tykxedk;Zizf'k{k.kiqLrd

jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkst+xkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;e 

tykxedk;Zizf'k{k.kiqLrd 

ckckvkeVsyksdl'kfDrdj.kdsUnz 

lektizxfrlg;ksx 

tqykbZ2006

gkFkmBsafuekZ.kesa 

vktns'kesafo'oklvkSjfo'oluh;rkdk 

ladV iSnk gks x;k gSA nwj&njkt+ ds xzkeh.k 

vkfnoklh{ks=kksaesarks,drkdk;glw=kcgqr 

gh det+ksj gSA ge lHkh dks vius xzkeh.k] 

vkfnoklh HkkbZ&cguksa dh vksj gkFk cuk gh 

ugha]vuqHkoHkhdjukgSAfodkldh,duohu 

ifjHkk"kk LFkkfirdjuhgSAbll`tukRedla?k"kZ 

esa ns'k ds ;qok oxZ dk usr`Ro jgsxk] ,slh esjh 

vk'kk gSA bl la?k"kZ esa vko';d gS mudh 

dYiuk 'kfDr vkSj mudk eeZLi'kZ] tks Hkkjr 

dkiqufuZekZ.kdjsaxsA 

Hkkjrdsxkao,dekadhrjgiwjsns'kdks 

viuhxksnesalek;sgq,gSaA,dLoLFkns'kds 

fuekZ.kdsfy,gesaviuhekadhns[kHkkyvPNh 

rjg lsdjuhgksxhAgesa viusxzkeokfl;ksadks 

oglcykSVkukgksxktksgeusmulsNhufy;k 

gS&&mudkvkRefo'oklvkSjviuhrdnhjijmudkviukfu;a=k.kA 

tc izf'k{k.kkFkhZ gh izf'k{kd cu tk,xk rc gkFk cksy mBsaxsA ,sls gkFk tks Hkouksa ;k 

dkj[kkuksadkghugha],dns'k],dubZlaLd`fr]lEiw.kZekuorkdkfuekZ.kHkhdjsaxsA 

gkFkmBsafuekZ.kesa]ughaekjus]ughaekaxus

jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkst+xkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;e 

tykxedk;Zizf'k{k.kiqLrd 

ckckvkeVsyksdl'kfDrdj.kdsUnz 


tqykbZ2006

vuqØef.kdk 

Hkwfedk i 

1 jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;e%lanHkZ,oajk"Vªh;egÙo 1 

1.1 lanHkZ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 

1.2 jkstxkjxkj-VhdkegÙo,oalaHkkouk,a- - - - - - - - - - - - 2 

1.3 jk"Vªh;xzkeh-kjkstxkjxkj-Vhvf/kfu;e - - - - - - - - - - - 5 

1.4 2020esa[kk|lqj{kk - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 

1.5 xzkeh-klq'kkludkiqutZUe - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 

2 jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vhfn'kkfunsZ'k 8 

2.1 vf/kfu;edsmnñs'; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 

2.2 vf/kfu;edkvuqiz;ksx - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 

2.3 ik=rk,a%jk"Vªh;xzkeh-kjkstxkjxkj-VhD;kiznkudjrhgS\ - - - 8 

2.4 dk;Zdsfy,vkosnudhizfØ;k - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 

2.5 jkstxkjdkvfHkys[k - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 

2.6 dk;Z,oamudkfu"iknu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 

2.7 fofHkUUkLrjksaijfofHkUUkvfHkdj-kksadhHkwfedk,a - - - - - - - - 23 

2.8 lrdZrkrFkkekfWuVfjaxlfefr;k¡ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 

2.9 ikjnf'kZrkrFkktokcnkjh%yksdlrdZrkrFkklkekftdvads{k-k - - 31 

2.10 vkdM+ksdkizca/kurFkkvfHkys[kksadkj[kj[kko - - - - - - - - 47 

2.11 f'kdk;rfuokj-k - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 

2.12 jkT;ljdkjsaviusvf/kfu;eykxwdjldrhgSa - - - - - - - 50 

3 tyxzg.k{ks=fodkloe`nk;kaf=dh%vo/kkj.kk] fl)kar]ewyrF; 51 

3.1 vo/kkj-kkofl)kar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 

3.2 tylEcU/khewyrF; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 

3.3 feV˜VhlEcU/khewyrF; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60 

3.4 cka/klEcU/khewyrF; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 

4

3.5 LFkykÑfr(topography)lEcU/khewyrF; - - - - - - - - - - 75 

3.6 tykxelajpukvksadkLFkyvuqlkjp;u- - - - - - - - - - - 80 

4 tykxefodkldslkekftdolaLFkkxrigyw%,difjp; 85 

4.1 lgHkkxhfu;kstu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85 

4.2 lerkdhizkFkfedrk-------------------- 87 

4.3 efgykl'kfDrdj-kdkloky - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 

4.4 LoSfPNd;ksxnku - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 92 

4.5 ikjnf'kZrkvkSjtokcnsghlqfuf'prdjuk - - - - - - - - - - - 92 

4.6 laxzfgrtydklrrmi;ksx - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93 

5 vkvksu{ksle>sa 96 

5.1 u{kkD;kgS\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 

5.2 u{ksdsizdkj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99 

5.3 Vksiks'khVijtyxzg-k{ks=dklhekadu - - - - - - - - - - - - 104 

5.4 tyxzg-k{ks=ds{ks=Qydkvkadyu - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 

5.5 lEiw-kZtyxzg-k{ks=ds

8 fjt{ks=mipkj&feV˜VhdsdUVwjiky 145 

8.1 mnñs'; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 145 

8.2 dUVwjikydgkacuk,a]dgkaucuk,a------------- 146 

8.3 daVwjikycukedaVwjVªsUp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 146 

8.4 ikyfuekZ-k&dgkavkSjdSls\- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147 

8.5 fjt{ks=esadaVwjikydSlsfcNk,sa\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152 

8.6 dUVwjikyksaesaijLijnwjh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152 

8.7 daVwjikydh;kstukcukuk- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 153 

8.8 vkvksdjdslh[ksa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 156 

8.9 dUVwjiky%D;kdjsa]D;kugha - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 160 

9 ukysdkmipkj%cksYMjpsd¼iRFkjksadkNksVkcka/k½ 161 

9.1 mnñs'; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 161 

9.2 fuekZ-kLFky - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 162 

9.3 cksYMjpsddschpijLijnwjh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 162 

9.4 vkvksdjdslh[ksa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 163 

9.5 vkdkj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 164 

9.6 ukys ds ØWkl lsD'ku esa cksYMj psd ds fofHkUUk fcUnqvksa dh ÅapkbZ 

Kkrdjuk - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 166 

9.7 fuekZ-kfof/k - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 168 

9.8 lkexzh- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 169 

9.9 D;kdjsa]D;kugha- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 169 

10 ukysdkmipkj%xsfc;ulajpuk 172 

10.1 mnñs'; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 172 

10.2 fuekZ-kLFky - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 173 

10.3 fuek-kZdhnksfof/k;ka - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 175 

10.4 xsfc;udsfofHkUuHkkx- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 175 

10.5 vko';dlkexzh- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 176 

10.6 fuekZ-k- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 179 

10.7 D;kdjsa]D;kugha- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 180 

11 HkwtyiquHkZ.Mkj.kdkljymik;% Hkwfexr˜Mkbd 182

11.1 mnñs'; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 183 

11.2 Mkbddgkacukukpkfg,\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 183 

11.3 MkbdfuekZ-k%dSls\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 185 

11.4 MkbddsÅijcksYMjpsdcuk,a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 189 

11.5 MkbdfuekZ-k%D;kdjsa]D;kugha - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 189 

12 ukysdkmipkjotylaxzg.k%feV˜Vhdsckaa/k 190 

12.1 mnñs'; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 190 

12.2 LFkyp;u - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 191 

12.3 vkdkj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 192 

12.4 fuekZ-kdseq[;pj-koizfØ;k - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 196 

12.5 D;kdjsaD;kudjsa\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 201 

12.6 dqNvkxsdhckr--------------------- 203 

13 [ksresaikykcanh 206 

13.1 [ksrksaesaikykcanhdsmnñs';- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 206 

13.2 [ksrksaesaikycukusdh;kstuk- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 207 

13.3 ikyksadschpdhijLijnwjh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 208 

13.4 ikyfuekZ-k&dgkavkSjdSls\- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 208 

13.5 fo'ks"klko/kkfu;ka - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 216 

14 [ksrrkykc@Mcjh 217 

14.1 [ksrrkykcD;kgksrkgS\- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 217 

14.2 [ksrrkykcD;ksacuk;ktkrkgS\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 217 

14.3 txgdkpquko - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 218 

14.4 [ksrrkykcfuekZ-kdSlsdjsa- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 219 

14.5 fo'ks"klko/kkfu;kWa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 219 

14.6 [ksrrkykcfuekZ-kdh;kstukcukuk - - - - - - - - - - - - - 220 

15 lajpukvksadkvakdyurFkkykxrfu/kkZj.k 221 

15.1 njksadhvuqlwphD;kgS\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 221 

15.2 njksadhvuqlwphdkmi;ksxdSlsdjsa\ - - - - - - - - - - - - 221 

15.3 njksadhvuqlwphesaD;kgksrkgS\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 223

15.4 njksadhvuqlwphdkmi;ksxdjrsle;lko/kkfu;¡k - - - - - - - 227 

15.5 {ks=QyrFkkvk;rudhx-kukdjusgsrqdqNmi;ksxhQkWewZys - - 228 

15.6 ek=kdhx-kukdjuk - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 231 

15.7 okVj'ksMlajpukvksadsykxrvkadyudsmnkgj-k - - - - - - - 234 

16 njksadhvuqlwph%,diquiZjh{k.k 256 

16.1 jk"Vªh;xzkeh-kjkstxkjxkjaVhvf/kfu;edsizko/kku - - - - - - - 256 

16.2 dk;ZnjD;kn'kkZrhgS\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 257 

16.3 dk;Znjfdlrjgr;dhtkrhgS\ - - - - - - - - - - - - - 258 

16.4 njksadhvuqlwphdksç;ksxdjusesaleL;k,arFkklaHkkforlq/kkj - 260 

16.5 njksadhvuqlwphrS;kjdjusdhçfØ;kesaikjnf'kZrk - - - - - - 267 

17 oWkVj'ksMdk;ks±dsfy,ys[kkla/kkj.k 271 

17.1 oWkVj'ksMdk;ksZaijO;;gsrqifj;kstuk[kkrslspsd}kjkjkf'kfudkyuk271 

17.2 oWkVj'ksMdk;ksZaesaO;;dkuxnHkqxrku- - - - - - - - - - - - 272 

17.3 oWkVj'ksMlfpodksfn;kx;kekuns; - - - - - - - - - - - - - 273 

17.4 iapk;rlsizkIrvuqnku - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 274 

17.5 oWkVj'ksMdk;ksZaijgq,O;;dkpsd}kjkHkqxrku- - - - - - - - 276 

17.6 cSadcpr[kkrsijizkIrC;kt- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 278 

17.7 dS'kcqdesacSysUlfudkyuk - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 279 

17.8 ystjesacSysUlfudkyuk - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 281 

17.9 ys[kkdk;Z,d>ydesa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 283 

18 ifjf'k"V 285

ifjf'k"Vlwph 

1%jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkst+xkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;edsvarxZrvkusokysftys¼30twu 

2006½- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 285 

,&4%xzkejkstxkjlsoddsfy,laHkkfor:ijs[kk - - - - - - - - - - - - 294 

ch&1%jkstxkjxkjaVh;kstukdsv/khuiath;ugsrqvkosnudhtkudkjhdkfooj.k295 

ch&2%tkWcdkMZdkizk:i- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 296 

ch&3%eLVjjksydkizLrkforizk:Ik- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 300 

ch&7%iath;uvkosnujftLVjdkizk:Ik - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 301 

ch&8%tkWcdkMZjftLVjdkizk:i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 301 

ch&9%xzkeiapk;rLrjh;jkstxkjjftLVj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 303 

c&10%ifjlaifRrjftLVj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 305 

ch&13%dk;ZLFkyijiznf'kZrfd,tkusokyhtkudkjh - - - - - - - - - - 306 

ch&14% jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e% lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij iznf'kZr 

dhtkusokyhtkudkjh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 307 

9

Hkwfedk 

fnlacj 2005 esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; us lekt izxfr lg;ksx ls 

fuosnufd;k fdgky ghesa ikfjrjk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkst+xkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e¼jkxjksxk½ 

ijlaLFkk,dizf'k{k.kiqLrdrS;kjdjsAbllsiwoZlektizxfrlg;ksxusla;qDrjk"Vª 

fodkldk;ZØe¼;w-,u-Mh-ih½}kjkubZfnYyhesavk;ksftr,dcSBdesaizf'k{k.kiqLrd 

ds laHkkfor vkdkj ij ,d izLrqfr dh FkhA vizSy 2006 rd iqLrd dk igyk elkSnk 

rS;kj dj lekt izxfr lg;ksx us xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;] ubZ fnYyhesa vk;ksftr ,d 

fo'ks"kijke'kZcSBdesamldhizLrqfrdhAcSBdesans'kdsvusdfo"k;fo'ks"kKmifLFkr 

FksAtksfdrkcvkidsgkFkesagSmldktUeblyachizfØ;klsxqt+jdjgqvkA 

ge xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; esa la;qDr lfpo vferk 'kekZ vkSj ;w-,u-Mh-ih- dh 

uhjk cjZk ds vkHkkjh gS] ftUgksus bl iqLrd dh rS;kjh esa yxkrkj ges izksRlkfgr fd;k 

vkSj ftuds lq>koksa dk ykHk gesa izkIr gqvkA mijksDr nksuks cSBdksa esa lHkh Hkkx ysus 

okyksa dh fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa ds fy, Hkh ge vkHkkjh gSaA iqLrd ds izdk'ku O;; dk 

eq[;fgLlk;w-,u-Mh-ih-}kjkogufd;kx;kAizdk'kuO;;dk'ks"kHkkxv/Z;eVªLV] 

cSaxyksj] lj nksjkcth VkVk VªLV] eqEcbZ vkSj Q+ksMZ Q+kmUMs'ku] ubZ fnYyh ds vkfFkZd 

lg;ksxlsiwjkfd;kx;kAbulclg;ksfx;ksadksgekjkgkfnZd/kU;oknA 

ns'k vkt ,d ,sfrgkfld eksM+ ij gS tc cjlksa ds la?k"kZ ds QyLo:i xzkeh.k 

vlaxfBr {ks= us jkst+xkj lqj{kk dk laoS/kkfud gd gkfly fd;k gSA jkxjksxk ds rgr 

pyk, tkus okys jkstx+kj dk;ZØe ljdkj ds vU; dk;ZØeksa ls ,d egRoiw.kZ :i esa 

fHkUu gSaA D;ksafd bl dkuwu ds rgr jkst+xkj dh ekax dks ljdkj vuns[kk ugha dj 

ldrhAvcjkst+xkjfdlhdY;k.kdkjhdk;ZØedsrgrughacfYd,ddkuwuhvf/kdkj 

ds :Ik esa ljdkj dks iznku djuk gh gksxkA fdUrq vf/kdkj dks okLro esa t+ehu ij 

izHkkoh saA 

gesa ;g Hkh ;kn jgs fd laln esa jkxjksxk ikfjr gksus ds ckotwn ns'k esa ,d 

oxZ blds fojks/k esa gSA mldh ut+j esa ;g lkoZtfud jkf'k dh cckZnh gSA ;g oxZ 

ekurk gS fd bl ;kstuk dk Hkh] Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIr vU; ljdkjh ;kstukvksa tSlk gh 

g"kz gksxkA blfy;s dke ds vf/kdkj esa fo'okl j[kus okys gj O;fDr o laxBu dks 

blvf/kfu;e dsdk;ZkUo;u dks l'kDrdjusvkxs vkuk gksxk & jkst+xkj dhekax dks 

cqyandjcsjksat+xkjksadksmudkgdfnykusAvkSjtgkajkst+xkjeqgS;kfd;kx;kgS]ogka 

;g lqfuf'pr djus fd dk;Z lgh :i ls py jgk gS vkSj blls xzkeh.k leqnk; dh

ii Hkwfedk 

vkthfodkesavkewypwyifjorZugksxkA 

bl iqLrd ds fy[kus ds ihNs ;gh ewy izsj.kk jgh gSA iqLrd mu lHkh ds fy, 

mi;ksxhgksxhtksfddkedsvf/kdkjdsblvf/kfu;edkst+ehuijmrkjusdsfy, 

fu;kstu]fØ;kUo;uvkSjewY;kaduesadk;Zjrgksaxs];ggekjkfo'oklgSAbuesaiapk;r 

izfrfuf/k] yksd laxBuksa ds dk;ZdrkZ o ljdkjh vf/kdkjh 'kkfey gSa] tks fd izfØ;k 

ds vyx&vyx igyqvksa ls tqM+s gSaA lHkh yksxksa ds fy, vfuok;Z gS fd jkxjksxk dh 

ckjhfd;ksaijmudhiwjhrjgidM+gksAmUgsaekywegksukpkfg,fdjkxjksxkusetnwjksa 

ds fy, fdu vf/kdkjksa dks lajf{kr fd;k gSA mUgsa etnwjksa ds iaft;u] dke [kksyus ds 

fy, vkosnu] xzke lHkk vkSj xzke iapk;rksa dh ft+Eesnkfj;ka] lkekftd vads{k.k vkfn 

lHkhizfØ;kvksalsHkfy&Hkakfrokfd+Q+gksukgksxkAmUgsa;gHkhekywegksukpkfg,fddk;Z 

fdlizdkjfd,tk,axs]lajpuk,adSlscusaxh]mudsykxrdkvkadyudSlsgksxkvkfnA 

;fn mUgsajkxjksxk dsdk;kZUo;u dks ikjn'khZ cukuk gSvkSj mls Hkz"Vkpkj ls cpkuk gS 

rksbulHkhigyqvksadhxgjkb;ksaesatkusdsvykokdksbZfodYiughagSAlektizxfr 

lg;ksx bl iqLrd ds mi;ksx esa izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh Jà[kyk vk;ksftr djus tk jgk 

gSA gekjh ;g vk'kk gS fd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ bl iqLrd ds vk/kkj ij vius&vius {ks= ds 

yksxksadkizf'k{k.kHkhdjsaxsA 

;giqLrd fo'ks"k :ils feV˜Vhdh tykxe lajpukvksa ijdsfUnzrgS] D;ksafdbUgh 

jkst+xkj&ewyd dk;ksZa dks jkxjksxk esa izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA bl iqLrd esa 17 v/;k; 

gSaA igys nks v/;k; jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkst+xkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e dk ifjp; nsrs gSaA ;s 

vf/kfu;e ds ,sfrgkfld egRo dks mYysf[kr djrs gq, mldh 'kkldh; ekxZnf'kZdk dk 

lkj Hkh izLrqr djrs gSaA vxys 4 v/;k; tykxe fodkl ds mu ewy fl)kUrksa ij 

dsfUnzrgSaftudsrgrfeV˜Vhdhlajpuk,afufeZrgksaxhAblesau{kksadkfp=.k]losZ{k.k] 

Hkwfedk iii 

fofHkUu ys[kk dk;ksZa dks ek/;e cuk dj] muds mnkgj.k fn, x, gSaA gekjk ekuuk gS 

fd lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa us ikjnf'kZrk vkSj tokcnkjh ds eqnñksa ij iz'u rks mBk, gSa 

ysfdu bu ij viuh vksj ls okafNr rS;kjh ugha dh gSA bu eqnñksa dks vkxs c

iv Hkwfedk

1 jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;e% 

lanHkZ,oajk"Vªh;egÙo 

1.1 lanHkZ 

vkfFkZdo`f)njesac

2 jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;e%lanHkZ,oajk"Vªh;egÙo 

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55 oha x.kuk ;g n'kkZrh fd jkstxkj l`tu dh nj esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA ßorZeku 

nSfudfLFkfrÞ¼djaVMsyhLVsVl½dsfglkclsjkstxkjdho`f)njtks1983&1994dh 

vof/k esa 2-7 izfr'kr˜ Fkh] 1994&2000 esa fxj dj 1-07 izfr'kr˜ gks xbZA 'kgjh vkSj 

xzkeh.k {ks=nksuksaesacsjkstxkjksa dhla[;k esao`f)gqbZgSAxzkeh.k{ks=ksa esacsjkstxkjh dh 

nj o"kZ 1993&94 esa 5-6 izfr'kr Fkh tks c

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lkekftd o lkaLd`frd laf/k** ij gLrk{kj djus ds ckn Hkkjr ds Åij varjkZ"Vªh; 

nkf;RoHkhgSfdog,slkdjsA 

Hkkjr dh fodkl ;kstukvksa dh 'kq#vkr gh bl iwoZkxzg ls gqbZ fd xzkeh.k {ks= ds 

djksM+ksacsjkst+xkjksa dsm)kjdk,dek=rjhdkgS'kgjksaesam|ksxLFkkfirdjmUgsaogka 

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mRiUujk"Vªh;XykfudhHkkoukusuhfrdhfn'kkdkscnyusijetcwjdjfn;kAbl 

iqufoZpkjdkurhtkFkhvxysnksn'kdksadhgfjrØkafrAysfdublØkafrdsifg,Hkh 

vc Mxexkus yxs gSaA Hkkjr ds dNkjh bykds ds laiUu fdlkuksa ij dsfUnzr] xsgwa vkSj 

pkoy rd lhfer] bl Økafr us ns'k ds lcls xjhc vkSj fiNM+s {ks=ksa dks vius vki 

ls nwjj[kkA urhtk & ,slsfiNM+s {ks=ksa esa xjhch dk pØO;wg vkSj Hkh xgjk;kA djksM+ks 

NksVsolhekarfdlkuksadksvius[ksrdsckgjdke


tk,xhtSls&tSlsyksxksads[ksrghmudkHkj.k&iks"k.kdjik,axsA 

5- jkst+xkj xkj.Vh ij [kpZ LFkkbZ vkthfodk fuekZ.k esa yxsxk ftlls iwjs ns'k dh 

vFkZO;oLFkk vkSjmRikndrkijldkjkRedizHkkoiM+sxkA 

6- blls futh iwaft fuos'k dks Hkh izksRlkgu feysxk ftlls fd jkst+xkj ds vkSj 

volj[kM+sgksaxsA 

7- fdlgnrdiwaftfuos'kxjhchdksnwjdjikrkgS;gblijfuHkZjdjsxkfd 

fuos'kfdl:iesavkSjfdudk;ksZaijgqvkA;fnjkst+xkjxkj.Vhijgksusokyk 

[kpZJeksUeq[khdk;ksZijdsfUnzrgqvkrksvkfFkZdfodkldslkFk&lkFk yksxksadks 

dkeHkhfeysxkA 

blls jkst+xkj xkj.Vh lgh ekus esa nh?kZdkyhu :i ls izHkkoh gksrs gq,] i;kZoj.kh; 

ofoRrh;]nksuksn`f"VlsmfprgksxhAiwjsfo'oesaxrñksn'kdlsvFkZ'kkL=,dfo'ks"k 

^dêjiaFk*dkf'kdkjgqvkgStksfdljdkjdsctV?kkVsdksdedjusdhjVyxk, 

gq, gSA bl fopkj/kkjk dks ;g ugha le> vk jgk fd ljdkjh fuos'k] vkfFkZd o`f) 

vkSj xgjs vkfFkZd cnyko ds }kj Hkh [kksy ldrk gSA c'krsZ fd ;g fuos'k LokLF;] 

ty]Hkkstu]dkeof'k{kkesagksatksfdgekjsns'kdhlclsxaHkhjizkFkfedrk,agSaA;kn 

jgsfd,slsfuos'kdsoyljdkjghdjldrhgSA;gfdruh'keZukdckrgSfdge 

vkt+knh ds 60 lky ckn Hkh vius yksxksa ds fy, ;g lc lqjf{kr ugha dj ldsA ;fn 

,slsdk;ksZaijjkst+xkjxkj.VhdkQksdlgksrksctV?kkVsdkHkhlek/kkufeyldrk 

gSAT;ksa&T;ksayksxksadhvk;c

jk"Vªh;xzkeh-kjkstxkjxkj-Vhvf/kfu;e 5 

lkekftd ewY;kadu o vads{k.k ÁfØ;k ftlds rgr iFkHkz"V gkus ij naM feyuk fufgr 

gksA ;g¡k dsoyeLVj jksy vkSj etnwjksadsHkqxrku dslkFk NsM+&NkM+ dhckr ughagSA 

Hkz"Vkpkjdhdykdkjhdk;Znjvuqlwphds^^dYiuk'khy**mi;ksxdslkFktqM+hgS]fd 

dSlsbunjksadslkFkykxrvkadyuesad


vk;kr fuHkZjrk dseísut+j ;gvkSjHkhvko';d gkstkrk gSAgekjsvuqeku esa];fn 

geflapkbZO;oLFkk dsQSykodhlcls vk'kkoknh laHkkoukvksa dks Hkhlpeku ysa]rc 

Hkh 2020 rd [kk|kUu dh ekax dk yxHkx 40 izfr'kr˜ fgLlk Hkkjr ds lw[ks] vflafpr 

{ks=ksalsghvkukgksxkA 

rkfydk1.1 

o"kZ2020esaHkkjresavuktdhvuqekfurekax,oaiwfrZ¼djksM+Vuesa½ 

1- 2020esavuktdhlaHkkforekax 30-7 

2- o"kZ2002rdvkSlru[kk|kUumRiknu 20-5 

3- vfrfjDrekaxdhiwfrZ% 10-2 

4- flafpr—f"kHkwfelsvf/kdremRiknu% 

&flafpr{ks=dkjdckc

xzkeh-klq'kkludkiqutZUe 7 

lzksr 

1- Shah,Mihir,D.Banerji,P.S.VijayshankarandPramatheshAmbasta(1998):India's 

Drylands:TribalSocietiesandDevelopmentthroughEnvironmentalRegeneration,New 

Delhi:OxfordUniversityPress 

2- Ghosh, Jayati(2005): "The PoliticalEconomy of Farmers'Suicidesin India", 

SixthFreedomfromHungerLecture,NewDelhi:CentreforEnvironmentandFood 

Security 

3- Patnaik,Utsa(2005):'ItistimeforKumbhakarnatowakeup',TheHindu,August 

5 

4- MoRD (2006): From Hariyali to Neeranchal: Report of the Technical Committee 

onWatershedProgrammesinIndia,MinistryofRuralDevelopment,NewDelhi: 

GovernmentofIndia

2 jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vhfn'kkfunsZ'k 

bl v/;k; esa jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e ds eq[; izko/kkuksa dk lkjka'k 

fn;k x;k gS ftlesa dsfUnz; xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; }kjk tkjh vf/kdkfjd fn'kk funsZ'k 

dkHkhlekos'kfd;kx;kgSA 

2.1 vf/kfu;edsmnñs'; 

;g vf/kfu;e mu xzkeh.k ifjokjksa ds fy, gS tks LosPNk ls vdq'ky 'kkjhfjd 

Je djuk pkgrs gSaA mUgsa izR;sd foŸk o"kZ esa de ls de 100 fnuksa dh etnwjh dh 

xkj.Vhokykjkstxkj iznkudjusdhftEesnkjhljdkjusyhgSArkfdxzkeh.k {ks=ksaeas 

thou&;kiu dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsA ljdkj dks mEehn gS fd bl jkstxkj 

xkj.Vh ls mRiknd ifjlEifr;ksa dk fuekZ.k] i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk] xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk 

l'kfDrdj.k] xkaoksa ls 'kgjksa dh vksj iyk;u esa deh] lkekftd lekurk c

ik=rk,a%jk"Vªh;xzkeh-kjkstxkjxkj-VhD;kiznkudjrhgS\ 9 

ldrkgS¼,dghle;ij;kfofHkUule;ksaesa½A 

4- iathsd`r ifjokj dk izR;sd o;Ld lnL;] ftldk uke tkWc dkMZ esa 'kkfey gS] 

dkedsfy,vkosnudjldrkgSA 

5- ifjokj ds lHkh iathsd`r lnL; mrus fnuksa ds fy, jkstxkj ds ik= gksaxs ftrus 

fnuksa ds fy, izR;sd vkosnd vuqjks/k djrk gS] c'krsZ ,d foRrh; o"kZ esa izR;sd 

ifjokjdksvf/kdre100fnuksadkdk;Zfn;ktk,A 

6- ifjokj ds fdlh ,d lnL; ds fy, dk;Z fnolksa dh dksbZ lhek ugha gksxh tc 

rd;gifjokjdhdqyik=rklhek¼100fnol½dsv/khugSA 

7- ;fn,difjokjdsdbZlnL;ftudkuke,dghtkWcdkMZesa'kkfey gS,d 

gh le; ij dke ij yxk, tkrs gSa rks mUgs ,dgh dk;Z LFky ij dke djus 

dh vuqefr iznku dh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn ,slh vlkekU; ifjfLFkfr iSnk gksrh gS 

ftlds dkj.k ,d gh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks vyx&vyx dk;Z LFkyksa ij dke 

vkcafVrfd;ktkrkgSrksxzkeiapk;rdks;glqfuf'prdjukpkfg,fdnksuks 

LFkkuksaaijtkWcdkMZdksfof/korizfØ;kesayk;ktk,A 

8- lkjs o;Ld lnL; ftudk iath;u gks pqdk gS dke ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrs 

gSaA 

9- iath;udjusdsfy,mUgsa% 

9-1- LFkkuh; fuoklhgksuk pkfg,&LFkkuh; fuoklhdkrkRi;Z xzke iapk;r ds 

Hkhrj jgus okyk gSA blesa ml {ks= ds izoklh ifjokj Hkh 'kkfey gSaA tks 

dqN le; igys izokl dj x, gksa ysfdu ykSV ldrs gksa] og Hkh 'kkfey 

gSaA 

9-2- vdq'ky'kkjhfjdJedjusdsbPNqdgksukpkfg,]rFkk 

9-3- LFkkuh;xzkeiapk;resaifjokjds:iesavkosnufd;kgksukpkfg,A 

10- [kwu] 'kknh] ;k xksn fy, tkus ls tqM+s gq, yksx tks lkFk jgrs gSa] ,d pqYgs esa 

[kkrsgSa;k,djk'kudkMZ/kkjhgSmUgsa^^,difjokj**dkekuktk,xkAekrk] 

firk vkSj muds cPps rFkk ifjokj ds eqf[k;k ij iwjh rjg ;k vkaf'kd :i ls 

vkfJrO;fDr'kkfeygksldrkgSAifjokjdkvFkZ,dylnL;ifjokjHkhgks 

ldrkgSA 

11- ^^xzkeh.k{ks=**dkvFkZfdlhjkT;ds'kgjhLFkkuh;fudk;vFkokdSaVksUesaVcksMZ 

esa'kkfey{ks=dksNksM+djdksbZHkh{ks=gSA 

12- ,sls vkosnd ftUgs fd dke fn;k tk jgk gS mUgs tkWc dkMZ ij fn, x, irs 

ij xzke iapk;r@ dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh }kjk lwfpr fd;k tk,xkA bl ckjs esa


xzke iapk;rrFkk dk;ZØevf/kdkjh dsdk;kZy; ijlkoZtfud lwpukHkh yxkbZ 

tk,xhA 

13- dk;ZdsvkcaVuesaxzkeiapk;rdsfuokfl;ksadksizkFkfedrknhtk,xhA 

14- ;fnxzkeiapk;rlsdkedsfy,dksbZekaxdhtkrhgSrksmlds}kjkfu"ikfnr 

fd, tkus okys dk;ks± esa vkosnudrkZ dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn fdlh 

ifjfLFkfro'k ;g laHko u gks rks xzke iapk;r vius {ks=kf/kdkj esa vU; fdlh 

Hkh dk;kZUo;u ,tsUlh }kjk fd, tkus okys dk;ksZ esa Hkh jkstxkj vkcafVr dj 

ldrhgSAbldsfy,xzkeiapk;rdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdksvuqjks/kdjldrhgSA 

;k dk;kZUo;u ,tsUlh dks funsZ'k ns ldrh gSA bl funsZ'k dh ,d izfr dk;ZØe 

vf/kdkjh dks i`"Bkafdr dh tk,xh tks ;g lqfuf'pr djsxk fd fn, x, funsZ'kksa 

dk ikyu gksA dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djsaxs fd ml dk;Z ds fy, 

vko';dfuf/ktkjhdjnhxbZgSAdk;kZUo;u,tsUlhfn,x,funsZ'kksadsvuq:i 

dkedjusdsfy,ck/;gksxhA 

15- ;fnxzkeiapk;r;gfuf'prdjrhgSfdmldsviusdk;ks±dsvUrxZrjkstxkj 

ughafn;ktkldrkgS]rksbldsckjsesaogdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdkslwfprdjsxhA 

rcjkstxkjxzkeiapk;rdsckgjfn;ktk,xkA 

16- tgkardlaHkogksjkstxkjmlxkaodsikapfdyksehVjdsnk;jsesafn;ktk,xk 

tgkavkosnudrkZjgrkgSA 

17- ;fnjkstxkj bl nk;js dsckgj iznkufd;k x;k gS rksmls CyWkddsvUnjgh 

iznkufd;ktkukpkfg,AlkFkghifjoguovU;[kpZdhiwfrZdsfy,Jfedksa 

dksetnwjhnjdsÅij10izfr'krvfrfjDrHkqxrkufd;ktk,xkA 

18- ;fn dqN vkosndksa dks dke ds fy, muds vkokl ls 5 fdyksehVj ls nwj dke 

fn;k tkuk gS rks blesa efgykvksa ¼[kkldj vdsyh efgykvksa½ rFkk o`)tuksa dks 

'kkfey ugh djuk pkfg,A mUgsa muds vkokl ls lehiLFk dk;ZLFky ij dk;Z 

djusdhizkFkfedrknhtkuhpkfg,A 

19- lkekU;r%jkstxkjdhvof/k,dlIrkgesavf/kdlsvf/kdNgfnulfgrde 

lsdeyxkrkjpkSngfnugksxhA 

20- xzke iapk;r ls ekax izkIr gksus ij] dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dk;Z vkcafVr djsaxsA 

dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh lacaf/kr xzke iapk;r dks vkcafVr dk;Z ¼ftlesa varj xzke 

iapk;rdk;Z'kkfeygksaxs½ dsckjsesalwfprdjsaxsAxzkeiapk;rjkstxkj vkadM+ksa 

dkslesfdrdjsxhA 

21- ;fn dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks lh/ks ekax izkIr gksrh gS rFkk os dke vkcafVr djrs


gSa rks mUgsa blds ckjs esa xzke iapk;r dks lwfpr djuk gksxk rkfd ml Lrj 

ij Hkh dk;ks± rFkk jkstxkj ds vkadM+ksa dk leUo; fd;k tk ldsA xzke iapk;r 

Hkh vkoafVr fd, x, dk;ks± ds ckjs esa dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks lwfpr djsxhA 

lwpukvksa dk ;g vknku iznku fu/kkZfjr izk:Ik esa lkIrkfgd vk/kkj ij fd;k 

tk,xkkA 

2.3.2 etnwjh 

1- dke djus okyk izR;sdO;fDr U;wure˜ etnwjh vf/kfu;e 1948 ds vUrxZr Ñf"k 

etnwjksadsfy,jkT;ljdkj}kjkr;U;wureetnwjhikusdkrcrdgdnkj 

gksxktcrdfddsUnzljdkj}kjketnwjhnjvf/klwfprughadjnhtkrhgSA 

2- fdlh Hkh vf/klwpuk ds vUrxZr etnwjh nj lkB #Ik;s izfrfnu ls de ugha 

gksxhA 

3- Jfedksa dks fdlh Hkh fLFkfr es U;wure˜ etnwjh ls de etnwjh ugh nh 

tk,xhA 

4- etnwjh;krksiwjhudn:Ikesanhtk,xh;kfQjudnrFkkvU;fdlh:Ikesa 

nh tk,xh c'krsZ fd de ls de ,d pkSFkkbZ etnwjh dk Hkqxrku udn gh fd;k 

tk,xkA 

5- ;fn jkT; ljdkj pkgs rks ;g izko/kku Hkh dj ldrh gS fd etnwjh dk ,d 

fgLlkJfedksadksjkstfn;ktk,A 

6- ySfxd vk/kkj ij fdlh rjg dk HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk,xkA efgyk rFkk iq#"k 

Jfedksadkslekuetnwjhnhtk,xhrFkklekuikfjJfedvf/kfu;e1976¼1976 

dk25½dslHkhizko/kkuksa dkvuqikyufd;ktk,xkA 

7- ;gvuq'kalkdhtkrhgSfdizR;sdxzkeiapk;reaslIrkgdsiwoZfu/kkZfjrfnol 

ijlkIrkfgdvk/kkjijetnwjhdkHkqxrkufd;ktk,A 

8- ;glqfuf'prfd;ktkukvfuok;ZgSfdetnwjhdkHkqxrkule;ijgksAJfed 

lkIrkfgd vk/kkj ijetnwjhizkIr djusdsik=gSarFkk gjgkyresamUgsadke 

fd, tkus dh frfFk ls ,d i[kokM+s ds vUnj Hkqxrku gks tkuk pkfg,A etnwjh 

HkqxrkuesafdlhHkhrjgdsfoyEcdsfy,etnwjhHkqxrkuvf/kfu;e1936ds 

izko/kkuksa dsvuqlkjJfedeqvkotsdsik=gksaxsA 

9- fdlh Hkh lwjr esa etnwjh dk Hkqxrku lkoZtfud LFkku ij eLVj jksy dks 

tksj ls i


10- fdlh ekeys esa ;fn etnwjh dk Hkqxrku cSad@Mkd?kj ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk 

gS]rksHkqxrkudhxbZetnwjhdkslkoZtfudfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

