO~ aq) anow o) o.\:>.: asuodsa~ 1s1:j i~a,\
I: lnql psp!sap aJqaJayl sn.n 11 'li~~:lsu! Lur! la 2ulrno\i
JII! Jo lunolun 1snl3c aql saq3)cul .i[~adn~d .i~a~llap lanj
aql Ir:Lll ~ U I ? a~ib~ol au~a'ul jc' ssol lul:ny!uii!s ou s! aJaq1
pap!.%o~d .slu~!su~:~) 1s1:j du!~np passcd aJ1: sal!s ~I?LU aq)
$11 d.315 Ill i()31?~5 UfCL115J 01 .\JI:cs;);I~u'J;).\S.nOl/ ')OU Sl
11 '13~11?1 JO sm~sap on) U!L(l!\\ S! Sl.!;ll.'s p01Jad a.%lP.\ aq)
jo .isl:~nssl: pa~!nt>a~ aql i?u!uun~ ?1l11s ipnals au!~na
.aJnssa~d 2]l?lQSqc pl~lIUl?lllaJlII
pus paads .iq pa~1!1ap S ~IIS uasoll:~ 11: sanl1:.2 jo dc~u r
51: ,233 "1 UI pax'ls "I? puC lu"lld"l"4ap uolss!ula pL11:
~~LII:LUJOJJ~~ au!8ua iiul~np paz!~u!ldo aJI: si?u!llas asaql
.pl?nl pull paads au!8ua qx:a II? pollad az(r.\ p~J!nha~
aql 12s ol sl!un 3,l~ aql u! sa\;lal< IC)J~UO>
L L I ~ ~ Z ~UJLLI~~~I:LII?LU
. ~ S
~ L I I ~ ~ L I a ~ \ .'11l o ~ JO UO!SJ~.A .nau v
2111 SUOI~ISO~
'UO!l3aS IXJU 3ql Ul lj1?1;3P Ul P2qIJ3SJ1)
51 LLIJIS~S IOJ~UO~ pa11:1nosse aql .~JI:I~S s~ql ~U!~I:~OJ
.iq palsnrpc s! 2u!u11l aA1e.h aq,~ 'p1:aq J~LIIII(~
st11 ,10 qj3ual aql SLI~J q314.n ~11?11s 1: uo pau110~1
S J I ? iq ~ ~ ~ ~ Z I L I O J ~ ~ all? U ~ Sa.\aalS S \OJlUO.7 OM1 2qL 'f 1
-saiiucy 3 uaa.wlaq sal!ul 000 99
-10 y11 e l~u~~ad nl sapoJ1sala qloq uo sd11 ~unr~!lcld
aieq pa!j!3ads siinlcl y~nds nyl .ayo~ls lsnl?qxa
aql ;iu~~np y~l?ds pa1sl:m I: sa~ldur! L(?I~A\ '~aqlaftnl
al!i [lo.> YJI?~ uo "nld y~cds o.\\l aql .J"PO.-IU~
I.~I:~S~UI?JJ aql UIOJJ luaun:, uo!sua] ~ o aql 1 jo :
iiu!r1-71!.ns aq) SXUII LU~IS~S I U ~ U I ~ ~ ~ I au!i?u:, : U I ~ a111 ~
.f ~UI: ; s~apuI1.i~ J O ~ Jaqlo aql 'p put: I s~apu!l,i"
JOJ XIO 's1!onndlno alqnop sasn s~qj. 'a?!Jp
~o~nq~~ls~p ayl all:ulul!la pu17 aulfiua 3.4~ aql uo
UO!~!U~! 133JIJl 93nr)OJ)Ul 0) T)ap!33p SI:M 11 S111I11JlS
-uo.> 2u!iil?y3cd alJ!qaA 01 anp .11sq paqlool JI?~J
3~11 jo p~1:oqlno s~q) lunolu ol alqlrsod nq plno~
JIILI,~ '?)nqs1111:.-1 IJIUI a41 lo pu2 ?LI~ uo pa~u~io~u
.~nlnql~li;!p uo1l1ui71 wq au!2ua $ 1 asl:q ~ aqL -;I
.slol\ a1.11 LII .ilSun~.n
['>]]!I .)q IC)LILH?~ 63q1 ]l?ql OS padcq\ aJI: Sy3O(q all1
,slols a'u!~ SAIJ~ sql q3l1:u 01 puno~i? ~11:j~ns ap~s
a~ll ~ U I ? ~~LLII:~J .~I~II:JII~~I: 5u1d a.i~.~p a111 JOJ sqoq
2111 qlI.\\ LI
speol asaql .sl~~?qsiu~:~ aq) LUOJJ speol u~d a.z!Jp
aql pul: spsol llaq n.\!Jpjo uo~lr?u!q~uoa c pu~:~sql!m
01 a.\cq sS!l!~naq asaql .ss31?j~ns 1j1:qs aql 01 uu
i(llm~!p p~1no.12 SJ~PJ~ J~UUI aq) ~l11.n JaJn)J\:jnuI?u
2uI~eaq aql illo~j sa!lqLuasseqns ~~:~i?a)u! sl: pa!(ddns
JJl? S)Jl?q? 2Saql .s~u!JI:~~ IlRq )3r?)UO3 J~lnfiuI?
