'Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\iÄ€yp(rv[S : a[k ...

p\krN-3 Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPk-p(rv[S 

1. kZ(Ps>b>F) siFni[ : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZ(Ps>b>F) siFni[ 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZ(Ps>b>F) siFni[ 

2. kZPki[ an[ p\iN)-px) : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZPki[ an[ p\iN)-px) 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPki[ an[ p\iN)-px) 

3. kZPki[n) T[vi[ : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZPki[n) T[vi[ 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPki[n) T[vi[ 

4. kZ(P aiFi(rt g\i(mN Äyvsiyi[ : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZ(P aiFi(rt g\i(mN Äyvsiyi[ 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZ(P aiFi(rt g\i(mN Äyvsiyi[ 

5. kZPki[n) ai>t(rk l[vD-d[vD : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZPki[n) ai>t(rk l[vD-d[vD 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPki[n) ai>t(rk l[vD-d[vD 

6. kZPki[ an[ p\kZ(t : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZPki[ an[ p\kZ(t 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPki[ an[ p\kZ(t 

152

kZ(P a[ g\iÀyp(rv[Sn&> a(vBijy a>g C[. kZ(P a[ j g\imjni[n&> Jvn C[. kZ(P an[ 

g\imjni[ a[kb)jini pyikLiy[li C[ k[ t[ai[ni Avt>#i 

a(AtRvn) aipN[ kÃpni s&¹Fi> kr) Skti nY).miT)n) mh[>k aipN[ mi#i a[mni K[tri[mi> j 

nh) pr>t& a[mni Jvnmi> pN mh[s*s kr)a[ C)a[.Frt)n[ t[ai[ mi gN[ C[ an[ miT) t[ai[ni[ 

aiRmi C[.ai Frt)ni Ki[Limi> j t[ai[n&> Jvn pi>gr[ C[ an[ a>t[ a[mi> j (vly pim[ C[.kZ(P 

a[mni Jvnni dr[k hkiriRmk k[ nkiriRmk pisi>n[ ki[en[ ki[e r)t[ p\Bi(vt kr[ C[.Jvnni 

s&Kd&:Kni p\s>gi[a[ pN p\Ym p\iFiºy kZ(Pn[ aipvimi> aiv[ C[.prbtni mZRy& p\s>g[ gimli[ki[ 

p\Ym vivN) krvini[ an[ pC) a[ni Sbn[ a(³ndih d[vini[ (nN rxN kr[ 

C[. 3 kZ(P j a[mni Jvnni[ a[kmi#i aiFir C[.ki[ek vP[< K[t) (nOfL jti> a[mn&> a[ vP< an[ 

kyir[k ti[ a[mn&> smg\ Jvn (nOfLtin) air[ aiv) uB&> rh[ C[.pikn) a(n(Vtti a[mni 

Jvnmi> aivti utir-cQiv miT[ (nNi li(Kyir[ pi[tin&> Ki[rD&> 

ctrBjn[ lK) aipv&> pD[ C[. 5 Frt)mi> b)j vviy an[ a[ b)j diNi[ bn[ a[ dr(myin a[k 

K[D*t[ an[k s>GPi[ Jvn 

s&¹Fi> div pr lgivv&> pD[ C[, Cti> t[ai[ a[ K[t) an[ a[n[ jNnir) Frt) p\Ry[ adÀy 

aikP

Frt)n) miT)mi>Y) j a[ mLS[, a[niY) d*r jvimi> nh)>."" 6 ai j p\kirn) an&B*(t kl)mn[ 

Yti> t[ p[(rsn&> Bi](tkvid) Jvn Ci[D)n[ pi[tini vtn 'a[³Dn h)Y"mi> piCi[ fr[ C[ an[ a>t[ 

'furze-cutter" ni[ Äyvsiy Av)kir[ C[. T*>kmi>, kZ(P a[ j g\imjni[n&> Jvn C[. kZ(P siY[ni[ 

a[mni[ s>b>F at*T-a(Bºn C[. t[ai[ kZ(Pmy Jvn Jv[ C[.kZ(P a[ g\iÀy p(rv[Sn&> aigv&> 

an[ agRyn&> pis&> C[. p\i.Dƒi. y&.a[l. pT[l kZ(P an[ g\iÀyJvnn&> siy&jy smjivti> lK[ 

C[: 

''kZ(P krn[ vil[ g\i(mN, kZPk khlit[ h]>, ji[ (k g\iÀy-J)vnki a[k m&²y a>g h]. 

Birt vP< giƒ>vi[> s[ bni h], givi[>m[ rhn[ vil[ a(Fktr li[g kZ(Ps[ s>b>F rKt[ h], ess[ yh ApOT 

h][ (k Birt kZPki[ki d[S h]. kZPk-J)vnk[ smg\ $p ai]r usk[ p\imi(Nk a¹yynk[ (ly[ 

aivÆyk h] (k usk[ (v(vF pxi[ki ghn a¹yyn (kyi jia[ tYi usk[ ai>t(rk Av$p ki[ 

Bl)-Bit) smji jia[."" 7 

Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&(nlil m(Dyia[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPk p(rv[Sn&> s*Èm, Jv>t 

an[ yYiY< (c#i rj* ky& C[. t[Y) hv[ aipN[ a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> AYin pim[li kZPk 

p(rv[Sni> (v(vF pisi>ai[ni[ t&lniRmk p(rcy p\i¼t kr)S&>. 

1. kZ(P-s>b>F) siFni[ : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZ(P - s>b>F) siFni[ : 

Yi[ms hiD)< a[mni smy dr(myin g\iÀyJvn an[ Kis kr)n[ kZ(PJvnmi> 

ai]wi[(gkrNn) asrn[ l)F[ aiv) rh[li p(rvtp*N< Xit hti>. 

ai]wi[(gkrNn) asr h[qL e>³l[>Dn&> pr>prigt kZPk p(rv[Sn&> Av$p bdlie rH&> ht&>. 

K[t)(vh)n g\imjni[n) s>²yimi> vFiri[ Ye rHi[ hti[.an[ t[ai[ upr K[trmi> aYvi 

kirKinimi> mj*r) krvi miT[ frj piDvimi> aivt) ht). 'T[[s ai[f D"ab

-51 mi> a[k K[tr[Y) b)ji> K[tr[ AYL>itr krti g\imjni[n&> (c#i asrkirk r)t[ rj* krvimi> 

aiÄy&> C[. hiD)< lK[ C[: 

''the process, humorously designated by statisticians as the tendency 

of the rural population towards the large towns,being really the tendency of 

water to flow uphill when forced by machinery."" 8 

ai nvlkYimi> anij CDvini y>#i,{the threshing machine}ni[ uÃl[K krvimi> 

aiÄyi[ C[. hiD)< j[ r)t[ ai y>#in[ vN f(lt kr) Skiy k[ ai]wi[(gkrNn&> 

a(tk\mN j mi[TiBign) kZPk k$Ni>(tkiai[ miT[ jvibdir p(rbL C[. ai y>#i miT[ 'red 

tyrant" S¾d p\yi[jvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ 9 j[ vir>vir mi>gN) krniri[, aminv)y an[ as>ti[P) C[ 

an[ T[s t[mj aºy y&vt)ai[a[ a[n) s[vimi> stt hijr rh[v&> pD[ C[. 

ai y>#i jyir[ cil& hi[y C[ Ryir[ a[ li[ki[ni Sr)rni Aniy&ai[ an[ niD)ai[n[ 

shnS)ltin) hd bhir Ykv) niK[ C[. a[Tl[ k[ a[ a[v&> y>#i C[ j[ minv)y ~mmi> GTiDi[ 

krvin[ bdl[ ~mmi> vFiri[ kr[ C[. K[trmi> kim krti vZ¹F Äy(ktai[ a[ (dvsi[n[ yid kr[ C[ 

jyir[ t[ai[ B*tkiLmi> kZ(P s>b>F) ki[epN kim pi[tini hiY[ krti. kim F)m[F)m[ Yt&>, pr>t& 

p(rNim ci[ÊspN[ si$> aivt&>.Kis kr)n[ T[s miT[ ai y>#i siY[n&> kiy< kqN ksi[T) si(bt 

Yiy C[. a[n&> kim a[ y>#i clivti Äy(ktn[ pikn) z*D)ai[ phi[>ciDvin&> ht&> an[ a[n&> a[ kim 

a(vrtpN[ ciÃyi krt&>. 

“The women on the corn -rick could stop to ale or cold tea from the 

flagon now and then, or to exchange a few gossiping remarks while they 

wipe thier faces or cleared the fragments of straw and husk from their 

clothing ; but for Tess there was no reptile...” 10 

155

aim, T[s[ pN a[ y>#in) siY[ y>#ivt kiy< krv&> pDt&> ht&>.an[ a[ ØOy m*D)vid) 

K[tri[mi> ji[vi mLti minv)y s>b>Fi[ni (vμC[dn&> p$tk C[. agiu T[s j[ D[r)mi> kiy< krt) 

ht) Ryi> m]#i)Biv shkir, h*>f hti>. pr>t& Y\[S)>g mS)n j[vi y>#i[ini kZ(Pmi> aigmnY) ai 

bFi> j minv)y Bivi[ an[ s>b>Fi[ni[ F)m[ F)m[ l[ip Yvi mi>Dyi[. j[v) r)t[ a[l[[[k T[sni 

jit)y Si[PN oiri a[n&> aiRmsºmin, gi]rv, an[ ai[LK hN) l[ C[ a[ j p\miN[ Y\[S)>g 

mS)n pN T[s j[v) y&vt)ni aiRmsºmin, ai[LK an[ a(AtRvn[ q[s phi[>ciD[ C[.mi#i 

Si[PNn&> simiºy Av$p j bdliy&> C[; a[l[k T[sn&> jit)y Si[PN kr[ C[ an[ Y\[S)>g mS)n 

Sir)(rk ! 

'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb$j"mi> pN aivi j a[k vivN)ni y>#ini[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ 

C[. a[k (dvs Ãy&s[Ti an[ a[(lzib[Y t[mni Grn) bir)mi>Y) ji[e C[ k[ a[k nvi j p\kirni 

vihnn) frt[ li[ki[n&> Ti[L&> G[ri[ Gil) uB&> C[. a[ b>n[ bhir n)kLvini[ an[ li[ki[ni k&t*hlni[ 

(vPy S&> C[ a[ jiNvini[ (nN a[ li[ki[n[ jiN Yiy C[ k[ a[ 

nvi j p\kirn&> K[trmi> vivN) krvin&> y>#i ht&>. Ãy&s[Ti an[ a[(lzib[Y b>n[ (vcir[ C[ k[ 

a[mni aivi g\iÀyp\d[Smi> a[ p\miN[n&> vivN) krvin&> y>#i firf\[ j liÄyi[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[. t[ j 

smy[ firf\[ a[ y>#in) nJk aiv[ C[, a[n&> avli[kn kr[ C[ an[ a[ mS)nni[ upyi[g k[v) r)t[ 

krvi[ a[ bibt (vP[ jiNkir) Frivti[ hi[y a[ r)t[ a[ni[ hiYi[ pkD[ C[. jyir[ Ãy&s[Ti a[ 

y>#in[ 'stupid" kh[ C[ Ryir[ firf\[ pi[tin) a[ y>#i (vP[n) jiNkir) n)c[ni S¾di[mi> Äykt kr[ 

C[. a[ kh[ C[ : 

''Stupid ? O no ! .....It will revolutionise sowing heerabout ! No more 

sowers flinging their seed about broadcast , so that some falls by the wayside 

and some among thorns, and all that. Grain will go straight to its intended 

place ,and no where else whatever !"" 11 

156

jyir[ b)J bij&, k[ATrb\)jmi> mi#i Gis kipvin) Cr) len[ diKl Ynir an[ smy 

jti> a[ j gimmi> mi[Ti[ anijni[ v[pir) an[ m[yr bnnir h[ºciD< a[ y>#in) T)ki krti kh[ 

C[ k[ a[ vAt& a[ni (vAtirmi> vivN) krvi miT[ an&k*L si(bt YS[ nh). aim, h[ºciD< a[ 

pr>prigt kZ(P p¹F(tn[ an&srniri[ an[ a[mi> minniri[ miNs C[, jyir[ firf\[ vtpri an[ 

p(rvt a>tr ApOTpN[ ji[e Skiy C[. 

vF&mi> ai j kZ(tni p\krN-4 mi> k[ATrb\|)jni bjirn&> vN

'F v&Dl[ºDs aigL tmn[ mÇyi ? 

'rv[ls< en pis[ mn[ mÇyi. h&> m)DlTn a[b[Y) aiv&> C&>. Ryi> #iN 

aqvi(DyiY) sfrjnni[ s>ci[ cliv&> C&>. 

'Ryi> sieDr kiQvin) (ml nY) ?" 

'C[. pN t[ bgD) gy[l) C[." ""! 13 

'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\iuD" mi> aipNn[ g\iÀy p(rv[Sni[ kyir[k s&>dr ti[ kyir[k ad`B*t ti[ 

kyir[k viAt(vk ØÆyi[ (nhiLvi mL[ C[.a[mi>n&> a[k ØÆy C[, mFmiK)ni[ p*Di[ t]yir krvi[ : t[ 

vP[< nvi[ mFp*Di[ vsivvi miT[ riN) siY[ n)kL) pDt&> mFmiK)ai[n&> Ti[L&> v[Frbr)mi> mi[D[Y) 

aiÄy&>.pr>t& aiKr[ t[ aiÄy&>. simiºy r)t[ bFi> j K[tmj*ri[ K[trmi> kZ(Ps>b>F) kimmi> 

ri[kiy[li hti>.t[Y) biYs[bi pi[t[ j Sky hi[y ti[ a[ kim pir piDvin&> nkk) kr[ C[.t[ 

mFmiK)n[ Ks[Dvi miT[ a[k kZ(#im p*Di[ mF an[ vnAp(t lp[T)n[ t]yir kr[ C[, a[k (nsrN), 

b\S, an[ a[k h&kviL) Di>g liv[ C[.mFmiK)Y) pi[tin&> rxN krvi miT[ cimDi>ni mi[ji>, miY[ 

158

Ti[p) an[ a[k mi[Ti[ pirdS (nsrN) gi[qv[ C[. Yi[Di pg(Yyi> cDti> j a[n[ sijBLiy 

C[. t[ trt j b\S, Di>g, an[ Kil) kZ(#im mFp*Di[ n)c[ f[>k) d[ C[, an[ (nsrN) prY) utr) 

pD[ C[.a[ sij mdd krvi (vn>t) kr[ C[.Tî[y trt j b&rKi[, 

hiYm[iji>, an[ Ti[p) ph[r) hiYmi> kZ(#im p*Di[ le vZZZx pr cD) jiy C[ an[ Yi[D) xNi[mi> j 

bF) j mFmiK)ai[ a[ p*Di pr gi[qviy jiy C[. 14 

upri[kt p\(k\yi ji[Km) an[ m&Æk[l C[ Cti> Tî[y a[mi> kiy sfLti m[Lv[ C[. a[ upri>t aipNn[ a[ ØÆyni rspin 

dr(myin mFuC[rn) p\(k\yi an[ a[mi> vpriti siFni[ni[ p(rcy pN p\i¼t Yiy C[.aim, 

Yi[ms hiD) Bivkn[ kZ(Ps>b>F) k[Tli>k pr>prigt siFni[ an[ a[ smyn) 

ai]wi[(gk k\i>(tn[ l)F[ a[ siFn[in&> AYin le rh[li awtn y>#i[i t[mj t[ni upyi[gY) kZPk 

p(rv[S pr pDt) hkiriRmk k[ nkiriRmk asri[ni[ a>dij pN aiv[ C[. 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZ(Ps>b>F) siFni[ : 

c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> pN aipNn[ kyi>k kyi>k ai]wi[(gkrNn) Birt)y 

g\iÀy p(rv[S pr vti> Birt)y kZPki[ miT[ a(t 

agRyn&> siFn C[.bLdni[ upyi[g K[tr K[Dvi miT[ ti[ Yiy j C[ pr>t& a[ upri>t a[k 

gimY) b)ji gim[ m&sifr) krvi miT[ an[ m&²yRv[ kZPk c)jvAt&ai[ an[ miln) h[rif[r) miT[ 

bLdgiDi>ni[ bhi[Li[ upyi[g Yiy C[, ai]wi[(gkrNni a[ jminimi> bLdgiD)n&> AYin 

mi[TrgiD)a[ l[vi mi>Dy&>. Ryir[ a[ p(rvt pr>prigt min(skti an[ miºyti 

Frivti li[ki[ k[v) agvD an[ akLimN an&Bv[ C[ a[ bibtni[ (nd[

l)l& S[qn) miti jyir[ jyir[ r[Ãv[ m&sifr) kyi< bid j[tlsr j>kSn[ utrti Ryir[ 

g&>(dyiY) a[mni viD)-K[trni Bi(gyi jigi pT[l a[mn&> KKDFj giD&> len[ a[mn[ l[vi 

aivti.pr>t& JJmin[ l)l&S[qn) riOT^di[h) p\vZ(_iai[n) jiN Yti t[ai[ a[mni m&>be Kit[ni 

(nvisAYinni[ Ryig kr)n[ g&>d)yi aivvi j[tlsr j>kSn[ utr[ C[ Ryir[ jigi pT[ln[ bdl[ 

kiL&m)yi>ni Ci[kri> ai[smi(nyin[ ji[en[ JJmin[ ac>bi[ Yiy C[ k[ a[mN[ bLdgiDi>n[ bdl[ 

a[k KTirimi> b[s)n[ g&>(dyi jvin&> hi[y C[, Ryir[ t[ai[ Avgti[(kt uμcir[ C[ : 

'jigi pT[ln&> giD&> k[v&> $piL&> ht&>, jiN[ jiN[ Fibi upr si]pir) rLt) jiy!" 15 

KTiri[ jyir[ ATiT< krvimi> aiv[ C[ Ryir[ k\&D ai[elni F&miDiY) a[ Brie jiy C[.a[ F&miDi[ 

an[ a[n) 'nrk j[v) g>¹y" Y) JJmi g*>gLimN an&Bv[ C[ an[ bi[l) uq[ C[; 'k[v&> $piL&> 

giD&> ht&> ! n(h g>¹y k[ n(h ki>e b)ji[ uGrivi[." 16 a>t[ JJmin[ KTirin) a[ m&sifr) jri 

pN an&k*L si(bt Yt) nY) an[ t[ai[ UlT) kr[ C[.t[ai[ a[ vihn a>g[ni[ 'aiKr) c&kidi[" 

aipti kh[ C[, ''ai tir[ KTir[ ti[ miri> li[h) l)Fi>."" 17 a>t[ t[ai[ g&>(dyi s&F)n) bik)n) 

m&sifr) a[k bLdgiDi>mi> b[s)n[ p*r) kr[ C[. 

aim, JJmini a[ KTiri (vP[ni aNgmi an[ ud`giri[mi> B(vOymi> ai]wi[(gkrNn) 

g\iÀy p(rv[S an[ pyi pr pi[tini[ sk>ji[ AYipvi mi>Dyi[ C[ : 

''ah)> li[Qvini an[ gi>sD)ai[ bi>Fvini (j(n>g y>#i[i .....ah)> f[kTr) cil[ 

C[...ah)> kipDn) m)l..... ai Äyvhir mig< ......."" 18 

aim, Cti> Birt)y g\iÀy (vAtiri[mi> (vXin an[ T[kni[li[Jn) 21m) sd)mi> pN hL 

vD[ K[tr K[Dti[ K[D*t k[ bLdgiDi>mi> m&sifr) krti g\imjni[n&> ØÆy td`n simiºy C[ Ryir[ 

160

Avit>#yi[tr Birt)y K[tri[n) viD[i Yi[ms hiD) ji[vi mLti Y\[S)>g mS)n j[vi 

awtn kZPk y>#ii[a[ ai[L>g) n ht) a[ AviBi(vk C[.t[ smy[ K[D*ti[a[ K[tr K[Dvi miT[ s>p*N< 

aiFir hL upr j riKvi[ pDti[ hti[ an[ bLdgiD&> a[mn[ miT[ sv. 

'l)l&D) Frt)" mi> aipNn[ ji[vi mL[ C[ k[ vivN) krvi K[tr[ jti ph[li K[D*ti[ bLdn[ 

SNgir[ C[, giDi>mi> (byirN Br)n[, giDi>ni p]Din&> k>k& Ci>T)n[ p*jn kr[ C[ t[mj mgn&> 

S&knv>t& Fiºy v[r[ C[. 19 Birt)y K[D*ti[ miT[ kZ(PsiFni[ Avt>#i a(AtRv Frivti (nJt& a[mn) siY[ t[ai[ 'Av"n) aiRm)yti an&Bv[ C[.giDi>n) F)m) pr>t& mkkm 

g(t a[mn[ F]y< FirN krvin&> S)Kv[ C[, ti[ hiY smin hL a[mn[ gm[ t[v) (vkT p(r(AY(t 

sim[ him B)Dvin) p\[rNi p*r) piD[ C[. aim, Birt)y K[D*tni[ kZ(Ps>b>F) siFni[ siY[ni[ niti[ 

mi#i upyi[g)tivid) n rh[ti a[k BiviRmk an[ ai¹yi(Rmk Atr[ ji[Diy[li[ C[. 