11- ;fndkexkjpkgsrksjkT;ljdkjlkekftdlqj{kkO;oLFkkvksadketnwjhHkqxrku 

ds lkFk lkaetL; LFkkfir djus ij fopkj dj ldrh gSA dkexkjksa dh lgefr 

ls etnwjh ds ,d fgLls dks fpfUgr dj LokLF; chek] nq?kZVuk chek] mÙkjthoh 

fgrksa] ekr`Ro ykHkksa rFkk vU; lkekftd lqj{kk O;oLFkkvksa esa va'knku fd;k tk 

ldrk gSA lacaf/kr dkexkj dh lgefr ds fcuk bl rjg dk dksbZ Hkh va'knku 

dkexkjetnwjhlsughafy;ktkldsxkA 

2.3.3 etnwjhHkqxrkudhnjfu/kkZj-k 

1- etnwjhdkHkqxrku;krksle;njdsvk/kkjijfd;ktk,;kdkedhuirh 

dsvk/kkjijfd;ktk,xkA 

1-1- tgkaetnwjhdkHkqxrkule;&njdsvk/kkj ijfd;ktkrkgS& 

1-1-1- lqijok;tj dk ;g nkf;Ro gksxk fd og ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd 

mRikndrkekin.Mksadkikyufd;kx;kgSA 

1-1-2- bldsfy,osJfedksadksnSfuddk;Zvko';drkvksadkfooj.kiznku 

djsaxsA 

1-1-3- fdlh Hkh dkexkj dks U;wure˜ nSfud etnwjh ls de Hkqxrku ugha 

fd;ktk,xkA 

1-2- tgk¡etnwjhdkHkqxrkudkedhuirhdsvk/kkj ijfd;ktkrkgS& 

1-2-1- dk;Zblrjgdkgksukpkfg,fdizR;sddkexkjdkdkeO;fDrxr 

:ilsukiktkldsA 

1-2-2- dk;Z dk ekin.M bl rjg gksuk pkfg;s fd lkr ?kaVs rd lkEkkU; 

xfr ls dke djus okysizR;sd O;fDrdks njksa dhftyk vuqlwph ds 

vqulkjU;wure˜etnwjhlsdeetnwjhizkIrugksA 

1-2-3- ekiikjn'khZ rjhdslsvfHkysf[krfd;ktkukpkfg,ftllsfddksbZ 

HkhO;fDrnSfudvk/kkj ijekidklR;kiudjldsA 

1-2-4- etnwjhdsHkqxrkudsfy,nSfudmifLFkfrdh'krZughgksuhpkfg,A 

2- Hkou fuekZ.k dk;Z esa dsoy dq'ky Jfedksa dks gh uirh ds vk/kkj ij Hkqxrku 

fd;ktkldsxkA 

3- jkT;ljdkjksarFkkdk;ZØeizkf/kdkfj;ksadksU;wureetnwjhodk;Zvk/kkfjrnjksa 

dkslk/kkj.kHkk"kkrFkkLFkkuh;leqnk;dsfy,vklkuhlsizkIrgksusokysrjhdksa


lsizpkfjrdjuspkfg,AizR;sddk;ZLFkyijetnwjhdhnjsaHkhlqLi"V:ils 

iznf'kZrdhtk,axhA 

4- dk;ZØevf/kdkjh]ftykdk;ZØeleUo;drFkkjkT;ljdkjuirhijvk/kkfjr 

iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr dekbZ xbZ vkSlr etnwjh ij ut+j j[ksxhA ;g lqfuf'pr 

djus ds fy, fd Jfed U;wure etnwjh dek ik jgs gSaaA ;fn vko';d gqvk 

rks njksa dh vuqlwph dks la'kksf/kr fd;k tk,xkA dke ds vk/kkj ij dekbZ xbZ 

ftykokj vkSlr etnwjh rFkk iq#"kksa vkSj fL=;ksa dks Hkqxrku dh xbZ etnwjh dks 

izfro"kZjkT;ifj"kndhtkudkjhesaHkhyk;ktk,xkA 

2.3.4 dk;ZekiukrFkknjksadhvuqlwph 

1- jkT;ksa}kjknjksadhvuqlwphdk;kstukdsdk;kZUo;udsigysuohfudj.kfd;k 

tkuk pkfg,A ,slk djrs le; fuEufyf[kr egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk 

tk,% 

1-1- ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd lHkh dk;Z Li"V :i ls igpku fy, x, gS 

rFkk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z v–'; ugh gS rFkk uirh ls fd, x, dk;ks± ds fy, 

deHkqxrkuughfd;kx;kgSA 

1-2- ;FkklaHko gj dk;Z dh vyx nj r; dh tk,A mnkgj.kr% [kksnus vkSj 

mBkustSlsi`Fkddk;ks±dkstksM+djnjr;udhtk,A 

1-3- Hkwfe dh vyx&vyx LFkkuh; fLFkfr;ksa] 

vk ldsA rkfd buds vk/kkj ij lajpukvksa dh ykxr dk ßtu&vkadyuÞ fd;k


tkldsA 

4- njksadhvuqlwphbaVjusVijHkh¼xzkeh.kjkstxkj;kstukdhosclkbZVij½iksLV 

dh tkuh pkfg, rFkk iqLrdksa o lh-Mh- ds :i esa ykxr ewY; ij fcØh gsrq 

miyC/kgksuhpkfg,A 

2.3.5 efgykvksarFkkfodykaxksadsfy,fo'ks"kizko/kku 

1- fgrxzkfg;kas esa de ls de ,d frgkbZ efgyk,a gksxh ftUgkasus bl vf/kfu;e ds 

vUrxZriath;udjokdjjkstxkjgsrqvuqjks/kfd;kgSA 

2- ;fn dksbZ xzkeh.k fodykax dk;Z ds fy, vkosnu djrk gS] mldh ;ksX;rk rFkk 

{kerk ds vuq:i mls dke fn;k tkuk gksxkA ;g mu lsokvksa ds :iesa Hkh gks 

ldrk gS] ftUgsa bl dk;ZØe ds vaxHkwr :i esa igpkuk x;k gSA bl ekeys esa 

fodykaxvf/kfu;e¼lekuvolj]vf/kdkjksadhlqj{kkrFkkiw.kZHkkxhnkjh½1995 

dks/;kuesaj[kdjykxwfd;ktk,xkA 

2.3.6 dk;ZLFkyh;lqfo/kk,a 

1- dk;Z LFky ij 'kq} is; ty] cPpksa ds fy, Nk;k] foJke vUrjky o izkFkfed 

mipkjckWDldhlqfo/kkiznkudhtk,xhA 

2- ;fn dk;Z LFky ij Ng o"kZ ls de dh vk;q okys ikap ls vf/kd cPPks gSa rks 

ikyusdhlqfo/kkiznkudjuhgksxhAmudhns[kHkkydsfy,,dO;fDr¼ofj;r% 

efgyk½ dks xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr yxk;k tk,xkA ykxr 

vkadyuesabldsfy,;Fkksfprizko/kkufd,tkuspkfg,A 

3- ;fnjkstxkjdsdkj.kojkstxkjdsnkSSjkufdlhJfeddkspksVyxtkrhgSrks 

og;kstukdsvUrxZrvuqeR;fu%'kqYdfpfdRlh;mipkjdsik=gksaxsA 

4- tgkWat+[ehJfeddksvLirky esaHkrhZdjk;k tkukvko';dgS]jkT;ljdkj 

}kjkvkokl] mipkj] rFkk vkS"kf/k;ks dhO;oLFkk dhtk,xhAt+[ehdEkZpkjh dks 

nSfud HkŸkk Hkh fn;k tk,xk tks fd Hkqxrku fd, tkus okyh etnwjh dk de ls 

de50izfr'kr˜gksxkA 

5- ;fn jkst+xkj ds dkj.k o jkst+xkj ds nkSjku dksbZ Jfed ej tkrk gS ;k LFkk;h 

:IklsfodykaxgkstkrkgSrksmUgsadk;kZUo;u,tsUlh}kjkiPPkhlgtkj:Ik;s 

¼;k ,slh jkf'k ftls dsUnz ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr fd;k x;k gks½ vuqxzg jkf'k 

ds :Ik es Hkqxrku djsxhA ;g jkf'k e`rd ;k fodykax ds oS/k okfjl dks nh 

tk,xhA


6- ;fnfu;qDrO;fDrdslkFkjgjgscPpsdksnq?kZVuklspksVyxtkrhgSrksog 

O;fDr cPps ds fy, fu%'kqYd mipkj izkIr djus dk ik= gksxkA cPps dh e`R;q 

vFkok fodykax gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr vuqxzg jkf'k 

dkgdnkjgksxkA 

2.3.7 Bsdsnkjksaijizfrca/kvkSjJe&ewyddk;Z 

1- ifj;kstukykxrdkdelsde60izfr'kr˜fgLlketnwjhij[kpZgksxkA 

2- dq'kyrFkkv/kZ&dq'ky Jfedksadhykxrblesa'kkfeyughagksxhAdq'kyJfedksa 

rFkkesVdhetnwjh^^lkexzhykxr**esa'kkfeydhtk,xhA 

3- tgka rd O;ogk;Ztud gks] dke e'khuksa ds ctk, ekuoh; Je dk mi;ksx dj 

fu"ikfnrfd;ktk,xkA 

4- ,dxzkeiapk;resadqyykxrdsdelsde50izfr'krdkefu"iknugsrqxzke 

iapk;rdksvkcafVrfd,tk,axsA;glafo/kkfudU;wuregSrFkk;fnO;kogkfjd 

gksrksdk;ZØevf/kdkjh;kftykdk;ZØeleUo;dvkSjHkhdkevkcafVrdj 

ldrsgSaA 

5- CyWkd o ftyk iapk;rs] ljdkjh foHkkx] dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds ljdkjh 

miØe]dsUnzrFkkjkT;ljdkjdhcgqva'k/kkuhlgdkjhlaLFkk,arFkkvuqHkohxSj 

ljdkjhlaLFkk,aHkhdk;kZUo;u,tsUlhds:IkesadkedjldrhgSALo&lgk;rk 

lewgksa dks Hkh laHkkfor dk;kZUo;u lfefr;ksa ds :i esa fopkfjr fd;k tk ldrk 

gSA 

6- dk;ksZdsfu"iknuesaBsdsnkjfdlhHkhrjglsughayxk,tkldsaxsA 

7- pkgs dksbZ Hkh ,tsUlh dk;kZUo;u dj jgh gks] lHkh dk;ksZa ds fy, fiNys o"kZ ds 

fnlacj ekg rd vfxze esa rduhdh o iz'kkldh; LohÑfr izkIr djuk vko';d 

gksxkA 

2.3.8 csjkstxkjhHkÙkk 

1- dk;ZØevf/kdkjhdkeq[;nkf;Ùo;glqfuf'prdjukgSfdftlfdlhusHkh 

dkedsfy,vkosnufd;kgS]mlsvkosnuizkfIrds15fnuksadsvanjdkefey 

tk,A 

2- vfxze vkosnu ds ekeyksa esa ftl fnukad dks jkstxkj ekaxk x;k gS ml fnu ls 

jkstxkjmiyC/kdjk;ktk,xkA 

3- ;fndksbZxzkeiapk;r15fnuksadsvanjjkstxkjiznkudjusesavleFkZjgrkgS]


rks dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dk mÙjnkf;Ro gksxk fd og jkstxkj iznku djsA dk;ZØe 

vf/kdkjh vFkok xzke iapk;r }kjk jkstxkj miyC/k djkus ij ,d nwljs dks 

bldhtkudkjhnhtk,xhA 

4- ;fnfdlhJfeddksmldsvkosnuizkfIrdhfrfFkds15fnuksadsvanjjkstxkj 

iznk; ugh fd;k tkrk gS rks mls csjkst+xkjh HkÙkk ns; gksxkA tSls gh fdlh 

ftys ;k {ks= esa vf/kfu;e vf/klwfpr fd;k tk,xk] ;g ik=rk Hkh izHkkoh gks 

tk,xhA 

5- igys 30 fnuksa ds fy, csjkstxkjh HkÙkk etnwjh nj ds ,d pkSFkkbZ ls de ugha 

gksxk rFkk foÙkh; o"kZ dh 'ks"k vof/k ds fy, ;g etnwjh nj ds vk/ks ls de 

ughagksxkA 

6- ifjokjdksHkqxrkufd,tkusokyscsjkstxkjhHkÙksdhLohd`frrFkkmldkforj.k 

dk;ZØevf/kdkjh;kxzke]CykWd;kftykiapk;r}kjkfd;ktk,xkA 

7- vkn'kZ :Ik ls csjkstxkjh HkRrs dk Hkqxrku gj lIrkg xzke iapk;r Lrj ij 

^^jkstxkjxkj.Vhfnol^^dsfnufd;ktkukpkfg,A 

8- csjkst+xkjhHkÙksdkizR;sdHkqxrkubldsns;gksusdhfrfFkls15fnuksadsvUnj 

djfn;ktk,xkA 

9- fdlh rjg ds foyEc dh voLFkk esa izkIrdrkZ etnwjh Hkqxrku vf/kfu;e 1936 

dsvUrxZretnwjheqvkot+kikusdsik=gksxsA 

10- ,dfoŸkh;o"kZesaifjokjdkscsjkstxkjh HkÙksdsHkqxrku djusdkjkT;ljdkj 

dknkf;ŸofuEufLFkfr;ksaesarqjarlekIrgkstk,xk& 

10-1- tc vkosnd dks xzke iapk;r ;k dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh }kjk dke ds fy, 

mifLFkr jgus dks dgk tk, ;k mlds ifjokj ds de ls de ,d o;Ld 

lnL;dksdkeijvkusdksdgktk,(;k 

10-2- ftlvof/kdsfy,jkstxkjpkgkx;kgSoglekIrgksxbZgSrFkkvkosnd 

dsifjokjdkdksbZHkhlnL;jkst+xkjdsfy,ughavk;k(;k 

10-3- foRrh;o"kZdsnkSjkuvkosnddsifjokjdso;LdlnL;delsdelkS 

fnuksadkdqyjkstxkjizkIrdjpqdsgS(;k 

10-4- vkosnddsifjokjusmruhetnwjhrFkkcsjkstxkjhHkŸkkvftZrdjfy;k 

gS tks nksuks dks feyk dj foRrh; o"kZZZ ds nkSjku lkS fnuksa dh etnwjh ds 

cjkcjgSA 

11- dksbZvkosndtksfd& 

11-1- mldsifjokjdksfn;kx;kjkst+xkjughaLohdkjdjrkgS(;k

dk;Zdsfy,vkosnudhizfØ;k 17 

11-2- dk;Z dsfy,dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh vFkok dk;kZUo;u ,tsUlh}kjk vf/klwfpr 

fd,tkusds15fnuksdsvUnjdkedsfy,ughavkrkgS(;k 

11-3- dk;kZUo;u ,tsUlh dh vuqefr ds fcuk dke ls yxkrkj ,d lIrkg ls 

vf/kdvof/kdsfy,vuqifLFkrjgrkgS;kfdlhekgesa,dlIrkgls 

vf/kdvuqifLFkrcukjgrkgS 

ogcsjkstxkjh HkRrsdknkokdjusdsfy,rhuekgrdik=ughagksxkAysfdu 

;kstukdsvarxZrfdlhHkhle;jkstxkjikusdkik=cukjgsxkA 

2.4 dk;Zdsfy,vkosnudhizfØ;k 

2.4.1 iwoZrS;kjh 

1- tc{ks=esavf/kfu;eykxwgkstk,rcxzkelHkkdkvk;kstufd;ktk,xkAxzke 

lHkk dk mÌs'; vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa dh O;k[;k djuk] iath;u gsrq vkosnuksa 

dksizkIrdjukrFkklR;kiudjukgksxkA 

2- vf/kfu;edsvUrxZriath;udjkusdsbPNqdyksxksadhigpkudsfy,?kj&?kj 

tkdj losZ Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA losZ xzke iapk;r ds v/;{k ds usr`Ro esa 

cus ny }kjk fd;k tk,xkA ny esa okMZ lnL;] v-tk-@v-t-tk- rFkk efgyk 

jgoklh] xzke Lrjh; ljdkjh deZpkjh rFkk iapk;r lfpo 'kkfey gksaxsA ny ds 

lnL;ksadks[k.M@ftykLrjijizf'k{k.kiznkufd;ktk,xkA 

3- mu ifjokjksa dks vf/kdre volj iznku djus ds fy, fd tks xkao NksM+ dj 

iyk;udjx,gSa]xzkeiapk;rdk;kZy;ijiwjslkyiath;upkywjgsxkA 

2.4.2 iath;ugsrqvkosnu 

1- iath;ugsrqLFkkuh;xzkeiapk;rdkslknsdkxt+ijvkosnufd;ktkldrkgSA 

2- vkosnu esa ifjokj ds mu o;Ld lnL;ksa dk uke gksuk pkfg, tks vdq'ky 

'kkjhfjd Je djuk pkgrs gSaA blesa mudk vU; fooj.k tSls fd mez] fyax] 

v-tk-@v-t-tk nt+kZ]vkfnHkhn'kkZ;ktkukpkfg,A 

3- iath;u gsrq vkosnu esa n'kkZ, tkus okys fooj.k ifjf'k"V ch-1 esa crk, x, 

gSaA 

4- jkT; ljdkj eqfnzr izi= miyC/k djok ldrh gS] ysfdu eqfnzr izi= ds fy, 

nckoughaMkyktk,xkA 

5- dksbZHkhO;fDrizR;{k:ilsmifLFkrgksdjiath;ugsrqekSf[kdvuqjks/kHkhdj 

ldrkgSA


2.4.3 lR;kiu 

1- xzkeiapk;r}kjkfuEufyf[krlR;kiufd;ktk,xk% 

1-1- D;kvkosndlacaf/krxzkeiapk;rdkLFkkuh;fuoklhgS+\ 

1-2- D;k ifjokjokLro esavkosnu esan'kkZ, x,vuqlkj ,dvfLrRods:Ik 

esagS\a 

1-3- D;kvkosndifjokjdso;LdlnL;gSa\ 

2- lR;kiuizfØ;kftruhtYnhlaHkogksiwjhdjyhtk,xhrFkkfdlhHkhizdj.k 

esa xzke iapk;r esa vkosnu izkfIr ds ,d i[kokM+s ls T;knk le; ugha yxuk 

pkfg,A 

2.4.4 iath;u 

1- lR;kiudsi'pkr xzkeiapk;r esamiyC/kiath;u iaftdkesalHkhfooj.kxzke 

iapk;r}kjkntZfd,tk,axsA 

2- izR;sd iathÑr ifjokj dks ,d fof'k"V iath;u Øekad fn;k tk,xkA iath;u 

Øekad xjhch js[kk ds uhps jgus okyksa dh tux.kuk 2002 ds fy, dsUnz rFkk 

jkT;ljdkj}kjkfu/kkZfjrdksfMaxiz.kkyhtSlkgksxkA 

3- iath;u de ls de ikap o"kZ dh vof/k ds fy, gksxk ftldk le;≤ ij 

uohuhdj.kfd;ktkldrkgSA 

4- iath;u dh izfr;ka CykWd o ftyk iapk;r dks lwfpr djus rFkk vkxs dh 

;kstuk cukus rFkk vfHkys[ku gsrq dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks fHktokbZ tk,xhA bls 

rRdky fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ds ikl laHkkfor ekax dk 

lesfdrvfHkys[kmiyC/kgksldsftllsogrn˜uqlkjlalk/kuksa dhO;oLFkk dj 

ldsA 

5- iathd`rlnL;ksadh,dxzkelHkkcqykbZtkuhpkfg,A 

6- ;fndksbZO;fDrtksiath;ugsrqvkosnudjrkgS]viusuke]vkokl;ko;Ldrk 

ds ckjs esa xyr lwpuk nsrk gS rks og vik= gks tk,xkA ,sls ekeyksa dks xzke 

iapk;r dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ds ikl fHktok nsxhA rF;ksa dk lR;kiu rFkk lacaf/kr 

O;fDrdkslquokbZdk,dvoljiznkudjusdsi'pkr˜dk;ZØevf/kdkjhbl 

rjg dk iath;u rFkk tkWc dkMZ jÌ djus ds fy, xzke iapk;r dks funsZ'k ns 

ldrk gSA bl rjg dh fujlu lwph dk lkoZtfud izdk'ku fd;k tk,xk rFkk 

blsxzkelHkkesaizLrqrfd;ktkukpkfg,A

dk;Zdsfy,vkosnudhizfØ;k 19 

2.4.5 tkWcdkMZ 

1- xzkeiapk;r}kjkizR;sdiathÑrifjokjdkstkWcdkMZtkjhfd,tk,axsA 

2- tkWcdkMZlR;kiudsrqjarcknvFkkZriath;uvkosnuls,di[kokM+sdsvUnj 

tkjhfd,tkuspkfg,A 

3- tkWcdkMZLFkkuh;leqnk;dhmifLFkfresatkjhfd,tkuspkfg,A 

4- vkosndksadsQksVkstkWcdkMks±esayxk,tk,axsA 

5- tkWcdkMZdkigpkuokykfgLlkysfeusVfd;ktkldrkgSA 

6- tkWcdkMZdhQ+ksVkslfgrykxrdksdk;ZØeykxrds:iesaogufd;ktk,xkA 

mlsvkosndksalsfdlhHkhgkyresaughfy;ktk,xkA 

7- ;fn Q+ksVks rRdky yxkuk O;kogkfjd u gks rks jkT; ljdkj ckn esa ¼rhu ekg 

dsHkhrj½Q+ksVksyxkusdkvkns'knsldrhgSA 

8- tkWcdkMZdh,dizfrxzkeiapk;resaj[khtk,xhA 

9- tkWc dkMZ iakp lky dh vof/k ds fy, oS/k gksaxs rFkk mlesa ik= O;fDr;ksa ds 

uketksM+us@gVkusdkizko/kku jgsxkAe`R;q;kfuoklLFkkuesaLFkkbZifjorZuds 

dkj.k uke gVk, tkus dh lwpuk lacaf/kr ifjokj }kjk rRdky nh tk,A okafNr 

uketksM+usdsfy,ifjokj}kjkvkosnufd;ktkldrkgSA 

10- xzke iapk;r iath;u dk okf"kZd uohfudj.k djsxhA blds fy, le; r; djrs 

oDrLFkkuh;dk;Zoiyk;uekSledks/;kuesaj[kktkukpkfg,A 

11- iath;uiaftdkesatksM+srFkkgVk,x,lHkhukeksadksxzkelHkkesai


16- ;fnewydkMZxqe;ku"Vgksx;kgksrksdkMZ/kkjdMqfIydsVtkWcdkMZdsfy, 

vkosnu djsxkA ;g vkosnu xzke iapk;r dks fn;k tk,xk rFkk u, vkosnu dh 

rjg gh ml ij dk;Zokgh dh tk,xhA blesa varj dsoy ;gh gksxk fd iapk;r 

}kjk j[ks x, tkWc dkMZ dh MqfIydsV izfr dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fooj.k esa 

lR;kiuHkhfd;ktk,xkA 

17- ;fn fdlh dks tkWc dkMZ tkjh u fd, tkus ds ckjs esa fdlh rjg dh f'kdk;r 

gS rks og ekeys dks dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dh tkudkjh esa yk ldrk gSA ;fn 

f'kdk;rdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdsfo#)gS]rksf'kdk;rftykdk;ZØeleUo;d;k 

[k.M@ftykLrjijfu;qDrf'kdk;r fuokj.kizkf/kdkjh dhtkudkjh esayk,axsA 

blrjgdhlkjhf'kdk;rsa15fnuksadsvanjfuiVknhtk,xhA 

2.4.6 dk;ZZgsrqvkosnu 

1- lkekU;r%dk;Zdsfy,vkosnuxzkeiapk;rdksizLrqrfd,tkuspkfg,Aysfdu 

ogdk;ZØdzevf/kdkjhdksHkhizLrqrfd,tkldrsgSaA 

2- fuEutkudkfj;kalknsdkxtijfy[kdjvkosnufn;ktkukpkfg,% 

2-1- tkWcdkMZdkiath;uØekad( 

2-2- fnukadtclsdkedhvko';drkgS(rFkk 

2-3- jkstxkjgsrqvko';dfnuksadhla[;k 

3- dk;Zgsrqfn;ktkusokykvkosnudelsde14fnuksadsyxkrkjdkedsfy, 

gksukpkfg,A 

4- iathd`r ifjokj dk izR;sd o;Ld lnL; ftldk uke tkWc dkMZ ij fy[kk gqvk 

gSvkosnudjusdkik=gksxkA 

5- iathsd`rO;fDr}kjk vkosnufd,tkusokysfnuksadhla[;k ijdksbZ lhekugha 

gksxh c'krsZ ,d foRrh; o"kZ esa izR;sd ifjokj dks vf/kdre 100 fnuks dk dke 

fn;ktk,xkA 

6- ;kstukesvfxzevkosnudjusdkizko/kku cuk;k tk,xkA bldkvFkZ;ggksxk 

fd ftl fnukad ls jkstxkj ekaxk tk jgk gS mlls iwoZ Hkh vkosnu izLrqr fd;k 

tkldrkgSA 

7- ,d gh O;fDr }kjk ,d ls vf/kd vkosnu izLrqr djus dk izko/kku Hkh cuk;k 

tk,xk c'krsZ bu vkosnuksa }kjk vyx&vyx le;kof/k;ksa ds fy, dke ekaxk tk 

jgkgSA 

8- lkydsnkSjkuvyx&vyxvof/k;ksadsfy,,dghvkosnuHkhfn;ktkldrk

jkstxkjdkvfHkys[k 21 

gSA 

9- dbZvkosndksa}kjkla;qDrvkosnuHkhfn;ktkldrkgSA 

10- xzkeiapk;r;kdk;ZØevf/kdkjhoS/kvkosnuLohdkjdjvkosnddksfnukafdr 

jlhnnsusdsfy,ck/;gkasxsA 

11- ftuvkosndksdksdkefn;ktkuk gSmUgsmudstkWcdkMZijfn,x,irsij 

i= fHktok dj fyf[kr lwpuk nh tk,xh rFkk bl ckjs esa xzke] CyWkd ;k ftyk 

iapk;rdk;Zky;ksaesalkoZtfudlwpukiznf'kZrdhtk,xhA 

12- xzkeiapk;r}kjklIrkgesadelsde,dckjdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdksdk;Zds 

fy,u, vkosnuksa dh tkudkjh nhtk,xhA mlh le; xzke iapk;r ;g crk,xh 

fdu,vkosnuksaesalsfdruksadksiapk;rdk;ks±ijfdruhvof/kdsfy,jkstxkj 

fn;k x;k gS rFkk fdruksa dks dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh }kjk vU; dk;ks± ij jkstxkj 

iznkufd;kx;kgSA 

2.4.7 jkst+xkjxkj-Vhfnol 

1- ;g vuq'kalk dh tkrh gS fd izR;sd xzke iapk;r esa lIrkg dk ,d [kkl fnu 

¼jkstxkj xkj.Vh fnol½ vkosnuksa ds fuiVkjs] lwpukvksa dh ?kks"k.kk] dk;Z dk 

vkcaVu] etnwjh Hkqxrku rFkk csjkstxkjh HkRrs ds Hkqxrku ds fy, fpfUgr fd;k 

tkukpkfg,A 

2- ysfdu ;g xfrfof/k;ka dsoy jkstxkj xkj.Vh fnol rd gh lhfer ugha 

gksuh pkfg,A [kkldj dk;Z ds fy, vkosnu fdlh Hkh le; Lohdkj djus 

pkfg,A 

3- jkstxkjxkj.Vhfnoldsvoljijxzkeiapk;rdsv/;{krFkkxzkeh.kjkstxkj 

xkj.Vh ;kstuk esa lgk;rk ds fy, fu;qDr xzke jkstxkj lsod dks xzke iapk;r 

dk;kZy;esamifLFkrjgukpkfg,A 

2.5 jkstxkjdkvfHkys[k 

1- dk;kZUo;u,tUlh}kjktkWcdkMZijjkstxkj fnolksarFkkHkqxrku dhxbZjkf'k 

dkmYys[kfd;ktk,xkA 

2- dk;ZØevf/kdkjh}kjkizR;sddk;ZdseLVjjksydh,dizfrmuxzkeiapk;rksa 

dks Hksth tk,xh tgka ds yksxksa dks jkstxkj fn;k x;k gS rFkk ftlds dk;Z{ks= esa 

dk;Z fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k gSA xzke iapk;r }kjk jkstxkj iaftdk esa ifjokj ds 

vuqlkj jkstxkj vkadM+ksa dks lesfdr fd;k tk,xkA jkstxkj iaftdk dk izk:i


ifjf'k"Vch-9esafn;kx;kgSA 

2.6 dk;Z,oamudkfu"iknu 

1- jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;edhvuqlwph1dsvuqlkjfuEufyf[kr 

dk;ksZaij;kstukdsfUnzrgksxh& 

1-1- tylaj{k.krFkktylaxzg.k 

1-2- ouhdj.krFkkikS/kkjksi.k lfgrlw[kkeqfDr 

1-3- NksVsoy?kq (micro)flapkbZdk;ksZalfgrflapkbZugjsa 

1-4- vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr okys ifjokjksa ds Hkwlq/kkj fgrxzkfg;ksa 

vFkokbafnjkvkokl;kstukdsvarxZrfgrxzkfg;ksadhHkwfedsfy,flapkbZ 

lqfo/kkvksadkizko/kku 

1-5- rkykcksa esa xkn fudkyus lfgr ijEijkxr ty L=ksrksa dk 

uohuhdj.k 

1-6- Hkwfefodkl 

1-7- tykaØkr{ks=ksaesaukfy;ksalfgrck

fofHkUUkLrjksaijfofHkUUkvfHkdj-kksadhHkwfedk,a 23 

oxZ dk ykHk gksA Hkwfefodkl dk;Z NksVs o lhekar d`"kdksa dh tehu ij vkjEHk 

djsaA 

6- ;kstuk dk iSlk HkwvtZu gsrq ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr fd, 

tkusokysdk;ks±dsfy,NksVsrFkklhekarÑ"kdksa;kv-tk-@v-t-tk-Hkw&Lokfe;ksa 

dhtehuvftZr;knkuughadhtkldrhgSaA 

7- nksgjkolscpusdsfy,gjdk;Zdks,dfof’k"VØekadnsukpkfg,A 

8- fVdkÅifjlEifRr;ksarFkklexzn`f"Vdks.klqfuf'prdjusdsfy,[k.MdslHkh 

dk;ks±dksifj;kstukds:IkesarS;kjfd;ktk,A[k.Mdks,dbdkbZds:iesa 

ekurs gq, ifj;kstuk rS;kj dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh mi&[k.M 

Lrj ij leUo; LFkkfir dj ldsA ftyk Lrj ij vUrj&[k.M ifj;kstuk,a Hkh 

rS;kjdhtkldrhgSaA 

9- ;ksstuk ds vUrxZr dsoy fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ks esa u, dke dh vuq’kalk dh 

tk,xh& 

9-1- blrjgdsdk;Zdsfy,delsdeipklJfedmiyC/kgks(rFkk 

9-2- Jfedpyjgsdk;Zesalek;ksftrughagksikjgsgksaa( 

ysfdu ;g 'krsZ igkM+h bykdksa rFkk oU;fodkl ls lacaf/kr dkeksa ij ykxw 

ughagksxhA 

10- deetnwjhokys{ks=ksaesa]tgkaU;wureetnwjhijT;knkdkedhekaxlaHkkfor 

gS]izkFkfedrkdsvk/kkjijifj;kstuk,arS;kjdhtkuhpkfg,A 

11- ftu yksxksa dks dke fn;k x;k gS mudh ,d lwph xkze iapk;r rFkk dk;ZØe 

vf/kdkjhdsdk;kZy;rFkk,slsfdlhLFkkuijftlsdk;ZØevf/kdkjhvko’;d 

ekurs gksa lwpuk iVy ij iznf’kZr dh tk,xh rFkk ;g lwph jkT; ljdkj rFkk 

fdlhHkhbPNqdO;fDr}kjkfujh{k.kfd,tkusdsfy,miyC/kjgsxhA 

2.7 fofHkUUkLrjksaijfofHkUUkvfHkdj-kksadhHkwfedk,a 

2.7.1 xzkeh-kLrj 

2.7.1.1 xzkelHkk 

vf/kfu;eusxzkelHkkdksfuEudk;ksZadsfy,izkf/kd`rfd;kgS% 

1- xzkeh.k jkst+xkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr fd, tkus okys dk;Z dh vuq'kalk 

djukA 

2- budk;ks±dsi;Zos{k.krFkkekfuVfjaxdjukA


3- ;kstukdsdk;kZUo;udhlkekftdvads{k.kdjukA 

4- blds vfrfjDr ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd ;kstuk esa dk;kZUo;u gsrq lqfo/kk iznku 

djusdsfy,xzkelHkkdkO;kid:ilsmi;ksxfd;ktk,A 

5- ;kstuk ds ckjs esa lwpukvksa ds vknku iznku ds fy, ,d eap ds :i esa xzke 

lHkkdkmi;ksxfd;ktk,Amnkgj.kdsfy,yksxksadksiath;uesaenndjusesa 

xzkelHkkdkmi;ksxfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

6- ikjnf'kZrkrFkkmRrjnkf;Rodkslqfuf'prdjusesaxzkelHkkdhegRoiw.kZHkwfedk 

gSA blesa iath;u gsrq vkosnuksa dk lR;kiu rFkk lkekftd vads{k.k vk;ksftr 

djuk'kkfeygSA 

7- xzkeiapk;reLVjjksy]fcy]okmpj],e-ch-] Lohd`frvkns’kksa dhizfr;kWaarFkk 

ys[kk laca/kh vU; iqLrdsa lfgr lkjs lacaf/kr nLrkost xzke lHkk dks lkekftd 

vads{k.kdjusdsfy,miyC/kdjk,xhA 

2.7.1.2 xzkeiapk;r 

xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u esa xzke iapk;r dh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk gSA 

;gfuEufyf[krdk;ksZadsfy,ft+EesnkjgS% 

1- xzkelHkkvksarFkkokMZlHkkvksadhvuq’kalkvksadsvuqlkjdk;ks±dhigpkudjuk 

rFkk;kstuk,acukukA 

2- fodkl ;kstuk rS;kj djuk rFkk ,sls dk;ksZ dh lwph rS;kj j[kuk tks tc dHkh 

dkedhekaxmRiUugks]fd,tkldsaA 

3- ifjokjksadkiath;udjukA 

4- tkWcdkMZtkjhdjukA 

5- dk;Zdsfy,vkosnuizkIrdjukA 

6- jkstxkjvkcafVrdjukA 

7- 50izfr’krdk;Zdkfu"iknudjukA 

8- vfHkys[kksadkj[kj[kkodjukrFkk 

9- xzkeh.kLrjij;kstukdsdk;kZZUo;u dksekWfuVjdjukA 

xzke iapk;r ds lk/kkj.k deZpkfj;ksa }kjk bu dk;ksZa dks izHkkoh :i ls fu"ikfnr djuk 

eqf'dy gksA ldrk gSA blfy, ;g csgrj gksxk fd bl mÌs'; ds fy, izR;sd xzke 

iapk;resa,d^jkstxkjxkj.Vhlgk;d*dksfu;qDrfd;ktk,Ajkstxkjxkj.Vhlgk;d 

dks^^xzkejkstxkjlsod**dgktkldrkgS;kLFkkuh;Hkk"kkesabldslekughinuke 

fn;ktkldrkgSA


xzke iapk;r }kjk izfro"kZ xzke lHkk dhcSBd vk;ksftr dhtk,xh ftlesaJe dh 

ekaxdkvkdyufd;ktk,xkrFkkvxysfoÙkh;o"kZesafd,tkusokysdk;ks±dhla[;k 

rFkk izkFkfedrk,a izLrkfor dh tk,xhA cSBd dk le; fu/kkZfjr djrs oDr [ksrh o 

iyk;udsekSledks/;kuesaj[kktk,AxzkelHkkesafgrxzkfg;ksadhfgLlsnkjhlqfuf'pr 

dhtkuhpkfg,rkfdmudht#jrksarFkkizkFkfedrkvksadsvk/kkjijghokf"kZd;kstuk 

dh :i&js[kk rS;kj dh tk ldsA xzke lHkk cSBd dh frfFk rFkk le; dkQh igys gh 

fu/kkZfjr dj ysuk pkfg, rFkk bldk O;kid izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd yksx 

cM+hla[;kesablesa'kkfeygksldsaA 

xzke lHkk ¼tgkWa ykxw gks oWkMZ lHkk½ esa rS;kj dh xbZ vuq'kalk,a xzke iapk;r dks 

vxzsf"kr dh tk,axhA bu vuq'kalkvksa ds vk/kkj ij xzke iapk;r okf"kZd ;kstuk rS;kj 

djsxhrFkkblsdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdksvxzsf"krdjsxhAokf"kZd;kstukesadk;ZdhekStwnk 

ekax]fiNyso"kZdhekax]fiNyslkyfd,x,dk;ZrFkkvxyso"kZgsrqizLrkfordk;Z] 

laHkkfor ykxr rFkk izLrkfor dk;kZUo;u ,tUlh dk Li"V :i ls mYys[k fd;k tkuk 

pkfg,A xzke iapk;r vius {ks= ds ,sls 50 izfr'kr dkeksa dh Hkh igpku djsxh] ftls 

ogdjusdhbPNkj[krhgSA 

dk;ZØevf/kdkjhizR;sdxzkeiapk;rdksfuEufyf[krlkexazhiznkudjsaxs% 

1- mlds}kjkfu"ikfnrfd,tkusokysLohd`rdk;Zdsfy,eLVjjksy]rFkk 

2- xzke iapk;r ds fuokfl;ksa ds fy, vU;= miyC/k jkstxkj laHkkoukvksa dh 

lwphA 

xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk ds fy, izR;sd xzke iapk;r ds ikl ,d vyx gh cSad 

[kkrk gksxkA [kkrs dks xzke iapk;r ds v/;{k rFkk lfpo}kjk la;qDr :ils lapkfyr 

fd;k tk,xkA xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk [kkrs ls fd, x, lkjs Hkqxrku dh lwpuk 

xzkeiapk;rdhvxyhcSBdesanhtk,xhrFkkvuqeksnuizkIrfd;ktk,xkAfdlhHkh 

rjg dh vkifÙk dks vfHkysf[kr fd;k tk,xkA dk;Zo`Ùk dh ,d izfr dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh 

dksrRdkyvko';ddk;ZokghgsrqfHktokbZtk,xhAxzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vh;kstuk[kkrs 

dhfuf/k;ksadksdsoymUghdk;ksZaij[kpZfd;ktk,xkftudsfy,vko';diz'kkldh;o 

rduhdhLohÑfrl{kevf/kdkjhlsizkIrgksxbZgksAblrjgdhLohÑfrdsfcukfd, 

x, fdlh Hkh rjg ds O;; ds fy, xzke iapk;r ds v/;{k O;fDrxr :i ls ftEesnkj 

gksaxsAxzkeiapk;rdsxzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vh;kstuklslacaf/kr[kkrsaiwoZfu/kkZfjrizk:i 

esa xzke iapk;r ds v/kZokf"kZd lkekftd vads{k.k esa tk¡p&iM+rky ds fy, izLrqr fd, 

tk,axsA


xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk fuf/k;ksa dk fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa vU; mnñs'; gsrq 

mi;ksx ugh fd;k tk ldsxkA xzke iapk;r v/;{k rFkk lfpo ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds 

fy,mÙkjnk;h gksaxs fdxzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk [kkrs ls U;k; laxr mnñs'; gsrq 

laforj.kfd;k x;k gSAxzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh;kstuk fuf/k;ksa esals fdlhHkhrjgds 

fopyu dks xcu ekuk tk,xk rFkk l[r fof/kd lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx dj rRdky olwyh 

dk;Zokghdhtk,xhA 

xzkeiapk;rdksvkcafVrjkf'kdh60izfr'kr˜jkf'k[kpZgksusdsckn˜xzke iapk;r 

vfrfjDrfuf/k;ksa dsfy, dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks vkosnu djsaxsA xzke iapk;r dsizLrko 

ds lkFk xzke lHkk }kjk fof/kor˜ vuqeksfnr lrdZrk o ekfuVfjax lfefr dh fjiksVZ o 

dk;ZokjO;;dkC;kSjklayXufd;ktk,xkAiwoZesavkcafVrjkf'kds;Fkksfprmi;ksxls 

[kqnlarq"Vgksusdsi'pkr˜dk;ZØevf/kdkjh;glqfuf'prdjsaxsfdxzkeiapk;r}kjk 

mi;ksxdhxbZjkf'kdscjkcjjkf'kdhvxyhfd'r15fnuksaesatkjhdjnhtk,A 

Hkz"Vkpkjdktksf[ke?kVkusrFkkfuf/kizca/kuesaikjnf'kZrkrFkkifj'kq)rkdksc


;kstukdsfy,leUo;dds:iesadkedjsaxsAmudsegRoiw.kZdk;ks±esa 

1- xzkeh.k;kstukvksa dhNkuchudjuk 

2- [k.MLrjijdkedhekaxdslkFkjkstxkjdsvoljksadkfeykudjuk 

3- dk;kZUo;u,tfUl;ksadki;Zos{k.kdjuk 

4- Jfedksadhik=rkvksa dkslqjf{krdjuk 

5- ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd xzke lHkkvksa }kjk lkekftd vads{k.k vk;ksftr dh xbZ 

gSrFkkbuesaikbZxbZ=qfV;ksaijdk;ZokghdhxbZgSof'kdk;rksadkmRrjfn;k 

x;kgS 

6- csjkstxkjhHkRrsdkHkqxrkulqfuf’prdjuk 

varr% [k.M Lrj ij xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk ds leUo;d ds :i esa dk;ZØe 

vf/kdkjh dk eq[; nkf;Ùo ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd ftl fdlh us Hkh dke ds fy, 

vkosnu fd;k gS] mls 15 fnuksa ds vanj jkstxkj fey tk,A dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ftyk 

dk;ZØeleUo;ddsizfrtokcnsggksxsaA 

dk;ZØevf/kdkjhxzkeiapk;rksa}kjkHksthxbZokf"kZd;kstukdhrduhdhO;ogk;Zrk 

dhtkap&iM+rkydjsaxsAogLo;adkslarq"Vdjsaxsfdbllsiath;urFkkiwoZvuqHkods 

vk/kkj ij dke dh ekax dh iwfrZ gks ldsxhA ;fn dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ;g vuqHko djrs 

gSafdlwphlsekaxksadhiwfrZgksuklaHkoughagSrFkk;glwphvi;kZIrgSrksogiwjd 

lwphdhekaxdjldrsgSaA 

dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ls ;g visf{kr gksxk fd osxzke iapk;rksa rFkk vUroZrhZ iapk;rksa 

dsizLrkoksa dkslesfdrdj[k.Mdsfy,,d;kstuk cuk,A CykWdiapk;r }kjk [k.M 

;kstukdksvuqeksfnrdjftykiapk;rdksvxzsf"krfd;ktk,xkA 

dk;ZØevf/kdkjhxzkeiapk;rlsizkIrizLrkodksvLohÑrughadjsaaxsA;fnizLrko 

vf/kfu;e ds ekin.Mksa ds vuq:i ugha gS vFkok rduhdh :i ls vO;ogk;Z izrhr 

gksrs gSa rks dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh izLrko ij viuh vkifRr ntZ djsaxs rFkk izLrkoksa dk 

,dlesfdrfooj.kCykWdiapk;rdksizLrqrdjsaxsA;fnfdlhxzkeiapk;rdkizLrko 

vf/kfu;e ds nk;js ls ckgj gS rks CykWd iapk;r blds cnys oS/k izLrko iqu% izLrqr 

djusdsfy,xzkeiapk;rdksokilykSVknsxkA 

xzke iapk;r }kjk n'kkZbZ xbZ izkFkfedrkvksa dks CykWd iapk;r }kjk dk;e j[kk 

tk,xkA,dlsvf/kdxzkeiapk;rokysdk;ksZadksHkh'kkfeyfd;ktkldrkgSsACykWd 

iapk;r}kjkvuqeksfnr;kstukftykdk;ZØeleUo;ddksvxzsf"krdhtk,xhA


2.7.3 ftykiapk;rsarFkkftykdk;ZØeleUo;d 

ftykiapk;rsafuEudk;ksZdsfy,ftEesnkjgksaxh% 

1- [k.Mkuqlkj;kstukvksadkvuqeksnudjftyk;kstukdksvafre:Iknsuk(rFkk 

2- ftysaesaxzkeh.kjkstxkj;kstukdhekWuhVfjaxrFkki;Zos{k.kdjukA 

jkT; ljdkj ,d ftyk dk;ZØe leUo;d dks fu;qDr djsxh] tks ;k rks ftyk 

iapk;r dk eq[; dk;Zikyu vf/kdkjh ;k ftyk/kh'k ;k mfpr@mPp Js.kh dk ftyk 

Lrjh;vf/kdkjhgksxkAftykdk;ZØeleUo;dftysesa;kstukdslexzleUo;urFkk 

dk;kZUo;udsfy,ft+EesnkjgksxkA 

ftyk dk;ZØe leUo;d lHkh CykWd iapk;rksa ds ;kstuk izLrkoksa dh tkap&iM+rky 

djsaxsA mudh rduhdh rFkk foÙkh; O;ogk;Zrk dh tkap djsaxs rFkk laHkkfor ekax ds 

vuq:i dk;ks± ds vkSfpR; o ;Fks"Brk dk ijh{k.k djsaxsA og vU; dk;kZUo;u ,tfUl;ksa 

lsHkhdk;ZizLrkovkeaf=rdjmudkijh{k.kdjsaxs]ysfdu,slkdjrsgq,[k.M;kstuk 

esa n'kkZ, x, xzke iapk;rksa rFkk varj xzke iapk;rksa dh izkFkfedrkvksa dks cuk, j[ksaxsA 

og bu lkjs izLrkoksa dks lesfdr dj ftyk ;kstuk dk izLrko cuk,axs rFkk bl ij 

ftykiapk;rdkvuqeksnuizkIrdjsaxsAizR;sdifj;kstukdhle;kof/kokf"kZd;kstukesa 

n'kkZbZ tkuh pkfg,Aftyk ;kstuk esa[k.Mkuqlkj ifj;kstukvksa dhlwph gksxhA bllwph 

dksxzkeiapk;rvuqlkjO;ofLFkrfd;ktk,xkAizR;sddk;Zdsfy,dk;kZUo;u,tUlh 

dhigpkudhtk,xhA 

ftyk dk;ZØe leUo;d foLr`r rduhdh vkdyuksa rFkk LohÑfr;ksa dh rS;kjh dk 

leUo; djsaxsA izR;sd vuqeksfnr dk;Z dh ifj;kstuk fjiksVZ esa jkT; ljdkj dh dk;Z 

njvuqlwphesafofufnZ"VlHkhfooj.k'kkfeyfd,tk,axsAblesalHkhlaHkkforifj.kkeksa 

tSls ekuo fnol jkst+xkj] HkkSfrd ifjlEifÙk;ksa dh fooj.k ¼lM+d dh yackbZ] Vadh dk 

vkdkj½rFkkfVdkÅifj.kkeksa¼flafpr{ks=Qy]tksM+sx,xkao½dksLi"Vfd;ktk,xkA 

ftyk dk;ZØe leUo;d dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks LohÑr ;kstuk dh lwpuk iznku 

djsaxsA dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh izR;sd xzke iapk;r esa fu"ikfnr dh tkus okyh ifj;kstukvksa 

dhlwphgjxzkeiapk;rdksHkstsaxsAbldslkFk[k.M;kstukdh,dizfr]vUrj&xzke 

iapk;rifj;kstukvksadhlwphrFkkgjdk;Zdhykxr]le;kof/k]iSnkgksusokysekuo 

fnol rFkk dk;kZUo;u ,tsUlh dh lwpuk] izR;sd xzke iapk;r dks iznku djsaxsA ;g 

izfØ;kiwoZorhZo"kZdsfnlEcjrdiw.kZdjyhtkuhpkfg,Avuqeksfnrdk;ks±dkO;kid 

izpkj&izlkjfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

ftyk dk;ZØe leUo;d vxys foÙk o"kZ ds fy, fnlEcj ds var rd ,d ^^Je 

ctV** rS;kj djsaxsA Je ctV esa ftysesavdq'ky ekuoh; dk;Z ds fy,visf{kr ekax


rFkkJfedksadksjkstxkjnsuslaca/kh;kstukdkfooj.kgksxkAblsftykiapk;resaizLrqr 

fd;ktkukpkfg,A 

okf"kZd;kstuk,drjgdhßpy&;kstukÞ¼rollingplan½gksxhD;ksafdifj;kstukvksa 

dh vuqeksfnr lwph dks ,d foRrh; o"kZ ls nwljs foRrh; o"kZ esa vkxs ys tk;k tk,xkA 

bl rjg okf"kZd ;kstuk dks vyx :i esa ugha ns[kk tk ldrkA blds ctk, bls ftys 

dh nh?kZdkyhu j.kuhfr ds ,d fgLlsa ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A blfy, ;g lykg 

nhtkrhgSfdxjhchdsewydkj.kksrFkklaHkkforgyksadkvkdyudjrhgqbZ^^ftyk 

ifjizs{;;kstuk** ¼DistrictPerspectivePlan½fodflrdjsaA 

,slh;kstuklsftysdsfy,,d^^fodkln`f"Vdks.k**¼developmentperspective½ 

rS;kjgksxk rFkkvfxzerS;kjhesaenngksxhA bldkmÌs'; mudk;ks± dhigpkudjuk 

gS] ftUgsa izkFkfedrk nh tkuk pkfg, rkfd nh?kZdkyhu jkstxkj mRifÙk o fujarj fodkl 

laHkogksldsA 

vkerkSjijftykifjizs{;;kstukesafuEufyf[krfo'ks"krk,agksuhpkfg,% 

1- xzkevk/kkfjr&ftlesaxkao;kstukdhbdkbZgksaxsA 

2- lexz&blesafodkldslHkhlkekftd&vkfFkZd igyw'kkfeygksaxsA 

3- uSnkfud & ftlesa xjhch dk vkdfyr fo'ys"k.k 'kkfey gSA ;g vko';drkvksa 

rFkkdfe;ksadksigpkuusesaenndjsxhrFkkvko';dfuos'kksadksn'kkZ,xhA 

4- vk/kkjjs[kk,afpfUgrdjsxhA 

5- ifj.kkevk/kkfjr j.kuhfr;kan'kkZ,xhA 

6- ifj.kkeksadsekiudhfof/k;kan'kkZ,xhA 

7- miyC/klalk/kuksa dhtkudkjhnsxhA 

2.7.4 jkT;jkstxkjxkj-Vhifj"kn 

izR;sd jkT; ljdkj }kjk ,d jkT; jkstxkj xkj.Vh ifj"kn xfBr fd;k tk,xkA 

jkT; jkstxkj xkj.Vh ifj"kn jkT; ljdkj dks ;ksstuk ds dk;ZkUo;u ds ckjs esa lykg 

nsxkrFkk bldkewY;kadu rFkkekWfuVfjaxdjsxkAjkT;jkstxkj xkj.Vhifj"kn dhvU; 

Hkwfedkvksaesaxzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vh;kstukdsvUrxZrdk;kZUof;rfd,tkusokysdk;ksZa 

dh izkFkfedrkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk dsUnz ljdkj dks izLrqr 

fd,tkusokysdk;ZizLrkoksadhvuq’kalkdjuk'kkfeygSA


2.7.5 jkstxkjxkj-Vhvk;qDr 

;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd vf/kfu;e ds mÌs';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq vko';d lHkh 

xfrfof/k;ka py jgh gS] jkT; ljdkj }kjk jkT; jkstxkj xkj.Vh vk;qDr fu;qDr fd;k 

tk,xk ftldh Js.kh vk;qDr ls uhps ugha gksxhA vk;qDr jkT; jkstxkj xkj.Vh ifj"kn 

dslnL;lfpods:iesaHkhdkedjsaxsrFkkftykdk;ZØeleUo;ddhdk;Zokghds 

fo#) dh xbZ vihyksa dks lquus ds fy, Hkh izkf/kÑr gksaxsA mUgsa ;g lqfuf'pr djuk 

gksxkfdf'kdk;rfuiVkuiz.kkyh]lkekftdys[kkijh{kk]lwpukdsvf/kdkjdsvkosnu 

rFkk tu mÙkjnkf;Ùo rFkk ikjnf'kZrk ds vU; mik; izHkkoh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Jfedksa 

dhekaxdsizfrvuqfØ;k'khygSA 

2.7.6 dsUnzh;jkstxkjxkj-Vhifj"kn 

dsUnzljdkj }kjk ,d dsUnzh; jkstxkj xkj.Vh ifj"kn xfBr dh tk,xh tks jk"Vªh; 

vf/kfu;edsekWfuVfjaxoewY;kadudsfy,ftEesnkjgksxhAogdsUnzljdkjdkslykg 

nsusdsfy,mÙkjnk;hgSAogjkstxkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;edsdk;kZUo;uijokf"kZdfjiksVZ 

rS;kjdjsxhrFkkmUgsalalndksizLrqrdjsxhAjk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vh;kstukds 

dk;kZUo;u ds fy, xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; uksMy ea=ky; gksxkA ;g dsUnzh; ifj"kn dk 

xBudjsxkA 

2.8 lrdZrkrFkkekfWuVfjaxlfefr;k¡ 

1- ;kstukdsvarxZrLohÑrizR;sddk;Zdsfy,,dLFkkuh;lrdZrkrFkkekWfuVfjax 

lfefrgksukpkfg,ftlesadk;Zdhxq.koÙkkrFkkizxfrdksekWfuVjdjusdsfy, 

LFkkuh;lnL;gksaxsAxzkelHkk}kjkbllfefrdslnL;ksadkpqukofd;ktk,xk 

rFkk;glqfuf'prrkiznkudhtk,xhfdblesavtk@vttk rFkkefgykvksadks 

mfprizfrfuf/kRofn;kx;kgSA 

2- dk;Zle;lhekrFkkxq.koÙkkekin.Mdk;kZUo;u,tfUl;ksa}kjkbllfefrdks 

crk;k tk,xkA lfefr dh vafre fjiksVZ dks dk;Z ds iw.kZ gksus ds izek.k i= ds 

lkFk layXu fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk ml iapk;r {ks= esa tgk¡ dke fd;k x;k 

gS mldh vxyh xzke lHkk cSBd esa j[kuk pkfg,A fjiksVZ dh ,d izfr dk;ZØe 

vf/kdkjhvkSjftykdk;ZØeleUo;ddksHkhfHktokbZtkuhpkfg,A 

3- ik=rkvksa ds izHkkoh la;kstu rFkk fgrxzkgh rd mUgsa igqpus ds fy, LFkkuh; 

fgrxzkghlfefr;kaHkhxfBrdhtkldrhgSaAlfefr;ksadkxBulqfuf'prdjus 

dsfy,dk;ZØevf/kdkjhmÙkjnk;hgksaxsA

ikjnf'kZrkrFkktokcnkjh%yksdlrdZrkrFkklkekftdvads{k-k 31 

2.9 ikjnf'kZrkrFkktokcnkjh%yksdlrdZrkrFkk 

lkekftdvads{k-k 

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e dk uokpkj y{k.k gS fd ;g ^^lkekftd 

vads{k.k** dks lrr yksd lrdZrk ds :i esa dsUnzh; Hkwfedk iznku djrk gSA lkekftd 

vads{k.k og lrr pyus okyh izfØ;k gS ftlds ek/;e ls fdlh dk;Z ds laHkkfor 

fgrxzkgh rFkk vU; fgLlsnkj izR;sd dne ij ¼;kstuk cukus ls ysdj dk;kZUo;u] 

ekWfuVfjax o ewY;kadu rd½ lfØ; gSA ,slk djus ls ;g lqfuf'p fd;k tk ldrk gS 

fd ifj;kstuk ifjfLFkfr vuqdwy gS izHkkfor yksxksa dh izkFkfedrkvksa dks ;Fkksfpr :i 

ls iznf'kZr djrh gS rFkk lokZf/kd izHkkoh :i ls tufgrksa dks iwjk djrh gSA lkekftd 

vads{k.klslkoZtfudthouesafuEuewY;gkflydjusesaenngksrhgS% 

1- ikjnf'kZrk% iz'kklu izfØ;k vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa iwjh ijnf'kZrk rFkk ljdkjksa dh 

ck/;rkfdogviusvkiyksxksadkslacaf/krtkudkjhiznkudjsA 

2- Hkkxhnkjh%lHkhizHkkforyksxksadksLo;a¼vkSjudsoymudsizfrfuf/k½dksfu.kZ; 

ysusrFkkoS/krkiznkudjusesafgLlkysusdhik=rkA 

3- ijke'kZ rFkk lgefr% mu nqyZHkekeyksa esatgkWa etcwju dBksj fu.kZ;ysusiM+rs 

gS]izekforyksxksa}kjktkudkjlgefrnsusdkvf/kdkj]pkgsoglewgds:i 

esagks;kO;fDrdsA 

4- mÙkjnkf;Ro% pqus x, izfrfuf/k;ksa vkSj ljdkjh laLFkkuksa dh ftEesnkjh gS fd os 

lacaf/kr rFkk izHkkfor yksxksa ds iz’uksa ds mRrj nsa o mUgsa fd;s x, rFkk u fd;s 

x,dkeksadslarks"ktuddkj.kcrk,aA 

5- lq/kkj@fuokj.k% lkekftd ys[kk ijh{kkvksa rFkk vU; lkoZtfud tk¡p ds fu"d"kksZa 

dks vkSipkfjd LohÑfr nsuk] muls fudys vko';d ifj.kke izkIr djuk rFkk 

yksxksadksbldhlwpukiznkudjukfdf'kdk;rksaijD;kdk;Zokfg;kWdhxbZgSA 

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e ds ifjizs{; esa lkekftd vads{k.k dh izfØ;k 

fuEufyf[kr11iM+koksaijykxwdhtkukpkfg,% 

1- ifjokjksadkiath;u 

2- tkWcdkMks±dkforj.k 

3- dk;ZvkosnuksadhizkfIr 

4- dk;Zodk;ZLFkkyksadkp;u 

5- rduhdhvkdyuomudkvuqeksnu]dk;Zvkns'ktkjhdjuk 

6- O;fDr;ksadksdk;ZvkcaVu 

7- dk;ks±dkdk;kZUo;urFkki;Zos{k.k


8- csjkstxkjhHkÙksdkHkqxrku 

9- etnwjhdkHkqxrku 

10- dk;ZdkewY;kadu 

11- xzkelHkkesalkekftdvads{k.k 

x;kgSA 

gjiM+koijdbZpqukSfr;kWalkeusvkldrhgSAbudklkjka’krkfydk2-1esafn;k 

2.9.1 lkekftdvads{k-kQksje 

gj Ng ekg fo’ks"k xzke lHkk cSBd esa lkekftd vads{k.k izfØ;k dh leh{kk dh 

tk,xhA bl cSBd dks ^^lkekftd vads{k.k Qksje** dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gSA bu 

cSBdksadhlQyrkdsfy,3ckrksaijfo’ks"k/;kunsukgksxk% 

1- cSBdiwoZizpkjorS;kjh 

2- vk;kstuoizfØ;k 

3- vfuok;ZvtsUMk 

2.9.1.1 lkekftdvads{k-kQksje%vkjafHkdpj-k 

Qksje dh lQyrk mlds lHkh yksxksa dh Hk;&jfgr vk;kstu ij fuHkZj djrh gS rkfd 

¼fo’ks"kdj½ Jfed mUeqDr Hkko ls blesa fgLlsnkjh dj ldsaA izHkkoh tu Hkkxhnkjh ds 

fy,Qksjedsckjsesai;kZIrizpkjdslkFk&lkFk vuqizekf.kryksderr;djukt:jh 

gSAmldsfy,vko';dgSfdyksxksadkslwpuk,¡ljyizk:IkesaizkIrgkstk,A 

izpkj 

QksjedhfrfFk]dk;Zlwfp rFkk egRodsckjsa esaO;kid :ilsizpkj djukpkfg, 

rkfdblesavf/kdre˜Hkkxhnkjhlqfuf'prgksldsAbldsfy,fuEufyf[krmik;enn˜xkj 

lkfcrgksaxs% 

1- lkekftd vads{k.k Qksje dh fnuk¡d dh vfxze lwpuk ¼de ls de ,d ekg 

vfxzeesa½iznkudjsarFkkmuefguksaesaftuesa;gvk;ksftrdhtkukgSmldh 

okf"kZdle;lkfj.khdkvuqikyufd;ktk,A 

2- izpkjdsijEijkxr˜mik;ksa¼tSlsfd


rkfydk2-1 

dk;kZUo;uds11pj.kksaessalkekftdvads{k.kdsfy,pqukSfr;kaovko';ddne 

pj.k1 

❉ ,sls ifjokjksaa dk iath;u ftuds lnL;ksa esa jkstxkj xkj.Vh ;kstuk esa Je djus dh 

laHkkoukgS 

❉ ¼lajiap@xzkeiapk;rlfpodhftEesnkjh½ 

laHkkforpqukSfr;kWa ikjnf'kZrk o lkekftd vads{k.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, 

vko';ddne 

1-lacf/krinkf/kdkjh 

dhvuqifLFkfr 

2-;ksX;vkosndksadks 

iath;udjuslsbUdkj 

3-izR;sdifjokjesao;Ldks 

dhviw.kZlwph 

4- tkyh ifjokjksa @ 

O;fDr;ksadkiath;u 

5- v/kwjs iath;u i=ksa dk 

vLohd`rgkstkuk 

6-ifjokjksadsuke@ ukeksa 

dk iath;u djus ds fy, 

iSlsdhekax 

1- iath;u dh iz.kkyh ikjn'khZ jgsxhA bls lkoZtfud :i ls 

fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj yksxksa dks lqfo/kk nh tkuh pkfg, fd 

osviuk;kvU;fdlhdsfooj.kdklR;kiudjldsA 

2- izkjafHkd iath;u fo'ks"k xzke lHkk cSBd esa fd;k tkuk 

pkfg, tks fd bl dk;Z ds fy, [kkl rkSj ls vk;ksftr dh 

xbZgksA 

3- ;kstuk izkjEHk gksus ls iwoZ xzke iapk;r ewyHkwr losZ dj 

lHkh ,sls ifjokjksa dh lwph cuk,xh tks iath;u ds ik= gSaA 

;g lwph vkxs pydj ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vk/kkj 

cusxhfdlHkhik=O;fDr;ksadkiath;ugksx;kgSA 

4- bl izdkj ds losZls iath;u esa xyr ;k vik= O;fDr;ksa 

dsuketqM+uslsHkhcpkogksxkAijbldkmi;ksx,slsyksxks 

dksgVkusdsfy,ufd;ktk,ftudhik=rkrksgSijlwph 

esauketksM+kux;kgksA 

5- izkjafHkd iath;u ds i'pkr xzke lHkk es fuEufyf[kr 

lkoZtfud:ilsi


pj.k2 

❉ tkWcdkMZdkforj.k 

❉ ¼ljiapdhftEesnkjh½ 


vko';ddne 

1- tkWc dkMZ izkIr djus es 

foyEc 

2-QthZtkWcdkMZtkjh 

3- v;ksX; O;fDr dks tkWc 

dkMZtkjh% 

❉ xSjfuoklh 

❉ vo;Ld 

❉ mUgs tks iathd`r 

ifjokj ds lnL; 

ughgS 

4- ik= O;fDr;ksa dks tkWc 

dkMZtkjhughdjukA 

5-tkWcdkMZtkjhdjusds 

fy,iSlsdhekax 

1- tkWc dkMZ forj.k iaath;u fnukad ds ,d ekg ds vUnj 

tkjh djus dh lhek r; gksxh ftldk l[rh ls ikyu gksuk 

pkfg,A 

2- izR;sd ekg tkWc dkMZ lwph dk uohfudj.k fd;k tk,xk 

vkSjxkzeiapk;rdk;kZy;esfujh{k.kdsfy,miyC/kdjk;k 

tk,xhA 

3- xzke iapk;r dk;kZy; es ,d QkbZy j[kh tk,xh ftles 

lHkhtkjhfd,x,tkWcdkMZdhQksVksdkWihj[khtk,xhtks 

fdfujh{k.kdsfy,miyC/kgksxhA 

4- tkWc dkMZ es ;g Li"V mYysf[kr gksxk fd blds fy, 

dksbZ'kqYdughgSAblds,dHkkxesajk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkj 

xkj.Vh vf/kfu;e ds rgr ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dk Hkh mYys[k 

gksxk¼U;wureetnwjhdhnjlfgr½A 

pj.k3 

❉ dk;ZvkosnudhizkfIr 

❉ ¼ljiap@dk;ZØevf/kdkjhdhftEesnkjh½ 


vko';ddne 

1- lacf/kr vf/kdkjh }kjk 

dk;ZvkosnudhvLohd`fr 

2- dk;Z vkosnu ij xyr 

fnukad ;k fnukad dk ugh 

gksuk 

3- viw.kZ izi=ksa dk 

fujLrhdj.kA 

4-ekSf[kdvkosnule;ij 

dkeunsusdkdkj.kcuk;k 

tkuk 

1- dke ds fy, vkosnu Mkd ls vFkok gkFk ls fn;k tk 

ldrkgSA 

2-vkosndksadksvf/kdkjjgsxkfdos,slsvkosnudhfyf[kr] 

gLrk{kfjrvkSjfnukafdrjlhnrqjarizkIrdjsA 

3- xzke iapk;r dk;kZy; ij izkIr vkosnuksa dh frfFkokj 

lwph dks gj lIrkg uohuhdj.kdj pLik;k tk;sxkA vkosnu 

lacaf/krjftLVjHkhlkFkj[kktk,xkA 

4-;fndksbZvkosnufdlhHkhizdkjviw.kZgks]rks;glacafa/kr 

vf/kdkjhdhtokcnkjhjgsxhfdogblsiw.kZdjsaAfdlhHkh 

vkosnudksbldkj.kfujLrughfd;ktk,xkfdogviw.kZ 

gSA 

5- ,d lknk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr izi= gksuk pkfg, ftls vkosnd 

ekSf[kd:ilsfunsZ'knsdjxzkeiapk;rinkf/kdkfj;ksadhenn 

lsgkFkksgkFkvkosnuHkjokdjizkfIrjlhnizkIrdjldsaA


pj.k4 

❉ fdlhxzkeiapk;resafy,tkusokyslkoZtfuddk;Zdkp;udjukA 

❉ ¼ljiapdhftEesnkjh½ 


vko';ddne 

1- de izkFkfedrk okys ;k 

vuqi;qDrdk;ksZadkp;u 

2- ,sls dk;ksZ dk p;u tks 

igys las ykHkkafor yksxksa dss 

fy,gks 

3- ,sls dk;Z dk p;u 

ftlds fy, vke turkdh 

lgHkkfxrkugks 

4-dk;ZLFkydkxyrp;u 

1-fy,tkusokysdk;ksZdkp;uxzkelHkk}kjkfd;ktk,xk 

2- xzke lHkk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZ dh t:jr o izkFkfedrk 

dkfu/kkZj.kdjsxhA 

3-vafre :Ik ls Lohd`r dk;ksZ dh lwph mudh izkFkfedrk ds 

vk/kkjijxzkeiapk;rdk;kZy;esalkoZtfud:ilsiznf'kZr 

dhtk,xhA 

pj.k5 

❉ rduhdh,LVhesVrS;kjdjukomldhLohd`frvkSjdk;Zvkns'ktkjhdjuk 

❉ ¼twfu;jbathfu;j@ljiapdhftEesnkjh 


vko';ddne 

1- c


pj.k6 

❉ dk;Znsuk 

❉ ¼ljiap@dk;ZØevf/kdkjhdhftEesnkjh½ 


vko';ddne 

1- uEcj ;k ckjh ls igys 

dkensukA 

2-dkedsizdkj;k LFkku 

ckaVusesaHksnHkko;ki{kikr 

djuk 

3- efgykvksa ds fy, 

fu/kkZfjr dksVs dk ikyu u 

djuk 

4- vkosnd dks igys 

tkudkjh u nsuk vkSj fQj 

mlsvuqifLFkrfn[kkuk 

5- dke nsus ds fy, iSlksa 

dhekaxdjuk 

1- xzke iapk;r dk;kZy; ij fn;s x, dke dk jftLVj 

lkoZtfudfujh{k.kdsfy,j[kukpkfg,A 

2-tc&tcu;kdke[kksyktk;]vketurkdksuskfVlcksMZ 

vkSj vU; lk/kuksa ¼tSls xzke es



vko';ddne 

& yksxksa dks ;g Hkh crkuk gS fd gj O;fDr ds dke dh 

uirh & vyx&vyx dh tk,xhA lewg ds dke dh uirh 

mudhlgefrgksusijghdhtk,xhA 

3-izR;sddk;ZLFkyij,dcksMZgksxkftlijpyjgsfuekZ.k 

dk;Z dk fooj.k] mldh ykxr] lkexzh] Jfed ,oa miyC/k 

/kujkf'k dh iw.kZ tkudkjh fy[kuh gksxhA ;g tkudkjh ljy 

izk:iesnhtkuhpkfg,A 

4-yksxksadspkgusijeLVjjksyns[kusdsfy,miyC/kgksus 

pkfg,A 

5- +gj lIrkg ikap Jfed dk;Z LFky ij gq, [kpZ ds lHkh 

fcyksaookmpjksadhtkapdjizekf.krdjsaxsA 

6- dk;ZLFky ij izLrkfor dk;ZdhLohd`fr @dk;Zvkns'k dh 

izfrlkoZtfudvoyksdudsfy,j[khtkuhpkfg,A 

7-izfrfnumi;ksxesavkusokyhlkexzhdkjftLVj]izfrfnu 

ikapJfedks}kjklR;kfirfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

8- izR;sd Jfed ds dke dh uirh dh izfrfnu dh tkudkjh 

lkoZtfudvoyksdudsfy,miyC/kgksuhpkfg,A 

9- fuxjkuh lfefr dks mudh tkap lwph ds vuqlkj dke 

dh tkap djuh pkfg, vkSj mudh tkap fjiksVZ gj f}okf"kZd 

lkekftdvads{k.kQksjelsigysrS;kjgkstkuhpkfg,A 

pj.k8 

❉ etnwjhdkHkqxrku 

❉ ¼dk;kZUo;u,talhdhftEesnkjh½ 


vko';ddne 

1- etnwjh dk Hkqxrku ugh 

djukA 

2- etnwjh dk Hkqxrku nsj 

lsdjukA 

3- fu/kkZfjr nj ls de 

etnwjhdkHkqxrkudjukA 

4-etnwjhdkHkqxrkuxyr 

O;fDr;ksadksdjukA 

5- etnwjh dk Hkqxrku ,sls 

JfedksadksdjuktksokLro 

esagksaghaughaA 

1-etnwjhdkHkqxrkulkoZtfudLFkkuijfu/kkZfjrfnufd;k 

tkukpkfg,A 

2-lHkhizkIrdrkZvksadsukevkSjmudksfeyusokyhjkf'kdh 

lkoZtfud :Ik ls ?kks"k.kk gks ftlls fdlh Hkh fuj{kj Jfed 

dslkFk/kks[kkugksAlkFkghjkf'kHkwretnwjksadksufeysA 

3-HkqxrkudhfoLr`rlwphdkstksjlsi



vko';ddne 

6- etnwjh dk Hkqxrku ,slh 

ifj;kstuk ij djuk tks 

okLroesagksaghaughaA 

7- U;wure etnwjh Hkqxrku 

udjukA 

5-dk;ZuirhdhtkudkjhgjJfeddksvyxlsnhtk,] 

ftllsfdgjJfeddksmldklghHkwxrkufeyldsAblls 

HkwretnwjksadsukeetnwjhesafgLlkughfy;ktkldsxkA 

pj.k9 

❉ csjkstxkjhHkRrsdkHkqxrku 

❉ ¼ifj;kstukvf/kdkjhdhftEesnkjh½ 


vko';ddne 

1- fdlh ik= Jfed dks 

;g dgdj fd og dke 

ij mifLFkr gh ugha Fkk] 

csjkstxkjh HkRrk ls oafpr 

djukA 

2- csjkstxkjh HkRrs dk 

HkqxrkunsjlsdjukA 

3- xyr O;fDr dks 

csjkstxkjhHkRrknsukA 

4- ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks 

csjkstxkjhHkRrknsuktksfd 

okLroesagksghughaA 

5- csjkstxkjh HkRrk nsus ds 

fy,fj'orekaxukA 

1-izR;sdlIrkgesafd;stkusokysdk;Zdh?kks"k.kkdjuk,oa 

dk;Z xkj.Vh vkns'k turk ds lwpukFkZ lkoZtfud LFkku ij 

PkLikukA 

2-HkqxrkulkoZtfudLFkkuijfu/kkZfjrfnudksdjukrkfd 

HkqxrkuesadksbZfolaxfrujgsA 

3-lHkhizkIrdrkZvksadsukevkSjmudksfeyusokyhjkf'kdh 

lkoZtfud :Ik ls ?kks"k.kk gks ftlls fdlh Hkh fuj{kj Jfed 

dslkFk/kks[kkugksAlkFkghjkf'kHkwretnwjksadksufeysA 

4-HkqxrkudhfoLr`rlwphdkstksjlsi


pj.k10 

❉ iwjkgkspqdsdkedkykxrvkadyu 

❉ ¼ljiap@dk;ZØevf/kdkjh@funsZf'kr,talhdhftEesnkjh½ 


vko';ddne 

1- dke dh xyr uirh 

ysuk@fjdkMZesafy[kukA 

2- dke dh lkjh tkudkjh 

,d lkFk bdV˜Bh dj ,d 

txgijuj[kukA 

3- >wBk iw.kZrk izek.k Ik= 

tkjhdjukA 

4-+ fuekZ.k dk;Z fn;s x;s 

funsZ'kks ds vuq:Ik@ ekinaM 

lsugksukA 

5-vkadM+ksadksvLrO;Lr;k 

,slsuldsA 

1-fd,x,dkedklR;kiu,d,slh[kqyhifj;kstukcSBd 

esafd;ktk,ftlesalHkh,sls Jfedvk,a]ftUgksusdk;ZLFky 

ij jkxjksxk ds vUrxZr dke fd;k gks] o xzke iapk;r ds 

lHkh yksxHkhgks ftlls fd ;g irk py lds fd dkedk;Z 

vkns'k esafn, x, ekinaMoxq.koRrkds vuqlkjgqvk gS;k 

ughaA 

2-dkelekfIrdsvkadM+s,dljy izk:iesalHkhyksxksds 

chp bl cSBd esa j[ks tk,aA iw.kZrk izek.ki= rc rd tkjh 

ugh fd;k tk,xk tc rd fd [kqyh ifj;kstuk cSBd u gks 

tk,vkSjtcrdfdmlesadhxbZfVIif.k;ksadks/;kuesau 

fy;ktk,A 

3- fd, x, dke dh mi;qDrrk dk fu/kkZj.k bl cSBd ds 

nkSjkuoxzkelHkkdslkekftdvads{k.kQksjeesafd;ktk;A 

4- fu;fer :i ls vads{k.k o f'kdk;r fuokj.k izfdz;k ds 

fy, fjiksVZ Hkstuh pkfg, tks fd Cykd @ ftyk dh okf"kZd 

fjiksVZdkfgLlkculdsA 

5-lkyesanksckjxzkelHkkLrjijmlvof/kesafd,x, 

dk;ksZ o Jfed vf/kdkjksa ij foLr`r tu lquokbZ dh tkuh 

pkfg,A


pj.k11 

❉ iwjsfd,x,dkedkewY;kadu 

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1- tkudkjh miyC/k 

u djok ikuk D;ksafd 

ekxZnf'kZdk esa fn, x, fn'kk 

funsZ'kksaomijfy[ksfcUnqvksa 

vuqlkj ikjnf'kZrk fn[kkus 

esavlQyrkA 

2- lgh vf/kdkj izkIr 

djus o vf/kdkfj;ksa dh 

tokcnkjhlqfuf'prdjusesa 

vlQyrkA ;kstuk lacaf/kr 

lokyksa ds tokc ikus esa 

v{kerkA 

3- dk;ZØe ds dbZ igyqvksa 

dks fcuk yksxksa dks 'kkfey 

fd,iwjkgkstkukA 

4- f'kdk;r fuokj.k iz.kkyh 

dkvlQygksukA 

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gjigywdhlfe{kk 

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dk;ksZ o Jfed vf/kdkjksa ij foLr`r tu lquokbZ dh tkuh 

pkfg,A 

4- buys[kkijh{kkvksadksvfHk;kuds:iesapyk,rkfdQksjedhlaLFkkxr˜vko';drk 

dhiwfrZdsfy,lEiw.kZiz'kklueqLrSnjgldsA 

nLrkostksadksrS;kjdjuk 

Qksje esa yksxksa dh izHkkoh fgLlsnkjh lwpukvksa dh iw.kZ izkfIr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA 

blds fy, lcls vPNk gksxk fd tc dke pkyw gks rHkh lkjs nLrkostksa rFkk lwpuk,a 

vklkuh ls miyC/k gksA ysfdu dsoy tkudkjh miyC/k gksus ls gh dke ugha pysxkA 

tkudkfj;ksa dks lesfdr dj mudk ljy lkjka'k rS;kj djus vkSj yksxksa dks miyC/k 

djkus ls igys Qksje ds vk;kstu dks izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldsxkA ,sls lkjka'k dks Qksje 

dsnkSjkutksjlsi


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fd;ktkukpkfg,A 

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ijh{k.kfd;ktkldsA 

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pkfg,rFkk bllwphdkslwpukiVy ijj[khtkuk pkfg,AlkFk ghQksjedh 

dk;ZlwphdsvU;enksadksHkhiznf'kZrfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

2.9.1.2 lkekftdys[kkijh{kk%izfØ;kovk;kstudhvko'drk,a 

izfØ;kRedigyw 

lkekftdys[kkijh{kkQksjedhlk[kdsfy,etcwrizfØ;k,¡vko';dgSAlquokbZ 

ikjn'khZrFkkfu"i{k:ilsvk;ksftrdhtkuhpkfg,Aftllsxjhcomis{kryksxHkh 

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tkuhpkfg,fdfuthLokFkZQksjeijdCtkutekysaAbldsfy,% 

1- Qksje dk le; efgykvksa] xjhc] misf{kr Jfedksa dks fgLlk ysus ds fy, 

lqfo/kktudgksA 

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tkfr]vuqlwfprtutkfrrFkkvU;&fiNM+koxZ½dsfy,vyx&vyxykxwfd;k 

tkuk pkfg,A fdUrqqq dksje dk vHkko vkifÙk;kWa ntZ djus dk cgkuk ugha cu 

tkukpkfg,A 

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;kokMZiap}kjkughdhtkuhpkfg,A 

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izk:i ds vqulkj lwpukvksa dks tksj ls i


gsrqftEesnkjlHkhvf/kdkfj;ksadksQksjeesamifLFkrjgukpkfg,A 

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vuqlkjlHkhvkifÙk;ksadksntZfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

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dk;ZokghdhfjiksVZ¼ActionTakenReport½i


❉ D;k xzke iapk;r }kjk mu lHkh laHkkfor ifjokjksa dh lwph rS;kj dh Fkh 

tksiath;udjokukpkgldrsFks\ 

❉ D;kigykiath;ublmnñs';lsvk;ksftrfo'ks"kxzkelHkkesafd;kx;k 

Fkk\ 

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dk;ZdsfofHkUuigyqvksadsdk;kZUo;udksekWuhVjdjrsFks\ 

❉ D;kdksbZ f'kdk;r dhxbZ Fkh\D;k mUgsaf'kdk;r fuokj.kizkf/kdkjh }kjk 

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❉ D;k dk;Z lekIr gksus ls 7 fnuksa ds vUnj ,d [kqyh ^îfj;kstuk cSBd** 

6- etnwjhHkqxrku 

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❉ D;k7fnuksadsvUnjetnwjhdkHkqxrkufd;kx;kFkk\ 

❉ D;k iwoZ&?kksf"kr lkoZtfud LFkku ij iwoZ&?kksf"kr le; ij etnwjh dk 

Hkqxrkufd;kx;kFkk\ 

❉ D;k Hkqxrku djus ds igys lkoZtfud tk¡p iM+rky gsrq Hkqxrku ds lkjs 

fooj.kmiyC/kFks\ 

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pkfg,A 

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vkdM+ksdkizca/kurFkkvfHkys[kksa dkj[kj[kko 47 

lwphrS;kjdjvko';ddk;Zokghgsrqdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdksfjiksVZdjuh 

pkfg,A 

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iVyijtkudkfj;ksadksvko';drkuqlkj lq/kkjfn;kx;kgSA 

❉ xzkejkstxkjlsod]twfu;jbathfu;jrFkkvU;LVkQdhlsokdhxq.koRrk 

dhHkhijh{kkdhtkldrhgSA 

❉ dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ls xzke iapk;r dks fuf/k;ksa dk le; ij iznku fd, 

tkusdksHkhekWfuVjfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

2.10 vkdM+ksdkizca/kurFkkvfHkys[kksadkj[kj[kko 

vf/kfu;e ds varxZr ik=rk,¡ fof/kd :i ls U;k;ksfpr gSA blh dkj.k vU; ckrksa 

ds lkFk&lkFk ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd dk;kZUo;u ds lHkh igyqvksa dk lgh vfHkys[k j[kk 

tk,Alwpukdsvf/kdkjvf/kfu;e]2005}kjkHkh;gvko';dgSA 

uhps crk;k x;k gS fd dkSu ls vfHkys[k rFkk vkadM+ksa dk j[kj[kko fdlds }kjk 

fd;ktkukpkfg,Aizk:iifjf'k"Vksaesafn,x,gSA 

lwpuk ds le;≤ ij uohuhdj.k rFkk j[kj[kko ds fy, ,d dEI;wVjhÑr 

ekWfuVfjax rFkk lwpuk iz.kkyh ¼MIS½ vko';d gksxhA dsUnz }kjk mlds fy, ,d eq[; 

¼MIS½ fodflr dh tk,xh rFkk jkT;ksa }kjk blesa viuh lacaf/kr vko';drkvksa ds 

vuq:i;FkksfprifjorZufd;ktk,xkA 

2.10.1 xzkeiapk;rksarFkkvU;dk;kZUo;u,tfUl;ksa}kjkj[kstkus 

okysvfHkys[k 

1- vkosnu iath;u iathdk & izR;sd xzke iapk;r }kjk iath;u gsrq izkIr vkosnuksa 

¼vFkok vuqjks/kksa½ dh ,d iaftdk j[kh tk,xhA mlesa izR;sd vkosnd dk uke] 

vkosnuvFkokvuqjks/kizkIrgksusdhfrFkhrFkkdkMZtkjhdjusdhrkjh[kgksuh 

pkfg,Aifjf'k"Vch-7esabldkizk:ifn;kx;kgSA 

2- tkWcdkMZiaftdk&izR;sdxzkeiapk;r}kjk,dtkWcdkMZiaftdkj[khtk,xhA 

bliaftdkdhMqfIydsVizfrdk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dsdk;kZy; esadEI;wVjhÑr :i 

esaj[khtk,xhAifjf'k"Vch-8esabldkizk:ifn;kx;kgSA 

3- jkstxkj iaftdk & izR;sd xzke iapk;r }kjk ,d iaftdk j[kh tk,xh ftlesa 

fuEufyf[krizlaxvfHkysf[krfd,tk,axs%& 

3-1- ekaxsx,jkstxkj(


3-2- vkcafVrjkstxkjrFkk 

3-3- okLroesaizkIrfd,x,jkstxkjA 

bliaftdkdkizk:iifjf'k"Vch-9esafn;kx;kgSA 

4- ifjlEifÙk iaftdk & izR;sd xzke iapk;r o dk;kZUo;u ,tUlh }kjk ifjf'k"V 

ch-10 esa fn, x, izk:i ds vqulkj LohÑr dk;ks±] fu"ikfnr dk;ks± rFkk iw.kZ 

fd,x, dk;ks± dh iaftdk j[kh tk,xhA bl iaftdk dhtkudkjh mlh izk:i esa 

xzke iapk;r rFkk lHkh dk;kZUo;u ,tfUl;ksa }kjk dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks izLrqr 

dh tk,xhA ,d ls vf/kd dk;ZØe vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;Z{ks=ksa ds vanj dk;ks± 

dks fu"ikfnr dj jgh dk;kZUo;u ,tUlh blh izk:i esa vkadM+sa ftyk dk;ZØe 

leUo;ddksfHktok,axsA 

5- eLVj jksy izkfIr iaftdk & xzke iapk;rksa rFkk dk;kZUo;u ,tfUl;ksa }kjk eLVj 

jksy izkfIr iaftdk j[kh tk,xhA xzke iapk;r }kjk vU; dk;kZUo;u ,tfUl;ksa ls 

izkIreLVjjksydhizfr;ksadkvfHkys[kHkhj[kktk,xkA 

6- eLVjjksy 

6-1- dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh }kjk xzke iapk;rksa rFkk lHkh fu"iknu vfHkdj.kksa dks 

fof'k"VigpkuØekadokyseLVjjksytkjhfd,tk,axsA 

6-2- xzke iapk;rksa rFkk vU; fu"iknu vfHkdj.kksa }kjk eLVj jksy j[ks tk,xk 

ftlesaizR;sddk;ZdhfuEufyf[krtkudkjhj[khtk,xh% 

6-2-1- dk;ZijyxsO;fDrdkuke]mldktkWcdkMZØekad]mifLFkfrrFkk 

vuqifLFkfr fnolksa dh la[;k rFkk Hkqxrku dh xbZ etnwjhA izR;sd 

dkexkj dsikfjokfjdtkWcdkMZ ijfy,x, Hkqxrku rFkk fd,x, 

dk;Zfnolla[;kdhizfof"Vdhtk,xhA 

6-2-2- mldk;Zdksfof'k"VigpkuØekadnhtk,xhA 

6-2-3- HkqxrkuizkIrdrkZdsgLrk{kjvFkokvaxwBkfu'kkuhA 

6-3- ewyeLVjjksyfu"iknuvfHkdj.kdsO;;vfHkys[kdk,dfgLlkgksaxsA 

6-4- eLVj jksy dh ,d QksVksdkWih dks lkoZtfud fujh{k.k gsrq izR;sd xzke 

iapk;rrFkkdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdsdk;kZy;esaj[kh@Hksthtk,xhA 

6-5- eLVj jksy dks dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh Lrj ij vkSj ;fn laHko gqvk rks xzke 

iapk;rLrjijdEI;wVjesap

f'kdk;rfuokj-k 49 

2.10.2 dk;ZØevf/kdkfj;ksa}kjkj[kstkusokysvfHkys[k 

1- jkstxkj iaftdk & izR;sd dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh mUgsa izkIr jkstxkj vkosnuksa dh 

iaftdk j[ksaxsA ,sls lkjs vkosnu iaftdk esa vfHkysf[kr fd, tk,axs rFkk lacaf/kr 

xzke iapk;r dks vxzsf"kr fd, tk,axsA vkosnu dh izfr;k¡ dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ds 

dk;kZy;esaj[khtk,xhA 

2- tkWc dkMZ iaftdk & izR;sd xzke iapk;r ls izkIr tkWc dkMZ dh MwfIydsV izfr;k¡ 

dk;ZØevf/kdkjhdsdk;kZy;esadEI;wVjhÑr:iesaj[khtk,xhA 

3- eLVjjksytkjhdjusdhiaftdk&fofHkédk;kZUo;uvfHkdj.kksadkstkjhfd, 

x,eLVjjksydkfjdkMZdk;ZØevf/kdkjh,diaftdkesaj[ksaxsA 

4- ifjlEifÙk iaftdk & xzke iapk;rksa rFkk vU; dk;kZUo;u vfHkdj.kksa }kjk viuh 

ifjlEifÙk iaftdkvksa dh tkudkjh mlh izk:i esa dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks vxzsf"kr 

dhtk,xhAdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdEI;wVjhÑr:iesavkadM+ksadkslesfdrdjsaxsrFkk 

mldh,dizfrftykdk;ZØeleUo;ddksiznkudjsaxsA 

5- f'kdk;r iaftdk & dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh }kjk ,d f'kdk;r iaftdk j[kh tk,xhA 

dk;ZØevf/kdkjhdksviusdk;kZy;dslqizdVLFkkuij,df'kdk;risVhHkh 

yxokukpkfg,rFkkblsfu;fervarjky ijLo;a[kksyukpkfg,Ablrjgdh 

isfV;ksaesaizkIrf'kdk;rksadksf'kdk;riaftdkesantZfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

2.11 f'kdk;rfuokj-k 

[k.M Lrj ij dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh rFkk ftyk Lrj ij ftyk dk;ZØe leUo;d 

f'kdk;rfuokj.kvf/kdkjhgksaxsA 

izR;sdLrjijf'kdk;rksalsfuiVusdsfy,vihydh,diz.kkyhrS;kjdhtk,xhA 

xzke iapk;r ds fo#) dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh dks vihy dh tk,xhA dk;ZØe vf/kdkjh ds 

fo#)ftykdk;ZØeleUo;ddksvihydhtk,xhAftykdk;ZØeleUo;ddsfo#) 

jkT;ljdkj}kjkfofufnZ"V;kFkksfprizkf/kdkjhdksvihydhtk,xhA 

,diaftdkesa;kfpdkdrkZdkuke]irkrFkk;kfpdkdhfrfFkvkSjizÑfruksVdh 

tk,xhrFkkmlslkIrkfgdvk/kkjijbaVjusVijviyksMfd;ktk,xkAf'kdk;rdjus 

okysO;fDrdksuacjrFkkfnuk¡dlfgr,djlhnnhtk,xhrkfdogjlhnla[;kdk 

mi;ksxdjdk;ZØevf/kdkjhdsdk;kZy;dhf[kM+dhvFkokbaVjusVlsviuhf'kdk;r 

dsfuiVkudhfLFkfrdkirkyxkldsA,dckjfdlhf'kdk;rdkfuiVkudjfn;k 

tkrk gS rks ;kfpdkdrkZ dks fuiVku dh frfFk rFkk izÑfr dh lwpuk nh tkuh pkfg,A 

;gfooj.kbaVjusVijmiyC/kdjk;ktk,xkA


lkjhf'kdk;rsavf/kfu;eesafu/kkZfjrl;elhekdsvanjfuiVkbZtk,axhAvf/kfu;e 

rFkkbufn'kkfunsZ'kksadsvarxZrleLrizkf/kdj.kksadkf'kdk;rfuiVkulkIrkfgdvk/kkj 

ij baVjusV ij iksLV fd;k tk,xkA f'kdk;rksa ij dh xbZ dk;Zokgh dh tkudkjh CykWd 

oftykiapk;rdhcSBdesaizLrqrdhtk,xhA 

bl vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuks ds mYYak/ku dk nks"kh ik;k x;k O;fDr ,d gtkj #Ik;s 

rddsn.MdkHkkxhgksxkA 

2.12 jkT;ljdkjsaviusvf/kfu;eykxwdjldrhgSa 

jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkj.Vh;vf/kfu;eesa,dfo'ks"kizko/kkugSftldsvUrxZr 

jkT; ljdkjksa dks viuk Lo;a dk vf/kfu;e ykxw djus dh vuqefr iznku dh xbZ gSA 

ysfdu;gdsoyvR;f/kdfof'k"VifjfLFkfr;ksaesaykxwfd,tkldrsgStgk¡a,slkdjus 

ijifjokjdhik=rkdeughgksrFkkjkstxkjdhfLFkfr;kablvf/kfu;eesalqfuf'pr 

dhxbZfLFkfr;ksalsfuEuughagksaaA 

lzksr 

1- jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkst+xkjxkj.Vhvf/kfu;e2005dsfy,ns[ksa 

http://rural.nic.in/rajaswa.pdf 

2- jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkst+xkjxkj.VhekxZnf'kZdkdsfy,ns[ksa 

http://nrega.nic.in/Nrega_guidelines.pdf

3 tyxzg.k{ks=fodkloe`nk;kaf=dh% 

vo/kkj.kk]fl)kar]ewyrF; 

3.1 vo/kkj-kkofl)kar 

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkst+xkj xkjaVh dkuwu esa ty laj{k.k dk;ksZa ij cy fn;k x;k gSA 

;kstukdhekxZnf'kZdkesabudk;ksaZdks;kstukc):ilsdk;kZfUordjusdklq>kogSA 

gekjs fopkj esa ;kstuk cukus ds fy, tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dh i)fr viukuk t+:jh 

gSA bl i)fr ds rduhdh igyqvksa dk ifjp; bl v/;k; esa fn;k tk jgk gSA vxys 

v/;k;esalkekftdigyqvksadhvf/kdfoLrkjlsppkZdhtk;sxhA 

3.1.1 tykxefodkl%o"kkZdkikuhtgkafxjsoghajksdsa 

dqN yksxksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ns'k dk orZeku ty ladV o"kkZ dh deh ls iSnk 

gqvk gSA fiNys lkS lkyksa ds vkadM+ksa dks ns[kus ls irk pyrk gS fd vkSlr o"kkZ esa 