.AWJ om, IJO palunou1 JJI: S?JI:~S a.&!-lp ~ndu! ayl .g
'~8lIlJ~aq
-lalloJ aql JOJ ~:II?JI Jauu! aql u~oj 01 puno.18
pul: psuaplrq J~IJIUI:!~ Jalno aql puc iiu~qseo~q
iq p>ys!u!l sy3olq a.z!Jp aql JOJ 101s alcJns3e aq)
1(1!,9\ ~ 8~ll~c3 )UaLUlSJ.\LII aJl? s ~uIJ a.4IJp aql 'S5.7"IS
IOJ~UO~ 241 LII palunoul siiul~nsq ~sllo~ slpaau uo unJ
si?u!~ a.\!Jp s!~lua~>a ail) ' LIOI~~IJ~ a3npa.1 01 JapJo ul
.siiu!~caq ijerlsu1c3 II?UIJOU aql q)!.~ 3!~lua3uo~ ale
p11.74 ~apu~li:, sql UI saJoq aql IIV '[I] ~aded sly] JO 1
]-led jo c 313 u! vo i1!3!~luaa>a .a-1'saAaa[s IOJ~UO~
a41 J C sa.loq ~ 31.1luaa~a aql ~ J J I : sFiu!snoy ~ pua aqL .!,
.sa'uIllas Jaq\O ll? SpJl?MJOJ
~o spjnmyscq ~ U I ~ J V.ill1:3113;C3 A puc ~IJIU~~UOJ
aJe sus!urq~aw aql uaqm oJaz .asJnos jo .s! s ~ q ~
.SI~R~SLUC~ 0.~1 aq) uaa.wlaq il!~oja4 aAtlclaJ aq1
'
01 13aCqns Liuo a~r: saqsnq asayl. .au!iIus aql jo pua
Lpca )e slj!:qs~urs OM] ayl uaamlaq palsau s! -1~cys
-LUI?D Jauu! papualxa aql l~oddns 01 qsnq azuolq
pa1lu.n-u!ql e jn L U J ~ ayl u! .fiu!~eaq EJlXa uv .<
.su!d a.n,!Jp aq, aJn3ss 01 papaau asuaJqJalu1
aql ~~oddns Kl~sdo~d 01 qliiua~ls apsual alcnbape
srq ioll~: s~q) 'UOJI 1sc3 ay!lun .sljcqs J1:Inqnl
aql ol pazl:Jq axuJnj 'ioll~: uo.11 ~ sddo~ paJaluls r? u!
apcLI1 a ~ S!J~!~SUIC>
c ~apu11i3 J~~IIO aql jo sa%ucu pua
ail1 .sladdl:) pals p~cq ~su!ciie stun3 uo~! Llauru
.au!Sua ascq ua.\o~d aqljo Inql o] Jel!ur!s s! a3rj~alu1
ladd~:l-ucs [cl!~ aqi .Ja.zamoH .sly .a3ua~a.~~alu!