2. kZPki[ an[ p\iN) - px) : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZPki[ an[ p\iN)- px) : 

kZPki[ni Jvn siY[ pS&- p\iN) -px) giQ r)t[ s>kLiy[li hi[y C[.kZPki[ an[ a[mni 

p\iN)ai[n&> sha(AtRv g\iÀyp(rv[Sni[ a[k a(Bºn (hAsi[ C[ a[ li[ki[ siY[ Jv[ C[, siY[ hr[fr[ 

C[, an[ (vPm p(r(AY(tmi> a[kb)jin[ mdd s&¹Fi> kr[ C[.a[mni[ li>bi giLini[ shvis 

a[mn[ a[kb)jin) viN) an[ ligN) smjvin&> sim¸y< pN bx[ C[. kZPk an[ p\iN)ni[ s>b>F- 

(vμC[d kZPki[ni Jvn pr (vpr)t asri[ kr[ C[.am&k Kis s>ji[gi[mi> p\iN) a[ kZPk miT[ 

aiFirB*t p(rbL si(bt Yiy C[. ki[e k&T&>bni pilt& p\iN) k[ pS&n&> mZRy& a[ k&T&>bni[ svb>Fi[mi> rh[li 

v](v¹y, (vVis an[ Äyvhiri[n[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> aigv) r)t[ dSi

'T[s ai[f D"ab 

a[n[ giDi> siY[ ji[Dvimi> aiv[ C[.an[ T[s a[ni nini Bie ab\ihmn[ bij&mi> b[siD) giDin[ 

h>kir) jiy C[.Yi[Di> mieli[n&> a>tr ki¼yi bid, a[mni vihnn[ akAmit nD[ C[. sim[Y) Tpil 

len[ aivti vihn ji[D[ a[n&> giD&> aYDiy C[. a[ akAmitmi> a[mni Gi[Di '(p\ºs"n&> mZRy& 

Yiy C[. 

j[ GTni bn[ C[ a[niY) T[sn[ aiGit lig[ C[. li[h)ni Kibi[(cyimi> Gi[Din&> mZt 

Sr)r By>kr lig[ C[. a[ ³lin) an&Bv[ C[ k[ h&> miri miti-(ptin[ k[v)-r)t[ mi[> btiu>. a[ 

upri>t T[s mFp*Din[ k[ATrb\)j phi[>ciD) Skt) nY). 

'(p\ºs"n&> mZRy& Db)b miT[ kd) n Brpie Ye Sk[ a[v&> n&kSin si(bt Yiy 

C[.an[ a[n[ miT[ T[s pi[tin[ di[(Pt gN[ C[. 

''Tis all my doing-all mine !....No excuse for me -nine. What will 

Mother and Father live on now ? .....We can't go on with our load - Prince is 

killed .Why, I danced and laughed only yesterday ! To think I was such a 

fool !"" 20 

upri[kt smg\ d&G nY). T[sni (ptin[ (p\ºs[ a[mni k&T&>bmi> j[ kiy< an[ s[vi kr) ht) a[ yid 

kr[ C[.t[ai[ gr)b hi[vi Ct>i Yi[Di>GNi> p]si miT[ (p\ºsn&> mZt Sr)r v[cvi t]yir Yti nY). 

''No, I won't sell his old body......He've served me well in his life-time 

and I won't part from his now."" 21 

162

a>t[ j[ bg)ci[ a[mN[ pik ugiDvi miT[ fiLv[li[ hi[y C[ Ryi> kbr Ki[d) (p\ºsn[ 

dfniv[ C[. (p\ºsni mZRy&Y) T[sni Jvnmi> mh_vni[ vLi>k aiv[ C[.T[sni k&T&>bni[ a[k mi#i 

aiFir a[vi (p\ºsni mZRy&n[ l)F[ a[mni k&T>bn) aiJ(vki C)nvie jiy C[ an[ F(nk 

D'ab T[s upr a[l[k bLiRkir kr[ C[. aim, (p\ºs 

j[vi a[k simiºy p\iN)ni mZRy&n) a[k gr)b g\im)N k&T&>b pr k[v) (vpr)t asr Yiy C[ 

a[ni[ ²yil aipNn[ ai d&G

kZPk p(rv[Smi> pi[tini a(AtRv an[ ai[LK n) p\(tt) krivnir p\iN)ai[mi> Gi[Di 

upri>t aºy ni[>Fpi#i p\iN) Vin C[. ai p\iN) pi[tin) p\kZ(t an[ vfidir)n) Cb)n[ an&$p 

B*(mki Bjv[ C[. 

'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\\iuD"mi> kYiniyk ai[k p[itin) z*>pD)mi> bir)ai[ b>F riK) an[ 

b)J bij& c*li[ sLgti[ riK) s*e jiy C[. p(rNim[ a[ b[Bin Ye jiy C[.a[ k[Tli smy 

s&F) b[Bin avAYimi> rhyi[ a[n) a[n[ jiN Yt) nY).jyir[ a[n[ Bin aiv[ C[ Ryir[ t[ 

pi[tini Vinn[ Bsti[ si>BL[ C[ an[ a[n&> miY&> d&K[ C[. ai>Ki[ Ki[lti a[n[ jiN Yiy C[ k[ 

pi[t[ a[k y&nin A#i) {biYS[bi} ni Ki[Limi> miY&> riK) s*ti[ C[.ai[k a[ y&v(tn[ S&> Yy&> a[m 

p*C[ C[ Ryir[ a[ y&v(t a[n[ n)c[ m&jb jvib aip[ C[: 

''I heard your dog howling and scratching at the door of the hut when 

I came to the milking. The dog saw me , and jumped over to me,and laid 

hold of my skirt. I came across and looked round the hut .....the slides were 

closed....I opened the door, and there you were like dead."" 23 

aim, a[k Vin[ pi[tin) s*z an[ vfidir) (nBiv) n hi[t ti[ ai[k a[ z*>pD)mi> 

g*>gLie myit& a[ni[ Vin a[n[ smys*ckti vipr) bciv) l[ C[. ai j kZ(tmi>> aºy 

a[k AYL[ aºy a[k Vin a[k mh_vn) B*(mki Bjv[ C[. 

f[n) ri[b)n a[ biYS[bin) kimviL) C[.sij jit)y Si[PN kr[ C[ an[ 

a[n[ gBt& Tî[y l³n biYS[bi siY[ kr[ C[. f[n)n) hilt kfi[D) Yiy C[. 

kirNk[ p\s*(tni[ smy nJk aiv[ C[ an[ a[n) pis[ kiN) pi>e nY). t[Y) t[ k[ATrb\)jmi> 

aiv[l a[k s[vik)y s>AYin) mdd l[vin&> nkk) kr[ C[.t[n) pis[ m&sifr)ni p]si nY) t[Y) t[ 

pgpiLi> j k[ATrb\)j jvin&> nkk) kr[ C[. a>tr K*b li>b&> C[ an[ pi[tin) p\s*(tni[ smy K*b 

j nJk aivti[ jiy C[. mig t[ fsDie pD[ C[ an[ ai>Ki[ b>F kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[n[ a[k 

164

m&liym an[ h&>fiLi ApSt& K*b miyiL& k*tri[ hi[y C[.f[n) (vcir[ C[ k[ a[ k*tri[ a[n[ mdd$p si(bt Ye Sk[ 

a[m C[.t[ pi[tini b[ nini hiY k*tri>ni KBi upr T[kv) d[ C[ an[ a[n[ k[ATrb\)j trf 

cilti[ kr[ C[. aim, f[n)ni Sr)rni[ aDFi[ Bir a[ k*tri[ vhn kr[ C[. a[m krti F)m[ F)m[ 

aigL vFti k*tri[ a[n[ a[n) m>(zl s&F) phi[>ciD) d[ C.hv[ t[ a[k mkinni drviji pis[ 

phi[>c) QL) pD[ C[. a[k Äy(kt drviji[ Ki[l) f[n)n[ a>dr le l[ C[.Yi[D)vir pC) f[n)n[ S&¹F) 

aivti a[ k*tri> (vS[ tpis kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ Äy(kt kh[ C[ k[ t[N[ ti[ a[ k*tri>n[ p¸Yr mir) 

BgiD) d)Fi[ C[. 24 

Tî[y f[n)n&> Si[PN kr) a[n[ gB a[n[ (vVis hi[y 

C[ a[ a[ni[ (vVisGit kr[ C[.ti[ b)J bij& f[n)n[ K*b j (vPm p(r(AY(tmi> mdd$p Ynir 

aji·yi Vinn[ aºy Äy(kt pYri[ mir) hLF*t kr[ C[. aim, ah)> miNs an[ Vinn) vμc[ 

rh[li[ p\kZ(t-B[d ji[e Skiy C[.miNs pi[tin) p\kZ(tn[ vLg) rh[ C[ an[ Vin pi[tin) - 

Bl[n[ hLF*t Yv&> pD[ k[ pYri> Kivi pD[ ! a[ pN a[k minv)y p\kZ(t an[ p\iN) vμc[ni 

s>b>Fi[n&> pis&> C[. 

Äy(kt an[ p\iN) vμc[ (vkis pim[li (v(vF Äyvhiri[mi>n&> aºy a[k (v(SOT Av$p ' 

jy&D F ai[¾skyi[r"mi> Äykt Yy&> C[. 

ai kZ(tmi> kYiniyk jy&Dn[ m[r)g\)nn) g\iÀy SiLimi>Y) (vdiy le rh[li (Sxk gim 

Ci[D) jti> ph[li a[k slih aip[ C[. 

''Be a good boy, remember; be kind to animals and birds.."" 25 

(Sxkn) ai slihn) jy&Dni mins pr Fir) asr pD[ C[ an[ t[Y) j a[ jyir[ 

a[k K[trmi> pikn[ cN) jti px)ai[n[ uDiDvin) kimg)r) krti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ a[k p\kirni 

165

FmkTni[ an&Bv kr[ C[. a[k trf jy&D a[v&> nY) eμCti[ k[ px)ai[n[ a[ni Ki[rikY) v>(ct 

riKvi ti[ b)J bij& a[ a[n) px)ai[Y) pikn&> rxN krvin) pi[tin) frj c*k[ C[. aim, 

a[ni mnmi> s>GP< C[ pr>t& a[ pi[tin) px)ai[ p\Ry[n) shin&B*(tn[ p\iFiºy aip[ C[ an[ jiN[ 

k[ px)ai[ a[n) ligN)n[ smjti hi[y a[m a[n[ K[trmi> cNvi miT[ aim>#iN aip[ C[. 

''Poor little dears ! You shall have some dinner you shall .There is 

enough for us all...Eat, then, my dear little birdies, and make a good meal! 

"" 26 

K[trni[ mi(lk a[n[ px)ai[n[ aim>#iN aipti si>BL) jiy C[. a[ jy&Dn[ b[rhm)Y) 

fTkir[ C[ an[ ni[kr)mi>Y) kiQ) m*k[ C[. p)DiY) kNsti[ jy&D m&>ziy C[ k[,''What was good 

for God's birds was bad for God's gardeners."" 27 pr>t& vZxi[ pN sJv C[ a[m min) 

vZx-C[dn pN shn n kr) Sknir, px)ai[ an[ p\iN)ai[ p\Ry[ dyiBiv riKnir an[ a[ Jv 

miT[ mir Kinir jy&D[ Jvnni a[k tbÊ[ p\iN)ai[ni kÍr d&Æmn a[vi KiTk)n) B*(mki 

Bjvv) pD[ C[. 28 k[v) k$Ni an[ k$Nti ! 

minvjgt an[ s*Èm Jv-jgt a[kb)ji siY[ k[vi a[k$p Yiy C[ a[n&> avli[kn 

krv&> hi[y ti[,'F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v"mi> hiD) Di[(ky&> krv&> j rH&> : 

''His daily life was of a curious microscopic sort, his whole world 

being limited to a circuit of a few feet from his person.His familiars were 

creeping and winged things, and they seem to enroll him in their band. Bees 

hummed around his ears with an intimate air, and tugged at the heath and 

furze - flowers at his side in such numbers as to weigh them down to the 

sod.The strange amber-coloured butterflies which Edgon produced, and 

which were never seen elsewhere, quivered in the breath of his lips, alighted 

upon his bowed back, and sported with the glittering point of his hook as he 

166

flourished it up and down. Tribes of emerald-green grasshoppers leaped over 

his feet, falling awkwardly on their backs, heads, or hips, like unskilful 

acrobats, or engaged themselves in noisy flirtations under the fern-fronds 

with silent ones of homely hue. Huge flies, ignorant of larders and wire- 

netting, and quite in a savage state, buzzed about him without knowing that 

he was a man. In and out of the fern-dells snakes glided in their most 

brilliant blue and yellow guise, it being the season immediately following 

the shedding of their old skins, when their colours are brightest. Litters of 

young rabbits came out from their forms to sun themselves upon hillocks, 

the hot beams blazing through the delicate tissue of thin-fleshed ear,and 

firing it to a blood-red transparency in which the veins could be seen. None 

of them feared him."" 29 

kl)mn&> smg\ (vV a[ni miNsY) Yi[Di> pglin) a>dr cilti p\vihi[ p*rt&> j 

(sm)t hi[viY), a[n&> ri[J>d& Jvn a[k (jXis& s*ÈmdS#i mifk ht&>.a[ni p(r(cti[mi> 

{creeping} an[ pi>(Kyi vAt&ai[ ht) an[ t[ai[ jiN[ k[ a[n[ pi[tini j*Ymi> p\v[S aipvi 

mi>gti hi[y a[v&> ligt&> ht&>. mFmiK)ai[ a>gt adiY) a[ni kini[n) aispis gNgNt) 

ht), an[ a[Tl) s>²yimi> Ci[Dvi an[ p&Opi[n[ tiNt) ht) k[ jiN[ a[mn[ n)c[ h(ryiL) 

jm)n pr vjnY) viL) d[vi mi>gt) hi[y. a[k (v(c#i p)Li> r>gni pt>(gyiai[ j[ mi#i 

a[³Dnmi> j uRpÒ Yti> an[ b)j[ kyi>y kyir[y jivi mLti n(h, a[ni hi[qi[ni Visi[mi> 

frkti hti, a[n) z*k[l) p)q pr b[s) jti hti an[ j[vi[ t[ a[ni ai>kDin[ upr-n)c[ (v>zti[ 

Ryir[ a[n) cmkt) a(N siY[ rmti[ rmti. l)li r>gni t)Di[ni[ sm*h a[ni pgi[ pr Cli>g 

lgivt&>, (bnkiyai[ n)c[ a[mni p(r(ct avijviLiai[ siY[ Si[rbki[r krti, p\Nyc[OTiai[mi> 

ri[kie jti>. ki[qiri[ an[ jiL)ai[Y) aXit a[v) mi[T) miK)ai[ j>gl) avAYimi> a[ a[k 

167

miNs C[ a[v&> ji·yi (vni a[n) aispis g&>jn krt). vnAp(tn) ki[tri[mi> an[ a[n) bhir 

sip a[n) B*r) an[ p)L) cmkt) ki>cL)mi> srk) rHi hti kirNk[ a[ a[n) j*n) ki>cL) 

utiyi< pC)n) trtn) j ät& ht), jyir[ a[mni r>gi[ zLkti hti. ssli>ni bμci>ai[ T[kr) 

pr s*yY) bhir n)kL) aiÄyi hti, grm s*ygn) pird(S a[mn) nsi[ ji[e Skit) ht). aimi>n&> k>epN a[n[ gBrivt&> ht&> n(h. 

ai a[ j Jv-jgt C[ k[ j[ kl)mn[ p[(rsn&> zikmzi[LviL&> Jvn RyJ pi[tini 

vtnmi>> 'fz

AviA¸y, p\s&(t, mZZRy& vg[r[ bibti[ a[mn) (c>tini[ (vPy C[.an[ a[mi> a[mni[ p\iN)ai[ p\Ry[ni[ 

p\[m p\gT Yiy C[. kZ(P-kimmi> pN Dgl[ n[ pgl[ t[ai[ p\iN)ai[n) a(nviy miTi[ avri[F uRpÒ Yiy C[. 

'l)l&D) Frt)"mi>> hidi pT[l pis[ 'rim-lKmN" j[v) Ki>(Dyi-bi>(Dyi bLdn) ji[D) 

ht).Ki>(Dyi[ bLd 'v)jL)ni (Sri[Ti[" j[vi[ Fi[Li[ f*l hti[ jyir[ bi>(Dyi[ bLd T*>ki S)>gDin[ 

bi>Di kinviLi[,'aPiQ) vidL)" j[vi[ kiL[i hti[.ai bºn[ bLdi[ a[mn) mi>sl ki>Fn[ aimY) 

t[m z*livti aigL cilti an[ piCL hidi pT[l Dckiri[ krti an[ n[ gi[br ai[rN) krti[. 

aim, ai cir[y Frt)p&#ii[ kNmi>Y) kLS) (npjivvini[ p&r&PiY< krti. 30 pr>t& bi>(Dyi[ bLd 

aik(Amk mZRy& pim[ C[ an[ bribr Ti>kN[ j hidi pT[lni Ki>(Dyi-bi>(Dyi bLdn) ji[D) t*T[ 

C[ Ryir[ t[ai[ mi[T) m*>zvNmi> m*kiy jiy C[. aPiQ) m[G Frt) an[ Frt)p&#i[in[ trbi[L kr) d[ 

C[ an[ vivN)ni[ smy aiv) phi[>c[ C[. a[k bLdn&> mZRy& Yy&> hi[viY), s>t&-Ujm (vBkt 

ji[D)ni a[k j bLdn[ SNgir[ C[ an[ k>k&n) ac vivN) pt) jiy pC) a[ni[ 

a[k bLd mi>g) l[vi[ an[ ai[rN) miT[ ki[eni siY)n) s[viai[ pN uC)n) l[v), pN hi(Yyi[ 

gijti hPt& ai pirki siY)ni aigmnn) rih ji[e Sk[ a[m 

nY). s)mmi> cir[y ki[r Ye rh[li vivNi> (nhiL)n[ t[ai[ pN ai[rN) ji[tr) d[ C[.lij-Srm 

k[ li[kcci s&vDiv)n[ s>t&a[ 

a[k K*Tti bLdn&> AYin le l[ C[ an[ b)ji bLdn) ji[D[ cisn[ c)l[c)l[ cilvi mi>D[ C[. 

piCL Ujm ai[rN) krvi mi>D[ C[. 31 

aim, ah)> minv) an[ p\iN) vμc[n) sv< B[dr[Kiai[ nOT Yt) aipN[ ji[e Sk)a[ 

C)a[.kZPk an[ p\iN) vμc[ aiRm)ytini[ a[k t>t& a[vi[ sFiy C[ k[ b>n[n&> a(AtRv Avt>#i n 

169

h[ti a[kb)ji>mi> ai[tp\it Ye jiy C[ an[ kZPki[ 'Qi[r hiy[< Qi[r" Yen[ a[kb)ji> siY[ k[v) 

aiRm)yti an[ a[k$pti an&Bv[ C[ t[n&> aºy a[k udihrN pN ai j kZZZ(tmi>Y) mL) rh[ 

C[. 

s>t&n) mi hrK jyir[ prN)n[ T)hin[ G[[[r aiv) Ryir[ (pyrmi>Y) a[k giy pN siY[ 

l[t) aiv[l). a[ kibr) giy ti[ mn[ k(ryivrmi> mL) C[, a[m hrK sh&n[ hrKB[r kh[t). a[ 

kibr) giyn[ a[k a[v) j kibr) viCrD) Yy[l).s>t&ni miti(ptin[ viCrD) an[ s>t&mi> GN&> 

siÀy d[Kit&>.hrK pi[tin) (pyrGrn) giy ji[D[ a[k p\kirn&> tidiRÀy an&Bvt). pi[tini an[ 

kibr)ni s>tini[ lgBg smi[vDi hti. a[ a[k aik(Amk GTni j ht), Cti> a[ hk)kt ht) 

k[ hrK p\s&(tmi>Y) Uq) k[ trt j kibr) pN (vyit).sgi>vhili an[ g\imjni[ pN ai s&Kd 

aiVcF l[ti an[ kh[ti ''hrK an[ kibr)n) U>b[l siv srK) !"" 32 

air>Bmi> kibr)a[ b[ viCrDi>n[ jºm ai¼yi[. a[mn[ F*>sr) niKvin[ bdl[ hrK[ 

bij&ni gimmi> a[k si[n) G[r 'l)l prNivvimi>" si[>p) d)Fi. pC) j[ viCrD) aiv) a[ ti[ 

aib[h*b kibr)n) j an&kZ(t ht) - $p, r>g, T)li>-Tpki> bF&> j !a[Y) hrK[ a[n&> nim pN 

kibr) j piDy&>. an[ a[n) ji[D[ s>t&n[ miyi b>Fie jiy C[.hrK a[n[ kh[ C[ k[ : 

''al) kibr) upr aiTl&> bF&> vhil C[, ti[ mir[ tn[ k(ryivrmi> B[g) vLivv) 

pDS[."" Ryir[ s>t& hrKiti> hrKiti> kh[ C[, '' mi! hv[ ai bi[Ãy&> v[N bribr piLj[."" 33 

ai vitc)t Yyi pC) s>t& a[ kibr)n[ j&d) j njr[ avli[kvi mi>D[ C[.viCrD)ni 

(vkismi> a[ (v(SOT rs diKv[ C[.jyir[ F(nyi[ gi[viL kh[ C[,'hv[ kibr)n[ FNmi> m[lti> Yiv 

ti[ eni[ 'vAtir vF[" Ryir[ s>t& svir[ Uq)n[ kibr)n[ K)l[Y) Ci[D[ C[ an[ a[n[ gimn) Bigi[L[ 

jen[ F(nyi gi[viLn[ si[>p) aiv[ C[. si>j[ FN piCi vLvi TiN[ s>t& uRk>q bn)n[ kibr)n) 

p\(txi kr[ C[ an[ S[r)n[ nik[Y) a[ Bi>Brt) s>BLiy k[ trt pi[t[ sim) di[D) je kibr)n[ 