'kk;n FkksM+h cgqr deh vkbZ gSA fdUrq vkt Hkh ;g lp gS fd ;fn ge bl ikuh dks 

gj laHko iz;kl djds laxzfgr djsa o ,d&,d cwan dk lnqi;ksx djuk lh[ksa] rks ikuh 

dhleL;kdklek/kkufd;ktkldrkgSA 

njvlydfBukbZo"kkZdhek=klsughacfYdmldsfxjusdhjQ˜rkjlsiSnkgksrh 

gSAgekjsns'kesagksusokyhekulwudho"kkZdhfo'ks"krkgSfdoksdqNghfnuksaesadqN 

gh?kaVksadsfy,cjldjlekIrgkstkrhgSAvf/kdka'k{ks=ksaesaiwjslkydkikuh40&50 

fnuksaeasaghfxjdscgfudyrkgSAvlyhpqukSrhgSblikuhdksoghami;ksxesaykuk 

tgka ;g ikuh fxjrk gSA dbZ o"kksZa rd ;kstuk cukus okyksa us bl ikuh dks gekjs xkao 

ls ckgj cg tkus fn;k vkSj fQj ufn;ksa ij cM+s&cM+s cka/k cukdj bl ikuh dks xkao 

dhvksjugjksads}kjkeksM+usdhdksf'k'kdhA 

tyxzg.k{ks=fodkldk;ZØeblizfdz;kdksmyVusdkiz;klgSAbldk;ZØedk 

ewyea= gS ^^[ksr dk ikuh [ksr esa] xkao dk ikuh xkao esa**A bl dk;ZØe ds rgr ns'k 

ds izR;sd xkao esa ogka ij fxjus okys ikuh dks xkao esaa gh jksddj] xkao dh lfefr ds 

fu;a=.k esa] ikuh mi;ksx dk izca/k fd;k tkrk gSA xkao dk ikuh xkao esa #dus ls xkao 

dhfeV˜VhHkhxkaoesaghlqjf{krjgikrhgSAblrjgtyxzg.kdk;ZØetuHkkxhnkjh 

o lRrk ds fodsfUnzdj.k dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ igy gSA ;kstuk dk izk:i tehu ls 

mBrkgS]xkaoesa[kqyslaoknlsiSnkgksrkgSAftudksLFkkuh;ifjfLFkfr;ksadkvf/kdre 

51

52 tyxzg.k{ks=fodkloe`nk;kaf=dh%vo/kkj.kk]fl)kar]ewyrF; 

KkugSosghlarqfyrofodsfUnzd`r;kstukdhdYiukdjsa];gLokHkkfodgSA 

tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl mu lHkh dk;ksZa dks fn;k x;k u;k uke gS tks t+ehu esa ty 

dks xzg.k djus dh {kerk dks cuk cgqr t:jh gS fd dk;Zdze dh 

'kq:vkr gesa tyxzg.k {ks= ds mipkj ls djuh pkfg,A tc rd ge ml {ks= dk 

mipkj ugha djsaxs tgka ls ikuh cgdj unh&ukyksa esa tkrk gS] rc rd gekjs rkykcksa 

dh mi;ksfxrk de gh gksxhA tkfgj gS fd vxj ikuh mlh rsth ls cgrk jgk vkSj 

vius lkFk feV˜Vh dks Hkh dkVrk jgk rks rkykc tYnh gh feV˜Vh ls Hkj tk,axsA blds 

foijhr;fngedne&dneijcgrsgq,ikuhdksjksdrsgSarksikuh/khjs&/khjsNu&Nu 

dsrkykcksa esalaxzfgrgksxkA bllsunh&ukyksadkthouHkhc

vo/kkj-kkofl)kar 53 

aaa 

aaaaa 

aaaaa 

aaaaa 

aaaaaa 

aaaaaa 

aaaaaa 

aaaaaa 

aa 

aa 

aa 

aa 

aa 

aa 

aa aaa 

aa a aaaa aaa 

a 

a 

aa a 

a a 

aa a 

a 

fp= 3.2% fjt ykbu ,d tykxe {ks= dks nwljs ls vyx djrh gSA tyxzg.k {ks= ds vyx&vyx 

HkkxksaesatSlkekSdkoSlkdkedsfl)kUrijdk;Zfd,tkrsgSa 

rkfydk3.1 

Hkkjrdstyxzg.k{ks=ksadkoxhZdj.k 

oxZ la[;k {ks=Qy¼gsDVs;j½ 

{ks= 6 250yk[k&10djksM+ 

csflu 35 30&250yk[k 

dSpesUV 112 10&30yk[k 

lc&dSpesUV 500 2&10yk[k 

oWkVj'ksM 3]237 50gtkj&2yk[k 

lc&oWkVj'ksM 12]000 10]000&50]000 

feYyh&oWkVj'ksM 72]000 1]000&10]000 

ekbØks&oWkVj'ksM 4]00]000 500&1]000 

lzksr%ckyh]1979 

;g {ks= ml ty dks xzg.k djrk gS tks ml unh&ukys esa cgrk gSA t+kfgj gS fd 

tyxzg.k{ks=dkvkdkjdqNgsDVs;jlsysdjgt+kjksafdyksehVjrdgksldrkgSA


3.1.3 tyfudklbdkb;ka 

,dekbØks okWVj'ksM dsHkhrj geNksVs&cM+s unhukyksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gS] pwafd 

gjJs.khijgekjkdkevyx&vyxrjgdkgksrkgSANksVs&NksVsjsyksalsukfy;kacurh 

gSa] vusd ukfy;Wka ukys esa tk feyrh gSa vkSj dbZ ukyksa ds ikuh dk lekos'k unh esa 

gksrkgSA 

rkfydk3.2 

ekbØksoWkVj'ksMesatyfudkljs[kk,avkSjmudktyxzg.k{ks= 

tyfudkljs[kk tyxzg.k{ks=¼gsDVs;j½ 

jsyk 0&2 

ukyh 2&50 

ukyk 50&500 

unh 500lsvf/kd 

fp=3.3%tyfudkljs[kkvksadhfofHkUuJsf.k;ka 

gj js[kk dh Js.khdh ifjHkk"kk mlds tykxe {ks= ij fuHkZj djrh gSA lcls NksVs 

tykxeokyhtyfudkljs[kkdksizFkeJs.kh (1storderstream),bllscM+hdksf}rh; 

Js.kh (2ndorderstream),vkfndgktkrkgSA 

3.1.4 cuk,j[ksalarqyuvkSjpysaifjfLFkfrvuqdwy 

tyxzg.k {ks= fodkl dk;Zdze dk ewy fl)kar gS larqyuA bl dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr 

tksHkhdk;Zfd,tkrsgSamuesablfl)kardkikyut:jfd;ktkrkgSAizkd`frd:Ik 

ls miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk miHkksx djrs le; mu lhekvksa dk mYya?ku ugha fd;k tkrk 

ftulsbulalk/kuksa dkvfLrRogh[krjsesaiM+tk,AcfYdfodklds,slsjkLrs

tylEcU/khewyrF; 55 

tkrs gSa tks fd i;kZoj.k ds fcxM+rs larqyu dks iqu% LFkkfir djus esa ennxkj lkfcr 

gksaA 

larqyudsfl)kardk?kfu"Blaca/kgSifjfLFkfrvuqdwyrklsAlarqyuokykfodkl 

rHkh laHko gS tc og ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fHkUurk dks igpku ldsA xkao dh Hkk"kk esa ge 

bls;gdgdjO;DrdjrsgSafd^^tSlkekSdk]oSlkdke**Avktgekjsns'kesaHkwty 

dkladVxaHkhjgksx;kgSAysfduvktHkhgebllsfuiVldrsgSa]vxjgeHkwxHkZ 

dhfofo/krkdksckjhdhlsle>djfodkldhuhfr;kacuk,aAfofHkUuiRFkjksaofeV˜Vh 

esa Hkwty izkIr djus dh laHkkouk vyx&vyx gksrh gSA tgka dNkjh] jsrhyh vkSj nqeV 

feV˜Vh esa Hkwty vklkuh ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ogha LysV iRFkj] Lrfjr pV˜Vku] 

dkyh pV˜Vku] ySVjkbZV iRFkj vkfn esa Hkwty izkIr djus dh laHkkouk cgqr de jgrh 

gSA lkFk gh dBksj pV˜Vkuksa esa ls Hkwty vR;f/kd ek=k esa fudky ysus ds ckn mlds 

iquHkZ.Mkj.k esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA blfy, Hkwty mi;ksx dh uhfr;ka cukrs le; 

dBksjpV˜VkuokysbykdksaesavR;f/kdlko/kkuhcjrukvfuok;ZgSAHkwtyvPNhek=k 

esa izkIr gks] rks Hkh izd`fr dk larqyu cuk, j[kuk vko';d gSA /kjrh eka dh xksn ls 

getksHkhxzg.kdjrsgSamldhiwfrZdjukgekjknkf;RogSA 

3.1.5 tykxedk;ZØelsgksusokysykHk 

fodkldsblifjfLFkfrvuqdwy]fodsfUnzd`rrFkkizd`frdklarqyucjdjkjj[kus 

okysrjhdslsdbZykHkizkIrgksrsgS% 

1- HkwfedVkoesadeh 

2- cka/kksaesaxknHkjusdhxfresadeh 

3- HkwtyiquHkZ.Mkj.klsty&rjesao`f) 

4- ufn;ksadksu;kthou 

5- feV˜Vhdhuehesao`f) 

3.2 tylEcU/khewyrF; 

3.2.1 typØ 

tykxe dk;ZØe ds ;g lc ykHk fdlizdkj vftZr fd;s tkrs gS] ;g le>us ds 

fy, ge ty pØdks le>sA tks ikuh gesa fey jgk gS mls ge okVj'ksM ds ckgj ls 

ugh yk jgsA og dsoy okVj'ksM esa gksus okyh o"kkZ ls mRiUu ty pØ ds dqN ?kVdksa 

esaifjorZudjgesaizkIrgksjgkgSA 

ikuh leqnzls okf"idj.k}kjk vkdk'k esaigqaprk gSAogka dhBaMd mls iqu% o"kkZ


fp=3.4%typØ 

ds:iesa/kjrh ijHkstrh gSA,dckjfQjlwjtdhxehZ blikuhdks vkdk'k rd 

igqapkrhgSvkSjogkalsnksckjk;go"kkZcudjvkrhgSA;gvuUrpØfcuk'kq#vkr 

;kvUrdspyrktkjgkgSAysfduckfj'kdsfQjlscknycuusrddbZphtsagksrh 

gSftUgstylarqyulehdj.k}kjkn'kkZ;ktkldrkgSA 

Hkw&ty rFkk lrgh ty ds iw.kZ mi;ksx ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr ds dqy ty lalk/ku dk 

41%fgLlk feV˜Vh esa ueh ds :Ik esa cp tkrk gSA bl ueh dk lnqi;ksx oWkVj'ksM 

dk;Zdze dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA bl ueh dk lqfu;ksftr mi;ksx djus ls ns'k ds 

lw[ks {ks=ksa dh mRikndrk dbZ xquk c


3.2.2 tylarqyulehdj-k 

o"kkZ = lrghtyizokg +izLosnu +ok"ihdj.k +Hkwty +t+ehudhueh 

/kjrh ij fxjus okyh ckfj'k dqN gn rd t+ehu dh ueh (storedsoilmoisture) 

ds :i esa feV˜Vh ds fNnzksa esa laxzfgr gks tkrh gSA og ikuh tks t+ehu ds Åij ls 

cgdjfudytkrkgSmlslrghtyizokg (surfacerunoff)dgrsgSAdqNikuht+ehu 

dsuhpsmrjtkrkgSvkSjHkwtyHk.Mkjesabt+kQkdjrkgS (groundwaterrecharge) 

Alrgijlaxzfgr tydhdqNek=kokf"idj.k (evaporation) }kjkvkdk'k igqaprh 

gSA dqN ikuh ikS/ks Hkh ih tkrs gS vkSj lkal ysrs le; bldk dqN fgLlk os okrkoj.k 

esaNksM+nsrsgSAblsizLosnu (transpiration) dgrsgSA 

tykxedk;ZØedkeq[;mnñs';lrghtyizokgdksfofHkUuiz;kstuksalslaxzfgr 

djuk rFkk mlds lh/ks mi;ksx ds vykok mls feV˜Vh dh ueh ;k Hkwty esa ifjofrZr 

djuk dgk tk ldrk gSA bl iqLrd esa bu iz;kstuks dh foLr`r tkudkjh vkidks nh 

tk;sxhA ysfdubllsigys;gtkuysukt:jhgSfdlrghtyizokg dhek=kfdu 

ckrksaijfuHkZjdjrhgSA 

3.2.3 lrghtyizokgdhek=k 

lrghtyizokgbuckrksaijfuHkZjdjrkgS% 

1- o"kkZdhek=kD;kgS\ 

2- tykxe{ks=QyfdrukgS\ 

3- lrghtyizokgxq.kkadfdrukgS\ 

lrghtyizokgfudkyusdsfy,bllw=dkmi;ksxdjsa% 

tgka] 

Q = C × R × A, 

Q = lrghtyizokg (annualsurfacerunoff) 

C = lrghtyizokgxq.kkad(runoffcoefficient) 

R = okf"kZdo"kkZdhek=k(annualrainfall) 

A = tykxedk{ks=Qy(areaofwatershed)


aaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

aaaaaaaaa 


aaaaaaaaa 


aaaaaaaaa 


aaaaaaaaa 


aaaaaaaaa 

fp=3.5%,dlikVrydscrZuesaftlmapkbZrdo"kkZdkikuhHkjsxkogho"kkZdhxgjkbZgksxh 

3.2.4 lrghtyizokgxq-kkadbuijfuHkZjdjrkgS 

lrghizokgxq.kkaddkekufuEuifjfLFkfr;ksadsvuqlkjcnyrkjgrkgSA 

1- feV˜VhdhikjxE;rk 

2- feV˜VhdhvoLFkk¼lw[kh@xhyh½ 

3- t+ehudh


rkfydk3.3 

fofHkUuifjfLFkfr;ksadklrghtyizokgxq.kkadijvlj 

ifjfLFkfr lrghtyizokgxq.kkadijvlj 

1-feV˜VhdhikjxE;rk% 

T+;knk ▼ 

de ▲ 

2-t+ehudh


Hkwfemi;ksxo

feV˜VhlEcU/khewyrF; 61 

3.3.2 dSlscuh;gfeV˜Vh\ 

fo'okldjusesa'kk;neqf'dygks]ysfduftlfeV˜Vhijgepyrs&fQjrsgSa]ftls 

viusgkFkesaysdjmaxfy;ksalsLi'kZdjrsgSa]mlfeV˜Vhdhjpukgt+kjksalkyksard 

pyh fo?kVu] fo;kstu] foLFkkiu o teko dh izfØ;k ls xqt+jus ds ckn iwjh gqbZA tc 

gekjk HkweaMy Bksl cuk] mlesa igkM+ks&?kkfV;ksa dk mrkj&p


3.3.3 feV˜VhdkxBu 

ftu[kfutksalsfeV˜VhcurhgSmudksviusd.kksadsvkdkjdsvk/kkjijfoHkkftr 

fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2 fe-eh- ls vf/kd O;kl ds d.kksa dks feV˜Vh esa ugha fxuk tkrkA 

budhfxurhctjhvkSjNksVsiRFkjdhJs.khesagksrhgSA 

rkfydk3.5 

feV˜Vhdsd.kksadsvkdkj 

lkexzh d.kdkvkdkj¼fe-eh½ 

ctjhoNksVsiRFkj 2lsvf/kd 

eksVhjsr 2&0-2 

ckjhdjsr 0-2&0-02 

xkn 0-02&0-002 

fpduhfeV˜Vh 0-002lsde 

lzksr%[kUuk]1996 

vyx&vyxizdkjdhfeV˜Vhesabulkefxz;ksadksvyx&vyxek=kesaik;ktkrkgSA 

;grksgefeV˜VhdksNwdjHkhirkyxkldrs gSaAbuvyxlkefxz;ksa dsdkj.kgh 

fdlhHkhizdkjdhfeV˜Vhdh[kkligpkucurhgSAelyu]ftlfeV˜Vhesajsr]xkn 

vkSjfpduhfeV˜Vhlarqfyrek=kesagksa]mlfeV˜VhdksnqeBdgktkrkgSAtcfeV˜Vh 

esaFkksM+huehgksrcvuqHkohfdlkumlesaikbZtkusokyhbulkefxz;ksadkvankt+mls 

Nw dj gh yxk ysrs gSaA os feV˜Vh dk ^gYdh* ;k ^Hkkjh* dg dj o.kZu djrs gSaA ;k 

fQj os ;g ckr dgrs gSa fdmDr feV˜Vhij gy&Mksjk pykus ds fy, fdrus cSyksa dh 

vko';drk iM+sxhA vr% fpduh feV˜Vh] jsrhyh feV˜Vh ls T+;knk Hkkjh gSA jsr] fpduh 

feV˜Vhoxkndhek=kdsvk/kkjij]vkerkSjij10fdLedhfefV˜V;ksadksigpkuk 

tkrkgSA 

rkfydk3.6 

d.kksadsvkdkjdsvk/kkjijfeV˜VhdsizdkjdkfoHkktu 

feV˜Vhizdkj %jsr %xkn % fpduh 

feV˜Vh 

jsr 80-100 0-20 0-20 

jsrhyhnqeV 50-80 0-50 0-20 

nqeV 30-50 30-50 0-20 

xkn&HkjhnqeV 0-50 50-100 0-20 

jsrhyhfpduhfeV˜Vh&nqeV 50-80 0-30 20-30


feV˜Vhizdkj %jsr %xkn % fpduh 

feV˜Vh 

fpduhfeV˜VhnqeV 20-50 20-50 20-30 

xknHkjhfpduhfeV˜VhnqeV 0-30 50-80 20-30 

jsrhyhfpduhfeV˜Vh 50-70 0-20 30-50 

fpduhfeV˜Vh 0-50 0-50 30-100 

xknHkjhfpduhfeV˜Vh 0-20 50-70 30-50 

lzksr%jly]1975 

bltkudkjhdksfp=3-7dsvk/kkjijcsgrjle>ktkldrkgSAfeV˜VhdslHkh 

[k.M&jsr]xknvkSjfpduhfeV˜Vh&dsvius&viusjlk;fudvkSjHkkSfrdfo'ks"krk,a 

gksrh gSaA blfy,] bu lkefxz;ksa dh ek=k ij vk/kkfjr] vyx izdkj dh fefV˜V;ksa dh 

jlk;fud vkSj HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,a Hkh fHkUu gksrh gSaA bu [k.Mksa ds dkj.k gh feV˜Vh ds 

xq.k fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSa] tSls] mlesa ikuh fdruk py ldrk gS vkSj og fdruk ikuh 

lks[ksxh];kfQjfeV˜Vhfdrusiks"kdrRoksadksvf/kxzfgrdjik,xhvkfnAvkSj,lsgh 

xq.k&nks'k]laHkkford`f"ki)fr;kadksHkhizHkkfordjrsgSa]tSlstehutksrusdkrjhdk 

D;k gksuk pkfg,] flapkbZ dk dkSu lk rjhdk lcls mi;qDr gS] dkSu lh Qlysa ml 

feV˜Vhdsfy,lclscsgrjjgsaxhvkfnA 

3.3.4 feV˜Vhdsvo;oksadhtkapdjusdsdqNvklkurjhds 

1- feV˜Vhdkuewukysdjmlesa?kkl]tM+svkfndkslkQdjmlesamfprek=kesa 

ikuhfeyk;ktkrkgSAbldscknmlfeV˜VhdksvPNhrjgxqFkktkrkgSA 

2- fQjblfeV˜VhdksnksuksgkFkksdschpj[kdjmldk,dcsyucukusdkiz;kl 

djrs gSA bl iz;kl eas fcuk VwVs csyu ftruk vf/kd yack o iryk curk gSA 

mlfeV˜VhesafpduhfeV˜Vhdhek=kmruhghvf/kdgksrhgSA 

3- gkFkksadkslw[kusdscknelydjlkQdjusdkiz;kldjusij;fngkFkvklkuh 

lslkQgkstkrsgSrksbldkerycgSfdmlfeV˜VhesaxknojsrgSA 

4- feV˜Vh ds FkksMs ls fgLls dks ,d dkap ds fxykl esa Mkydj fgykus ij ftruh 

feV˜Vh?kqyrh gSml feV˜Vhesamruh fpduhfeV˜Vhdhvf/kdrk dk irk pyrk 

gSA fxykl ds rys esa cSBh gqbZ ek=k dks ns[kdj mifLFkr xkn ;k ckfjd jsr ds 

vuqikrdkirkyxk;ktkldrkgSA


3.3.5 feV˜Vhdk


fp=3.7%feV˜VhdhcukoVdksblf=dks.kdsek/;elsHkhle>ktkldrkgS 

lzksr%jly]1975 

fpduhfeV˜Vh]rhuksa feV˜Vhds


vkdkj ds vykok


bl rjg dh Hkwfedk vnk djus ds fy, ;g t+:jh gS fd fpduh feV˜Vh Åu dh 

rjgyphys[k.MksatSlhcuhgks¼flocculation½Abldsfy,vko';dgSfddqNek=k 

esa yo.k feV˜Vh esa ekStwn jgsaA dsoy 'kq) ikuh esa fpduh feV˜Vh ds d.k vyx&Fkyx 

ghjgtk,axsA[kklrkSjlsyo.kdhek=krcvf/kdgksukvko';dgSfdtcmlesa 

lksfM;e ds vk;u cgqr gksaA dqy feyk dj ;g t+:jh gS fdfpduh feV˜Vhds ckjhd 

d.klkFk&lkFk jgsaugharksosfc[kjdjfeV˜Vhds


jgus dh rkdr rsth ls lekIr gksus yxrh gS] rc mudk ikuh ds lkFk cguk izkjaHk 

gks tkrk gSA bls {kj.k dgrs gSA bl ds rsth ls cgus dk nwljk dkj.k NksVs d.kksa dh 

HkkjghurkHkhgksrkgSA 

vr% {kj.k] fpduh ;k NksVs d.kksa dh feV˜Vh esa eqje ;k cM+s d.kksa dh feV˜Vh ls 

T;knkgksrkgSA 

3.3.7.1 ikuhdsdkj-kgksusokys{kj-kdsizdkj 

fp=3.8%ty{kj.kdsizdkj 

tSlk fd iwoZ eas geus ns[kk fd feV˜Vh ds d.kksa ds vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij mudh 

ikjxE;rk o {kj.k dh izÑfr dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA {kj.k dk izkjaHk o"kkZ dh cwanks ds 

tehu ij fxjus ds lkFk gh gks tkrk gSA tSls tSls cwans bdV˜Bh gksdj vkxs c

cka/klEcU/khewyrF; 69 

dh mitkÅ {kerk de gksrh tkrh gSA bl izdkj dk {kj.k lcls T;knk [ksrks esa gksrk 

gSAlrgh{kj.kdkmipkj[ksrksaesaikykcanhlsfd;ktkldrkgSA 

NksVhukyhds#iesa{kj-k(rillerosion) 

o"kkZ dk ikuh tc bdV˜Bk gksdj cguk vkjEHk djrk gS rks feV˜Vh dVko dj 

/khjs&/khjs jsyk¼NksVhukyh½cukrk gSAjsysesa;gikuh yxkrkjcgusdsdkj.kfdukjksa 

vkSj ry dk {kj.k djrk tkrk gSA ;g {kj.k lrgh {kj.k dh rqyuk esa vklkuh ls 

fn[kkbzZnsrkgSAblizdkjdk{kj.kLi"Vr%rVca/kks;kcka/kksdsfdukjsijfn[kkbZnsrk 

gSA bldh rhozrk mu {ks=ksa esa T;knk gksrh gS tgkW feV˜Vh esa xkn T+;knk gksus ij NksVh 

ukyh dk {kj.k vf/kd gksrk gSA [ksrks esa bldk mipkj


dh ;kaf=dh djus okys ;g Hkze ikyrs gS fd ^îkuh dks O;FkZ leqnz esa cgus ugha fn;k 

tkukpkfg,**Ai;kZoj.kfoKkugesablHkzelseqDrdjrkgSAizd`fresadksbZphtO;FkZ 

ughagksrhAleqnzesafeyusokykufn;ksadkehBkikuhghekWulwupØdksftUnkj[krk 

gSAges,slkdksbZdkeughadjukpkfg,ftllsblpØdksvifjorZuh;{kfrigqapsA 

;gka ge ;g Hkh ;kn j[ks fd gekjs dk;ZØe dk lcls egRoiw.kZ igyw ikuh jksdus 

lsT;knkikuhdklnqi;ksxgSAgesaikuhdsmi;ksxesalerkofujUrjrkdsfl)kUrksa 

dk lekos'k djuk gksxkA uydwi flapkbZ rFkk vR;f/kd ty mi;ksx okyh Qlyksa ij 

lkekftdodkuwuhfu;U=.kyxkukgksxkA;gHkh/;kujgsfdgekjsNksVscka/kksalsHkh 

;fn fdlh dh tehu Mwcrh gks rks bl fLFkfr esa iw.kZ laosnu'khyrk viukbZ tk,A ,sls 

fdlkuksadsgkehHkjusijghvkxsck;k 

x;kgSA 

3.4.3 ÝhcksMZ(freeboard) 

fudklnsusdsckn HkhvR;f/kd o"kkZ dsle; dqNikuh cka/k ijgh#dtkrk gS 

pwafd bruk T+;knk ikuh ,d gh lkFk fudkl ls ckgj ugha gks ikrkA bl otg ls iw.kZ 

tyk'k;LrjdsÅijÝ+hcksMZnsukvko';dgksrkgSrkfdikuhcka/kdsÅijup


3.4.4 foJkedkdks-k 

fp= 3.9% fofHkUu lkefxz;ksa dk foJke dk 

dks.k 

oWkVj'ksMlajpukvksaesami;ksxdh 

tkus okyh fdlh Hkh lkexzh dks ;fn 

izd`fr ds izHkko ij [kqyk NksM+ fn;k 

tk, rks og ,d fuf'pr


fp=3.10%fofHkUuizdkjdhfeV˜Vhlscuscka/kdsvkdkjAftrukdefuekZ.klkexzhdkfoJkedk 

dks.kmruhghdecka/kdh


3.4.5 feV˜VhcSBusdkizko/kku¼settlementallowance½ 

cka/kfuekZ.kdsnkSjkufeV˜Vhdksmi;qDruehdslkFkdwVk;knck;ktkrkgSAfQj 

Hkh feV˜Vh viuh izkÑfrd lajpuk ¼foJke dk dks.k½ rd ugha igqqapk ikrhA fuekZ.k ds 

ckn Hkh cka/k dh feV˜Vh viuh izkÑfrd lajpuk dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrh jgrh 

gSA cka/k dk viuk ot+u] ty HkaMkj.k ls iSnk ueh o o"kkZ dh cwanksa dk lh/kk izHkko 

Hkh cka/k ds vkdkj esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA bl vkdkj ifjorZu ls cka/k dk Lo#i tSls 

ÅapkbZ o


gSA D;k

LFkykÑfr(topography)lEcU/khewyrF; 75 

3.4.8 iRFkjksadkvaxwBk¼rocktoe½ 

bljs[kk dksuhps[khapusdsfy,rkfdogcka/k dsry lsghfudytk,] iRFkjksa 

dk vaxwBk cuk;k tkrk gSA bl vaxwBs esa mYVh NUuh ¼fjolZ fQYVj½ cukbZ tkrh gS] 

ftlesa lcls igys ckjhd feV˜Vh vkSj fQj yxkrkj vf/kd [kqjnjh feV˜Vh vkSj varr% 

cka/kdsikliRFkjfcNk,tkrsgSaAiRFkjksadkvaxwBkfjludhjs[kkdkscka/kdsvkjikj 

ughagksusnsrkA 

3.4.9 feV˜VhvkSjiRFkjdhlajpuk,a%,drqyukRedut+j 

rkfydk3.9 

feV˜VhvkSjiRFkjdhlajpukvksadhfo'ks"rk,a 

iRFkj feV˜Vh 

fudkl Åijls fdukjsls 


fp=3.14%igkM+hvkSj?kkVhdklsD’kutksfdfoHkfUuÅapkb;ksadhdaVwjjs[kkdksn’kkZrkgS 

fp=3.15%,digkM+hdhdUVwjjs[kk,aÅijlsdqN,slhut+jvkrhgSa


fp=3.16%/kjrhijlHkhfcUnqvksadhÅapkbZleqnzLrjlsukihtkrhgS


3.5.3 fofHkUun`f"Vdks-k 

fp=3.17%Iyku]ØWkllsD'kuo,y&lsD'ku 

fdlh Hkh lajpuk dks cukus ds iwoZ mldh dYiuk fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k ls dj ikuk 

T+k:jhgksrkgS% 

1- tcgedYiukvkdk'klsuhpsdhvksjns[krsgq,djrsgSarksgelajpukdh 

yEckbZopkSM+kbZns[kikrsgSaAblsIySu (plan) ;kys&vkmV (layout) dgrsgSaA


2- vcdYiukdhft,fdvkicka/kdksmldhpkSM+kbZdsvkj&ikjdkVjgsgSaA,sls 

esavkibldhÅapkbZopkSM+kbZns[kik,axsA blsØkWl&lsD'ku (cross-section) 

dgrsgSaA 

3- vkSj vxj vki cka/k dks mldh yEckbZZ ds vkj&ikj dkVrs gSa rks vki bldh 

ÅapkbZoyEckbZZns[kik,axsAbls,y&lsD'ku (longitudinalorL-section)dgrs 

gSaA 

blizdkjizR;sdokWVj'ksMlajpukds3js[kk&fp=cuk,tkrsgSA 

3.5.4 lh/kkvarjky (verticalinterval)]likVvarjky (horizontal 

interval) o


1- likVnwjh 

2- lh/khnwjh 

;fn,dLFkku dnwljsLFkku [kls5ehVjnwjgS]rks nkuksaLFkkuksa dschp dhlikV 

nwjh5ehVjgSA;fnLFkkudnwljsLFkku[kls15ehVjÅaWpkbZijgS]rksnkuksaLFkkuksa 

dschpdhlh/khnwjh15ehVjgSA 

bunksvarjkyksadkvuqikrmlfgLlsdh

tykxelajpukvksadkLFkyvuqlkjp;u 81 

7- bu lHkh rjhdksa ls ikuh dh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gS vkSj Hkwty iquHkZ.Mkj.k esa 

HkhennfeyrhgSAoWkVj'ksMdstyxzg.k{ks=dkmipkjgkstkusijfeV˜Vhds 

cka/k o [ksr rkykcksa ds ek/;e ls flapkbZ ds fy, ikuh dks laxzfgr fd;k tkuk 

pkfg,A 

8- lkFkgh[ksrksaesaikykcanhdjdstehudhuehdksc


fp= 3.20% ty fudkl js[kk ij fuekZ.k ,slh txg gksuk pkfg, tgka ukys dh pkSM+kbZ vf/kd u gksA 

tSlsfp=esaddsctk;LFky[kdkp;ugksukpkfg,

tykxelajpukvksadkLFkyvuqlkjp;u 83 

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 





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fp=3.21%p;furLFkyijukysdh


dstksM+lsvf/kdgksuhpkfg, 

9- fuekZ.kLFkyijfuekZ.klkexzhvklkuhlsmiyC/kgks 

blv/;k;esafturF;ksalsvkidkizkjfEHkdifjp;djk;kx;kgS]mUgsavkxsds 

v/;k;ksa esafoLrkjlsle>k;k tk,xkA 

lzksr 

1- Bali,Y.P.(1979):‘WatershedManagement—ConceptandStrategy’,inP.N.Bhatt 

(ed.),WatershedManagement,LecturesDeliveredatShortCourse,Dehradun:Central 

SoilandWaterConservationResearchandTrainingInstitute. 

2- Dhruvanarayana,V.V.(1993): SoilandWaterConservationResearchinIndia,New 

Delhi:IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch. 

3- Khanna, P.N. (1996): Indian Practical Civil Engineers’ Handbook, New Delhi: 

Engineers’Publishers 

4- Russell,E.W.ed.(1975):SoilConditionsandPlantGrowth,ELBS&OrientLongman 

5- Schwab,G.O.et.al.(1981):SoilandWaterConservationEngineering,NewYork:John 

WileyandSons 

6- Subramanya, K. (1994): Engineering Hydrology, Tata-McGraw Hill Publishing 

Company,NewDelhi 

7- Tideman,E.M.(1996): WatershedManagement: GuidelinesforIndianConditions, 

OmegaScientificPublishers,NewDelhi

4 tykxefodkldslkekftdolaLFkkxr 

igyw%,difjp; 

tykxefodkldsoyckfj'kdsikuhdksjksdusdhdykughagSAbllsHkhT+;knkvge 

ckr gSikuhdkU;k;ksfpr cVokjk] mldk fujarjmi;ksx omiyC/krkA blv/;k; esa 

ge ,sls n`f"Vdks.k o Bksl d+neksa dk mYys[k djsaxs ftuls ikuh dk ;g lkekftd i{k 

t+ehu ij mrkjk tk ldsA jkxjksxk ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; gesa bu ckrksa dk /;ku 

j[kukt+:jhgSA 

4.1 lgHkkxhfu;kstu 

guqeaFkjkolfefrdh1994dhfjiksVZdsckn]tykxedk;ZØe gsrqekxZnf'kZdk us 

lgHkkxhtykxefodklijcyfn;kAysfduvyx&vyxifjizs{;esafd,x,v/;;u 

ls gesa ;g irk pyrk gS fd lgHkkfxrk gh tykxe dk;ZØeksa dh lcls det+ksj dM+h 

jghgSAlgHkkxhxzkeh.klosZ{k.k¼ih-vkj-,-½tSlhi)fr;ka]ftudhbllanHkZesadkQ+h 

odkyr dh xbZ Fkh] viuh gh tku dh nq'eu cu xbZaA ih-vkj-,- dh ewy Hkkouk Fkh 

fo'ks"kK Kku ds opZLo o ,dkf/kdkj dks lekIr dj yksxksa ds Kku dks Åij dk ntkZ 

nsukA vk'kk ;g Fkh fd blls dk;ZØe lgh ekus esa yksxksa dk dk;ZØe cusxk ftlesa 

vU; yksx ¼tSls vf/kdkjh] xSj&'kkldh; laLFkk,a vkSj fo'ks"kK½ Hkkxhnkjh nsaxsA ysfdu 

vQ+lksl fdih-vkj-, ,de'khuhi)frcuxbZ] ftldsrgrvyx&vyxizfØ;kvksa 

ls deZdk.M dh rjg yksx xqt+jrs t+:j gSa ij bldk dk;ZØe dh xq.koRrk ij dksbZ 

izHkko ugha iM+rkA lgHkkfxrk ds mifLFkfr jftLVj esa lcus gkft+jh Hkjh t+:j gS ij 

eulsgkft+jdksbZughajgkA;gHkhns[kkx;kgSfdih-vkj-,tSlhi)freksVk&eksVh 

tkudkjh gkfly djus dk vklku jkLrk rks gks ldrk gS] fdUrq tykxe tSls foLr`r 

dk;ZØedsfy,T+;knkvk/kkjHkwr tkudkjhdhvko';drkgSA 

bl fn'kk esa vf/kd lkFkZd rjhdk gS lgHkkxh lalk/ku u{ks cukukA bl i)fr esa 

iVokjhu{ksdkmi;ksxtkudkjhbdðkdjus]lalk/kulk{kjrk]fu;kstuvkSjlkeqnkf;d 

la?kVu dsfy,fd;ktkrk gSA Hkw&foKkuv/;;u dsUnz]fr#ouariqjevkSj dsjy'kkL= 

lkfgR;ifj"knusbli)frdksloZizFke fodflrfd;kFkkA gkyghesadsjydsyksd 

fu;kstuvfHk;kudsvarxZrbldkdkQ+hmi;ksxgqvkA 

HkkjrtSlslkekftdvkSjvkfFkZdvlekurkvksals=Lrns'kesa;gle>ukeqf'dy 

85

86 tykxefodkldslkekftdolaLFkkxrigyw%,difjp; 

ughagSfdxjhcksadhvkokt+det+ksjd;ksagSaAblhdet+ksjhdh>ydtykxedk;ZØeksa 

esa Hkh feyrh gSA blfy, ,slk ugha dgk tk ldrk fd dk;e vlekurkvksa ds fy, 

dk;ZØe gh nks"kh gSA fdUrq dqN ,sls Bksl dne mYysf[kr t+:j djus gkasxs ftlls bu 

dk;ZØeksa dk ;g gky u gksA ;s d+ne mBkus ds ckn Hkh t+:jh ugha fd ge vkn'kZ 

lgHkkxhizfØ;kvksadksLFkkfirdjik,axs]fdUrqdk;ZØedksbldlkSVhijt+:jrkSyk 

tkldsxkfd,slsiz;klfdruhbZekunkjhdslkFkfd,x,A 

chukvxzoky¼2001½lgHkkfxrkdsfofHkUurjhdksaijizdk'kMkyrhgSa% 

lgHkkfxrkdkrjhdk@Js.kh y{k.k 

U;wure lgHkkxhlewgksadhlnL;rkek= 

fuf"Ø;]fu"ps"V ehfVax vkfn esa [kkeks'k mifLFkfr ;k ehfVax ds 

fu.kZ;ksadsckjsesacknesatkudkjhysuk 

ijke'khZ lgHkkxhdhjk;t+:jekaxhxbZfdUrqfu.kZ;ksaaij 

izHkkoMkyusdh{kerkugha 

dk;Z&fo'ks"klaca/kh fo'ks"kdk;ZdjusgsrqlgHkkxhdkvkxsvkuk 

lfØ; lgHkkxhdkvkxsvkdjviuserj[kuk]vkSj 

igyHkhdjuk 

l'kDrhdj.kdhvksj lgHkkxhdhvkokt+HkhgSvkSjfu.kZ;ksaijvlj 

Hkh 

tkudkjvkSjl'kDr lgHkkxh esa fo'ks"kKksa vkSj ckgjh ,tsfUl;ksa ds 

erksa dks le>us dh {kerk gS vkSj vPNh rjg 

le>&cw>djfu.kZ;ysusdhdkfcfy;rHkh 

lzksr%vxzoky¼2001½lsifjofrZr 

chukvxzokydsoxhZdj.kesageus,dfcUnqvkSjtksM+kgS&tkudkjvkSjl'kDr 

lgHkkfxrk dkA bls og vkn'kZ dg ldrs gSa ftldh rjQ gesa c

lerkdhizkFkfedrk 87 

,sls esa dqN bl rt+Z ij ykpkjh O;Dr dh tkrh gS fd ^^;g rks yksxksa dk dk;ZØe gS] 

yksx ;gh pkgrs gSa rks ge blesa D;k dj ldrs gSa\**A pqukSrh ;g gS fd dSls fofHkUu 

fopkjksa vkSj erHksnksa dks mi;qDr le; vkSj LFkku fn;k tk, rkfd ;s lHkh fHkUurk,a 

O;DrHkhgksavkSjmudschpls,dtkudkj]lqy>hgqbZHkkxhnkjhdkjkLrkHkhfudysA 

yksxksa dks ;kstukvksa dh fn'kk vo'; r; djuh pkfg, fdUrq ;g t+:jh ugha gS fd 

;kstukvksaeslcdqNmudsgherkuqlkjgksAD;ksafd;gHkhgksldrkgSfdrFkkdfFkr 

^^yksx** dbZ ckj lk/ku&laiUu yksx gksa ftudk xkao esa opZLo gks vkSj os ;kstuk ds 

varxZrviukmYywlh/kkdjusesaiz;kljrgksaA;kfQjdHkh&dHkh;gHkhlaHkogSfd 

yksxksa dksfdlhfo"k;dsckjs esabruhtkudkjhghughanhxbZgksfdosmfprfu.kZ; 

ysldsaA 

;kstukesadkSulhxfrfof/k;ka'kfeydhtkuhgSavkSjmudsfuekZ.kLFkydkp;u 

tSls fu.kZ; lgHkkxh iz.kkfy;ksa ls djuk vfuok;Z gSA bu iz.kkfy;ksa esa ,d gS VªkUlsDV 

Hkze.k] ftuesa LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa yksxksa ds vFkkg Kku dks O;Dr gksus dk 

ekSdkfeyrkgSAblKkuesat+ehudsmrkj&p


esa fuekZ.k dk;Z 'kq# gksus ls igys gh ikuh vkSj vU; ykHkksa ds mi;ksx vkSj caVokjs 

ij foLr`r fyf[kr le>kSrs gksus pkfg,A Hkwfeghuksa ds fgrksa dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k feyuk 

vko';d gSA ;fn ,slh ckrksa dk /;ku ugha j[kk x;k rks jksdk gqvk lkjk ty] dqN 

yksxksardghlhferjgtk,xkAlkoZtfudjkf'klsfd,x,lkoZtfudt+ehuijdk;Z 

dsykHk Hkh lekurk ds vk/kkj ij forfjrgksus pkfg,Ataxy dks cpkus ;k iquthZfor 

djuslsy?kqouksitijvf?kdkjfeyukpkfg,Afutht+ehuijfd,x,dk;ks±dkHkh 

;FkklaHkomfprcaVokjkgksukpkfg,Amnkgj.kr%;fnfdlhfdlkudhfutht+ehuij 

,dLrj ls T+;knk dk fuos'k gqvk gks rks ml ij ;g 'krZ yxuh pkfg, fdogykHkksa 

dksvU;d`"kdksads,dmi;ksxdrkZ lewgdslkFkckaVsAlekurkdk;gfl)kUrfuEu 

igyqvksaijHkhykxwgksukpkfg,% 

1- erHksnksa vkSj fooknksa dk fuiVkjk% xkao esa vk;ksftr cSBdksa dh Jà[kyk esa lHkh 

izLrkforxfrfof/k;ksaijxguppkZgksuhpkfg,AblesafooknrksgksaxsfdUrqiz;kl 

;g jgs fd yksdrkaf=d rjhdksa ls xzke lHkk esa budks lqy>k;k tk,A tSls ;fn 

fdlh fdlku dh FkksM+h vfrfjDr t+ehu fdlh cka/k ds Mwc esa vk jgh gks rks 

mldsfy,xkao}kjk tk;t+ eqvkot+k r; gksuk pkfg,A;fn;g lcughafd;k 

tkrkrksdkevkxsughac

efgykl'kfDrdj-kdkloky 89 

dkfuekZ.kdjsa]tksfodkldhubZvo/kkj.kkdksvius&vius{ks=ksaesavkxsystkldsaA 

;fn,slkusr`RofuekZ.kughagqvkrkslkoZtfudjkf'kdknq#i;ksxfujarjoSlsghdk;e 

jgsxk]tSlsn'kdksalspyrkvk;kgSA 

efgykvksadksthoudsgj{ks=esa'kks"k.kdkf'kdkjcuukiM+rkgSAefgykf'k'kqvksa 

ds f[kykQ+lkekftd ekU;rkvksa us Hkkjr dsySafxd vuqikr esa vlarqyu iSnk dj fn;k 

gSA izR;sd 1000 iq#"kksa ds fy,Hkkjr esa dsoy 933 efgyk,a gha gSaA efgyk lk{kjrk nj 

dsoy54izfr'kr˜gStcfdiq#"kksadhnj76izfr'kr˜gSAckfydkvksadksikB'kkykHkstus 

ds f[kykQ+ Li"V iwokZxzg gSA nfyrksa vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj dsoy 8 

izfr'kr˜ gSA 10 ls 12 lky dh mez dh ckfydkvksa esa 40 izfr'kr˜ ,slh gSa tks fd dHkh 