aql JOJ i1!111mp pu~: qyliua~ls al!sual 1ua13yns
2u1~eq Inq .paw aq uc3 luauai?u~:~~c ~cqs palsau
aq) 10j Jalaiuwp aJoq alenhapc q11.~ sljeqs pallcm
-u!ql .ila~~le~a~ 1cq1 saJnsua s ~ql ,s~vqs pals ~clnqni
ol uo paJalu!c aJc saqol ulr3 UOJI ~LIL 'UOI~~~J~SUOJ
>~!sodluo~ scn sij1?qsw1?3 1a1u111:1ip!\!pu! aql -aJnlr:aj
qnea jo suo!l3unj ~UIJ;IIIIP ail1 l!ns 01 Sa3IOq3
1l?I.l71l?LU Ir!npl.\IpLlI lll~J3d 01 JJpJO U! .Ja.\aMOH
.sat1!3ua sa~ras 1 ~ JCPIII:~~ 341 U! asoq) se ill~~xa
uo~! lsc:, pallIq.7 u! apcu s! ~~I:L~sLu~~ Isneqxa aqL .p
.anb~ol 2AIJp
u1e.7 ~IILUIX~IU a3npaJ ol palnl!lsqns aJaM '~alqi?!~
1ua3 Jad 11 aJam qs1q.u -~ailddns awcs ayl LUOJJ

.salsis Li!l!qc~np
au!riua 111: ~UI:IS~II.W 01 i11x:d1:.' xih~olua!s!llns riu!~nq
Inq .au~riu~ aql uo a3r!ds alqnl11:21: ~ 111 OIUI ~LJ n) LJI?S
-yaJau iusiueq3am ~.~I:~LuoI) i.13~ 3111 UI pa111isa.1 .S~SS;)S
-o.~d S~!.I~I~I:~~UI:L~
01 uo!lualll: !ylalr!s pur! luaiull:aJ1
]I:Jq J0 LIOIII:>LJIX~S a]~'.!~d().~dd\: .UOI)I);)JJS II?lJ~]I?UI
ladold y1i.n ~aqlai301 's~ijl.a21:d:i a1qI:I!c:11: all1 u~ql~rn
paz!iu!ldo illnja~~:s a.lam sallilsn.l:s iiu~pu~io~~~is J!aql
pul: su~d a.\!lp a41 jo suo~i-lodo~d >1!1l:laJ aql Inql os
sl~ii~ssp ,741 dnla~ap 81 pssn a1a.n $LI!!.';~J)s ]11~111212 .~)Iu!I
ql!n Suo11: sl111sa.1 lsal anS!l~y 241 .S~.~I:~SLUI:~ aq ~ U I :
yl11:qs azyp lndu! ayl 111 su~d
asoil] Su!l.~oddns saJnlsnlls
2111 alii3111:~ 10 SLII~ 2.z1.1p p>Ja\ai!lLII:s 341 10 anS111:j
Su~pusq ,iq ~aill~a pa111:j ~UI: /i11-71:~11~3 anh~ol a11:nhapl:
-u! pcq ius!unqsaiu aql jo ruS!sap 111>st1os ~ I J I 541 ? ~
'plI?plll!]s
.il!l!qn.~np XII laaiu ol -laplo u! '~31"s uo!ll!iu ual
191 '~LII?IS~~I.W 01 PI:^ s ~ u ~ o d 3111 ~ ~ II:~] o s pl:ol ~)I:IJ~
-o.~dd~? LII? pails!lql:lsa 'uo~~sss Ixar! a41 u! paq~~as~p '$11
Su~~oloiu pl:sq ~apu11.i~ a41 LLIOJJ sllnsal ayl 411.22 uo~l
-I:~~.I.IOJ '11ii111 aau~:~ipi~a J~IULJ~I I: I~SI~~I:IS~O~ pa!lddn
~q 01 ~I:OJ.I;).IO 1111 SUI.I\OIII~ jo ~SI:I~II:.I~I? 241 ar\l:i] SIS~I
asayl Inq .paads qS!q 11: Su!uun~ ~IIISLI~ ue uo sl: .ilys!nh
SI: pal1:111~~11issn aq IOU pinos sal3i:, 11:ql Innaiu s1q1
.~SUI:J rH assnss!p SI: slua~s~!~:~~ i3u!~np luatulsn!
-PI: mop /;1a.\111?1~1 aq1 01 2np aq unr, sa2ua~a~~1p asaql
.S~I?LLI riu!llanj 9.33 a41 111 I I ~ I ~ ~ In41 L U I PUI: ~UI?ISLII ALII?
ln ~?LII~!I:\J~~ po~~ad a.\l1:.2 lcnlsl: ail1 claa.nlaq sasua~~ll!p
dcl pasnl?s S.WU.XI~~~I~ .no[I-l!n .IOJ .MC>(II: 01 i-lai\!lap land
~ I O I J ~ ~
~II~ILII:~I~~IU
aql 01 pa!lddc uo!l~:suadluos a41 s! wyl1~o3ln aql jo xnl
-cad UII:W .laylo 41 ~3u1s1:a~~"po 5u!soa~su! s! pollad
aql 1aqlaq:n iCq osln Inq a~nll:~adrnal 1106q cClu!arn palsal
-la ale saw!] aslnd lunlu!u!iu aql .~oj pasn san1e.z aql
.s3u!pna~ wxqpaaj pa11:pdn ayl u! pap~osa~ cC11nj aq 01
1sap aql loj i?'u!l?l:.n uaql p ~ pioualos ~ c alc!~do~ddt! aql
uo saw!] aslnd wnLu!u!lu a'u~sli apr?lu Lluo s! luarnlsnrpl:
.pu~:q pray ~auu! ail] pul: pu~q lalno aql uaamlaq.~!