170

p>piLt) D[l)mi> di[r) liv[ C[. a[n) mKml j[v) r&vi>T) upr hiY f[rv[ C[ an[ kinmi>Y) bgi 

v)N[ C[. an[ a[ m*>g&> p\iN) pN pi[tin) sirs>BiL l[nir p\Ry[[ a[Tli[ j p\[m Äykt kr[ C[. 

a[k g\imjn an[ pS& vμc[n&> a]ky c&(nlil m(Dyi n)c[ni S¾di[mi> Äykt kr[ C[ : 

''a[n[ mn giy a[k d*FiL&> Qi[r j n rh[ti> pi[tini d[hni[ n[ (dlni[ j a[k Big bn) 

rh[l. k[m jiN[ a[ pi[tini j mi>s-mjji-a(AYn&> alg (vhrt&> Cti> ajb a[kRv Frivt&> 

aFig n hi[y !"" 34 

a[mn&> ai a]ky an[ a(Bºnti s>t& an[ kibr)n) smi>tr p\s*(tni p\s>gi[mi> pN 

p\gT Yiy C[.s>t& an[ kibr) bºn[ bh[n smin C[.bºn[ a[k j AYL[ an[ smy[ p\s*(tn) p)Di 

an&Bv[ C[ an[ b>n[n[ mZt s>tini[ avtr[ C[ Ryir[ bºn[ B³n ãdy vμc[ avN kibr) a[k piV Bmti pS& tr)k[ nh) pr>t& a[k pi#i 

tr)k[ ups) aiv[ C[. 

c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> pN aºy mh_vn&> p\iN) a[k Vin C[.a[n&> nim 

'Di(Gyi[" C[.ai Di(Gyi[ 'l)l&D) Frt)" mi> ji[vi mLti g\iÀy smijni[ j a[k jiN[ s¿y C[ 

an[ gimmi> bnt) lgBg dr[k jih[r k[ King) GTniai[ni[ six) C[. ki[evir Ryi> s&F) k[ a[ 

Vin ki[ekni Jvnmi> an[ kYip\vihmi> aivti mh_vni vLi>k miT[ jvibdir p(rbL si(bt 

Yiy C[. j[mk[ gimni nY& si[n) an[ ajviL) kik) jDiv a[k an]irs s>tinn[ jºm aip[ 

C[. li[klij[ jDivni mi-bip a[ a>Fir) ri#i[ nvjit S)S&n[ a[k kipDmi> lp[T) vgDi>mi> 

m*k) aiv[ C[. pr>t& 'Di(Gyi[" a[ S)S&n[ 'pi[c[ di>t[" upiD)n[ mi>DNni drvij[ le aiv[ C[ an[ 

Bsti>-Bsti> pi[tin) viN)mi> jiN[ kh[ C[ : 

''ain[ vgDimi> a[l) d)F&>'t&>, Ryi>Y) h&> piC&> liÄyi[ C&>. zT le li[, hJ Jv[ C[.bh&> 

mi[D&> Yiy a[ ph[li> j a[n[ min[ Ki[L[ s&vriv) d)yi[ zT!"" 35 

171

ajviL) kik) a[ biLk)ni[ aAv)kir kr[ C[ Ryir[ mi>DN a[ni uC[r an[ jtnn) 

jvibdir) Av)kir[ C[.mi>DN a[n[ gimY) d*r le jiy C[ an[ a>t[ mi>DN a[ biLk) 

S)S&(vyi[gmi> z*rt) s>t&n[ st)mini Yink[ mL) rh[ a[ r)t[ aiyi[jn kr[ C[. 36 aim, s>t&ni 

v[rin Jvnmi> j[ mitZp\[mni[ p\d)p p\jvL[ C[ a[ni[ ySBig) j[Tli[ mi>DN C[ a[Tli[ j 

'Di(Gyi[" pN C[. 

'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi>" mi> pS&-(vri[F) an[ pS&-p\[m) vμc[ Yti> a[k (v(SOT p\kirni 

s>GP aiÄyi[ C[.ai>brD) an[ d[vLgQni dSY) p>dr ci[rs mielni p>Ykmi> 

diykiai[Y) rim-FNni s[>kDi[ Qi[r vs[ C[.ai rim-FNni[ pN a[k rsByi[< e(this C[. a[v&> 

kh[viy C[ k[ Cp(nyi d&kiL vKt[ Qi[r Tpi[Tp mrvi mi>Dyi Ryir[ d[vLgQni riji ajiJ 

qiki[r d&ki(Lyi Qi[rn[ miT[ si[nini kTki j[v&> a[k l)l&Cm j>g) c(ryiN K&Ãl&> m*k) d)F[l&>, a[ 

fLW&p an[ h(ryiL) jm)n pr ki(qyiviD-g&jritmi>Y) an[ d*rd*rY) pN milFir)ai[a[ 

pi[tini Qi[rn[ d&OkiLni svY) ugirvi ai trf hi>k) m*kyi hti>. k[Tlik mi(lki[ 

trfY) rzLti m&kiy[li hriyi> Qi[r ti[ aipm[L[ j ai v)rD) trf aikPi. 

ai d&ki(Lyi Qi[r, Ryi>ni Gis upr Jv)n[ a[k vP ti[ mit[li bn) gyi hti>. smy 

jti a[mn) ai]lid vFt) cil) an[ d&kiL pC)ni siri> vPi[ ti[ a[mn) s>²yimi> uRri[_ir 

vFiri[ Yvi mi>Dyi[[.dr vP[< vFti jti ai nF(Nyiti Qi[rni FNn[ li[ki[ 'rim-FN" j[vi> s*ck 

an[ s>Xiy&kt nim[ ai[LK[ C[.ai rimFNni ki[e bLd upr Fi[>sr&> n nKiy k[ ki[e d&FiL) 

giyn[ K)l[ n bi>F) Skiy t[Y) bir[ m(hni l)l&Cm Gis cr)n[ aiK) v)rD)mi> rzL) 

rzL)n[ ai sh& Qi[r mit[li an[ mirkNi> bºyi C[.ai rimFNn) giyi[ h&OTpZOT C[, B[>si[ 

hiYN) j[v) C[, si>Q mit[li C[ an[ piDi ti[ rixs) C[.ai mirkNi> Qi[rn) aiD[ utrvin) 

BlBli BrviD-rbir) (h>mt krti nY). b)J bij&, y&ri[p)y y&¹Fmi> lÆkri[n[ Ki[rik p*ri[ 

172

piDvi t[mj aºy y&¹Fsimg\)ai[ miT[ d&FiLi> Qi[rn) mi[Ti piyi pr ktl krv) pD[ C[ an[ a[ 

mi>gn[ phi[>c) vLvi miT[ bhi[L&> pS&Fn Frivti ki(qyiviDmi>Y) Qi[rn) siri> p\miNmi> (nkis 

Yiy C[. pr>t& y&¹F-j$(ryitn) rixs) mi>gn) srKimN)mi> ai (nkis nJv) j C[. t[Y) 

an[k p\kirn) y&¹F-simg\)ai[ p*r) piDvin) j[ni pr jvibdir) aiv) ht) a[ ki(qyiviD 

ki[pi[ Qi[rn[ jhiji[mi> cDivvin) kpr) frj pN lidvimi> aiv[ C[. 

ki(qyiviD ki[pi[ aiv[ C[.di[Q[k mielni G[riviviL) a[ Kie dsbir f&T U>D) C[.rim-FNn[ 

pkD)n[ a[ U>D) Kiemi> p*rvin) a[ aiK) (k\yini[ ki[ºTîkT k[Tli>k (s>F)ai[, s&mri, t(ryi 

an[ p)>jiriai[n[ aipvimi> aiv[ C[. a[kpN Qi[rn[ pkDvin&> kim sh[l&> nY).sim) Cit)a[ ai 

almAt Qi[rn) sim[ jv>& aSky C[, t[Y) piCLY) p*>CDi> aimL)n[ tgDti an[ aigLY) 

a[k miNs l)l&>Cm Gis btiv)n[ pi[tini trf aikP rim-FN 

a[ KiDimi> p*riy jiy C[. 

rim-FNn[ ktl krivvi miT[ (ksnp&r b>dr[Y) Qi[rn[ prd[S cDivvini> C[, a[ smicir 

viy&v[g[ aispisni> gimi[mi> f[lie jiy C[. g\imjni[ni ri[P BB*k) uq[ C[. gim[gim li[ki[n) 

sBiai[ mLvi lig[ C[ an[ ki(qyiviD ki[p[i ai kZRy aTkivvi an[ K[t)n[ Yti 

n&kSinn[ bhin[ rim-FNn[ pkDvini[ h&km rd krvin) rijyn[ (vn>t) krti qrivi[ Yvi lig[ 

C[. 

vCi pir[Kn[ kin[ ai vit phi[>c) Ryir[ t[ai[ prbD)Y) di[Dti ai>brD) jiy C[ an[ 

kiS)rimJ B*d[vn[ ki(qyiviD ki[pi[ ai aiK&> ki]Bi>D smjiv[ C[ Ryir[ B*d[v[ mi#i a[Tl&> 

j kh[ C[ : 

173

''a[k pN m*>g&> Qi[r kpivi si$> v)rD)mi>Y) bhir pg m[lS[ a[ ph[li> mir&> li[h) 

r[DiS[. miri> Jvti ki[en) mgd*r nY) k[ ai rim-FN v)rD)mi>Y) hi>k) jiy."" 37 

upri[kt smg\ GTni oiri p(Vm) pr>pri an[ Birt)y g\iÀy pr>pri vμc[ni[ 

(vri[FiBis ApOT Yiy C[. p(Vm) pr>pri m&jb pi[tin&> a(AtRv Tkiv) riKvi miT[ giy-B[>s 

j[vi pS&ai[n) ktl krvimi> aiv[ C[ jyir[ Birt)y g\iÀy pr>primi>> a[ j pS&ni Jvn miT[ 

pi[tini Jvnn&> b(ldin aipvi kiS)rimJ B*d[v j[vi g\imjni[ tRpr C[. 

Birt)y g\iÀyp(rv[Smi> pN giy, B[>s, Vin upri>t aºy mh_vn&> p\iN) Gi[Di 

C[.g\iÀysmijmi> Gi[Di an[ Gi[DigiD)ni mi(lk hi[v&> a[ a[k simiJk p\(tOqin[[i p\Ån C[. mi#i 

drbir, ~)m>t K[D*t, k[ ki[e F(nk Äy(ktn[ j Gi[Din[ piLvin&> pi[Pit&>. Gi[Din[ Gi[Dini mi(lk 

vμc[ BiviRmk s>b>Fi[n[ lgt) an[k li[kviykiai[ Birt)y g\iÀysmijmi> p\c(lt C[.aiv) j 

a[k li[kviykini[ uÃl[K c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYi 'aili Fi>Fln&> z)>zivdr"mi> krvimi> 

aiÄyi[ C[. 

z)>zivdrni drbir hrs&rni didin&> nim hn&Bi ht&>.a[mn) pis[ a[mn) mngmt) n[ 

Ähil) 'Fi[LD)" nim[ Gi[D) ht). a[ K*b u>c) nsln) vfidir Gi[D) ht) j[ mi#i hn&Bin[ j 

ai[LKt).hn&Bi a[n) a[D)n) n)c[ a[n[ q[s mir[ t[ ph[li ti[ a[ sjig Ye jiy.a[ piN)dir 

Gi[D) aiKi p>Ykmi> p\²yit ht). pr>t& a[k svir[ ai v[g)l) Gi[D) acink (nÅc[tn Yen[ 

UB) rh) ge.hn&Bi a[ svir[ v[k&rD)n[ (knir[ Gi[D) pr svir Yen[ frvi mi>gti hti.pr>t& 

bip& j[vi Gi[D) pr svir Yvi jiy k[ trt j a[ Gi[D) FriSy Ye jiy.ai ki]t&k ki[en[ 

smjiy&> nh).BlBli gim-prgimni jiNkir aiv)n[ Gi[D)n[ ji[e gyi pr>t& ki[en[ a[mi> 

s*z pD) nh) k[ a[ pS&n[ riti[rit S&> Ye gy&> ?hn&Bi ti[ Gi[D)n) (c>timi> n[ (c>timi> d*bLipitLi 

Ye gyi.a[vi smy[ bdr)k[dirni[ ki[e siF& oirkiY) piCi vLti z)>zivdr aiv) 

174

phi[>μyi[.a[n[ hn&Bin) Gi[D)ni aji·yi an[ asi¹y ri[gn) jiN Ye.a[N[ Gi[D)n[ ji[vin) 

eμCi Äykt kr).Gi[D)n[ ji[ti> j a[N[ kh) d)F&> k[ a[n[ 'si[Ni>Git" Ye ge C[.a[n[ a[v&> Av¼n 

aiÄy&> hi[v&> ji[ea[ k[ h&> (F>giNimi> K[l&> C&> an[ mn[ d&Æmnn) tlvirni[ ziTki[ vig) ³yi[ C[. 

an[ a[ Dr a[ni h]yimi> a[vi[ ti[ Gr kr) gy[[i k[ sim[ aºy Gi[Di ji[en[ YrYr F\&jyi kr[.a[ 

siF&a[ khy&> k[ a[ Gi[D) hv[ (F>giNimi> utyi< (vni siJ n Yiy. pr>t& (F>giNi a[ k[[ie ri[J>d) 

GTni n ht) an[ (F>giN& Yiy Ryi> s&F) hn&Bi viT ji[e Sk[ a[m n hti. a>t[ a[m nkk) 

Yy&>> k[ sic&> n(h ti[ Ki[T&> (F>giN& pN krv&> an[ Gi[D)ni mnmi> Gr kr) gy[li[ Dr d*r 

krvi[.v[k&rD)n[ sim[ ki>q[ simsimi Gi[Di UBi rh) gyi. miY[ b²tr ph[r)n[ asvir b[qi, 

rNS)>gi f&>kiyi, Si]y aiÄyian[ 'Fi[LD)" upr b[s)n[ hn&Bibip&s[ simiviLi 

pr tlvirni Gi upr Gi krvi mi>Dyi.''n[ Fi[Lk)ni p[Tmi>Y) ai[l) si[Ni>Gitni[ fDki[ n)kL) 

³yi[."" 38 

upri[kt li[kviykimi> rh[l&> t¸y tpisv&> a[ a[k ati(kt& a[ vit ti[ 

ApOT Yiy j C[ k[ pi[tini (p\y pS&ni Jvtdin miT[ a[ni[ mi(lk ke hd[ je Sk[ a[n) 

Skytini[ a>dij ti[ j$rY) aipNn[ aiv[ j C[.upri[kt li[kviykin) GTni sic) k[ Ki[T) 

hi[e Sk[ pr>t& a[mi>Y) Äykt Yti p\iN)-minv)ni BiviRmk s>b>Fi[ni tiNi>viNi> ki[e kyir[y 

pN nkir) n Sk[. 

ai upri>t 'v[Lin) v[Lin) Ci>yD)" mi> ai[tmc>d S[qn) Gi[DigiD)ni G*Gri vigti 

Ryir[ viGN)yiY) amrgQ AT[Sn s&F)ni[ giDimirg giJ uqti[; simiºy r)t[ s*msim rh[ti 

a[ rAtiai[ pr asl jitv>t Gi[Dini Dibliai[ (dSiai[ gjiv) m*kti, v[>tv[>t U>Di F*Lni 

Yr Br[l a[ kici mig< pr Gi[Dini Dibli pDti F*Ln) Dmr)ai[ uDt). Gi[Din) Di[k[ bi>F[li 

G*Gri>ni[ rNkir si>BL)n[ rAtin) aij&bij& aiv[li> K[tri[mi> kim krti K[D*ti[ s[Q[ aiv) 

175

phi[>cti an[ ai[tmc>d S[qn) Gi[DigiD) ji[en[ ain>d, aiVy< an[ ahi[Biv an&Bv) 

rh[ti.Gi[Dini G*Grini avij si>BL)n[ bivi-siF&ai[Y) mi>D)n[ AT[Sn miAtr s&F)ni miNsi[ 

Gi[DigiD)n[ G[r) vLti. an[ S[q!S[q! kh)n[ sh& (sfir)S krvi ligti. jyir[ ai[tmc>d 

S[qn[ kh[vimi> aivt&> k[; 

''tmiri ti[ ah)> bh& min C[.""Ryir[ t[ai[ jvib aipti, 'miri> n(h, mir) 

Gi[DigiD)ni>. j[m amldirn[ n(h pN amldirn) likD)n[ slim Briy C[, a[ni j[v&> j ai 

C[."" 39 

aim, ai nvlkYimi> pN Gi[Di an[ Gi[DigiD) simi(jk mi[Bini p$tk $p[ rj* Yiy 

C[.ai upri>t px)ai[n[ cN niKv&>, k*triai[n[ ri[Tli[ niKvi[, rKDti> Qi[ri[n[ (nrN p*r&> piDv&> 

vg[r[ g\imjni[ni[ (nRy k\m C[ an[ a[mi> aipN[ a[mni p\iN)-p\[m an[ Jvdyi ji[e Sk)a[ 

C)a[. 

3. kZPki[n) T[vi[ : 

{a} Yi[mshiD) kZPki[n) T[vi[ : 

mi[TiBigni[ kZ(Psmij ~mkiy< siY[ ji[Diy[li[ hi[y C[. aiKi (dvsn) mh[nt-mj*r) 

a[mn[ agiF Yik phi[>ciD[ C[.aiY) Sir)(rk an[ min(sk riht miT[ t[ai[ di$, F&m\pin j[vi 

Äysni[ trf vL[ C[.pr>t& aivi Äysni[ a[mn[ riht aipvin[ bdl[ a[mni Jvnmi> g>B)r 

(vT>bNiai[ an[ tiriJ sj[< C[. g\imjni[n) aidti[n&> an[ a[ni oiri ud`Bvti p(rNimi[n&> 

ad`B*t ail[Kn Yi[mshiD) ky& C[. 

'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb$j"ni kYiniyk miekl h[ºciD

a[ t>b&mi> v[citi f(mKi[ oiri eSiri[ kr[ C[. a[ t>b&mi> rmn&> v[ciN ana(FkZt ht&>. 

h[ºciD< a[k pC) a[k GNi> di$ (m(~t f(m 

a[ p)N&> a[n) asr btiv[ C[ an[ h[ºciD< mi[T[-mi[T[Y) a[ t>b&mi> B[gi Yy[li aºy g\ihki[ 

siY[ viti[ krvi lig[ C[. di$ni nSimi> t[ bi[lvi lig[ C[ k[[ t[ a[k aiSiApd y&vin hti[, 

pr>t& t[ni utivLi an[ a(vcir) l³nn[ l)F[ t[ brbid Ye gyi[. t[n) pRn) j[n&> nim 

s&sin C[, t[ a[n[ aiv&> a[lf[l bi[lti aTkivvini[ p\yRn kr[ C[. pr>t& di$ni nSimi> h[ºciD< 

vF& n[ vF& ug\ an[ u¹Ft bn[ C[ an[ a>t[ a(vcir) jih[rit kr[ C[ : j[ ki[e a[n[ pi>c g)n) 

c*kvS[ a[n[ a[ pi[tin) pRn) a[mn) biLk) siY[ v[ciNY) aip) d[S[. ºy&sn nimni[ a[k 

y&vin Klis) a[N[ jih[r kr[l) (k>mt[ a[n) pRn)n[ Kr)dvi t]yir Yiy C[. s&sin a[ni p(tn[ 

c[tv[ C[ k[ ji[ t[ a[n) ai tr>g) dr²iiAt mi[k*f n riK[ ti[ t[ pi[tin) biLk) siY[ a[ Klis) 

siY[ jt) rh[S[. pr>t& h[ºciD< ti[ di$ni nSimi> F*t hti[ t[Y) p(rNim a[ aiÄi[ C[ k[ a[ 

Klis) h[ºciDn[ pi>c g)n) c*kv)n[ s&sin an[ a[n) biLk)n[ len[ ciÃyi[ jiy C[. h[ºciD G[n cQ[ C[ an[ a[ t>b&mi> j s*e jiy C[. b)j[ (dvs[ uqti> j a[n[ ge ri#i[ 

bn[li[ smg\ p\s>g yid aiv[ C[.a[N[ di@n) asr h[qL j[ g>B)r B*l kr) ht) a[ bdl t[ 

U>Di[ an[ aiGitjnk pVitip an&Bv[ C[. a[n[ a[ vitni[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ geri#i[ j[ ki[e 

d&G

year that I have lived.) and may I be struck dumb, blind, helpless, if I break 

this my oath !"" 40 

upri[kt p$tXi le h[ºciD< pi[tin) pRn) an[ p&#i)n) Si[Fmi> n)kL) pD[ C[.aim, 

di$n&> Äysn a[k Äy(ktn[ k[vi[ a(vcir) an[ ai>FLi[ bniv) m*k[ C[ t[n&> u_im udihrN 

upri[kt GTni C[. 

'T[s ai[f D"ab jiN Yiy C[ Ryir[ pN a[n[ ki[e ai(Y 

di$ni p)qimi> jen[ a[n) ujvN) kr[ C[ an[ vF& pDti[ di$ p)a[ C[.p(rNim[ a[ b)j[ (dvs[ 

k[ATrb$j je Skti[ nY) an[ a[n&> kiy< p*N< krvin) jvibdir) (bnan&Bv) T[s upr aiv) 

pD[ C[.mig T[sni akAmit nD[ C[ an[ a[mni Gi[Di '(p\ºs"n>& mZRy& Yiy C[.ai Ø(OTki[NY) 

(vcir)a[ ti[ a[mni Gi[Din&> mZRy& an[ Ryirbidn) tmim d&G di$n&> Äysn a[ni k&T&>bmi> (bmir), gr)b) an[ brbid) livvi miT[ 

jvibdir p(rbL si(bt Yiy C[. 

