Common and Scientific Names Appendix
Common and Scientific Names Appendix
Common and Scientific Names Appendix
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The following appendix lists the common <strong>and</strong> scientific<br />
names of microorganisms, fungi, plants, <strong>and</strong> animals mentioned<br />
in the report. The names are listed in the following order:<br />
viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, <strong>and</strong> animals. Species, or<br />
the lowest grouping referred to in the text, are given in alphabetical<br />
order by common name, followed by the appropriate scientific<br />
name. The intermediate headings are not in a taxonomic<br />
classification hierarchy but instead are meant to lead the reader<br />
to smaller groupings familiar to most persons.<br />
The major source for verifying <strong>and</strong> correcting the scientific<br />
names of organisms was the Integrated Taxonomic Information<br />
System [http://www.itis.usda.gov/itis]. Additional sources are<br />
listed below:<br />
American Ornithologists’ Union. 1983. Check-list of North American<br />
birds, 6th edition. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington,<br />
D.C. 877 pp.<br />
American Ornithologists’ Union. 1993. Thirty-ninth supplement to the<br />
American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American<br />
Birds. Auk 110:675-682.<br />
American Ornithologists’ Union. 1995. Fortieth supplement to the<br />
American Ornitologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds.<br />
Auk 112:819-830.<br />
American Society of Microbiology. 1989. Bergey’s manual of systematic<br />
bacteriology. Williams <strong>and</strong> Wilkins, Baltimore, 4 vols.<br />
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, <strong>and</strong> A. L. Gardner, editors. 1987.<br />
Checklist of vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Canada. U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Service Resource Publication<br />
166. 79 pp.<br />
Brusca, R. C., <strong>and</strong> G. J. Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sinauer<br />
Associates, Inc., Sunderl<strong>and</strong>, Mass. 922 pp.<br />
Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993a. Flora of North<br />
America north of Mexico. Volume 1. Introduction. Oxford<br />
University Press, New York. 372 pp.<br />
Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993b. Flora of North<br />
America north of Mexico. Volume 2. Pteridophytes <strong>and</strong> gymnosperms.<br />
Oxford University Press, New York. 372 pp.<br />
Hickman, J. C., editor. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of<br />
California. University of California Press, Berkeley <strong>and</strong> Los<br />
Angeles. 1400 pp.<br />
Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. U.S.<br />
Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 200. 1051 pp.<br />
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the<br />
United States, Canada, <strong>and</strong> Greenl<strong>and</strong>. Timber Press, Portl<strong>and</strong>, Ore.<br />
Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native <strong>and</strong> naturalized).<br />
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,<br />
Agriculture H<strong>and</strong>book 541. 375 pp.<br />
Little, E. L., Jr., <strong>and</strong> F. H. Wadsworth. 1964. <strong>Common</strong> trees of Puerto<br />
Rico <strong>and</strong> the Virgin Isl<strong>and</strong>s. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest<br />
Service, Agriculture H<strong>and</strong>book 249. 548 pp.<br />
Little, E. L., Jr., R. O. Woodbury, <strong>and</strong> F. H. Wadsworth. 1988. Arboles<br />
de Puerto Rico y las Islas Virgenes. Volume 2. U.S. Department of<br />
Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture H<strong>and</strong>book 449-S. 1,177 pp.<br />
North American Butterfly Association. 1995. Checklist <strong>and</strong> English<br />
names of North American butterflies. North American Butterfly<br />
Association, Morristown, N.J. 43 pp.<br />
Nowak, R. M. <strong>and</strong> J. L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker’s mammals of the<br />
world. 4th edition. 2 volumes. Johns Hopkins University Press,<br />
Baltimore, Md. 1362 pp.<br />
Parker, S.P., editor. 1982. Synopsis <strong>and</strong> classification of living<br />
organisms. 2 volumes. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 2398 pp.<br />
Pennak, R. W. 1989. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. 3rd<br />
edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 628 pp.<br />
Robins, C. R., chairman. 1991. <strong>Common</strong> <strong>and</strong> scientific names of fishes<br />
from the United States <strong>and</strong> Canada. Fifth edition. American<br />
Fisheries Society Special Publication 20. 183 pp.<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 869<br />
<strong>Common</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Scientific</strong> Name <strong>Appendix</strong><br />
Turgeon, D. D., chair. 1988. <strong>Common</strong> <strong>and</strong> scientific names of aquatic<br />
invertebrates from the United States <strong>and</strong> Canada. Mollusks.<br />
American Fisheries Society Special Publication 16. 277 pp., 12<br />
color plates.<br />
U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Service. 1994a. Endangered <strong>and</strong> threatened<br />
wildlife <strong>and</strong> plants. 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12. U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> Wildlife<br />
Service, Washington, D.C. 42 pp.<br />
U.S. Fish <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Service. 1994b. Endangered <strong>and</strong> threatened<br />
wildlife <strong>and</strong> plants; animal c<strong>and</strong>idate review for listing as endangered<br />
or threatened species; proposed rule. Federal Register<br />
59(219):58982-59028.<br />
Werner, F. G., chairman. 1982. <strong>Common</strong> names of insects <strong>and</strong> related<br />
organisms. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Md.<br />
132 pp.<br />
Viruses<br />
Viruses have no genus <strong>and</strong> species names because they are not strictly complete<br />
self-replicating organisms.<br />
Black b<strong>and</strong> disease<br />
Cetacean morbillivirus<br />
Duck plague<br />
Green turtle papilloma [Causative agent is uncertain]<br />
Hematopoietic necrosis virus<br />
Herpes virus<br />
Infectious hypodermal virus<br />
Rabies [Causative agent is a rhabdovirus]<br />
White b<strong>and</strong> disease<br />
Bacteria<br />
Actinomycete bacteria Actinomycetales<br />
Avian botulism Clostridium botulinum<br />
Avian cholera Pasteurella multocida<br />
Bacillus “B.T.” Bacillus thuringiensis<br />
variety kurstaki<br />
Bacteria [No common name] Deinococcaceae<br />
Bacteria [No common name] Mycoplasma species<br />
Bacteria [No common name] Spiroplasma species<br />
Bioluminescing bacteria [No scientific name]<br />
Brucellosis Brucella abortus<br />
Cholera Vibrio cholera<br />
Coliform bacteria [No scientific name]<br />
Marine bacteria Archaea<br />
Withering foot disease [No scientific name]<br />
Blue-green algae<br />
Compiled by Paul A. Opler<br />
(USGS retired)<br />
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences<br />
Colorado State University<br />
Fort Collins, CO 80523<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Anabaena species<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Anabaenopsis elenkinii<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Aphanizomenon species<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Chroococcus species<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Gloeocapsus species<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Gomphospheria species<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Lyngbya contorta<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Lyngbya species<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Merismopedium species<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Microcystis aeruginosa<br />
Blue-green alga [No common name] Rivularia species<br />
Coccoid cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria
870 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Fungi<br />
Agaricias Agaricia species<br />
Bracket fungi Family Polyporaceae<br />
Chestnut blight Endothia parasitica<br />
Coral fungus Ramaria araiospora<br />
Cryptobiotic (Microbiotic) crusts Complexes of fungi <strong>and</strong> blue-green algae<br />
Dogwood anthracnose [No scientific name]<br />
Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma ulmi<br />
Elm phloem necrosis [No scientific name]<br />
Field mushrooms Agaricus species<br />
Foliose lichens [No scientific name]<br />
Fungus [No common name] Entomophaga maimaiga<br />
Fungus [No common name] Piloderma fallax<br />
Honey mushroom Armillaria bulbosa or A. gallica<br />
Laminated root rot Phellinus weirii<br />
Lichens Several families<br />
Lobaria lichens Lobaria species<br />
Mildews Order Mucorales<br />
Molds Division Zygomycota<br />
Mycorrhizal fungi (Mycorrhizal fungi belong to several<br />
fungal divisions)<br />
Root rot Family Tricholomataceae<br />
Rusts Order Uredinales<br />
San Joaquin Valley fever<br />
(coccidiomycosis) Coccidioides immitis [causative organism]<br />
Smuts Order Ustilaginales<br />
Stalked puffballs Family Tulostomataceae<br />
Stalked puffballs Tulostoma species<br />
Toadstools, bracket fungi,<br />
mushrooms, puffballs,<br />
stinkhorns Division Basidiomycota<br />
Truffles Order Tuberales<br />
White pine blister rust Cronartius ribicola<br />
Woven spored lichen Texosporium sancti-jacobi<br />
Algae<br />
Algae <strong>and</strong> diatoms<br />
Alga [No common name] Bostrichia species<br />
Alga [No common name] Ectocarpus species<br />
Alga [No common name] Enteromorpha species<br />
Alga [No common name] Polysiphonia species<br />
Calcareous algae [No scientific name]<br />
Macroalgae [No scientific name]<br />
Alga [No common name] Microdictyon<br />
Algae, autotrophic protists<br />
Diatoms <strong>and</strong> golden-brown algae<br />
Brown tide [No scientific name]<br />
Chrysophyte [No common name] Cryptomonas species<br />
Chrysophyte [No common name] Ochromonas species<br />
Diatom [No common name] Actinoptychus undulatus<br />
Diatom [No common name] Biddulphia aurita<br />
Diatom [No common name] Chaetoceros breve<br />
Diatom [No common name] Coscinodiscus species<br />
Diatom [No common name] Cyclotella species<br />
Diatom [No common name] Cylindrotheca species<br />
Diatom [No common name] Diploneis elliptica<br />
Diatom [No common name] Gyrosigma species<br />
Diatom [No common name] Navicula species<br />
Diatom [No common name] Nitzschia species<br />
Diatom [No common name] Pseudonitschia australis<br />
Diatom [No common name] Surirella robusta<br />
Giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera<br />
Giant kelp, bull kelp Nereocystis leutkesana<br />
Kelps Laminaria species<br />
Luminescent dinoflagellates Gonyaulax species<br />
Marine alga Dictyota<br />
Microscopic diatoms Class Bacillariophyceae<br />
MSX <strong>and</strong> Dermo [No scientific names]<br />
Green algae<br />
Green alga [No common name] Chaetomorpha species<br />
Green alga [No common name] Chara vulgaris<br />
Green alga [No common name] Chlamydomonas species<br />
Green alga [No common name] Chlorella vulgara<br />
Green alga [No common name] Halimeda species<br />
Green alga [No common name] Microdictyon species<br />
Green alga [No common name] Monostroma species<br />
Green alga [No common name] Pediastrum biradiatum<br />
Green alga [No common name] Rhizoclonium species<br />
Green alga [No common name] Scenedsmus quadricauda<br />
Green alga [No common name] Staurastrum americanum<br />
Green alga [No common name] Ulothrix species<br />
Green alga [No common name] Ulva species<br />
Red algae<br />
Bubble algae [No scientific name]<br />
Coralline algae Family Corallinaceae<br />
Filamentous algae [No scientific name]<br />
Plants<br />
Nonseed plants<br />
Club-mosses Lycopodium species<br />
Ferns <strong>and</strong> allies<br />
Aleutian shield-fern Polystichum aleuticum<br />
American hart’s-tongue fern Asplenium scolopendrium<br />
Australian tree-fern Cyathea cooperi<br />
Bracken Pteridium aquilinum<br />
<strong>Common</strong> tree-fern Cyathea species<br />
Elfin tree-fern Cyathea dryopteroides<br />
Fern [No common name] Adiantum vivesii<br />
Fern [No common name] Elaphoglossum serpens<br />
Fern [No common name] Polystichum calderonense<br />
Fern [No common name] Tectaria estremerana<br />
Fern [No common name] Thelypteris inaborensis<br />
Fern [No common name] Thelypteris verecunda<br />
Fern [No common name] Thelypteris yaucoensis<br />
Giant tree-fern Cyathea arborea<br />
Hapuu (tree-ferns) Cibotium species<br />
Helecho gigante espinoso or<br />
spiny tree-fern Nephelea portoricensis<br />
Howell’s quillwort Isotes howellii<br />
Lady fern Athyrium filix-femina<br />
Marsilea ferns Marsilea mucronata<br />
Moonwort Botrychium lunaria<br />
Northern beech fern Phegopteris connectilis<br />
Royal fern Osmunda regalis<br />
Southern marsh fern Thelypteris palustris<br />
Sword fern Polystichum species<br />
Uluhe Dicranopteris linearis<br />
Horsetails<br />
Horsetails Equisetum pratense, E. sylvaticum<br />
Liverworts, hornworts, <strong>and</strong> mosses<br />
Feathermosses [No scientific name]<br />
Liverworts Class Hepaticae<br />
Mosses Class Bryopsida<br />
Peat moss Family Sphagnaceae<br />
Sphagnum moss Sphagnum fimbriatum
Needleleaf plants<br />
Conifers<br />
Alaska-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis<br />
Alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana<br />
Apache pine Pinus engelmannii<br />
Arizona cypress Cupressus arizonica<br />
Arizona pine Pinus ponderosa variety arizonica<br />
Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides<br />
Baldcypress Taxodium distichum<br />
Baldcypresses Taxodium species<br />
Balsam fir Abies balsamea<br />
Bishop pine Pinus muricata<br />
Black spruce Picea mariana<br />
Blue spruce Picea pungens<br />
Border pinyon Pinus discolor<br />
Brewer spruce Picea brewerana<br />
Bristlecone pine Pinus aristata<br />
California red fir Abies magnifica<br />
California white fir Abies concolor variety lowiana<br />
Chihuahua pine Pinus leiophylla variety chihuahuana<br />
Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens<br />
Colorado pinyon pine Pinus edulis<br />
Digger pine Pinus sabiniana<br />
Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii<br />
Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis<br />
Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana<br />
Eastern white pine Pinus strobus<br />
Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii<br />
Florida torreya Torreya taxifolia<br />
Florida yew Taxus floridana<br />
Foxtail pine Pinus balfouriana<br />
Fraser fir Abies fraseri<br />
Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum<br />
Gr<strong>and</strong> fir Abies gr<strong>and</strong>is<br />
Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva<br />
Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens<br />
Jack pine Pinus banksiana<br />
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi<br />
Junipers Juniperus species<br />
Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata<br />
Larches Larix species<br />
Limber pine Pinus flexilis<br />
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda<br />
Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta<br />
Longleaf pine Pinus palustris<br />
Long-leafed pines Pinus species<br />
Mexican pinyon Pinus cembroides<br />
Modoc cypress Cupressus bakeri<br />
Monterey cypress Cupressus macrocarpa<br />
Monterey pine Pinus radiata<br />
Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana<br />
Noble fir Abies procera<br />
Northern whitecedar Thuja occidentalis<br />
Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis<br />
Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia<br />
Pines Pinus species<br />
Pitch pine Pinus rigida<br />
Pondcypress Taxodium distichum variety nutans<br />
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa<br />
Red pine Pinus resinosa<br />
Red spruce Picea rubens<br />
Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum<br />
S<strong>and</strong> pine Pinus clausa<br />
Santa Cruz cypress Cupressus goveniana variety abramsiana<br />
Sargent cypress Cupressus sargentii<br />
Short-leaf pine Pinus echinata<br />
Sierra juniper Juniperus occidentalis variety australis<br />
Singleleaf pinyon Pinus monophylla<br />
Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis<br />
Southwestern white pine Pinus strobiformis<br />
Spruces Picea species<br />
Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 871<br />
Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana<br />
Table Mountain pine Pinus pungens<br />
Tamarack Larix laricina<br />
Tecate cypress Cupressus guadalupensis variety forbesii<br />
Torrey pine Pinus torreyana<br />
Two-leaf pinyon Pinus edulis<br />
Utah juniper Juniperus osteosperma<br />
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana<br />
Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla<br />
Western juniper Juniperus occidentalis<br />
Western larch Larix occidentalis<br />
Western redcedar Thuja plicata<br />
White fir Abies concolor<br />
White spruce Picea glauca<br />
Whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis<br />
Joint-firs<br />
Mormon-tea Family Ephedraceae<br />
Flowering plants<br />
Epiphytes<br />
Cupey Clusia rosea<br />
Bromeliad Family Bromeliaceae<br />
Orchid [No common name] Cranichis ricartii<br />
Orchid [No common name] Epidendrum krugii<br />
Orchid [No common name] Lepanthes eltoroensis<br />
Pineapple Ananas comosus<br />
Forbs<br />
Acanthus Family Acanthaceae<br />
Alabama pitcher-plant Sarracenia rubra subspecies alabamensis<br />
Alaska arnica Arnica unalaschcensis<br />
Aleutian chickweed Cerastium beringinanum variety aleuticum<br />
Aleutian draba Draba aleutica<br />
Aleutian saxifrage Saxifraga aleutica<br />
Aleutian wormwood Artemisia aleutica<br />
Alpine sagebrush Artemisia scopulorum<br />
Altered <strong>and</strong>esite buckwheat Eriogonum robusta<br />
American alyssum Alyssum obovatum<br />
American chaffseed Schwalbea americana<br />
American sea-rocket Cakile edentula<br />
Angelica Angelica lucida<br />
Applegate’s milk-vetch Astragalus applegatei<br />
Arnica Arnica unalaschcensis<br />
Asters Aster species<br />
Beach-bur Ambrosia chamissonis<br />
Beach lovage Ligusticum scoticum<br />
Beach morningglory Ipomoea imperati<br />
Beach pea Lathyrus japonicus subspecies maritimus<br />
Beach strawberry Fragraria chiloensis<br />
Bering douglasia Douglasia beringensis<br />
Birdfoot violet Viola pedata<br />
Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta<br />
Blazing star Liatris scariosa<br />
Blue lupine Lupinus perennis<br />
Boreal primrose Primula anvilensis<br />
Bradshaw’s desert-parsley Lomatium bradshawii<br />
Calder’s sea-lovage Ligusticum calderi<br />
California bearpaw poppy Arctomecon californica<br />
California buckwheat Erigonum fasciculatum<br />
California goldfield Lasthenia californica<br />
California poppy Escholtzia californica<br />
Caltha-leaved avens Geum calthifolium<br />
Canby’s dropwort Oxypolis canbyi<br />
Chukchi primrose Primula tschuktschorum<br />
Clovers Trifolium species<br />
Coastal verbena Abronia latifolia<br />
<strong>Common</strong> pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea<br />
<strong>Common</strong> ragweed Ambrosia artemisifolia<br />
<strong>Common</strong> stickyseed Blennosperma nanum<br />
Cow parsnip Heracleum maximum
872 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Crowberry Empetrum nigrum<br />
Crystalline iceplant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum<br />
Daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus<br />
D<strong>and</strong>elion Taraxacum officinale<br />
Decurrent false aster Boltonia decurrens<br />
Desert-parsleys Lomatium species<br />
Drummond’s bluebells Mertensia drummondii<br />
Dwarf crested iris Iris cristata<br />
Dwarf lake iris Iris lacustris<br />
Eastern prairie fringed orchid Platanthera leucophaea<br />
Eschscholtz’s buttercup Ranunculus eschscholtzii<br />
Fassett’s locoweed Oxytropis campestris variety chartacea<br />
Fawn-lilies Erythronium species<br />
Few flowered whitlowgrass Draba pauciflora<br />
Filaree Erodium cicutarium<br />
Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium<br />
Furbish lousewort Pedicularis furbishiae<br />
Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata<br />
Gladecresses Leavenworthia species<br />
Goldenrods Solidago species<br />
Gosmore Hypochaeris radicata<br />
Grime’s vetchling Lathyrus grimesii<br />
Groundsel (see Seaside ragwort) Senecio pseudoarnica<br />
Hairypod cowpea Vigna luteola<br />
Haleakala schiedea Schiedea haleakalensis<br />
Hawksbeards Crepis species<br />
Hedge-hyssop Gratiola ebracteata<br />
Heliotropes Heliotropium species<br />
Hogwallow starfish Hesperevax caulescens<br />