Ldwy esa nkf[kyk ugha djokrhaA ,d yk[k ls lok yk[k efgyk,a izfro"kZ xHkZkoLFkk esa 

fdUghadkj.kksa ls ejtkrh gSaA ;g iwjs fo'oesa gqbZekr` e`R;qvksa dk25 izfr'kr˜ fgLlk 

gSvkSjbuesavf/kdka'k dksjksdktkldrkgSAxzkeh.kHkkjresadsoy10izfr'kr˜f'k'kq 

tUe gh vLirky esa gksrs gSaA vkSj 75 izfr'kr˜ efgyk,a pqipki tuukaxksa dh chekfj;ksa 

dksvkthoulgrhjgrhgSaA 

bu vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, efgykvksa dks gh usr`Ro ysuk gksxkA bldk 

vFkZ iq#"kksa ds lkFk >xM+k ugha gSA bldk gy gS efgykvksa dk l'kfDrdj.k rkfd os 

lkekftdcnykodhiwjhizfØ;kdksviusgkFkesaysldsaA;giwjhnqfu;kdkvuqHko 

gS fd ifjokj esa efgyk gh fodkl ds ckjs esa loZ&O;kih vkSj ,dhd`r er j[k ldrh 

gS vkSj bls vfHkO;Dr Hkh dj ldrh gSA iq#"kksa dk /;ku T+;knkrj vk; vkSj mldh 

o`f) ij dsfUnzr jgrk gSA Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa iq#"k iz/kku lekt gksus ds ukrs] izkIr 

vk; Hkh vf?kdrj iq#"kksa ds gkFk esa gh igqaprh gS] tgka ls mldk nq#i;ksx 'kq# gksrk 

gSAnwljhvksjtcefgykvksadksft+EesnkjhmBkuhiM+rhgSrksmudhlclsigyhfpark 

gksrhgSifjokjdkLokLF; vkSjcPpksadhf'k{kkA mudk/;kuges'kk ifjokjdhdekbZ 

dscsgrjmi;ksxijgksrkgSAosLo;a&lgk;rkcprlewgksaesalfØ;gksrhgSaAbulHkh 

dkj.kksalsefgykl'kfDrdj.kfdlhHkhtykxefodkldhj.kuhfrdkvk/kkjHkwrLraHk 

gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd efgyk,a mRihfM+r Hkh gSa vkSj muesa ;g l{kerk Hkh gS fd fodkl 

vkSjfuekZ.kdhO;kideqfgedksvkxsystkldsaA 

fiNys nks n'kd esa fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks efgyk mUeq[kh cukus ds dbZ iz;kl fd, 

x, gSaA fdUrq buesa ls vf/kdak'k lrgh jgsA vlyh pqukSrh gS efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds 

mÌs'; dks iwjk djus ds fy, izHkkoh j.kuhfr;ka rS;kj djukA xr˜ 20 o"kZ ds tykxe 

fodkldk;ZØeksadsvuqHkols;glkfcrgqvkgSfdefgykl'kfDrdj.kdsfy,bruk 

dkQ+h ugha fd mUgsa pan lfefr;ksa vkSj mi;ksxdrkZ nyksa ds lnL; cuk dj [kkuk iwfrZ


dhtk,Afir`&iz/kkulektesaefgykvksadsfy,lfØ;gksuklaHkoughagksikrkAvkSj 

mUgsavkxsvkusesaHkhf>>djgrhgSD;ksafdosviuhukt+qdfLFkfrdksvkSj[krjsesa 

ugha Mkyuk pkgrhaA tykxe fodkl ,dvkn'kZ ekSdk gS ftlesa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds 

loky dks cgq&vk;keh rjhds ls lqy>k;k tk ldrk gSAblds mTtoy mnkgj.k ns'k esa 

ekStwngSaAbulstkslh[kusdksfeyrkgSmudklkjuhpsizLrqrgS% 

1- ,di`Fkdefgyktykxe eaMy% izR;sdxkao esa,dvyx efgyktykxe eaMy 

esaefgykvksadksviusfopkjvkSjn`f"Vdks.kdksT+;knkLoPNUn:ilsj[kusdk 

ekSdk feysxkA lkFk gh tykxe dk;ZØe ds varxZr efgykvksa dh vko';drkvksa 

vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks okLrfodrk esa txg fey ik,xhA ;g eaMy ,d izgjh dh 

rjg;glqfuf'prdjsxkfdefgykvksadsfgrksadktykxe;kstukdsfØ;kUo;u 

esaHkhlaj{k.kgksAbleaMylsefgyk,axzketykxelfefresaHkhviusizfrfuf/k 

HkstsaxhaA ;g gj tykxe ;kstuk ds fy, ck/; gksuk pkfg, fd gj xkao esa ,sls 

eaMy dk xBu gks rkfdefgykvksa dks dsoy lquk utk, cfYd osdk;Z ;kstuk 

cukusvkSjmldsfØ;kUo;uesaHkhfu.kkZ;dHkwfedkvnkdjsaAxzkeiapk;rtSls 

LFkkuh; laLFkkuksa dks vkSj lqn`

efgykl'kfDrdj-kdkloky 91 

vlaHko gks tkrh gSA lk{kjrk dk vHkko vkSj pwYgs&pkS[kV dks yacs le; rd 

u NksM+ ikuk efgykvksa ds izf'k{k.k ds jkLrs vkM+s vkrs gSaA efgyk l'kfDrdj.k 

dk vFkZ gksuk pkfg, muds njokt+s rd izf'k{k.k vkSj rduhdh Kku igqapkuk] 

O;ogkfjd :i ls ^^dj ds lh[kuk** bR;kfnA efgykvksa dks jktfeL=h vkSj 

oSdfYidfuekZ.krduhdesaizf'k{k.knsuslsmudsjkst+xkjdsvoljksaesafoLrkj 

gksxkAmUgsavkLFkkewydvkSjtykxefuekZ.kdk;ZesadkefeyldsxkArduhdh 

izf'k{k.kdslkFk&lkFkdkuwuhizf'k{k.kHkhvko';dgSftllsefgykvksadksmuds 

vf/kdkjksadsckjsaesairkpyldsA 

5- dke ds vekuoh; cks> vkSj uhjlrk dks de djus ds fy, mi;qDr rduhd% 

tykxe ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k LFky ij dke ds cks> vkSj uhjlrk dks de djus 

ds fy, u, mik;


4.4 LoSfPNd;ksxnku 

tykxe ;kstuk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ igyw jgk gS ;ksxnku ij cyA blds ihNs ewy 

vo/kkj.kkgSfd;ksxnkulsyksxksaesadkedsizfrLokfeRodhHkkoukfodflrgksrkfd 

vkxs py dj ifj.kkeksa dh fujarjrk lqfuf'pr gks ik,A ;ksxnku dks tykxe fodkl 

dks"kesatekfd;ktkrkgSftllslajpukvksadslq/kkjvkSjj[k&j[kkoesavkfFkZdenn 

fey ldsA ysfdu Jenku dks vDlj ^^Je dj** esa cny fn;k tkrk gS] ftlds rgr 

Hkwfeghuksa dsesgurkus dks ,dca/ks&ca/kk, njvuqlkj dkVdj;ksxnku dkVkjxsV iwjk 

fd;ktkrk gSAdqyfeykdjbldkurhtk;ggksrkgSfdxkaodklclsxjhcO;fDr 

vius ls T+;knk laiUu O;fDr dks vuqnku nsrk gSA ;g ,d vR;ar xaHkhj vlfy;r gS 

ftldks lghdjuk t+:jhgSAlcls csgrj mik; gksxk fdlkuksa dhvkfFkZd fLFkfrvkSj 

dk;Z dk izdkj ns[krs gq, ;ksxnku ds fy, vyx&vyx njsa r; djukA tc futh [ksr 

ijdk;ZgksvkSj mllsvk; lao/kZugksrks;ksxnkudhek=k c

laxzfgrtydklrrmi;ksx 93 

4.6 laxzfgrtydklrrmi;ksx 

4.6.1 Hkwtyfu;a=-k 

+tykxe dk;ZØeksa esa o"kkZ ty laxzg.k dks egÙo nsrs gq, mls mi;ksxh Hkwty esa 

ifjofrZr djus dk y{; gksrk gSA ijUrq buesa Hkwty ds fuckZ/k mi;ksx ¼;k nq#i;ksx½ 

ds dqizHkkoksa dks mfpr LFkku ugha fn;k tkrkA ;fn Hkwty ds mi;ksx dks fu;af=r ugha 

fd;k tkrk rks o"kkZ ty laxzg.k fujFkZd gks tk,xkA tykxe {ks=ksa esaHkwty laHkkouk esa 

cgqrvarjgksrkgSAdqN{ks=ksaesagekjkmÌs';gksxkHkwtydsvfrmi;ksxdkslq/kkjus 

ds fy, iquHkZ.Mkj.kA dqN {ks=ksa esa Hkwty ds de mi;ksx dks ns[krs gq, gesa mls c


T+;knk cksyh yxk ldsaxsa] ikuh [kjhn dj ml ij ,dkf/kdkj Hkh tek,axs] ftlls Hkwty 

dkfuckZ/knksgugkusdk[krjkiSnkgkstk,xkA 

lcls t+:jh pht+ ;g le>uk gS fd esjs t+ehu ds uhps dk Hkwty esjk ugha 

gSA Hkwty ,d txg ij [kM+k jgus okyk lalk/ku ugha gSA og rks ^^Hkkxrk&fQjrk** 

¼fugitive½ lalk/ku gSA ,d [ksr ds uhps ls nwljs [ksr ds uhps cgqr vklkuh ls og 

viukjkLrkcukysrkgSAviusuydwidkLrjvkSjuhpsdjdsesjkiM+kslhesjsHkwty 

dks[kkyhdjldrkgSAfu;a=.kdsvHkkoesaizfrLi/kkZgksrhgSftllsfdlkuksaesagksM+ 

yxtkrhgSfdosT+;knklsT+;knkuhpsrduydwi[kksnsaAbldsifj.kkefo/oaldgksrs 

gSa tSlk fd geus xqtjkr vkSj rfey ukM ds rVorhZ {ks=ksa esa ns[kk gSA Hkwty lzksrksa esa 

leqnz ls [kkjs ikuh dk vkdj fey tkuk ,d i;kZoj.kh; foifŸk gS ftlds ifg, dks 

okiliyVkughatkldrkA 

blfy,Hkwtyijf=&vk;kehn`f"Vdks.kviukukgksxkftldsrgrgjHkwtyHk.Mkj 

dks,dlkoZtfudlalk/kuds:iesans[kukgksxkAdq,avkSjuydwiosek/;egSftuds 

lgkjsblikuhdksfudkyktk,xkAtyHk.MkjlsikuhysusdhizfØ;kdks/;kuiwoZd] 

lkoZtfud:ilsfu;af=rdjukgksxkA 

Hkwtydsxgjsuydwiksa}kjknksgulsmRiUuladVdksns[krsgq,tykxeifj;kstuk 

dsvuqeksnudsiwoZghfuEu'krs±j[khtkldrhagSa% 

❉ uydwidkmi;ksxdsoyihusdsikuhdsfy,gksxk 

❉ ;fn uydwidks flapkbZ ds fy,[kksnk tkrk gS rks og blh 'krZ ij gksuk pkfg, 

fdmi;ksxdrkZfdlkuksadslewgmUgsafu;af=rdjsaxsAvkSjbllsigysmudschp 

le>kSrk gksxk fd ikuh dk caVokjk vkSj mi;ksx fdl izdkj ls fd;k tk,xk 1 A 

xUustSlhvR;kf/kdty&mi;ksxhQlysaughayxkbZtk,axhaA 

4.6.2 tykxedk;ZØeesalw[kh[ksrhdkslfEefyrdjuk 

tykxedk;ZØeesaikuhjksdusdhckrrksdhtkrhgSysfdublikuhdsmi;ksx 

ls tqM+s lokyksa dks ut+jvankt+ fd;k tkrk gSA jksds gq, ikuh dk bLrseky fdl rjg 

djsabldsÅij/;kuughafn;ktkrkAblrjgtykxedk;ZØe20ohalnhdsizpfyr 

ekU;rkvksa ls vius vki dks vyx ugha dj ik;k ftlesa ekax dh vkiwfrZ gh lcls 

cM+klpgSAekaxksadksfdlrjgviuhifjfLFkfr;ksadhe;kZnkesagSfdvFkZO;oLFkk l`f"Vds 

vFkkgrkus&ckusdk,dNksVklkfgLlkgSA 

1 [;kfrizkIrfgojsckt+kjtykxeifj;kstukesa?kjsywmi;ksxdsvykokuydwi[kksnukizfrcaf/krgSA

laxzfgrtydklrrmi;ksx 95 

gesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd dsoy ckfj'k dk ikuh bdëk djuk gh dkQ+h ugha gSA 

bldh ekax ij fu;a=.k yxkuk Hkh t+:jh gSA D;ksafd yxkrkj c

5 vkvksu{ksle>sa 

bl v/;k; esau{ks] u{ks ij tyxzg.k {ks= dklhekadu] lhekadu dkrjhdk] lhekafdr 

tyxzg.k{ks=dk{ks=QyfudkyukvkfndhegRoiw.kZtkudkjhnhxbZgSAbldhenn 

lstyxzg.k {ks= fodkldsvk/kkj ijjk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkj.VhdsvUrxZr fd;s 

tkusokysdk;ksZadh;kstukcukbZtkldrhgSA 

5.1 u{kkD;kgS\ 

dkxt ;kfdlhHkhlery lrgijIk`Fohdsfdlh,dHkkx ;kleLr Ik`Fohds 

fp=.kdksu{kkdgrsgSAu{ksesalHkhtkudkjhladsr}kjkn'kkZ;htkrhgSAt:jrds 

vuqlkjlalkjesavyx&vyxrjgdsu{kscuk;sx;sgSAfdlhHkh,slsfp=.kdkslgh 

ek;usesau{kkrHkhdgktk,xktcmlesafuEufyf[krtkudkjhn'kkZ;hxbZgksA 

1- fn'kk% fn'kk geas u{ks dks lgh le>us eaaaaaas enn djrh gSA fdlh 

Hkh txg dh fn'kk dk vuqeku u{kk ns[kdj vklkuh ls yxk;k 

tk ldrk gS D;ksafd u{ks esa fn'kk fn[kkus dk rjhdk fuf'pr gSA 

ijEijkxr rkSj ls u{kksa esa mRrj fn'kk ges'kk Åij gksrh gSA bls 

rhjlsn'kkZ;ktkrkgSA 

2- ladsr% u{ks esa n'kkZbZ xbZ tkudkjh ds fpUgksa ds foLr`r o.kZu dh 

lwphdksladsrdgrsgSA 

3- iSekuk ¼ekieku½% t+ehu ij ikbZ tkus okyh nwjh cM+h gksus ds dkj.k u{ks ij 

mls okLrfod :i essa fn[kkuk vO;ogkfjd gSA bl dkj.k ls okLrfod nwjh dks 

u{ks esa NksVk djds fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ;g djus ds fy, iSekus dh vko';drk 

gksrh gSA t+ehu ij okLrfod nwjhvkSj u{ks ij n'kkZbZ xbZ nwjhds chp vuqikr 

dks iSekuk dgrs gSA oSls rks iSekus n'kkZus ds dbZ rjhds gS] ij vf/kdka'k rkSj 

ij iSekuk vuqikr ds :iesa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA tSls fd & 1%50000A bldk vFkZ 

gS] u{ks ij ,d bdkbZ t+ehu ij 50000 bdkbZ ds cjkcj gSA ;g bdkbZ viuh 

vko';drkvuqlkjlsUVhehVj¼lseh½]ehVj¼eh½]bapvkfngksldrhgSAt:jh 

ckr ;g gS fd vuqikr ds nksuks vksj ,d gh bdkbZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk 

pkfg,] vyx&vyx dk ugha tSls] 1 lseh u{ks ij cjkcj gS t+ehu ij 50000 

lsehdsA 

96

u{kkD;kgS\ 97 

5.1.1 iSekukn'kkZusdsdqNijEijkxrrjhds 

'kCnksaesa%blesaiSekuk'kCnksaesafy[kktkrkgSA 

mnkgj.k&1%4000dks'kCnksaesablizdkjn'kkZ;ktkldrkgS% 

u{ks ij 1 lseh cjkcj gS t+ehu ij okLrfod nwjh ds 4000 lseh ;k 40 eh dsA 

xkaodsjktLou{kksaesavDljblrjgdkiSekukgksrkgSA 

xzkfQdiSekuk%blesaiSekusdksxzkQds:iesan'kkZ;ktkrkgSA,dlh/khjs[kkdks 

lekuHkkxksaesafoHkkftrfd;ktkrkgS]vkSjgjHkkxokLrfodnwjhdksn'kkZrkgSA 

fp=5.1%xzkfQ+dyiSekuk 

okLrfod nwjh Kkr djus ds fy, ge xzkfQd iSekus dh ,d bdkbZ dks Ldsy ls 

ukirsgSAekukvvkSjcdschpyackbZLdsyij,dlsehgSrksiSekukgqvk% 

1lseh = 500eh 

;kfu 1lseh = 500 × 100lseh 

= 50, 000lseh 

QksVksdkih esavDljgeu{ksdks ewyvkdkj lsNksVk ;k cM+kdjrs gSa],slk IkSekuk 

fo'ks"k:ilsu{ksesaQksVksdkihdsle;gq,cnykoksadksle>kusesacgqrdkevkrk 

gSA QksVks dkih esa cnys gq, iSekus dks uki dj u;k iSekuk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 

fu:id fHkUu (RepresentativeFraction ;k RF) % ;g u{ks ij nwjh o t+ehu ij 

okLrfodnwjhdkvuqikrgksrkgSA;gvuqikrds:Ikesan'kkZ;ktkrkgSA 

Representative Fraction (RF) = u{ksesanwjh 

okLRfodnwjh 

ge,dmnkgj.kns[krsgSA,du{ksesa1lsehnwjhtehuij2]500ehdscjkcjgSA 

rc RFgksxk% 

1lsehnwjhu{ksij = 2500ehtehuijnwjh 

;kfu 1lseh = 2500 × 100lsehtehuijnwjh 

;k 1lsehnwjhu{ksij = 250000lsehtehuijnwjh 

getkursgSafd1eh = 100lseh 

rc RF = 1 : 250000


bldk eryc gqvk fdizR;sd 1 lseh u{ks ij nwjh] tehu ij 2]50]000 lseh ;k 2-5 

fdyksehVj¼fdeh½dscjkcj gSAblhizdkj 10 lsehu{ks ijnwjh]tehu ij25fdeh 

nwjhdscjkcjgSA 

mnkgj.k1%,djktLou{ksdkRFfudkfy,ftlesa16bap=1ehygSA 

getkursgSfd] 

1ehy = 1760;kMZ 

1;kMZ = 36bap 

blrjg1ehy = 1760 × 36 

= 63360bap 

RF = 16 

63360 

= 1 

3960 

;k = 1 : 3960 

mnkgj.k 2% ,d ewy u{ks dk iSekuk 1%10000 gSA bls 25%cM+k (enlarge) djus ij 

u;kiSekukD;kgksxk\ 

1lsehnwjhu{ksij = 10000lsehtehuijnwjh 

u{ksdks25izfr'krcM+kdjusiju{ksdhlHkhnwfj;kaHkh25izfr'krcM+hgkstk;saxhA 

;kfu u{ks dk 1 lseh vc 1-25 lseh gks tk,xk ysfdu tehu ij okLrfod nwjh ogh 

jgsxhA 

blizdkj] 1.25lsehnwjhu{ksij = 10000lsehtehuijnwjh 

1lsehnwjhu{ksij = 8000lsehtehuijnwjhdsA 

u;kRF = 1 : 8000 

vr%u{ksdkscM+kdjusiju{ksdk RFHkhc 1 

10000 

ges'kk;knj[kukpkfg,dhRFdsoynwjhdkvuqikrn'kkZrk gSufd{ks=QydkA 

tcHkhu{ksdkiSekukcnysxkrksnwjhdhrqyukesa{ks=Qydghavf/kdcnysxkAD;ksa\ 

lksfp,fd;fnfdlhu{ksdkiSekuknqxqukdjfn;ktk;srksmldk{ks=Qyfdrusxquk 

cnysxk\

u{ksdsizdkj 99 

5.2 u{ksdsizdkj 

5.2.1 LdSpeSi;kjs[kkfp=h;u{ks 

blizdkjdsu{ksLFkkuh;yksxksalstkudkjhizkIrdjcuk,tkrsgSAxzkeh.kifjos'k 

esa fdlh Hkh xkao dh ewyHkwr tkudkjh Kkr djus gsrq xzkeh.kksa ls izkIr tkudkjh ysdj 

,slk u{kk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ds u{ks esa eq[; :i ls fn'kk vkSj ladsr 

gksrk gSA XkkWao ds ckjs esa eq[; tkudkjh js[kkafdr djus ds fy,'kq:vkr esa js[kkfpf=; 

u{kk;kihvkj,u{kkHkhcuk;ktkrkgSaSA 

fp=5.2%ckckvkeVsdsvkuanoudkLdspeSi


5.2.2 jktLoîVokjh*u{kk 

bl izdkj ds u{ks esa xkao dh Hkwfeds jsdkWMZ laca/kh tkudkjh gksrh gSA bl u{ks ls 

;girkpyrkgSfdfdlO;fDrdhte+hudgkavkSjfdruhgS\blu{ksesafn'kkvkSj 

iSekuk nksuksa gksrs gSaA jktLo u{ks dk iSekuk eq[;r% 1%4000 ;k 16 bap cjkcj 1 ehy 

gksrk gSfdUrq dqNu{kksa dkiSekuk vyx Hkh gks ldrk gSA ikjEifjd rkSj ls buu{kks 

fp=5.3%iVokjhu{kk 

dkmi;ksxjktLoolwyhdsfy,fd;ktkrkFkkAvktdybuu{kksadkmi;ksxfofHkUu 

tkudkfj;ka n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS& Tkyxzg.k laca/kh tkudkjh tksfd fHkUu&fHkUu 

fo"k;ksaijgksldrhgStSlsfdfeV˜Vhdkizdkj]fd;sgq,;kizLrkfordk;Zdkfp=.k 

vkfnA


5.2.3 lSVsykbZVu{kk 

vktdy lSVsykbZV }kjk fdlh Hkh txg dk fp= fy;k tk ldrk gSA bu u{kksa 

esa tehu dh lrg dk fp= gksrk gSA lSVsykbZV u{ks dks vk/kkj cukdj dbZ izdkj ds 

fo"k;d u{ks cuk;s tkrs gS] ftudk mi;ksx tyxzg.k {ks= dk;ksZ ds izHkko dks tkuus ds 

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA oSls rks bu u{kksa esa ekuoh; xyfr;ka gksus dh laHkkouk ugha ds 

cjkcj gksrh gS D;ksafd blesa losZ ;a=ksa dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq ;g t+ehu 

dhtkudkjhbruhnwjlsysrsgSafddsoylrgdhphtsaghutjvkrhgSaAvr%bl 

u{ksdkbLrsekyvU;u{kksadslkFkfd;ktkukpkfg,A 

5.2.4 fo"k;du{kk 

5.2.5 Vksiks'khV 

fp= 5.4% Hkkjrtux.kuk dk ,d fo"k;d u{kk 

tksfdrfeyukMesaLFkkbZclusokysifjokjksads 

fo"k;ijgS 

tc fdlh [kkl fo"k; dks u{ks ij 

n'kkZ;k tkrk gS rks ,sls u{ks dks fo"k;d 

u{kk dgrs gSA tSls] o"kkZ] ekSle] feV˜Vh] 

ukys&ukyh] HkwxHkZ vkfn dks n'kkZrs gq, 

fo"k;d u{ks cuk, tk ldrs gSaA bl 

fp=.k ds fy, csl esi dh vko';drk 

gksrh gSA bu u{kksa dk iSekuk fooj.k dh 

vko';drk dsvuqlkjpquktkrkgSA 

;g u{ks gesa fdlh Hkh txg dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh nsrs gSA Vksiks'khV 

ysofyax ;a= }kjk foLr`r losZ ds vk/kkj ij cukbZ tkrh gSA bl u{ks dh ,d fo'ks"krk 

;ggSfdblesafn'kk]iSekukvkSjladsrdsvykokdaVwjjs[kk¼lekuÅapkbZdsfcUnqvksa 

dks feykus okyh dkYifud js[kk&ns[ksa v/;k; 3½ Hkh gksrh gSA Vksiks'khV ls izkIr eq[; 

tkudkjh& ty fudkl js[kk] daVwj js[kk] jgoklh {ks=] rkykc] iks[kj] csap ekdZ] LikWV 

gkbZV]taxydk{ks=]jktLo{sk=]lM+dvkfnAdaVwjjs[kk,alekulh/ksvUrjky¼VI½ 

ijgksrhgSaAVksiks'khVesan'kkZbZgqbZtkudkjhlsfdlhHkhLFkkudhÅapkbZdkvkadyu


fp=5.5%Vksis'khVijdUVwjjs[kk]ty&fudkljs[kkvkfndhegRoiw.kZtkudkjhfeyrhgS 

fd;ktkldrkgSAblls;girkyxk;ktkldrkgSfddkSulk{ks=igkM+hgSvkSj 

dkSulk?kkVhgSA 

blizdkjdsu{ksv{kkaa'k¼latitude½vkSjns'kkUrj¼longitude½js[kkvksadksvk/kkj 

ekudjcuk;sx;sgSaA/kjrhijfdlhHkhtxgdks2Øekadksads}kjkfn[kk;ktkldrk 

gS&mldsv{kkaa'kvkSjns'kkUrjAokLroesa;g2dks.kgSaftudksfMxzh¼ 0 ½esaukiktkrk 

gSA HkkjrdsgjHkw&HkkxdkslosZvkWQbafM;k}kjku{ksesafpf=rfd;kx;kgSAv{kka'k 

ons'kkarjjs[kkvksa dksvk/kkj ekudjVksiks'khVu{kscuk,x;sgSaAigpkudsfy,gj 

u{ks dks ,d fo'ks"k uEcj Hkh fn;k x;k gSA Vksiks'khV eq[;r% 3 iSekuksa] 1%10]00]000] 

1%2]50]000 vkSj 1%50]000 ij miyC/k gSA dqN fo'ks"k txgksa ds fy, 1%25000 ds iSekus


dhVksiks'khVHkhmiyC/kgSaA 

fp=5.6%Vksiks'khVdsoxhZdj.kdsfy,iwjsns'kdks,slsfxzMesackaVkx;kgS 

/kjrh dk vkdkj xksy gksus ds dkj.k mldks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa & mRrj vkSj nf{k.k 

esaackaVk x;k gSA/kjrhdschplsxqtjusokyhjs[kkdksHkw&e/; (Equator)js[kk 

dgrs gSaA Hkw&e/; js[kk dks 0 o ekuk tkrk gS vkSj 0 o ls 90 o mRrj o 0 o ls 90 o 

nf{k.k esa v{kka'k js[kk,a fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA blh rjg /kjrh dks 0 o ls 180 o iwoZ vkSj 

0 o ls180 o if'pedhns'kkUrj js[kkvksa esafoHkkftrfd;kx;kgSA bujs[kkvksa dks 

esfjfM;u˜l Hkh dgk tkrk gSA /kjrh ds chp ds esfjfM;u dks izkbe esfjfM;u dgk 

tkrkgSlkFkghbls0 o ekuktkrkgSA


5.2.5.1 Vksiks'khVdkoxhZdj-k 

igys4 0 x4 0 dsfxzMesaiwjsns'kdsVksiks'khVu{kscuk;sx;sAbUgsa1\Mu{ksHkhdgrs 

gS] budk iSekuk 1%10]00]000 ;k yxHkx 1 bap cjkcj 16 ehy gksrk gSA 1\M u{kksa 

dks46]53vkfnuEcjfn;kx;kgSAgj,d4 0 x4 0 dsfxzMdks1 0 x1 0 ds16cjkcj 

HkkxksaesackaVkx;kgSAbuu{kksadks1pkSFkkbZbapu{kkHkhdgktkrkgS]ftudkiSekuk 

1bapcjkcj4ehygksrkgS]ftldkRF1%2]50]000gksrkgSAbUgsaAlsPrduEcj 

fn;s x;s gSA bu Vksiks'khVksa dh igpku ,d vad o mlds lkFk ,d vaxzsth v{kj fy[ks 

gksuslstSls]46DvklkuhlsdhtkldrhgSAvxysoxhZdj.kdsfy,gj,d1 0 x1 0 

ds fxzM dks 1/4 0 x1/4 0 ds 16 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA bu u{kksa dks ,d bap 

u{kkHkhdgktkrkgSAftldkRF1%50]000gksrkgSAtyxzg.k{ks=dh;kstukcukuso 

lhekadu djusesavDljbuu{kksa dkmi;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA bUgsa1ls 16rduEcj 

fn;s x;s gSA bu Vksiks'khVksa ds oxhZdj.k ds fy, ,d vad fQj ,d vaxzsth v{kj vkSj 

mldscVsesafQj,dvaddkbLrsekyfd;kx;kgStSls] 46D/7A 

5.3 Vksiks'khVijtyxzg-k{ks=dklhekadu 

fdlhHkhtyfudkljs[kk esatgka tgkalsikuhvkrk gSog{ks=mldk tyxzg.k 

{ks= dgykrk gSA tyxzg.k {ks= ,d dVksjs ;k ?kkVh ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tc 

o"kkZgksrhgSrksÅijhfgLlslsikuhcgukvkjEHkdjrkgStks?kkVhdsfupysfgLlsesa 

bdV˜Bk gks tkrk gSA ÅcM+&[kkcM+ {ks= esa bl izdkj dh dbZ tyxzg.k {ks= dh bdkbZ;ka 

gksldrhgSA,dfo'ks"kckrle>usdh;ggSfddqN{ks=ksadkvkdkjo{ks=QyiwoZ 

fu/kkZfjrgksrkgStSlsfdjkT+;]ftyk][ksrvkfnoSlsgh]Bhdbldsfoijhr]tyxzg.k 

{ks= dk vkdkj o {ks=Qy iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ugh gksrkA og bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd 

vkityfudkljs[kkdsfdlfcUnqdksvk/kkjekudjtyxzg.k{ks=dkslhekafdrdjrs 

gSA vyx&vyx fcUnqvksa ij tyxzg.k {ks= dk {ks=Qy Hkh cnyrk tk;sxkA ;kfu ;fn 

getyxzg.k {ks= dk fcUnqÅij ;k uhpsdjrs gSrks mlds vuqlkj tyxzg.k {ks= dk 

{ks=Qy Hkh de;k T;knk gks ldrk gSA bl dkj.k u{ks ij tyxzg.k {ks= dklhekadu 

djukvko';dgkstkrkgSA 

;|fi gekjs ikl fofHkUu izdkj ds u{ks miyC/k gS fQj Hkh Vksiks'khV ij tyxzg.k 

{ks=dklhekadudjuklclsmi;qDrgksxkD;ksafdblesaÅapkbZ]daVwj]lHkhtyfudkl 

js[kkvksadhtkudkjhgksrhgSA

Vksiks'khV ijtyxzg-k{ks=dklhekadu 105 

5.3.1 Vksiks'khVijlhekadudhfof/k 

igyk dne% Vksiks'khV 

;k mldh izfrfyfi ij ty 

fudkl js[kk dk p;u dj 

ogfcUnqvafdrdjsftldk 

tyxzg.k{ks=KkrdjukgSA 

fp=5-7esa;gfcUnqAgSA 

nwljk dne% bl fcUnq 

rdvkusokyhgjNksVhvkSj 

cM+h tyfudkljs[kkvksa dks 

vafdr djsaA bldk vklku 

rjhdk gS fd bl fcUnq ls 

vadu'kq: djgjmlNksj 

rdtk,sa]tgkalsikuhvkrk 

gSA 

fp=5.7%tykxelhekadu%igysfcUnqpqus 

fp=5.8%---fQjty&fudkl 

js[kk,abafxrdjsa 

tyxzg.k {ks= ds 

vklikl dh tyfudkl 

js[kkvksa dh lqyHk igpku ds 

fy, vyx&vyx jaxksa dk 

bLrseky Hkh fd;k tk ldrk 

gSA ty fudkl js[kkvksa dks 

blizdkjn'kkZuslsgesirk 

py tkrk gS fd gekjs pqus 

g, fcUnq rd ikuh dgka ls 

vkrkgSvkSjdgkalsughaA 

rhljk dne% p;fur 

tyxzg.k {ks= dks vU; ty fudkl js[kkvksa ls foHkkftr djrs gq, js[kk cuk;saA ,ls 

p;fur fcUnq ij vkus okyh ty fudkl js[kk,a bl js[kk ds vUnj vk tk;saxh vkSj 

p;furfcUnqijughavkusokyhtyfudkljs[kk,asbljs[kkdsckgjjgtk;sxhA


fp=5.9%varesalhekcuk,a 

bl izdkj nks tyxzg.k 

{ks=ksadksfoHkkftrdjusokyh 

js[kkdksfjtykbZudgrsgSA 

nwljs 'kCnksa esa p;fur fcUnq 

ds tyxzg.k {ks= ds fdukjksa 

ds lcls Åaps fcUnqvksa dks 

feykus okyh dkYifud js[kk 

dksfjtykbZudgrsgSA 

lko/kkfu;kWa% 

fjt ykbZu ds lgh 

lhekadu ds fy, t:jh gS 

fd vU; djhch ty fudkl 

js[kkvksa dks Hkh vafdr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g dk;Z cgqr lko/kkuh iwoZd djuk pkfg, 

fo'ks"k:ilslk/kkj.kizfrfyfidkmi;ksxdjrsle;]D;ksafdVksiks'khVesavkSjHkhdbZ 

js[kk,satSlsdaVwj]lM+dvkfngksrsgS]tkstyfudkljs[kkvksadslekufn[kkbZnsrsgSA 

fjt ykbZu vafdr djrs le; fdlh Hkh ty fudkl js[kk dks dkVsa ughaA fo'ks"k 

/;ku nsus dh ckr ;g gS fd igkM+h {ks= esa fjt ykbZu xyr gksus dh laHkkouk cgqr 

vf/kdgS;fndaVwjjs[kkdhigpkulghudhtk;srksA 

5.4 tyxzg-k{ks=ds{ks=Qydkvkadyu 

tyxzg.k{ks=dkvkdkjvfu;fergksusdsdkj.kgedksbZekudlw=bLrsekyugha 

djldrsAysfduikjn'khZxzkQisij}kjk{ks=QyKkrdjusdk,dvklkurjhdkgSA 

igyk dne Åij lhekafdr u{ks ds fjt ykbu dks xzkQ isij ij Vªsl ¼vuqjs[k.k½ 

djsaA¼ns[ksafp=½5-10A 

nwljkdne% xzkQisijijfjtykbZudsvUnj1lsehx1lsehdsiwjsoxZfxus 

ovafdrdjsatSlsfd1]2]3]----vkfnA 

rhljkdne% xzkQisijijfjtykbZudsvUnjNwVsgq,v/kwjs1lsehx1lseh 

oxksZesa1feyhehVj¼feeh½x 1feehdsoxksZadksfxuasA 

pkSFkkdnefjtykbZudsvUnjdqy1lsehx 1lsehoxksZadhla[;k%

tyxzg-k{ks=ds{ks=Qydkvkadyu 107 

fp=5.10%u{ksdkxzkQ+isijijvuqjs[ks.k 

=iwjs1lseh ×1lsehdsoxksZadhla[;k 

+ 1feeh ×1feehdsoxksaZdhla[;k 

100 

ikapok dneu{ksdk 1oxZ lsehtheuijfdrus{ks=dscjkcj gS;gu{ks dsiSekus 

}kjkKkrfd;ktkldrkgSA 

mnkgj.k% 1,d u{ks dk iSekuk& 1%50000 gS] rc 1 lseh u{ks ij 50000 lseh ;k 

fQj500ehtehudscjkcjgksxkA 

xzkQij 1lsehoxZdk{ks=Qy 1lseh × 1lseh = 1oxZlseh 

xzkQij 1oxZlseh = 500eh × 500ehtehuij 

= 2, 50, 000oxZeh 

getkursgS] 1gsDVs;j = 10, 000oxZeh 

2, 50, 000 

vr%xzkQij 1oxZlseh = 

10, 000 

= 25gsDVs;jtehuij 

xzkQ isij ls ftrus dqy fxusoxkZas dhla[;k gSmuesa 25ls xq.kk djus ij tyxzg.k 

{ks= dk {ks=Qy gsDVs;j esa vk tk;sxkA bl ckr dk /;ku j[ks dh;fn iSekuk cnyrk 

gSrks1oxZlseh}kjkfunsZf'kr{ks=QyHkhcnysxkA 

mnkgj.k2% ,d1%25]000dsiSekus okyhVksiks'khV ijtyxzg.k {ks=dk lhekadu 

fd;kx;kgSAu{ksijtyxzg.k{ks=dk{ks=Qy68oxZlsehvk;kgSA


1- tyxzg.k{ks=dkokLrfod{ks=QyKkrdhft,A 

2- ;fniSekukcnydj1%1]00]000djfn;ktk,xkrks{ks=Qyfdrukgksxk\ 

gy%u{ksdkiSekuk1%25]000gSA 

1lsehu{ksij = 25000lsehtehuij 

= 250ehtehuij 

1oxZlsehu{ksij = 250eh × 250ehtehuij 

= 62, 500oxZeh 

= 6.25gsDVs;jtehuij 

tyxzg.kdk{ks=Qy = 68 × 6.25gsDVs;j 


;fnu{ksdkiSekukcnydj1%1]00]000fd;kgSrks% 

1lsehu{ksij = 1, 00, 000lsehtehuij 

= 1000eh 

1oxZlsehu{ksij = 1000eh × 1000eh 

= 10, 00, 000oxZehtehuij 


tykxedk{ks=Qy = 68 × 100gsDVs;j 

= 6, 800gsDVs;j 

mnkgj.k3¼Lo;agydjsa½%,dtyxzg.k{ks=1%2]50]000dsVksiks'khVijfpfUgrfd;k 

x;k gSA u{ks ij tyxzg.k {ks= dk {ks=Qy 125 oxZ lseh vk;k gSA tyxzg.k {ks= dk 

okLrfod{ks=QyD;kgksxk\ 

mRrj&78]125gsDVs;j 

5.5 lEiw-kZtyxzg-k{ks=ds

lEiw-kZtyxzg-k{ks=ds


mnkgj.k4¼Lo;agydjsa½%,d1%2]50]000dhVksiks'khVijrhufcUnqv]crFkk 

lgSAek/; leqnzLrj lsfcUnqvdhÅapkbZ 800eh]cdh400ehrFkk ldh300 

eh gSA u{ks ij v vkSj c ds chp nwjh 5 lseh] c vkSj l ds chp nwjh 6 lseh gSA 

tyxzg.kdhlaiw.kZ

6 tykxedkrduhdhlosZ{k.k 

rduhdh losZ{k.k og izfØ;k gS ftlls ge fdlh Kkr ÅapkbZ okys LFkku dh rqyuk esa 

vU;LFkkuksadhÅapkbZKkrdjldrsgSsa 1 A 

tykxeizcU/ku,oafodkldk;ksZaesabldkcM+kegRogSAty,oaHkwfelaj{k.kds 

fy,dbZmik;ksadht:jriM+rhgSAtSlsNksVscka/kksadkfuekZ.k]xyhIyx]daVwjiky] 

dUVwj Vªsafpax vkfnA NksVs cka/kksa dks ns[ksa rks mlesa mldh ÅapkbZ]


yxHkx ,d leku mWpkbZ okys nks 

ckaWl yhft,A buds ftu fljks dks 

tehu ij j[kuk gks mls vkjh ls 

FkksM+k uqdhyk dj ysaA /;ku jgs fd 

Nksj bruk uqdhyk u gks fd ckal 

tehu esa /kalus yxsA fQj nwljs 

rjQ ls djhc N% ls vkB bZap 

yEckbZdksNksM+rsgq,nksuksackaldks 

,dnwljsdsmWijfp=6-1dhrjg 

*A*vkdkjesaj[ksaAftltxgij 

fp=6.1%nksiksydksvkilesa^,*vkdkjesatksM+sa 

;sckal,dnwljsdsÅijgS(vFkkZr*C*ijogkW[kkWpsdsfy,fu'kkuyxknsaA 

fp=6.2%vkjhls[kkWpsdkfV, 

ftl txg ij ;g nksuksa ckalksa 

ij fVdk gks vFkkZr˜ A o B ij 

[kkWps ds fy, fu'kku cuk ysaA fQj 

AoBijnksuksackalksesaigysdh 

rjggh[kkWpkdkVdjetcwrjLlh 

ls dldj cka/k ysaA bl rjg ls 

*A* vkdkj dk

,&Ýse 113 

fp=6.4%fcUnqCls,dNksVkiRFkjyVdk,a 

fQjiryslwresaNksVkpiVkiRFkjckW/k 

ysavkSjnwljsfljsdks


6.1.2 daVwjKkrdjuk 

;fnfdlhLFkkuPdkdaVwjKkrdjukgSrks*A*Ýsedk,diSjAdksPij 

j[krsgq,nwljsiSjBdksvanktlsmruhghmWpkbZokysnwljsLFkkuijj[ksaAlwrdks 

fLFkjgksusnsaAfQjuhpsokysckalesacusfu'kkuOdksns[ksaA;fnlwrOdsnk,a;k 

ck,agSrksiSjBdkstehauijghFkksM+hmWpkbZ;kFkksM+sfupysLFkkuijj[krsgq,lwr 

dks fLFkj voLFkk esa ns[ksaA ,slk rc rd djsa tc rd fd lwr fu'kku O dks Li'kZ u 

djsA ekuk ,slh voLFkk esa iSj B LFkku Q ij gSA bldk ;g vFkZ gqvk fd LFkku P 

vkSjQnksuksadhmWpkbZcjkcjgSA vcPij[kwWVhxkM+nsaAiSjBdksQijj[krs 

fp=6.8%dUVwjKkrdjuk 

gq, iSj A dks vkxs c

,&Ýse 115 

ekuk;gnwjh2eh-;k200ls-eh-gSApwafdA-ÝsedstksM+vPNhrjglsca/ksgq, 

gSablfy,;gnwjhcnysxhughaA 

fp=6.9%


vksjHkh,slsghfu'kkucuk,tkldrsgSA 

vcftl{ks=dk

ikbZiysoy 117 

ogckalijLi'kZughadjsxkrksjhfMaxysusesavlqfo/kkgksxhA 

6.2 ikbZiysoy 

6.2.1 mi;ksxdhxbZlkexzh 

fp=6.10%ikbiysosy 

1-,dehVjokysydM+hdsnksLdsy 

¼;fn cktkj esa ufeys;k [kjhn 

uldrsgksrksLo;acukysa½ 

2- djhc ikap ehVj yEck] iryk 

ikjn'khZikbZiA 

3- iryklwr;kikjn'khZVsiA 

ikbZi ds ,d Nksj dks fp= 6-10 dh rjg ,d Ldsy S1 ij bl 

rjgcka/ksaftllsikbZidkdjhcN%bapfgLlkckgjfudykgksAikbZi 

dks nks rhu txg ij Vsi ls fpidk nsa ¼;k lwr ls cka/k nsa½ ftlls 

ikbZiLdsydslkFklVdjjgsABhdblhrjglsnwljsLdsyS2ij 

HkhikbZidknwljkNksjcka/knsaA 

fdlh pkSM+s crZu esa ikuh ysdj mls FkksM+s Åaps LFkku ij jf[k, 

vkSj ikbZi dk ,d Nksj ¼Ldsy lfgr½ mlesa Mqcksa dj nwljs Nksj ls 

ikuh [khafp,A ikuh tc eqag esa vk tk, rks eqag ls ikbZi fudky ysa 

vkSjikuhdkscgusnsaAikbZidks/;kuiwoZdns[kysafddghaikbZids 

chpesadksbZcqycqykrksughagSA;fndksbZcqycqykfn[ksrksmlsckgj 

fudytkusnsaAikbZidsnksuksaaNksjdksvaxwBslsnckdjmBkysavkSj 

,d lkFk tehu ij [kM+k djsaA ;fn ikuh nksuksa ikbZi esa iwjk Hkjk gks 

fp= 6.11% 

Ldsy ij 

ikbZickaf/k, 

rks,dNksjdksnwljsNksjlsFkksM+kuhpsj[kFkksM+kikuhfudytkusnsaA,dLFkkuij 

nksuksaLdsyksadksj[kusijikbZiesa50&60ls-eh-ikuhgksukpkfg,A


fp=6.12%ikbZiesaikuhHkjusdhfof/k 

fp=6.13%nksuksaikbiesaikuhdkLrj,dgksxk 

blrjglsikbZiysoyrS;kjgkstk,xkABgjsgq,ikuhdkysoy,dlekugksrk 

gSA blh fl)kar ij ikbZi ysoy dke djrk gSA nksuksa Ldsyksa esa ls ,d dks FkksM+k Åij 

vkSj nwljs dks FkksM+k uhps j[k nksuksa Ldsyksa dks lkFk feykdj ns[ksaA ikuh dk Lrj nksuksa 

esacjkcjghgksxk] pkgsjhfMaxfHkUu&fHkUuD;ksaugksA 

6.2.2 bLrsekydjusdhfof/k 

6.2.2.1 dUVwjKkrdjuk 

dUVwj og dkYifud js[kk gS tks leku ÅapkbZ okyh fcUnwvksa dks vkil esa tksM+rh gSA 

fdlh LFkku dk dUVwj Kkr dj gesa dUVwj iky] dUVwj Vªsap tSls dk;ksZ esa dkQh enn 

feyrhgSA

ikbZiysoy 119 

fp=6.14%ikbiysosydslkFkdUVwjlosZ 

ikbZi ysoy dk ,d Ldsy ¼S1½ ,sls LFkku ij j[ksa tgka dk dUVwj fudkyuk gksA 

fQjvanktlsnwljsLdsy¼S2½dkslekuÅapkbZokysLFkku ijj[ksavkSjnksuksaLdsyksa 

esa ikuh dk Lrj ns[ksaA ;fn nksuksa Ldsyksa esa ikuh ds Lrj dh jhfMax ,d tSlh gS rks 

bldkvFkZ;ggSfdmunksuksaLFkkuksa]tgkaLdsyj[ksx;sgSa]dhÅapkbZcjkcjgSA;g 

/;ku j[ksa fd jhfMax uhps ls Åij dh rjQ i


fp=6.15%ikbiysosyls

ikbZiysoy 121 

LFkku B vkSj C dschpikuhds 

LrjksadhjhfMaxdkvarj = 44ls-eh-;k 0.44eh- 

vkSjlikVvarjky = 1.8eh- 

LFkku C vkSjLFkku Ddschpikuhds 

LrjksadhjhfMaxdkvarj = 38ls-eh-;k 0.38eh- 


LFkku DvkSj E dschpikuhds 

LrjksadhjhfMaxdkvarj = 43ls-eh-;k0.43eh- 


vcLFkku AvkSj E dschp 

dqyÅapkbZ = (0.60 + 0.44 + 0.38 + 0.43) 