'fir f\i[m F m[(D>g k\iuD"mi> pN hiD)< kZPki[n) T[vi[n&> s*Èm (c#i rj* kr[ C[.ai kZ(tmi> 

pN kZPki[ nvriSni smy[ p)qimi> je g¼pi> mirvin&> an[ di$ p)vin&> ps>d kr[ C[. aiKi 

(dvsn) tnti[D mh[ntn[ a>t[ ai (k\yi a[mn[ Si(rr)k an[ min(sk riht aip[ C[. 

biYS[bini K[tmj*ri[ nvriSni smy[ (nt(mt pN[ di$ni p)qimi> B[gi> Yiy C[ an[ Ryi> 

m&ktpN[ di$ p)a[ C[ an[ g¼pi> mir[ C[. t[ai[ pi[tini mi(lk, jºm, mrN, l³n vg[r[ gimmi> 

bnt) tmim GTniai[ (vP[ viti[ kr[ C[ an[ a[ viti[ oiri pi[tin) (jXisi s>ti[P[ C[, 

178

smiciri[n) aip l[ kr[ C[ an[ hLviS an&Bv[ C[.gimni mi[TiBigni kZPki[ di$ni Äysn) 

C[ an[ di$n&> p)q&> a[mn[ mn si]Y) mh_vn&> AYL C[ jyi> a[mn[ Jvnni[ aigvi[ ain>d 

an&Bviy C[. 

di$ upri>t kZPki[n) aºy k&T[v j&girn) hi[y C[. a[mn) nbL) ai(Y ai bibtni[ pN uÃl[K kr[ C[. 

(m(sz yi[b\ieT a[mn) d)kr) Yi[m[s)n an[ d)kri kl)mn[ a[mni Bigni $(pyi 

mi[klvi mi>g[ C[.yi[b\ieTn[ pi[tini jmie (vÃD)vmi> (vVis nY). t[Y) $(pyi mi[klvin) 

jvibdir) a[ (k\AT)n k[ºTln[ si[>p[ C[. (vÃD)vn[ pi[tin) sis&n&> pi[tini p\Ry[n&> ai vlN ps>d 

pDt&> nY). (m(ss yi[b\ieT k[ºTln[ b[ nin) Y[l)ai[ aip[ C[ an[ ai b>n[ Y[l)mi> pcispcis 

g)n) Byi< hi[y C[.t[ai[ k[ºTln[ a[k Y[l) Yi[m[s)n n[[ an[ b)J Y[l) kl)mn[ phi[>ct) 

krvin&> kh[ C[. mig k[ºTlni[ B[Ti[ (vÃD)v siY[ Yiy C[ j[ k[ºTln[ j&gir rmvi miT[ 

llciv[ C[.j&girmi> p\Ym k[ºTl pi[tni Yi[Di> $(pyi hir) jti (m(ss yi[b\ieTn) g)n) div 

pr lgiv[ C[ an[ a[ pN hir) jiy C[.(m(ss yi[b\ieTni[ (ht[μC& r)Dlm[n ai smg\ GTni 

a[k ziD)mi> s>tien[ (nhiL[ C[.t[ ziD)mi>Y) bhir aiv[ C[. (vÃD)vn[ j&gir rmvi miT[ pDkir 

f[>k[ C[ an[ a[n[ j&gir rmvi miT[ mjb*r kr[ C[.a[ j&girmi> (rDlm[n (m(ss yi[b\ieTn) 

tmim g)n) piC) Jt[ C[ an[ a[n[ Yi[m[(snn[ si[>p) d[ C[. 

upri[kt j&girn) rmtmi> aipNn[ k[ºTln) b[drkir) ti[ (rDlm[nn) (m(ss yi[b\ieT 

miT[n) S&B[μCini dS pi#i a[k p\imi(Nk an[ umdi 

Äy(kt tr)k[ ups) aiv[ C[.ti[ b)J bij&, j&gir j[v) lt k[ºTl j[vi Äy(ktn[ k[vi[ g[rmig[< 

di[r[ C[ a[ vitni[ (nd[ rh[li[ C[. 

179

di$, j&gir upri>t F&m\pin, tmik& vg[r[ T[vi[-k&T[vi[ni[ uÃl[K hiD)< pi[tin) 

nvlkYimi> kr[ C[ an[ a[ T[vi[n[ l)F[ a[mN[ Bi[gvvi pDti miqi> p(rNimi[n&> yYiY< (c#i di[r[ 

C[.hiD)< kZPki[n) aidti[ni (n$pN oiri a[mni pi#in[ viAt(vk an[ Jv>t bniv[ C[. di$ni 

p)qimi> b[s)n[ viti[ krti an[ di$ p)ti> ji[s[f p&arg[\s, mik< klikfrti> 

sJv Äy(ktai[ lig[ C[ an[ a[k Jv>t g\iÀy p(rv[Sni (nmi pi[tin) agRyn) 

B*(mki Bjv[ C[. 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPki[n) T[vi[ : 

c&n)lil m(Dyi a[mn) bF) j p\id[(Sk nvlkYiai[mi> Avit>#yi[_ir Birt)y g\iÀy 

p(rv[Sn[ ail[K[ C[.a[Tl[ k[ t[ smy[ g&jritmi> di$b>F) amlmi> aiv) n ht) Cti>, t[ 

smyni g&jritni gimDi>ai[mi> di$n&> Äysn mi#i drbiri[ p*rt&> j s)(mt ht&> an[ a[ 

g\imjni[n) (bD), tmik&, gi>ji[, af)N, ci j[v) aºy aidti[ j[v&> sv, a[v&> 

m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[ni a¿yis uprY) an&Bviy C[, j[mk[ 'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> mi>DN jyir[ 

di$ni nSimi> a[ni K[t)ni kimmi> mdd miT[ ri[k[li arjNn[ mir mir[ C[, Ryir[ gi[brn[ 

mi>DN[ di$ p)Fi[ C[ a[ vitn) jiN Yti a[ aiVy< an&Bv[ C[: ''h[> ? Dbl&> ? di$n&> Dbl&> 

?"" 41 gi[br miT[ ai smicir siv aNFiyi< hti>, kirNk[ di$ni[ S)Si[ ti[ aiKi gimmi> 

tK&Bi bip&n) D[l) (sviy b)j[ kyi>y s&lB n hti[. an[ t[Y) j mi>DN[ di$ p)Fi>n) jiN 

g\imjni[n[ Yti> a[ li[ki[ pN aiÅcy< Äykt krti> p*C[ C[ : 

''aÃyi pN aipNi> gimmi> di$ aiÄyi[ kyi>Y)?""Ryir[ upri[kt p\Ån p*Cnir 

g\imjnn[ bitm) mL[ C[ k[ m*Lgr bivia[ King)mi> di$ v[cvi mi>Dyi[ C[. aim, a[ smy[ 

180

g&jrit) g\imsmijmi> di$n&> Äysn Äyipk n hi[vi Cti> a[n) S$ait ti[ Ye j c*k) ht) 

an[ a[n[ pgl[-pgl[ aivt) tiriJn) pN. 

s>t& drbirn) D[l)a[ lid l[vi ge an[ a[n[ piCi aivti (vl>b Yyi[. ai vit[ 

li[km&K[ (vkZt Av$p FirN ky k[ lid l[vi gy[l) s>t&n[ Sid*L[ j ri[k) riK) ht).ajviL) 

kik) Yk) ai vit jyir[ mi>DNni kin[ pD) Ryir[ a[ni ãdymi> Sid*L miT[ eOyi mi>DNn) di$n) lt[ a[ eOyi bLtNn) B*(mki Bjv) an[ a[k (dvs[ a[N[ 

BDkin&> Av$p FirN ky& j[mi> s>t&-gi[brn&> s&K) l³nJvn hi[mie gy&>. a[ vP[< vrsid n 

pDti viD)ni piN)n) srviN)ai[ f*T[ a[ miT[ hidi pT[l[ k*vimi> s&r>g fi[Dvini[ (nN kiN&> piD) pi[TiSni[ Ti[Ti[ gi[qv) bhir aiv[ 

a[Tl[ mi>DN pi[tini hiYmi>n) sLgt) jimgr) vD[ viTn[ p(lti[ ci>p[.a[k (dvs[ bpi[r[ 

Ki[dkimmi> (vsimi dr(myin mi>DN ci p)vin[ bhin[ gi[br pis[ p]si le ci n[ bdl[ di$ 

p)n[ aiv[ C[.di$ p)Fi bid a[n) cil, c[hri[, ai>Ki[n) cmk bdlie jiy C[. pr>t& a[ 

bdliv gi[br-s>t&ni ¹yin bhir rh[ C[. gi[br Ti[Ti[ gi[qvvi k*vimi> utr[ C[, b)J bij& 

di$ni nSimi> ckc*r an[ B\(mt mi>DNn[ s>t&n[ D[l)mi> ri[k) riKnir Sid*(Lyin) Ki[pr)mi> di$ 

Frb)n[ a[vi[ j Ti[Ti[ fi[Dvini[ (vcir aiv[ C[ an[ a[ (vcirmi> n[ (vcirmi> gi[br jyir[ hj& 

k*vimi> j hi[y C[ n[ mi>DN bhirviT upr p(lti[ ci>p) d[ C[. 42 

gim aiK&> hidi pT[ln) viD)a[ B[g&> Yiy C[. hidi pT[ln) ji[rdir lpDik pDti> 

mi>DNni[ bFi[ nSi[ utr) jiy C[ an[ aRyir s&F) pi[t[ ckc*r nSin) avAYimi> Sid*Ln[ 

mir) ni²yi[ hi[vini[ j[ s>ti[P an&Bv) rHi[ hti[ a[n[ bdl[ pi[tini hiY[ gi[brn) j hRyi 

Ye ge hi[vin&> a[n[ Bin Yiy C[. pr>t& a[ Bin Yv&> hv[ aAYin[ C[, kirN k[ ah)>Y) j 

181

s>t&ni Jvnn) aikr) a(³npr)xi S$ Yiy C[. mi#i aDFi $(pyini[ di$ s>t&ni am*Ãy 

Jvnn[ a>Fkir an[ asH v[dniY) Br) d[ C[. 

'S[viLini Stdl"mi> d[vS)n[ di$n&> Äysn hi[vin&> dSi aiÄy&> C[. li>bi 

siF&Jvn dr(myin d[vS) (v(vF siF&s>p\diyi[ni s>sg aiÄyi[ hti[.a[mi> m&²yRv[ S(kt 

s>p\diy hti[.a[ s>p\diymi> (v(c#i p\kirn) (v(Fai[ni ai[Yi h[qL mwpinn) mh[(fli[ uDt). 

d[vS)n) diQmi> rh) gy[li[ a[ mwni[ Avid siF&Jvn Ci[Dyi bid pN C*T) Skyi[ n hti[. 

vF&mi> j[rim (mA#i) j[vi (m#ini shvismi> a[ lt vF& n[ vF& vkr[ C[. Jvi[ Kvis di$ mi[>G[ 

Biv[ d[vS) j[vi (m#in[ s&lB kr) aip[ C[. a[k rit[ j[rimni Gr[ b[s)n[ d[vS)a[ ckc*r di$ 

p)Fi[ C[ an[ C[k vh[l) svir[ Gr[ aiv[ C[.di$ni nSimi> a[ ti[ Ujmn[ a[mni g&r&ni gl)c 

'b)jm>#i" nimni piT-uRsvmi> Big l[vi miT[ dbiN S$ kr[ C[.Ujm[ a[ni[ anidr an[ 

eºkir krti d[vS)a[ a[n[ mir mirvin&> S$ kr[ C[. b[rhm)Y) (pTit) Ujmn[ bcivvi a[ 

zGDimi> dr(mying)r) krnir s>t&n) pN a[ j hilt di$ni nSimi> ckc*r d[vS) kr[ C[. 

d[vS)a[ di$n&> s[vn ky C[ a[v) jiN hidi pT[ln[ Yti a[ st)mini gi[(qyi U>Di[ Si[k an[ 

aiGit an&Bv[ C[. 

aim, di$n&> Äysn a[k gr)b pr>t& s&K) an[ s>ti[P) k&T&>bmi> k[v) aSi>(t an[ 

arijkti sj[< C[ a[n&> ãdyApS)< (vvrN an[ vN kr[ C[. 

Birt)y g\imjni[n) aidti[mi> di$ krti pN vF& Äyipk Äysn cin&> C[.Kis kr)n[ 

g&jritni gimi[mi> aij[ pN g\imjni[ K[tri[mi> kim[ cQti ph[li> vh[l) svir[ k[ kimmi> 

mLti nvriSni smy[ k[ kim ptiv)n[ si>j[ gimmi> aiv[l cin) r[kD) k[ nin) hi[Tli[mi> ci 

p)vi B[gi> Yiy C[. aiv) nin) hi[Tli[ mi#i ci p)vin&> j AYL nY), pr>t& g\imjni[ a(h> 

an[k p\kirn) kZ(Ps>b>F) k]iT>&(bk k[ simi(jk cci

miNti>-miNti> ãdyn) hLviS an&Bv[ C[.ai upri>t aiv) hi[Tli[ gimmi> f[liti ki[epN 

p\kirni siri>-miqi> smicir k[ afvin&> ud`Bv(b>d& pN C[. m(Dyin) 'l)l&D) Frt)" mi> pN 

aivi p\kirn) rGi mhirijn) 'a>bi Bvin) h[iTl" dSi aiv) C[.ai hi[Tl g&>disr 

gimn&> ãdy smin C[ jyi>Y) gimn) mi[TiBign) g(t(v(Fai[ ud`Bv[ C[ an[ a[ni vmLi[ 

aiKi gimn[ G[r) vL[ C[.ai hi[Tlni bikD[ b[s) Sid*L, mi>DN j[vi uØ`>D y&vini[ Ryi>Y) psir 

Yt) gimn) s>t& j[v) aÃlD y&v(tai[n) T)KL-mÆkr) pN kr[ C[ j[ aigL jti> g>B)r 

Av$p FirN kr) Sk[ C[. ci p)Fi pC) ki[e g\imjn b)D) p)a[ C[ ti[ ki[e tmik& civ[ C[. 

gi[br, Sid*L, mi>DN vg[r[n[ b)D)n&> Äysn C[.siY[ b[s)n[ F&m\pin krv&> a[ giQ (m#itin&> p\(tk 

C[.tmik&-b)D)n) aipl[ GN)vir kÍr d&Æmni[n[ pN giQ (m#i[i bniv) m*k[ C[. hJ Yi[Di> 

(dvsi[ ph[li> j j[ miNsn[ pi[tini[ li[K>D) p>>ji[ lgiv)n[ K[trmi> li[h)n) ulT) kriv[l) a[n[ 

hiY[Y) a[n) a[>q) b)D) p) rh[l gi[br bF) j geg&jr) B*l) jiy C[. Fi[L) b)D)ni 

F*m\gi[Tin) airpir b>n[ Bieb>Fi[ a[kb)ji>n[ (Bºn njr[ tik) rh[ C[. 43 

m(Dyia[ pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\imjni[n[ (v(vF p\kirn) aidti[ an[ T[vi[ Frivti 

dSi

C[: 

g\iÀyJvnn) p\c(lt biH Cb) (vS[ pi[tini[ a(Bp\iy aipti T[r) eglTn lK[ 

''The aestheticised image of rural life as tranquil, traditionalist, 

organic and picturesque is largely an urban perception, just as the view that 

fat people are always jovial is largely held by thin people."" 44 

aim, bhirY) rÀy an[ $piL&> ligt&> kZ(PJvn a>drY) an[k yitniai[ an[ s>GP< 

By>Y) ks kiQvi mYti K[D*ti[ni[ ks miT) j kiQ) niK[ C[.an[ Ryir[ 

tNivg\At Jvnmi> a[k kZPk jyir[ Yi[D)k xNi[ni ain>d an[ riht miT[ di$-tmik& j[vi 

Äysni[ trf vL[ C[, Ryir[ a[ ab&F an[ a(S(xt kZPkn[ a[ vitni[ ²yil hi[ti[ nY) k[ a[ 

x(Nk ain>d aipt) aidt a[ni Jvnmi> k[v) Sir)(rk, ai(Y(bk tiriJ sJ< 

Sk[. e.s. 1914-15n) silmi> d(xN ai(f\kiY) Avd[S aiv[li mhiRmi gi>F)Ja[ p\Ym 

Birt-B\mN ky&< ht&> an[ gr)b)ni kirNi[ Si[¹yi hti>.gr)b)ni m&²y kirNi[mi>n&> a[k kirN 

a[mn[ di$ j[vi Äysni[ li³yi. miT[ j t[ai[ Jvnpyt di$b>F)ni (hmiyt) rHi hti>. 

4. kZ(P-aiFi(rt g\im)N Äyvsiyi[ : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZ(P-aiFi(rt g\im)N Äyvsiyi[ : 

hiD).hiD)< pi[t[ pN a[ ptn pimti (vVni a[k minv) an[ six) hti.a[mN[ 

F)m[F)m[ jm)n (vhi[Ni bnti K[tmj*ri[ni Jvnn&> s*Èm (nr)xN ky&; ai[wi[(gkrNn[ l)F[ 

g\imjni[ni Äyvsi(yk Jvnmi> k[vi vmLi[ ud`Bvti hti, an[ k[vi vh[Ni[ bdlie rHi hti> 

a[ bF&> j a[mN[ ji[y&>. ai s>dB T[r) egÃTnn&> kh[v&> C[ : 

''There was also a rural lower middle class of dealers, craftsmen, 

shopkeepers, traders, artisans, schoolteachers, cottagers, small employers 

184

and the like , with whom Hardy, as an offspring if that class himself , 

especially identified. It was this class , not the 'peasantry', which he saw as 

preserving the cultural continuties of the countyside; and its steep social 

decline in his own day meant the catastropic loss of that precious 

heritage."" 45 

g\imjni[ni kZ(P-aiFi(rt Äyvsiyi[ pD) Bi>³yi hti.mi[Ti> Bigni K[D*ti[a[ pi[tini 

kZPk-Äyvsiyni[ Ryig krvi[ pDyi[ hti[ an[ Sh[rmi> je ki[e (ml k[ kirKinimi> kim krv&> 

pDt&> ht&>. K[D*ti[n&> K[tmj*ri[mi> $pi>tr Ye rH&> ht&>. ai[C&> v[tn an[ si]Ày AvBivn[ l)F[ 

miT[Big[ A#i)ai[n[ mj*r)ni kim miT[ ri[kvimi> aivt) ht) an[ a[mn&> Si[PN krvimi> aivt&> 

ht&>.'Y\[S)>g mS)n" j[vi y>#i[i siY[ kim krvin&> dr[k A#i)ai[ miT[ ashy an[ aNgmt&> ht&>. 

Sh[r) (vAtir trfni AYLi>tr an[ Äyvsi(yk (vT>bNiai[n[ l)F[ GNi>Kri g\iÀy Äyvsiyi[n&> 

(vl)n)krN Ye rhy&> ht&>, b[kir)mi> vFiri[ Ye rhyi[ hti[ an[ g\iÀyJvnn&> hid< nOT pim) 

rhy&> ht&>. ai]wi[(gkrNn[ l)F[ g\iÀy (vAtiri[mi> ud`Bv[l) ai (vPm p(r(AY(tn&> hiD) 'T[s ai[f D"b

a[ a[k K*b (vSiL D[r) C[. Ryi> lgBg si[ j[Tli d*FiLi> pS&ai[ C[. (m. r)ciD< pi[t[ 

D[r)ni vDi hi[vi Cti> C Y) sit giy jit[ di[h[ C[. aim Ryi> kim krti aºy km Ryi> aigmn Yiy C[ Ryir[ Ryi> GN) mi[T) s>²yimi> gi[vilNi[ giyi[ di[h) 

rh) hi[y C[.T[s pi[t[ pN a[ kiy ji[Diy jiy C[.D[r)mi> T[sn) m&likit a[ y&vk siY[ Yiy 

C[ j[N[ pi[tini gimmi> 'mirli[T"ni pr>prigt nZRymi> a[k vKt Big l)Fi[ hi[y C[. a[ y&vk 

pN hilmi> giy di[hvimi> ÄyAt hi[y C[.an[ a[n) kiy aig>t&k j C[.T[s a[ y&vkmi> rs diKv[ C[ an[ ri#i[ s&t) vKt[ a[n[ a[ y&vk 

(vP[ aºy gi[vilNi[ pis[Y) GN) mi(ht) mL[ C[. aim, a[ D[r)mi> T[s p[itini[ B*tkiL B*l) 

nv&> Jvn S$ kr[ C[. 

g\im)N Äyvsiyi[ni (n$pNmi> pivrFi a[vi hiD)< a(h> D[r) uwi[gn&> vN aivt) k[ giyi[mi>Y) mh_im d*F m[Lvvi miT[ k[vi siFni[ an[ 

p\y&(ktai[ ajmivvimi> aiv[ C[ a[n&> rsp\d an[ ri[ck vN 

aipNn[ jiN Yiy C[ k[ jyir[ giyi[ d*F di[hvi d[vimi> ainikin) krt) an[ d*F ai[C&> aipt) 

Ryir[ a[ D[r)mi> giyi[n[ vF&n[ vF& d*F aipvi p\i[Rsi(ht an[ u_i[Jt krvi g)ti[ givimi> aiv[ 

C[. a(h> aipNn[ a[k li[kviyki si>BLvi mL[ C[ j[mi> a[k g\imjn pr a[k aiKli[ h&mli[ 

kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ a[n) pis[ rh[li f)Dln[ vgiD)n[ a[ aiKlin[ vir) l[ C[ an[ pi[tin) jitn[ 

ugir) l[ C[ kirNk[ a[ aiKli pr g)t-s>g)tn) s&mF&r asr Yt) ht). pr>t& a(h> a[k 

km

D[r)mi> T[s siY[ kiy< krti a[ y&vkn&> nim a[ºjl kl[r C[. a[ni (pti a[v&> eμCti 

hi[y C[ k[ a[ºjl pN a[mni k&T&>bn) pr>pri p\miN[ '(p\AT" bn[ pr>t& a[ºjln[ a[mni Fm 

rh[l) s>k&(ctti an[ $(Qc&Atti sim[ vi>Fi[ hi[viY) a[ a[k K[D*tni[ Äyvsiy Av)kir[ C[ an[ 

a[n[ T[smi> kZPk Äyvsiymi> rh) giy di[h) Sk[, miKN vli[v) Sk[ an[ c)z bniv) Sk[ a[v) 

shiyk pRn)ni dS pD[ C[. 

aim, a(h> D[r)ni Äyvsiymi> ~m C[, pr>t& ~mn) siY[ siY[ shkir, a[kti, giyi[n[ 

ri[mi>(ct krt&> s>g)t ti[ minv)ai[n[ u_i[Jt krt) p\Nyn) mF&r s>v[dniai[ pN C[.a(h> a[v&> 

vitivrN T[sn[ mL[ C[ j[ a[n[ pi[tini[ d&:Kd B*tkiL B*l) a[k simiºy A#i)n&> Jvn 

Jvvimi> shiyB*t Yiy C[. 