Houghton’s goldenrod Solidago houghtonii<br />
Hulten’s sea-lovage (see Beach lovage)<br />
Iceplants Mesembryanthemum species<br />
Jesup’s milk-vetch Astragalus robbinsii<br />
Jones’ pitcher-plant Sarracenia rubra subspecies jonesii<br />
Kearney buckwheat Eriogonum nummulare<br />
Kobuk locoweed Oxytropis kobukensis<br />
Kokrine’s locoweed Oxytropis kokrinensis<br />
Krause’s sorrel Rumex krausei<br />
Ladies’ tresses Spiranthes romanzoffiana<br />
Lakeside daisy Hymenoxys herbacea<br />
Leafy prairie-clover Dalea foliosa<br />
Leedy’s roseroot Sedum integrifolium subspecies leedyi<br />
Little sagebrush Artemisia arbuscula<br />
Liverleaf wintergreen Pyrola asarifolia<br />
Lobb buckwheat Eriogonum lobbii<br />
Lomatium Lomatium species<br />
Louseworts Pedicularis species<br />
Low chickweed Stellaria humifusa<br />
MacFarlane’s four-o-clock Mirabilis macfarlanei<br />
Malheur wire lettuce Stephanomeria malheurensis<br />
Maritime sea-rocket Cakile maritima<br />
Marsh s<strong>and</strong>wort Arenaria paludicola<br />
McDonald’s rock-cress Arabis macdonaldiana<br />
Mead’s milkweed Asclepias meadii<br />
Meadowfoam Limnanthes species<br />
Michigan monkeyflower Mimulus glabratus variety michiganensis<br />
Microsteris Microsteris gracilis<br />
Milk-vetches Astragalus species<br />
Minnesota dwarf trout lily Erythronium propullans<br />
Monkeyflowers Mimulus species<br />
Moresby’s groundsel, cleftleaf<br />
groundsel Senecio moresbiensis variety cymbalarioides<br />
Mountain avens Dryas integrifolia <strong>and</strong> Dryas octopetala<br />
Mountain-d<strong>and</strong>elions Agoseris species<br />
Mouse-tail Myosurus minimus<br />
Muir’s fleabane Erigeron muirii<br />
Mustards Family Brassicaceae<br />
Nelson’s checker-mallow Sidalcea nelsoniana<br />
Northern wild monkshood Aconitum noveboracense<br />
Oxalis Oxalis species<br />
Oysterleaf Mertensia maritima<br />
Pacific silverweed Potentilla egedii<br />
Paintbrushes Castilleja species<br />
Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea<br />
Penstemons or beard-tongues Penstemon species<br />
Phloxes Phlox species<br />
Pilewort Erechtites hieracifolia<br />
Pink verbena Abronia umbellata<br />
Pitcher-plant Family Sarraceniaceae<br />
Pitcher’s thistle Cirsium pitcheri<br />
Prairie bush-clover Lespedeza leptostachya<br />
Prairie lupine Lupinus species<br />
Prickly poppies Argemone species<br />
Purple coneflower Echinacea purpurea<br />
Purplish braya Braya globella subspecies purpurascens<br />
Pussytoes Antennaria species<br />
Pygmy epilobium Epilobium pygmaeum<br />
Ram’s head lady’s slipper Cypripedium arietinum<br />
Raspberries Rubus species<br />
Robbins’ cinquefoil Potentilla robbinsiana<br />
Roughleaf yellow loosestrife Lysimachia asperulifolia<br />
Roundleaf sundew Drosera rotundifolia<br />
Rugelia, Rugel’s ragwort Rugelia nudicaulis<br />
Running buffalo clover Trifolium stoloniferum<br />
Russian thistle Salsola kali<br />
Ruth’s golden aster Pityopsis ruthii<br />
Sagebrush Artemisia arctica subspecies comata<br />
Sagebrush Artemisia laciniata<br />
Sagebrush Artemisia senjavinensis<br />
Sagebrushes Artemisia species<br />
Salt marsh camphor-weed Pluchea camphorata<br />
Salt marsh bird’s-beak Cordylanthus maritimus subspecies<br />
maritimus<br />
San Clemente Isl<strong>and</strong> Indian<br />
paintbrush Castilleja grisea<br />
San Clemente Isl<strong>and</strong> larkspur Delphinium variegatum kinkiense<br />
S<strong>and</strong>plain gerardia Agalinis acuta<br />
Santa Barbara Isl<strong>and</strong> liveforever Dudleya traskiae<br />
Schweinitz’s sunflower Helianthus schweinitzii<br />
Sea-beach s<strong>and</strong>wort Honckenya peploides<br />
Sea-oxeye Borrichia frutescens<br />
Seabeach amaranth Amaranthus pumilus<br />
Seaside ragwort Senecio pseudoarnica<br />
Sensitive joint-vetch Aeschynomene noveboracense<br />
Shasta snow-wreath Neviusia cliftonii<br />
Shooting stars Dodecatheon species<br />
Siberian spring beauty Claytonia sibirica<br />
Silver bur ragweed (see Beach-bur)<br />
Silverweed cinquefoil Argentina anserina<br />
Small whorled pogonia Isotria medeoloides<br />
Smartweeds Polygonum species<br />
Smooth beggartick Bidens laevis<br />
Smooth coneflower Echinacea laevigata<br />
Smooth tidytips Layia chrysanthemoides<br />
Snowy orchid Platanthera nivea<br />
Soybean Glycine max<br />
Spotted knapweed Centaurea biebersteinii<br />
Spreading pogonia Cleistes divaricata<br />
Spring-flowering goldenrod Solidago verna<br />
Steamboat buckwheat Eriogonum ovalifolium<br />
Succulents Family Crassulaceae<br />
Sulphur Springs buckwheat Eriogonum argophyllum variety williamsiae<br />
Sundew Family Droseraceae<br />
Sunflower Helianthus annuus<br />
Swamp pink Helonias bullata<br />
Sweet pitcher-plant Sarracenia rubra<br />
Tall goldenrod Solidago canadensis<br />
Thistles Cirsium species<br />
Tiehm buckwheat Eriogonum tiehmii<br />
Tricolored monkeyflower Mimulus tricolor<br />
Tuberous grasspink Calopogon tuberosus<br />
Tulips Tulipa species<br />
Tumble mustard Sisymbrium altissimum<br />
Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula<br />
Violets Viola species<br />
Western buttercup Ranunculus occidentalis<br />
Western lily Lilium occidentale<br />
White bog-orchid Platanthera dilatata
White bursage Franseria dumosa<br />
White clover Trifolium repens<br />
White trout lily Erythronium albidum<br />
Wild buckwheats Eriogonum species<br />
Woolly beachheather Hudsonia tomentosa<br />
Wormwood Artemisia caudata<br />
Yellow pitcher-plant Sarracenia flava<br />
Yellow star-thistle Centaurea solstitialis<br />
[No common name] Chamaecrista gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa variety mirabilis<br />
[No common name] Microsteris species<br />
[No common name] Vernonia proctorii<br />
Grasses<br />
Alaska bluegrass Poa hartzii alaskana<br />
American beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata<br />
Anderson alkaligrass Puccinellia <strong>and</strong>ersonii<br />
Annual hairgrass Deschampsia danthonoides<br />
Arctic pendantgrass Arctophila fulva<br />
Beach ryegrass Elymus arenarius<br />
Beardgrass Schizachyrium condensatum<br />
Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon<br />
Big bluestem Andropogon gerardii<br />
Black grama Bouteloua eriopoda<br />
Blue grama Bouteloua gracilis<br />
Blue wild rye Elymus glaucus<br />
Bluejoint Calamagrostis canadensis<br />
Bluestems Andropogon <strong>and</strong> Schizachyrium species<br />
Brome grasses Bromus species<br />
Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus<br />
Buffalo grass Buchloe dactyloides<br />
Buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris<br />
Bunchgrasses Not a unified group. Western grasses that<br />
grow in clumps rather than as sod.<br />
Calder’s licoriceroot Ligusticum calderi<br />
Canes Arundinaria species<br />
Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum<br />
Cleftleaf groundsel Senecio cymbalaroides<br />
Coast s<strong>and</strong>bur Cenchrus incertus<br />
Coastal dropseed Sprorobolus virginicus<br />
<strong>Common</strong> reed Phragmites australis<br />
Cordgrasses Spartina species<br />
Corn, maize Zea mays<br />
Creeping alkaligrass Puccinellia phryganodes<br />
Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum<br />
Deergrass Muhlenbergia rigens<br />
Dropseed Sporobolus species<br />
European beachgrass Ammophila arenaria<br />
Fescues Festuca species<br />
Fountain grass Pennisetum setaceum<br />
Foxtail Alopecurus saccatus<br />
Galleta Hilaria jamesii<br />
Giant wild-rye Elymus condensatus<br />
Goatgrasses Aegilops species<br />
Grama grasses Bouteloua species<br />
Hairgrass Deschampsia species<br />
Indian ricegrass Oryzopsis hymenoides<br />
Junegrass Koeleria cristata<br />
Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis<br />
Kikuyu grass Pennisetum cl<strong>and</strong>estinum<br />
Lehmann lovegrass Eragrostis lehmanniana<br />
Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium<br />
Lovegrasses Eragrostis species<br />
Maidencane Panicum hemitomon<br />
Maize (see Corn)<br />
Mediterranean grass Schismus arabicus <strong>and</strong> S. barbatus<br />
Medusahead Taeniatherum caput-medusae<br />
Melicgrass Melica species<br />
Molassesgrass Melinis minutiflora<br />
Mountain muhly Muhlenbergia montana<br />
Needle-<strong>and</strong>-thread Stipa comata<br />
Needlegrasses Stipa species<br />
Oatgrasses Danthonia species<br />
Pacific reedgrass Calamagrostis nutkaensis<br />
Palmgrass Setaria palmifolia<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 873<br />
Pelos del Diablo Aristida portoricensis<br />
Purple needlegrass Stipa pulchra<br />
Red brome Bromus rubens<br />
Reedgrass Calamagrostis deschampsioides<br />
Rice Oryza sativa<br />
Ricegrasses Oryzopsis species<br />
Ringgrass Muhlenbergia torreyi<br />
Sacaton Sporobolus wrightii<br />
Salt meadow cordgrass Spartina patens<br />
Saltgrass Distichlis spicata<br />
S<strong>and</strong> dropseed Sporobolus crypt<strong>and</strong>rus<br />
S<strong>and</strong>-reeds Calamovilfa species<br />
S<strong>and</strong>burs Cenchrus species<br />
Sea oats Uniola paniculata<br />
Seashore paspalum Paspalum vaginatum<br />
Six-weeks fescue Festuca octoflora<br />
Soft chess Bromus mollis<br />
Sorghum Sorghum bicolor<br />
Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum<br />
Switch cane Arundinaria tecta<br />
Switchgrass Panicum virgatum<br />
Three awns Aristida species<br />
Tobosa grass Hilaria mutica<br />
Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia caespitosa<br />
Tundra grass Dupontia fisheri<br />
Walter’s millet Echinochloa walteri<br />
Western wheatgrass Agropyron smithii<br />
Wheat Triticum aestivum<br />
Wheatgrasses Agropyron species<br />
Wild oats Avena fatua<br />
Wire-grass (see Bermuda grass)<br />
Wright’s alkaligrass Puccinellia wrightii<br />
Wright’s pendantgrass Arctophila wrightii<br />
[No common name] Aristida chaseae<br />
Marine <strong>and</strong> freshwater plants<br />
Alaska mistmaiden Romanzoffia unalaschensis<br />
Alligatorweed Alternanthera philoxeroides<br />
American bulrush Schoenoplectus americanus<br />
American lotus Nelumbo lutea<br />
American spongeplant Limnobium spongia<br />
American white waterlily Nymphaea odorata<br />
Anglestem primrosewillow Ludwigia leptocarpa<br />
Arrowhead species Sagittaria species<br />
Baby pondweed Potamogeton pusillus<br />
Baldwin’s spikerush Eleocharis baldwinii<br />
Big cordgrass Spartina cynosuroides<br />
Bigelow sedge Carex bigelowii<br />
Blue waterhyssop Bacopa caroliniana<br />
Broad-leaved arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia<br />
Bulltongue arrowhead Sagittaria lancifolia<br />
Carolina fanwort Cabomba caroliniana<br />
Carolina mosquitofern Azolla caroliniana<br />
Carolina spiderlily Hymenocallis caroliniana<br />
Cattails Typha species<br />
Coastal waterhyssop Bacopa monnieri<br />
<strong>Common</strong> cattail Typha latifolia<br />
<strong>Common</strong> duckweed Lemna minor<br />
<strong>Common</strong> fogfruit Phyla nodiflora<br />
<strong>Common</strong> spikerush Eleocharis palustris<br />
Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum<br />
Cotton-grass Eriophorum angustifolium<br />
Creeping primrosewillow Ludwigia repens<br />
Creeping waterprimrose Ludwigia peploides<br />
Curly leaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus<br />
Dwarf spikerush Eleocharis parvula<br />
Eelgrass Zostera marina<br />
Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum<br />
Flat-stem pondweed Potamogeton zosteriformis<br />
Giant bulrush Schoenoplectus californicus<br />
Greater duckweed Lemna species<br />
Hawaii Isl<strong>and</strong> sedge Oreobolus furcatus<br />
Hoppner sedge Carex subspathacea<br />
Horned bladderwort Utricularia cornuta
874 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata<br />
Knieskern’s beaked-rush Rhynchospora kneiskernii<br />
Largeleaf pennywort Hydrocotyle bonariensis<br />
Leafy threesquare Bolboschoenus robustus<br />
Leafybract dwarf rush Juncus capitatus<br />
Lesser duckweed Lemna aequinoctialis<br />
Lizard’s tail Saururus cernuus<br />
Long-awn sedge Carex macrochaeta<br />
Long-leaf pondweed Potamogeton nodosus<br />
Loose-flowered alpine sedge Carex rariflora<br />
Looseflower waterwillow Justicia ovata<br />
Lyngby sedge Carex lyngbyei<br />
Manatee grass Syringodium filiforme<br />
Manyflower marshpennywort Hydrocotyle umbellata<br />
Naiads Najas species<br />
Narrow-leaf pondweed Potamogeton foliosus<br />
Needlegrass rush Juncus roemerianus<br />
Northeastern bulrush Scirpus ancistrochaetus<br />
Parrot feather watermilfoil Myriophyllum aquaticum<br />
Pennywort Centella erecta<br />
Perennial glasswort Salicornia virginica<br />
Pickleweeds Salicornia species<br />
Pondweed Family Najadaceae<br />
Prickly sedge Carex echinata<br />
Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria<br />
Ramenski sedge Carex ramenskii<br />
Richardson pondweed Potamogeton richardsonii<br />
Sago pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus<br />
Saltwort Batis maritima<br />
Sargassoweed Sargassum species<br />
Sawgrass Cladium mariscus subspecies jamaicense<br />
Shoal grass Halodule wrightii<br />
Small pondweed Potamogeton pusillus<br />
Small spikerush Eleocharis parvula<br />
Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora<br />
Southern waternymph Najas guadalupensis<br />
Spikerushes Eleocharis species<br />
Surfgrass Phyllospadix scouleri<br />
Toad rush Juncus bufonius<br />
Turtle grass Thalassia testudina<br />
Tussock cotton-grass Eriophorum vaginatum<br />
Twoleaf watermilfoil Myriophyllum heterophyllum<br />
Variable flatsedge Cyperus difformis<br />
Water chestnut Trapa natans<br />
Water howellia Howellia aquatilis<br />
Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes<br />
Water sedge Carex aquatilis<br />
Water smartweed Polygonum amphibium variety stipulaceum<br />
Water star-grass Zosterella dubia<br />
Watershield Brasenia shreberi<br />
Waterweed Elodea canadensis<br />
Waterweeds Elodea species<br />
Waterweeds Family Hydrocharitaceae<br />
Widgeongrass Ruppia maritima<br />
Wildcelery Vallisneria americana<br />
Wildrice Zizania aquatica<br />
[No common name] Carex sabulosa<br />
[No common name] Dictyopterus species<br />
[No common name] Halimeda species<br />
[No common name] Padina species<br />
Shrubs<br />
Agaves Agave species<br />
Alaska blueberry Vaccinium alaskense<br />
Alpine blueberry Vaccinium species<br />
Barbwire thistle Salsola paulsenii<br />
Basin big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata tridentata<br />
Bayahonda (see Mesquite, under Trees)<br />
Beach plum Prunus maritima<br />
Bear oak Quercus ilicifolia<br />
Bearberry (see Kinnikinnick)<br />
Big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata<br />
Bigleaf sumpweed Iva frutescens<br />
Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata<br />
Black sage Salvia mellifera<br />
Black sagebrush Artemisia nova<br />
Blackbrush Coleogyne ramossisima<br />
Blue blossom Ceanothus thyrsiflorus<br />
Blueberries Vaccinium species<br />
Brighamia Brighamia species<br />
Brittlebush Encelia farinosa<br />
Broom snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae<br />
Buckthorn Frangula alnus<br />
Bunchberry Cornus canadensis<br />
Burro-weed Ambrosia dumosa<br />
Bush chinquapin Chrysolepis sempervirens<br />
Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis<br />
California adolphia Adolphia californica<br />
California sagebrush Artemisia californica<br />
California-lilacs, buckbrushes,<br />
ceanothuses Ceanothus species<br />
Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum<br />
Chickasaw plum Prunus angustifolia<br />
Clermontia Clermontia species<br />
Clidemia Clidemia hirta<br />
Club-moss mountain-heather Cassiope lycopodioides<br />
Cotton Gossypium hirsutum<br />
Cranberries Vaccinium species<br />
Creosotebush Larrea tridentata<br />
Currants Ribes species<br />
Cyanea Cyanea species<br />
Deer brush Ceanothus integerrimus<br />
Dubautia Dubautia species<br />
Dwarf birch Betula nana<br />
Dwarf palmetto Sabal minor<br />
Early blueberry Vaccinium ovalifolium<br />
Eastern baccharis Baccharis halimifolia<br />
Emajagua Hibiscus tiliaceus<br />
False azalea Menziesia ferruginea<br />
False lobelia Trematolobelia species<br />
Franklinia Franklinia altamaha<br />
Gooseberries Ribes species<br />
Greasewood Sarcobatus vermiculatus<br />
Green alder Alnus crispa<br />
Green hawthorn Crataegus viridis<br />
Gulf croton Croton punctatus<br />
Hairy ceanothus Ceanothus olignathus<br />
Haleakala silversword Argyroxiphium s<strong>and</strong>wicense variety<br />
macrocephalum<br />
Havard oak Quercus havardii<br />
Hawthorns Crataegus species<br />
Heaths Family Ericaceae<br />
Highbush cranberry Viburnum edule<br />
Higuillo Piper aduncum<br />
Himalayan raspberry Rubus ellipticus<br />
Hoaryleaf ceanothus Ceanothus crassifolius<br />
Huckleberries Gaylussacia species<br />
Huckleberry oak Quercus vaccinifolia<br />
Interior silk-tassel Garrya congdonii<br />
Iodinebush Allenrolfea occidentalis<br />
Kahili ginger Hedychium gardnerianum<br />
Kamchatka rhododendron Rhododendron camtschaticum<br />
Kinnikinnick, bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi<br />
Labrador tea Ledum groenl<strong>and</strong>icum<br />
Leadplant Amorpha canescens<br />
Leather oak Quercus durata<br />
Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea<br />
Lobelia Family Lobeliaceae<br />
Mahogany sumac Rhus integrifolia<br />
Manzanitas Arctostaphylos species<br />
Maui greensword Argyroxiphium grayanum<br />
Maui hala pepe Pleomele auwahiensis<br />
Maui plantain Plantago pachyphylla<br />
Menziesia Menziesia ferruginea<br />
Mexican cliffrose Purshia stansburiana<br />
Miconia Miconia calvescens<br />
Mountain heather Cassiope species<br />
Mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia
Mountain-mahoganies Cercocarpus species<br />
Musk brush Ceanothus jepsonii<br />
Nuttall’s goosefoot Chenopodium berl<strong>and</strong>ieri subspecies<br />
nuttalliae<br />
Nuttall’s scrub oak Quercus dumosa<br />
Our Lord’s c<strong>and</strong>le Yucca whipplei<br />
Pacific red elderberry Sambucus racemosa<br />
Poison ivy Rhus toxicodendron<br />
Possumhaw Ilex decidua<br />
Prickly pear Opuntia rubescens<br />
Prickly rose Rosa acicularis<br />
Purple sage Salvia leucophylla<br />
Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus species<br />
Red manjack Cordia nitida<br />
Red shank Adenostoma sparsifolium<br />
Rhododendrons Rhododendron species<br />
Roll<strong>and</strong>ia Roll<strong>and</strong>ia species<br />
Rosemary Rosmarina officinalis<br />
Sacahuista Nolina microcarpa<br />
Sakau Piper methysticum<br />
Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis<br />
Saltbush Atriplex leucophylla<br />
Saltbushes Atriplex species<br />
San Clemente Isl<strong>and</strong> broom Lotus dendroideus variety traskiae<br />
San Clemente Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
bush-mallow Malacothamnus clementinus<br />
S<strong>and</strong>-myrtle Leiophyllum buxifolium<br />
S<strong>and</strong>sage Artemisia filifolia<br />
Sedge Family Cyperaceae<br />
Shadscale Atriplex confertifolia<br />
Shaw’s agave Agave shawii<br />
Silverswords Argyroxiphium species<br />
Sitka alder Alnus sitchensis<br />
Sitka mountain-ash Sorbus sitchensis<br />
Smooth sumac Rhus glabra<br />
Snakeweeds Gutierrezia species<br />
Sotols Dasylirion species<br />
Spicebush Lindera benzoin<br />
Stevens’ spiraea Spiraea stevenii<br />
Strangler fig Ficus species<br />
Sugar bush Rhus ovata<br />
Sumacs Rhus species<br />
Swamp dogwood Cornus stricta<br />
Swamp laurel Kalmia microphylla<br />
Swamp-privet Forestiera acuminata<br />
Tarbush Flourensia cernua<br />
Thorny devilsclub Oplopanax horridus<br />
Tobacco Nicotiana species<br />
Toyon Hetermeles arbutifolia<br />
Twin-flower Linnaea borealis<br />
Vasey’s sagebrush Artemisia tridentata subspecies vaseyana<br />
Viburnums <strong>and</strong> haws Viburnum species<br />
Virginia spiraea Spiraea virginiana<br />
Virginia-willow Itea virginica<br />
Water viburnum Viburnum obovatum<br />
Wax myrtle Morella cerifera<br />
White sage Salvia apiana<br />
Whitebark rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus<br />
Whiteleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos viscida<br />
Wilkesia Wilkesia species<br />
Winterfat Halogeton glomeratus<br />
Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens<br />
Yuccas Yucca species<br />
[No common name] Artemisia laciniatiformis<br />
[No common name] Lyonia truncata variety proctorii<br />
Trees<br />
Alaska paper birch Betula neoalaskana<br />
Alderleaf mountain-mahogany Cercocarpus montanus<br />
Alders Alnus species<br />
Alelí Plumeria alba<br />
Almendra Terminalia catappa<br />
American basswood Tilia americana<br />
American beech Fagus gr<strong>and</strong>ifolia<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 875<br />
American chestnut Castanea dentata<br />
American elm Ulmus americana<br />
American holly Ilex opaca<br />
American snowbell Styrax americanus<br />
Arizona white oak Quercus arizonica<br />
Ashes Fraxinus species<br />