3u!llas aql asug .1a2.11:1 ayl spJr!mol alq!ssod sr! .ilys!nh
sn aAow ol uo paqal!ms u!l?wal un:, ploualos a~nl~cl
-o.~dd~? aql pu1.q lalno pau!m~alapa~d n puoiaq SUII:UI
-a1 Oui~las aql a114~ 1nq1 si rnql!~oi3lr: a41 jo ald!su~~d
s~svq ayL ,sas!Aap ~o;uo aldw!s aJn sp!oualos a\(ej
10.11~03 aqL ~8u111.x n?~n"!,~nd n IC paqsol Lllt!s!lnnlp
-.iq s! uols~d a41 do paysl!ms aJn sp!oualos qloq
UaqM 'llol~ld pUl? Y3I:l I: I?lh 1JI:YS JOJILIOS 241 S;)111)01
ulnl u! q.!qm .uols!d ~!lnc~pLy c aAow ol aAleA loods
p!OUalOS UiMl /(I?M-JI~oJ I: Lq pay.)llMS Sl a ~nssa~d dJa(le8
110 i3u!llr!~ald a41 IC 1108u!lcs!.iqnl au15uq 'Jo]r?nlsn sly1
JO u11?.15c!p I: s~oqs p a~na'!j .lamod a~ow Su!Lldd~? JO
qq~d~:, loll:n]:,c s!(nl?~pLyo~lsala ur: ol a5ucys ol uaqr:]
aJojalayl sam uo!s!xp v .8u!~uioddcs!p s c asuodsaJ ~
jo paads alqr!l!r?Al? aql lnq .lca3 w~om E CIA ~jnqs lo~luos
a41 a11:lol 01 ~oloiu a'u~ddsls :,!~lsala ue pasn sadil
-olo~d ISJ~ ayl .alq1?l!I?.11: ]ou s! liu!pr?a~ snoaurlul'l.
-u! snonu!luo:, n pur! tlo!lnloAaJ q~qsLun>i~~\J
palcpdn aq Lluo uns pollad jo ~uaiua~nsnalu a41 II:~I
alou 01 lu~:l~odm! s! 11 .; .;i!.-j u! u~nqs SI '.733 4101
palsauuo2 Josuas asuclsnlal a(ql:!ln n u! slcurirs a'u~Lu!l
alqnlins s>l~:~susa' 4314.41 'p ~apu~lis jo UC~SLUR~ 241
uo paluno1:u SUIJ paqlool a41 .~oIJ;)~ s.zI~!.+, a41 01 ll:uOll
-.~odo~d i11r,a~!p SI OIJI:J s141 uu!]nlo.\al Unqsmcs auo
~ ( au111 y ail] 01 a!lnlal npu~lhs a.\!lnluasa~da~ auo

xascnJsu1 a2ul:Jsals aq) 11 .j.iCl.lS a.41~p lndu! sq, Su!11nd
-dns .;i~i~~:aq lll?q ~III:JUOS :i:l?ii~1:.~OJ-OWY\J
aql UI a3us
-J1?5(.72111 10J1UO.7 .(\;1~01.7 (11 ~IllJUIISS2 k~;))ll~~~ql! SL)I
,au!i3ua p~spucls
aql JO,~ ww8.g ql!a pajrclu!o:, pa.\a!q3s st?.% U I ~ U S ' ~
do 1 ~11 ~TIII?.\ la1111 UI: '1 III u~oqs ./(sllnd u1c2 lsncyxa
IUOJJ aql ol J J ~ U I C ICUOISJO~
~ I! JO IIO!II~~I: pur siallnd
CIIJ~UI uIn\lI!u!tu 'sladdl:) ~qi?!a,~ pasnpaJ aql lo dlaq
nql ql!,q ~suo~~~~qa~a': a?,\::.% p41u11l illn.la~n3 q31q~
algo~d wr:;, J!JI;)WILIASC (1~173tJs 11 pampo~d su0!1s1a1!
u21sap jo s!s.ilcur pal!r?,aa .anb~olndlno au!Sua JZILII!
-ul?~u 01 paJ!nhs.i ajc s8111l:ss po!jad JalJoqs aql sjay.h%
aiiu~:~ paads Jcln3I]Jl?d aqi !I! sj11s"o q31q,%\ -6~uanb
-2JJ ICJllll?U IVll(>lSJO) I?J)\.7 .11110.7~.3.I\11Il 111: sa3npo~d
put ulopaaJl do as1S9p ~sy1ur.i I? sap~~o~d 11sq JJ~IOUI?