'fir f\i[m F m[(D>g k\iuD"mi> pN hiD) viAt(vk 

an[ s&>dr (c#i rj* ky&< C[.kZ(P an[ G[Ti>uC[r hiD)

a[ G[Ti>ai[n[ bciv) l[ C[.Gisciri[ ugiDvi[ an[ a[n[ kipvi[ a[ pN a[k g\i(mN p\vZ(_i C[ 

j[mi> sijd Kitr Big l[ C[.mF-uC[r pN a[k mh_vni[ g\i(mN 

Äyvsiy C[ j[mi> biYS[bia[ pN q)kq)k k&SLti hi>sl kr) C[. upri[kt (v(vF Äyvsiymi> 

an[ a[ni s>b>F) p\vZ(tai[mi> kiy ApOT an[ Jv>t (c#i hiD)< a[mn) ai kZ(tmi> 

p\At&t kr[ C[. 

ki[epN Äy(ktni[ simi(jk mi[Bi[, sºmin an[ ai[LKni[ aiFir mi[T[Big[ a[ Äy(kt 

j[ Äyvsiy kr[ C[ a[ni upr hi[y C[.a[ Äy(ktni Äyvsiymi> aivti cQiv-utir k[ bdlivn) 

asr a[ni aiRmsºmiin, simi(jk ai[LK an[ a[n) p$tOqi upr pN pDt) hi[y C[. a[ni 

Äyvsiy p\miN[ a[n&> Äy(ktRv an[ min(skti GDiy C[.ki[e Äy(kt pi[tini Jvnmi> j[ ki[e 

siri>-miqi> kiy[ pi[tin&> a(ARiRv Tkiv) riKvini s>GP Äy(kta[ mi#i Äyvsiy upr j 

aiFir riKvi[ pD[ C[ an[ miT[ j dr[k Äy(kt pi[tini Äyvsiyn[ Kitr k>epN krvi tRpr 

rh[ti[ hi[y C[. ke>k aiv) j vit hiD)< a[mn) nvlkYi 'F m[yr ai[f k[ATrb$j" mi> kr[ C[. 

Jvnni p\ir>(Bk tbkkimi> kYiniyk miekl h[ºciD< a[k simiºy 'hay-trusser" 

a[Tl[ k[ a[k Gisn) gi>sD) bi>Fnir mj*r hi[y C[.pi[tini a[ Äyvsiymi> a[ a[Tl&> kmiti[ 

nY) k[ pi[tin) pRn) an[ a[k p&#i)n&> BrNpi[PN kr) Sk[. p(rNim[ a[k m[Limi> di$ni nSi 

h[qL mi#i Yi[Di> $(pyimi> a[ pi[tin) pRn)n&> l)lim kr[ C[.a[k Klis) a[n) pRn) an[ 

p&#i)n[ Kr)d) l[ C[ an[ a[mn[ len[ jti[ rh[ C[.h[ºciD vPi[< sF) a[ 

Klis) siY[ a[n) pRn) tr)k[n&> j Jvn Jv[ C[.pr>t& a[k (dvs a[n[ ²yil aiv[ C[ k[ pi[t[ 

s_iivir r)t[ ºy&snn) pRn) nY) an[ j[n) siY[ a[ni l³n Yyi j nY) ti[ k[v) r)t[ a[ 

Klis) siY[ a[n) pRn) tr)k[ rh) Sk[ ? pr>t& ºy&sn d(ryimi> D*b) gyi[ C[ a[vi smicir 

188

a[n[ mLti a[n) smAyin&> (nrikrN Ye jiy C[ an[ a[ pi[tini m*L p(t h[ºciD 

pi[tin) y&vin p&#i) siY[ n)kL) pD[ C[. 

pi[tini p(tn) Si[Fmi> BTkti> BTkti> jyir[ s&sin an[ a[n) d)kr) k[ATrb\)jmi> 

aiv) phi[>c[ C[ Ryir[ t[mn[ an[ aipNn[ jiN Yiy C[ k[ h[ºciD< hv[ pi[tin) p)q pr a[k 

kr>D)yimi> Gis kipvini ai[jiri[ le a(h>-t(h> g>di kpDi>mi> BTkti[ 'h[-T^sr" nY) rhyi[. t[ 

hv[ k[ATrb\)jni[ m[yr bn) gyi[ C[.t[ aij&bij&ni g\iÀy(vAtiri[ni K[D*ti[ pis[Y) Gu> j[v&> 

anij Kr)d[ C[ an[ ngrn) b\[D j[v) Kiwc)j bnivt) b[kr)ai[n[ anijni[ p&rvqi[ p*ri[ 

piD[ C[.t[ vP[< p\(tk*L mi[smn[ kirN[ a[ni oiri v[cvimi> aiv[l Gu>n) g&Nv_ii kYL[ C[ Ryir[ 

h[ºciD< pis[Y) Gu>n) Kr)d) krnir nini v[pir)ai[ a[ni G>un) g&Nv_ii bibt[ (vri[[F an[ 

f(ryid ni[>Fiv[ C[.h[ºciD< a[mni[ a[ (vri[F shn kr) Skti[ nY) an[ a[ni[ ch[ri[ g&AsiY) G[ri[ 

Ye jiy C[, pr>t& a[ g&Asin[ kib*mi> riKti a[ n)c[ m&jb p\Ry&_ir aip[ C[ : 

''You must make allowances for the accidents of a large 

business.....You must bear in mind that the weather just at the harvest of that 

corn was worse than we have known it for years. However, I have mended 

my arrangements on account o't. Since I have found my business too large 

to be well looked after by myself alone, I have advertised for a through good 

man as manager of the corn department. When I've got him you will find 

these mistakes will no longer occur-matters will be better looked into."" 47 

h[ºciD

)J bibt a[ C[ k[ h[ºciD sfLti hi>sl kr) C[.a[ni oiri a[N[ 

p]si an[ p\(tOqi b>n[ m[LÄyi C[.hv[ t[ ngrni[ 'm[yr" pN C[.aiY) j a[ni jvibmi> aipN[ 

a[ni mi[Bin[ an&$p $aib, ri[f an[ uμc vg ji[vi mLt) a[k p\kirn) b[(fkrie ji[e 

Sk)a[ C)a[. 

an[ #i)J bibt a[ C[ k[ aipNn[ a[ni jvib oiri kZ(P-aiFi(rt Äyvsiyi[mi> ji[vi 

mLt) a(n(Vttini[ ²yil pN aiv[ C[.kirNk[ kZ(P pi[t[ hvimin upr avl>(bt Äyvsiy 

hi[viY) kyir[k mblK pik pik[ ti[ kyir[k a(tvZ(OT k[ anivZ(OT j[v) d&G

and without stopping the school I can manage to pass examinations. By this 

means , and by the assistance of a wife like her, I shall ultimately be at the 

head of one of the best schools in country."" 48 

pr>t& kl)mn) a[k (Sxk bnvin) an[ SiLi S$ krvin) yi[jni sfL Yt) nY) 

kirN k[ a[n) pRn) t[ni (Sxkni Äyvsiyn[ an[ a(t pCit a[vi g\iÀy(vAtir 'a[³Dn h)Y" 

n[ (FÊir[ C[ t[Y) t[ kl)mn[ shkir aipt) nY). vF&mi> ri#i[ kliki[ni kliki[ s&F)ni p&Atkni 

vicnn[ l)F[ a[n) ai>Ki[ upr vF& pDti tNivn[ l)F[ (vpr)t asr pD[ C[. DiƒkTrn) slih 

m&jb hv[ a[ p&Atkn&> pqn kr) Skti[ nY) an[ vF&mi> vF& a[ ai>Ki[ upr cÆmi ph[yi< (vni 

bhir n)kL) Skti[ nY). p(rNim[ a[N[ pi[tin) SiLi S$ krvin) yi[jni pDt) m*kv) pD[ C[. 

hv[ kl)m fz< nimni f*li[ni Ci[Dvi>ai[ kipvini[ a[Tl[ k[ 'fz j n(h 

a[ Äyvsiymi> a[k p\kirni ain>dn) an[ min(sk rihtn) an&B*(t kr[ C[. a[k (dvs 

y&AT[(syi a[ni p(tn[ a[n&> kiy< krti-krti g)t giti[ si>BL[ C[ Ryir[ t[N) aiVy< an[ 

aiGit an&Bv[ C[. t[N) pi[tini p(tn[ kh[ C[ : 

''I would starve rather than do it !....and you can sing !"" 49 

aim, p\kZ(tni si(n¹ymi> kim krvin) kl)mn[ k[vi p\kirn) Si>(t, s>ti[P an[ 

ain>dn) an&B*(t Yt) hS[ a[ni[ ²yil a[k Sh[rmi> uCr[l) an[ Jvnmi> mi#i Bi](tk s&Kn[ 

p\Fiºy aipt) y&AT[(syi j[v) aiF&(nk Ci[kr)n[ k[v) r)t[ aiv) Sk[ ? 

191

ai j kZ(tmi> a[k (v(SOT p\kirni[ Äyvsiy 'r)Dlm[n"ni[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ 

C[.'r)Dlm[n" a[Tl[ a[vi[ Äy(kt j[ni[ Äyvsiy K[D*ti[n[ pi[tini G[>Tiai[n[ r>gvi miT[ lil r>g 

phi[>ciDvini[ C[.'r)Dlm[n" a[k a[vi vg< an[ Äyvsiyni[ Äy(kt C[ j[ K*b zDpY) nimS[P 

Ye rHi hti>. ai kZ(tmi> pN r)Dlm[n D)gi[r)n[ pi[tini[ 'lil r>g" v[cvini[ Äyvsiy pDti[ 

m*kti[ an[ pi[tini[ virsigt Äyvsiy D[r) an[ K[t)kim S$ krti[ dSi aiÄyi[ C[. 

'F v&Dl[ºDs kZ(P, K[trmi> px)ai[ uDiDvi, gimDi>mi> 

b\[D v[cvi, B*>D j[vi p\iN)ai[ uC[rvi k[ li[ki[n[ Gr[-Gr[ je sirvir aipti diktrni 

Äyvsiyni[ uÃl[K krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. 

hiD)< pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> j[ (v(vF p\vZ(_iai[ vD[ g\im)N Äyvsiyi[n&> asiFirN 

ail[Kn kr[ C[ a[mi> aipNn[ a[ni g\im)NJvnni p\Ryx an&Bv, s*Èm avli[kn an[ 

g\imjni[ miT[ni (nB[ kZ(P-aiFi(rt g\im)N Äyvsiyi[ : 

Birt kZ(Pp\Fin d[S C[.d[Sn) k&l vs(tni[ mi[Ti[ (hAsi[ gimDi>ai[mi> vs[ C[.k[Tli>k 

li[ki[ kZ(Pn[ d[Sn) aYk li[ki[ a[n[ d[Sni mi[Ti>Bigni 

li[ki[n) aiJ(vki min[ C[. pr>t& hk)ktmi> kZ(Pn&> mh_v a[niY) pN a(Fk C[ k[ a[n[ S¾dmi> 

dSi m&Æk[l C[. s>p*N< aY j n(h pr>t& Birt j[vi 

192

d[Smi> ti[ kZ(P mi#i Äyvsiy n rh[ti g\imjni[n) JvnS]l) bn) rh[vi pim[ C[. 

minvJvnni e(thismi> a[v&> GN)vir ji[vi mÇy&> C[ k[ j[ riOTî[ pi[tin) kZ(P p\Ry[ udi(snti 

s[v[ C[, a[ riOTî[n) Jvn-S(kt x)N Ye jiy C[. a[Tl[ k[ kZ(P a[ aipNi Jvnn&> si]Y) 

mh_vn&> a>g C[. kZ(P aipN) aY K[D-Jvnn[ ail[K[ C[: ''an[ gimDi>n[ 

tiØS krvi K[t) an[ t[n) siY[ ain&P>(gk r)t[ s>kLiy[li Äyvsiyi[viLi pi#ii[ m(Dyin) 

nvlkYimi> aiv[ C[."" 50 a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> hidi pT[l, gi[br, mi>DN, d[vS) j[vi GNi> pi#i[i 

K[D*ti[ C[. t[ai[ pi[tin&> Jvn K[tri[mi> uwm krti-krti (vtiv[ C[. a[v&> j$r) nY) k[[ a[ 

K[tr h>m[Si pi[tin&> j hi[y. aip(_ini smy[ t[ai[ a[kb)jin[ shkir aip[ C[. gi[br an[ 

mi>DN vμc[ v>S)y v[r hi[vi Cti> GNi p\s>gi[a[ aipN[ a[mn[ a[kb)jin[ mdd krti jiea[ 

C)a[.Frt) a[mn) mi C[ an[ K[tr a[ mini[ Ki[Li[ C[ j[mi> a[ Frt)p&#ii[ rm[ C[,pi>gr[ C[, 

an[ kyir[k pi[tin&> d&:K pN hLv&> kr[ C[. pi[tini p&#i prbtni mZRy& p\s>g[ p\Ym vivN) 

krnir an[ Ryirbid a[ni Sbn[ a(³ndih d[nir hidi pT[l a[ b>n[ kiyi[< aDg an[ AvAY 

mn[ p*N< kr[ C[. jyir[ a[ni y&vin (dkrini[ d[h (ctimi> bLti[ hi[y C[ Ryir[ pN a[mn) 

ai>Ki[mi> ai>s& aivti nY). pr>t& a[ j hidi pT[l K[trni Ki[L[ pi[tini ãdymi> Frbiy[l) 

ligN)ai[n[ m&ktpN[ vh[vi d[ C[ an[ h]yifiT r&dn kr[ C[. 51 pi[tini j K[trmi> pikti 

anijni diNi a[mni p[Tni[ KiDi[ p*ri[ kr[ C[.vrsidn) a(n(Vttin[ l)F[ mi#i a[k m(hni[ 

pN kZ(P kYLti a[mn[ B*Kmri[ gBriv[ C[ an[ akLiv[ C[. 'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> vrsid[ (vl>b 

krti li[ki[ vivN) kr) Skti nY) an[ riti[rit mi[>Gvir) vFti g\imjni[ B*K[ mrS[ a[v) S>ki 

193

s[vvimi> aiv[ C[. anij-k(ryiNini Bivi[mi> uCiLi[ aivti gr)b li[ki[n) hilt dyn)y 

Yiy C[. K[t) miT[ j$r) piN) m[Lvvi miT[ k*vimi> utr) a[ni t(Ly[ s&r>g fi[Dvi j[v&> ji[Km) 

kiy< krti pN g\imjni[ ackiti nY). K[t) miT[ t[ai[ pi[tini p\iNn&> b(ldin aipvi s&F)n) 

tRprti diKv[ C[. kZ(PJvnmi> ud`Bvt) an[k smAyiai[ k[ mZRy& j[v) d&G ki[epN y&vin p&r&Ppi#i Jv)t 

n rh[ti Grn) A#i)ai[ s>t& an[ Ujm K[tr K[D) niK[ C[. an[ b[ bLdi[mi>Y) a[k bLdn&> 

mZRy& Yti> a[n&> AYin s>t& le l[ C[. a[ ØÆyn) aihlid`kti d[vS)n[ siF&Jvnn[i Ryig kr) 

fr) piCi[ kZ(P-kiy s(k\y kr[ C[. BirtvP hidi pT[l an[ gi[br j[vi as>²y K[D*ti[ C[ 

j[ai[ miT[ K[t) ØÄy upij siFn mi#i n rh[ti Jvn Jvvin&> p\[rkbL C[. miT)ni kNi[ 

a[mn) (Sriai[mi> vh[ti rktkNi[ C[ an[ B)n) miT)n) mh[>k a[mni[ p\iNviy& C[. K[t) miT[ 

j t[ai[ jºm[ C[, Jv[ C[ an[ mr[ C[. 

m(Dyi a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> kZ(PJvn upri>t kZ(P-aiFi(rt aºy an[k nini-nini 

g\iÀy Äyvsiyi[ pN ail[K[ C[. a[mn) kZ(tai[mi> aipNn[ g\imjni[n) ri[J>di Jvnn) 

j$(ryiti[ p*r) piDti l&hiNi, si[n), s&Yir, k&>Bir, b\iMN, siF&, viN>d vg[r[ v[pir)ai[, 

kir)gri[ an[ g\iÀy smijni p\(t(n(F$p pi#i[i ji[vi mL[ C[. ng)ndis pir[K kh[ C[ t[m, 

''j[ vKt[ j[n&> vNFi[ kr[l hi[y a[v) aisin)Y) 

t[n) (vgti[ t[ai[ aipti hi[y C[."" 52 

ai tmim pi#i[i an[ t[mni[ Äyvsiy gimni AYi(nk aY#ini aiFirB*t a>gi[ 

C[.aimi>ni ki[epN a[kn) g[rhijr)mi> gimn[ g(t aipti ck\i[ AY(gt Ye jiy C[. j[mk[ 

g&>disr gimmi>Y) (gFi[ l&hiNi[ lipti k[v) r)t[ Yyi[ a[ ti[ g\imjni[ni k&t*hlni[ (vPy hti[ 

j, pr>t& (gFi[ g*m Yti a[n) d&kin GNi> (dvsi[ s&F) b>F rh[ C[ an[ t[Y) g&>disrni 

194

g\imjni[n[ pi[tini ri[J>di Jvn-j$(ryitn) vAt&ai[ m[Lvvimi> pirivir m&Æk[l)ai[ pD[ 

C[.ah)> m(Dyi lK[ C[ : 

''circir (dvsY) a[n) hiTD) UGD) n hi[viY) an[k miNsi[ m&Æk[l)mi> m&kie gyi 

hti>, g&>disrmi> (gFi[ af)Nni[ ejir[dir hti[. Siprni fi[jdir pis[Y) dr m(hn[ af)Nni[ 

j¸Yi[ livti[ an[ S&¹F af)Nmi> kiL) rit[ kiL)Jr)ni[ B[g kr)n[ a[n&> vjn bmN&> kr)kr)n[ 

cirgN[ Biv[ gimni af)N)ai[n[ FbiDti[. kipD-k(ryiNiY) mi>>D)n[ gi>(qyi-BJyi s&F)n) n[ 

Gi[(DyiY) Gi[r lg)n) vAt&ai[ p*r) piDnir ai avi af)N pN mLt&> hi[viY) (gFin) SiK '(gFi[ af)N)" tr)k[ pN aij&bij&ni 

(vAtirmi> jiN)t) ht). aiv) mh_vn) d&kinn[ birN[ circir (dvs s&F) tiL&> vsiy[l&> rh[ 

Ryir[ li[ki[n) (AYt) k[v) (vPm Ye pD[? sd`Bi³y[ ai cir (dvsmi> gimmi> ki[en&> mZRy& n Yy&> 

ht&> an[ t[Y) Ki>pNn) j$(ryit ti[ UB) n Ye pN vgr mZRy&a[ msiNn) (dSimi> F)m) 

g(ta[ k*c kr) rh[li af)Nni r)Qi Äysn)ai[n) (AY(t bh& (vPm Ye pD) ht)."" 53 

B*tkiLni Birt)y gimDi>ai[mi> A#i)ai[n[ p\s*(t miT[ dviKinimi> diKl krvimi> n 

aivti pi[tini Gr[ j t[ai[a[ p\s*(tn) p)Didiyk p\(k\yimi>Y) psir Yv&> pDt&> an[ a[ p\(kyin[ 

(n(v diyN tr)k[ kiy< krt) ki[e A#i)n[ ri[kvimi> aivt). a[ 

diyNn&> kiy< A#i)ai[n) p\s*(tn[ Sky a[Tl) shj an[ ai[C) p)Didiyk bnivvin&> 

ht&.m(Dyin) 'l)l&D) Frt)"mi> pN aivi diyNni Äyvsiymi> ÄyAt a[v) vKt)Di[S)n&> pi#i 

aiv[ C[. pi[tini (v(SOT Äyvsiyn[ kirN[ a[ (v(vF p\kirn) AvBivgt lix(Nktiai[ Frivt) 

as>²y mitiai[ni p(rcymi> aiv) ht). mitZRv z>Kt) mitiai[, mitZRvY) Äyg\ YE gy[l) 

mitiai[, mZtvRsiai[, ePitini[ upr svtini[n[ (trAkirnir) an[ pirki> j·yi>ai[ pr p\[m vrsivnir) mitiai[, ti[ 

195

pirki> s>tini[n[ ci[r) jnir) mitiai[. vKt)a[ minsSiA#i k[ mni[(vÅl[PNni[ k[ie Äyv(AYt 

a¿yis nhi[ti[ kyi[tin s>b>Fni apr>pir (kAsiai[ a[n) an&Bv) ai>K tL[Y) psir Ye gyi hti.pi[tini ai 