Australian melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia<br />
Australian-pine Casuarina equisetifolia<br />
Ausubo Manilkara bidentata<br />
Balsa Ochroma pyramidale<br />
Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera<br />
Bariaco Trichilia triacantha<br />
Bebb willow Salix bebbiana<br />
Birches Betula species<br />
Bitter-ash Rauvolfia nitida<br />
Black birch Betula lenta<br />
Black cherry Prunus serotina<br />
Black locust Robinia pseudacacia<br />
Black oak Quercus velutina<br />
Black willow Salix nigra<br />
Black-mangrove Avicennia germinans<br />
Blackgum, swamp tupelo Nyssa sylvatica variety biflora<br />
Blackjack oak Quercus maril<strong>and</strong>ica<br />
Blue oak Quercus douglassii<br />
Box-briar R<strong>and</strong>ia aculeata<br />
Boxelder Acer negundo<br />
Brazilian pepper Schinus terebinthifolius<br />
Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa<br />
Buttonwood-mangrove Conocarpus erectus<br />
Caimitillo Micropholis chrysophylloides<br />
Caimitillo verde Micropholis garciniaefolia<br />
Calambreña Coccoloba venosa<br />
California bay Umbellularia californica<br />
California black oak Quercus kelloggii<br />
California buckeye Aesculus californica<br />
Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis<br />
Capá rosa Callicarpa ampla<br />
Cardon cactus Pachycereus pringlei<br />
Carolina ash Fraxinus caroliniana<br />
Cat-claw acacia Acacia greggii<br />
Catalina cherry Prunus ilicifolia subspecies lyonii<br />
Catalina ironwood Lyonothamnus floribundus<br />
Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia<br />
Chestnut oak Quercus prinus<br />
Chinese chestnut Castanea mollissima<br />
Chinquapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla<br />
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana<br />
Chupacallos Pleodendron macranthum<br />
Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia<br />
Cóbana negra Stahlia monosperma<br />
Coffee Coffea arabica<br />
<strong>Common</strong> guava Psidium guajava<br />
<strong>Common</strong> lignumvitae Guaiacum officinale<br />
<strong>Common</strong> persimmon Diospyros virginiana<br />
Cook’s holly Ilex cookii<br />
Corcho bobo Pisonia alba<br />
Cottonwoods <strong>and</strong> poplars Populus species<br />
Coyote willow Salix exigua<br />
Curlleaf mountain-mahogany Cercocarpus ledifolius<br />
Custard-apple Annona reticulata<br />
Dogwoods Cornus species<br />
Eastern cottonwood (see plains cottonwood)<br />
Emory oak Quercus emoryi<br />
Engelmann oak Quercus engelmannii<br />
Erubia Solanum drymophilum<br />
False mastic Sideroxylon foetidissimum<br />
Firetree Myrica faya<br />
Florida fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum<br />
Flowering dogwood Cornus florida<br />
Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii<br />
Gambel oak Quercus gambelii<br />
Golden-spined cereus Bergerocactus emoryi<br />
Gray oak Quercus grisea<br />
Green alder Alnus viridis subspecies crispa
876 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica<br />
Guaba Inga vera<br />
Guama Inga fagifolia<br />
Guayabota de sierra Eugenia borinquensis<br />
Guayacán blanco Guaiacum sanctum<br />
Gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba<br />
Hackberry Celtis occidentalis<br />
Hazel alder Alnus serrulata<br />
Hickories Carya species<br />
Higo chumbo Harrisia portoricensis<br />
Higuero de sierra Crescentia portoricensis<br />
Honduras mahogany Swietenia macrophylla<br />
Honey mesquite Prosopis gl<strong>and</strong>ulosa<br />
Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos<br />
Indio Erythroxylon areolatum<br />
Interior live oak Quercus wislizeni<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong> live oak Quercus tomentella<br />
Joshua-tree Yucca brevifolia<br />
Jusillo Calycogonium squamulosum<br />
Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus<br />
Koa Acacia koa<br />
Lama Diospyros s<strong>and</strong>wichensis<br />
Leadtree Leucaena glauca<br />
Live oak Quercus virginiana<br />
Madrone Arbutus menziesii<br />
Magnolias Magnolia species<br />
Mamani Sophora chrysophylla<br />
Mangrove Family Rhizophoraceae<br />
Maple Family Aceraceae<br />
Matabuey Goetzia elegans<br />
Matchwood Didymopanax morototoni<br />
Mesquite Prosopis juliflora<br />
Mesquites Prosopis species<br />
Mexican blue oak Quercus oblongifolia<br />
Motillo Sloanea berteriana<br />
Mountain alder Alnus incana subspecies tenuifolia<br />
Mountain immortelle Erythrina poeppigiana<br />
Nemocá Ocotea spathulata<br />
Netleaf oak Quercus rugosa<br />
Netleaf willow Salix reticulata subspecies glabellicarpa<br />
Northern red oak Quercus rubra<br />
Nuttall oak Quercus nuttallii<br />
Oaks Quercus species<br />
Ocotillo Fouquieria splendens<br />
Ohia Metrosideros polymorpha<br />
Oreganillo Weinmannia pinnata<br />
Oregon oak Quercus garryana<br />
Organpipe cactus Lemaireocereus thurberi<br />
Overcup oak Quercus lyrata<br />
Oxhorn bucida Bucida buceras<br />
Palma de lluvia Guassia attenuata<br />
Palma de manaca Calyptronoma rivalis<br />
Palmetto Sabal minor<br />
Palms Family Palmae<br />
Palo colorado Cyrilla racemiflora<br />
Palo colorado Ternstroemia luquillensis<br />
Palo de jazmín Styrax portoricensis<br />
Palo de nigua Cornutia obovata<br />
Palo de pollo Pterocarpus officinalis<br />
Palo de Ramón Banara v<strong>and</strong>erbiltii<br />
Palo de rosa Ottoschultzia rhodoxylon<br />
Paper birch Betula papyrifera<br />
Pecan Carya illinoensis<br />
Pin cherry Prunus pensylvanica<br />
Pin oak Quercus palustris<br />
Plains cottonwood, eastern<br />
cottonwood Populus deltoides<br />
Pomarrosa Eugenia jambos<br />
Pond-apple Annona glabra<br />
Prickly-ash Zanthoxylum species<br />
Puerto Rican acrocomia Acrocomia media<br />
Puerto Rican royal palm Roystonea borinquena<br />
Pumpkin ash Ulmus profunda<br />
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides<br />
Red alder Alnus rubra<br />
Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle<br />
Red maple Acer rubrum<br />
River birch Betula nigra<br />
Roble blanco Tabebuia heterophylla<br />
Roble de sierra Tabebuia rigida<br />
Royen’s tree cactus Cephalocereus royenii<br />
Russian-olive Elaeagnus angustifolia<br />
Saguaro Carnegiea gigantea<br />
Saltcedar or tamarisk Tamarix chinensis<br />
S<strong>and</strong>alwood Santalum species<br />
Sarrasuela Thouinia portoricensis<br />
Shortleaf fig Ficus citrifolia<br />
Siberian elm Ulmus pumila<br />
Sierra palm Prestoea montana<br />
Silk cotton tree Ceiba pent<strong>and</strong>ra<br />
Silver buffaloberry Shepherdia argentea<br />
Silver maple Acer saccharinum<br />
Silverleaf oak Quercus hypoleucoides<br />
Sitka alder Alnus viridis<br />
Slippery elm Ulmus rubra<br />
Southern magnolia Magnolia gr<strong>and</strong>iflora<br />
Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata<br />
Spanish lime Melicoccus bijugatus<br />
St. Thomas prickly-ash Zanthoxylum thomasianum<br />
Strawberry guava Psidium cattleianum<br />
Sugar maple Acer saccharum<br />
Sugarberry Celtis laevigata<br />
Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor<br />
Sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana<br />
Sweet gum Liquidamber styraciflua<br />
Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana<br />
Sycamore Platanus occidentalis<br />
Tachuelo Pictetia aculeata<br />
Tamarind Tamarindus indica<br />
Tamarisks Tamarix species<br />
Tambonuco Dacryodes excelsa<br />
Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflora<br />
Teak Tectona gr<strong>and</strong>is<br />
Tibet Albizia lebbek<br />
Trumpet tree Cecropia peltata<br />
Tulipán Africano Spathodea campanulata<br />
Tupelos Nyssa species<br />
Turkey oak Quercus laevis<br />
Uvilla Coccoloba diversifolia<br />
Uvillo Eugenia haematocarpa<br />
Vahl’s boxwood Buxus vahlii<br />
Valley oak Quercus lobata<br />
Velvet ash Fraxinus velutina<br />
Vine maple Acer circinatum<br />
Water hickory Carya aquatica<br />
Water oak Quercus nigra<br />
Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica<br />
Water-elm Planera aquatica<br />
Waterlocust Gleditsia aquatica<br />
Wavyleaf oak Quercus pauciloba (hybrid)<br />
West Indian locust Hymenaea courbaril<br />
Wheeler’s peperomia Peperomia wheeleri<br />
White mulberry Morus alba<br />
White oak Quercus alba<br />
White prickle Zanthoxylum martinicense<br />
White-mangrove Laguncularia racemosa<br />
Wild cherries Prunus species<br />
Willow bustic Dipholis salicifolia<br />
Willow oak Quercus phellos<br />
Willows Salix species<br />
Winged elm Ulmus alata<br />
Yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis<br />
Yellow paloverde Cercidium microphyllum<br />
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera<br />
[No common name] Auerodendron pauciflorum<br />
[No common name] Calyptranthes thomasiana<br />
[No common name] Daphnopsis hellerana<br />
[No common name] Eugenia woodburyana
[No common name] Ilex sintenisii<br />
[No common name] Leptocereus grantianus<br />
[No common name] Mitracarpus maxwelliae<br />
[No common name] Mitracarpus polycladus<br />
[No common name] Myrcia paganii<br />
[No common name] Schoepfia arenaria<br />
[No common name] Ternstroemia subsessilis<br />
Vines<br />
Banana poka Passiflora mollissima<br />
Beach morningglory Ipomoea imperati<br />
Beans Phaseolus species<br />
Dodder Cuscuta species<br />
Grape Vitis species<br />
Greenbriers Smilax species<br />
Kudzu Pueraria lobata<br />
Peperomia vines Peperomia species<br />
Peppervine Ampelopsis arborea<br />
Pickering’s morning-glory Stylisma pickeringii<br />
Sweet pea Lathyrus odoratus<br />
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia<br />
Animals<br />
Protozoans<br />
Dinoflagellates Class Dinoflagellata<br />
Dinoflagellate [No common name] Ceratium hircus<br />
Dinoflagellate [No common name] Gymnodinium species<br />
Dinoflagellate [No common name] Peridinium cinctum<br />
Dinoflagellate [No common name] Prorocentrum species<br />
Malaria Plasmodium species [causative agents]<br />
Protozoan [No common name] Perkinsus marinus<br />
Protozoan encephalitis<br />
(Toxoplasmosis) Toxoplasma gondii<br />
Schistosome parasite Schistosoma mansoni<br />
Whirling disease Myxobolus cerebralis<br />
Euglenoids<br />
Euglenoid [No common name] Trachelomonas hispida<br />
Sponges<br />
Boring sponge Cliona celata<br />
Calcareous sponges [No scientific name]<br />
Tubular sponges [No scientific name]<br />
Jellyfish, sea anemones, <strong>and</strong> corals<br />
Corals<br />
Black coral Order Antipatheria<br />
Brain corals Order Scleractinia (in part)<br />
Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata<br />
Finger coral Porites species<br />
Gorgonian corals Order Gorgonacea<br />
Hexacorals Subclass Hexacorallia<br />
Hydrocorals Class Hydrozoa<br />
Jellyfish<br />
Orange cup coral Tubastraea coccinea<br />
Pink coral Corallium species<br />
Red tree coral Primnoa walleyi<br />
Scleractinian corals Order Scleractinia<br />
Sea anemones Order Actinaria<br />
Sea pens <strong>and</strong> octocorals Subclass Octocorallia<br />
Sea raspberry coral Eunephyta species<br />
Soft coral Order Alcyonaceae<br />
Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis<br />
Star coral Monastrea annularis<br />
Wire coral Cirripathes anguinea<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 877<br />
Sea stars, urchins, <strong>and</strong> sea cucumbers<br />
Brittlestars Class Ophiuroidea<br />
California sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus<br />
Green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis<br />
Purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus<br />
Red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus<br />
S<strong>and</strong> dollar Family Clypeasteridae<br />
S<strong>and</strong> dollars <strong>and</strong> sea urchins Class Echinoidea<br />
Sea cucumbers Class Holothuroidea<br />
Sea stars Class Asteroidea<br />
Sea stars Pisaster species<br />
Sea urchins Strongylocentrotus species<br />
Rotifers <strong>and</strong> phoronids<br />
Ctenophores Phylum Ctenophora<br />
Gastrotrichs Class Gastrotricha<br />
Phoronids Phylum Phoronida<br />
Rotifers Class Rotifera<br />
Worms<br />
Acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus species<br />
Earthworms Class Oligochaeta<br />
Feather-duster worms Subclass Sabelliformia<br />
Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes<br />
Flatworms, including freshwater<br />
microturbellarians Class Turbellaria<br />
Human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni<br />
Leeches Class Hirudinea<br />
Lungworm pneumonia Dictyocaulus viviparus<br />
[Causative agent]<br />
Nematodes Phylum Nematoda<br />
Nemerteans Phylum Nematoda<br />
Oligochaetes Class Oligochaeta<br />
Oligochaete [No common name] Corophium species<br />
Oligochaete [No common name] Mediomastus species<br />
Oligochaete [No common name] Streblospio species<br />
Polychaete worm<br />
[No common name] Hobsonia florida<br />
Polychaete worms Class Polychaeta<br />
Polychaetes Class Polychaeta<br />
Segmented worms Phylum Annelida<br />
Tube worms Family Serpulidae<br />
Mollusks<br />
Clams, bivalves<br />
Alaska great-tellin Tellina lutea<br />
Angelwing Cyrtopleura costata<br />
Arctic surfclam Mactromeris polynyma<br />
Asian clam Corbicula fluminea<br />
Asian clams Family Corbiculidae<br />
Atlantic calico scallop Argopecten gibbus<br />
Atlantic rangia clam Rangia cuneata<br />
Atlantic surfclam Spisula solidissima<br />
Bay scallop Argopecten irradians<br />
Blue mussel Mytilus edulis<br />
Broad cockle Serripes laperousi<br />
Clubshell Pleurobema clava<br />
Cockles Family Cardiidae<br />
Cracking pearlymussel Hemistena lata<br />
Dwarf wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon<br />
Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica<br />
Elktoe Alasmidonta marginata<br />
Falsemussels Family Dreissenidae<br />
Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria<br />
Fat pocketbook Potamilus capax<br />
Fingernailclams Family Sphaeriidae<br />
Giant clam Tridacna gigas<br />
Giant clams Family Tridacnidae<br />
Greenl<strong>and</strong> cockle Serripes groenl<strong>and</strong>icus
878 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria<br />
Hiatellas Family Hiatellidae<br />
Higgins eye Lampsilis higginsi<br />
Japanese littleneck Tapes philippinarum<br />
Limpets Family Fissurellidae<br />
Long fingernailclam Musculium transversum<br />
Mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae<br />
Marshclam Family Corbiculidae<br />
Mussels Family Mytilidae<br />
Mussels Several genera, especially Mytilus<br />
Narrowmouth hydrobe Texadina spinctosoma<br />
Neosho mucket Lampsilis rafinesqueana<br />
Northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria<br />
Northern riffleshell Epioblasma torulosa rangiana<br />
Ocean quahog Arctica isl<strong>and</strong>ica<br />
Orange-foot pimpleback Plethobasus cooperianus<br />
Oyster Family Ostreidae<br />
Oyster piddock Diplothyra smithii<br />
Oysters Crassostrea species<br />
Pacific calico scallop Argopecten circularis<br />
Pacific geoduck Panopea abrupta<br />
Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas<br />
Pacific razor clam Siliqua patula<br />
Pearlymussels Family Unionidae<br />
Penshells Family Pinnidae<br />
Piddocks Family Pholadidae<br />
Pink mucket Lampsilis abrupta<br />
Purple cat’s-paw Epioblasma obliquata obliquata<br />
Razor clams Family Solenidae<br />
Ring pink Obovaria retusa<br />
Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon<br />
Scallops Family Pectinidae<br />
Sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus<br />
Small giant clam Tridacna maxima<br />
Snuffbox Epioblasma triquetra<br />
Softshell clam Mya arenaria<br />
Softshell clams Family Myidae<br />
Spectaclecase Cumberl<strong>and</strong>ia monodonta<br />
Surfclams Family Mactridae<br />
Tar spinymussel Elliptio steinstansana<br />
Tellins Family Tellinidae<br />
Tellins Tellinia species<br />
Venus clams Family Veneridae<br />
Weathervane scallops Patinopecten caurinus<br />
White cat’s-paw Epioblasma sulcata delicata<br />
Winged mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa<br />
Zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha<br />
Snails<br />
Abalones Family Haliotididae<br />
Abalones Haliotis species<br />
Ambersnails Family Succineidae<br />
Amistrid tree snails Family Amistridae<br />
Angular triton Cymatium femorale<br />
Appalachian ambersnail Succinea chittenangoensis<br />
Apple snail Pomacea species<br />
Argus desert snail Eremariontoides argus<br />
Arions Family Arionidae<br />
Atlantic trumpet triton Charonia tritonis variegata<br />
Banana slug Ariolimax dolichophallus<br />
Banbury Springs limpet Lanx species<br />
Black abalone Haliotis cracherondii<br />
Bliss Rapids snail Taylorconcha serpenticola<br />
Blood fluke planorb Biomphalaria glabrata<br />
Brown gardensnail Helix aspersa<br />
Bruneau Hot Springs snail Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis<br />
Buccinium whelks Buccinium species<br />
Cactus snails Xerarionta species<br />
Cameo helmet Cassis madagarcariensis <strong>and</strong> C. m. spinella<br />
Caribbean helmet Cassis tuberosa<br />
Catalina cactus snail Xerarionta kelletti<br />
Catalina mountain snail Radiocentrum avalonense<br />
Cheat threetooth Triodopsis platysayoides<br />
Chittenango ovate ambersnail (see Appalachian ambersnail)<br />
Clench’s nerite Neritina clenchi<br />
Coachella desert snail Eremarionta indioensis<br />
Columbia pebblesnail Fluminicola columbiana<br />
Conchs Family Strombidae<br />
Cuban physa Physa cubensis<br />
Dalles sideb<strong>and</strong> snail Monadenia fidelis minor<br />
Decollate snail Rumina decollata<br />
Desert snails Eremarionta species<br />
El Paso shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Mohavelix micrometaleus<br />
Eugl<strong>and</strong>ina (see Rosey wolfsnail)<br />
Fat whelk Neptunea ventricosa<br />
Flame helmet Cassis flammea<br />
Flat abalone Haliotis walallensis<br />
Florida tree snails Liguus fasciatus<br />
Giant African snail Achatina fulica<br />
Green abalone Haliotis fulgens<br />
Guadalupe shelled slug Binneya guadalupensis<br />
Hawaiian tree snails Achatinella, Partulina species<br />
Hawkwing conch Strombus raninus<br />
Hydrobe Family Hydrobiidae<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong> snails Micrarionta species<br />
Karok hesperian Vespericola karakorum<br />
Lyre whelk Neptunea lyrata<br />
Milk conch Strombus costatus<br />
Mimic shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Helminthoglypta micrometalleoides<br />
Mohave shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Helminthoglypta greggi<br />
Morro shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Helminthoglypta walkeriana<br />
Mountain snail Family Oreohelicidae<br />
Oregon triton Fusitriton oregonensis<br />
Panamint shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Helminthoglypta fisheri<br />
Periwinkles Littorina species<br />
Pink abalone Haliotis corrugata<br />
Pinto abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana<br />
Plain cactus snail Xerarionta intercisa<br />
Polynesian tree snails Partula species<br />
Pribilof whelk Neptunea pribiloffensis<br />
Pyrgs Pyrgulopsis species<br />
Queen conch Strombus gigas<br />
Quilted melania Tarebia granifera<br />
Red abalone Haliotis rufescens<br />
Roostertail conch Strombus gallus<br />
Rosey wolfsnail Eugl<strong>and</strong>ina rosea<br />
Sad nerite Puperita tristis<br />
San Miguel shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Helminthoglypta ayresiana<br />
San Nicolas isl<strong>and</strong> snail Micrarionta feralis<br />
Santa Barbara shelled slug Binneya notabilis<br />
Sea snails [No scientific name]<br />
Shasta sideb<strong>and</strong> Monadenia troglodytes<br />
Shelled slug Binneya species<br />
Shipworm Family Teredinidae<br />
Shoulderb<strong>and</strong>, heminthoglyptids Family Helminthoglyptidae<br />
Shoulderb<strong>and</strong>s Helminthoglypta species<br />
Slugs Several orders <strong>and</strong> families<br />
Snake River physa Physa natricina<br />
Soledad shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Helminthoglypta fontiphila<br />
South American snail Australorbis glabratus<br />
Springsnails Fontelicella species<br />
Surf shoulderb<strong>and</strong> Helminthoglypta fieldi<br />
Talus snails Sonorella species<br />
Threaded abalone Haliotis assimilis<br />
Trinity bristlesnail Monadenia setosa<br />
Triton Family Ranellidae<br />
Utah valvata Valvata utahensis<br />
West Indian fighting conch Strombus pugilis<br />
West Indian topsnail Cittarium pica<br />
Whelk Mohinia species<br />
Whelks Family Buccinidae<br />
White abalone Haliotis sorenseni<br />
Wreathed cactus snail Xerarionta redimita<br />
Zebra nerite Puperita pupa<br />
[No common name] Neptunea heros<br />
Squids <strong>and</strong> octopuses<br />
Brief squid Lolliguncula brevis
Long-finned squid Loligo pealei<br />
Octopus Octopus cyahea<br />
Short-finned squid Illex illecebrosus<br />
Squid Family Loliginidae<br />
Squids Subclass Teuthoidea<br />
Arachnids <strong>and</strong> related groups<br />
Millipedes Class Diplopoda<br />
