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J¦w}#4Vεc§g>in\ „€R+\]l4KQZLZLKQ•…Kri>RVin\€i>R+ZLGJf.\]I^›ÀŸ[jqK[\€i>RDMO\]IÎ_RD\s ε a = 0,725 + 0,17 log 10 (W p ) „eRD\]l4KQZôR nÑQ*“¡î"y1 ömûÜþöm÷b‰€| Œ2—ô¡õÜþûjö`qczin\Ž\]gJ\]I^x§KrRw³wGJl€R²i>RdZ¡›ÀcXILl¿GJsrRV`qÈ…\]Z¡fJILcXf.cXZLM_RVZ¡f.\]sQc¿l4c…in\]s[c¾ÆvÔˆ~Hi>RVi>Rzf.c§I]fSRVIORzc4jb—Vs[jqGJsQc€incg~>Gwnciw\“I_RVinK§RV`badcsQŸ[mhGJK[i>RzfSRVIOR‰jq„]G|jqsrRVI^c4„R n = R sw (1 − α) − ε s σT 4 s + ε a σT 4 a ,WZOKN•wK[i>RVin\‰inc+RdIb³ZL\]g>inc Re—VxXGSR€fJIL\bjqKQfJKNM£—]• \]sÁ³¹i>RVi>R€f.\]s§R€KQghMO\qx§IORVsÇgSR• \]IpMOK[jbRdsin\¿MOc…i>RdZ RVZpl4KQZLMLGJI_Rw}σ = 5,67 × 10 −8 Wm −2 K −4 „¾R4jqcXgJZLM_RVg MO\¾in\¿hMO\q› RVgwo3W c§sNMOÎ]lRVg¹³TI_RdÎ]È…\]ZŽin\ „¾RaU l¿PÍRVjqKQl€R‰i>R¿ZOGnf.\]IL›ÀŸ[jqKQ\§³TMO\]l4f.\]IORdMLGJI_Rzinc€RdIuRz „²R¿ML\]l4f.\]I_RËMOGJIORzgSR¿ZLGJf.\]IL›ÀŸ[jqKQ\ \s αRVsQP.\binc‰MOcVM£Rds }„“c˜7fJILKQl4\]KQILcÍMO\qILl4cžinc¥srRVincÚiwK[I^\]KQMLc¥i>RžŠÂmhGSRV`badc£w}#ÍIL\]fnIL\]ZL\]ghM£RÍRVZ¿IORXinKrRV`qÈ…\]Zzin\ecXg>i>RdZin\“I_RVinK§RV`badcin\“c§g>i>RdẐ sQcXgJxhRdZŽRdZ_jk\]g>in\]ghML\]Ẑ \ in\]ZOjq\]g>in\]g MO\]Zb}jqGJI^M_RVZb³JZL\]xXGJK[inc4f.\]s[cXZÄMO\qILl4cXẐ˜,RVsQP.\bincDMOcVM£RdsÁ³¹fSRdI_R¦mhGSRds[mhGJ\]I“›§c§I^l¿GJsrRX`badc+in\‰IORXinKrRV`baVcDGnMOKQs[KQÎÅRVi>R¦f.\]sQc+l4c…in\]sQc+ÆvÔˆ~H@³α„¿in\qMO\]I^l4KQgSRXiwcef.\]srRZLc§l€Rinc¦RVsQP.\binc¦in\]f.\]g>iw\]ghMO\¿i>RKQg>jqsQKQgSRX`badc¦ZLcXs§RdIgJ V\¿inc¦RVsQP.\binc¦in\kozαf.\]g>in\]ghML\²i>RdZujkc§g>inK[`qÈh\]ZŽi>R¿ZOGJf.\qIL›ÀŸ[jqKQ\)J Vk}s α„ i>RXinc4f.cXIbzα z = 0,01 [ exp ( 0,003286Z 1,5) − 1 ] ,J¦w}4V⎧⎪⎨ 0,31 − 0,34W g /WZL\sat W g /W sat 0,5α s =⎪⎩ 0,14 WZL\g /W sat > 0,5.J…n}9¨ U VZO\qg>incZ c´VgJxXGJsQc4ZOcXsrRVIÄÎ]\]gnKQM_RVsÁ} α s„ i>RVinc4f.cXIbR sw = τ rg τ wv S 0( a2r 2 )cos Z,ÆIORXiwK§RV`badc€in\“cXg>i>RdZujqGJIpM£RdZR sw„ in\qML\]ILl4KQgSRVi>Rzf.cXIbJ…n}9¨'¨V