l?l% 111III JAA JI'2.l '"'I, a,\!Ji; 01 ljl?~~dl?l I? Sl? )~l?l~SlUl?~
1SnI:qXJ jo asn aq~ 'os(~'1r.ddcl ay] sassl:d 11 st ~11:s
-UI nz!w!~do 01 papaau sulcal luauodwos aia!qaA puraui;-iria
sno!JsA aq1 ajqajayl .sals!qaA aA!Jp IaaqM ]UOJJ
put: .TI:., sl~ods pau~iiua-p!w aqi yloq papnlsu! l!un Jah\od
Ma:.! aq] JO n1011~~1ddv .sadcyscd ap1qa.z a(oqm jo luaw
-dol~,~p ,noll~: 01 sc.~ a.z!l-larqo puosas ayl .SU!AIJ~ pvo~
leu JOU JO sZl:al!~u pspua~~a sc se '8u!ai~p uqlqolnr
pm.:!s-q31q .saleur!l3 plo3 pul? loy au!pnlsu! .suo!l~puos
Jasi: Ir?aJ ol sau12ua -JAA nyl lsarqns 01 SEM a~!lsa!qo
ISJ~ "1 'sal"~lai\ i?u!~sau!Zua pur? JolclnLu!% jo aduc~
I? U: ~ ~ I ~ I SJAM U I sm!Su"uaudola~ap lsnpo~d ,il-lrg
.[z] aiu"qaJ a! qldsp ~alca~2 u! passnmp s! snh!uy.wl
s~qj .p"1.'npuo-7 aq plnoa ~JOM als!qaA Su~oluo ~ O J J
alC~!~'~>5 8lI!lsa) pall?Jala33I? 'LCM S!Ll1 UI 'SJSI) JaIJOqS
sql jo ;iu!paacis a,41lcla~ aql anp pmds 3~12~3 ua112
Inq ?.IOU jo asn aq1 q8no~ql uo!leloJyuo2 kl!l!qn~la~
.ills 11: ~.7qi?lq sl 3nb~o) a.zlJI.~ .'\I) s ~ u I ~ ppoIJ.1d ~ x .%\Ol -lol{ swn.7aq a~!lssrqo aql JalVl lnq 'ms!ul:qxxu JA,\ 341 jo
'3,jh LIIII\ ~1wl\s J J 0.~1 ~ ??\anoq'3.11: a.1~1~1 .~LIISU~ kl!l!qlr~rlp all:ul!lln qsilqplsa 01 s c a.~!lnarqo aql sa81:ls
~apu!lin-jnc?l I: 01 pa!lddn sr t!>!q.n ',,o[; ~noqc .uo~aq
LIJI:~ sq: UI 'JUI~?U~JLI~ uo UJyrlJapun sl:.n aw~un~;io~d
spo~~ad aIll:.\ sl!lu~ad qs~q.~z I!ISIS~S alql:!JI:.% .iuc u!
/(]![!q::~np paq Isal I? .a~uwe~i?ojd lsal sql ql!n I>[~I~JI?~ U[
SJ~II
-30 1s?([a s ~ql -aulSua p~~?pu~::!: aql ~(y pa11?1 aq~110.7 jo
SI:M llaq uo!l3npo~d aql '11aq s:!jp IUOJJ nql uc) pr:ol aq1
sasnaJ.lu! qs1q.u .a.~lc.\ ~u!s(>II) JL{) 111OJ.I anh~o1 ,3.\!11?~.311
aql .iq a.\ll:.\ Su!uado sql ulojj anbjol s.~!~!sod aql lo
.S!J s~ql i?u!sn kl~l~qc~np n~l~?nh
UOI)I:I~~~UI:~ InwJou aq) s ~~IP\;J~ a~ua~aljip as~:qd s!ql
-apt z~r?q 01 u.noqs aJaM s[r:ss 110 aql pue ws!ucqsau
'p0!~3d\UI:> pp; F)aS!] 11 ql!\! PJI~u.~ 3Sl?q 111) J q ;i uo!u!d 731:~ unis~d aql 'aAls,I loods alnc~piqoj~sa~a
lnoqc qll.41 pa~l!dluos >lS~l? llll?3 .();: i1118110.I S! 'J"J0
ayl '~8u!llas po!~ad UnlUlYr?w 01 po!~ad mnw!u!ul LUOJJ
i?u!~!l a111 u! ~apu!liis sno!.za:ll aq, J C 3.~1 ~ ~LIC ~npl111
.a,! .~zy]o aq) 01 awa~~xa auo woJj suo!lcnlsc palcada~
-4.7 JI:~IISI~JI?~ iur? uo 0,\1 un2%13q IC,IJJ)U! aq) .ali3ui:
01 pa173rqns SCM llun aql .sploualos n,\ll:.z loads, aql 01
~ L I C J -0;; ~ lnoqc s! 4"q.n -i;i![!)las pol~ad lunul!u!w
slsu21t a11:1~do~dd1? put: 110 J U I ~ U p;))I:3V ~ q1t.n pa~~~jas
Jr:aN 's13alla aA!l!\lpn sajql 01 ?np s! s~ql ~siiu~~~ss po!Jad