= 1.85eh- 

dqylikVvarjky = (3.0 + 1.8 + 2.2 + 3.2) 

= 10.2eh 

rksLFkku AvkSj EdschpdhvkSlr


fp=6.16%ikbiysosydksizLrkforcka/kdhvf/kdreÅapkbZukiusdsfy,bLrsekyfd;ktkldrk 

gS 

fp=6.17%jhfMaxysusdklghvkSjxyrrjhdk 

BaM;kvR;f/kd/kwiesa;gleL;kvkldrhgSA 

4- le;le;ij;gfuf'prdjysafdikbZidschpdghadksbZcqycqykrksugha 

vkx;kAcqycqysdksgVkusdsi'pkr˜ghjhfMaxysaA 

5- jhfMax ysrs oDr tc ,d Ldsy dks fLFkj j[k dj nwljs Ldsy dk LFkkukarj.k 

djuk gks rks ikbZi ds nksuksa Nksj dks vaxwBs ls nck ysa ugha rks ikuh ckgj vk 

ldrkgSALFkkukarj.kdjusdsi'pkr˜vkSjjhfMaxysuslsiwoZ;glqfuf'prdj 

ysafdikbZidsnksuksaaNksjijlsvaxwBsgVkfy;sx;sgksaA

MEihysoy 123 

fp= 6.18% lko/kku! ikbi 

eqM+usuik, 

6.3 MEihysoy 

6- ikbZiysoydks,dLFkkulsnwljsLFkkuystkrs 

oDr ;g /;ku j[ksa fd ikbZi ds nksuksa Nksj ,d 

ghLrjijgksaAvFkkZrnksuksaLdsyksadks,dlkFk 

j[kdjystk,aA 

7-


fp=6.19%Maihdsvyx&vyxHkkx 

6.3.1 MEihysoybLrsekydjusdkrfjdk 

frik,(Tripod)ijMEihyxkuk&lclsigysfrik, 

dksQSykdjtehuijblrjgj[ksafdbldsÅijyxh 

yksgs dh iRrh yxHkx lery gksA frik, dks tehu ij 

vPNhrjgiSjlsncknsaftlls;gvklkuhlsufgysA 

blds Åij yxs yksgs dh iRrh esa ,d [kks[kyk isap gksrk 

gSA MEih esa cus Nsn ¼fp= 6-19 esa A½ dks blesa ?kqlk 

dj vPNh rjg dl ysaA jhfMax ysus ls igys MEih dks 

fp= 6.20% Maih dk frikbZ iwjhrjglslerydjukiM+rkgSA 

LVS.M 

MEihdkslerydjuk&MEihdsfupysNksjijrhuxksyisap (footscrew)¼fp= 

6-19vkSj6-21esa B½yxsgksrsgSaAlclsigysbUgsavk/kk[kksyysaAbuesalsfdlhnks 

isap dkspquysaAfQjMEihdsnwjfcu (Telescope)dksbuds¼nksuksisap ds½lekukUrj 

j[k dj bUgsa ;k rks vUnj ;k ckgj dh vksj ?kqek,aA ;g MEih dh igyh fLFkfr gksxh 

¼fp=6-21½Aisapdksrcrd?kqekrsjgsatcrdMEihesayxkcqycqyk CysoyV˜;wc 

dh nksuksa ydhjksa ds ,dne chp esa u vk tk,A vc MEih dks nksuksa isapksa ds chp esa 

j[ksaA;gnwljhfLFkfrgSAblckjflQZrhljsisapdksghcka,;knka,?kqek,Atcrd 

fdcqycqykfQjlschpesaughavktk,AbldscknigyhvkSjfQjnwljhfLFkfrdks 

rc rd nksgjk, tc rd fd nksuksa fLFkfr esa fcuk isap fgyk, cqycqyk chp esa gh jg 

tk,A ,slh n'kk esa cqycqyk MEih dh fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa] chp esa gh jgsxkA ;fn ,slk 

ughagSrksfLFkfr1vkSjfLFkfr2dhizfØ;kfQjlsnksgjk,aA;fncqycqykchpesajgk 

rksbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfdMEihiwjhrjglslekukUrjgS;kfufdysoyesagSA;fn

MEihysoy 125 

fp=6.21%Maihdkslerydjuk 

ckj ckj lery djus ij Hkh lery ugh gksrk rks bldk eryc gS fdMEih esa dksbZ 

=qfVvkxbZgSA,lhfLFkfresaMEihdkslq/kjokukpkfg,A 

nwjchu tekuk% blds nks Nksj gS& ,d tgka ls vka[k yxkdj ns[krs gSa fp= 6-19 

esa (Eye-piece) ¼D½ vkSj nwljk ft/kj rLohj fn[krh gS ¼E½A Eij ,d


6.3.2 MEihdkLVkQ 

MEihdslkFk,dLVkQgksrkgStksydM+h 

;k /kkrq dh dM+h uqek gksrk gSA bl ij vad 

fy[ks gksrs gSA yky esa fy[kk vad ehVj dk 

vkSj dkyh js[kk lsaVhehVj dh gksrh gSA blls 

ge 0-5 lsUVhehVj rd dh jhfMax i

MEihysoy 127 

6.3.5 ,dutjesans[kusij 

1- MEihdksfrik,ijyxk,a 

fp=6.24%MaihlsjhfMaxysuk 

2- QqVisap dhlgk;rk ls MEihdks lery djsa rkfdMEih dksfdlhHkh fn'kkesa 

?kqekusijysoyV˜;wcdkcqycqyke/;esajgs 

3- Qksdlisapdhlgk;rklsMEihdksQksdldjsa 

4- ftlfcUnwdhjhfMaxysukgSogkaLVkQjs[ksa 

5- nwjchudhlgk;rk lsLVkQijjhfMaxi


tk;A bl rF; ds vk/kkj ij vU; fcUnqvksa dh ÅapkbZ Kkr dh tk ldrh gS ¼fp= 

6-26½ALVkQ;fnxgjkbZesaj[kkgksrksjhfMaxT;knkgksxh¼tSlsB ij½vkSj;fnFkksM+h 

ÅapkbZesaj[kkgksrks¼tSls C ij½rksjhfMaxigys (A) dhrqyukesadegksxhA 

fp=6.25%MaihdkcsUpekdZBM 

fp=6.26%MaihlsÅapkbZukiuk 

vc LVkQ dks BM ij ls gVkdj ,sls LFkku ij jf[k, tgka dh ÅapkbZ vki dks 

ekywedjuhgSAekukLFkku P,Q,R,S vkSj T gSarksLVkQdks P ijj[ksavkSjnwjchu 

ls LVkQ dks i

MEihysoy 129 

fp=6.27%vU;LFkkuksadhjhfMaxysuk 

vcLVkQdks Q ijj[kdjif


6.3.6.2 MEihdkLFkkucnyuk 

;fn,slkeglwlgksrkgSfd T ijLVkQdksMEihdsblLFkkulsughai

MEihysoy 131 

djus ds ckn P dh jhfMax ds lkFk&lkFk vij vkSj yksvj LVsfM;k dh jhfMax Hkh ysrs 

gSaAbUgsavijjhfMax (UR) oyksvjjhfMax (LR) vkSj PdhjhfMaxdksfefMyjhfMax 

(MR) dgldrsgSaAMEihdslerygksusij MR vkSj UR dschpdkvUrj MR 

vkSj LRdschpdsvUrjdsges'kkcjkcjgksrkgSA URvkSj LRdsvUrjesaMEih 

QsDVj¼vf/kdrj MEih ds fy, 100 gksrk gS½ ls xq.kk djus ij MEih ls fcUnwdh nwjh 

fudy tkrh gSA tSls] ,d fcUnq A ij fjfMax UR vkSj (LR) Øe'k% 2-60 eh- vkSj 

2-30eh-gSrks] 

MEihlsfcUnq Adhnwjh = 2.60 − 2.30eh 

= 0.30 × 100 

= 30eh- 

mnkgj.k% ;fn fcUnw A vkSj B MEih ls ,d lh/k esa gSA bu fcUnwvksa ij fjfMax uhps 

VscyesanhxbZgSAfcUnw A vkSj B dschp


6.3.9 csapekdZdkLFkkukarj-k 

LFkkbZcsapekdZ¼ftldh MSL lsÅapkbZKkrgks½lkeU;r%Vksiks'khVijn'kkZ,tkrs 

gSA ;fn LFkkbZ csapekdZ okVj'ksM ls nwj gks rks losZ djus ds fy, ckjckj csapekdZ ij 

tkuk dfBu gksxkA ,lh fLFkfr esa fdlh LFkkbZ lajpuk tSls Hkou] iqfy;k ;k ihyj dks 

vLFkkbZ csapekdZ (RL100) eku dj losZ pkyq fd;k tk ldrk gSA losZ ds nkSjku lHkh 

ÅapkbZ;ka bl csapekdZ ds lkis{k fudkyrs gSA losZ djus ds rqjUr ckn MEih }kjk LFkkbZ 

csapekdZ ls vLFkkbZ csapekdZ dk okLrfod RL fudkyk tkrk gSA eku fyft, fd LFkkbZ 

csapekdZ dk RL 360 gSA MEih losZ }kjk vLFkkbZ csapekdZ ¼dkYifud RL100½ dk 

okLrfod RL 280eh-fudyrkgSAvc lHkhfcUnwvksa ds RL esa¼280&100½=180 eh- 

tksM+usijlHkhfcUnwvksadh MSL lsokLrfodÅapkbZKkrgkstk,xhA 

6.3.10 Maihysoydh[kjkchtkapusdkvklkurjhdk 

,dLFkkuijMaihdksj[kdjyxHkx30eh-nwjdsnksfcUnqvksadschpÅapkbZdk 

varjKkrdjsaAmldscknMaihdksvU;LFkkuijystkdjmUghanksfcUnqvksadschp 

dhÅapkbZdkvarjKkrdjsaA;fnnksuksjhfMaxesadksbZvarjgSrksbldkerycMaih 

esadksbZ[kjkchgSA

7 fjt{ks=mipkj&dUVwjVªsUp 

7.1 mnñs'; 

1- Ikkuhdhxfrdedjuk 

2- feV˜VhdVkojksduk 

3- vklikldhfeV˜Vhdhuehc


dUVwjVªsUpcukuslsikuhdscgkodhxfr/khehgksrhgSvkSjfeV˜VhdsdVkoij 

jksdyxrhgSAdUVwjykbuij[kafr;ka[kksnuslsrst+hlscgrk gqvkikuhbu[kafr;ksa 

esabdV˜Bkgkstkrk gSA[karhesablizdkjikuhbdV˜Bkgksuslsvklikl dht+ehuesa 

uehc

dSlscuk,adUVwjVªsUp\ 135 

3- gfj;kyh dSlh gS vkSj fdruh ?kuh gS & ftruh de ?kuh gfj;kyh ¼[kkl dj 

>kfM+;ksadh½mrukdeQklyk 

fp=7.1%


cuk,aA;fnisM+yxkusgksarksmUgsa[kkyhNksM+sx,LFkku ijvFkok [karhdsnksuksavksj 

yxk,aA 

1- xgjkbZ%50ls-eh- 

2- pkSM+kbZ%50ls-eh- 

3- ceZ% [kksnh gqbZ feV˜Vh dks 

VªsUp ls 20 ls-eh- nwj 

ihNs dh rjQ MkysaA bl 

Qklys dks ceZ dgrs gSA 

;g Qklyk j[kuk t:jh 

gS ugha rks [kksnh gqbZ 

feV˜VhokilVªsUpesaHkjtk;sxhA 

7.4.1 VªsUpksadksdkV&dkVdjcuk;ktk, 

fp=7.2%ceZ 

;fngeVªsUpdksyxkrkjcukrsgSarks[karhdksrcrd[kksnktk,xktcrdfd 

dksbZizkd`frdfo?u¼isM+]ukykvkfn½mldsjkLrsesavkM+suvk,A,slsVªsUpdkQhyEcs 

gksrsgS]ftldsdkj.kmudsfuekZ.kesaxyfr;kaHkhgksldrhgSaAelyu;glqfu'fpr 

djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS fd D;k [karh dUVwj ij vFkkZr yxkrkj ,d gh ÅapkbZ Ikj 

[kksnhxbZgS;kughaA,slkugksusijikuhVªsUpesaÅapsfgLlslsuhpsfgLlsrdcgus 

yxrk gSA ,sls esa feV˜Vh dVko c

fjt{ks=esadaVwjVªsUpdSlsfcNk,sa\ 137 

fp=7.3%dUVwjVªsUpdksdkV&dkVdjcuk,a 

7.5 fjt{ks=esadaVwjVªsUpdSlsfcNk,sa\ 

1- fjt {ks= esa lh/kh js[kk esa


Hkkx ls ysvkmV Mkyuk vkjEHk djsrks 6 drkj [kksn ldrs gSA bl izdkj fjt 

{ks=dsvf/kdkf/kdHkkxdksmipkfjrdjusdsfy,lclsyEcsHkkxlsysvkmV 

MkyukvkjEHkdjukpkfg,A 

fp=7.4%ys&vkmVlko/kkuhlsMkysa 

3-

daVwjVªsUpdh;kstuk cukuk 139 

9- dkV dkV dj dUVwj VªsUp cukus ij ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd Åij dh drkj ls 

NksM+kx;kikuhuhpsdhdrkjjksdik;sA 

10- mi;qDr:IklsikS/kkjksi.k djsaA 

7.6 daVwjVªsUpdh;kstukcukuk 

daVwjVªsUpdh;kstukcukusesankslokyksadstokc'kkfeygSa% 

1- o"kkZdkfdrukHkkxVªsUpesajksdukpkgrsgS\vkSj 

2- blikuhdksjksdusdsfy,fdruhVªsUpksadhvko';drkgksxh\ 

7.6.1 o"kkZdkfdrukHkkxjksdukgS\ 

bliz'udkmRrjtkuusdsfy,gesa;gvuqekuyxkukgksxkfdo"kkZdkfdruk 

ikuh] feV˜Vh }kjk lks[kus vkSj ouLifr }kjk jksdus ds ckn cgrk gS] vr% lrgh ty 

izokg fdruk gSA tSlk fdrhljs v/;k; esacrk;k x;k gS fdo"kkZ dsikuh dk fdruk 

izfr'krgefdlhlajpukesalaxzfgrdjukpkgrsgS];gmllajpukdsvkdkj¼ty 

Hk.Mkj.k {kerk ½ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA daVwj VªsUp tSlh NksVh lajpuk ds fy, vf/kd 

vPNkgksxkfd,dfnudhvf/kdreo"kkZdsikuhdksjksdusdkiz;RudjukgSA 

tSlkfdgetkursgS% Q = C × R × Atgka] 

Q = lrghtyizokg 

C = lrghtyizokgxq.kkad 

R = ,dfnuesavf/kdreo"kkZ 

A = {ks=QytgkaVªsUpcukukgSA 

gesablckrdkges'kk/;kuj[kukpkfg,fdiwjklrghtyizokgdaVwjVªsUpesaugha 

jkdukgSAekuyhft,fdgesalrghtyizokgdk70izfr'krikuhjksdukgSArc] 

Q1 = Q × 70 

vFkkZr 0.7 Q?kuehVj 

100 

brusikuhdksjksdusdsfy,fdruhyEchVªsUpdhvko';drkgksxh\ 

daVwjVªsUpges'kk0-5ehVjpkSM+ho0-5ehVjxgjh[kksnhtkrhgSAbldkeryc 

gqvkfdØWkllsD'kudk{ks=Qyges'kk 0.5eh × 0.5eh = 0.25oxZehVjgksxkA 

ges ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd tc ckfj'k gksrh gS rks VªsUp ,d Lisy esa ,d 

lsvf/kdckjHkjsxhAfeV˜VhdhikjxE;rk ftruhvf/kdgksxhmruhvf/kdckjVªsUp 

ikuh ls HkjsxhA dkyh feV˜Vh vkSj dBksj pV˜Vku esa cuh VªsUp dh rqyuk esa eqje o 

jsfryhfeV˜VhesacuhVªsUpvf/kdckjHkjsxhAekulwudsizkjfEHkdnkSjesaVªsUpvf/kd


ckjHkjsxhD;ksfdblle;feV˜Vhlw[khgksrhgSAfdUrqtcfeV˜VhlarÌr (saturated) 

gkstkrhgSrcVªsUpdeckjHkjrhgSAO;gkfjdrkSjij,slkekuktkrkgSfdVªsUp 

1-5ls3ckjHkjrhgSA 

lrgh ty izokg ds 70 izfr'kr ikuh dks jksdus ds fy,vko';d VªsUp dhyEckbZ 

irkyxkusdsfy,]gesa Q1 dksdaVwjVªsUpdsØkWllsD'ku At vkSjftruhckjVªsUp 

Hkjsxh(f)lsHkkxdjukgksxkA 

blizdkj]daVwjVªsUpksadhdqyyEckbZ 

L = Q1 

At × f ehVj 

7.7 fjt{ks=esabuVªsUpksadkysvkmVdSlsMkysa 

lclsigysgesaVªsUpksadhnksdrkjksa dschpdhijLijnwjhirk djuhgksxhAge 

;gekudjpysafd;g{ks=vk;rkdkj (rectangle)uqekgSA 

drkjksadschpdhnwjh 

d = A 

L ehVj 

tgka] A =ftl{ks=QyijVªsUpfcNkukgS] L =daVwjVªsUpksadhyEckbZA vc ge 

drkjksa dh la[;k fudky ldrs gSaA Åij geus tkuk fd fjt {ks= ds lcls yEcs Hkkx 

lsdaVwjVªsUpdkys&vkmVMkyukpkywdjrsgSAdaVwjVªsUpksadhdrkjksadhla[;k (N) 

Kkr djus dsfy,] fjt{ks= ds lcls yEcs {ks= dhyEckbZ (Lr)dks nksdrkjksa dschp 

dhijLijnwjh (d)lsHkkxdjsa% [N = Lr 

d ] 

7.8 vkvksdjdslh[ksa 

mnkgj.k1%yxkrkjdaVwjVªsUpdh;kstukcukuk 

bUnkSj esa 25 gsDVj {ks= esa yxkrkj daVwj VªsUp dh ;kstuk cukb;sA ;gka dk 

lrghtyizokgxq.kkad0-4gSA,dfnuesavf/kdreo"kkZ100feyhehVjgksrhgS 

rFkklrghtyizokgdk75izfr'krikuhdaVwjVªsUpesajksdukgSAdYiukdhft, 

dhVªsUp,dfnuesa2ckjHkjrhgSAfjt{ks=dslclsyEcsHkkxdhyEckbZ2500 

ehVjgSAeqjeesayxkrkjdaVwjVªsUpdh;kstukcukb;sA

vkvksdjdslh[ksa 141 

pj.k1 ikuhdhogek=kirkdjsxsaftlsVªsUpesajksdukgS 

Q = C × R × A tgka] 

gy 


R = ,dfnudhvf/kdreo"kkZ 

A = {ks=QytgkaVªsUpdh;kstukcukukgSA 

getkursgSfd 1gsDVj = 10, 000oxZehVj 

blfy,{ks=Qy A = 25gsDVj = 25 × 10, 000oxZehVj = 2, 50, 000oxZehVj 

izfrfnuo"kkZdhek=k R = 100feeh = 0.1ehVj 

blizdkj 

Q = 0.4 × 0.1ehVj × 2, 50, 000oxZehVj 

 

C R 

A 

= 10, 000?kuehVj 

daVwjVªsUpesagesa75izfr'krikuhghjksdukgSAvr% 

Q1 = 10, 000 × 75 

100 ?kuehVj 

= 7, 500?kuehVj 

pj.k2 daVwjVªsUpdhvko';dyEckbZirkdjuk 

vc gesa 7]500 ?kuehVj ikuh dks jksdus ds fy, daVwj VªsUp dh vko';d yEckbZ 

fudkyuhgksxhAdaVwjVªsUp0-5ehVjpkSM+ho0-5ehVjxgjhcukbZtkrhgSaAblizdkj 

dhVªsUpdhØWkl&lsD'kudk{ks=Qy% (At) = 0.5ehVj×0.5ehVj = 0.25oxZehVj 

;fnVªsUp,dfnuesa2ckjHkjrhgS (f)rksVªsUpksadhvko';dyEckbZ% 

L = Q1 

At × f 

= 7, 500 

(0.25 × 2) 

pj.k3 nksdaVwjVªsUpksadschpdhnwjh 

d = A 

L 

= 2, 50, 000 

15, 000 

= 15, 000ehVj 

= 16.67ehVj


pj.k4 daVwjVªsUpdhdrkjksadhla[;k 

daVwj VªsUp dh drkjksa dh la[;k (N) irk yxkus ds fy,] gesa fjt {ks= ds lcls 

yEcsaHkkxdhyEckbZ Lr dksnksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh (d)lsHkkxnsukgksxkA 

N = Lr 

d 

= 2500 

16.67 

mnkgj.k1dkgy 

= 150 

ikuhdkvk;ruftlsVªsUpksaesajksdukgS = 7, 500 ?kuehVj 

daVwjVªsUpksadhdqyyEckbZ = 15000ehVj 

daVwjVªsUpksadhdrkjksadhla[;k = 150 

nksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh = 16.67ehVj;k 17ehVj 

mnkgj.k2%dkV&dkVdj[kksnhdaVwjVªsUpdh;kstukcukuk 

bUnkSj esa 25 gsDVj {ks= esa dkV&dkVdj (staggered) daVwj VªsUp dh ;kstuk 

cukb;sAlrghtyizokgxq.kkad0-4gSA,dfnuesavf/kdreo"kkZ100feyhehVj 

gksrhgSrFkklrghtyizokgdk75izfr'krikuhdaVwjVªsUpksaesajksdukgSAdYiuk 

dhft,dh VªsUp,dfnuesa2ckj Hkjrh gSA,dVªsUp dhyEckbZ 5ehVj o,d 

drkjdhnksVªsUpksadschp dkQklyk 2-5ehVjgSAfjt{ks=dslcls yEcsHkkx 

dhyEckbZ2500ehVjgSAeqjeesayxkrkjdaVwjVªsUpdh;kstukcukb;sA 

pj.k1 ikuhdhogek=kirkdjsxsaftlsVªsUpesajksdukgS 

Q = C × R × Atgka] 

gy 


R = ,dfnudhvf/kdreo"kkZ 

A = {ks=QytgkaVªsUpdh;kstukcukukgSA 

getkursgSfd 1gsDVj = 10, 000oxZehVj


blfy,{ks=Qy 

A = 25gsDVs;j = 25 × 10, 000 = 2, 50, 000oxZehVj 

izfrfnuo"kkZdhek=k R = 100feeh 

blizdkj 

Q = 0.4 

 

C 

= 0.1ehVj 

× 0.1ehVj 

 

R 

= 10, 000?kuehVj 

× 2, 50, 000oxZehVj 

 

A 

daVwjVªsUpesagesa75izfr'krikuhghjksdukgSAvr%] 

Q1 = 10, 000 × 75 

100 ?kuehVj 

= 7, 500?kuehVj 

pj.k2 daVwjVªsUpksadhvko';dla[;kirkdjuk 

vc gesa 7500 ?kuehVj ikuh dks jksdus ds fy, daVwj VªsUp dh vko';d la[;k 

fudkyuh gksxhA daVwj VªsUp 0-5 ehVj pkSMh o 0-5 ehVj xgjh cukbZ tkrh gSaA ge 

tkursgSfd,ddaUVwjVªsUp5ehVjyEchcukuhgSAblizdkj,dVªsUpdkvk;ru] 

V = L × B × H 

= 5ehVj × 0.5ehVj × 0.5ehVj 

= 1.25 ?kuehVj 

D;ksafd ;g VªsUp ,d fnu esa 2 ckj Hkjsxh blfy, bldh izHkkoh ty Hk.Mkj.k 

{kerk = 1.25?kuehVj × 2 = 2.5?kuehVj 

blizdkj] 

daVwjVªsUpdhla[;k = lrghtyizokgdkogvk;ruftlsdaVwjVªsUpesajksdukgS 

1VªsUpdhizHkkohtyHk.Mkj.k{kerk 

= 7, 500 

2.5 

= 3, 000VªsUp 

pj.k3 dUVwjVªsUpksadhyEckbZ 

getkurs gSfdizR;sdVªsUpdhyEckbZ 5ehVjgSAge;gHkhtkursgSafd,d 

drkjesanksVªsUpksadschpQklyk2-5ehVjgSAblizdkjdqyyEckbZ 

L = 3000 × (5 + 2.5) = 22, 500ehVj


pj.k4 daVwjVªsUpdhnksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh 

nksdrkjksadschpdhijLijnwjh 

d = A 

L 

= 2, 50, 000 

22, 500 

pj.k5 daVwjVªsUpdhdrkjksadhla[;k 

= 11.11ehVj 

daVwjVªsUpdhdrkjksala[;k (N)irkyxkusdsfy,]gesafjt{ks=dslclsyEcsa 

HkkxdhyackbZ Lr esanksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh (d)dkHkkxnsukgksxkA 

N = Lr 

d 

= 2, 500 

11.11 

mnkgj.k2dkgy 

= 225 

ikuhdkvk;ruftlsVªsUpesajksdukgS = 7, 500?kuehVj 

daVwjVªsUpdhvko';dla[;k = 3, 000 

daVwjVªsUpdhdrkjksadhla[;k = 225 

nksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh = 11.11ehVj;k 11ehVj 

7.9 dUVwjVªsUp%buxyfr;ksalscpsa 

✖ 25izfr'krlsvf/kd

8 fjt{ks=mipkj&feV˜VhdsdUVwjiky 

leku ÅapkbZ dsfcUnqvksadkstksM+us okyhjs[kk dks dUVwjjs[kk dgrsgSA dUVwjdh 

js[kkijcuk,x,ikydksdUVwjikydgrsgSaAikydUVwjijcukusdsdkj.kikuh 

ikydsvkxsfVdtkrkgSvkSjikydhiwjhyEckbZesa,dleku#dtkrkgSAdUVwj 

iky ,d ljy vkSj de ykxr okyk mik; gS ftldk mi;ksx izk;% tyxzg.k {ks= ds 

Åijh ¼^fjt* ridge½{ks= easikuh vkSj feV˜VhdsdVkodks jksdus dsfy,fd;ktkrk 

gSA 

8.1 mnñs'; 

1- Ikkuhdhxfrdedjuk 

2- feV˜VhdVkojksduk 

3- vklikldhfeV˜Vhdhuehc


dk;Z djrs le; Åijh fgLls esa ikuh vkSj feV˜Vh dVko jksdus ds fy, Hkh mi;qDr 

iz;kstudjukt+:jhgSA 

dUVwjikycukuslsikuhdscgkodhxfr/khehgksrhgSvkSjfeV˜VhdsdVkoij 

jksdyxrhgSAo"kkZfxjusdscknfjt{ks=dh

ikyfuekZ-k&dgkavkSjdSls\ 147 

fp=8.1%dUVwjikydhrqyukesadUVwjikyT+;knkikuhjksdrsgSa 

❉ fdUrq lqj{kk o ejEer dh n`f"V ls daVwj VªsUp dh rqyuk esa daVwj iky T+;knk 

tksf[ke Hkjk oegaxk rjhdk gSA fdlhHkh dkj.k ls;fn iky dsÅij ls ikuh 

fudy tk, rks blds VwVus dk [krjk jgrk gSA ikuh vkSj eosf'k;ksa ds dkj.k 

ikydkyxkrkj{kj.kgksrkjgrkgSAikydhgjlkyejEerdjukiM+rhgSA 

tgka iky Ja`[kyk esa cus gks ogka] fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls Åij dk ,d iky VwVus 

ij]uhpsdslHkhikyVwVusdhlEHkkoukgksrhgSA 

8.4 ikyfuekZ-k&dgkavkSjdSls\ 

ifjfLFkfr 1% tgka feV˜Vh esa ikuh ds fjlu dh xfr vf/kd gks ¼ikjxE; feV˜Vh 

permeablesoil½ 

1- ÅapkbZ%60ls-eh- 

2- feV˜VhcSBusdkizko/kku¼settlementallowance½% 20ls25% 

3- blfy,cukrsoDrikydhÅapkbZ%60 ×1-25 =75ls-eh-AeqjehfeV˜Vhesa 

feV˜VhcSBusdkizko/kkude¼10%½Hkhj[kktkldrkgSA 

4- ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ¼topwidth½%20&30ls-eh- 

5- vkxsdh


fp=8.2%ikjxE;feV˜VhesadUVwjikydkØWkllsD'ku 

/khjs&/khjsdkVdjdetksjdjldrkgSAblfy,ikuhdksfudklnsukt:jhgSA 

fudklges'kkiRFkjlscukukpkfg,AfudkldhÅapkbZikydhÅapkbZlsde 

j[ksa] rkfd ikuh dHkh Hkh iky ds mij ls u tk ldsA ;g djus ls iky dks 

VwVusdk[krjkughjgrkA 

8- iky cukus ds fy, feV˜Vh dSls [kksnsa ¼nkar½% iky ds fy, feV˜Vh dks dHkh Hkh 

yxkrkj ugha [kksnuk pkfg,A iky ds fy, [karh dh [kqnkbZ dkQh yEch gksrh gS] 

ftlds dkj.k muds fuekZ.k esa xyfr;ka Hkh gks ldrh gSaA elyu ;g lqfu'fpr 

djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS fdD;k [karh cjkcj [kksnh xbZ gS ;k mlesa


fp=8.3%ikycukrsoDrnkarvo';cuk,a 

nkrksa esa iRFkjksa dk fudkl nsuk u HkwysaA bl rjg [kafr;ksa vkSj nkarksa dh ,d 

Jà[kykcu tk,xhftlesaikuh laxzfgr gksrk tk,xk vkSj HkwfedVkoHkhvf/kd 

uc


fp=8.4%vikjxE;feV˜VhesaikydkØWkllsD'ku 

gSAysfdugesa ;g Hkh;kn j[kuk gksxk fddkyhfeV˜VhesaÅapk iky cukus ls 

ikuhvf/kdnsjrd#dsxkftllsnynyhdj.kvkSjikydksHkh[krjkiSnkgks 

ldrkgSAblfoMacukdkslqy>kusdsfy,ikyksadksuhpkj[ksaysfduvR;f/kd 

ikuhutekgksik,];glqfuf'prdjusdsfy,]fudklHkht+:jnsaAfudkl 

dh lko/kkuh dkyh feV˜Vh ij ikykcanh dk ewy ea= gSA lkFk gh ikyksa ds chp 

dhijLijnwjhdedjnsa¼20ls50ehVj½ftllsfdikuhdkcks>fdlh,d 

ikyijvR;f/kduiM+rsgq,]dbZikyksaesackaVktkldsA 

2- feV˜Vh cSBus dk izko/kku ¼settlementallowance½% fpduh feV˜Vh ds ckjhd d.kksa 

esa cSBus dh izkd`frd izo`fRr T+;knk gksrh gSA lkFk gh ;g feV˜Vh izk;%


5- ihNsdh


8.5 fjt{ks=esadaVwjikydSlsfcNk,sa\ 

1- fjt {ks= ds lcls yEcs fgLls dh

daVwjikydh;kstukcukuk 153 

8.7 daVwjikydh;kstukcukuk 

daVwjikydh;kstukcukusesankslokyksadstokc'kkfeygSa% 

1- o"kkZdkfdrukHkkxgejksdukpkgrsgS\vkSj 

2- blikuhdksjksdusdsfy,fdruhyEchikydhvko';drkgksxh\ 

8.7.1 o"kkZdkfdrukHkkxjksdukgS\ 

bliz'udkmRrjtkuusdsfy,gesa;gvuqekuyxkukgksxkfdo"kkZdkfdruk 

ikuh] feV˜Vh }kjk lks[kus vkSj ouLifr }kjk jksdus ds ckn] cgrk gS vr% lrgh ty 

izokg (Q) fdruk gSA tSlk fd rhljs v/;k; esa crk;k x;k gS fd o"kkZ ds ikuh dk 

fdrukizfr'krgefdlhlajpukesalaxzfgrdjukpkgrsgS];gmllajpukdsvkdkj 

¼tyHk.Mkj.k{kerk½ijfuHkZjdjrkgSAdaVwjikytSlhNksVhlajpukdsfy,vf/kd 

vPNkgksxkfd,dfnudhvf/kdreo"kkZdsikuhdksjksdusdkiz;RudjukgSA 

tSlkfdgetkursgS% 

tgka] 

Q = C × R × A 

Q =lrghtyizokg 

C =lrghtyizokgxq.kkad 

R =,dfnuesavf/kdreo"kkZ 

A ={ks=QytgkaikycukukgSA 

gesablckrdkges'kk/;kuj[kukpkfg,fdiwjklrghtyizokgdaVwjikyesaugha 

jksdukgSoju˜mldkdqNizfr'krghjksdukgSAekuyhft,fdgesalrghtyizokg 

dk70izfr'krikuhjksdukgSArc] 

8.7.2 ikydhyEckbZ 

Q1 = Q × 70 

100 

vFkkZr 0.7Q?kuehVj 

daVwj iky dh yEckbZ fudkyus ds fy, ftruk ?ku ehVj ikuh jksduk gS mls iky 

dsØWkllsD'kuds{ks=QylsHkkxdjsaA 

1- ØkWl lsD'ku dk {ks=Qy A Kkr djuk% daVwj iky esa ikuh [kksnh gqbZ VªsUp ds 

vykokikyijHkh#drkgSAvr%ØWkllsD'kuds{ks=QydsnksHkkxgS% 

❉ daVwjikydkØWkllsD'ku{ks=Qy A1


fp=8.5%daVwjikydkØWkllsD'ku 

❉ ikydslkeus#dusokysikuhdkØWkllsD'ku{ks=Qy A2 

vr%daVwjikydkdqyØWkllsD'ku{ks=Qy Ab = A1 + A2 

2- A1 Kkr djuk D;ksafd iky cukus ds fy, feV˜Vh vkxs (upstreamside)ls 

[kksnhtkrhgSblfy,[kksnsgq,fgLlsdsØWkllsD'kudk{ks=QyikydsØWkllsD'ku 

{ks=Qy ds yxHkx cjkcj gh gksxkA iky dk Økl lsD'ku ns[kus esa leyEc prqHkqZt 

(trapezium)dslekugksrkgSA 

getkursgSfd% 

leyEcprqHkZqtdk{ks=Qy =ÅapkbZ ×lekukUrjHkqtkvksadkvkSlr 

= h × l1 + l2 

2

daVwjikydh;kstukcukuk 155 

3- A2 Kkr djuk og LFkku ftlesa ikuh #drk gSA ;g ,d f=Hkqt ds leku fn[kkbZ 

nsrkgSA 

f=Hkqtdk{ks=Qy = 1 

×vk/kkj ×ÅapkbZ 

2 

= 1 

2 × b × h1 tgka 

h1 = h −ÝhcksMZ 

ogmapkbZtgkardikydslkeusikuhHkjsxkA 

¼daVwjikyesafudklhHkhnsukgksrhgS] 

vr%iwjkikyikuhlsughHkjldrs½ 

4- bdkekufudkyukgesaigyslsirkgSfdikydslkeusfdruhmapkbZrdikuh 

Hkjsxk¼h1 dkeku½Agesa;gHkhirkgSfdtehudh


nksdrkjksadschpdhijLijnwjh 

d = A 

L 

tgka] 

A ={ks=QytgkaikycukukgS 

L =daVwjikydhyEckbZ 

tSlk fd geusa tkuk fd fjt {ks= ds lcls yEcs Hkkx ls daVwj iky dk ys vkmV 

Mkyuk pkyw djrs gSA vko';d daVwj iky drkjksa dh la[;k (N)Kkr djus ds fy,] 

fjt{ks=dslclsyEcs{ks=dhyEckbZ (L r) dksdrkjksadschpijLijnwjh (d)lsHkkx 

nsrsgSaA 

8.8 vkvksdjdslh[ksa 

N = Lr 

d 

mnkgj.k%dUVwjikydh;kstukcukuk 

bUnkSjds15gsDVj{ks=esadaVwjikycukukgSAbl{ks=dklrghtyizokg 

xq.kkad 0-6 gSA ,d fnu esa vf/kdre o"kkZ 100 feyhehVj]


feV˜Vh ikjxE; gSA iky dh ÅpkbZ 0-6 ehVj] vkxs dh


gSaAgetkursgSfd% 

leyEcprqHkZqtdk{ks=Qy =lekukUrjHkqtkvksadkvkSlr ×ÅapkbZ 

 

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vcgesauhpsdhpkSM+kbZ l2 irkdjuhgksxhA 

pwafdvkxsdh


ge;gHkhtkursgSafd


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ikuhdkvk;ruftlsikyesajksdukgS = 8100?kuehVj 

daVwjikydhvko';dyEckbZ = 2488ehVj 

daVwjikydhdrkjksadhla[;k = 25 

nksijLijdrkjksadschpdhnwjh = 60ehVj 

8.9 dUVwjiky%D;kdjsa]D;kugha 

✔ 30ls-ehdkceZvo';nsa 

✔ feV˜VhcSBusdkizko/kkunsukuHkwysa 

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NksVkcka/k½ 

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cka/kmuukfy;ksaijcuk,tkrsgSaftudhxgjkbZ3eh-vkSjtyxzg.k{ks=50gsDVs;j 

lsdegSA 

9.1 mnñs'; 

cksYMjpsdcukusdkeq[;mnñs';ukyhesacgrsikuhdhxfrdksdedjukgSA 

ikuhdhxfrdedjuslsdbZedlniwjsgksrsgSa% 

1- HkwfedVkoesadeh 

2- cgrhfeV˜Vhdksjksdukftllsuhpsdsrkykcksa@cka/kksa esaxkndeHkjs 

3- vf/kd ek=k esa ikuh t+ehu ds uhps mrj ik;s vkSj Hkwty iquHkZUMkj.k esa o`f) 

vk, 

4- ukys dk izokg vf/kd le; rd pys ftlls xkao esa o"kkZ ds ikuh dk mi;ksx 

vf/kdle;rdgksldsvkSjuhpsdsrkykc@cka/k dbZckjHkjldsa 

161

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9.2 fuekZ-kLFky 

iRFkjksa ds ;s NksVs cka/k ukfy;ksa ij ,d ds ckn ,d Jà[kyk&:ih cuk,a ftlls fd 

ukyhdktyxzg.k{ks=NksVs&NksVsVqdM+ksaesacaVtk,A 

1- cksYMjpsdoghacuk,atgkaiRFkjvklkuhlsmiyC/kgksaA 

2- fdlhHkhcksYMjpsddkviuk tyxzg.k{ks=1&2gsDVs;jlsvf/kdughagksuk 

pkfg,A1&2gsDVs;jlscM+ktyxzg.k{ks=vf/kdek=kvkSjxfrlsikuhNksM+sxk 

ftldks jksdus ds fy, Hkhedk; cksYMj psd cukuk iM+sxkA ;g vkfFkZd n`f"V ls 

mi;qDrughagSA 

3- tgkaukyhdsrydh


dhvf/kdreoU;wurelhek,ar;djukmfprgksxk% 

1- Åaph


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feyk;sxsaAfoLr`rlosZdsnkSjkuvyx&vyxLFkkuksaijukyhdhpkSM+kbZukidj;gHkh 

uksV djsxsa fd fdruh yEckbZ ds fdrus cksYMj psd cusxsa\ bl izdkj gesa vyx&vyx 

yEckbZ¼8eh-]10eh-]13eh-½dscksYMjpsddhla[;kdkirkyxtk;sxkA 

9.5 vkdkj 

o"kksZadsvuqHkodsckn;gvkerkSjijr;fd;kx;kgSfdcksYMjpsddschp 

dsfgLlsdhvf/kdreÅapkbZ1ehVjj[khtk,AÅijdhpkSM+kbZlkekU;r%40ls-eh- 

j[ksaA pwafd iRFkjksa dk foJke dk dks.k ¼angleofrepose½ vf/kd gksrk gS vr% Åij 

¼viLVªhe½ dh

vkdkj 165 

fp=9.2%cksYMjpsddse/;HkkxdhÅapkbZckdhHkkxlsdej[ksa


fp=9.3%ukysdkØWkllsD'ku 

9.6 ukysdsØWkllsD'kuesacksYMjpsddsfofHkUUk 

fcUnqvksadhÅapkbZKkrdjuk 

fp=9-3esa,dLFkkuijukysdkØkllsD'kun'kkZ;kx;kgSAblLFkkuijukys 

esafofHkUufcUnqvksaijcksYMjpsddhÅapkbZfdruhgksxhbldhfof/kdkstkuysaA 

1- lclsigysikbZiysoydk,dLdsyukysdsvf/kdrexgjsfcUnq Cijj[krs 

gSarFkknwljsLdsydks,dfdukjsij/khjs&/khjsmijdhvksjystkrsgSaA 

2- tcnksauksLdsydhjhfMaxdkvUrj (VI)1ehVjvktk,rksmlfcUnq Adks 

fpfUgrdjbldhjhfMaxysrsgSA 

3- lkFkgha C vkSaj A dschapesa,dvkSajfcUnq B ijjhfMaxysrsgSaA 

4- blhizdkjukysdsnwljsfdukjsijfcUnq D vkSj E ijjhfMaxysrsgSA 

5- izR;sdnksfcUnqvksadschpdhlikVnwjh (HI) VsilsukiysrsgSaA 

mijksDrjhfMaxdhlgk;rklslHkhfcUnqvksadk RL fudkyysrsgSA 

mnkgj.k2%ukysesafcUnqvksadhÅapkbZKkrdjuk 

pj.k1 ikbZiysosylsjhfMaxysuk 

1- ikbZi ysoy dks igysa C vkSaj E ij j[kkA bu fcUnqvksa ij jhfMax Øe'k% 1-3 

ehVjo0-3ehVjvk;hA 

2- mldsckn C vkSj D ijjhfMaxØe'k%1-00vkSaj0-4vk;hA 

3- mldsckn E vkSj Y ijj[kkrksjhfMax1-4o0-9ehVjvk;hA 

4- mldsckn C vkSj A ijj[kkrksjhfMax1-5o0-5vk;hA

ukysdsØWkllsD'kuesacksYMjpsddsfofHkUUkfcUnqvksadhÅapkbZKkrdjuk 167 

fp=9.4%ikbZiysosylsyhxbZjhfMax 

fp=9.5%fofHkUufcUnqvksaijcksYMjpsddhÅapkbZ 

5- C o B ijj[kkrks1-4o0-9vk;hA 

6- A o X ijj[kkrksjhfMax1-2o0-7ehVjvk;hA 

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1- uhpsrkfydkesa E dkscsapekdZ¼BM½ekukx;kgSaa]ftldk RL 100eh-gSaA 