Spiders Class Araneida<br />
Long-jawed spider Family Tetragnathidae<br />
Mites Order Acarina<br />
Pseudoscorpions Order Pseudoscorpionidae<br />
Sarcoptic mange [No scientific name]<br />
Scorpions Order Scorpionidae<br />
Spruce-fir moss spider Microhexura montivaga<br />
Centipedes Class Chilopoda<br />
Crustaceans<br />
Amphipod [No common name] Ampelisca species<br />
Amphipod [No common name] Corophium species<br />
Amphipod [No common name] Gradidierella species<br />
Amphipods Order Amphipoda<br />
Barnacles Subclass Cirripedia<br />
Cladocerans Order Cladocera<br />
Copepod [No common name] Acartia tonsa<br />
Copepod [No common name] Calanus finmarchicus<br />
Copepod [No common name] Centropages hamatus<br />
Copepod [No common name] Centropages typicus<br />
Copepod [No common name] Diaptomus dorsalis<br />
Copepod [No common name] Diaptomus reighardi<br />
Copepod [No common name] Diaptomus siciloides<br />
Copepod [No common name] Metridia lucens<br />
Copepod [No common name] Osphrantieum labronectum<br />
Copepod [No common name] Pseudocalanus species<br />
Copepods Order Copepoda<br />
Copepods Pseudocalanus species<br />
Copepods Subclass Copepoda<br />
Cyclopoid copepods Family Cyclopidae<br />
Diaptomid copepods Family Diaptomidae<br />
Luciculous amphipods [No scientific name]<br />
Ostracods Subclass Ostracoda<br />
[No common name] Diaptomus kenai<br />
[No common name] Diaptomus tyrrelli<br />
Crabs, crayfishes, lobsters, <strong>and</strong> shrimps<br />
Ala kumu Carpilius maculatus<br />
American lobster Homarus americanus<br />
Atlantic rock crab Cancer irroratus<br />
Blue crab Callinectes sapidus<br />
Blue king crab Paralithodes platypus<br />
Brine shrimp (see fairy shrimp)<br />
Brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus<br />
California freshwater shrimp Syncaris pacifica<br />
Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus<br />
Cave shrimp Family Atyidae<br />
<strong>Common</strong> l<strong>and</strong> crab [No scientific name]<br />
Crayfishes Pacifastacus species<br />
Crayfishes Procambarus species<br />
Deepwater shrimps Heterocarpus species<br />
Dungeness crab Cancer magister<br />
Fairy shrimp Branchinecta species<br />
Fairy shrimps Family Branchinectidae<br />
Fairy shrimps <strong>and</strong> brine shrimps Order Anostraca<br />
Golden (brown) king crab Lithodes aequispina<br />
Green crab Carcinus maenas<br />
Hawaiian spiny lobster Panulirus marginatus<br />
Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus<br />
Isopods <strong>and</strong> sow bugs Order Isopoda<br />
Jonah crab Cancer borealis<br />
Kelp crab Pugettia producta<br />
King crabs Lithodes <strong>and</strong> Paralithodes species<br />
Korean hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 879<br />
Krill Euphausia species<br />
Krill Order Euphausiacea<br />
Krill Stylocheiron species<br />
Krill Thysanoessa species<br />
Lady crab Ovalipes ocellatus<br />
Large native shrimp [No scientific name]<br />
Lesser blue crab Callinectes similis<br />
Lobster Infraorders Astacidea <strong>and</strong> Palinura<br />
Millipedes Class Diplopoda<br />
Mona cave shrimp Typhlatya monae<br />
Northern shrimp P<strong>and</strong>alus borealis<br />
Opossum shrimp Mysis relicta<br />
Pacific black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon<br />
Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei<br />
Penaeid shrimps Penaeus species<br />
Pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum<br />
Portunid crabs Family Portunidae<br />
Red crab Geryon quinquedens<br />
Red king crab Paralithodes camtschatica<br />
Riverside fairy shrimp Streptocephalus woottoni<br />
Rock shrimp Sicyonia brevirostris<br />
Royal red shrimp Menopenaeus robustus<br />
Seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri<br />
Shasta crayfish Pacifastacus fortis<br />
Shrimps Family Penaeidae<br />
Sidestripe shrimp P<strong>and</strong>alopsis dispar<br />
Slipper lobster Scyllarides squamosus<br />
Snow crab Chionoecetes opilio<br />
Spiny lobster Panulirus argus<br />
Spiny lobsters Panulirus species<br />
Stone crab Menippe mercenaria<br />
Tanner crabs Chionoecetes bairdi, C. opilio<br />
Water fleas Order Cladocera<br />
White shrimp Penaeus setifer<br />
Insects<br />
Ants, bees, <strong>and</strong> wasps<br />
Africanized honey bee Apis mellifera adansonii<br />
Ants Family Formicidae<br />
Argentine ant Iridomyrmex humilis<br />
Blue orchard bee Osmia lignaria<br />
Boll weevil Anthonomus gr<strong>and</strong>is<br />
Bumble bees Bombus species<br />
Honey bee Apis mellifera<br />
Honey bee <strong>and</strong> bumble bees Family Apidae<br />
Imported red fire ant Solenopsis invicta<br />
Leaf-cutting bee Family Megachilidae<br />
Paper wasps, yellowjackets<br />
<strong>and</strong> hornets Family Vespidae<br />
Western yellowjacket Vespula pensylvanica<br />
Yellowjackets Vespula species<br />
Aquatic insects<br />
Amargosa naucorid Pelocoris shoshone amargosus<br />
Ash Meadows naucorid Ambrysus amargosus<br />
Burrowing mayflies Hexagenia bilineata, Pentagenia<br />
vittigera<br />
Burrowing mayfly Tortopus incertus<br />
Caddisflies Order Trichoptera<br />
Green-eyed skimmers Family Corduliidae<br />
Hexagenia burrowing mayflies Hexagenia species<br />
Hydropsychid caddisflies Family Hydropsychidae<br />
Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly Capnia lacustra<br />
Mayflies Family Ephemeridae<br />
Mayflies Order Ephemeroptera<br />
Narrow-winged damselflies Family Coenagrioniidae<br />
Net-spinning caddisflies Hydropsyche species<br />
Ozark emerald Somatochlora ozarkensis<br />
Ozark snaketail dragonfly Ophiogomphus westfalli<br />
Polymitarcid mayflies Family Polymitarcidae<br />
Stoneflies Order Plecoptera<br />
Wahkeena Falls flightless stonefly Zapada wahkeena
880 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Beetles<br />
Alligatorweed flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila<br />
American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus<br />
Aphodiine scarabs Aphodius species<br />
Bark beetles Family Scolytidae<br />
Beetle [No common name] Dictyopterus species<br />
Darkling ground beetle Eusattus muricatus<br />
Darkling ground beetles Family Tenebrionidae<br />
Death Valley agabus diving beetle Agabus rumppi<br />
Delta green ground beetle Elaphrus viridis<br />
Devil’s Hole warm spring riffle<br />
beetle Stenelmis calida calida<br />
Elm bark beetle Scolytus multistriatis<br />
Giuliani’s dune scarab Pseudocotalpa giulianii<br />
Globose dune beetle Coelus globosus<br />
Hungerford’s crawling water beetle Brychius hungerfordi<br />
Large aegialian scarab Aegalia magnifica<br />
Moapa warm spring riffle beetle Stenelmis calida moapa<br />
Mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae<br />
Nelson’s miloderes weevil Miloderes rulieni<br />
Sixb<strong>and</strong>ed longhorn beetle Dryobius sexnotatus<br />
Southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalus<br />
Spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis<br />
Travertine b<strong>and</strong>-thigh diving beetle Hygrotus fontinalis<br />
Valley elderberry longhorn beetle Desmocerus californicus dimorphus<br />
Cicadas, leafhoppers, <strong>and</strong> aphids<br />
Balsam woolly adelgid Adelges piceae<br />
Beech scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga<br />
Cottonycushion scale Icerya purchasi<br />
Hemlock woolly adelgid Adelges tsugae<br />
Mealybug Humococcus ceraricus<br />
Scale insect Acanthococcus arenosus<br />
Scale insect Lecanodiapsis prosopidis<br />
Scale insect Lecanodiapsis rufescens<br />
Two-spotted leafhopper Sophonia rufofascia<br />
Flies <strong>and</strong> midges<br />
Blackflies Family Simuliidae<br />
Brine flies Family Ephydridae<br />
Delhi S<strong>and</strong>s flower-loving fly Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis<br />
Midge, chironomids Family Chironomidae<br />
Mosquitoes Family Culicidae<br />
Phantom midges Chaoborus species<br />
Picture-wing vinegar flies Family Drosophilidae<br />
Southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus<br />
Tube-building midges Family Chironomidae<br />
Vinegar flies Drosphila basisetae, claytonae, digressa,<br />
hawaiiensis, heteroneura,<br />
macrothrix,murphyi, ochracea,<br />
paucipuncta, rolaticilia, setosifrons,<br />
setosimentum, silvestris, sproati<br />
Grasshoppers, crickets, <strong>and</strong> allies<br />
German cockroach Blatella germanica<br />
Idaho pointheaded grasshopper Acrolophitus punchellus<br />
Kelso giant s<strong>and</strong> treader cricket Macrobaenetes kelsonii<br />
Kelso Jerusalem cricket Ammopelmatus kelsonii<br />
Lake Huron locust Trimerotropis huroniana<br />
Prairie mole cricket Gryllotalpa major<br />
Superb spharagemon grasshopper Spharagemon superbum<br />
Tuna Cave roach Aspiduchus cavernicola<br />
Moths <strong>and</strong> butterflies<br />
Apache nokomis fritillary Speyeria nokomis subspecies apacheana<br />
Arogos skipper Atrytone arogos<br />
Avalon hairstreak Strymon avalona<br />
Bay checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha bayensis<br />
Byssus skipper Problema byssus<br />
<strong>Common</strong> wood nymph Cercyonis pegala<br />
Creole pearly eye Enodia creola<br />
Dakota skipper Hesperia dacotae<br />
Diana fritillary Speyeria diana<br />
Douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata<br />
Eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana<br />
Edith’s checkerspot Euphydryas editha<br />
El Segundo blue butterfly Euphilotes enoptes allyni<br />
Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar<br />
Hessel’s hairstreak Callophrys hesseli<br />
Karner blue butterfly Lycaeides melissa samuelis<br />
Kern primrose sphinx moth Euproserpinus euterpe<br />
Lange’s metalmark butterfly Apodemia mormo langei<br />
Larch casebearer Coleophora laricella<br />
Lotis blue butterfly Lycaeides idas lotis<br />
Maculated manfreda skipper Stallingsia maculosus<br />
Mission blue butterfly Plebejus icarioides missionensis<br />
Mitchell’s satyr Neonympha mitchellii<br />
Myrtle’s silverspot butterfly Speyeria zerene myrtleae<br />
Nokomis fritillary Speyeria nokomis<br />
Oregon silverspot butterfly Speyeria zerene hippolyta<br />
Ottoe skipper Hesperia ottoe<br />
Palos Verdes blue butterfly Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis<br />
Persius duskywing Erynnis persius<br />
Phlox moth Schinia indiana<br />
Poweshiek skipperling Oarisma powesheik<br />
Rattlesnake-master borer moth Papaipema eryngii<br />
Regal fritillary Speyeria idalia<br />
San Bruno elfin butterfly Callophrys mossii bayensis<br />
S<strong>and</strong> Mountain pallid blue Euphilotes pallescens subspecies<br />
Silver-bordered fritillary Boloria selene sabulicollis<br />
Smith’s blue butterfly Euphilotes enoptes smithi<br />
Sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis<br />
Tawny cresent Phyciodes batesi<br />
Weidemeyer’s admiral Limenitis weidemeyeri<br />
Western spruce budworm Choristoneura occidentalis<br />
Other insect groups<br />
Black grass bugs Irbisia <strong>and</strong> Labops species<br />
Flightless lacewing Micromus species<br />
Springtails Order Collembola<br />
Termites Order Isoptera<br />
Vertebrate animals<br />
Amphibians<br />
African clawed frog Xenopus laevis<br />
Amargosa toad Bufo nelsoni<br />
American toad Bufo americanus<br />
Appalachian salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon jordani<br />
Arboreal salam<strong>and</strong>er Aneides lugubris<br />
Arizona toad Bufo microscaphus microscaphus<br />
Arroyo toad Bufo microscaphus californicus<br />
Black salam<strong>and</strong>er Aneides flavipunctatus<br />
Black toad Bufo exsul<br />
Black-bellied salam<strong>and</strong>er Desmognathus quadramaculatus<br />
Black-bellied slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps nigriventris<br />
Black-spotted newt Notophthalmus meridionalis<br />
Blanchard’s cricket frog Acris crepitans blanchardi<br />
Boreal chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata maculata<br />
Breckenridge Mountain slender<br />
salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Bronze frog Rana clamitans clamitans<br />
Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana<br />
California giant salam<strong>and</strong>er Dicamptodon ensatus<br />
California red-legged frog Rana aurora draytonii<br />
California slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps attenuatus<br />
California tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma californiense<br />
California toad Bufo boreas halophilus<br />
California treefrog Hyla cadaverina<br />
Canadian toad Bufo hemiophrys<br />
Canyon treefrog Hyla arenicolor<br />
Caribbean white-lipped frog Leptodactylus albilabris<br />
Cascade torrent salam<strong>and</strong>er Rhyacotriton cascadae
Cascades chorus frog Pseudacris regilla cascadae<br />
Cascades frog Rana cascadae<br />
Channel Isl<strong>and</strong>s slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps pacificus<br />
Chiricahua leopard frog Rana chiricahuensis<br />
Chorus frogs Pseudacris species<br />
Clouded salam<strong>and</strong>er Aneides ferreus<br />
Coast chorus frog Pseudacris regilla pacifica<br />
Coast Range newt Taricha torosa torosa<br />
Columbia spotted frog Rana luteiventris<br />
Columbia torrent salam<strong>and</strong>er Rhyacotriton kexeri<br />
<strong>Common</strong> coqui Eleutherodactylus coqui<br />
<strong>Common</strong> mud frog [No scientific name]<br />
Cope’s giant salam<strong>and</strong>er Dicamptodon copei<br />
Couch’s spadefoot Spea couchii<br />
Crawfish frog Rana areolata<br />
Cricket coqui Eleutherodactylus gryllus<br />
Cricket frog Acris species<br />
Cuban treefrog Osteopilus septentrionalis<br />
Del Norte salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon elongatus<br />
Desert slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps aridus<br />
Dunn’s salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon dunni<br />
Eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne carolinensis<br />
Eastern newt Notophthalmus viridescens<br />
Eastern red-backed salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon cinereus<br />
Eastern tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum<br />
Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii<br />
Fairview slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Flatwoods salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma cingulatum<br />
Foothill yellow-legged frog Rana boylii<br />
Forest coqui Eleutherodactylus portoricensis<br />
Four-toed salam<strong>and</strong>er Hemidactylium scutatum<br />
Fowler’s toad Bufo woodhousei fowleri<br />
Gabilan slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Garden slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps major<br />
Giant salam<strong>and</strong>ers Family Dicamptodontidae<br />
Golden coqui Eleutherodactylus jasperi<br />
Gray tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma tigrinum diabolis<br />
Gray treefrog Hyla versicolor<br />
Great Basin spadefoot Spea intermontana<br />
Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne species<br />
Great Plains toad Bufo cognatus<br />
Green frog Rana clamitans<br />
Green toad Bufo debilis<br />
Green treefrog Hyla cinerea<br />
Ground coqui Eleutherodactylus richmondi<br />
Guadalupe slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Gulf Coast toad Bufo valliceps<br />
Hell Hollow slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Houston toad Bufo houstonensis<br />
Huachuca tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi<br />
Inyo Mountains slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps campi<br />
Jemez Mountains salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon neomexicanus<br />
Kern Canyon slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps simatus<br />
Kern Plateau slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Larch Mountain salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon larselli<br />
Large-blotched ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi<br />
Leopard frogs Rana species<br />
Lesser siren Siren intermedia<br />
Limestone salam<strong>and</strong>er Hydromantes brunus<br />
Long-toed salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma macrodactylum<br />
Lungless salam<strong>and</strong>ers Family Plethodontidae<br />
Marine toad Bufo marinus<br />
Monterey ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii eschscholtzii<br />
Mottled coqui Eleutherodactylus eneidae<br />
Mount Lyell salam<strong>and</strong>er Hydromantes platycephalus<br />
Mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa<br />
Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus<br />
Newts Family Salam<strong>and</strong>ridae<br />
Northern cricket frog Acris crepitans<br />
Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens<br />
Northern red-legged frog Rana aurora aurora<br />
Northern rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa granulosa<br />
Northwestern salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma gracile<br />
Olympic torrent salam<strong>and</strong>er Rhyacotriton olympicus<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 881<br />
Oregon ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis<br />
Oregon slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps wrighti<br />
Oregon spotted frog Rana pretiosa<br />
Owens Valley web-toed salam<strong>and</strong>er Hydromantes undescribed species<br />
Pacific chorus frog Pseudacris regilla<br />
Pacific giant salam<strong>and</strong>er Dicamptodon tenebrosus<br />
Pacific slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps pacificus<br />
Painted ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii picta<br />
Pickerel frog Rana palustris<br />
Pig frog Rana grylio<br />
Plains leopard frog Rana blairi<br />
Plains spadefoot Spea bombifrons<br />
Puerto Rican coqui<br />
(see Forest coqui) Eleutherodactylus portoricensis<br />
Ramsey Canyon leopard frog Rana subaquavocalis<br />
Red-bellied newt Taricha rivularis<br />
Red-legged frog Rana aurora<br />
Red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus<br />
Relict leopard frog Rana onca<br />
Relictual slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps relictus<br />
Ridge-headed toad Peltophryne lemur<br />
Rio Gr<strong>and</strong>e leopard frog Rana berl<strong>and</strong>ieri<br />
Rock coqui Eleutherodactylus cooki<br />
Rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa<br />
Sacramento Mountain salam<strong>and</strong>er Aneides hardii<br />
San Gabriel slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Santa Cruz long-toed salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum<br />
Santa Lucia slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps undescribed species<br />
Shasta salam<strong>and</strong>er Hydromantes shastae<br />
Sierra chorus frog Pseudacris regilla sierrae<br />
Sierra Nevada ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis<br />
Sierra newt Taricha torosa sierrae<br />
Siskiyou Mountains salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon stormi<br />
Sonoran Desert toad Bufo alvarius<br />
Southern long-toed salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum<br />
Southern toad Bufo terrestris<br />
Southern torrent salam<strong>and</strong>er Rhyacotriton variegatus<br />
Southwestern chorus frog Pseudacris regilla hypochondriaca<br />
Southwestern toad Bufo microscaphus<br />
Spadefoots Family Pelobatidae<br />
Spotted chorus frog Pseudacris clarkii<br />
Spotted salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma maculatum<br />
Spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer<br />
Squirrel treefrog Hyla squirella<br />
Striped chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata<br />
Striped newt Notophthalmus perstriatus<br />
Tailed frog Ascaphus truei<br />
Tarahumara frog Rana tarahumarae<br />
Tehachapi slender salam<strong>and</strong>er Batrachoseps stebbinsi<br />
Three-toed amphiuma Amphiuma tridactylum<br />
Tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er Ambystoma tigrinum<br />
Toads Family Bufonidae<br />
Tongueless frogs Family Pipidae<br />
Torrent salam<strong>and</strong>ers Family Rhyacotritonidae<br />
Tree-hole coqui Eleutherodactylus hedricki<br />
True frogs <strong>and</strong> ranid frogs Family Ranidae<br />
Van Dyke’s salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon v<strong>and</strong>ykei<br />
Vegas Valley leopard frog Rana fisheri<br />
Virgin Isl<strong>and</strong>s coqui Eleutherodactylus schwartzi<br />
Warty coqui Eleutherodactylus locustus<br />
Web-footed coqui Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti<br />
Western narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophryne olivacea<br />
Western red-backed salam<strong>and</strong>er Plethodon vehiculum<br />
Western spadefoot Spea hammondii<br />
Western spotted frog Rana pretiosa unnamed population<br />
Western toad Bufo boreas<br />
Wood frog Rana sylvatica<br />
Woodhouse’s toad Bufo woodhousii<br />
Wrinkled coqui Eleutherodactylus wightmanae<br />
Wyoming toad Bufo hemiophrys baxteri<br />
Yavapai leopard frog Rana yavapaiensis<br />