S I : ~ EI: s!ql .l!un ~o~luo:, xlnc~p.i~1 aql uo s~sal Ju113
1JOq4 II? 111,7\qold 1: 211: 1(Jq ,311Jp 1UOq 211) Ul SpI?OJ
-i> p;l.nol[r: lcql pssn scm SIJ alc~cdas c walsis lo~juos
ycad aql .ssituo~dulos aql u! p2rspisuo~ sq 01 SI;~ 1unw
aql j(' :S JI?!J>;l?lIl 'U~ISS~ alLJ0jd lUl?3
1uauodu1os Inq *au!iiua ~UIJ'J c uo pama!~sdxa asoql
aJ2.N SlLll)! lul?l~nd~u! aql ~Ull?.Il JhlCA 13hOU 2q) ,3301.1J.71{1
01 Jl:Ill.LllS ,(.I" 2J2M 3l.l S!q) LIO P~)I:JJU;)~ SPl?O( 3lUII?LI
snn 1.7aro~d 3,\,{ aql 110 ~ JOM ~I!.~~!IJU!]~J J?) I?~JI: kaq aql
-ip a q 'saph ~ klnp jo a5uc.i c jo Ou!uunj a111 Bu!.Inp
'SUOISJJ4 J3!lJI?a ~3d013..\.'p 1~131"~ UO!lSnqlU~s pUl?
psads qxa lc pagpsds po!~ad wcs ay1 lsnrpe ol pazq
sl!r:lap ~~:~!u~:~~saiu 'sa~nlcal ~n~npn~ls a111 UOJJ pa,i!Jap
-!In SCM wa)s,is luxuaileu~:~~ au!aua paldcpr? uv .U!lLl,J
S~l1S1l~~Sl?Jl?~~ ()Ill? Sl!13U,7q ~UJL'.I?ULJ~J Jql SaJI?LJS SIlqJ
OOSL ;;~I?UI!~OJ~~R
jo pnads au~a'ua wnw!xcu aql 01 dn
1)Ul? ~(ILUI?J S3lJ.75 J2\0a 2ql jO lllld Sl 311!$~33,\A .7ql
spaads I!? ~olow 31~1sala ul? kq llaq &~!w!l p~cpucls aql

(wd:) paads au16ug
OOCR 0009 OOOb 0C:OZ 0
OOL A--
I
oz 1
-i
2 Obl
D C
(0
- Z 091
- 3
08 1
OOZ
-n~l?ii ISI:~ a41 UI 01 p.x~a~a-1 SU!~O!-' A\\I!.\ ~qn~:qsa~a~~:\ pul: a111 8.1 y xcq aql JO 11?q1 q11m pa~r?dLuos! auisua
aql .>u!Sua asvq 241 u! paw 51 14n1qlz *~JI?~S~UI::' paxg JA,A aJlll );'I 3 "11 JO ~~UI?LLIJOJJ.~ 241 UOII~JS s!ql U[
aql do as041 01 3401.7 a~~nb sSu!l;r11 a\lc.z la(u! 01 15s S!
,I,\,\ aql suoilipuo2 a5aql IY 'd ~ ~i1.q J I ? s.~ ~ UIIII J oat;;
33K\:I%t10dt13d 3N13N3 P
~ U I : . ~ . T L L I . JI?~ ~ ; LIILLI J()o(~; ~r LIOIII:J~~O 3~11S113 JO
l?aJI? sly1 1uasa~da.101 pasn SUO!I!~UO.~ 1~310.\\1 541
.y>eJ 1!111-I (o~luos xqnl:~pLq aql pur? suo~u~d
ljaqr; InJ1uos
.sa,zaqs 1011~10.7541 uo SJI:~S 8u1qsa~u a41 01 s~~lddr? OSII:
says!ug 2.7r.l~ns ~UI: sa>i~r?.~alo~ ;)SOID JOJ il!ssasau aq1 .13111
3q 01 s )~~JI?~ lU3UI.)U!ISJ 2SnO~-UI IU~~U!J)S palql?U2 aUlIl
stuns a141 ~c Inq .S~~LII?J~~O~ iiu!~nlslynu~:lu ~lq~?.\a!il~~:
pamolll: .saJoq JIJL~~ u! suols~d aql ~q pasn illn~u~ou
111111 0) Jl?I!llI!S S! 43!4M 'SS~JOJ~ SlLIl .ssaaoJd klqlll.3~
-sr? papll~S e iliino.lql pqlo~lilo:, aqol paau pinom S~UIJ
s.z!~p at;] 111 slols 1ua~1:ci ~1241 pur? SYSOJ~ aA!Jp aq1 uaa~z~
-aq ~~uI:JI:~~D aql 11:yl pmoqs S!S~II?III! pal!r?laa .as!ou
alc~auaii oslr? pur? papualu! 11:ql q]!m pa~~dwo.7 uo~~olu
a.\IuA aql J~LII:~.~ ~~IIOM il21q.~ :il!l~q!xqj pXl?aJ.7U! 01 spr:a(
un~ll?~ado LllOOlllS J

$
D(Xl; :ll('al\l 1 PT-.~.~~! (1 I"!d IOA 5 ~ 3 1172M ~ 3 UlSUj H>ld
Chd
ayl 10 ?i~~!uado il~v> 3y1 ~ 1 1 1 : 3111:~ ISI~I:LIY~ ay) JO
l;ju1~)1.7 wuid a*.