2- mldsckn C ls E fy[kkgSa]ftldslkeusnksdkWyegSap


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dh f'k[kj js[kk dh dsUnzfcUnq ls [khps x, yac ij 3 ehVj nwjh ij ,d fcUnq 

vafdrdjsaA;snksuksfcUnqpsddhÅijvkSjuhpsdhlhekvksadksvafdrdjrs 

gSaAbufcUnqvksadksviuh&viuhf'k[kjjs[kkvksadsfdukjksalstksM+nsaA 

2- cksYMj psd dh [karh ukys ds ry esa ugha [kksnh tkrhA [karh dsoy psd dks 

ukyhdsfdukjksaesaxkM+usdsfy,[kksnhtkrhgSA;g[karh50lseh-pkSM+hvkSj 

50 ls-eh- xgjh [kksnsaA tgka psd dk f'k[kj ukyh ds fdukjs ls feyrk gS] ogka 

ls 50 ls-eh- vkSj vkxs rd [karh [kksnsaA ukyh dk ry jsr ;k feV˜Vh dk gks 

rks 25 ls-eh- dh uhap Hkh [kksnsaA vc iRFkjksa dks tekuk 'kq# djsaA iRFkjksa dks 

ijr&nj&ijr tek,aA [karh esa Hkh iRFkj HkjsaA Hkjrs le; Åij vkSj uhps dh 


fp= 9.6%cM+s iRFkjksadks ges'kkckgj dh vksj gh tek,aAojuk ikuh ls NksVs iRFkjfgy tk,axstSls 

d][kvkSjxesavkSjcksYMjpsdVwVtk,xk

D;kdjsa]D;kugha 171 

✔ cM+s iRFkjksa dks uhps ¼MkmuLVªhe½ dh vksj ckgjh lrg ij tek,a & ns[ksa fp= 

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10 ukysdkmipkj%xsfc;ulajpuk 

xsfc;u lajpuk iRFkj vkSj rkj ls cuk ,d rjg dk cka/k gSA rkj dks cqu dj 

cukbZxbZtkfy;ksaesaiRFkjtek,tkrsgSaA,slscka/kksadks50&500gsDVs;jtyxzg.k{ks= 

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1- HkwfedVkoesadehA 

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dehvk,A 

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172

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10.2 fuekZ-kLFky 

fdlhHkh,dxsfc;ulajpukdktyxzg.k{ks=delsde5gsDVs;jgksukpkfg,A 

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1- ukysdsfdukjslqn`


3- ukysdh

fuek-kZdhnksfof/k;ka 175 

10.3 fuek-kZdhnksfof/k;ka 

iRFkjdhlajpukdksrkjlscka/kusdsnksrjhdsgS% 

1- ;kstuk ds vuqlkj iRFkj dh lajpuk cuk ys vkSj mlds mij rkj dh tkyh 

fcNkdj cka/k nsaA bl fof/k esa rkj dh tkyh dks tehu esa vPNh rjg xkM+uk 

gksxkrkfdogfudysughaA 

2- nwljh fof/k esa rkj ds vk;rkdkj cDls cukdj muesa iRFkj tek fn;s tkrs gSA 

bucDlksadksvkilesatksM+djlajpukcukbZtkrhgSAblfof/kesatkyhdsoy 

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yxkbZ tkrh gSA nwljh fof/k ls cuh lajpuk igyh fof/k ls T;knk etcwr gksrh 

gSAnwljhfof/kesarkjdhykxrT;knkvkrhgSfdUrqiRFkjdeyxrsgSA 

10.4 xsfc;udsfofHkUuHkkx 

fp=10.3%xsfc;udsfofHkUuHkkx


1- uhao% ukys esa ,d fdukjs ls nwljs fdukjs rd 60 ls-eh- xgjh uhao [kksnsaA tgka 

ukys esa jsr dh ek=k vf/kd gks ogka uho dks vkSj xgjkuk iM+sxk tc rd fd 

dM+dijrufeytk,A 

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nwljs fdukjs rd cukuk gSA vke rkSj ij nhokj dh ÅapkbZ gj txg cjkcj 

j[kh tk ldrh gSA ysfdu vxj ;g vko';d gks fd ukys dk vf/kdka'k izokg 

chpdsfgLlsdsÅijlsxqt+jsrkschp esaÅapkbZdedjdsfudklfn;ktk 

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fp=10.5%xsfc;udsfy,iRFkjdSlspqusa

fuekZ-k 179 

dsrkjdhetcwrhlekugksuhpkfg,A;grkjtkyhdsrkjdslekuxst;k 

irysxst dk Hkhgks ldrk gS fdUrqcka/krs oDrbls bruh ckj ?kqek;k tkrk gS 

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djukpkfg,A 

3- cksYMj% cDlksa dksHkjus dsfy,]tkyh dsNsn ls vf/kdcM+s iRFkjksa dk mi;ksx 

djukpkfg,AiDdsiRFkjksadkmi;ksxdjukpkfg,A?kqyu'khyiRFkjksadkmi;ksx 

udjsaAxksydsctk;dksf.k;iRFkjksadkmi;ksxdjsaAcM+siRFkjksadkstekusij 

cph [kkyh txgksa dks NksVs iRFkjksa }kjk HkjsaA iRFkjksa dks vPNh rjg tekus ij 

lajpukdkscSBusoeqM+uslscpk;ktkldrkgSAlajpukij2izdkjdsncko 

iM+rs gSa&[kM+s ikuh dkncko vkSj cgrs ikuh dk nckoAbu nckoksa dsdkj.k 

NksVs iRFkjksa ds fgyus vkSj fQlyus dk [krjk cuk jgrk gSA blfy, iRFkj ,sls 

cSBk,a fd NksVs iRFkj cM+s iRFkjksa ds chp dh txg dks Hkj nsaA blls u dsoy 

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degksxhArkjksadksHkhvPNhrjgdlsaftllsfdfdlhizdkjdhykspujg 

tk,A 

10.6 fuekZ-k 

lclsigysfuekZ.kLFkyijiRFkj,df=rdjsaAeq[;nhokjdsfy,1ehVjpkSM+h 

vkSj60ls-eh-xgjhuho[kksnsaAblhizdkjfcNkSusvkSjfdukjksadhnhokjksadhuhoHkh 

[kksnsaA eq[; nhokjdsfoLrkj dsfy,ukysds fdukjksa esa[karh[kksnsaA uho@[karh Hkjus 

lsigys3txgeqM+hgqbZrkjdks[kM+kdjsa% 

❉ eq[;nhokjdhuhodsÅijhdksusij 

❉ fcNkSusdh'kq#vkresa 

❉ fcNkSusdsfupysdksusij 

rhuksatxgrkjdkslajpukdhiwjhyackbZrdfcNk,aArkjdksblrjglsfcNk,a 

fd yxHkx 0-15 ehVj rkj iRFkjksa dks tekus ds ckn muds uhps nc tk,A tc rkj 

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rc muds Åij eqM+h gqbZ rkj fcNk nsa vkSj iRFkjksa ds uhps okyh rkj ls mls cka/k nsaA 

eq[;nhokjvkSjfdukjsdhnhokjdks1&2ehVjyacsvkSj1ehVjÅapsiRFkjdsMCcksa 

ds:iesacuk,aA 

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fdukjs dh rkjksa ls cka/k nsaA fQj MCcs esa iRFkj Hkjsa vkSj MCcs ds Åij Hkh rkj fcNk


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iRFkjksadschpNwVs[kkyhLFkkuksaijNksBsiRFkjtek,a 

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tyijrksaa esa ik, tkus okys 

ikuh ds izokg dks jksdrk 

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1- Hkwfexr˜ ty ds izokg dks jksdrs gq, mls xkao esa gh T;knk le; rd miyC/k 

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184 HkwtyiquHkZ.Mkj.kdkljymik;%Hkwfexr˜Mkbd 

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esa tYnh&tYnh eksM+ vkrs gksa ogka Mkbd dks lexz tyxzg.k {ks= dh


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djsaA 

'khV yxkus ds nksuksa rjhdksa esa ls dkSu lk csgrj gS\ igys rjhds esa feV˜Vh iwjh 

rjgIykfLVd'khVlsf?kjhjgrhgSAbldkj.kikuhdkMkbdlsvkj&ikjgksukcgqr 

eqf'dygkstkrkgSAexjblesaleL;k;ggSfdpjdhnhokjksaesa;fniRFkjtM+sgksa 

rks muls IykfLVd yx dj QV ldrk gSA lkFk gh ikuh pj ds ry vkSj IykfLVd ds 

chpjkLrkcukdjikjgksldrkgSAnwljsrjhdsesa,slhdetksfj;kaughagSA 

oSlsIykfLVd'khVdsoymuLFkkuksaijghyxkukvko';dgkstkrkgStgkafpduh 

feV˜VhfeyukdfBugSvkSjmlesajsrvkfnfeysgksaA

MkbdfuekZ-k%dSls\ 187 

fp=11.2%MkbdesaIykfLVd'khVfcNkusdsnksrjhds


fp=11.3%IykfLVd'khVfdlrjgfcNkbZtkrhgS

MkbddsÅijcksYMjpsdcuk,a 189 

11.4 MkbddsÅijcksYMjpsdcuk,a 

Mkbd cukus ds ckn ukys ds ry ij cksYMj psd cuk,aA Mkbd vkSj cksYMj psd 

lkFk&lkFk cukus ls nksuksa dh gh mi;ksfxrk c

12 ukysdkmipkjotylaxzg.k%feV˜Vhds 

ckaa/k 

fdlhHkhtykxefodkldk;ZØe dhlclsegRoiw.kZlajpukeq[;ukysijcuk,x, 

feVVhdscka/kgksrsgSaA 

12.1 mnñs'; 

,slscka/kksdkoxhZdj.kmudsmi;ksxdsvk/kkjijfd;ktkldrkgS% 

1- flapkbZrkykc (irrigationdam)% bucka/kksadsnkseq[;mnñs';gksrsgSa% 

❉ ckfj'k ds ekSle esa ikuh bdV˜Bk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckfj'k ds ekSle ds 

ckn[ksrksaesaflapkbZ]is;ty]fuLrkj]eNyhikyuvkfndsfy,ikuhdk 

mi;ksxfd;ktkrkgSA 

❉ gekjs ns'k ds vf/kdrj fgLlksa esa o"kkZ twu ls flrEcj ekg esa gksrh gSA 

;g o"kkZ dqN fnuksa ¼40 ls 50 fnu½ vkSj dqN ?k.Vksa esa gh gks tkrh gSA 

ckfj'kdsekSledsnkSjkudbZckj15;kbllsHkhvf/kdfnurdo"kkZ 

ughagksrhA,slsesaQlydksHkkjhuqdlkugksrkgSAbluqdlkulscpus 

190

LFkyp;u 191 

ds fy, lw[ks dh fLFkfr esa bu rkykcksa }kjk lqj{kk flapkbZ (protective 

irrigation) dhtkrhgSA 

2- fjlu rkykc (percolationtank): ,sls rkykc ftuds ikuh dk mi;ksx Hkw&ty 

iquHkZ.Mkj.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS mUgsa fjlu rkykc dgrsa gSA fjlu rkykc 

vf/kdrj tyxzg.k {ks= ds Åijh fgLls esa cuk;s tkrs gS] rkfd fjlu dk ykHk 

tyxzg.k{ks=dsfupysfgLlsdsdqvksavkSjuydwiksadksfeyldsAblhmnñs'; 

lsburkykcksa dksdqvksa vkSj uydwiksadhÅijh

192 ukysdkmipkjotylaxzg.k%feV˜Vhdsckaa/k 

fdlhHkh feV˜Vhdscka/k dsÅij lsikuh ughfudyldrkA fudklhdk LFky 

,slkgksfddelsde[kqnkbZdjukiM+sAfudklhdkrylqn`

vkdkj 193 

dk vf/kd ls vf/kd 40 izfr'kr ikuh cka/k jksd ldsA blls vf/kd izfr'kr ,d Lisy 

esvkusdhlaHkkoukdegSA 

12.3.1 iw-kZtyk'k;Lrj¼FullReservoirLevelFRL½ 

cka/k esa ikuh dsvf/kdre Lrj dks iw.kZ tyk'k; Lrj ;k FRL dgrs gSaA bl Lrj 

dksfu/kkZfjrdjusdsfy,cka/kLFkydhizHkkohHkUMkj.k{kerkvkSjcka/kesavkusokys 

ikuhdsvuqekfurcgkodschprkyesyLFkkfirdjukiM+rkgSAfdrukHkUMkj.klaHko 

gS;gtyHkaMkj.k{ks=dhifjfLFkfrijfuHkZjdjrkgS%D;kmlesavkcknh]ou]d`f"k 

Hkwfe rFkk vU; lalk/ku tSls jsyos] lM+d vkfn lfEefyr gS\ ;fn buesa ls fdlh dk 

Hkh Mqcko gksrk gks rks ogka ds fuokfl;ksa vkSj iz'kklu dh vuqefr ds fcuk fuekZ.k u 

djsaA;kstukdhlQyrkdsfy,xzkeh.kksadksfuekZ.kdhifjdYiukrFkk;kstukdslkFk 

'kq#lsvarrdlfØ;:ilstksM+saA 

12.3.2 fudklh (ExitWeir) 

FRL lsvf/kdikuhfudkllsckgjfd;ktkrkgSAfudkldkry FRLdsLrj 

ij gksrk gSA fudkl dh ugj dh pkSM+kbZ ,oa xgjkbZ bruh gksuh pkfg, fd ukys dk 

vf/kdre tyizokgblugjlslqjf{krfudyldsAftucak/kksa dktyxzg.k{ks=50 

gs- ls de gks rFkk tgka fudklh LFky ij dBksj feV˜Vh ;k iRFkj gks ogka ij fudklh 

dh [kqnkbZ ds i'pkr vanj dh lrg o ry ij iRFkj tekuk pkfg,A fdUrq tgka ij 

tyxzg.k {ks= 50 gs- ls vf/kd gks vkSj fudklh dk ry T;knk etcwr u gks ogka ij 

lhesaVdaWkØhV;kiRFkjdhlhesaVesafpukbZ (stonemasonry) }kjkfudklhdkfuekZ.k 

djukpkfg,Afudklhdsfy,lhesUVdWakØhV;kiRFkjdhfpukbZdkØWkllsD'ku,slk 

ysukpkfg,tksviusHkkjlsfLFkjjgldsA 

fudklh dk vkdkj bruk gksuk pkfg, dh vf/kdre o"kkZ ds le; esa Hkh ikuh 

fudklh ls lqjf{kr fudy ldsA fudklh dk vkdkj jS'kuy lw= (rationalformula) 

}kjkfudkyktkldrkgS% 

Qp = C × I × A 

tgka] Qp =vf/kdrelrghtyizokg¼?kuehVjizfrlsdaM½ 

C =lrghtyizokgxq.kkad 

I =o"kkZdhvf/kdrerhozrk¼feyhehVjizfr?kaVk½ 

A =tyxzg.k{ks=dk{ks=Qy¼gsDVs;j½ 

fudklh ls ikuh fudkyus dh {kerk vf/kdre lrgh tyizokg ds cjkcj gksuh


pkfg,Afudklhlsikuhfudkyusdh{kerk¼dischargecapacityDC½ØsLVsMfo;jlw= 

(crestedweirformula) }kjkKkrdhtkldrhgSA 

DC = 1.75 × L × H 3 

2 

tgka] L =fudklhdhyEckbZ¼ehVj½ 

H =fudklhlscgusokysikuhdhÅapkbZ¼ehVj½ 

tgkardlaHkogksxgjhfudklhdsctk;pkSM+hfudklhnsukpkfg,rkfdcka/kdhty 

HkaMkj.k {kerk de u gksA fudklh esa ikuh ,d fuf'pr ÅapkbZ ls vf/kd ugh p

vkdkj 195 

12.3.4 ÝhcksMZ 

MFL ds Åij dqN vfrfjDr ÅapkbZ j[kh tkrh gS ftls Ýh cksMZ dgrs gSA Ýh 

cksMZ]cka/kdhvf/kdreÅapkbZ (TobBundLevelTBL) vkSj MFLdkvUrjgksrkgSA 

lkeU;rkSj ij Ýh cksMZ iw.kZ tyk'k; Lrj vkSj MFL dsvUrj dk de ls de nqxuk 

gksrk gSA o"kksZa ds vuqHko dsvk/kkj ij 5ehVj ls deÅapkbZ ds cka/k esa1ehVjdk 

Ýh cksMZ i;kZIr ekuk tkrk gSA vf/kd Ýh cksMZ nsus ls cka/k vf/kd lqjf{kr rks gksrk 

gS] fdUrq bldh ty Hk.Mkj.k {kerk de gks tkrh gSA ftlls vuko';d :i ls izfr 

?kuehVjlaxzfgrikuhdhykxrc


12.3.8 feV˜VhcSBusdkizko/kku (SettlementAllowance) 

fp=12.2%feV˜VhcSBusdkizko/kku 

cka/kfuekZ.kdsnkSjkufeV˜Vhdksmi;qDruehdslkFkdwVk;knck;ktkrkgSAfQj 

Hkh feV˜Vh viuh izkÑfrd lajpuk ¼foJke dk dks.k½ rd ugha igqqapk ikrhA fuekZ.k ds 

ckn Hkh cka/k dh feV˜Vh viuh izkÑfrd lajpuk dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrh jgrh 

gSA cka/k dk viuk ot+u] ty HkaMkj.k ls iSnk ueh o o"kkZ dh cwanksa dk lh/kk izHkko 

Hkh cka/k ds vkdkj esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA bl vkdkj ifjorZu ls cka/k dk Lo:i tSls 

ÅapkbZ o

fuekZ-kdseq[;pj-koizfØ;k 197 

mlLFkyijcka/kdh;kstukfujLrdjnsaA;fnxfrbruhT+;knkughadhcka/kfujLr 

djuk iM+s ij fQj Hkh dkQh gS rks dV&vkWQ VªsUp dh xgjkbZ dks c


12.4.5 leryjsrNUuh (HorizontalSandFilter)oiRFkjksadk 

vaxwBk(RockToe) 

fdlh Hkh cka/k esa pkgs okg fdruh Hkh vikjxE; feV˜Vhdk D;ksa u cuk gks] mlesa 

fjlu dh js[kk ¼lhist ykbu½ t+:j ekStwn gksrh gSA vxj ;g js[kk cka/k ds ihNs dh 

vksj ry ds Åij ls fudys rks og feV˜Vh dVko iSnk dj ldrh gS ftlls cka/k dks 

[krjk gSA rkfd ikuh cka/k ds vkj&ikj u gks] bl js[kk dks uhps [khapus dk mik; 

fd;ktkrkgSAcka/kdsryijuhpsdhvksj (downstreamside) 30&50ls-eh-eksVh 

jsr dh lery Nuuh cukbZ tkrh gSA blds vkSj ihNs iRFkj ds vaxwBs esa mYVh NUuh 

¼fjolZfQYVj½cukbZtkrhgSftlesalclsigysckjhdfeV˜VhvkSjfQjyxkrkjvf/kd 

[kqjnjhfeV˜VhvkSjvarr%iRFkjfcNk,tkrsgSaAcka/kdhfeV˜Vhdsvf/kdikjxE;gksus 

ds dkj.k iRFkjksa dk vaxwBk fjlu dh js[kk dks uhps [khap cka/k ds vkjikj ugha gksus 

nsrkA 

12.4.6 ikyodksjoWky (embankmentandcorewall) 

fuekZ.klkexzhdsvk/kkj ijfeV˜Vhdscka/krhuizkdkjdsgksrsgSa% 

1- ,dghizdkjdhfuekZ.klkexzhlscukcka/k(damsofhomogeneousmaterial)% 

tgka fpduh feV˜Vh fcYdqy Hkh miyC/k u gks ogka lk/kkj.k feV˜Vh ls gh iky 

cukukiM+rkgSA,slsikydkvkdkjvf/kdcM+kj[ksaaAikyesafeV˜VhdksvPNh 

rjgdwV&dwVdjHkjsaAdksf'k'k;gHkhdjsafdcka/k,slhtxgcuk,atgkauhao 

dM+diRFkjdhgksAblizdkjdscka/kesavaxwBk (rocktoe)vo';cuk,aA 

2- dksj okWy okyk cka/k (corewalltypedam):tgka fpduh feV˜Vh lhfer ek=k esa 

miyC/kgksogkacka/kdschpksachpfpduhfeV˜VhdhvikjxE;nhokj¼dksjoWky½ 

[kM+h djsaA ;g nhokj dkyh feV˜Vh ds xksyksa dks dwV&dwV dj cuk,aA bl nhokj 

dks lgkjk nsus ds fy, nksuks vksj lk/kkj.k feV˜Vh dks vPNh rjg dwV&dwV dj 

HkjsaAfeV˜Vhdksblrjgtek,afdlclsckjhdfeV˜VhvanjdhvksjgksvkSj 

[kqjnjhfeV˜VhckgjdhvksjA 

3- gkfVZx dsflax izdkj ds cka/k (heartingandcasingtypedam)% tgka fpduh 

feV˜Vh vklkuh ls feyrh gks ogka mls dwV&dwV dj cka/k dk vikjxE; g`n; 

¼gkVZ½cuk,aAysfdugkVZdschpesadkyhfeV˜VhlsHkjh[kUrhgksxhAblg`n; 

dks lgkjk nsus ds fy, nksuks vksj lk/kkj.k feV˜Vh dks vPNh rjg dwV&dwV dj 

HkjsaAfeV˜Vhdksblrjgtek,afdlclsckjhdfeV˜VhvanjdhvksjgksvkSj 

[kqjnjhfeV˜VhckgjdhvksjA

fuekZ-kdseq[;pj-koizfØ;k 199 

fp=12.3%lhistykbZuvkSjiRFkjksadkvaxwBk 
















aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa


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fp=12.4%vyx&vyxrjgdsfeV˜Vhdscka/k 

cka/k dh iky dk fuekZ.k 30 ls 50 lsaeh- dh ijrksa esa djuk pkfg,A izR;sd ijr dks 

ikuhMkydjdqVkbZdjukpkfg,AbldslkFk&lkFkghdksjoWkydkfuekZ.k¼VSªpHkjokbZ 

dhrjggh½dkyhofpduhfeêhdsxksyks lsfd;ktkrk gSAikydhfeêhesacksYMj 

;k?kkl]tMs+vkfnughgksuhpkfg,A

D;kdjsaD;kudjsa\ 201 

12.4.7 ÅijvkSjuhpsdh


fp=12.5%fudklfdlizdkjcuk,a

dqNvkxsdhckr 203 

;kstuk cukus vkSj fØ;kUo;u dh izfØ;k esa 'kq# ls var rd Hkkxhnkj cuk;k 

tk,A 

✔ cka/kdhvkxsdh


fxzM losZ }kjk ;k lh/ks MEih ysoy ls fudkydj xzkQ isij ij js[kkafdr dh tkrh gSA 

izR;sddqVwjjs[kk dsLrjij¼A1,A2,A3...½ {ks=Qy Kkr fd;ktkrk gSA fQjbl 

{ks=Qy dk e/;eku o dqVwj varjkyks dh enn ls cka/k dh Hk.Mkj.k {kerk Kkr dh 

tkrhgSA 

fp=12.7%MSeotyk'k;dkØWkllsD'ku 

fp=12.8%MSeotyk'k;dkIyku 

fp=dsvuqlkj] 

(A1 + A2) 

CL1vkSj CL2dschpdkvk;ru = V 1 = × CI 

2 

(A2 + A3) 


2 

(A3 + A4) 


2 

cka/kdhHk.Mkj.k{kerk = V = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 

cka/k dh ;g ty Hk.Mkj.k {kerk n'kkZrh gS fd ,d ckj cka/k Hkjus ij fdruk ikuh 

#dsxkA cka/k ds tyk'k; ds ry dh ikjxE;rk ds vuqlkj ikuh dk fjlu Hkh gksxkA

dqNvkxsdhckr 205 

tyk'k;esaikuhdsfjludksKkrdjusdsfy,txg&txgifj{k.kx

13 [ksresaikykcanh 

[ksrksaijikykcanhHkwfedVkodksjksduso[ksrksaesalarqfyruehcuk,j[kusdsmnñs'; 

ls dh tkrh gSA vkn'kZr% [ksrksa esa iky dUVwj js[kk ij cuk, tkus pkfg,A fdUrq d`f"k 

Hkwfeij,slkdjusesadkQhdfBukb;kaiSnkgksrhgSAdUVwjdhjs[kkijcuk,x,iky 

[ksr dks vfu;fer vkdkjksa esa ckaV nsrs gSA ,sls esa gy] Mksjk] frQu pykrs oDr cSyksa 

dks Vs

[ksrksaesaikycukusdh;kstuk 207 

feV˜VhdhijrrS;kjgksusesanlgt+kjlkyyxtkrsgSaAvktHkkjresafeV˜Vh 

rS;kj gksus dh xfr ls 40 xquk rst+ feV˜Vh dVko dh xfr gSA bl feV˜Vh dks 

dVus u fn;k tk, rks [ksrh dh mRikndrk 30&40 izfr'kr˜ c


esa Hkkjh uqdlku dj ldrk gSA vr% ftl [ksr ls ;kstuk 'kq# gksrh gS mlds uhps ds 

lHkh[ksrksadkslkFkysukvfuok;ZgSSA 

13.3 ikyksadschpdhijLijnwjh 

ikyksa ds chp dh nwjh 30 ls 80 ehVj dh gksuh pkfg,A ;g fu.kZ; [ksr dh


eqjehfeV˜VhesaavkxsoihNsdh


pkfg,D;ksafdbllsukyhcutkrh gStksikuhdkscgfudkyrhgSvkSj vius 

lkFk feV˜Vh Hkh dkVdj ys tkrk gSA bldk mik; gS fd [kqnkbZ dks chp&chp 

esajksddj NksVh&NksVh[kafr;ka cukbZ tk,aftuesaikuh vkSj feV˜Vh#dtk,A 10 

ehVjyEckbZrdfeV˜Vh[kksnusdsckn1ehVjfgLlsesa[kqnkbZjksdnsaA[kqnhgqbZ 

[kafr;ksa dh pkSM+kbZ 1 ehVj j[ksaA tgka [kqnkbZ jksdh xbZ gS ogka iky ls fudyrs 

gq, nkarcuk,a tks iky ls 90fMxzh ij gksaA ;g nkar yxHkx 2 ehVj yacsvkSj 

vf/kdre 30 ls-eh- Åaps cuk,aA iRFkj miyC/k gksus ij nkrksa dks iw.kZr% iRFkjksa 

dsghcuk,aAvU;FkkfeV˜VhdsnkrksaesaiRFkjksadkfudklnsukuHkwysaAblrjg 

[kafr;ksa vkSj nkarksa dh ,d Jà[kyk cu tk,xh ftlesa ikuh laxzfgr gksrk tk,xk 

vkSj Hkwfe dVko Hkh vf/kd u c


tc ;g iky [ksr ds fupys fgLls esa igqap tk, rc mldks FkksM+h nwj rd vkM+s eksM+ 

nsuk pkfg,Ablls ikuh dh xfrde gksxhA bl vkM+s eksM+ dsckn ,d fudkl vo'; 

nsa¼ns[ksafp=13-3½A 

fp=13.3%


mnkgj.k3&ftl[ksresa


iky dhÅijh lrg gjLFkku ij cjkcj gksuh pkfg,] pkgs t+ehu dhlrg ls ukius 

ijmldhÅapkbZfofHkUuLFkkuksaijde&T+;knkD;ksaugksA 

13.4.2 tgkafeV˜Vhesaikuhdsfjludhxfrdegks¼vikjxE;½ 

fp=13.6%vikjxE;feV˜Vhesa[ksrdsikydkØWkllsD'ku 

,slhfeV˜Vh¼tSlsdkyhfeV˜Vh½esaikuhdstekgksusdk[krjkjgrkgSA 

1- ÅapkbZ% 50 ls-eh-A vikjxE; feV˜Vh esa iky cukrs le; ikuh iky ds Åij 

pkusdsfy,ikyksadksuhpkj[ksaysfduvR;f/kd 

ikuhutekgksik,];glqfuf'prdjusdsfy,]fudklHkht+:jnsaAfudkl 

dh lko/kkuh dkyh feV˜Vh ij ikykcanh dk ewy ea= gSA lkFk gh ikyksa ds chp 

dhijLijnwjhdedjnsa¼20ls50ehVj½ftllsfdikuhdkcks>fdlh,d 

ikyijvR;f/kduiM+rsgq,]dbZikyksaesackaVktkldsA 

2- feV˜Vh cSBus dk izko/kku ¼settlementallowance½% fpduh feV˜Vh ds ckjhd d.kksa 

esa cSBus dh izkd`frd izo`fRr T+;knk gksrh gSA lkFk gh ;g feV˜Vh izk;%


fp=13.7%vikjxE;feV˜Vhesaikydksfjluds[krjslscpkukt+:jhgS 


izo`fRrT+;knkgksrhgS]blfy,ikyksadh


➠ mldsÅijeksVhjsrdhijrtek,aA 

;g[karhnksizdkjlsdkedjsxh% 

❉ iky dsvkxs tek gksus okykikuh bl [karh dsek/;e ls tehuds 

uhpsmrjtk,xkA 

❉ bl[karhdsvkl&ikldhfpduhfeV˜Vhdhuehdks[karhdsikjxE; 

ijr viuh vksj [khap ysaxsA blls [ksr esa tes ikuh dh ek=k de 

gksxhA 

fp=13.8%dqNifjfLFkfr;ksaesaikuhdksfudkyusdk,dvkSjfodYigSmYVhNUuh 

13.5 fo'ks"klko/kkfu;ka 

;knj[ksa%ckfj'kdkikuhfdruhrst+hlscgsxk;gfuHkZjdjrkgS% 

❉ t+ehufdruh

14 [ksrrkykc@Mcjh 

14.1 [ksrrkykcD;kgksrkgS\ 

[ksrrkykcfdlkuds[ksrlscgdjtkusokysikuhdks[ksresaghjksdusdsfy, 

cukbZ xbZ ty laxzg.k lajpuk gSA xkao ds lery {ks=ksa esa ukys dh xgjkbZ ugha fey 

ikrh gS vkSj u gh Åaps fdukjs fey ikrs gSA bl dkj.k lery {ks= esa ukykcaM tSlh 

tylaxzg.klajpuk,cukukdfBugksrkgSAvr%lerytxgij[ksrksaesa[ksrrkykc 

lclsvPNkmik;gSAbllajpukdkeq[;mi;ksx[kjhQdhQlydkslqj{kkflapkbZ 

(protectiveirrigation) nsuk gksrk gSA blds vkyok dgha&dgha [ksr rkykc ls jfc dh 

QlymxkbZtkrhgSvkSjeNyhikyuHkhfd;ktkrkgSAblrjgdhlajpukif'pe 

caxky] vklke] NRrhlxkj[kaM vkSj mM+hlk esa ikjEifjd rkSj ij cukbZ 

tkrhvkbZgSaA 

14.2 [ksrrkykcD;ksacuk;ktkrkgS\ 

[ksr rkykc cukus dk eq[; dkj.k [ksrksa esa ls cgdj tkus okys o"kkZ ds ikuh dks 

bdV˜Bk djuk gSA o"kkZ _rq esa Hkh dbZ ckj dbZ fnuksa rd ikuh ugha cjlrk ftlds 

217


dkj.k Qly dks Hkkjh uqdlku gks tkrk gSA Qly dks bl uqdlku ls cpkus ds fy, 

[ksrrkykcdkmi;ksxfd;ktkrkgSA 

14.3 txgdkpquko 

1- [ksrrkykcdkfuekZ.kgj[ksresafd;ktkldrkgSA[ksrlscgdjvkusokys 

ikuhdhek=kdsvuqlkj[ksrrkykcdh{kerkfu/kkZfjrdjukpkfg,A 

2- [ksrrkykc[ksresa;k[ksrdsvkliklcukukpkfg,rkfdlqj{kkflapkbZvklkuh 

lsdhtkldsA 

3- ftl txg [ksr rkykc dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk gSa] ogka dh

[ksrrkykcfuekZ-kdSlsdjsa 219 

14.4 [ksrrkykcfuekZ-kdSlsdjsa 

1- Åijn'kkZ;sfcUnqvksadsvk/kkjijtxgr;djsaA 

2- p;furLFkkuij[ksrrkykcdh[kqnkbZdkys&vkmVMkysaA 

3- [kqnh gqbZ feV˜Vh vkSj rkykc ds chp 2 ls 3 eh- dk Qklyk vo'; j[ksa rkfd 

feV˜VhfQjls[kksnsgq,fgLlsesauHkjtk,AblQklysdksceZ¼berm½dgrs 

gSA ceZ NksM+dj feV˜Vh Mkyus ds LFkku dks fpfUgr djsaA tgka feV˜Vh Mkyuk gS] 

mltxgdhlQkbZ (siteclearance)djknsaA 

4- rkykc[kqnkbZesa;fnÅijhlrgdhfeV`hmitkÅgksrksmls[ksresaQSyknsaA 

5- [kqnkbZ iw.kZ gksus ij] rkykc ds pkjksa fdukjksa dks 1%1 ls 1%2 ds


10- McjhdhesM+ksadhet+cwrhgsrq?kklrFkko`{kyxkukpkfg, 

14.6 [ksrrkykcfuekZ-kdh;kstukcukuk 

[ksr rkykc dk vkdkj r; djus ds fy, igys gesa ;g r; djuk gksxk dh ge 

fdrusgsDVjHkwfedkslqj{kkflapkbZnsukpkgrsgSaA 

iz'u& ;fn ,d fdlku ds ikl 2 gsDVj dk [ksr gS vkSj ;fn lHkh ifjfLrfFk;ka 

vuqdwygSa]rks[kjhQdhQlyesalqj{kkflapkbZdsfy,Mcjhdh;kstukdSlscuk,a\ 

mRrj&getkursgS% 

[ksrdkuki = 2gs- 

1gs- = 100eh- × 100eh- 

= 10, 000oxZeh- 

rks 2gs- = 20, 000oxZeh-gqvkA 

;fn[kjhQdhQlydks,dflapkbZnsusesa10lsaeh¼0-1eh-½ikuhyxrkgksrks 

dh{kerkdk[ksrrkykccukukgksxkA 

20, 000oxZeh- × 0.1eh- = 2, 000?kueh- 

bldkukifdlkudhlqfo/kko[ksrdsvkdkjdsvuqlkjr;djsaAtSls&40eh- 

yEck × 20eh-pkSM+k × 2-5eh-xgjkrkykccuk;ktkldrkgSaA

15 lajpukvksadkvakdyurFkkykxrfu/kkZj.k 

15.1 njksadhvuqlwphD;kgS\ 

njksa dh vuqlwph ¼ScheduleofRates-SoR, ,l-vks-vkj-½ og iqLrd gS ftlds 

vk/kkjijfd,x,dk;ksZadhykxrdkvakdyufd;ktkrkgSAvkerkSjij;giqLrd 

izR;sdjkT;ljdkjdslacaf/krfoHkkxksa}kjkrS;kjdhtkrhgSAnjksadhvuqlwphfdlh 

HkhlajpukdsfuekZ.kdks]mlesafufgrlHkhdk;ksZadhJà[kykesa]foHkDrdjrhgSArFkk 

,slsizR;sddk;Zdhykxrfu/kkZj.kdsfy,ljdkj}kjkvuqeksfnrnjsaiznkudjrhgSA 

bUgsadk;Znjsa (taskrates)dgktkrkgSSaA 

;gnjsafofHkUuizdkjdsfuekZ.kdk;ksZa¼Hkou]lsrq]lM+d]cka/k]flapkbZugj]fyV 

flapkbZ]tyvkiwfrZ]LoPNrkoeytyvkfn½dsfy,gksrhgSAbunjksaesaetnwjhnjsa 

¼U;wure etnwjh ds vk/kkj ij½] mi;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ lkefxz;ksa dh njsa] lkexzh ifjogu 

njsa] e'khuksa rFkk okguksa dhfdjk;knjsa] izkd`frdlalk/kuksa dsfy,jkW;YVh Hkqxrkuksa dh 

njsa rFkk lajpukvksa ds vuqj{k.k dh njsa 'kkfey gSaA bl v/;k; esa ge eq[; :i ls 

feêh [kqnkbZ o fuekZ.k dh etnwjh dh ppkZ djsaxsA njksa dh vuqlwph izLrkfor dk;ksZa ds 

ykxr vuqeku rFkk iw.kZ fd, tk pqds dk;ksZa ds ewY;kadu] nksuksa ds fy, gh mi;ksx dh 

tkrhgSA 

15.2 njksadhvuqlwphdkmi;ksxdSlsdjsa\ 

15.2.1 igykpj-k%izR;sddk;Zdksmlds?kVdvaxksaesafoHkDrdjsa 

njksa dh vuqlwph ds mi;ksx ds fy, igysge gj izLrkfor dk;Z dks mlesa 'kkfey 

lHkhfu;rdkeksaesackaVrsgSAmnkgj.kdsfy,dUVwjikyfuekZ.kdksfuEu?kVddk;ksZa 

esafoHkDrdjldrsgSa% 

1- t+ehudh[kqnkbZ 

2- ikyfuekZ.k 

3- iRFkjdkfudklcukukftldsnksHkkxgS% 

❉ iRFkjbdB˜Bsdjuk(rFkk 

❉ fudklcukuk 

blhrjgcksYMjpsdfuekZ.kesafuEudk;Z'kkfeygksaxs% 

221


1- uhaodh[kqnkbZ 

2- iRFkjbdB˜Bsdjuk(rFkk 

3- cksYMjcka/kcukusdsfy,cksYMjksadk

njksadhvuqlwphesaD;kgksrkgS\ 223 

1- fu;ksturFkkfuekZ.kdsle;foRrh;ctVcukusdsfy, 

2- dk;ZdhizxfrdsnkSjkuekWfuVfjaxdsfy,]rFkk 

3- fuekZ.ki'pkrewY;kadudsfy,A 

15.3 njksadhvuqlwphesaD;kgksrkgS\ 

lS)kafrd:ilsdk;Znj^^le;vkSjxfrv/;;u** (timeandmotionstudies) 

dhdbZJà[kykvksalsizkIrgksrhgSA;gv/;;udk;Ziwjkdjusesayxusokysle;dh 

ek=kdsvkadyuesaenndjrsgSAdk;ZfdrukdfBugS]blesayxusokyhlkexzhrFkk 

vkStkj ij dk;Z nj fuHkZj djrh gSA ,d gh Hkw&LFky ij fd, tkus okys vyx&vyx 

dk;ksZadhnjsavyx&vyxgksrhgSaAfofHkUuHkw&LFkyksaij,dtSlsdk;ksZadsfy,Hkh;g 

njsavyx&vyxgksxhAvfrfjDrdk;ksZadsfy,vfrfjDrnjsatksM+htkrhgSa% 

1- xgjkbZls[kqnhlkexzhdksmBkuk¼fyV½ 

2- [kqnhlkexzhdkifjogu¼yhM½ 

3- ckgjhlkexzhdkifjogu¼yhM½ 

4- ikuhesafeV˜Vhdh[kqnkbZtSlhizfrdwyifjfLFkfresafd,tkusokysdk;Z 

njksadhvuqlwphesamudk;ksZadhnjsaT;knknhxbZgSaftUgsaiwjkdjusesavf/kdle; 

yxrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, feV˜Vh ds cka/k esa gkfVZax dh rqyuk esa dksjokWy ls fufeZr 

cka/kksa dh tqM+kbZ dh njsa T;knk gksxhA iRFkjksa dh fifpax esa cgqr lko/kkuh rFkk dkS'ky 

dhvko';drkgksrhgSblfy,bldhnjsaT;knkiznkudhxbZgSaALi"VgSfdnjksadh 

vuqlwphesadk;ZdsvuqlkjnjsaHkhvyx&vyxn'kkZbZxbZgSaA 

rkfydk 15-1 esa okVj'ksM dk;ZØeksa gsrq dqN lkekU; njsa nh xbZ gSaA bUgsa e/;izns'k 

ljdkj dh xzkeh.k vfHk;kaf=dh lsok dh la;qDr nj vuqlwph ls fy;k x;k gSA njksa dh 

vuqlwphesaizR;sddk;Zlslacaf/krØekad]mldsckndk;ZdkfoLr`rfooj.krFkkml 

dk;ZdhizfrbdkbZnjcrkbZxbZgSA 

rkfydk15.1%okVj'ksMdk;kZsagsrqiz;qDrlkekU;njsa 

en fooj.k bdkbZ nj 

301 feV˜Vhdkdke¼xgjkbZesa30lseh]pkSM+kbZesa1-50ehvkSj{ks=Qyesa10oxZehVjlsvf/kd½]{ks=ksadh 

[kqnkbZesa]50ehrdnwjhrFkk1-5ehrdÅapkbZesa 

[kksnhgqbZfeV˜VhdsfuIVkuvkSjQsdhgqbZfeV˜Vh 

lerydjusrFkklQkbZesanjslhdjuslfgr 

301¼d½ ujefeV˜Vhesa ?kuehVj 17-90



301¼[k½ l?ku;kdBksjfeV˜Vhesa ?kuehVj 23-20 

301¼x½ dBksjeqjeesa ?kuehVj 30-70 

302 feV˜Vhdkdke¼xgjkbZesa30lseh]pkSM+kbZesa1-50ehvkSj{ks=Qyesa10oxZehVjlsvf/kd½]{ks=ksadh 