Äyvsi(yk an&Bvn[ kirN[ j a[ s>t&ni gi>DpN piCL rh[l) a[k mitZãdyn) v[dni an[ 

ÄyYi smJ Skvin[ smY< ht). s>t&n) p\s(tni smy[ vKt)Di[S)n[ aivvimi> (vl>b Yiy C[ 

Ryir[ Ujm kh[ C[, ''S&> kr)a[ ?aipN[ a[ni ai[(SyiLi> ...gimmi> sit Ki[Tn) a[k j 

s&yiN) ."" 54 

vKt) j[vi[ j (v(SOT Äyvsiy g&>disrni m*Lgr bivini[ C[.a[ni[ m&²y Äyvsiy ti[ 

(dvsni ds klik b)D)ni B*>gLi viLvini[ C[.T)>br&> n[ aipTini> pinn) kiLi n[ lil 

di[ri>viL) b)D)ai[n) j*D)ai[ viL)viL)n[ a[ gimn) t[mj prgimn) d&kin[a[ phi[>ciD[ C[. ai 

m&²y F>Fin) n(hvt` aivkmi> p*(t< krvi miT[ a[ gimni viv-k*viai[mi> D*bk) mirvini[ aiD 

Äyvsiy pN kr[ C[. U>Di k*vimi> ki[e p(Nyir)ni[ GDi[ pD) jiy k[ ki>Di bivDi>n&> ki[e Gr[N&> 

srk) jiy an[ li[K>Dn) m)>dD) vD[ a[ vAt& k*vimi>Y) piC) bhir kiQvimi> m&Æk[l) pD[ Ryir[ 

m*Lgrn) mdd l[vimi> aiv[ C[. m*Lgr D*bk) d)q 'aDFi $(pyi"n) rkm vs*l kr[ 

C[.gimmi>Y) (gFi[ l&hiNi[ g*m Yti> kdic a[N[ ki[e kirNsr k*vi[ p*yi[< hi[y a[ aiS>kia[ a[n) 

Si[F krvi m*Lgrn) mdd l[vimi> aiv[ C[.s>t&ni (pti T)hini[ Äyvsiy BiD[ bLdgiD&> 

f[rvvini[ C[.a[ gimn) nd)mi>Y) r[t) sir)n[ k[ KiNmi>Y) pRYri[ Br)n[ Sh[ri[mi> cilti 

bi>Fkimn[ p*ri> piD[ C[. pi[tini Grni BrNpi[PN miT[ a[N[ s>p*>NY) mLt) 

ri[jgir) upr j aiFir riKvi[ pD[ C[.ai upri>t l³n j[vi S&B p\s>gi[a[ si[nini Gr[Ni> 

GDvi miT[ k[ st)mitini Yink[ biFi-aiKD) cQivvi miT[ ci>d)n&> C_ir GDivvi miT[ 

g\imjni[ gimni a[k mi#i nY& si[n)n) d&kinni pg(Yyi> cD[ C[. ai j p\miN[ vir[-th[vir[ 

196

gimni[ drJ B*Fr m[rie li[ki[n[ nvi> vA#i[i (sv) aip[ C[. ti[ gimni F(nyi gi[viLn) 

d[Kr[K h[qL gimn&> pS&Fn pi[Piy C[, pi>gr[ C[, an[ (vAtr[ C[. a[Bl ai(hr m[>gN) gimni 

li[ki[n[ ri[J>di vpriSn&> d*F p*r&> piD[ C[. aiBiSi gr)b g\imjni[ an[ K[D*ti[n[ Äyij[ p]si F)r[ 

C[ an[ a[ Äyij vTiuni F>Fimi> p&ÆkL Fndi[lt B[g) kr[ C[. kpisni F>Fimi> t[J aivti 

ai[tmc>d am)r bn[ C[. 

ai]wi[(gkrNn) asr Birt)y gimDi>ai[ upr pN Yvi lig) ht) a[ vitni[ (nd[ hti an[ 

j[rim (mA#i) j[vi> k[Tli>k kir)gri[ ri[jgir) m[Lvvi miT[ Sh[r trf p\yiN kr) rHi> hti>. 

aivi j a[k smy[ p*rji[Smi> cilti, pr>t& piCLY) ai]wi[(gkrNn[ l)F[ nimS[P Ye gy[li 

kipDni r>gkimni gZhuwi[gni[ uÃl[K 'S[viLni Stdl" mi> krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[. 

g&>disr gimni r>gir) K#i) li[ki[a[ ai[zt nd)n[ ki>q[ mi[T) (Sliai[ gi[qv)n[ k*>D)ai[ 

t[mj piT t[yir kr) ht). a[ r>gir) piTni[ upyi[g a[ li[ki[ siDli an[ sifi j[vi vA#ii[ 

miT[ krti. a[k jminimi> aiKi ki(qyiviDmi> piGD), sifi,an[ siDli r>gvi miT[ g&>disr 

p\²yit ht&>. ah)>ni K#i)ai[a[ hiYCip vD[ Cip[l) k[ r>g[l) Bitn&> kpD&> fiT[ ti[ pN f)T[ 

nh) a[v) likviyki ht).pr>t& F)m[F)m[ mi[Ti> Sh[ri[mi> ‘Die>g a[ºD (p\ºT)>g vkgkimni[ gZhuwi[g Gsie gyi[ hti[. Sh[ri[ni kirKinimi> 

t]yir Yti[ mil li[ki[n[ mi[>Gi[ ligvi mi>Dyi[.gi>F)Ti[p)ni aigmn pC) piGD)-sifi ni[ 

vpriS pN GTvi li³yi[.(mln) Cip[l) siD)ai[n[ m&kibl[ g>&disrn) hiY bnivTn) siD)ai[ 

zi>K) ligvi mi>D) an[ a>t[ a[v) p(r(AY(t (nmini K&d r>gir)ai[ j Sh[rn) 

(mli[mi> mj*r) krvi ciÃyi gyi. g&>disr gimni[ C[Ãli[ r>giri[ aBi K#i)a[ pN pi[tin) 

197

KDk)n[ tiL&> vis) Sh[rn) viT pkDti a[ GiT s*ni[ Ye gyi[ an[ r>gir) piTni[ upyi[g 

AmSinyi#iimi>Y) aiv)n[ DiG*ai[ sim*(hk Anin krvi miT[ j krti. 

aim Cti>, Birt d[Smi> aivi an[k gimDi>ai[ hti an[ aij[ pN C[ j[ai[ 

ai]wi[(gkrNn) aiD-asrY) m&kt rh[vi piÀyi C[. a[ gimDi>ai[mi> dr[k Äy(kt an[ a[ni[ 

Äyvsiy aºyi[ºy s>kLiy[li C[ an[ a[ r)t[ sjikLn) mh_vn) kD) si(bt Yiy 

C[.gimni aY#imi> a[mn) a(nviy a[mn) g[rhijr)Y) S*ºyivkiS 

sjiB) pN jiy C[.m(Dyin) 

kYiai[mi> aivti g\im)N Äyvsiyi[ (vS[ Diƒ. amZt ri(N>gin&> kh[v&> C[, 

''ai kYiai[mi> K[D*ti[ vivN) kr[ C[, ki[Oi cliv[ C[, K[tr K[D[ C[, hL hi>k[ C[, Fi[(ryi 

Ki[d[ C[, k*vimi> Ti[Ti fi[D[ C[.ai bF) K[t)n) (vgti[ mi#i vNkLiy jiy C[ k[ t[mi>Y) 

p\id[(Sk r>g sih(jk r)t[ p\gT Yti[ rh[ C[."" 55 

5. kZPki[n) ai>t(rk l[vDd[vD : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZPki[n) ai>t(rk l[vDd[vD : 

s¿ysmijmi> j[ ki[e F>Fik)y l[vDd[vD Yiy C[ a[mi> niNi>ni[ Äyvhir m&²y hi[y 

C[.niN&> F)rti Äy(kt k>epN Kr)d) Sk[ C[.niN&> j smg\ F>Fik)y Äyvhirn&> s>cilk bL 

C[.pr>t& kZPk smijmi> F>Fik)y l[vDd[vDn) (v(SOT p\kirn) p\Ni(lkiai[ p\vt[< C[. kZPk pis[ 

F)rvi miT[ ji[ ki[e vAt& hi[y ti[ a[ C[ '~m" an[ a[ ~m oiri uRpºn krvimi> aivt&> 

anij. aiY) j kZPk smijmi>> j[ ki[e l[vDd[vD Yiy C[ a[mi> niNi>ni Äyvhir krti ~m 

an[ a[ni bdlimi> anijni[ Äyvhir p\FinpN[ ji[vi mL[ C[. 

198

'fir f\i[m F m[D)>g k\iuD"mi> bi[ÃDv&D pi[tini (vSiL K[tri[n) sir-s>BiL riK) Skti[ 

nY). Bir[ vrsidn[ kirN[ a[ni K[tri[mi> ugiDvimi> aiv[l Gu> an[ jv j[vi pikn[ n&kSin 

Yiy C[. aiY) bi[ÃDv&D biYS[bini K[trmi> kirBir)n) B*(mki Bjvti ai[kn[ a[ 

jvibdir)n) siY[ siY[ pi[tini K[trn) pN d[Kr[K riKvi miT[ ai[kn[ ri[k) l[ C[. ai[k 

biYS[bini K[tri[mi> j[ s[vi p*r) piD[ C[ a[n[ miT[ a[n[ niNi> c*kvvimi> aiv[ C[. pr>t& 

bi[ÃDv&D ai[kn[ a[ni ~mni vLtr$p[ niNi> n c*kvti pi[tini K[trmi> pikti anijni[ 

am&k (hAsi[ aipvin&> nkk) kr[ C[. 

'F) v&Dl[ºDs

ci[kks kiydik)y Srti[n[ ai(Fn a[mN[ jyir[ a[ mkin Kil) krv&> pD[ C[ Ryir[ t[ai[ aRy>t 

(vPm p(r(AYtmi> m&kiy jiy C[. a[ smy[ mkinmi(lk ki[epN p\kirni[ dyiBiv n diKvti 

mkinni[ kbji[ ai>ck) l[ C[ an[ gr)b g\imjni[ Grbir (vnini Ye jiy C[. 

'F v&Dl[ºDs nJv) rkm miT[ h[ºciD< oiri pi[tin) pRn) s&sinn&> 

v[ciN a[ a[k a>g\[J nvlkYi si(hRymi> aRy>t (vvidiApd l[vDd[vD C[. h[ºciD< j[vi[ Äy(kt 

pi[tin) pRn) an[ d)kr) a[k aji·yi Klis)n[ mi#i pi>c g)n)mi> v[c) d[ C[ a[ GTni GNi> 

vicki[n[ minvimi> aivt) nY). a[ li[k[i a[ GTnin[ mi#i viti aivti niTyiRmk vLi>k 

tr)k[ Kpiv) d[ C[. pr>t& ai l[vDd[vDn[ t[ smy[ p\vtFinmi> 

m*lvvimi> aiv[ ti[ p(t oiri pRn)n&> v[ciN aAviBi(vk n j lig[. hiD)

an[ (vAtirmi> ai p\kirn) l[vDd[vD (vP[ si>BÇy&> hS[ k[ ji[y&> hS[ an[ ti[ j a[mN[ ai 

p\kirn) GTni pi[tin) nvlkYimi> ail[K) hS[.ai bibt[ gNptriyn&> kh[v&> C[ : 

''Hardy's information about agricultural life was quite authentic 

because of Hardy's close association with the rural people of South England 

for a considerable period."" 56 

an[ aij[ pN aipN[ smicirp#ii[mi> nJv) rkm miT[ mi-bip oiri pi[tini 

biLki[ni v[ciNni smicir avirnvir kyi> nY) vi>cti?aiY) j aipN[ aipNi> ap*N< 

smijdS

'fir f\i[m F m[(D>g k\iuD" mi> biYS[bi j[ r)t[ pi[tini K[tmj*ri[n[ pgir c*kv[ C[ a[mi> 

aipNn[ a[ni p\BivSiL) Äy(ktRv an[ $aibdir AvBivni[ p(rcy Yiy C[. biYS[bi 

Äyv(AYt pi[Sikmi> sjj Ye pi[tin) shiyk l)D) siY[ mi[Ti K>Dmi> p\v[S[ C[. a[ a[k T[bl 

pis[ b[s) jiy C[ an[ a[k p#ik Ki[l[ C[. t[ni a[k hiYmi> p[n C[ an[ bij&mi> niNi>Y) 

Br[l) Y[l) C[. t[ p#ikmi> j&a[ C[ an[ a[k pC) a[k a[ni miNsi[ni nim bi[lvin) S$ait 

kr[ C[. t[ si]p\Ym ji[s[f p&arg\[sn&> nim bi[l[ C[, j[N[ mil vhn krvin&>, kigDi an[ ckli> 

mir)n[ pikn&> rxN krvin&> an[ B*>Dn[ hlil krvin&> kiy< ky& hi[y C[. t[n) kimg)r)Y) K&S 

Ye biYS[bi a[n[ a[ni pgir upri>t ds S)l)>g vF& bx)s $p[ c*kv[ C[. ai j p\miN[ 

biYS[bi a[ni aºy K[tmj*ri[n[ t[mN[ kr[l) kimg)r) m&jb pgirn) c*kvN) kr[ C[. 58 ai a[k 

mi(lk an[ a[ni miNsi[ vμc[ Yt) l[vDd[vDn&> simiºy ØÆy C[, pr>t& a[mi> aipNn[ 

biYS[bini giQ aiRm(vVis an[ kiyb>Fi[ni Av$pni[ ti[ kyir[k a[mni ai(Y kZPki[n) ai>t(rk l[vDd[vD : 

m(Dyi oiri (n$p)t Birt)y kZPk p(rv[Smi> pN niNik)y l[vDd[vDn[ bdl[ kZ(Pmi> 

Big)dir) j[v) jjmin) aY

'l)l&D) Frt)" mi> (grnir upr ni(Ly[rn) rmt dr(myin k(jyi[ Yti> mi>DN gi[br 

upr ugimvimi> aiv[l jm]yini Gi sim[ aiDi[ hiY Fr) d[ti a[n&> ki>D&> kpie jiy C[ an[ 

a[ni[ hiY ki[N) s&F) kipvi[ pD[ C[. 59 ai d:&K ai[C&> hi[y t[m vF&mi> a[n) pRn) sLg)n[ mr) 

jiy C[. g)rnirn) GTni pC) gi[brni (pti hidi pT[l mi>DNn[ Jvnditi j[vi[ gN) l[ C[. 

an[ a[mi>y a[n) pRn) Jvt)ni a(³nAnin pC) ti[ mi>DNn&> K[tr K[Dvin) jvibdir) pi[t[ 

le l[ C[.kZ(Ps>b>F) kimkijmi> mdd krvi miT[ a[k h>gim) siY) pN Si[F) aip[ C[.an[ 

aivt) mi[smmi> mi>DNni K[trmi> vivN) kr) aipvin&> vcn pN aip[ C[. gi[brni Jvn 

miT[ pi[tini[ hiY g&mivnir ai j mi>DN di$ni nSimi> a[n) hRyi kr[ C[. gi[brni mZRy& bid 

s>t&n) a(³npr)xi S$ Yiy C[ an[ a[N[ an[k yitniai[ shn krv) pD[ C[. pi[tin[ mZt 

biLk avtrti a>t[ a[ gi>D) Ye jiy C[. s>t&n) ai tmim yitniai[ miT[ mi>DN pi[tin[ 

di[(Pt min[ C[.an[ t[Y) mi>DN a>t[ nY& si[n) an[ ajviL) kik) oiri trCi[Diy[l) jD)n) 

d)kr)n[ pi[tini s>tinn) Si[Fmi> aimt[m BTkt) s>t& s&F) phi[>ciD) pi[t[ kr[li pipn&> 

p\iy(Vt kr[ C[. 60 aim,a(h> mi>DN a[k Jvn l[ C[ ti[ t[ni bdlimi> a[k Jvn aip[ pN C[. 

j[mi> a[k Jv sim[l C[ a[v) l[vDd[vD aºy j³yia[ pN ji[vi mL[ C[.j[mk[ ai j kZ(tmi> 

mitZRvY) v>(ct sj&bi amY) s&YirNn[ si[n&> aip) a[n&> nvjit S)S& Kr)d) l[ C[. 61 ti[ 

'Äyijni[ virs" mi> amrt aiBiSini[ virsi[ pciv) piDvi miT[ mi[T) rkm c*kv) a[k k*bin) 

A#i)n&> nvjit S)S& Kr)d) l[ C[. 62 ti[ $pi rbirNn&> K*n Sid*L[ ky& C[ pr>t& a[ni K*nni[ 

airi[p Jvi[ Kvis pi[tini miY[ le l[ C[. an[ a[ni bdlimi> mi[T) rkm vs*l kr[ C[. 63 ti[ 

sj&bi a[jºs)n) pi[(lsn[ li>c aipvi miT[ g)Fi l&hiNi pis[ niNi> uFir l[ C[.an[ 

bdlimi> K[tr-viD)ni dAtiv[j g)Fin[ si[>p) d[ C[. 64 K[D*ti[ni biLki[ g)Fin[ bijri[, j&vir 

j[v&> anij aip[ C[ an[ a[ni bdlimi> Ki>D, gi[L, p)prm)>T j[v) vAt&ai[ Kr)d[ C[. 65 

203

aim, m(Dyi oiri (n$piy[l g\iÀy p(rv[Smi> kZPki[ oiri Yt) l[vD-d[vDmi> kyi>k p\[m, 

Biecirini dSk CL-kpT ji[vi mL[ C[, ti[ kyi>k gr)bi[n) licir) an[ 

mjb*r). aim Cti> b[ kZPki[ vμc[ jyir[ kZ(Ps>b>F) l[vDd[vD Yiy C[ Ryir[ a[mi> ki[e ai(Y kmivvin) vZ(_i n[ bdl[ mi[T[Big[ aºyi[ºyn[ mdd krvin) Bivni, a[kb)jin) 

j$(ryit s>ti[Pvini[ p\imi(Nk p\yRn an[ Kis simi(jk s>b>Fi[n[ jiLv) riKvi miT[ apiti 

Bi[gn[ p\Ym p\iFiºy aipvimi> aiv[ C[. 

6. kZPki[ an[ p\kZ(t : 

{a} Yi[ms hiD) kZPki[ an[ p\kZ(t : 

Yi[ms hiD) p\kZ(tn[ j[Tl&> p\iFiºy ai¼y&> C[, a[Tl&> a>g\[J 

si(hRyni ki[e nvlkYikir[ ai¼y&> nY). a[mn) nvlkYiai[mi> p\kZ(t mi#i piV vsti Äy(ktai[ni Jvnn[ hkiriRmk k[ 

nkiriRmk asr kr[ C[-t[mni Jvnn[ aikir aip[ C[.'F r)T g)c j>glni ti[t)>g vZxi[n) GTi 

a[n) n)c[ pi>gr[li minvJvnn) aiSiai[ an[ aiki>xiai[ upr Cviy jt) ji[e Skiy 

C[.gieÃs, g\[s an[ miT)< j[vi (hºTi[kni g\imvis)ai[n&> Jvn pN Ryi> Cviy[li g)c giQi 

j>gli[ j[v&> F*>FL&> an[ aApOT C[.hiD)ti[Pvi a[mni 

vtnni p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Sn) hd ai[L>gti hi[y C[. t[ai[ gm[ Ryi> jiy pr>t& a[mni Äy(ktRv pr 

ups[l) g\iÀy p(rv[Sn) Bitn[ t[ai[ kyir[y B*>s) Skti nY). an[ pi[tini p(rv[Sn) bhirn) 

d&(nyimi> t[ai[ a[k p\kirn) a[klti an[ akLimN an&Bvti a[ j p\kZ(tni si(n¹ymi> piCi> 

204

fr[ C[. hiD)tkiLY) ciÃyi aivti G(nOq s>b>Fi[ni (v(vF 

Av$pi[n&> s>p*N< avli[kn an[ a[ s>b>Fi[mi> rh[l) tmim Skytiai[ni[ U>Di[ a¿yis kyi[< C[ 

an[ a[n) pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> kliRmk rj&ait kr) C[. 