~alt:l 01 any JI:/J~\o aii~1:1 . ql .pur:y auo ayl IIC) '5au15 -us i11oq J(V JC~ILLIIS SI .il!l!qnis alp! 11nsa.1 I: "4 'ZUI Q??'
-ua uo~i!lad~ui~> q11n pall:!?o~;ul? ~ ~[I:~UJOU paads qii!~~ lr! -sI?~.? aklr.? 1snl:qsa Jalnl a~11 " ~dsp au!i?ua p~~?pu~:ls 'q2-
SZUILUI~ S.\II:I \~ILUJ,)J L L I ~ I ~ ,),\A ~ ' 3ql a3u1\ PT)I>;)L!x> aq ~ q ,lo l 11?q1 01 7.7I:q ~I:IJ~..~O all] si?u!~q qs!q.u ';~i
plno.\\ 5141111~11
J (~00911' i112.7 ad L .S.2 . p~ds 4514 11: SI ,?,\,\ 9111 JO 2~111~ po!.rad lunlu!u!uu 2y1 alp! 1v '22,.
/C~ua!xlla"~i~ulnlo.to!~acln<
s.t1o~ls auiJua -1~4 at11 .JCIILU 'pi -.-
.cqdn~liv~nd 0.~1 IXSU 3111 U! pxsnDs!p aJl? s ~.IJ~> -1s all: ~2~1511.1 o.nl ,741 ~q uo~l~puos ysl:a lc S~OISSILLI~ CI;
.~c.s.! pul: i3u21.q~ .7llIal'lT;!OA a111 JO Y>Jll]I?.?[ lu;)!ll:~ uocl.":~o~pizy 241 .dl:~~a.\o ~~SI!~JJUI ayl urol~ S ~ ~ r ) l n ~ - u
'[p] m~.x,~ja.i UI l1rl.7~ UI PX~IJ~S~J pou11xu 241 Su!sn S\l:np!SJJ lsnsyxs ~ap\r!l.i>-u! ~ay2!q ayl 01 arip su!aua 3 1-v
I S ) L O ~ I I U I 1 1 : I : ) 2snq 341 ueql $sal )ua3 ad lnoqe all: au12ua S,\A
uo!ld~unsuo~ J!r 3g1353s aynq S~.\J~J anhjol "1 .;o Su"!"!l"'.7 'ON "18ua-.Jc'-ino ayL .JC(ILUIS aq 3
o.nl all1 Su!silruv JO sllnsa~ all1 snnys L ajnS!,l .9 .~1.1 ~ I ~ O I y"""" I ' LK'!IJ!JJ II:~!UI:Y~J~U 3~12~3 PUI: SJSSOI 1 1 : ~ ~
u! II.MOI(5 811: s1~2u;lq ,713qJ >.53;1131' 01 P3511 ~fiu!,~~~ 3A,h ~.'qurll-' uo!lsnqLuo:, pu~: .sal>!Lla.z ayl 01 pa~~g
sIs.ilell:s
'
341 .spaxis ~auol lo alib~o] ji, ,,sol Ino[ll!,n ju!Sua .il:.~-~.7Jlll Jql Jq ~ ~~!I!so~Luo~
sl:8 1snl:qXa paJ!nhs~ ayl
ayl LLIOJJ ~ ; ~ L I I I ? I U~ O J s1:q ~ .~?\\od LI! ,lSI?JJSU! Il:!IU1:lS 2311~().l(i 01 HAY ~!JI~LLIO!~~!OIS 11: ale~ado qloq a3u!s '-
-qns I? Ivy, luaJ,:ddc si I/ .s.,u!8ua on, alll ,(,j paads p31.7?'Iy> s! IlnsJJ s!ql 'sau!dua 4109 JOJ -"?I!LU!S i~*~ol"'?."