Ñ'·ZLcXs§RdISZO\qg>inc€R‰jkc§gJZ^M£RdghML\0 = 1353, 0 Wm −2 c‰› RËMOcXÎ i>R‰iwK[Z^M£´dg>jqKrR‰’‚\]ILIORËop…cXs;i>RVinc4f.cXIb³n\+ 0,000719 cos(2d 0 ) + 0,000077 sen(2d 0 ),J…n}9¨ T VJ…n}9ÄVp mc§g>in\ „¾GJl%› RËMOcXIyinKQIL\bjkK[cXgSRdsmhGJ\¾„„zR4fJIL\]ZLZ_aVc¦RdMLl4cXZO›§„]ILK[jbRgSR4ZOGJf.\qIL›ÀŸ[jqKQ\¿\]l%Ñw~R4\dirfa 2r 2 = 1,000110 + 0,034221 cos(d 0) + 0,001280 sen(d 0 )c§g>in\d 0= 2πm/365 \ m„Ac9g…ÉJl‰\]ILc=iwc=inKrRn³yjqcXl4\b`bRdg>inc=jqc§l U \]l U Äin\DÒ^RVgn\]K[I^c9\W ‰\]l W ¨ in\ in\]Î]\ql¿PJILcJ}H˜´dgJxXGJs[c4ZLc§srRdIÄÎ]\]gJKNM£Rds¹„ in\qÊ>gJK[inc4f.c§I]MO\]ILl‰K[gSRdg>incjkc§lcos Z = senφ senδ + cos φ cos δ cos(h r ),c§g>in\φ „²RzsrRËMOKNMOG>in\“\ δJ…n}9¨ W Vi>RVi>Rzf.c§I]„²Rzin\bjqsQKQgSRX`badcZLcXs§RdÎδ = 23,5π180 cos [2π(J d − 173)/365]J¦w}©¨\V,Jc§g>in\d = m + 1˜´dgJx§GJsQc4ZLc§srRdIÄŒJc§IO—VI^K[ch „“c4inKrRÐVGJs[KrRdgJc>}„ in\qÊ>gJK[incf.cXIbrZO\qg>inc>³t GMTc4ŒJcXI_—dILKQcin\¾ƒyIL\]\qg4uK[j_Œ+\λh r = 15π180 (t GMT − λ/15 o + E τ − 12) ,J¦w}©¨¥4V[ ]π(Jd + 10)E τ = 0,158 sen91,25[ ] πJd+ 0,125J…n}9¨¥4Vsen ,182,5ch\]Z^MO\“\]l2xXI_RdGJZb}RzsQc§gJxXKNMOG>in\RdML\]g…GSRV`badc4in\q•wK[incRdc‰\]ZLfSRVsQŒSRdl4\]ghMLcÔˆR¥¯…s[\]KQxXŒ~ÇRVIOR¿sQ\q•XRVI\ql2jqcXgJZLKrin\qI_RV`baVc‰c§Z\]›§\]KQMLc§ZÄin\gSRDIORXinKrRV`baVc|ZLcXs§RdIb³‘RD›ÀGng>`baVcÍiw\4MLI_RdgJZLl4KQZOZ_adcτ\in\€RVPJZLcXIO`badc|f.c§I“xhRdZL\]Z²f.\]ILlRVgJ\qghMO\]Z gSRrgi>RXi>Rzf.cXIb ŠÂmhGSRV`badc)n}9¨'¨v„τ rg = 1,021 − 0,084 [ m dirf (949 × 10 −8 p + 0,051) ] 1/2,m dirf =35(1224 cos 2 Z + 1) 1/2 . J…n}9¨¥#4V\bmhGJKN•§RdsQ\]ghMO\²tzl€RdZLZ£Rzin\²RdIut¿fJIL\]ZLZ_aVc4in\¡¨ U Ẍ³W Ñn~ÇRz\“ZLGSR¿›ÀcXILl¿GJsrRV`baVc‰„ i>RXi>Rzf.cXIb