'F r)Tn< ai[f F n[T)v" n) viti

''To dwell on the heath without studying its meanings was like 

wedding a foreigner without learning his tongue."" 66 

a[ni as>ti[P, a[klti an[ htiSin&> m&²y kirN a[ C[ k[ a[N[ a[³Dn h)Y upr j 

Jvn Jvvi miT[ mjb*r Yv&> pD[ C[. a[³Dn h)Yn&> vitivrN a[ni (mjijn[ jri pN 

an&k*L aivt&> nY).ai a[ vitivrN C[ j[[ ki[e s>ti[P) A#i)n[ k(vy)#i) bniv) Sky&> hi[t, 

ki[e d&:K) A#i)n[ BktiN) bniv) Sky&> hi[t an[ c>cL A#i)n[ t_vXin) bniv) Sky&> hi[t, 

pr>t& a[³Dn h)Y y&AT[s)ain[ (vÙi[h) an[ a>t[ udis bniv[ C[.jyir[ (vÃD)v a[n[ kh[ C[ t[ 

a[³Dnn[ nfrt kr[ C[, Ryir[ t[ jvib aip[ C[: 

'' I do. 'tis my cross, my shame and will be my death."" 67 

an[ a[n) aigih) sic) pD[ C[.a[³Dn h)Y a[n[ a>t[ mir) niK[ C[.aim Cti>, a[³Dn 

an[ y&AT[s)ai vμc[ sminti pN rh[l) C[ : b>n[ jN aºy p\Ry[ (nApZh) an[ AviY)< C[. 

kl)m yi[b\ieT a[³Dn h)Yn) j (npj C[.an[ h)Yn) j>gl) p\kZ(t a[n[ ain>d, 

uRsih an[ riht aip[ C[.a[³Dn h)Yn) (x(tji[ ji[ti a[ s*y< n)c[ rh[li tmim Jvi[ siY[ 

sminti an[ a]ky an&Bv[ C[.an[ h)Y upr kim krti krti a[ pi[t[ pN a[n) upr vs[l) 

tmim JvsZ(OTmi> BL) je a[n&> j a[k a>g bn) jiy C[. a[ minvsmij siY[ a]ky siF) 

Skti[ nY).a[ a[k aidSki[ an[ K*Ni- 

Ki>criY) p(r(ct Äy(kt C[, kirNk[ a[ v[rin B*(m upr a[N[ a(vrt rzLpiT kr) C[ an[ 

h)Y j a[n&> Gr C[.a[ pN kl)mn) j[m a[kik) hi[vi Cti> h)Yni si(n¹ymi> kyir[ pN 

206

a[klti an&Bvti[ nY). aºy miT[ g*Q an[ g[rmig[< di[rnir) h)Yn) p\kZ(t siY[ a[N[ 

tidiRmy s>b>Fi[ AYi(pt kyi< C[ an[ a[ p\kZ(ta[ a[n) siY[ni Äyvhiri[mi> kyir[ pN ki[e 

y&(kt-p\y&(kt p\yi[J nY).(m(ss yi[b\ieT miT[ a[³Dn mrNB*(m si(bt Yiy C[ an[ a[ni 

akL ki[tri[mi>Y) bhir n)kL[li[ z[r) sip krDti a[n&> mZRy& Yiy C[. jyir[ Yi[m[(sn a[³Dnn[ 

'a ridiculous old place" kh[ C[, pr>t& siY[ siY[ kb*l pN kr[ C[ k[ a[³Dn h)Y (sviy a[ 

b)j[ kyi>y rh) Sk[ a[m nY). 

'F (rTn< ai[f F n[T)v" mi> j[ r)t[ vZxi[, T[kr)ai[ an[ K[tri[ vN aiÄyi C[ a[ 

p\miN[ a[ni[ g\iÀy p(rv[S jripN aikP a[³Dnn) p\kZ(tni[ 

minvJvn an[ smij siY[ni[ niti[ aLKimNi[ dSi aiÄyi[ C[. hiD)n) 

p\kZ(tn[ mi#i p\(tk*L j n(h, pr>t& p\p>c) dSit& aim Cti> a[ a[³Dn h)Y j C[ 

j[ni pr kZPk smij nB[ C[, a[mi>Y) pi[OiN m[Lv[ C[ an[ a[ li[ki[mi> pN JJ(vPi pN 

Tkiv) riK[ C[.hiD) a[³Dn h)Y pr vF& Bir m*k) Ryi>ni g\iÀyJvnn) 

an[ kZPk smijn) viAt(vktiai[n[ vF& asrkirk an[ Firdir r)t[ rj* kr) C[.an[ t[Y) j 

a[³Dn h)Y a[n) tmim brCT lix(Nktiai[n) siY[ pN aipN) p\S>sin[ pi#i bn[ C[.vF&mi> 

hiD)< ah)> a[v&> dSig[ C[ k[ p\kZ(tni[ j Big bn)n[ rh[ti a[vi kZPki[n&> Jvn p\kZ(t 

siY[ni s>b>Fi[ni an&s>Finmi> aigmi> bL)n[ Kik Ye jti a[k tNKli j[v&> j xNB>g&r C[, 

ti[ b)J bij& p\kZ(tn&> Av$p a(vcL, akL an[ amr C[. 

'T[s ai[f F D"abr(vÃs"mi> agiun) nvlkYin) j[m p\kZ(tn[ pi#i tr)k[ rj* n 

krti a[k piV l[vimi> aiv) C[.alb_i a[n[ K*b mh_v aipvimi> 

aiÄy&> C[. a[ni piV j nvlkYin) tmim GTniai[ AYin l[ C[. an[ a[ni (c#iN vgr 

a[ kZ(t kyir[ pN aikPt& a(h> a[³Dn h)Yn) j[m kZ(tni 

207

pi#ii[n&> Jvn an[ Bi³y GDvi s&F)n&> kiy< p\kZ(t (nBivt) nY).ät&ai[ni, p\kZ(tni vN a[ kZ(tni pi#ii[ni mni[vlNi[, an[ min(sk avAYi Äykt kr) C[.ai vN c(r#i(c#iN vF& s>(d³F bn[ C[. b)ji> S¾di[mi> 

kh[v&> hi[y ti[ hiD) p\kZ(tni[ p&OkL p\miNmi> BiviRmk upyi[g kyi[< C[. 

an[ smg\ p\ikZ(tk p(rv[S T[sn) a>dr Yt) BiviRmk p\(k\yini an&s>Finmi> pi[tini r>g$p 

an[ aikir FirN kr[ C[. 

jyir[ aipN[ T[sn[ p\Ymvir mL)a[ C)a[, Ryir[ m[ m(hni[ hi[y C[. t[ a[k y&vin, 

uRsih) an[ ain>d) k&>vi(rki hi[y C[.t[ a[k mirli[T nimni gimmi> rh[t) hi[y C[.a[ gim 

¾l[km&rni r(LyimNi K)Np\d[Smi> aiv[l&> hi[y C[,jyi> K[tri[ h>m[Si h(ryiLi rh[ C[, an[ 

vs>t h>m[Si ÄyAt rh[ C[.aim, T[sn) m&³FivAYin) mni[dSi an[ a[n) frt[ Äyi¼t p\ikZZZtk 

p(rv[S vμc[ a[k mF&r tidiRÀy sFiy C[. 

pr>t& a[l[k siY[n) d&:Kd GTni bid jyir[ T[s pi[tini Gr[ piC) fr[ C[, Ryir[ a[n[ G[ri[ 

(vPid G[r) vL[ C[.ai[kTi[br m(hnini[ smy C[. t[ a>Fir&> Cviyi bid j Grn) bhir n)kL[ C[ 

an[ j>gli[mi> rKD[ C[. Frt)n) spiT) pr pYriy[li vZxi[ni kiLi (Dbi>g pDCiyini[ a[n[ Dr 

ligti[ nY). jyir[ a[ a[kik) T[kr)ai[ pr an[ a[ki>t K)Ni[mi> cilvi n)kL[ C[ Ryir[ a[ni 

s>ki[cn pim[li Sr)rni[ GiT a[ p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Sni[ a[k Big bn) rh[ C[. a[n) frt[ p\kZ(t 

jgtmi> Ye rh[l) tmim p$k\yiai[ jiN[ k[ a[ni Jvnn) kYi kh[t) hi[y a[v&> lig[ C[. T*>kmi> 

a[ smyn) p\kZ(tn&> Av$p a[ni g&ni(ht minsn[ Äykt kr[ C[. ai[gAT m(hnimi> T[s j[ 

S)S&n[ jºm aip[ C[ t[n&> mZRy& Yiy C[. Ryir pC)ni[ (SyiLi[ T[s pi[tini (ptini Gr[ (vtiv[ 

C[.ai smy dr(myin t[n&> simiºy g\iÀykºyimi>Y) a[k s>(d³F A#i)mi> $pi>tr Yiy C[. T[smi> 

208

aivti[ ai f[rfir ät&ai[mi> aivti bdliv oiri Äykt krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[ jyir[ vivizi[Di> 

f*>kiy C[ an[ (hm pD[ C[. 

Ryirbid g$Omät&n&> aigmn Yiy C[ jyir[ T[s Ti[lbi[Y[ D[r)mi> kim krt) ji[vi mL[ 

C[.ai D[r) a[k K)Np\d[Smi> aiv[l) C[ jyi> d*F an[ miKNn&> p&OkL p\miNmi> uRpidn 

krvimi> aiv[ C[.a(h> hLv) an[ nij&k hvin) lh[rk)ai[ viy C[ an[ f\&m nd)mi> S)tL an[ 

n)ty& piN) vh) rhy&> hi[y C[. a(h>n&> K&Sn*mi vitivrN T[sni mnmi> ain>d an[ uRsihni[ 

s>cir kr[ C[.p\Ry[k hvin) lh[rk)ai[ pi[tin) siY[ nvi Jvnn) aiSiai[ len[ aiv[ C[ an[ 

px)ai[ni klrvmi> a[k nvi[ um>g C&piy[li[ hi[y C[.'ri[m[ºs" a(h>n) hviai[mi> C[ an[ T[s 

a[ºjlni p\[mmi> pD[ C[.a[ D[r)mi> T[s vF& aiq m(hni kim kr[ C[. 

ai[kTi[brmi> T[sn[ aipN[ fl)ºTki[Àb-a[ri s&F)n&> li>b& a>tr kipt) ji[ea[ C)a[.a[ 

pdyi#ii dr(myin T[s[ fr) p\(tk*L vitivrNni[ simni[ krvi[ pD[ C[. pr>t& a[ pi[tin) yi#ii 

aigL Fpiv[ C[ kirNk[ a[ (SyiLin) ät&mi> mLt) ri[jgir)n) Si[Fmi> hi[y C[. fl)ºTki[Àba[Sn) 

p\kZ(t T[s miT[ K*b p\(tk*L si(bt Yiy C[.a(h>n) jm)n K*b kqN C[ an[ Ryi> 

a(tBir[ vrsid pD[ C[.jyir[ a(h> vrsid pD[ C[ Ryir[ T[s pi[tin&> kim kr) Skt) nY).an[ 

jyir[ a[ kim kr) Skt) nY) Ryir[ a[n[ pgir mLti[ nY).cil& vrsid[ kim krv&> T[s miT[ 

kqN ksi[T) si(bt Yiy C[. vrsidni T)pi>ai[ a[ni Sr)rmi> Bilin) aN)n) mifk B[>ikiy 

C[.ai AYLn&> hvimin T[s miT[ K*b j kOTdiyk si(bt Yiy C[ an[ a(h> j T[s pi[tini 

Jvnni[ kpri[ smy (vtiv[ C[.T[sni Jvnni a[ tbÊ[ hiD)< a[k (vFin kr[ C[ : 

''So the two forces were at work here as everybody, the inherent will 

to enjoy and the circumstantial will against enjoyment."" 68 

209

(SyiLin&> aigmn Yiy C[ an[ T[s[ (SyiLin) gi#ii[ Y)jiv) niKt) q>D)mi> kim krv&> pD[ 

C[.a[ GNi> vPi[< bidni[ K*b j d&OT (SyiLi[ hi[y C[.hiD)< kh[ C[ : 

player. "" 69 

''It came on in stealthy and measured glides like the moves of a chess- 

hiD)< (SyiLin[ a(h> p\kZ(tni d&OT t_v tr)k[ rj* krti a[n&> sJviri[pN kr[ C[. 

Ryirbid (hmvPi< S$ Yiy C[. vitivrN a[Tl&> q>D& hi[y C[ k[ j[mi> T[s jiN[ k[ pi[tin) 

ai>Ki[ni Di[Li an[ Sr)rni hiDki> Y)J jti hi[y a[v&> an&Bv[ C[. t[ smy an[ AYLn&> 

p\(tk*L hvimin T[sn) mni[ÄyYi an[ a[N[ shn krvi pDti Sir)(rk kOTni p\(tk$p[ rj* 

Yiy C[. b)J bij& b\i(zl phi[>c[[li[ a[ni[ p(t a[ºjl pN Ryi>n) p\(tk*L aibi[hvini[ (Skir 

bn[ C[. aim, smg\ nvlkYimi> p\kZ(t a[k Jv>t piV p\(tk*L p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Smi> T[s[ mi#i Si(rr)k kOT 

shn krv&> pD[ C[. y&AT[s)ai pi[tini Jvnmi> j[ htiSi an[ (nriSi an&Bv[ C[ a[n&> 

a[kmi#i kirN a[³Dn h)Yni[ p\kZ(tk p(rv[S C[.pr>t& T[sni mnn) ÄyYi, (vPid an[ d&:Kn&> 

kirN p\kZ(t n(h, pr>t& aºy bibt C[ an[ a[ C[ k[ a[ni p(ta[ d>B) n](tktini Firi- 

Fi[rNi[ni aiFir[ a[ni[ Ryig kyi[< C[. p\kZ(t a[ni Jvnmi> ki[epN tbkk[ a[n) vhir[ aivt) 

nY) an[ mi#i m*k six) bn) a[n) ÄyYi-kYin[ (nhiÇyi kr[ C[. g\iÀyJvn an[ p\kZ(tni[ 

s>b>F dSi

'F v&D l[ºDs

C[ an[ j>glmi> j mZRy& pim[ C[. (hºTi[kni j>gli[mi> a[N[ a[vi GNi>>>>> vZxi[ viÄyi C[ j[ a[ni 

mZRy& bid pN a[ni p\kZ(tp\[mn) six) p*r[ C[. a[n) kbr upr f*l cDiv) gieÃsn[ a>jl) 

aipti miT)< kh[ C[ : 

''h&> jyir[ pN svir[ Uq)S, Ryir[ tn[ yid kr)S an[ jyir[ h&> s*e jeS, Ryir[ s*ti> 

ph[li h&> tn[ yid kr)S. h&> jyir[ ziD viv)S Ryir[ yid kr)S k[ tiri j[v&> ziD ki[e viv) 

SkS[ nh)>.jyir[ h&> sfrjnmi>Y) sieDr bniv)S, Ryir[ kh)S k[ tiri j[vi[ sieDr ki[e kiQ) 

Skt&> nY)....t&> ti[ a[k sjjn miNs hti[ an[ h>m[Si siri> kiyi[< j krti[ hti[.!"" 71 

gieÃsni mZRy& bid j>gli[ni vZxi[ s*ni> pD) gyi hi[y a[v&> lig[ C[. a[N[ ri[p[li> vZxi[ 

Jv[ C[ an[ a[ a[mn[ Ci[D)n[ jti[ rh[ C[.miT)< likDi>ni li>bi si[Tiai[ Ci[l) Ci[l) pi[tin&> 

g&jrin cliv[ C[. gieÃs[ a[n[ vZxiri[pN k[m krv&> a[ S)KÄy&> hi[y C[. t[Y) gieÃsni mZRy& 

bid miT)< gieÃsni siFni[ le a[n&> kiy< an[ Äyvsiy aigL Fpiv[ C[. (hºTi[kmi> a[k 

p\kirn) Av>ys>ci(lt pyi C[ a[ vitni[ 

²yil aipNn[ miT)c&> 

a[Ãmn&> vZx C[. jyir[ pvn viiy C[ Ryir[ a[ vZxn) DiL)ai[ an[ pi>dDi> Di[l) uq[ C[. siY[ 

pvnni s*sviTini[ avij pN aiv[ C[. ai avij an[ vZxni Di[lviY) jhi[nni mnmi> a[k 

p\kirni[ By Gr kr) jiy C[. a[n[ a[vi[ B\m C[ k[ a[ vZx j ymrij C[ an[ t[ a[k (dvs t[ni 

upr pDS[ an[ t[ kcDie mrS[. jhi[nn[ aºy ki[e ri[g k[ b)mir) nY).mi#i a[ vZxni a[ni 

212

upr pD) jvini DrY) j a[ (dvs[ (dvs[ min(sk r)t[ p)Diy C[. miT)< an[ gieÃs jhi[nn[ 

GN&> smjiv[ C[ k[ a[ mi#i a[ni mnni[ B\m C[.ti[ b)J bij&, a[ vZx (m(ss cimi[ hi[viY) a[n[ kip) pN Skit&> nY).an[ jyir[ gieÃs (m(ss cimi[d an[ aiVy jhi[nn&> mZRy& Yiy 

C[. 72 ah)> a[k vZx an[ Äy(kt vμc[ni[ (v(SOT p\kirni[ s>b>F dSi aiÄyi[ C[. 

aim, p\kZ(t kZPki[ miT[ kyir[k an&k*L ti[ kyir[k p\(tk*L p(r(AY(tai[n&> (nmi aig ligti anij a[mi> bL)n[ Kik Ye jiy C[ ti[ kyir[k vrsid) 

vivizi[Di> pikn[ n&kSin phi[>ciD[ C[. Yi[ms hiD) p\kZ(tni (v(vF Av$pi[, 

a[mn) kZPk-Jvn pr Yt) (v(vF asri[ an[ kZPki[n) p\kZ(t p\Ry[n) (v(vF p\(t(k\yiai[n&> 

viAt(vk an[ Äyipk (c#iN krvimi> aiÄy&> C[. 

{b} c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> kZPki[ an[ p\kZ(t : 

m(Dyi pi[tin) nvlkYiai[mi> si]riOT^ni[ Bi]gi[(lk p\d[S, a[n) p\kZ(t an[ a[ni upr 

aiFi(rt kZPkJvnn[ ail[K[ C[.a(h> si]riOT^ni[ a[k K[D*t Birt)y kZPksmijn&> p\(t(n(FRv 

kr[ C[. Birt)y kZPk[ pikn) sfLti k[ (nOfLti miT[ s>p*N< aiFir j[ t[ vP[< pDti vrsid 

upr riKvi[ pD[ C[.ki[ek vP[< vrsid p&OkL p\miNmi> pD[ C[, ti[ ki[ek vP[< n(hvt` ti[ ki[ek 

vP[< Ci>Ti[ y n(h.vrsidn) ai a(n(Vttin[ l)F[ j Birt)y K[D*t mi[T[Big[ Äyik*L ji[vi 

mL[ C[. p\kZ(tn&> ai kyir[k aiS)vi Av$p mi#i kZ(Pn[ j 

asr n krti kZPkni Jvnn) tmim simi(jk-ai(Y

aipti hi[y C[. sv< g\imjni[ hidi pT[ln) KDk)a[ Si[kg\At m&Km&Ùimi> B[gi> Yiy C[. a[ 

(dvs[ B)m a(gyirsni[ th[vir hi[y C[. pr>t& prbtni mZRy&ni smicirn) siY[ j gimn) 

tmim g(t(v(Fai[ Y>B) jiy C[.li[ki[ni[ uRsv an[ uRsih udis)mi> f[rviy jiy C[. an[ a[ 

aS&B kiL[ aikiSmi> ai[(c>ti vidLi[ cD) aiv[ C[ an[ vitivrN G[r&> bn) jiy C[. 

hviminmi> aiv[li ai aNFiyi>< bdlivn) g\imjni[ trt j ni[>F l[ C[. DiG&ai[n) a[k njr 

ai[sr)mi> pD[li mZtd[h upr hi[y C[, ti[ b)J njr miY[ G[riti> vidLi[ trf vL[ C[. a[k trf 

pi[tini p&#in) nnim) (v>Tiy rh[ C[ ti[ b)J bij&, hidi pT[l vir>vir U>c[ ji[en[ vrsidn) 

aigih) kr[ C[. ji[ vrsid pD[ ti[ !''ti[ ti[ aij[ j vivNi> krvi pD["", svi viT 

ji[S[, m[Griji n(h."" K&d hidi pT[l pN pi[tini p&#ini mZtd[hn[ bij&a[ riK) vivN)ni 

kiy ji[trie jiy C[. 73 

upri[kt ãdyÙivk GTni (nhiÇyi bid Birt)y kZpkJvnn&> (c#i aipm[L[ ApOT Ye 

jiy C[. a[k Birt)y K[D*t miT[ kZ(Pn&> mh_v Jvn-mZRy& j[v) g>B)r GTniai[Y) pN (vS[P 

C[.a[N[ pi[tin) kZ(P Kitr pi[tini ai>t(rk hrK-Si[k bij&a[ m*k) vrsid j[vi p\ikZ(tk 

p(rbLi[n[ vS Ye Jvn Jvv&> pD[ C[.Ti>kN[ vivN) krv) frJyit C[.jripN vh[l&>-mi[D&> 

Yiy ti[ pik (nOfL jti> aiK&> vP< p[Tni[ KiDi[ p*rvin) (c>ti stiv[ C[.vrsid pDvimi> Yti[ 

(vl>b a[n[ miT[ an[k p\kirn) ÄyYiai[ liv[ C[.prbtni mZRy&ni b)ji vP[< d&OkiL pD[ 

C[.aikiS ki[r&> Fiki[r C[.kyi>y nin&> srK&> vidL&> pN d[Kit&> nY). an[ a[ ph[li>ni uniL[ 

Frt)n[ c*s) lt) grm) pD[ C[. m(Dyi lK[ C[ : 

''g&>disrn) Frt) miY[ ai[tric)trini tDki pDti hti. aiKi[ (grnir D&>gr 

Fgmgti s*rjmi> tpti[ hti[ an[ aDK[pDK[n) Frt)n[ tpivti[ hti[. cir[ (dSia[Y) Un) 

214

LbLt) l* vrst) ht). ziD prni miLimi>Y) ckli>ni pi[Ti> grm)mi> bfie bfien[ n)c[ 

pTkiti> hti>.tDki[ Kien[ Q[ir-Qi>Kr aifr) jti> hti. miNsni p[Tmi> l* p[s) jiy ti[ a[ 

li[h)n) a[k j UlT) B[gi[ ukl) jiy a[vi[ aikri[ tip tpti[ hti[."" 74 

a[ vP ji[ti> a[k 

m(hni[ psir Ye jiy C[. d&OkiLn) p(r(AY(t (nmi trt j anijni Bivi[mi> uCiLi[ 

aiv[ C[. gimni an&Bv) Di[si>-Dgri> nx#ii[n&> avli[kn kr) hviminn) aigih) kr[ C[; 