Yellow-blotched ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater<br />
Yellow-eyed ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica<br />
Yosemite toad Bufo canorus
882 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Birds<br />
Acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus<br />
Akepa Loxops coccineus<br />
Albatrosses Family Diomedeidae<br />
Alcids Family Alcidae<br />
Alder flycatcher Empidonax alnorum<br />
Aleutian Canada goose Branta canadensis leucopareia<br />
Allen’s hummingbird Selasphorus sasin<br />
American avocet Recurvirostra americana<br />
American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus<br />
American black duck Anas rubripes<br />
American coot Fulica americana<br />
American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos<br />
American dipper Cinclus mexicanus<br />
American golden-plover Pluvialis dominica<br />
American goldfinch Carduelis tristis<br />
American kestrel Falco sparverius<br />
American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum<br />
American redstart Setophaga ruticilla<br />
American robin Turdus migratorius<br />
American white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos<br />
American wigeon Anas americana<br />
American woodcock Scolopax minor<br />
Anhinga Anhinga anhinga<br />
Anianiau Hemignathus parvus<br />
Antarctic skua Catharcta maccormicki<br />
Antillean mango Anthracothorax dominicus<br />
Antillean nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii<br />
Apapane Himatione sanguinea<br />
Aplomado falcon Falco femoralis<br />
Arctic peregrine falcon Falco pereginus tundrius<br />
Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea<br />
Arctic warbler Phylloscopus borealis<br />
Arizona Bell’s vireo Vireo bellii arizonae<br />
Ash-throated flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens<br />
Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica<br />
Attwater’s greater prairie-chicken Tympanuchus cupido attwateri<br />
Audubon’s shearwater Puffinus lherminieri<br />
Auks, guillemots, murres,<br />
<strong>and</strong> puffins Family Alcidae<br />
Avocets <strong>and</strong> stilts Family Recurvirostridae<br />
Babblers Family Timaliidae<br />
Bachman’s sparrow Aimophila aestivalis<br />
Bachman’s warbler Vermivora bachmanii<br />
Baird’s s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris bairdii<br />
Baird’s sparrow Ammodramus bairdii<br />
Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus<br />
Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula<br />
B<strong>and</strong>-rumped storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro<br />
B<strong>and</strong>-tailed pigeon Columba fasciata<br />
Bank swallow Riparia riparia<br />
Barn-owls Family Tytonidae<br />
Barn swallow Hirundo rustica<br />
Barred owl Strix varia<br />
Bay-breasted warbler Dendroica castanea<br />
Belding’s savannah sparrow Passerculus s<strong>and</strong>wichensis beldingi<br />
Bell’s vireo Vireo bellii<br />
Belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon<br />
Bendire’s thrasher Toxostoma bendirei<br />
Bermuda petrel Pterodroma chow<br />
Bewick’s wren Thryomanes bewickii<br />
Black-<strong>and</strong>-white warbler Mniotilta varia<br />
Black-backed woodpecker Picoides arcticus<br />
Black-bellied plover Pluvialis squatarola<br />
Black-bellied whistling-duck Dendrocygna autumnalis<br />
Black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus<br />
Black-billed magpie Pica pica<br />
Black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophris<br />
Black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus<br />
Black-capped petrel Pterodroma hasitata<br />
Black-chinned sparrow Spizella atrogularis<br />
Black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax<br />
Black-footed albatross Phoebastria nigripes<br />
Black guillemot Cepphus grylle<br />
Black-headed grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus<br />
Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla<br />
Black oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani<br />
Black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicanus<br />
Black phoebe Sayornis nigricans<br />
Black rail Laterallus jamaicensis<br />
Black skimmer Rynchops niger<br />
Black tern Chlidonias niger<br />
Black turnstone Arenaria melanocephala<br />
Black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens<br />
Black-throated sparrow Amphispiza bilineata<br />
Blackbirds <strong>and</strong> allies Family Icteridae<br />
Blackpoll warbler Dendroica striata<br />
Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea<br />
Blue-gray noddy Procelsterna cerulea<br />
Blue-gray ternlet Procelsterna cerulea saxatilis<br />
Blue-winged teal Anas discors<br />
Bluethroat Luscinia svecica<br />
Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus<br />
Bonaparte’s gull Larus philadelphia<br />
Bonin petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca<br />
Boobies Sula species<br />
Boreal chickadee Poecile hudsonicus<br />
Boreal owl Aegolius funereus<br />
Brant Branta bernicla<br />
Brewer’s blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus<br />
Brewer’s sparrow Spizella breweri<br />
Bridled tern Sterna anaethetus<br />
Bristle-thighed curlew Numenius tahitiensis<br />
Broad-tailed hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus<br />
Broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus<br />
Brown booby Sula leucogaster<br />
Brown creeper Certhia americana<br />
Brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater<br />
Brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla<br />
Brown noddy Anous stolidus<br />
Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis<br />
Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum<br />
Buff-breasted flycatcher Empidonax fulvifrons<br />
Buff-breasted s<strong>and</strong>piper Tryngites subruficollis<br />
Bufflehead Bucephala albeola<br />
Bullock’s oriole Icterus bullocki<br />
Bulwer’s petrel Bulweria bulwerii<br />
Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia<br />
Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus<br />
Bushtits <strong>and</strong> long-tailed tits Family Aegithalidae<br />
Cackling Canada goose Branta canadensis minima<br />
Cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus<br />
California black rail Laterallus jamaicensis coturnicolus<br />
California clapper rail Rallus longirostris obsoletus<br />
California condor Gymnogyps californianus<br />
California gnatcatcher Polioptila californica<br />
California least tern Sterna antillarum browni<br />
California towhee Pipilo crissalis<br />
Calliope hummingbird Stellula calliope<br />
Canada goose Branta canadensis<br />
Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis<br />
Canvasback Aythya valisineria<br />
Cape petrel Daption capensis<br />
Cape Sable seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis<br />
Caracaras <strong>and</strong> falcons Family Falconidae<br />
Cardinaline finches Family Cardinalidae<br />
Caribbean coot Fulica caribaea<br />
Carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis<br />
Carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis<br />
Caspian tern Sterna caspia<br />
Cassin’s auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus<br />
Cassin’s finch Carpodacus cassinii<br />
Cassin’s sparrow Aimophila cassinii<br />
Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis<br />
Cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum<br />
Chestnut-backed chickadee Poecile rufescens<br />
Chestnut-collared longspur Calcarius ornatus<br />
Chickadees <strong>and</strong> titmice Family Paridae
Chimney swift Chaetura pelagica<br />
Chipping sparrow Spizella passerina<br />
Christmas shearwater Puffinus nativitatis<br />
Clapper rail Rallus longirostris<br />
Clark’s nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana<br />
Clay-colored sparrow Spizella pallida<br />
Cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota<br />
Coastal California gnatcatcher Polioptila californica californica<br />
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus<br />
<strong>Common</strong> amakihi Hemignathus virens<br />
<strong>Common</strong> eider Somateria mollissima<br />
<strong>Common</strong> goldeneye Bucephala clangula<br />
<strong>Common</strong> grackle Quiscalus quiscula<br />
<strong>Common</strong> loon Gavia immer<br />
<strong>Common</strong> merganser Mergus merganser<br />
<strong>Common</strong> moorhen Gallinula chloropus<br />
<strong>Common</strong> murre Uria aalge<br />
<strong>Common</strong> nighthawk Chordeiles minor<br />
<strong>Common</strong> raven Corvus corax<br />
<strong>Common</strong> redpoll Carduelis flammea<br />
<strong>Common</strong> snipe Gallinago gallinago<br />
<strong>Common</strong> tern Sterna hirundo<br />
<strong>Common</strong> yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas<br />
Coots, gallinules, <strong>and</strong> rails Family Rallidae<br />
Cormorants Family Phalacrocoracidae<br />
Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea<br />
Cowbirds Molothrus species<br />
Cranes Family Gruidae<br />
Creepers Family Certhiidae<br />
Crested auklet Aethia cristatella<br />
Crested caracara Caracara plancus<br />
Crows, jays, <strong>and</strong> magpies Family Corvidae<br />
Cuban (Lesser Puerto Rican) crow Corvus nasicus<br />
Cuckoos <strong>and</strong> relatives Family Cuculidae<br />
Curve-billed thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre<br />
Dark-eyed junco, including slatecolored<br />
junco Junco hyemalis<br />
Dark-rumped petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia<br />
Darwin’s finches (see Galapagos finches)<br />
DeBooy’s rail Nesotrichas debooyi<br />
Dickcissel Spiza americana<br />
Dippers Family Cinclidae<br />
Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus<br />
Dovekie Alle alle<br />
Doves <strong>and</strong> pigeons Family Columbidae<br />
Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens<br />
Ducks, geese, <strong>and</strong> swans Family Anatidae<br />
Dunlin Calidris alpina<br />
Dusky Canada goose Branta canadensis occidentalis<br />
Dusky flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri<br />
Dusky seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens<br />
Eared grebe Podiceps nigricollis<br />
Eastern Bewick’s wren Thryomanes bewickii altus<br />
Eastern bluebird Sialia sialis<br />
Eastern brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis<br />
Eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus<br />
Eastern meadowlark Sturnella magna<br />
Eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe<br />
Eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus<br />
Eastern wood-pewee Contopus virens<br />
Eiders Polysticta <strong>and</strong> Somateria species<br />
Elegant trogon Trogon elegans<br />
Elepaio Chasiempis s<strong>and</strong>wichensis<br />
Elf owl Micrathene whitneyi<br />
Elfin Woods warbler Dendroica angelae<br />
Emberizid finches Family Emberizidae<br />
Emperor goose Chen canagica<br />
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis<br />
Estrildid finches Family Estrildidae<br />
European starling Sturnus vulgaris<br />
Evening grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus<br />
Everglade snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus<br />
Evermann’s rock ptarmigan Laggus mutus evermanni<br />
Ferruginous hawk Buteo regalis<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 883<br />
Ferruginous pygmy-owl Glaucidium brasilianum<br />
Field sparrow Spizella pusilla<br />
Fish crow Corvus ossifragus<br />
Flammulated owl Otus flammeolus<br />
Florida scrub-jay Aphelocoma caerulescens<br />
Fork-tailed storm-petrel Oceanodroma furcata<br />
Forster’s tern Sterna forsteri<br />
Franklin’s gull Larus pipixcan<br />
Frigatebirds Fregata species<br />
Fulmars, petrels, <strong>and</strong> shearwaters Family Procellariidae<br />
Fulvous whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor<br />
Gadwall Anas strepera<br />
Galapagos finches Camarhynchus, Certhidia, Geospiza,<br />
Pinaroloxias species<br />
Gila woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis<br />
Gilded flicker Colaptes chrysoides<br />
Glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus<br />
Glaucous-winged gull Larus glaucescens<br />
Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus<br />
Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa<br />
Golden-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla<br />
Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos<br />
Golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera<br />
Grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum<br />
Gray-backed tern Sterna lunata<br />
Gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis<br />
Gray-cheeked thrush Catharus minimus<br />
Gray-crowned rosy-finch Leucosticte tephrocotis<br />
Gray flycatcher Empidonax wrightii<br />
Gray jay Perisoreus canadensis<br />
Gray partridge Perdix perdix<br />
Gray vireo Vireo vicinior<br />
Great auk Pinguinus impennis<br />
Great Basin Canada goose Branta canadensis moffitti<br />
Great black-backed gull Larus marinus<br />
Great blue heron Ardea herodias<br />
Great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo<br />
Great egret Ardea alba<br />
Great gray owl Strix nebulosa<br />
Great horned owl Bubo virginianus<br />
Great skua Catharacta skua<br />
Greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber<br />
Greater prairie-chicken Tympanuchus cupido<br />
Greater s<strong>and</strong>hill crane Grus canadensis tabida<br />
Greater scaup Aythya marila<br />
Greater shearwater Puffinus gravis<br />
Greater white-fronted goose Anser albifrons<br />
Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca<br />
Grebes Family Podicipedidae<br />
Green heron Butorides virescens<br />
Green-tailed towhee Pipilo chlorurus<br />
Green-winged teal Anas crecca<br />
Grouse, pheasants, <strong>and</strong> quails Family Phasianidae<br />
Gull-billed tern Sterna nilotica<br />
Gulls, terns, <strong>and</strong> allies Family Laridae<br />
Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus<br />
Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus<br />
Hammond’s flycatcher Empidonax hammondii<br />
Harcourt’s storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro<br />
Harlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicus<br />
Hawaiian akialoa Hemignathus obscurus<br />
Hawaiian dark-rumped petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia s<strong>and</strong>wichensis<br />
Hawks, kites, <strong>and</strong> eagles Family Accipitridae<br />
Henslow’s sparrow Ammodramus henslowii<br />
Herald petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana<br />
Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus<br />
Hermit warbler Dendroica occidentalis<br />
Herons, egrets, <strong>and</strong> bitterns Family Ardeidae<br />
Herring gull Larus argentatus<br />
Hill myna Gracula religiosa<br />
Hispaniolan parakeet Aratinga chloroptera<br />
Hoary redpoll Carduelis hornemanni<br />
Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus<br />
Horned grebe Podiceps auritus
884 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Horned lark Eremophila alpestris<br />
Horned puffin Fratercula corniculata<br />
House finch Carpodacus mexicanus<br />
House sparrow Passer domesticus<br />
House wren Troglodytes aedon<br />
Hudsonian godwit Limosa haemastica<br />
Hummingbirds Family Trochilidae<br />
Ibises <strong>and</strong> spoonbills Family Threskiornithidae<br />
Icel<strong>and</strong> gull Larus glaucoides<br />
Iiwi Vestiaria coccinea<br />
Indigo bunting Passerina cyanea<br />
Interior least tern Sterna antillarum athalassos<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong> scrub-jay Aphelocoma insularis<br />
Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis<br />
Jaegers Stercorarius species<br />
Jungle fowl Gallus gallus<br />
Kauai creeper Oreomystis bairdi<br />
Key West quail-dove Geotrygon chrysias<br />
Killdeer Charadrius vociferus<br />
King eider Somateria spectabilis<br />
King rail Rallus elegans<br />
Kingfishers Family Alcedinidae<br />
Kinglets Family Regulidae<br />
Kirtl<strong>and</strong>’s warbler Dendroica kirtl<strong>and</strong>ii<br />
Kittiwakes Rissa species<br />
Kittlitz’s murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris<br />
Ladder-backed woodpecker Picoides scalaris<br />
Lapl<strong>and</strong> longspur Calcarius lapponicus<br />
Lark bunting Calamospiza melanocorys<br />
Lark sparrow Chondestes grammacus<br />
Larks Family Alaudidae<br />
Laughing gull Larus atricilla<br />
Laysan albatross Phoebastria immutabilis<br />
Lazuli bunting Passerina amoena<br />
Le Conte’s sparrow Ammodramus leconteii<br />
Leach’s storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa<br />
Least auklet Aethia pusilla<br />
Least Bell’s vireo Vireo bellii pusillus<br />
Least bittern Ixobrychus exilis<br />
Least flycatcher Empidonax minimus<br />
Least s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris minutilla<br />
Least tern Sterna antillarum<br />
Lesser Canada goose Branta canadensis parvipes<br />
Lesser goldfinch Carduelus psaltria<br />
Lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus<br />
Lesser scaup Aythya affinis<br />
Lewis’s woodpecker Melanerpes lewis<br />
Light-footed clapper rail Rallus longirostris levipes<br />
Limpkin Aramus guarauna<br />
Little blue heron Egretta caerulea<br />
Little shearwater Puffinus assimilis<br />
Little tern Sterna albifrons<br />
Loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus<br />
Long-billed curlew Numenius americanus<br />
Long-billed dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus<br />
Long-tailed jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus<br />
Long-eared owl Asio otus<br />
Loons Family Gaviidae<br />
Lucy’s warbler Vermivora luciae<br />
MacGillivray’s warbler Oporornis tolmiei<br />
Magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens<br />
Magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia<br />
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos<br />
Manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus<br />
Marbled godwit Limosa fedoa<br />
Marbled murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus<br />
Marsh wren Cistothorus palustris<br />
Masked booby Sula dactylatra<br />
Maui creeper Paroreomyza montana<br />
Maui parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys<br />
McCown’s longspur Calcarius mccownii<br />
McKay’s bunting Plectrophenax hyperboreus<br />
Merlin Falco columbarius<br />
Mew gull Larus canus<br />
Mexican spotted owl Strix occidentalis lucida<br />
Mississippi kite Ictinia mississippiensis<br />
Mississippi s<strong>and</strong>hill crane Grus canadensis pulla<br />
Mockingbirds <strong>and</strong> thrashers Family Mimidae<br />
Monarchs Family Monarchidae<br />
Monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus<br />
Mottled duck Anas fulvigula<br />
Mountain bluebird Sialia currucoides<br />
Mountain chickadee Poecile gambeli<br />
Mountain plover Charadrius montanus<br />
Mountain quail Oreortyx pictus<br />
Mourning dove Zenaida macroura<br />
Mynas <strong>and</strong> starlings Family Sturnidae<br />
Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla<br />
Nelson’s sharp-tailed sparrow Ammodramus nelsoni<br />
New World quail Family Odontophoridae<br />
New World vultures Family Cathartidae<br />
Newell’s Townsend’s shearwater Puffinis auricularis newelli<br />
Nightjars Family Caprimulgidae<br />
Noddies Anous species<br />
Northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus<br />
Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis<br />
Northern flicker Colaptes auratus<br />
Northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis<br />
Northern gannet Morus bassanus<br />
Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis<br />
Northern harrier Circus cyaneus<br />
Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos<br />
Northern oriole Icterus bullocki <strong>and</strong> I. galbula<br />
Northern parula Parula americana<br />
Northern pintail Anas acuta<br />
Northern rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis<br />
Northern shoveler Anas clypeata<br />
Northern spotted owl Strix occidentalis caurina<br />
Northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe<br />
Northwestern crow Corvus caurinus<br />
Nuthatches Family Sittidae<br />
Old World finches <strong>and</strong> allies Family Fringillidae<br />
Old World flycatchers <strong>and</strong> allies Family Sylviidae<br />
Old World sparrows Family Passeridae<br />
Oldsquaw Clangula hyemalis<br />
Olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi<br />
Omao Myadestes obscurus<br />
Orange-crowned warbler Vermivora celata<br />
Orange-fronted parakeet Aratinga canicularis<br />
Orchard oriole Icterus spurius<br />
Osprey P<strong>and</strong>ion haliaetus<br />
Oystercatchers Family Haematopodidae<br />
Pacific golden-plover Pluvialis fulva<br />
Pacific loon Gavia pacifica<br />
Pacific pigeon Ducula pacifica<br />
Pacific-slope flycatcher Empidonax difficilis<br />
Painted bunting Passerina ciris<br />