ZO\qg>incM dirfc = m dirf¨V J…n}Tcc§g>in\p = 1004 m 2 s −2 K −1 RdI4t¥fJI^\]ZLZ£adcÙjqcXgJZ^M£RdghML\§³ρ„DcÙjbRdsQc§I‰\]ZLf.\bjqŸNÊSjqcÙinc \a VZ_aVcJ³aÑAÉτ wv = 1 −2,9µM dirfc(1 + 141,5µM dirfc ) 0,635 + 5,925µM dirfc,J…n}9¨¥4VÆ5MLI_RdgJZLl4KQZOZLKN•wK[i>RXiw\²in\v•XRVf.cXÎ in\²—VxXGSRτ wvgSR‰ŠÂm GSRX`badc)n}9¨'¨vf.cwin\“ZO\qIÄ\]ZOjqI^KQM_R‰jqcXl4c>RVPSRdKÖncecXGžg>R€j]RVl€RVi>Rin\¾ghGn• \]gJZb}µ = 1 g∫ p0(p) ( 273,16q v101300 T) 1/2dp.J…n}TXU VRVjqKQl€R€i>RdZŽg…Gn•§\]gJZŽ\M dirfc = 5/3˜jkc§l4fnILKQl4\]ghMOcµ gJc4gJŸN• \]s p „ jbRdsrjqGns§RVincf.cXIbH6ÃŒõ~ì”| ûjò{z_ö‹Œ|€ ðoò,úÜðx—ízò^Œ¥Gwnc4in\ jbRVsQcXIÄZL\]gJZLŸQ•§\]s¹„ i>RXinc‰f.c§I]˜H = ρ a c p C dh V a (T s − T a ),\¾Rz• \]sQcwjqK[i>RVin\¿inc4• \qghMOc€R4GJli>RVincgJŸN• \]s‘RdMLl4c§ZL›§„]ILK[jqcIL\]ZLf.\bjkMOKN•XRVl‰\]ghMO\X³@R4in\]gJZLKri>RVin\¾inceRVÎC\ „“c‰jqch\qÊSjqKQ\]ghMO\ iw\²RdILIORVZ^MOczfSRdI_R¾c4j]RVsQc§IÄmhGn\ in\qf.\]g>in\ i>R¾ILGJxXc§ZLK[i>RXiw\“\“i>R¿\qZLM_RVPJKQsQKri>RVin\dhMO„]ILl‰KrjbRzi>R¿ZOGJf.\qIL›ÀŸ[jqKQ\§}LE“¡î‡6ÃŒõ~ì”| ûjò{z_ö‹Œ|€îŒöfýÊò,úzýÇò(RÍMOI_RdgJZLfJKQI_RV`baVcE˜ \D\q•XRVf.cXI_RV`badctr Ei>RdZ‰fSRdI^MO\]Zri>RdẐ fJsrRVg M£RdẐ \ i>R¿\q•§Rdf.cXI_RV`baVci>RzZLGJf.\]I^›ÀŸ[jqK[\ inc4ZLc§sQcEÉJl4K[i>RVẐ gLE = L(E g + E tr + E r ),J…n}T§T Vc§g>in\L = 2,500780 × 10 6 m 2 s −2 „“cjbRdsQc§IÄsrRdML\]ghMO\ in\“\q•XRdf.c§IORX`badci>R4—dx§GSRw}

V J…n}TXWqZO\qg>inc RDGJl‰Kri>RVin\\]ZLf.\bjqŸNÊSjbR|incžRVI \va CcÍjqc…\qÊSjqKQ\]ghML\ein\€RVILIORVZ^MLcÍf>RVIORÍRDGJl4K[i>RVin\§}eÆdq\E tròE v = E tr + E r .J…n}T #4VE gÑÑ“¡î"“ lí ö€Š |€Êöm÷b‰€| û‚| ð|‹Œ| Rzf.cXIêJ¡P.LQT¦NCÎKO.P¨Ë\‰ÊN"OQPK]_L.Pu³o¨'#4VkÆ\k•§Rdf.cXI_RX`]aVcinc4ZLcXs[c4„E g = (1 − veg)ρ a C dq V a [h u q vsat (T s ) − q va ],⎧⎪⎨h u =⎪⎩ 0,5ZL\1 W g W fl[ ( )]1 − cos π WgWZL\flW g < W fl .J…n}T \VGJl4K[i>RXin\“IL\qs§RËMOKN•XRzgSRzZLGJf.\]IL›§ŸrjkK[\²iwc4ZLc§sQch u„ i>RXi>R¿f.c§IbWjqc§l%R4jbRVfSRVjqK[i>RXiw\ziw\¾jbRdl4f.cfl =}ÌÆ0GJl4K[i>RXiw\¾\]ZLf.\bjqŸNÊSjbRin\²Z_RËMOGJI_RV`badceincZLc§sQc0,75W satq vsat (T s )„ÄjbRdsrjqGns§RVi>R“GwMOKQs[KQÎÅRdg>incdoÓZL\uRv›§§I^l¿GJsrRvin\ˆ’‚\qML\]gqJ¿À.Á_„ÜÂTÄÍÅ¥Æ§bN³"¨'''Vks tyML\]l4f.\]I_RËMOGJIORq vsat = 380 ()p exp T s − 273,16a wT s − b w,J…n}T 'Vjqc§l⎧⎪⎨a w =⎪⎩⎧⎪⎨b w =⎪⎩17,270ZL\T s 273,16 K21,875ZL\T s < 273,16 K,35,5ZL\T s 273,16 K7,5ZL\T s < 273,16 K.J…n}T 4VJ…n}T VE r“¡î>lí ö€Š |fýoÇömúÜðŠeþÇöm÷}‰€| ûjömðïŠ•ŒömúzýÊömð'RtrE\q•§Rdf.cXI_RV`baVcinKQIL\qM_R i>RzZLGJf.\]I^›ÀŸrjkK[\²i>RdZÄ›Àc§sQŒSRdZbr