''ai[N sil ti[ Cp(nyin[y ai>T[ a[vi[ kiL pDS[!""gim aiK&> uGiD[ pg[ an[ uGiD[ miY[ 

m[Grijini mnimNi> krvi ai[zt nd)n[ ki>q[ a[kq&> Yiy C[. p\iY aiv[ C[, 

rimF*n an[ Bjni[ givimi> aiv[ C[, an[ gimni Gr[ Gr[Y) $(pyi[ uGriv)n[ m>(drmi> yX 

krvimi> aiv[ C[. ~ivN m(hn[ pN Fi[mFKti[ tip pD[ C[ t[Y) nd)-niLi> s*kiy gyi 

C[.k*vimi> piN)ni zri> f*Tti b>F Yyi C[. K[tri[ ujjD Ye gyi> C[. k*vimi> piN)n) nv) 

srviN)ai[ fi[Dvi miT[ K[D*ti[ t(Ly[ pi[TiSni Ti[Ti> fi[D[ C[.''K[t) krti ai li[ki[ d&kiL j[vi 

smy[ (jJ(vPin[ l)F[ j[ p&r&PiY< kr[ C[ t[ vAt& ai kYin&> a[k aRy>t sfL t_v$p bn[ 

C[."" 75 RyirpC)ni vP[< (dnp\(t(dn vZ(¹F pimti jti c>Ùn&> z)NvTY) avli[kn kr)n[ kr)n[ 

gimni an&Bv) vZ¹Fi[ a(Bp\iy aip[ C[ k[,''ci>dimi> jL By& C[...ai[Nsil vh[li[ 

vrsS["".an[ a[k rit[ jLByi[< p*nmni[ c>Ù aikiSmi> Ug[ C[.a[ rit[ ashy ukLiT Yiy 

C[. pvn viti[ Y>B) jiy C[. vitivrNmi> BÎ) sLg) rh) hi[y a[vi[ bfiri[ n[ ukLiT Yiy 

C[. vZxi[ni pi>dDi pN mi]n an[ (AYrti FirN kr[ C[. Ryi> j a[kia[k q>Di[ pvn f*>kivi mi>D[ C[ 

an[ vrsidn&> a[k ji[rdir zi>pT&> k[Tliy m(hniai[Y) trs) Frt)n[ trbi[L kr) d[ C[. a(h> 

Frt) an[ Frt)p&#ii[ni si]Bi³y an[ s&>drti vN

''aiK) Frt) aRyir[ Aninp*t s&>dr) sm) Si[Bt) ht). b[ vPD) B*K j[v) bn) gy[l) smg\ s)mn[ jiN[ k[ ki[ea[ UTk)-mi>Jn[ ujmiL) bniv) ligt) 

ht). tZ(Pt jm)nni a>t:Atln[ m&SLFir m[GvZ(OTa[ p(rtZ¼t ky& ht&>. Frt)ni kN[kNmi>Y) 

a[ p(rti[P fi[r) rHi[ hti[. m(hniai[Y) ki[r)Fiki[r pD) rh[l) kiL) miT) m[GApSdr 

pN p&l(kt Ye Uqyi> hti>.K[tri[mi> pD[li cismi> jL(s>cn Yti>, minv)ni lliT[ Ups[l) 

n*tn Bi³yr[Kiai[ smi a[ Si[Bti hti. a[ a[ka[k p(rtZ¼t cis a[ni K[Dniriai[ miT[ 

mZRy&mi>Y) Jvnn) gvih) gie rHi[ hti[. Frt)n[ a[n&> si]Bi³y si>pDy&> ht&> an[ siY[ 

minv)n[ pN (x(tj pr pi[tini Bi³yi[dyn) TSr f*Tt) d[Kit) ht). smg\ vitivrNmi> a[k 

n*tn aiSin&> a~&tgin g&>jt&> ht&>. si]Bi³ynOTi Ujm an[ s>t&ni> mn pN ai Frt)n&> 

si]Bi³y ji[en[ ki[L) Uqyi hti."" 76 

b[ vP< ph[li>n) a(gyirsn) j[m a[ (dvs[ pN vrsidni vFimNi> an[ vivN)n) 

K&Sil)mi> Gr[Gr[ (mOTin r>Fiy C[, bLdi[n[ SNgirvimi> aiv[ C[ an[ giDi>ni an[ p]>Di>ni 

p*jn Yiy C[. vivN) krvi miT[ s>t& an[ Ujmni mnmi> pN ji[mni[ s>cir Yiy C[. 

j[ p\d[Smi> vrsid a(n(Vt hi[y an[ avirnvir d&ÆkiL pDti[ hi[y Ryi> nd) a[k 

miti tr)k[ p*jiy a[mi> kS&> aAvBi(vk nY).'aNsmj& biLk" j[v&> g&>disr gim ai[zt 

nd)ni ki>q[ vAy&> C[. mD)yin) nvlkYiai[mi> p\kZ(tn&> p\(t(n(FRv m&²yRv[ nd)ai[ kr[ C[. 

ai[zt pN aiv) j a[k nd) C[ j[ni n)rn) srviN)ai[ g&>disrni K[tri[, viD), k*vi, Grni 

p(Nyiriai[ an[ g\imjni[ni ãdyi[mi> f*T[ C[. g&>disr an[ ai[ztni[ niti[ k[vi[ G(nOq C[ a[ 

dSi

''kiL[ uniL[ pN j[ nd)ni> m)qi>mF piN) s&kiti> nhi[ti>, j[ni[ p\vih x)Nkiy Yvi 

Cti> siv kpie jti[ nhi[ti[, a[ ai[ztn[ ki>q[ vs[li ai gimni> Jvnvh[N pN ai[ztni> 

vh[N ji[D[ vNie gyi> hti>.Brci[mis[ b[ ki>q[ Yen[ G*Gvit) ai[zt ani[K) nvi[Qi j[v) 

mdmAt hi[y, (SyiL[ a[n) cil p\gÃBi j[v) Si>t hi[y, c]tr-v]SiK[ a[n&> viFq[ vsti p(rvirn&> ti[ yYiS(kt pi[PN krt) j rh[. 

g&>disr gim ai[ztn[i aivi[ j a[k p(rvir hti[. nd)n[ ki>q[ ki>q[ pYriy[li> a[ni> K[tr-viD) 

bir[y m(hni l)li> k&>jir j[vi> lh[riti> gimni t[mj viD)pDini> bFi> j k*viai[n) 

srviN)ai[ ai[ztmi>Y) aivt) ht).sici tL Frivnir ai k*viai[ni> piN) ci[misimi> 

aipm[L[ j cμcir hiY U>ci cD) jti>; kiL-d&kiL[ piN) U>Di> jiy an[ b¾b[ vrtni> si>FN 

pN T*>ki> pDti> lig[ Ryir[ k*vimi> hiY j[Tl&> K[idkim krti> j sici> tLmi>Y) hi[¾b[S pitiLf&viri> 

f*Tti>, n[ s*kiti> viD)pDi> vL) piCi> l)li>Cm bn)n[ lh[rie Uqti>."" 77 

g&>disr gimmi> Jvn-mZRy& j[v) j[ ki[e GTni GT[ C[ a[n) six) ai[zt C[. gimmi> 

S&B-aS&B ki[epN kiy< li[ki[Y) Cin>&-Cpn&> riK) Skiy, pr>t& a[ kiy< krvi miT[ jiN[ k[ 

ai[ztn) prving) l[v) pDt) hi[y a[m a[n[ a[iL>gv) j$r) bn[ C[. j[mk[ s>t& mi>DNni 

krt&tn) p\Ym jiN jyir[ rGi gi[rn[ kr[ C[ Ryir[ t[ ai[ztmi> s>¹yiAnin krti[ hi[y C[. an[ 

a[ smicir Vs&r an[ g\imjni[n[ Rv(rt jNivvi miT[ s>t&a[ mGrpiTmi> z>plivv&> pD[ C[. ti[ 

mi>DNn[ di[(Pt q[rvvi an[ s>t&n[ (ndi[cni six) tr)k[ j&bin) aipvi Sipr 

jvi rGia[ ai[ztn[ ai[L>gv) pD[ C[. ai kZ(tmi> aiv) ti[ an[k GTniai[ C[ j[ ai[ztni 

(knir[ aikir pim[ C[. 

ai j p\miN[ 'aili Fi>Fln&> z)>zivdr"n) S$ait pN v[k&rD) nd) an[ z)>zivdrni 

siy&jyY) Yiy C[. 

217

''v[k&rD) nd) z)>zivdrni pidrn[ pKiLt) vh[t). mdivini D&>grmi>Y) f*Tti[ a[ni 

p\vih aiDi[avLi[ vh[ti[, z)>zivdr nJk aivti>, kÀmrmi>Y) liDB[r lckit) nir)n) j[m 

aiCi[ vLi>k l[ti[.nd)ni[ pT phi[Li[ hti[, U>DiN si$> ht&>, Ki[yiN U>ci hti>, pN piN) 

ai[C&> rh[t&>. ci[mis&> (vRy[ a[mi> piN) krti> v[k&r j vFir[ jNit). t[Y) j kdic li[kJB[ a[ 

v[k&rD) tr)k[ ai[LKit). 

z)>zivdrni> li[ki[ v[k&rD)n[ gi>D) nd) pN gNti>. gi>D) a[Tli miT[ k[, Fi[mFKti 

tipmi> pN nd)mi> uprvisni vrsidY) ai[(c>t& p*r aiv) jt&>, ki>qi Clkie jti> n[ ki[e vir 

ti[ gQn) di[Q)mi> piN) gr) jti>. 

kiL[ uniL[ v[k&rD)ni[ p\vih x)N Ye jti[, Cti> siv kpie jti[ nh)>.a[n) 

uprvisn) sivjpiT ti[ bir[y m(hni gLki> l[t) rh[t). t[Y) j v[k&rD)n&> tL sic&> gNit&>. 

a[ni[ pir[vi>n) ai>K j[vi[ diNidir v[kLi[ hiYa[k Ki[dti> j v)rDi[ bn) jti[. z)>zivdrni 

bFi> j vivk*vin) srviN)ai[ ai v[k&rD)mi>Y) j vh[t). a[ni phi[Li pTmi> viGr) li[k 

t(ryi>-tDb*c vivti a[ sikr j[vi> m)qi> Utrti>. a[ m)qiS pN v[k&rD)ni> s[>jL pTn) j 

gNit). 

an[ Cti> ai nd) G[l) gNit), k[mk[ a[ C[l mir[ Ryir[ arFi z)>zivdrn[ jLb>bikir 

kr) m*kt), Qi[rQi>Krn[ tiN) jt), D[lib>F m[D)ai[n[ pN FriSy) kr) niKt). a[ni> gi>Dit*r 

ci[mis&>p*r a[kid miNsni[ ti[ Bi[g l[ti> j a[v) viyki ht). a[ni utivLi vh[Nmi> tNiy[li 

miNsn) liS s)F) aiq giu h[qvis[ bivLn) aDib)D ki>Tmi>Y) j hiY ligt). 

ki(qyiviDmi> ai[gNi[tri[ d&kiL pDyi[ Ryir[ z)>zivdrni pidrmi> v[k&rd)ni pTmi> d&ki(Lyi> 

di>(Dyi> s*e rh[ti>.a[mi> vLt) sil uprvis anriFir h[l) Yen[ mFri#i[ ai nd) a[kia[k b[ 

ki>q[ Ye ge Ryir[ a[ sh& U>Gti> aidm)ai[ tNie gy[li> n[ a[mni> f*l) gy[li> m&Ddi> 

218

h[qvisn) ki>Tmi> qi>si[qi>s Brie gy[li>.t[Y) j r(QyiLi ki>qin[ B[>kir Ki[yiNi[ Frivnir 

v[k&rD)n&> 'G[l)" nim siY. a[ r)z[ Ryir[ gimli[kn[ (r(Ü(s(Ü si>pDt), a[ K)j[ 

Ryir[ hi[nirt Ye jt)."" 78 

aiv) v[k&rD)ni v>kiti pTni piN)Y) gimn) pi(Nyir)ai[ si>si(rk s&K:d&Kn) gi[Oq) 

krti b[Di> Brt) hi[y C[.sivjpiTmi> K#i)-r>gir) li[k siDli, piGD)ai[ n[ drbir) sifi 

r>gti hi[y C[.gimmi> mrN Yy&> hi[y ti[ AmSin[Y) aiv)n[ DiG&ai[ Anin krti hi[y C[. nd)ni 

C)Cri> vh[Nmi> aiv[li kiLi p¸Yri[ upr gimn) vh&ai[ Gs) Gs)n[ l*gDi> Fi[t) hi[y C[. ti[ 

v[k&rD)ni phi[Li r[tiL pTmi> ki[ek[ ci[r)cpiT)ni[ m&dìmil s>tiÇyi[ hi[y C[. 

aim, nd)a[ Birt)y kZPkn) Jvidi[r) C[ an[ kZPk pi[tin) a[ni p\Ry[n) kZt¹nti 

Äykt krti a[n[ 'miti" tr)k[ s>bi[F[ C[ an[ a[k nini biLkn) j[m a[n[ cih[ C[ an[ a[n) 

gi[dmi> j a[n&> Jvn pi>gr[ C[. 

'v[Liv[Lin) Ci>yD)"mi> a[k g\imjnn) min(sktimi> p\kZ(t biÃyivAYiY) j k[v) r)t[ 

p\v[S[ C[ t[n&> s&>dr (c#i dSi aiÄy&> C[.ai[tmc>d S[qni[ d)kri[ bT&k viG(NyiY) amrgQ 

vμc[ni rAtin) aij&bij& pYriy[l) p\kZ(tn&> z)NvTBy& (n(rxN kr[ C[. mig aivti pS&px)ai[ 

ji[en[ a[n[ an[k p\kirn) (jXisi Yiy C[ an[ a[ an[k p\Åni[ pi[tini kiki nri[_imn[ 

p*C[ C[. bT&kn[ j[ jvibi[ mL[ C[ a[n) siY[ a[n) min(sktimi> p\ikZ(tk p(rv[S pN p\v[S[ C[. 

ti[ b)J bij& nri[_im an[ c>pi vμc[ j[ m*k p\Ny pi>gr[ C[ a[n[ aispisni[ p\ikZ(tk p(rv[S 

vici aip[ C[ : 

''mirgn) b[y bij&a[ UB[l) vnriJmi> p>K)ai[ jig) Uqyi> hti>.vZxi[ni> pi>dDi> 

vμc[ pi>Kni[ ffDiT s>BLiti[ hti[.rit aiK) ci>cmi> ci>c pri[v)n[ a[kb)ji>n) gidmi> pD) 

rh[li> px) y&gli[ pi[tini k>qmi>Y) p\Bitn&> m>glgin C[D) rHi hti>. giD)mi> b[q[l&> a[k 

219

ãdyy&³m pN a[vi j an&Bvmi>Y) psir Ye rH&> ht&>. alb_i vD)li[n) hijr)mi> a[mn) 

JB (svie ge ht), pN UD&> UD&> Yvi mYt) a[mn) pi>Ki[mi> ffDiT aCti[ nhi[ti[ rh[ti[. 

a[mni m*>gi k>qmi> pN nvJvnni pri[Qn&> (n:S¾d gin n)kLvi mY) rH&> ht&>. sZZ(OTn&> a[ 

snitn gin bºn[ jNi>n[ ai[q[ aiv)n[ aTk) jti> aiKr[ ai>Ki[ viT[ Clkie rH&> ht&>."" 79 

si]riOT^ni g\iÀyp(rv[S upr U>Di[ p\Biv d(xN (vBign) (g(rmiLimi> aiv[li 

g&jritni si]Y) U>ci an[ BÄy pv aiv[li g&>disr, prbD) j[vi gimi[ upr pD[ C[ an[ gimn) 

g(t(v(Fai[n[ p\Bi(vt kr[ C[. ai s>dB[< Diƒ. nv)nc>W (#iv[d)n&> kh[v>& C[ : 

''Bi]gi[(lk p\d[Sn[ an&$p kYivAt& an[ t[n[ an&$p pi#ii[ sji hi[y C[.ai pi#ii[ 

(n$¼y (vPyni p\ikZ(tk s>(nv[S h[qL rj* Yti> hi[y C[.m(Dyin) g\imkYiai[ni> pi#ii[ 

si]riOT^ni Bi]gi[(lk an[ k&drt) vitivrNmi> UCyi

Bivk pN (grnirni phiD) p\d[Smi> phi[>c) jiy C[ an[ a[n) BÄytini[ asrkirk ah[sis 

kr[ C[. 

si]riOT^mi> KDki[ an[ T[kr)ai[ GN) j³yiai[a[ f[liy[li C[. pr>t& j[n[ pvgri[ u_ir (vBigmi> n]äRyY) eSinmi> jt) an[ b)J d(xN (vBign) p*v aiv[li C[. ai (g(rmiLimi> aiv[li pvg) p\kZ(t Friv[ C[. ai D&>gri[n[ aD)n[ g)rn&> j>gl j[vi[ vnp\d[S pN 

aiv[li[ C[.ai vnp\d[Smi> ziD)-zi>Kri>, nd)ai[, niLi>ai[, KDki[ pYriy[li C[. si]riOT^n) 

(g(rmiLiai[mi> aiv[li (grnir, S#i&>jy, ci[T)li j[vi pvni p\jiJvnni divi[ni Fim smi[ C[. a[n) Ciyi$p) kZpiY) 

s]i s&K) C[ a[v) pi]ri(Nk miºyti C[."" 82 

ai phiDi[ an[ a[n) p\kZ(t m(Dyin) nvlkYimi> ail[Kiy[li si]riOT^ni> (v(SOT 

p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Sn&> aigv&> a>g bn) rh[ C[ an[ a[mn) nvlkYini> rspin drÀyin Bivk pN 

a[ p\t)(tkr p\ikZ(tk p(rv[Smi> p\v[Æyi (vni rh[ti[ nY). 

� 

221

pidT)p 

1. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1" : nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, #i)J 

aivZ(_i, 2007. pZ.14 

2. Hardy, Thomas : 'Far From The Madding Crowd' : Oxford University 

Press, Delhi, 1984. Ch. vi 

3. Ibid., Ch. xxxvii 

4. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’: ‘Rohan Book Company, 

Delhi, 2003. Ch.xxvi 

5. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'Äyijni[ virs": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, dsm) aivZ(_i, 

2002. pZ. 18 

6. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : ' l)l&D) Frt) Big-2" : pZ.257 

7. pT[l, Di

15. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi>": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid,b)J 

aivZ(_i, 1991. pZ. 279 

16. a[jn. pZ. 282 

17. a[jn. pZ.283 

18. a[jn. pZ. 36 

19. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : ' l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ. 14 

20. Hardy, Thomas : ' Tess of D'Urbervilles': p.72 

21. Ibid. , p.73 

22. hiD)

35. a[jn Big-2 pZ. 170 

36. a[jn pZ. 226 

37. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'e>FN ai[Ci> pDyi>" : pZ. 226 

38. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'aili Fi>Fln&> z)>zivdr": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, b)J 

aivZ(_i, 2001. pZ. 80 

39. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'v[Li> v[Li>n) Ci>yD)": nvBirt si(hRy m>(dr, amdivid, birm) 

aivZ(_i , 2008. pZ. 453 

40. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’ : p. 18 

41. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1" : pZ. 241 

42. a[jn pZ. 258 

43. a[jn pZ. 77 

44. Eagleton, Terry : 'The English Novel : An Introduction’: Blackwell 

Publishing, U.S.A. 2004. p.190 

45. Ibid., p. 188 

46. Hardy, Thomas : ' Tess of D'Urbervilles ': p. 165 

47. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’ : p. 36 

48. Hardy, Thomas : ‘ The Return of the Native ’: p. 161, 162 

49. Ibid., p. 210 

50. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : ‘nvlkYikir m(Dyi": p\(vN p&Atk B>Dir, rijki[T, p|\Ym aivZ(_i : 

1990, pZ. 101 uprY) ud`FZt 

51. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1" : pZ. 23 

52. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : ‘nvlkYikir m(Dyi’: pZ.101 uprY) ud`FZt 

224

53. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1" : pZ.226 , 227 

54. a[jn Big- 2 pZ. 182 

55. ri(N>gi, Diƒ.amZt : ‘nvlkYikir m(Dyi’: pZ. 104 

56. Rai, Ganpat : ‘Thomas Hardy’s Realism and Pessimism’: Shipra 

Publiction, 1996. p. 27 

57. hiD)(dr, amdivid, a(gyirm) 

aivZ(_i, 2002. pZ. 195 

63. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ. 105 

64. a[jn pZ. 95 

65. a[jn pZ. 5 

66. Hardy, Thomas : ‘The Return of the Native’: p. 59 

67. Ibid. 

68. Hardy, Thomas : 'Tess of D'Urbervilles': p.362 

69. Ibid., p. 363 

70. Kumar, Shiv K. : ‘British Victorian Literature’ : Atlantic Publishers , 

New Delhi, 2002. p. 272 

71. hiD)

72. a[jn pZ. 121 

73. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-1": pZ.13 

74. a[jn pZ. 215 

75. (mA#i), Diƒ. B*p[ºW : ‘g&jrit) p\id[(Sk nvlkYi’: p\kiSk Diƒ. B*p[ºW (mA#i), p\Ym 

aivZ(_i, 1989. pZ. 158, 159 

76. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'l)l&D) Frt) Big-2" : pZ.251 

77. a[jn Big-1 pZ. 1, 2 

78. m(Dyi, c&n)lil :'aili Fi>Fln&> z)>zivdr": pZ. 1 ,2 

79. m(Dyi, c&n)lil : 'v[Li> v[Li>n) Ci>yD)" : pZ. 51 

80. (#iv[d), Diƒ.nv)nc>W :‘m(Dyin&> axrkiy

'Yi[ms hiD)< an[ c&n)lil m(Dyin) nvlkYiai[mi> g\iÄ€yp(rv[S : a[k ...

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