Palila Loxioides bailleui<br />
Parakeet auklet Aethia psittacula<br />
Passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius<br />
Peale’s peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus pealei<br />
Pectoral s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris melanotos<br />
Pekin duck (see Mallard)<br />
Pelicans Family Pelecanidae<br />
Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus<br />
Petrels Family Procellariidae<br />
Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens<br />
Pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps<br />
Pigeon guillemot Cepphus columba<br />
Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus<br />
Pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator<br />
Pine siskin Carduelis pinus<br />
Pine warbler Dendroica pinus<br />
Piping plover Charadrius melodus<br />
Pipits <strong>and</strong> wagtails Family Motacillidae<br />
Plain pigeon Columba inornata<br />
Plain titmouse Baelophus inornatus<br />
Plovers Family Charadriidae
Plumbeous solitary vireo Vireo solitarius plumbeus<br />
Pomarine jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus<br />
Ponape greater white-eye Rukia longirostra<br />
Ponape mountain starling Aplonis pelzelni<br />
Poo-uli Melamprosops phaeosoma<br />
Prairie falcon Falco mexicanus<br />
Prairie warbler Dendroica discolor<br />
Prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea<br />
Ptarmigans Lagopus species<br />
Puerto Rican barn-owl Tyto cavatica<br />
Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus brunnescens<br />
Puerto Rican nightjar Caprimulgus noctitherus<br />
Puerto Rican parrot Amazona vittata<br />
Puerto Rican plain pigeon Columba inornata wetmorei<br />
Puerto Rican quail-dove Geotrygon larva<br />
Puerto Rican screech-owl Otus nudipes<br />
Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus venator<br />
Puerto Rican woodcock Scolopax anthonyi<br />
Purple-capped fruit-dove Ptilinopus porphyraceus<br />
Purple finch Carpodacus purpureus<br />
Purple gallinule Porphyrula martinica<br />
Purple martin Progne subis<br />
Purple s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris maritima<br />
Razorbill Alca torda<br />
Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus<br />
Red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator<br />
Red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis<br />
Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis<br />
Red crossbill Loxia curvirostra<br />
Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus<br />
Red-faced cormorant Phalacrocorax urile<br />
Red-footed booby Sula sula<br />
Red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus<br />
Red-legged kittiwake Rissa brevirostris<br />
Red-necked grebe Podiceps grisegena<br />
Red-necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus<br />
Red phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius<br />
Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus<br />
Red siskin Carduelis cucullata<br />
Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis<br />
Red-tailed tropicbird Phaethon ribricauda<br />
Red-throated loon Gavia stellata<br />
Red-throated pipit Anthus cervinus<br />
Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus<br />
Reddish egret Egretta rufescens<br />
Redhead Aythya americana<br />
Rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata<br />
Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis<br />
Ring-necked duck Aythya collaris<br />
Ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus<br />
Rock dove Columba livia<br />
Rock ptarmigan Lagopus mutus<br />
Rock s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris ptilocnemis<br />
Rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus<br />
Rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus<br />
Roseate tern Sterna dougallii<br />
Ross’s goose Chen rossii<br />
Rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus<br />
Royal tern Sterna maxima<br />
Ruby-crowned kinglet Regulus calendula<br />
Ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris<br />
Ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis<br />
Ruddy ground-dove Columbina talpacoti<br />
Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus<br />
Rufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufus<br />
Sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus<br />
Sage sparrow Amphispiza belli<br />
Sage thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus<br />
San Clemente loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi<br />
San Clemente sage sparrow Amphispiza belli clementeae<br />
San Diego cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus couesi<br />
S<strong>and</strong>hill crane Grus canadensis<br />
S<strong>and</strong>pipers <strong>and</strong> allies Family Scolopacidae<br />
S<strong>and</strong>wich tern Sterna s<strong>and</strong>vicensis<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 885<br />
Savannah sparrow Passerculus s<strong>and</strong>wichensis<br />
Say’s phoebe Sayornis saya<br />
Scarlet ibis Eudocimus ruber<br />
Scaups Aythya affinis <strong>and</strong> A. marila<br />
Scoters Melanitta species<br />
Scott’s oriole Icterus parisorum<br />
Sedge wren Cistothorus platensis<br />
Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus<br />
Sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus<br />
Shearwaters Calonectris <strong>and</strong> Puffinus species<br />
Shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis<br />
Short-eared owl Asio flammeus<br />
Short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus<br />
Short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris<br />
Shrikes Family Laniidae<br />
Silky-flycatchers Family Ptilogonatidae<br />
Skimmers (see Black skimmer)<br />
Skuas Catharcta species<br />
Snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis<br />
Snow bunting Plectrophenax nivalis<br />
Snow goose Chen caerulescens<br />
Snowy egret Egretta thula<br />
Snowy owl Nyctea sc<strong>and</strong>iaca<br />
Snowy plover Charadrius alex<strong>and</strong>rinus<br />
Solitary vireo Vireo solitarius<br />
Song sparrow Melospiza melodia<br />
Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus<br />
Sooty storm-petrel Oceanodroma tristrami<br />
Sooty tern Sterna fuscata<br />
Sora Porzana carolina<br />
South polar skua Catharacta maccormicki<br />
Southwestern willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii extimus<br />
Spectacled eider Somateria fischeri<br />
Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis<br />
Spotted owl Strix occidentalis<br />
Spotted s<strong>and</strong>piper Actitis macularia<br />
Spotted towhee Pipilo maculatus<br />
Sprague’s pipit Anthus spragueii<br />
Spruce grouse Falcipennis canadensis<br />
St. Croix macaw Ara autocthones<br />
Steller’s eider Polysticta stelleri<br />
Steller’s jay Cyanocitta stelleri<br />
Steller’s sea-eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus<br />
Stilt s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris himantopus<br />
Storks Family Ciconiidae<br />
Storm-petrels Family Hydrobatidae<br />
Surfbird Aphriza virgata<br />
Swainson’s hawk Buteo swainsoni<br />
Swainson’s thrush Catharus ustulatus<br />
Swainson’s warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii<br />
Swallows Family Hirundinidae<br />
Swamp sparrow Melospiza georgiana<br />
Swifts Family Apodidae<br />
Tanagers Family Thraupidae<br />
Taverner’s Canada goose Branta canadensis taverneri<br />
Thick-billed murre Uria lomvia<br />
Thick-billed parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha<br />
Three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus<br />
Thrushes Family Turdidae<br />
Townsend’s shearwater Puffinus auricularis<br />
Townsend’s solitaire Myadestes townsendi<br />
Townsend’s warbler Dendroica townsendi<br />
Tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor<br />
Tricolored blackbird Agelaius tricolor<br />
Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor<br />
Tristram’s storm-petrel (see Sooty storm-petrel)<br />
Trogons Family Trogonidae<br />
Tropicbirds Family Phaethontidae<br />
Troupial Icterus icterus<br />
Trumpeter swan Cygnus buccinator<br />
Tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata<br />
Tufted titmouse Baelophus bicolor<br />
Tule white-fronted goose Anser albifrons gambelli<br />
Tundra swan Cygnus columbianus
886 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Turkey vulture Cathartes aura<br />
Typical owls Family Strigidae<br />
Tyrant flycatchers Family Tyrannidae<br />
Upl<strong>and</strong> s<strong>and</strong>piper Bartramia longicauda<br />
Vancouver Canada goose Branta canadensis fulva<br />
Varied bunting Passerina versicolor<br />
Varied thrush Ixoreus naevius<br />
Vaux’s swift Chaetura vauxi<br />
Veery Catharus fuscescens<br />
Vermilion flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus<br />
Vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus<br />
Violet-crowned hummingbird Amazilia violiceps<br />
Violet-green swallow Tachycineta thalassina<br />
Vireos Family Vireonidae<br />
Virgin Isl<strong>and</strong>s screech-owl Otus nudipes newtoni<br />
Virginia rail Rallus limicola<br />
W<strong>and</strong>ering tattler Heteroscelus incanus<br />
Warbling vireo Vireo gilvus<br />
Water pipit Anthus rubescens<br />
Waxwings Family Bombycillidae<br />
Wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus<br />
West Indian ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis subspecies<br />
West Indian whistling-duck Dendrocygna arborea<br />
Western bluebird Sialia mexicana<br />
Western Canada goose Branta canadensis moffitti<br />
Western grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis<br />
Western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis<br />
Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta<br />
Western s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris mauri<br />
Western scrub-jay Aphelocoma californica<br />
Western snowy plover Charadrius alex<strong>and</strong>rinus nivosus<br />
Western tanager Piranga ludoviciana<br />
Western wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus<br />
Western yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus occidentalis<br />
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus<br />
Whiskered auklet Aethia pygmaea<br />
White-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis<br />
White-cheeked pintail Anas bahamensis<br />
White-chinned petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis<br />
White-crowned pigeon Columba leucocephala<br />
White-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys<br />
White-eyed vireo Vireo griseus<br />
White-faced ibis Plegadis chihi<br />
White-faced storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina<br />
White-headed woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus<br />
White ibis Eudocimus albus<br />
White-necked crow Corvus leucognaphalus<br />
White-rumped s<strong>and</strong>piper Calidris fuscicollis<br />
White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla<br />
White-tailed ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus<br />
White-tailed tropicbird Phaethon lepturus<br />
White tern Gygis alba<br />
White-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis<br />
White-vented myna Acridotheres javanicus<br />
White-winged dove Zenaida asiatica<br />
Whooping crane Grus americana<br />
Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo<br />
Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus<br />
Willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii<br />
Willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus<br />
Wilson’s phalarope Phalaropus tricolor<br />
Wilson’s storm-petrel Oceanites oceanicus<br />
Wilson’s warbler Wilsonia pusilla<br />
Winter wren Troglodytes troglodytes<br />
Wood duck Aix sponsa<br />
Wood stork Mycteria americana<br />
Wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina<br />
Wood warblers Family Parulidae<br />
Woodpeckers <strong>and</strong> wrynecks Family Picidae<br />
Wrens Family Troglodytidae<br />
Wrentit Chamaea fasciata<br />
Yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus<br />
Yellow-billed loon Gavia adamsii<br />
Yellow-billed magpie Pica nuttalli<br />
Yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens<br />
Yellow-crowned night-heron Nyctanassa violacea<br />
Yellow-headed blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus<br />
Yellow-nosed albatross Thallasarche chlororhynchos<br />
Yellow rail Coturnicops noveboracensis<br />
Yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata<br />
Yellow-shafted flicker Colaptes auratus auratus<br />
Yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus<br />
Yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons<br />
Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava<br />
Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia<br />
Yuma clapper rail Rallus longirostris yumanensis<br />
Yunaska rock ptarmigan Lagopus mutus yunaskensis<br />
Zenaida dove Zenaida aurita<br />
Fishes<br />
Agile damselfish Pomacentrus species<br />
Akule Selar crumenophthalmus<br />
Alabama sturgeon Acipenser suttkusi<br />
Alaska blackfish Dallia pectoralis<br />
Albacore Thunnus alalunga<br />
Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus<br />
Alligator gar Lepisosteus spatula<br />
Alvord chub Gila alvordensis<br />
Alvord cutthroat trout Salmo clarki subspecies<br />
Amago salmon Oncorhynchus rhodurus<br />
Amargosa pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis<br />
Amberjack (see Greater amberjack)<br />
American eel Anguilla rostrata<br />
American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides<br />
American shad Alosa sapidissima<br />
Anchovies Family Engraulidae<br />
Angelfishes Family Pomacanthidae<br />
Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus<br />
Arctic cisco Coregonus autumnalis<br />
Arctic cod Boreogadus saida<br />
Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus<br />
Arctic lamprey Lampetra japonica<br />
Arkansas darter Etheostoma cragini<br />
Arkansas River shiner Notropis girardi<br />
Arkansas River speckled chub Macrhybopsis tetranema<br />
Armorheads Family Pentacerotidae<br />
Arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stommias<br />
Arroyo chub Gila orcuttii<br />
Ash Meadows pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes<br />
Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius<br />
Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda<br />
Atlantic bumper Chloroscombrus chrysurus<br />
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua<br />
Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus<br />
Atlantic herring Clupea harengus<br />
Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus<br />
Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus<br />
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar<br />
Atlantic sharks Families Alopiidae, Carcharhinidae,<br />
Lamnidae, Sphrynidae, <strong>and</strong> Squalidae<br />
Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus<br />
Atlantic threadfin Polydactylus octonemus<br />
Barracudas Family Sphyraenidae<br />
Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli<br />
Bayou killifish Fundulus pulvereus<br />
Bering cisco Coregonus laurettae<br />
Bering Sea pollock (see Pollock)<br />
Bigeye marbled sculpin Cottus klamathensis macrops<br />
Bigeye scad Selar crumenophthalmus<br />
Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus<br />
Bighead searobin Prionotus tribulus<br />
Bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus<br />
Billfishes Family Istiophoridae<br />
Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus<br />
Black drum Pogonias cromis<br />
Black grouper Mycteroperca bonaci<br />
Blackcod (see Sablefish)<br />
Blackfin tuna Thunnus atlanticus
Blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus<br />
Blindfishes (see Cavefish)<br />
Bloater Coregonus hoyi<br />
Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus<br />
Blue chromis Chromis cyanea<br />
Blue chub Gila coerulea<br />
Blue marlin Makaira nigricans<br />
Blue pike Stizostedion vitreum glaucum<br />
Blue shark Prionace glauca<br />
Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus<br />
Blue tang Acanthurus coeruleus<br />
Blue tilapia Tilapia aurea<br />
Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis<br />
Bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus<br />
Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix<br />
Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus<br />
Bluntnose shiner Notropis simus<br />
Bonytail chub Gila elegans<br />
Borax Lake chub Gila boraxobius<br />
Bowfin Amia calva<br />
Boxfishes Family Ostraciidae<br />
Broad whitefish Coregonus nasus<br />
Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis<br />
Brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus<br />
Brown trout Salmo trutta<br />
Bucktooth parrotfish Sparisoma radians<br />
Buffaloes Ictiobus species<br />
Bull trout Salvelinus confluentus<br />
Bullhead catfishes Family Ictaluridae<br />
Burbot Lota lota<br />
Butter hamlet Hypoplectrus unicolor<br />
Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus<br />
Butterflyfishes Family Chaetodontidae<br />
California golden trout Oncorhynchus aquabonita subspecies<br />
California killifish Fundulus parvipinnis<br />
California roach Hesperoleucus symmetricus<br />
Capelin Mallotus villosus<br />
Carps <strong>and</strong> minnows Family Cyprinidae<br />
Catlow Valley redb<strong>and</strong> trout Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies<br />
Catlow Valley tui chub Gila bicolor subspecies<br />
Cavefish Family Amblyopsidae<br />
Cero Scomberomorus regalis<br />
Chalk bass Serranus tortugarum<br />
Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus<br />
Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha<br />
Chub mackerel Scomber japonicus<br />
Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta<br />
Cichlids Family Cichlidae<br />
Cisco or lake herring Coregonus artedii<br />
Clear Lake splittail Pogonichthys ciscoides<br />
Coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki clarki<br />
Coastrange sculpin Cottus aleuticus<br />
Cobia Rachycentron canadum<br />
Cods Family Gadidae<br />
Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch<br />
Colorado squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius<br />
Columbia River smelt (see Eulachon)<br />
<strong>Common</strong> carp Cyprinus carpio<br />
Cookie-cutter shark Isistius brasiliensis<br />
Cowhead Lake tui chub Gila bicolor vaccaceps<br />
Crappies Pomoxis species<br />
Crevalle jack Caranx hippos<br />
Croakers <strong>and</strong> drums Family Sciaenidae<br />
Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus<br />
Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki<br />
Damselfishes Family Pomacentridae<br />
Deepwater cisco Coregonus johannae<br />
Deepwater flounder Monolene sessilicauda<br />
Deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii<br />
Delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus<br />
Demersal shelf rockfish Sebastes species<br />
Devils Hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis<br />
Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma<br />
Dolphin Coryphaena hippurus<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 887<br />
Dover sole Microstomus pacificus<br />
Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrookii<br />
Elasmobranchs Class Elasmobranchiomorphi<br />
Eleotrids Various genera<br />
Emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides<br />
Emperors Lethrimus species<br />
English sole Pleuronectes vetulus<br />
Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus<br />
Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas<br />
Finfish Fish of the Class Pisces [as opposed to<br />
shellfish]<br />
Flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis<br />
Flatfish Order Pleuronectiformes<br />
Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris<br />
Flathead chub Platygobio gracilis<br />
Flathead sole Hippoglossoides elassodon<br />
Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus<br />
Flounders Order Pleuronectiformes<br />
Foskett speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus subspecies<br />
Foureye butterflyfish Chaetodon capistratus<br />
Fourhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus quadricornis<br />
French grunt Haemulon flavolineatum<br />
Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens<br />
Frigate mackerel (Tuna) Auxus thazard<br />
Fringed filefish Monacanthus ciliatus<br />
Gafftopsail catfish Bagre marinus<br />
Gars Lepisosteus species<br />
Gila topminnow Poeciliopsis occidentalis<br />
Gila trout Oncorhynchus gilae<br />
Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum<br />
Goatfishes Family Mullidae<br />
Gobies Family Gobiidae<br />
Golden shiner Notropis crysoleucas<br />
Golden trout Oncorhynchus aguabonita<br />
Goose Lake lamprey Lampetra tridentata subspecies<br />
Goose Lake sucker Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus<br />