ZOcXsQc>}ÆIL\qZOKQZ^Mrc]g>jkK§R¾l4ŸQgJKQl€RR smin\vc¾•§RdsQc§IÌsQK[l‰KQML\“i>R²I_RVinK§RV`badc‰ZLcXs§RdImhGJ\“RdMLK[gJxX\vc¿ZLc§sQcR GLÑ Òi>RVi>Rzf.c§I]Æf>RVILjq\]s§R‰in\vMLI_RdgJZOfJKQIORX`badc4„1 − F wE tr = vegρ a [q vsat (T s ) − q va ],R a + R sJ…n}T 4V›§c§sQŒSRdẐ \²Rz\q•XRdf.c§I_RV`badc€iwK[I^\qM£R‰i>R¿›ÀIORX`badc4ÉJl4K[i>RzgSR¿ZOGnf@\qIL›ÀŸ[jqKQ\²i>RdẐ „§F wE r = vegρ a [q vsat (T s ) − q va ],R aJ…n}W§U VF w =(WrW rmax) 2/3,c§g>in\²R¿›ÀI_RV`badcin\v• \]xX\qM£RV`baVc4ÉJl‰Kri>Rw³F w³J„ in\qÊJgJKri>Rzf.cXIbJ…n}W ¨VgSRdẐ fJsrRdghM£RdZb³W\²Rzl€—ÅnKQl€R¿GJl4K[i>RXiw\ ³nf.c§IbrmaxW rmax = 0,2vegLAI (mm).LAIJ¦w}W§T Vin\¥RVjqcXIOinc jqcXl c MLK[f.c‡in\žjqcXP.\]I^MLGJI_Rin\qML\]ILl‰K[gSRAc‡ŸQg>inK[jq\žin\¥—dIL\ÅRA›ÀcXs[KrRdI€\|•XRVI^KrR\]xX\qM£Rds }ÇŠÃZLZO\HfSRdI_´dl4\qMOI^cŽ„¡in\qMO\]I^l4KQgSRXincŽf.\]srRyRdgS—VsQKQZO\Ìin\HPSRVZL\]ZjbRdI^MLc§xXI_—ËÊSjbRdZZJ RVILmhGJKN• cXZÃ† Y ÏvÕ•in\“•§\]x§\kM£RV`baVc4in\]ZOjqILKNMOcXẐ gSR…\]`baVc¡J}©¨Vk}\c]g>jqKrR4RV\]I^cwinKQgS´dl4Krj]RRÆI^\]ZLK[Z^M i>RdZŽŠÃmhGSRV`qÈ…\]Zpw}T ‰\êw}WXU „“fSRdI_Rdl4\qMOI^K[ÎbRXi>Rzf.cXIbaR a = 1C dq V a,J…n}W§W VR s =R sminLAIF 1 F 2 F 3 F 4,\²RzIL\qZOKQZ^Mrc]g>jkK§RzZLGJf.\]IpÊSjqK§Rds;f>RVIOR4Rz\k•§Rdf.cVMOI_RdgJZLfJKQI_RX`]aVcR s„ jbRds[jqGJsrRXi>R‰jqc§l‰c>J…n}W \VRdMLc§I c§g>in\“c‰›Fl4\bin\²RzKQg?~>Gcqg>jqK§R‰i>Rz›§cXMLc§ZLZLŸQghMO\]ZL\“\“„²iJRXinc4f.cXIb1F 1 = f + R smin/R smaxJ…n}W,'V1 + fZO\qg>inc>f = 0,55 R GR GL2LAI ,4V J…n}WR smax = 5000 sm −1 RR€IL\]ZLKQZ^Mrc]g>jqKrRel€—ÅnKQl€R\ R€I_RVinK§RV`badc+in\zcXg>i>RdZ“jqGJI^M_RVZvmhGJ\4RËMOKQgJxX\zcG

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