-
1su!s31: psllold anb~o) pur! .]>nod aql snoys 5 JJ"~!, " un!ld~~1n~~03
lanJ 3yl~ads Jql suo!l!puo.l qloq 103
.S~UI~I~S asxll 11: L , .
a3ueluAojAd (10 $!) .~IIOJ~) uado ap!~~
z.p dl:(Ja.io pasl:slsu! sey au!i3ua JA,~ aqyl ~cql sunxu qd1?~2 :-
a- ..
, .,t
1.0 11: ~~LIIII?'. ,>,I.\ 9 .2!.4
(wdl) paads au!6u-j
*r
00@8 0009 OOOP OOOZ 0
8
-
-+ -0 6
------------ --------------
a
(D
(D
- oz g
m
--I
0
- 0
OP,
'A%&-
-0"-
<
0
-
- 03 8
0
D
b
- 08 m
0
- ou
-
- OPZ rn
g
- 092
a
(D
(D
0
- oez 2
9
1'
5,
;fl
- OOC

I I I I i'\RI \131.F \. \LL't- rlhllh(, \I1 ('II..\hISXI FOR Tt(E ROVER Klh EN(;I%E. P\RT 1
12.5 1
--- K 1880 BASE
7-!
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Engine Speed (rpm)
Fig. 7 Volurncl~~~ cfliciency 2nd air consunlptian an~ilysis
inlet cupeciitcs cylinder sc:ttenging and. on tlic oll~cr, the
J,ite closing 01' the inlet talve makes 1'1111 u\c t,f the
nlan~fold rat~iniinp capability. Ho\vetter. lowcl. 5pccds.
e.?. 25110 r win. the volii~iietric of the VVC CI~~IIIC is 1
per ccnt Ic>\ thiin th:~t of rhc base engine. tierc bllort
pcriod .;ctting ol' the VVC 1s 11sed to reciiicc I>;ICL(~~W
from 111~. c.>lindcr after RCIC'. but this does 1101 fully
compens;~te I'or the reduced ramming velocily 111 the
incre:isc.d area inlet tracts.
The i.5.a.c. curves In Fig. 7 show that the VVC' c~lgine
makes better use 01'the air induced :tt both high a~~(l low
,peed.;. At high bpceds this supplements the I I I~c;l.;t.d
~~ulumrtric crtticicncy which increases b.111.e.p. Ii~rther
and at ION spec~ls compensates For the reducctl bolumetric
etliciency so that the b.m.e.p. of both ~ I I ~ I Iis
I C ~
~tl~iiost idcntic;~l. The reduced i.s.;t.c. ot the VVC' engine
is the result of better combustion. This in turn allows the
VVC engine to run at an AFR between 0.5 and 1.0
leaner at WOT than the base engine without exceeding
the exhaust temperature limit for the catalyst at high
speed or premature knock at low speed. Figure 8 shows
that the WOT fuel consumption of the VVC engine
benefits from both the improved i.s.:~.c. and the leaner
AFK and is lower at all speeds compared with the base
engine.
CONCLUSlONS
-This paper has tirstly presented the practical mechanical
design that was evolved to adapt the chosen system to

sJaluo]sns 01 alps
J C p3~a~jo
~ ~ ( 101 Lp1:a~ uor)a.xldda al.xqa.z palaldluos
I: olu! ldax!nr, SUILUII atla\ 3lqn1~c~ ~~,IOU I: dc,1~1;1p ol
II~~I:IJS~UII :,1:1 01 p1:4 11?tj1 y~c1.w JO ~do-7~ apt.\\ aql UMOL~?
' 1 IJI:~ pa)npossl: aq1 q11.n ~aql2201 '~ad~?d 241
,~naa' a.1ls.2 pJl:punls s~:q 11314.~ m~ii
-ua asl:q aql - 1 11?41 ~ 411.w 11 ~ ~JP~LUOS pup au!8ua JAA
aq] UOJ~ r71:1!:)q0 ~.)UI:LLIJ~J~~ aq] pal~oda~ uo!lsas
Isel ,341 .u?zo.~d ipsa~le snn qn~qm 'au!Zua pJr:punls
aq1 ~101) pa.!a.I)!p 1~41 s~~J":J"II~-~I~JI:~ q] uo pascld sr...n
s1scqdw3 .1~3!sap aq] jo i]!~3a)u! aq] a.zo~d o] ua71:)~ap
-un snm qa~qw 7.10.~ 1s21 ~r.'>!u~:q~m aq] 1 0 au!llno uc
iq pamolloj !;rm s1q1 .auii?ua 9 I y Ja,zny paq?!(qc]sa ai[i
SZ'O
-
. OC'O
s
z
x
-
OP'O