Goose Lake tui chub Gila bicolor thalassina<br />
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella<br />
Gray angelfish Pomacanthus arcuatus<br />
Gray snapper Lutjanus griseus<br />
Graylings Subfamily Thymallinae<br />
Great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda<br />
Greater amberjack Seriola dumerili<br />
Green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris<br />
Greenback cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki stomias<br />
Greenl<strong>and</strong> halibut (Turbot) Reinhardtius hippoglossoides<br />
Groupers Epinephelus <strong>and</strong> Mycteroperca species<br />
Grunts Family Haemulidae<br />
Gulf butterfish Peprilus burti<br />
Gulf killifish Fundulus gr<strong>and</strong>is<br />
Gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus<br />
Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi<br />
Guppy Poecilia reticulata<br />
Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus<br />
Hake (see Pacific hake)<br />
Hardhead Mylopharodon conocephalus<br />
Hardhead catfish Arius felis<br />
Harelip sucker Lagochila lacera<br />
Herrings <strong>and</strong> shads Family Clupeidae<br />
Hickory shad Alosa mediocris<br />
Hitch Lavinia exilicauda<br />
Humpback chub Gila cypha<br />
Humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian<br />
Hutton Spring tui chub Gila bicolor subspecies<br />
Inl<strong>and</strong> silverside Menidia beryllina<br />
Interior redb<strong>and</strong> trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gibbsi<br />
Jack mackerel Trachurus symmetricus<br />
Jacks Caranx species<br />
Jenny Creek sucker Catostomus rimiculus subspecies<br />
Kelpfishes Family Dactyloscopidae<br />
Kern brook lamprey Lampetra hubbsi<br />
Killifishes Fundulus species<br />
King mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla<br />
Kingfishes Menticirrhus species
888 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Klamath largescale sucker Catostomus snyderi<br />
Klamath River lamprey Lampetra similis<br />
Klamath smallscale sucker Catostomus rimiculus<br />
Kokanee (see Sockeye salmon)<br />
Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi<br />
Lahontan shiner Richardsonius egregius<br />
Lake chub Couesius plumbeus<br />
Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens<br />
Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush<br />
Lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis<br />
Lampreys Family Petromyzontidae<br />
Lane snapper Lutjanus synagris<br />
Lanternfishes Family Myctophidae<br />
Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides<br />
Least cisco Coregonus sardinella<br />
Least darter Etheostoma microperca<br />
Leatherjackets Family Balistidae<br />
Leatherside chub Gila copei<br />
Little Kern golden trout Oncorhynchus aquabonita whitei<br />
Little Kern rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies<br />
Little tunny Euthynnus alletteratus<br />
Loach minnow Rhinichthys cobitis<br />
Longbill spearfish Tetrapturus pfluegeri<br />
Longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys<br />
Longjaw mudsucker Gillichthys mirabilis<br />
Longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae<br />
Longnose killifish Fundulus similis<br />
Longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus<br />
Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus<br />
Lower Columbia River fall<br />
chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha subspecies<br />
Mackerel scad Decapterus macarellus<br />
Mackerels Family Scombridae<br />
Malheur mottled sculpin Cottus bairdii subspecies<br />
Marbled sculpin Cottus klamathensis<br />
Margined sculpin Cottus marginatus<br />
Marsh killifish Fundulus confluentus<br />
Maryl<strong>and</strong> darter Etheostoma sellare<br />
Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou<br />
McCloud River redb<strong>and</strong> trout Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies<br />
Menhaden Brevoortia species<br />
Miller Lake lamprey Lampetra minima<br />
Millicoma dace Rhinichthys cataractae subspecies<br />
Minnows Family Cyprinidae<br />
Modoc sucker Catostomus microps<br />
Monkey Springs pupfish Cyprinodon species<br />
Mottled sculpin Cottus bairdii<br />
Mountain mullet Agonostomus monticola<br />
Mountain sucker Catostomus platyrhynchus<br />
Mudminnows Family Umbridae<br />
Mullets Family Mugilidae<br />
Muskellunge Esox masquinongy<br />
Mutton hamlet Epinephelus afer<br />
Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus<br />
Nehu Encrasicholina purpurea<br />
Neosho madtom Noturus placidus<br />
Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius<br />
Nooksack dace Rhinichthys cataractae subspecies<br />
Northern anchovy Engraulis mordax<br />
Northern bluefin tuna (see Bluefin tuna)<br />
Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis<br />
Northern pike Esox lucius<br />
Northern rockfish Sebastes polyspinis<br />
Northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis<br />
Ocean sunfish Mola mola<br />
Oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus<br />
Olympic mudminnow Novumbra hubbsi<br />
Oopu alamoo Lentipes concolor<br />
Opakapaka Pristipomoides filamentosus<br />
Opelu Decapterus macarellus<br />
Oregon chub Oregonichthys crameri<br />
Oregon Lakes tui chub Gila bicolor oregonensis<br />
Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus<br />
Pacific hake Merluccius productus<br />
Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepus<br />
Pacific herring Clupea pallasi<br />
Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata<br />
Pacific ocean perch Sebastes alutus<br />
Pacific s<strong>and</strong>fish Trichodon trichodon<br />
Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax<br />
Pacific staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus<br />
Pacific swordfish (see Swordfish)<br />
Pacific tomcod Microgadus proximus<br />
Pacific whiting (see Pacific hake)<br />
Paddlefish Polyodon spathula<br />
Pahrump poolfish Empetrichthys latos<br />
Paiute cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki subspecies<br />
Paiute sculpin Cottus beldingii<br />
Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus<br />
Pelagic armorhead Pentaceros pectoralis<br />
Pelagic shelf rockfish Sebastes species<br />
Petrale sole Eopsetta jordani<br />
Phantom shiner Notropis orca<br />
Pikes Family Esocidae<br />
Pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha<br />
Pit sculpin Cottus pitensis<br />
Pitt-Klamath brook lamprey Lampetra lethophaga<br />
Plains minnow Hybognathus placitus<br />
Plains topminnow Fundulus sciadicus<br />
Pollock Pollachius virens<br />
Pomfrets Family Bramidae<br />
Pond smelt Hypomesus olidus<br />
Porgies Family Sparidae<br />
Prickly sculpin Cottus asper<br />
Pupfishes Family Cyprinodontidae<br />
Pygmy whitefish Prosopium coulterii<br />
Pyramid Lake cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi<br />
Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax<br />
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss<br />
Razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus<br />
Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus<br />
Red grouper Epinephelus morio<br />
Red hake Urophyssus chuss<br />
Red snapper Lutjanus campechanus<br />
Redb<strong>and</strong> trout Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies<br />
Redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus<br />
Redfish Sebastes species<br />
Redhorses Moxostoma species<br />
Reticulate sculpin Cottus perplexus<br />
Riffle sculpin Cottus gulosus<br />
Righteye flounders Family Pleuronectidae<br />
Rio Gr<strong>and</strong>e bluntnose shiner Notropis simus simus<br />
Rio Gr<strong>and</strong>e chub Gila p<strong>and</strong>ora<br />
Rio Gr<strong>and</strong>e shiner Notropis jemezanus<br />
Rio Gr<strong>and</strong>e silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus<br />
River carpsucker Carpiodes carpio<br />
River herrings Alosa aestivalis <strong>and</strong> A. pseudoharengus<br />
River lamprey Lampetra ayresii<br />
Roanoke logperch Percina rex<br />
Rock hind Epinephelus adscensionis<br />
Rock sole Pleuronectes bilineatus<br />
Rockfishes Sebastes species<br />
Rough sculpin Cottus asperimmus<br />
Rough silverside Membras martinica<br />
Round goby Neogobius melanostomus<br />
Round whitefish Prosopium cylindraceum<br />
Roundtail chub Gila robusta<br />
Ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus<br />
Sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria<br />
Sacramento blackfish Orthodon microlepidotus<br />
Sacramento perch Archoplites interruptus<br />
Sacramento splittail Pogonichthys macrolepidotus<br />
Sacramento squawfish Ptychocheilus gr<strong>and</strong>is<br />
Sacramento sucker Catostomus occidentalis<br />
Saffron cod Eliginus gracilis<br />
Sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna<br />
Sailfish Istiophorus platypterus<br />
Salish sucker Catostomus species
Salmon shark Lamna ditropis<br />
Salmons <strong>and</strong> trouts Family Salmonidae<br />
S<strong>and</strong> roller Percopsis transmontana<br />
S<strong>and</strong> seatrout Cynoscion arenarius<br />
Santa Ana speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus subspecies<br />
Santa Ana sucker Catostomus santaanae<br />
Saratoga Springs pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis nevadensis<br />
Sardines Family Clupeidae<br />
Sauger Stizostedion canadense<br />
Scrawled filefish Aluturus scriptus<br />
Sculpins Family Cottidae<br />
Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus<br />
Seatrout Cynoscion species<br />
Shads Family Clupeidae<br />
Shallow-water flatfish Order Pleuronectiformes<br />
Sheefish (Inconnu) Stenodus leucichthys<br />
Sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus<br />
Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus<br />
Sheldon tui chub Gila bicolor eurysoma<br />
Shiner perch Cymatogaster aggregata<br />
Shortbelly rockfish Sebastes jordani<br />
Shortfin mako Isurus oxyrhinhus<br />
Shorthead sculpin Cottus confusus<br />
Shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris<br />
Shoshone pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis shoshone<br />
Shoshone sculpin Cottus greenei<br />
Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus<br />
Sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki<br />
Silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis<br />
Silver hake Merluccius bilinearis<br />
Silver perch Bairdiella chrysoura<br />
Silversides Family Atherinidae<br />
Skates Family Rajidae<br />
Skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris<br />
Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis<br />
Slender chub Erimystax cahni<br />
Slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus<br />
Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu<br />
Smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus<br />
Smelts Family Osmeridae<br />
Snake River chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha subspecies<br />
Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat<br />
trout Oncorhynchhus clarki subspecies<br />
Snake River sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka subspecies<br />
Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka<br />
South coast fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha subspecies<br />
Southeast drum Family Sciaenidae<br />
Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma<br />
Southern steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies<br />
Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus<br />
Spearfish Tetrapturus species<br />
Speckled chub Macrhybopsis aestivalis<br />
Speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus<br />
Spikedace Meda fulgida<br />
Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias<br />
Spoonhead sculpin Cottus ricei<br />
Spot Leiostomus xanthurus<br />
Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus<br />
Spotted shiner Notropis hudsonius<br />
Spotted snake eel Ophichthus ophis<br />
Spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus<br />
Squirrelfishes Holocentrus species<br />
Starry flounder Platichthys stellatus<br />
Steelhead (Sea-run) Oncorhynchus mykiss<br />
Sticklebacks Family Gasterosteidae<br />
Striped anchovy Anchoa hepsetus<br />
Striped bass Morone saxatilis<br />
Striped mullet Mugil cephalus<br />
Sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida<br />
Sturgeons Family Acipenseridae<br />
Suckers Family Catostomidae<br />
Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus<br />
Sunapee char Salvelinus alpinus<br />
Surf smelt Hypomesus pretiosus<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 889<br />
Surfperch Family Embiotocidae<br />
Swordfish Xiphias gladius<br />
Tahoe sucker Catostomus tahoensis<br />
Tarpon Megalops atlanticus<br />
Tecopa pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae<br />
Thicktail chub Gila crassicauda<br />
Thornyheads Sebastolobus species<br />
Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus<br />
Thresher shark Alopias vulpinus<br />
Tidewater goby Eucyclogobius newberryi<br />
Tidewater silverside Menidia peninsulae<br />
Tilefishes Family Malacanthidae<br />
Topeka shiner Notropis topeka<br />
Trout–perch Percopsis omiscomaycus<br />
Trout–perches Family Percopsidae<br />
Tubenose goby Proterorhinus marmoratus<br />
Tui chub Gila bicolor<br />
Tule perch Hysterocarpus traskii<br />
Tunas Thunnus species<br />
Umpqua chub Oregonichthys kalawatseti<br />
Unarmored threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni<br />
Vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens<br />
Virgin River chub Gila semidnuda<br />
Virgin spinedace Lepidomeda mollispinus<br />
Waccamaw silverside Menidia extensa<br />
Wahoo Acanthocybium sol<strong>and</strong>ri<br />
Walleye Stizostedion vitreum<br />
Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma<br />
Warm Springs pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis<br />
Warmouth Lepomis gulosus<br />
Warner sucker Catostomus warnerensis<br />
Warner Valley redb<strong>and</strong> trout Oncorhynchus mykiss subspecies<br />
Weakfish Cynoscion regalis<br />
Western brook lamprey Lampetra richardsoni<br />
Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis<br />
Western silvery minnow Hybognathus argyritis<br />
Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi<br />
White bass Morone chrysops<br />
White crappie Pomoxis annularis<br />
White hake Urophycis tenuis<br />
White sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus<br />
Whitefishes Coregonus species<br />
Whiteline topminnow Fundulus albolineatus<br />
Widow rockfish Sebastes entomelas<br />
Windowpane Scophthalmus aquosus<br />
Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus<br />
Witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus<br />
Wood River sculpin Cottus leiopomus<br />
Woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus<br />
Wrasses Family Labridae<br />
Yellow bass Morone mississippiensis<br />
Yellow bullhead Ameiurus natalis<br />
Yellow perch Perca flavescens<br />
Yellowfin sole Pleuronectes asper<br />
Yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares<br />
Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri<br />
Yellowtail Seriola lal<strong>and</strong>i<br />
Mammals<br />
Abert’s squirrel Sciurus aberti<br />
Agile kangaroo rat Dipodomys agilis<br />
Allen’s big-eared bat Idionycteris phyllotis<br />
Amargosa vole Microtus californicus scirpensis<br />
Ancient bison Bison antiquiuus<br />
Arctic fox Alopex lagopus<br />
Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii<br />
Armadillos Family Dasypodidae<br />
Ash Meadows montane vole Microtus montanus nevadensis<br />
Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis<br />
Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus<br />
Audubon bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis auduboni<br />
Axis deer Axis axis<br />
Badger Taxidea taxus<br />
Baird’s beaked whale Berarius bairdii
890 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Baird’s shrew Sorex bairdii<br />
Baleen whales Suborder Mysticeti<br />
Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia<br />
Barren-ground grizzly bear Ursus arctos richardsoni<br />
Bearded seal Erignathus barbatus<br />
Bears Family Ursidae<br />
Beaver Castor canadensis<br />
Beluga whale Delpinapterus leucas<br />
Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus<br />
Big free-tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotis<br />
Bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis<br />
Bison Bison bison<br />
Black bear Ursus americanus<br />
Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes<br />
Black rat Rattus rattus<br />
Black right whale Balaena glacialis<br />
Black-tailed jack rabbit Lepus californicus<br />
Black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus<br />
Blainville’s beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris<br />
Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus<br />
Bobcat Lynx rufus<br />
Botta’s pocket gopher Thomomys bottae<br />
Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus<br />
Bottlenose whales Hyperoodon species<br />
Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus<br />
Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis<br />
Broad-footed mole Scapanus latimanus<br />
Brown bear Ursus arctos<br />
Brown lemming Lemmus sibiricus<br />
Brush rabbit Sylvilagus bachmani<br />
Bryde’s whale Balaenoptera edeni<br />
Burro Equus asinus<br />
Bushy-tailed woodrat Neotoma cinerea lucida<br />
California bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis californiana<br />
California grizzly bear (see Grizzly bear)<br />
California ground squirrel Spermophilus beecheyi<br />
California leaf-nosed bat Macrotus californicus<br />
California mouse Peromyscus californicus<br />
California myotis Myotis californicus<br />
California pocket mouse Chaetodipus californicus<br />
California sea lion Zalophus californianus<br />
California vole Microtus californicus<br />
California wolverine Gulo gulo luteus<br />
Camels Family Camelidae<br />
Caribou Rangifer tar<strong>and</strong>us<br />
Cats Family Felidae<br />
Cave myotis Myotis velifer<br />
Central American spinner dolphin (see Spinner dolphin)<br />
Cetaceans Order Cetacea<br />
Channel Isl<strong>and</strong>s gray fox Urocyon littoralis<br />
Clymene dolphin (see Short-snouted spinner dolphin)<br />
<strong>Common</strong> dolphin Delphinus delphis<br />
Collared lemmings Lemmus species<br />
Collared pika Ochotona collaris<br />
Colonial pocket gopher Geomys pinetis colonus<br />
Columbian black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus columbianus<br />
Columbian white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus leucurus<br />
<strong>Common</strong> squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus<br />
Coyote Canis latrans<br />
Creeping vole Microtus oregoni<br />
Cumberl<strong>and</strong> Isl<strong>and</strong> pocket gopher Geomys pinetis cumberl<strong>and</strong>ius<br />
Cuvier’s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris<br />
Dall sheep Ovis dalli<br />
Dall’s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli<br />
Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus<br />
Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel Sciurus niger cinereus<br />
Dense-beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris<br />
Desert bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni<br />
Desert Valley kangaroo mouse Microdipodops megacephalus albiventer<br />
Dire wolf Canis dirus<br />
Dolphins Stenella, Steno, <strong>and</strong> Tursiops species<br />
Douglas’ squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasii<br />
Dusky-footed woodrat Neotoma fuscipes<br />
Dwarf sperm whale Kogia simus<br />
Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus<br />
Eastern cougar Puma concolor cougar<br />
Eastern elk Cervus elaphus canadensis<br />
Eastern mountain lion (see Eastern cougar)<br />
Eastern small-footed myotis Myotis leibii<br />
Elephant seal (see Northern elephant seal)<br />
Elk (see Wapiti)<br />
Ermine Mustela erminea<br />
European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus<br />
Fallow deer Dama dama<br />
False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens<br />
Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus<br />
Fish Spring pocket gopher Thomomys umbrinus abstrusus<br />
Fisher Martes pennanti<br />
Fletcher dark kangaroo mouse Microdipodops megacephalus nasutus<br />
Florida black bear Ursus americanus floridanus<br />
Florida mouse Podomys floridanus<br />
Florida panther Puma concolor coryi<br />
Fog shrew Sorex sonomae<br />
Fox squirrel Sciurus niger<br />
Franklin’s ground squirrel Spermophilus franklinii<br />
Fraser’s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei<br />
Fresno kangaroo rat Dipodomys nitratoides exilis<br />
Fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes<br />
Gemsbok Oryx gazella<br />
Gervais’ beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus<br />
Giant bison Bison species<br />
Giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens<br />
Giant sea mink Mustela macrodon<br />
Golden-mantled ground squirrel Spermophilus laterallus, including<br />
subspecies bernardinus <strong>and</strong> certus<br />
Goose-beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris<br />
Gray bat Myotis grisescens<br />
Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus<br />
Gray seal Halichoerus grypus<br />
Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis<br />
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus<br />
Gray wolf Canis lupus<br />
Greater western mastiff-bat Eumops perotis californicus<br />
Greenl<strong>and</strong> collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenl<strong>and</strong>icus<br />
Grizzly bear Ursus arctos horribilis<br />
Ground sloth Family Mylodontidae<br />
Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephalus townsendi<br />
Harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena<br />
Harbor seal Phoca vitulina<br />
Harp seal Phoca groenl<strong>and</strong>ica<br />
Hawaiian hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus semotus<br />
Hawaiian monk seal Monachus schauinsl<strong>and</strong>i<br />
Heermann’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys heermanni<br />
Hidden Forest Uinta chipmunk Tamias umbrinus nevadensis<br />
Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus<br />
Hoary marmot Marmota caligata<br />
Hooded seal Cystophora cristata<br />
Horse Equus caballus<br />
House cat Felis catus<br />
House mouse Mus musculus<br />
Humboldt beaver Castor canadensis baileyi<br />
Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae<br />
Ibex Capra ibex<br />
Idaho ground squirrel Spermophilus brunneus<br />
Indian mongoose Herpestes javanacus<br />
Indiana bat Myotis sodalis<br />
Jaguar Panthera onca<br />
Jaguarundi Harpailurus yagouaroundi<br />
Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata<br />
Keen’s myotis Myotis keenii<br />
Key deer Odocoileus virginianus clavium<br />
Killer whale Orcinus orca<br />
Kit fox Vulpes macrotis<br />
Lambe’s horse Equus species<br />
Least weasel Mustela nivalis<br />
Lemmings Lemmus species<br />
Lesser long-nosed bat Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae<br />
Lion Panthera leo
Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus<br />
Lodgepole chipmunk Tamias speciosus<br />
Long-eared chipmunk Eutamias quadrimaculatus<br />
Long-eared myotis Myotis evotis<br />
Long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas<br />
Long-legged myotis Myotis volans<br />
Long-snouted spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris<br />
Long-tailed vole Microtus longicaudus, including<br />
subspecies latus<br />
Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata<br />
Louisiana black bear Ursus americanus luteolus<br />
Lynx Lynx canadensis<br />
Mammoths Mammuthus species<br />
Margay Leopardus wiedii<br />
Marten Martes americana<br />
Mastodons Mammut species<br />
Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus<br />
Melon-headed whale Peponocephala electra<br />
Merriam’s chipmunk Eutamias merriami<br />
Mesoplodont beaked whale Mesoplodon species<br />
Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus<br />
Mink Mustela vison<br />
Minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata<br />
Mohave ground squirrel Spermophilus mohavensis<br />
Moose Alces alces<br />
Morro Bay kangaroo rat Dipodomys herrmanni morroensis<br />
Mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa<br />
Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus<br />
Mountain lion Puma concolor<br />
Mountain pocket gopher Thomomys monticola<br />
Mt. Ellen chipmunk Tamias umbrinus sedulus<br />
Mt. Ellen long-tailed vole Microtus longicaudus incanus<br />
Mt. Ellen pocket gopher Thomomys bottae dissimilis<br />
Mt. Lyell shrew Sorex lyelli<br />
Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus<br />
Muskox Ovibos moschatus<br />
Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus<br />
Mustelids Family Mustelidae<br />
Narrow-faced kangaroo rat Dipodomys venustus<br />
Nelson’s antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus nelsoni<br />
New Engl<strong>and</strong> cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis<br />
Nine-b<strong>and</strong>ed armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus<br />
North American lynx Lynx canadensis canadensis<br />
North American wolverine Gulo gulo luscus<br />
North Atlantic beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens<br />
North Pacific bottle-nosed whale Berardius bairdii<br />
Northern collared lemming Lemmus species<br />
Northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris<br />
Northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus<br />
Northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus<br />
Northern pygmy mouse Baiomys taylori<br />
Northern red-backed vole Clethrionomys rutilus<br />
Northern right-whale dolphin Lissodelphis borealis<br />
Northern sea lion Eumetopias jubatus<br />
Norway rat Rattus norvegicus<br />
Nutria Myocastor coypus<br />
Ocelot Leopardus pardalis<br />
Oldfield mouse Peromyscus polionotus<br />
Olive-backed pocket mouse Perognathus fasciatus<br />
Ornate shrew Sorex ornatus<br />
Owens Valley vole Microtus californicus vallicola<br />
Pacific fisher Martes pennanti pacifica<br />
Pacific marsh shrew Sorex bendirii<br />
Pacific shrew Sorex pacificus<br />
Pacific walrus Odobenus rosmarus<br />
Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens<br />
Pahranagat Valley montane vole Microtus montanus fucosus<br />
Pale Townsend’s big-eared bat Plecotus townsendii pallescens<br />
Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus<br />
Palmer’s chipmunk Tamias palmeri<br />
Panamint chipmunk Tamias panamintinus, including suspecies<br />
acrus<br />
Panamint kangaroo rat Dipodomys panamintinus<br />
Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 891<br />
Peninsular bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis cremnobates<br />
Perdido Key beach mouse Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis<br />
Pig Sus scrofa<br />
Pika Ochotona princeps, including subspecies<br />
albata, nevadensis, sheltoni, <strong>and</strong> tutelata<br />
Pinniped seals, sea lions,<br />
<strong>and</strong> walruses Families Otariidae, Odobenidae, <strong>and</strong><br />
Phocidae<br />
Plains bison Bison bison bison<br />
Plains harvest mouse Reithrodontomys montanus<br />
Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius<br />
Plains pocket mouse Perognathus flavescens<br />
Polar bear Ursus maritimus<br />
Polynesian rat Rattus exulans<br />
Porcupine Erithizon dorsalis<br />
Porpoises Family Phocoenidae<br />
Prairie dogs Cynomys species<br />
Prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster<br />
Preble’s shrew Sorex preblei<br />
Pribilof Isl<strong>and</strong> shrew Sorex hydrodromus<br />
Pronghorn Antilocapra americana<br />
Puerto Rican hutia Isolobodon portoricensis<br />
Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata<br />
Pygmy rabbit Sylvilagus idahoensis<br />
Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps<br />
Raccoon Procyon lotor<br />
Red-backed voles Clethrionomys species<br />
Red bat Lasiurus borealis<br />
Red fig-eating bat Stenoderma rufum<br />
Red fox Vulpes vulpes<br />
Red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus<br />
Red tree vole Arborimus longicaudus<br />
Red wolf Canis rufus<br />
Reindeer (see Caribou)<br />
Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta<br />
Rhinoceroses Family Rhinocerotidae<br />
Ribbon seal Phoca fasciata<br />
Right <strong>and</strong> bowhead whales Family Balaenidae<br />
Right whale Balaena species<br />
Ringed seal Phoca hispida<br />
Risso’s dolphin Grampus griseus<br />
River otter Lontra canadensis<br />
Roosevelt elk Cervus elaphus roosevelti<br />
Rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis<br />
Round-tailed muskrat Neofiber alleni<br />
Sabertooth cats Smilodon species<br />
Saddle-backed dolphin Delphinus delphis<br />
Salt marsh harvest mouse Reithrodontomys raviventris<br />
Sambar Cervus unicolor<br />
San Antonio pocket gopher Thomomys umbrinus curtatus<br />
San Diego pocket mouse Chaetodipus fallax<br />
San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macrotis muticus<br />
San Joaquin pocket mouse Perognathus inornatus<br />
Sea lions Eumetopias species<br />
Sea otter Enhydra lutris<br />
Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis<br />
Sherman’s pocket gopher Geomys pinetus fontanelus<br />
Short-faced bear Arctodus simus<br />
Short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus<br />
Short-snouted spinner dolphin Stenella clymene<br />
Shrew-mole Neurotrichus gibbsii<br />
Shrews Family Soricidae<br />
Sierra Nevada red fox Vulpes vulpes necator<br />
Sierra Nevada snowshoe hare Lepus americanus tahoensis<br />
Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans<br />
Singing vole Microtus miurus<br />
Sitka black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis<br />
Snowshoe hare Lepus americanus<br />
Sonoma chipmunk Tamias sonomae<br />
Sonoran pronghorn Antilocapra americana sonoriensis<br />
South African fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus<br />
Southeastern pocket gopher Geomys pinetus<br />
Southern bottle-nosed whale Hyperodon planifrons<br />
Southern red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi
892 Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2<br />
Southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis<br />
Southwestern otter Lontra canadensis sonora<br />
Sowerby’s beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens<br />
Sperm whale Physeter catodon<br />
Spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris<br />
Spotted bat Euderma maculatum<br />
Spotted seal Phoca largha<br />
Spotted skunk Spilogale putorius<br />
St. Lawrence Isl<strong>and</strong> shrew Sorex cinereus jacksoni<br />
St. Matthews Isl<strong>and</strong> vole Microtus abbreviatus<br />
Stejneger’s beaked whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri<br />
Stephens’ kangaroo rat Dipodomys stephensi<br />
Steppe bison Bison priscus<br />
Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba<br />
Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis<br />
Swamp rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus<br />
Swift fox Vulpes velox<br />
Tehachapi white-eared pocket mouse Perognathus alticola inexpectatus<br />
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus<br />
Tipton kangaroo rat Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides<br />
Townsend’s big-eared bat Plecotus townsendii<br />
Townsend’s ground squirrel Spermophilus townsendii<br />
True’s beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus<br />
Tule elk Cervus elaphus nannodes<br />
Tundra hare Lepus othus<br />
Tundra vole Microtus oeconomus<br />
Uinta chipmunk Tamias umbrinus<br />
Vagrant shrew Sorex vagrans<br />
Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana<br />
Voles Microtus species<br />
Walrus Odobenus rosmarus<br />
Wapiti, elk Cervus elaphus<br />
Washington ground squirrel Spermophilus washingtoni<br />
Weasels Mustela species<br />
West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus<br />
Western jumping mouse Zapus princeps, including subspecies<br />
curtatus<br />
Western mastiff-bat Eumops perotis<br />
Western pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperus<br />
Western red-backed vole Clethrionomys californicus<br />
Western red bat Lasiurus blossevillii<br />
Western small-footed myotis Myotis ciliolabrum<br />
White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris<br />
White-footed vole Arborimus albipes<br />
White-sided jack rabbit Lepus callotis<br />
White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus<br />
White-tailed jack rabbit Lepus townsendii<br />
White whale Delphinapterus leucas<br />
Whitebelly spinner dolphin (see Fraser’s dolphin)<br />
Wild boar (see Pig)<br />
Wolverine Gulo gulo<br />
Woodl<strong>and</strong> bison Bison bison athabascae<br />
Woodl<strong>and</strong> caribou Rangifer tar<strong>and</strong>us caribou<br />
Woodrats Neotoma species<br />
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius<br />
Yellow-eared pocket mouse Perognathus xanthanotus<br />
Yellow-bellied marmot Marmota flaviventris, including<br />
subspecies fortirostris <strong>and</strong> parvula<br />
Yellow-pine chipmunk Tamias amoenus monoensis<br />
Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis<br />
Yuma puma Puma concolor browni<br />
Reptiles<br />
Alameda striped racer Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus<br />
Alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii<br />
American alligator Alligator mississippiensis<br />
American crocodile Crocodylus acutus<br />
B<strong>and</strong>ed rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus willardi<br />
Barefoot gecko Coleonyx switaki<br />
Big Bend slider Trachemys gaigeae<br />
Bl<strong>and</strong>ing’s turtle Emydoidea bl<strong>and</strong>ingii<br />
Blue-tailed mole skink Eumeces egregius lividus<br />
Blunt-nosed leopard lizard Gambelia silus<br />
Bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergii<br />
Broad-b<strong>and</strong>ed water snake Nerodia species<br />
Broad-headed skink Eumeces laticeps<br />
Brown tree snake Boiga irregularis<br />
Bunch grass lizard Sceloporus scalaris<br />
California black-headed snake Tantilla planiceps<br />
California king snake Lampropeltis getulus californiae<br />
California legless lizard Anniella nigra<br />
California mountain kingsnake Lampropeltis zonata<br />
Canyon spotted whiptail Cnemidophorus burti<br />
Checkered garter snake Thamnophis marcianus<br />
Chuckwalla Sauromalus obesus<br />
Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard Uma inornata<br />
Coachwhip Masticophis flagellum<br />
Collared lizard Crotaphytus collaris<br />
<strong>Common</strong> caiman Caiman crocodilus<br />
<strong>Common</strong> garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis<br />
<strong>Common</strong> kingsnake Lampropeltis getula<br />
<strong>Common</strong> map turtle Graptemys geographica<br />
<strong>Common</strong> musk turtle Stenotherus odoratus<br />
<strong>Common</strong> slider Trachemys scripta<br />
<strong>Common</strong> snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina<br />
Corn snake Elaphe guttata<br />
Couch’s garter snake Thamnophis couchii<br />
Cuban ground iguana Cyclura nubila<br />
Culebra Isl<strong>and</strong> giant anole Anolis roosevelti<br />
Dekay’s brown snake Storeria dekayi<br />
Desert collared lizard Crotaphytus insularis<br />
Desert horned lizard Phrynosoma platyrhinos<br />
Desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis<br />
Desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii<br />
Diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin<br />
Diamondback water snake Nerodia rhombifera<br />
Eastern fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus<br />
Eastern indigo snake Drymarchon corais couperi<br />
European pond turtle Emys orbicularis<br />
Flattened musk turtle Kinosternon depressus<br />
Florida pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus<br />
Florida s<strong>and</strong> skink Neoseps reynoldsi<br />
Giant garter snake Thamnophis gigas<br />
Gila monster Heloderma suspectum<br />
Gilbert’s skink Eumeces gilberti<br />
Glossy snake Arizona elegans<br />
Gopher tortoise Gopherus polyphemus<br />
Granite night lizard Xantusia henshawi<br />
Great Plains rat snake Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta<br />
Great Plains skink Eumeces obsoletus<br />
Green anole Anolis carolinensis<br />
Green iguana Iguana iguana<br />
Green turtle Chelonia mydas<br />
Green water snake Nerodia cyclopion<br />
Ground snake Sonora semiannulata<br />
Gulf salt marsh snake Nerodia fasciata clarki<br />
Hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata<br />
Horned ground iguana Cyclura cornuta<br />
Indigo snake Drymarchon corais<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong> night lizard Xantusia riversiana<br />
Kemp’s ridley Lepidochelys kempii<br />
Leatherback Dermochelys coriacea<br />
Leopard lizards Gambelia species<br />
Lesser earless lizard Holbrookia maculata<br />
Lined snake Tropidoclonion lineatum<br />
Little striped whiptail Cnemidophorus inornatus<br />
Loggerhead Caretta caretta<br />
Long-nosed snake Rhinocheilus lecontei<br />
Long-nosed leopard lizard Gambelia wislizenii<br />
Map turtles Graptemys species<br />
Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus<br />
Mexican garter snake Thamnophis eques<br />
Milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum<br />
Mississippi mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis<br />
Mojave Desert sidewinder Crotalus cerastes cerastes<br />
Mojave fringe-toed lizard Uma scoparia<br />
Mona boa Epicrates monensis<br />
Mona ground iguana Cyclura stejnegeri
Monito dwarf gecko Sphaerodactylus micropithecus<br />
Musk turtles Kinosternon species<br />
Narrow-headed garter snake Thamnophis rufipunctatus<br />
New Mexican ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi obscurus<br />
Night snake Hypsiglena torquata<br />
Northern water snake Nerodia sipedon<br />
Northwestern garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides<br />
Olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea<br />
Orange-throated whiptail Cnemidophorus hyperythrus<br />
Oregon garter snake Thamnophis hydrophilus<br />
Ornate box turtle Terrapene ornata<br />
Painted turtle Chrysemys picta<br />
Panamint alligator lizard Elgaria panamintina<br />
Panamint rattlesanke Crotalus mitchellii<br />
Pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus<br />
Plain-bellied water snake Nerodia erythrogaster<br />
Plains black-headed snake Tantilla nigriceps<br />
Plains garter snake Thamnophis radix<br />
Plateau striped whiptail Cnemidophorus velox<br />
Plymouth red-bellied turtle Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi<br />
Prairie kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster<br />
Prairie skink Eumeces septentrionalis<br />
Puerto Rican boa Epicrates inornatus<br />
Puerto Rican racer Alsophis portoricensis<br />
Queen snake Regina septemvittata<br />
Racer Coluber constrictor<br />
Red-bellied snake Storeria occipitomaculata<br />
Red-bellied turtle Pseudemys rubriventris<br />
Red-eared turtle Chrysemys scripta elegans<br />
Red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria<br />
Reticulate collared lizard Crotaphytus reticulatus<br />
Ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi<br />
Ringed map turtle Graptemys oculifera<br />
Ring-necked snake Diadophis punctatus<br />
Rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus<br />
Rosy boa Lichanura trivirgata<br />
Rubber boa Charina bottae<br />
Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus<br />
San Francisco garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia<br />
Status <strong>and</strong> Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 893<br />
Santa Cruz Isl<strong>and</strong> gopher snake Pituophis melanoleucus pumilis<br />
Sea turtles Family Cheloniidae<br />
Sharp-tailed snake Contia tenuis<br />
Side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana<br />
Sierra garter snake Thamnophis couchii<br />
Six-lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlineatus<br />
Skinks Family Scincidae<br />
Slender glass lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus<br />
Smooth green snake Liochlorophis vernalis<br />
Smooth softshell turtle Trionyx muticus<br />
Snapping turtles Family Chelydridae<br />
Softshell turtles Family Trionychidae<br />
Sonoran mud turtle Kinosternon sonoriense<br />
Southern rubber boa Charina bottae umbratica<br />
Speckled kingsnake Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki<br />
Spiny softshell Trionyx spinifer<br />
Spot-tailed earless lizard Holbrookia lacerata<br />
Spotted turtle Clemmys guttata<br />
St. Croix ground lizard Ameiva polops<br />
St. Croix racer Alsophis sancticrucis<br />
St. Croix tree snake Epicrates species<br />
Striped racer Masticophis lateralis<br />
Striped whipsnake Masticophis taeniatus<br />
Switak’s b<strong>and</strong>ed gecko Coleonyx switaki subspecies<br />
Texas horned lizard Phrynosoma cornutum<br />
Texas slender blind snake Leptotyphlops dulcis<br />
Timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus<br />
Tortoises Family Testudinidae<br />
Twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei<br />
Virgin Isl<strong>and</strong>s tree boa Epicrates monensis granti<br />
Western box turtle Terrapene ornata<br />
Western cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma<br />
Western hog-nosed snake Heterodon nasicus<br />
Western pond turtle Clemmys marmorata<br />
Western rattlesnake Crotalus viridis<br />
Western ribbon snake Thamnophis proximus<br />
Wood turtle Clemmys insculpta<br />
Yellow mud turtle Kinosternon flavescens<br />
[No common name] Cyclura portoricensis
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