[kqnkbZesa]50ehrdnwjhrFkk1-5ehrdÅapkbZesa 

[kksnhgqbZfeV˜VhdsfuIVku;kpV˜Vsyxkuslfgr 

302¼d½ fo?kfVr;kujepV˜Vkuesa¼ftldsfy,lqjaxyxkuk 

t:jhugha½ 

?kuehVj 77-10 

302¼[k½ dBksjpV˜Vkuesaftldsfy,lqjaxyxkukt:jhgS ?kuehVj 98-40 

302¼x½ dBksjpV˜VkuesaNsuhlsdVkbZdjdsvFkkZrdBksj 

pV˜Vkuesaftldsfy,lqjaxyxkukt:jhgSijUrq 

lqjaxyxkukoftZrgS 

101 dk;ZLFkydhlQkbZ]?kkldkVuk]mlsbdV˜Bkdjds 

njksadhvuqlwphesaD;kgksrkgS\ 225 


2310 feV˜Vhdscka/kesaiRFkjksadsfdukjsdkfuekZ.k]iRFkjksa 

dksfcNkus,oagkFklstekus]?kM+kbZdjus,olrg 

2310¼d½ cksYMj ?kuehVj 122-90 

2310¼[k½ [knkulsfudkysx,cksYMj]dkyscslkYV ?kuehVj 181-30 

2310¼x½ dkyscslkYV;kxzsukbV ?kuehVj 190-20 

2308¼x½ 40feehukeh;ukidhfxV˜VhdhvkM+hNUuh ?kuehVj 188-40 

1801 iMyfeV˜Vhdklaxzg.k,oapV˜Vkyxkus[knkuij ?kuehVj 32-20 

1810 jnñsnkjiRFkjdhfpukbZdsfy,iRFkjdklaxzg.k 

djuktksvk;rkdkjvkdkjesagks,oaftlesa20 

izfr'krgsMlZ'kkfeygks¼vf/kdrevkdkj0-014 

?kuehVjls0-06?kuehVj½ 

1810¼d½ dkyscslkYV]xzsukbVdsvykok ?kuehVj 151-10 

1810¼[k½ dkyscslkYV];kxzsukbV ?kuehVj 166-20 

401 [kkb;ksa]dqlhZ]uhodhcxyksavkfnesamiyC/k[kqnh 

feV˜Vh¼pV˜VkudsvfrfjDr½dhHkjkbZ]20lsehls 

vuf/kdeksVhijrksaesaizR;sdijrdhnqjeqVksals 

dqVkbZ]ikuh&flpkbZvkSj50eh-rddhnwjhrFkk1-5 

eh-rddhÅapkbZesa



413¼d½ lhesaVdkaØhV1%2%4¼1lhesaaV]2jsr]4fxV˜Vh½ ?kuehVj 1309-60 

¼[k½ lhesaVdkaØhV1%3%6¼1lhesaaV]3jsr]6fxV˜Vh½ ?kuehVj 984-90 

¼x½ lhesaVdkaØhV1%4%8¼1lhesaaV]4jsr]8fxV˜Vh½ ?kuehVj 839-90 

¼x½ lhesaVdkaØhV1%5%10¼1lhesaaV]5jsr]10fxV˜Vh½ ?kuehVj 722-80 

¼?k½ lhesaVdkaØhV1%6%12¼1lhesaaV]6jsr]12fxV˜Vh½ ?kuehVj 664-50 

416 tksfM+;sen413,oa415esa 

416¼d½ ;fn20feehfxV˜Vhmi;ksxesayhtkosa ?kuehVj 75-20 

416¼[k½ ;fn12feehfxV˜Vhmi;ksxesayhtkosa ?kuehVj 78-00 

425¼x½ lhesaVdkaØhV1%2%4¼1lhesaaV]2jsr]4iRFkj½dk20 

feehuleh;ukidk 

506 uhoksavkSjdqlhZesavuqeksfnrdksVhdsl[riRFkjdh] 

csjnñk

njksadhvuqlwphdkmi;ksxdjrsle;lko/kkfu;¡k 227 


1901¼d½ 1?kueh-feV˜VhdsdkedhdqVkbZdsfy, ?kuehVj 0-80 

1901¼[k½ 1?kueh-iMydkedsfy, ?kuehVj 1-10 

1901¼x½ 1?kueh-tqM+kbZdkedsfy, ?kuehVj 4-40 

L=ksr%fuekZ.kdk;ksaZgsrqnjvuqlwfp]xzkeh.k;kaf=dhlsok]e/;izns'k'kklu]2003 

15.4 njksadhvuqlwphdkmi;ksxdjrsle;lko/kkfu;¡k 

njksadhvuqlwphdkmi;ksxdjrsle;dqNlko/kkfu;kWa cjruhpkfg,% 

1- ftllrgijnjsaykxwdhtkjghgS]mldsoxhZdj.kdhiqf"Vnjksadhvuqlwfp 

lsdjysuhpkfg,Agjlrgdkfooj.kvuqlwphesagSAmnkgj.kdsfy,fc[kjh 

gqbZ pV˜Vkus ¼DisintegratedRock,DR, Mhvkj½ dh ifjHkk"kk mi;qZDr foojf.kdk 

esa og tehu gS ßftlesa lCcy] QkoM+s] xsrh tSls vkStkjksa dk mi;ksx gks rFkk 

ftlesa25izfr'krlsvf/kdNksVscksYMjgksysfduizR;sddkvkdkj0-014?ku 

ehVj ls T+;knk u gksA** Mhvkj dh jsV T;knk gksrh gSA blfy, ;g lqfuf'pr 

djysafdokLroesavkidhlrgblfooj.klsesy[kkrhgSA 

2- njksadsmi;ksx esanksgjkoughagksuk pkfg,Amnkgj.kdsfy,l/ku feV˜Vh¼en 

la[;k 301&[k½ dh [kqnkbZ dh nj #-23-20@?kuehVj gS] tcfd l/ku feV˜Vh ij 

ikyfuekZ.kdhnj¼enla[;k303&[k½#-28-30@?ku ehVjgSAbunjksadksnks 

ckj ¼vFkkZr ,d ckj lkexzh dh [kqnkbZ djrs le; rFkk ckn esa iky dh ek=k 

ij½ykxwdjukxyrgksxk]D;ksafdikydsfuekZ.kdhykxresalkexzhdh[kqnkbZ 

dhykxr Hkh'kkfey gSAblrjgenla[;k 303[kesal/ku feV˜Vhdh[kqnkbZ 

dsfy,nj#-23-20rFkkiky fuekZ.kgsrqnj#-5-10 ¼#-28-30?kVk#-23-20½ 

gksxhA 

3- njksadhvuqlwphesadqNlkefxz;ksa]tSlsHkwfexrcka/kesaIykfLVd'khV;kxsfc;u 

jpukvksaesapsufyadok;j]gsrqdksbZnjughanhxbZgSAbulkefxz;ksadhykxr 

cktkjdhokLrfodewY;ksadsvk/kkjijgksxhA 

4- lHkh vkdyuksa vkSj ewY;kaduksa esa njksa dh vuqlwph dk uke] izdk'ku LFky rFkk 

o"kZ] iz;qDr nj dh en la[;k] rFkk dk;Z ds foLr`r fooj.k dks ges'kk n'kkZ;k 

tkukpkfg,AbllsØkWlpsfdaxvkSjikjnf'kZrklqfuf'prgksrhgSA 

5- cSBus dk izko/kku (settlementallowance) ds fy, dksbZ Hkh vfrfjDr njsa ugha 

ykxw dh tkuh pkfg,A feV˜Vh ds cka/k ds fuekZ.k gsrq nh xbZ njksa esa cSBus ds


izko/kkudhykxr'kkfeygSA 

6- Hkwfe dh [kqnkbZ djrs le;] dk;Z vkjaHk djus ds iwoZ dh fLFkfr ds izek.k gsrq] 

dqNfgLlkfcuk[kksnsNksM+fn;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kdsfy,tcrkykcdh[kqnkbZ 

dhtkrhgS]rksfcuk[kksnkx;kfgLlk;gcrkrkgSfddkedjuslsiwoZHkwfe 

dhfLFkfrdSlhFkhAblls;gHkhirkpyrkgSfdfdlxgjkbZrd[kqnkbZgqbZ 

FkhA lajpuk ds ewY;kadu djrs le; bl rjg ds lk{; t:jh gksrs gSA vafre 

eki ds ckn ;g fgLls gVk fn;s tkrs gSaA bl dk;Z dh ykxr nj esa igys ls 

'kkfeygSvkSjblsvyxlsughatksM+ukpkfg,A 

7- vkerkSj ij 1-5 ehVj rd fyV ds fy, dksbZ nj ugha gksrhA blh rjg 50 

ehVj yhM Hkh eqr ekuh tkrh gSA njsa ykxw djrs le; eqr fyV rFkk yhM 

dhek=k?kVknhtkuhpkfg,A 

15.5 {ks=QyrFkkvk;rudhx-kukdjusgsrqdqN 

mi;ksxhQkWewZys 

izLrkfor fuekZ.k dk;Z dh ek=k dh x.kuk HkkSfrd ifjek.kksa ¼yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj 

ÅapkbZ ;k xgjkbZ½ ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA ek=k dh x.kuk djus ds fy, fofHkUu 

vkdkjksa dk vk;ru fudkyk tkrk gSA fofHkUu vkdkjksa ds {ks=Qy rFkk vk;ru dh 

x.kukdsfy,vko';ddqNcqfu;knhQkWewZysfuEukuqlkjgS% 

1-oxkZdkjdk{ks=Qy 

2-vk;rdk{ks=Qy 

oxZ a {ks=Qy =¼HkqtkdhyackbZ½ 2 

a 

vk;r 

b 

= a 2 

a {ks=Qy =yackbZ ×pkSM+kbZ 

= a × b

{ks=QyrFkkvk;rudhx-kukdjusgsrqdqNmi;ksxhQkWewZys 229 

3-leyEcprqHkqZt 

a 

✔ 

✔ ✔✔✔✔✔ 

✔ 

✔ ✔✔✔✔✔ 

✔ 

✔ ✔✔✔✔✔ 

leyEcprqHkqZt 

4-ledks.kf=Hkqt 

5-o`Rr 

6-vk;ru 

7-ik;Fkkxksjl izes; 

b 

❚ 

❚❚❚❚❚❚ 

❚ ❚ 

❚❚❚❚❚ 

❚ ❚ 

❚❚❚❚❚ 

✻ 

❄ 

h 

{ks=Qy =lekukUrjHkqtkvksadkvkSlr 

×mudschpdhnwjh 

 

1 

= × (a + b) × h 

2 

{ks=Qy = 1 

×vk/kkj ×ÅapkbZ 

2 

= 1 

× b × h 

2 

o`Rrdk{ks=Qy = 22 

7 

= 22 

7 

× (f=T;k (radius))2 

× r2 

o`Rrdhifjf/k = 2 × 22 

7 ×f=T;k 

vk;ru =ØWkllsD'kudk{ks=Qy ×yEckbZ 

= 2 × 22 

7 

× r 

fdlhHkh ledks.k f=Hkqtds


ik;Fkkxksjl izes;dsvuqlkj,slsf=Hkqtesa% 

esa% 

(d.kZ) 2 = (vk/kkj) 2 × (ÅapkbZ) 2 

;k L 2 = B 2 × H 2 

;k L = (B 2 + H 2 ) 

vr%d.kZ = (vk/kkj) 2 + (yac) 2 

d.kZ (hypotenuse) = L 

vk/kkj (base) = B 

yac (perpendicular) = H 

blfy,]uhpsfn,x,fp=esa,degRoiw.kZgyfudyrkgSAledks.kf=Hkqt ABC 

A 

G 

H 

B D E F C 

I 

AB 

BC 

= GD 

CD 

= HE 

EC 

= IF 

CF 

;g og fla)kr gS ftldk mi;ksx ysofyax ;a= ls {kSfrt nwjh] ÅapkbZ vkSj daVwj 

vkfnKkrdjusesafd;ktkrkgSA 

ik;Fkkxksjl izes; dk mi;ksx ys&vkÅV 

Mkyrs le; te+hu ij ledks.k cukus 

esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, ml 

dksusdkp;udjsatgkaledks.kcukuk 

gSA ,d Hkqtk ij 3 ehVj rFkk nwljh 

Hkqtk ij 4 ehVj vafdr djsaA d.kZ dh 

yEckbZ ukisA ;fn ;g 5 ehVj gS rks 

dks.k]ledks.kgksxkA

ek=kdhx-kukdjuk 231 

15.6 ek=kdhx-kukdjuk 

ek=k dh x.kuk djus ds fy,] lajpukvksa dks mudss ØkWl lsD'ku ds {ks=Qy o 

mi;ksxdhxbZlkexzhdsvk/kkjij4lewgksaesackaVktkldrkgSA 

{ks=Qy 

rkfydk15.2 

lkexzho{ks=Qydsvk/kkjijlajpukvksadkoxhZdj.k 

lkexzhdkizdkj 

,dleku vyx&vyx 

,dleku lewg&1 ¼,d izdkj dh 

feV˜Vhesa cus daVwj [karh] 

daVwjiky½ 

vyx&vyx lewg&3 ¼cksYMj psd] 

xsfc;u] ,d izdkj dh 

feV˜Vh ls cus feV˜Vh ds 

cka/k½ 

lewg&2¼vyx&vyxfeV˜Vhesa 

cusdaVwj[karh]daVwjiky½ 

lewg&4 ¼dksjoky o gkfVZax 

dsflaxokysfeV˜Vhdscka/k½ 

❉ lewg 1% ,d leku {ks=Qy vkSj lkexzhA ,d gh rjg dh feV˜Vh ls cus daVwj 

[karh]daVwjikyvkSj[ksrksaesaikykcanhA 

❉ lewg 2% ,d leku {ks=Qy ysfdu lkexzh vyx&vyxA vyx&vyx izdkj dh 

feV˜VhesacusdaVwj[karh]daVwjikyvkSj[ksrksaesaikykcanhA 

❉ lewg3%lajpukdsvyx&vyxfcUnqvksaij{ks=Qyvyx&vyxysfdufuekZ.k 

lkexzh,dghAcksYMjpsd]xsfc;ulajpuk],dghrjgdhfeV˜Vhdscka/kA 

❉ lewg 4% lajpuk ds vyx&vyx fcUnqvksa ij {ks=Qy vyx&vyx vkSj ,d ls 

T;knkizdkjdhfuekZ.klkexzhdkmi;ksxAdksjoWkyogkfVZx&dsflaxokysfeV˜Vh 

dscka/kA 

15.6.1 lewg1dhlajpuk,a 

iwjhyEckbZesa{ks=Qy,dlekugksvkSjfuekZ.klkexzhHkh,dghmi;ksxdhxbZ 

gks] ,slh lajpuk ds fy,fuekZ.k lkexzh dk vkadyu fuEu lw= ls fd;k tk ldrk gS%


vk;ru (V ) =yEckbZ (L) ×pkSM+kbZ (W) ×mapkbZ@xgjkbZ (H) 

dk;Zdhykxr =vk;ru (V ) ×nj¼izfr/kuehVj½ (R) 

= V × R 


iwjh yEckbZ esa {ks=Qy ,d leku gksrk gS 

fdUrqfuekZ.k lkexzh vyx&vyx mi;ksx dhxbZ 

gksA ,slh lajpukvksa ds fy, izR;sd lkexzh ds 

vk;ru dh x.kuk djuh iM+rh gS] D;ksafd buds 

fy, nj vyx gksrh gSA tSls] ,d daVwj [karh 

cukuhgS]ftlesaÅijdhijresaujefeV˜VhvkSjuhpsdhijresadM+dfeV˜VhgSA 

ekuk fd fp= esa H1 uje feV˜Vh dh ijr dh xgjkbZ gS vkSj H2 dM+d feV˜Vh dh 

xgjkbZArc] 

Åijdhijrdkvk;ru (V1) =yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ × ujefeV˜VhesaxgjkbZ 

;kfu (V1) = L × W × H1 

uhpsdhijrdkvk;ru (V2) =yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ × dM+dfeV˜VhesaxgjkbZ 

;kfu (V2) = L × W × H2 

vr%dqyvk;ru (V ) = V1 + V2 

ekukfdizfr/kuehVjujefeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdhnj = R1 

vkSjizfr/kuehVjdM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdhnj = R2 


rc]ujefeV˜Vhesaykxr C1 = V1 × R1 

vkSjdM+dfeV˜Vhesaykxr C2 = V2 × R2 

dqyykxr C = C1 + C2 

,lhljapuk,saftudhfuekZ.klkexzhrks,dghgksrhgSfdUrqyEckbZdhvyx&vyx 

fcUnqvksa ij {ks=Qy cnyrk tkrk gSA ,slh lajpukvksa ds vk;ru dh x.kuk djus ds 

fy,blsvyx&vyx Hkkx esafoHkkftrdjfn;ktkrk gSrFkk izR;sdHkkx dkvk;ru

ek=kdhx-kukdjuk 233 

Kkrdjfy;ktkrkgSAlHkhvk;ruksadkstksM+usijlajpukdkdqyvk;ruirkpy 

tkrk gSA vc vk;ru ls nj ¼izfr /ku ehVj½ dk xq.kk djus ij lajpuk dh ykxr 

KkrgkstkrhgSA 

lajpukdkdqyvk;ru = AvkSj B dschpdkvk;ru 

+ B vkSj C dschpdkvk;ru 

+ C vkSj D dschpdkvk;ru + · · ·vkfn 

nksfcUnqvksadschpdkvk;ruKkrdjusdsfy,bufcUnqvksaij{ks=QydkvkSlr 

fudkyk tkrk gSA bl vkSlr dks nksuksa fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh ls xq.kk djus ij ml 

Hkkxdkvk;ruKkrgkstkrkgSA 

(A ij{ks=Qy + B ij{ks=Qy) 

vk;ru Als B (V1) = ×yEckbZ AB 

2 

(B ij{ks=Qy + C ij{ks=Qy) 

vk;ru B ls C (V2) = ×yEckbZ BC 

2 

(C ij{ks=Qy + D ij{ks=Qy) 

vk;ru C ls D (V3) = ×yEckbZ CD 

2 

(D ij{ks=Qy + E ij{ks=Qy) 

vk;ru D ls E (V4) = ×yEckbZ DE 

2 

blhizdkj gjfcUnqij{ks=Qy fudky djlHkhlsD'kuksa dk vk;ru fudky ysrs 

gSAlHkhvk;ruksadkstksM+usijlajpukdkdqyvk;ruKkrgkstkrkgS% 

dqyvk;ru (V ) = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + V 4 · · · 

;fndk;Zdhnj Rizfr?kuehVjgSrks 

dk;Zdhdqyykxr C = V × R



,slh lajpuk,a] ftudh vyx&vyx yEckbZ ij {ks=Qy cnyrk tkrk gS o fofHkUu 

izkdjdhfuekZ.klkexzhHkhmi;ksxdhtkrhgSsa]mudhykxrdkvkadyufuEufcUnqvksa 

dsvk/kkj ijfd;ktkrkgS% 

1- izR;sdlkexzhdsfy,izR;sdfcUnqijØkWllsD'ku (C1,C2vkfn)fudkysaA 

2- gjlkexzhdsØkWllsD'kudkvkSlrKkrdjsaA 

3- vkSlrØkWllsD'kulsyEckbZdksxq.kkdjmlHkkxdkvk;rufudkyksaA 

4- blfof/klscka/kdslHkhHkkxksavkSjfuek.kZlkefxz;ksadkvk;ruKkrdjysaA 

5- lHkhHkkxksaesals,dghizdkjdhlkexzhdsvk;rutksM+ysaA 

6- gjizdkjdhlkexzhdsfy,blizfØ;kdksnksgjk,aA 

7- gjfuek.kZlkexzhesanjdkxq.kkdjusijykxrKkrdjsaA 

8- lHkhlkefxz;ksadhykxrdktksM+djusijlajpukdhdqyykxrKkrgkstkrh 

gSA 

;fnfofHkUuizdkjdhlkexzhdsfy,dk;Znj R1, R2, R3 · · · vkfngSvkSjlHkh 

,dizdkjdhlkexzhdsHkkxksadkvk;rugS V1, V2, V3 · · · vkfnrks 

dk;Zdhdqyykxr C = V1 × R1 + V2 × R2 + V3 × R3 + · · · 

15.7 okVj'ksMlajpukvksadsykxrvkadyudsmnkgj-k 

gSA 

okVj'ksM;kstukesa'kkfeydqNlajpukvksadsykxrvkadyudsgyuhpsfn;sx;s 

mnkgj.k1%,dghizdkjdhfeV˜VhesacuhyxkrkjdaVwj[karh 

e-iz- ds eanlkSj esa 20 gsDV;j Hkwfe ij dM+d feV˜Vh esa yxkrkj daVwj [karh 

(CCT)cukuhgSAdaVwj[karhdhnksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh20ehVjgSA[karhdh 

pkSM+kbZrFkkxgjkbZnksuksa0-5ehVjgSAdaVwj[karhdhykxrKkrdhft,A 

gy 

pj.k1 1gsDV;jesadk;Zdkvk;ruKkrdjuk 

x.kukdhvklkuh dsfy,igys1gsDV;jdhykxrKkrdhtkrhgSA1gsDV;j 

10]000oxZehVjdkgksrkgSA

okVj'ksMlajpukvksadsykxrvkadyudsmnkgj-k 235 

1gsDV;jesa CCTdhyackbZ = 

= 10, 000oxZeh- 

{ks=Qy 

nksdrkjksadschpnwjh 

20eh- 

CCT dsØkWllsD'kudk{ks=Qy =pkSM+kbZ ×xgjkbZ 

= 500ehVj 

= 0.50 × 0.50 = 0.25oxZehVj 

1gsDV;jesadk;Zdkvk;ru ={ks=Qy ×dqyyEckbZ 

pj.k2 1gsDVs;jesadk;Zdhykxr 

= 0.25oxZehVj × 500ehVj 

= 125?kuehVj 

1gsDV;jdsfy, CCT dhykxr =vk;ru ×dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdhnj 

pj.k3 dqyykxr 

mijksDrdsvk/kkjij% 

= 125 × 23.20 

= 2, 900#i;s 

20gsDV;jdsfy, CCT dhykxr = 20 × 1gsDV;jdsfy, CCT dhykxr 

= 20 × 2900 

= 58, 000#i;s 

mnkgj.k2%vyx&vyxizdkjdhfeV˜Vh (heterogeneousmaterial)esa 

cuhyxkrkjdaVwj[karh 

d`f"kfoHkkxdksfcgkjdsx;kftysesa40gsDV;jesayxkrkjdaVwj[karhcukuh 

gSA [karh ds Åijh Hkkx esa 30 lseh rd uje feV˜Vh o uhps 1 ehVj rd dM+d 

feV˜Vh gSA nks drkjksa ds chp dh nwjh 25 ehVj gSA [karh dh pkSM+kbZ o xgjkbZ 0-5 

ehVjgSAyxkrkj[karhdhykxrdkvkadyudhft,A


gy 

pj.k1 1gsDV;jesadk;Zdkvk;ruKkrdjuk 

x.kukdhvklkuh dsfy,igys1gsDV;jdhykxrKkrdhtkrhgSA1gsDV;j 

10]000oxZehVj (100eh- ×100eh-)dkgksrkgSA 

{ks=Qy 

1gsDV;jesa CCT dhyEckbZ = 


= 10, 000oxZeh- 

= 400ehVj 

25ehpj.k2 

ujefeV˜Vhesaykxrfudkyuk 

D;ksafd [karh esa 30 lsa-ehrd uje feV˜Vh vkSj mlds ckn dM+d feV˜Vh vkrh gS 

blfy,ujefeV˜VhvkSjdM+dfeV˜Vhesa[karhdkvyx&vyxvk;rufudkyukgksxkA 

ujefeV˜VhesaØWkllsD'kudk{ks=Qy =pkSM+kbZ ×ujefeV˜VhdhxgjkbZ 

= 0.50eh- × 0.30eh- 

= 0.15oxZehVj 

ujefeV˜Vhesa[karhdkvk;ru ={ks=Qy ×dqyyEckbZ 

= 0.15oxZeh- × 400eh- 

= 60?kuehVj 

ujefeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdhnj = 17.90#i;sizfr?kuehVj 

ujefeV˜Vhesaykxr = 60 × 17.90 

pj.k3 dM+dfeV˜Vhesaykxrfudkyuk 

= 1, 074#i;s 

dM+dfeV˜VhesaØkWllsD'kudk{ks=Qy =pkSM+kbZ ×dM+dfEkV˜VhdhxgjkbZ 

= 0.50eh- × 0.20eh- 

= 0.10oxZehVj 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[karhdkvk;ru ={ks=Qy ×dqyyEckbZ 

= 0.10oxZeh- × 400eh- 

= 40?kuehVj


dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdhnj = 23.20#i;sizfr?kuehVj 

pj.k4 dqyykxr 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesaykxr = 40 × 23.20 

= 928#i;s 

1gsDV;jdsfy,yxkrkjdaVwj[karhdhykxr = 1, 074 + 928 

= 2, 002#i;s 

40gsDV;jdsfy,yxkrkjdaVwj[karhdhykxr = 40 × 2002 

blvl/kkj ij,dykxr'khVrS;kjdhtkldrhgS% 

dk;Zdkfooj.k bdkbZ vk;ru@ 

{ks=Qy 

= 80, 080#i;s 

nj¼#-½ jkf'k¼#-½ 

1 ujefeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ¼1gs-½ ?kuehVj 60 17-90 1]074 

2 dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ¼1gs-½ ?kuehVj 40 23-20 928 

3 CCTdh1gsDV;jdhykxr #- 2]002 

4 dqy{ks=ftlesa CCTcukukgS gs 40 

5 CCTdhdqyykxr #- 80]080 

mnkgj.k3%dkV&dkVdjdaVwj[karh¼SCT½cukuk¼vyx&vyx 

lkexzhesa½ 

ftykiapk;rvfEcdkiqj]NRrhlx


oxZehVjdkgksrkgSA 

1gsDV;jesa SCT dhyEckbZ = 

{ks=Qy 

nksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh 

= 10, 000oxZehVj 

10ehVj 

1[karhdhyEckbZ = 5eh- 

2[kafr;ksadschp[kkyhtxg = 3eh- 

= 1, 000ehVj 

1[karhdhizHkkohyEckbZ = 5 + 3 = 8eh- 

SCT dhyackbZ 

1gsDV;jdsfy,dqyVªsUpksadhla[;k = 

1[karhdhizHkkohyEckbZ 

= 1, 000eh 

= 125VªsUp 

8eh 

[karhdkØWkllsD'ku{ks=Qy =pkSM+kbZ ×[karhdhxgjkbZ 

= 0.50eh- × 0.50eh- = 0.25oxZeh- 

[karhdkvk;ru =ØWkllsD'ku{ks=Qy ×[karhdhyEckbZ 

= 0.25oxZeh- × 5eh- = 1.25?kueh- 

1gsDV;jesa125[kafr;ksadkdqyvk;ru =[kafr;kasadhla[;k × 1[karhdkvk;ru 

= 125 × 1.25 = 156?kuehujefeV˜Vhesavk;ru 

(@20%) = 156 × 20 

= 31?kueh- 

100 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesavk;ru (@80%) = 156 × 80 

= 125?kueh- 

100 

pj.k2 dqyykxrvkdyu 

dqyykxrfuEuykxr'khVesan'kkZbZtkldrhgS% 

dk;Zdkfooj.k bdkbZ vk;ru;k 

{ks=Qy 

nj¼#-½ jkf'k¼#-½ 

1 ujefeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ ?kuehVj 31 17-90 554-90 

2 dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ ?kuehVj 125 23-20 2]900 

3 SCTdhizfrgsDV;jykxr #- 3]454-90 

4 dqy {ks= ftlesa SCT cukuk 

gS 

gs 35 

5 SCTdhdqyykxr #- 1]20]922


mnkgj.k4%,dghizdkjdhfeV˜Vh (homogeneousmaterial)esacuh 

daVwjikydhykxrdkvkadyu 

okVj'ksMdk;ZØedsvUrxZr,dlaLFkk'kktkiqjftysesadM+dfeV˜VhesadUVwj 

ikycukukpkgrhgSAykxrdkvkadyudhft,tcizLrkfor;kstukdhtkudkjh 

fuEukuqlkjgS& 

1- izLrkfor{ks=%40gsDVs;j 

2- dUVwjikydhÅapkbZ%0-60ehVj 

3- ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ%0-2ehVj 

4- vkxsdh


blfy, 1gsVDVjesadaVwjikydhyackbZ = 

{ks=Qy 


= 10, 000 

= 300ehVj 

33 

daVwj iky dk ØkWl lsD'ku leyEc prHkZqt ds vkdkj dk gSA iky dh ÅapkbZ iwjh 

yEckbZesa,dlekugSblfy,ØkWllsD'kudk{ks=QyHkhgjtxglekugksxkA 

leyEcprqHkZwtdk{ks=Qy =vkeuslkeusdhHkqtkvksadkvkSlr ×mudschpdhnwjh 

= 1 

× (ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ +uhpsdhpkSM+kbZ) ×ikydhÅapkbZ 

2 

gesa ÅapkbZ vkSj Åij dh pkSM+kbZ ekywe gSA vc uhps dh pkSM+kbZ fudkyuh gSA pwafd 

uhpsdh


mnkgj.k5%vyx&vyxlkexzhesadaVwjikyfuekZ.k (heterogeneous 

material) 

e-iz- ds [k.Mok ftys esa fuEu ØkWl&lsD'ku ds iky dh ykxr dk vkadyu 

dhft,A ;g iky 65 gsDVs;j {ks= esa izLrkfor gS rFkk ikyksa dh nks drkjksa ds chp 

dhnwjh50ehVjgSA 

gy 

pj.k1 1gsDVs;jdkykxrvkadyu 

igys,dgsDVs;jdhykxrfudkysaxsA 

{ks=Qy 

,dgsDVs;jesaikyksadhyEckbZ = 

nksdrkjksadschpdhnwjh 

= 10, 000oxZeh- 

= 200eh- 

50eh- 

daVwjikyleyEcprHkZqtdsvkdkjdkgSAikydhÅapkbZiwjhyEckbZesa,dleku 

gSAblfy,ØkWl&lsD'kudk{ks=QyHkhgjtxglekugksxkA 

leyEcprqHkZqtdk{ks=Qy =vkeuslkeusdhHkqtkvksadkvkSlr 


= 1 


2 

pwafduhpsdh


pwafdÅijdh


mnkgj.k6%cksYMjpsd¼,dlekulkexzh]vyx&vyxØWkllsD'ku½ 

lekt izxfr lg;ksx laLFkk dukM+ okVj'ksM+] ftyk nsokl] e-iz- esa uhps fn;s 

ØkWllsD'kuds210cksYMjpsdfuekZ.kdh;kstukcukjghgSAykxrKkrdhft,A 

fcUnq psusteh- mapkbZeh- 

A 0 0 

B 2 0-7 

C 5 1 

D 9 0-5 

E 11 0 

gy 

cksYMj psd dh ÅapkbZ o ØkWl&lsD'ku] yEckbZ ds lkFk gj fcUnw ij cnyrh gSA 

Åij dh rkfydk esa fofHkUu fcUnqvksa (A,B,C) ij cksYMj psd dh ÅapkbZ o psust 

(chainage) nh xbZ gSA psust ukys ds ,d Nksj ls izR;sd fcUnq dh nwjh dks dgrs gSA 

cksYMjpsddkØkWl&lsD'kuleyEcprqHkqZtdhrjggksxk% 

leyEcprqHkZqtdk{ks=Qy =vkeuslkeusdhHkqtkvksadkvkSlr 


= 1 


2 

= 1 

× (a + b) × h 

2 

tgka] a =ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ,


b =uhpsdhpkSM+kbZ 

h =ÅapkbZ 

uhpsdhpkSM+kbZ = (vkxsdh


cksYMjpsddkvk;ru 14-36 

cksYMjpsddhfudklhdsfy,15%vfrfjDr 2-15 

cksYMjpsddkdqyvk;ru 16-52 

cksYMjbdV˜Bkdjukotekusdhnjizfr?kuehVj#- 39-20 

1cksYMjpsddhykxr (16.52x39.20)#- 648-00 

dqycksYMjpsd 210 

izLrkforcksYMjpsddhdqyykxr (648x210)#- 1]36]080 

mnkgj.k7%d`f"krkykc 

t;iqjesa 5 d`f"krkykccukusdhykxr dkvkadyudhft,Ad`f"krkykcdkfp= 

uhpsfn;kx;kgSAd`f"krkykcdhxgjkbZ2-5ehVjgSA 

d`f"krkykcvk;rkdkj gSAbldsÅijouhpsds{ks=Qyvyx&vyxgksxsaA 

gy 

Åijdsvk;rdk{ks=Qy = 25 × 25 = 625oxZehVj 

uhpsdsvk;rdk{ks=Qy = 20 × 20 = 400oxZehVj 

d`f"krkykcdkvkSlr{ks=Qy = 1 

× (Åijdk{ks=Qy +uhpsdk{ks=Qy) 

2 

= 1 

× (625 + 400) = 512.50oxZeh- 

2 

d`f"krkykc[kqnkbZdkvk;ru =d`f"krkykcdk{ks=Qy ×xgjkbZ 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdhnj = 23.20#-@?kuehVj 

= 512.5oxZeh- × 2.5eh- = 1, 281.50?kuehVj 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdhykxr =[kksnhgqbZfeV˜Vhdkvk;ru ×nj


= 1281.5 × 23.20 =#- 29, 725 

5d`f"krkykcksadhdqyykxr = 5 × 29, 725 =#- 1, 48, 625 

mnkgj.k8%HkwfexrMkbZd 

vHkhrdgeus,slhlajpukvksa dhykxrdkvkadyu fd;kftlesafeV˜Vhdks 

[kksndjmlhfeV˜VhlsHkjkbZdhtkrhgS;kikycukbZtkrhgSAHkwfexrMkbZdesa 

ge ,d izdkj dh feV˜Vh [kksnrs gS vkSj nwljs izdkj dh feV˜Vh ls [karh Hkjrs gSA 

blfy,MkbZd dhykxrdkvkadyudjusdsfy,[kksnusoHkjusnksuksaykxrdk 

vyx&vyxvkadyudjukgksxkA 

iz'u% ,d Hkwfexr MkbZd dh ykxr dk vkadyu dhft, ftldh yEckbZ 12 

ehVj]xgjkbZ6ehVj]ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ2ehVj]uhpsdhpkSM+kbZ1ehVjgSAiwjh6 

ehVjxgjkbZesarhurjgdhfeV˜VhvkrhgS]ujefeV˜Vh¼1ehVj½]dM+dfeV˜Vh 

¼4ehVj½vkSjdM+deqje¼1ehVj½A


gy 

pj.k1 pkSM+kbZdegksusdhxfrfudkyuk 

Hkwfexr Mkbd ,slh lajpuk gS ftldk vkdkj vHkh rd cukbZ xbZ lajpukvksa ds 

foijhrgSAgSrks;gHkhleyEcprqHkqZtfdUrqbldsÅijdhpkSM+kbZ] bldsuhpsdh 

pkSM+kbZ ls T;knk gSA vyx&vyx xgjkbZ ij vyx&vyx feV˜Vh gksus dh otg ls ges 

gj ijr dk vk;ru vyx ls fudkyuk gksxkA blds fy, ges ;g tkuuk gksxk fd 

MkbddhpkSM+kbZfdlxfrlsdegksjghgSA 

pkSM+kbZdegksusdhxfr = pkSaM+kbZesadeh 

dqyxgjkbZ 

= ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ −uhpsdhpkSM+kbZ 

dqyxgjkbZ 

= (2 − 1) 

= 0.17 ehVjizfrehVj 

6 

pj.k2 [kqnkbZdkvk;ruKkrdjuk 

d-ujefeV˜Vhesa 

ujefeV˜VhesaÅijdhpkSM+kbZ = 2.0ehVj 

ujefeV˜VhesauhpsdhpkSM+kbZ =ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ 

− (pkSM+kbZdegksusdhxfr ×ujefeV˜VhdhxgjkbZ) 

= 2 − (1 × 0.17) = 1.83ehVj 

ujefeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdk{ks=Qy = 1 

× (ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ +uhpsdhpkSM+kbZ) ×ÅapkbZ 

2 

= 1 

× (2 + 1.83) × 1 = 1.92oxZeh- 

2 

ujefeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdkvk;ru ={ks=Qy ×yEckbZ 

[k-dM+dfeV˜Vhesa 

= 1.92 × 12 = 22.98/kuehVj 

dM+dfeV˜VhesaÅijdhpkSM+kbZ =ujefeV˜VhesauhpsdhpkSM+kbZ = 1.83ehVj 

dM+dfeV˜VhesauhpsdhpkSM+kbZ =ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ 

− (pkSM+kbZdegksusdhxfr ×dM+dfeV˜VhdhxgjkbZ) 

= 1.83 − (4 × 0.17) = 1.15eh- 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdk{ks=Qy = 1 

× (1.83 + 1.15) × 4 = 5.90oxZZehVj 

2


dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdkvk;ru = 5.90 × 12 = 71.52?kuehVj 

x-dM+deqjeesa 

dM+deqjeesaÅijdhpkSM+kbZ =dM+dfeV˜VhesuhpsdhpkSM+kbZ = 1.15ehVj 

dM+deqjeesauhpsdhpkSM+kbZ = 1ehVj 

dM+deqjeesa[kqnkbZdk{ks=Qy = 1 

× (1.15 + 1) × 1 = 1.08oxZZehVj 

2 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZdkvk;ru = 1.08 × 12 = 12.96?kuehVj 

/k-dqyvk;ru 

tkrkgSA 

[kqnkbZdkdqyvk;ru = 22.98 + 71.52 + 12.96 = 107.46?kuehVj 

pj.k3 MkbddhHkjkbZ 

Mkbd esa ge dkyh feV˜Vh Hkjrs gSA Åij dk 0-30 ehVj eqje ds fy, NksM+ fn;k 

d-dkyhfeV˜VhHkjuk 

dkyhfeV˜VhokysprqHkqZtdhÅijdhpkSM+kbZ =MkbddhÅijdhpkSM+kbZ 

− (pkSM+kbZdegksusdhxfr 

×eqjedhxgjkbZ) 

= 2 − (0.17 × 0.30) = 1.95ehVj 

fpduhfeV˜VhlsyksansHkjusdkvk;ru = 1 

× (ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ +uhpsdhpkSM+kbZ) 

2 

×ÅapkbZ ×yackbZ 

= 1 

× (1.95 + 1) × 5.70 × 12 

2 

= 100.89?kuehVj 

[k-eqjeHkjuk 

eqjeHkjusdkvk;ru = 1 

× (ÅijdhpkSM+kbZ +yksansHkjkbZdhÅijdhpkSM+kbZ) 

2 

×ÅapkbZ ×yackbZ 

= 1 

× (2 + 1.95) × 0.30 × 12 

2 

= 7.11?kuehVj


pj.k4 dqyykxrvkdyu 

mijksDrvkadyudsvk/kkjijfuEuykxr'khVcukbZtkldrhgS% 

Ø- fooj.k ek=k nj ykxr 

1- ujefeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ 22-98 17-9 411 

2- dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ 71-52 23-20 1]659 

3- eqjeesa[kqnkbZ 12-96 30-70 398 

4- fpduhfeV˜VhdsyksansHkjuk 100-89 104 10]493 

5- eqjeHkjkbZ 7-11 30-70 218 

6- MkbZddhdqyykxr 12]791 

mnkgj.k9%xsfc;ulajpuk 

,dxsfc;u¼ns[ksafp=½dhdM+dfeV˜Vhesaykxrdkvkadyudhft,ftldh% 

❉ yackbZ = 12ehVj 

❉ eq[;nhokjdhÅapkbZ = 2ehVj 

❉ uhaodhxgjkbZ = 0.6ehVj 

❉ eq[;nhokjdsfoLrkjdhyEckbZ = 2ehVj 

❉ eq[;nhokjdsÅijfdukjsdhnhokjdhÅapkbZ = 1ehVj 

❉ fcNkSusdhpkSM+kbZ = 5ehVj 

pj.k1 [kqnkbZ 

1-fcNkSusvkSjeq[;nhokjuhaodsfy,dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ 

=yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ ×xgjkbZ 

= 12 × (5 + 1) × 0.6 

= 43.2?kuehVj 

2-eq[;nhokjdhfoLrkjdsfy,nksuksafdukjksaijdM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ 

= 2 ×yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ ×xgjkbZ 

= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16?kuehVj 

3-fcNkSusvkSjeq[;nhokjdhuhaodsfy,cksYMjdhHkjkbZ 

=yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ ×xgjkbZ 

= 12 × (5 + 1) × 0.60 = 43.20?kuehVj


4-fcNkSusvkSjeq[;nhokjdhuhaodsÅijth-vkbZrkjdk{ks=Qy 

=yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ 

= 12 × (5 + 1) = 72oxZehVj 

5-fcNkSusoeq[;nhokjdhuhaodks keyingdsfy,vfrfjDrtkyhdk{ks=Qy 

=yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ 

= (12 + 12 + 5 + 1 + 5 + 1) × 1 = 36oxZehVj 

6-fcNkSuscukusdsfy,tkyhdhdqyvko';drk = 72 + 36 = 108oxZehVj 

7-xsfc;udscWkDl 

tSlkfdgetkursgSfdxsafc;ucukusesa1?kuehVjdsckWaDldksvkilesatksM+k 

tkrkgSAvr%1?kuehVjdsckWDldkscukusdsfy,& 

cksYMjdhvko';drk¾1?kuehVj


rkjdhtkyh¾5oxZehVj¼nkscDlksadksvkilesatksM+usijcDlksads2Qyd 

lk>kgksrsgSA½ 

tkyh dh ek=k Kkr djus ds fy, gesa lajpuk ds izR;sd Hkkx ds cDlksa dh la[;k 

KkrdjukgksxhAvr%] 

❉ eq[;nhokjdsdqycDl¾eq[;nhokjdsØWkllsD'kuesacDlksadhla[;k × 

eq[;nhokjdhyackbZ = 2 × 12 = 24cDls 

❉ fdukjsadhnhokjesadqycDls¾fdukjsdhnhokjdsØkllsD'kuesacDlksadh 

la[;k ×2 = 6 × 2 = 12cDls 

❉ eq[;nhokjdsfoLrkjdscDls = LlsD'kuesaeq[;nhokjdscDlksadhla[;k 

= 4 × 2 = 8cDl 

eq[;nhokj]fdukjsadhnhokjrFkkeq[;nhokjdsfoLrkjdsdqyckWDl = 24+12+8 

= 44ckWDl 

eq[;nhokj]fdukjsdhnhokjvkSajeq[;nhokjdsfoLrkjdsfy,tkyhdhvko';drk 

=cDlksadhla[;k ×5 = 44 × 5 = 220oxZehVj 

mYVhNUuhdkvk;ru = 1 

× 1 × 2 × 12 = 12?kuehVj 

2 

ykxrpkVZ 

Ø fooj.k ek=k nj jkf'k 

1 fcNksusvkSjeq[;nhokjdhuhaodsfy, 

dM+dfeV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ 

2 eq[;nhokjdsfoLrkjdsfy,dM+d 

feV˜Vhesa[kqnkbZ 

3 fcNkSusvkSjeq[;nhokjdhuhaoesaiRFkj 

dhHkjkbZ 

4 fcNkSusdsÅijrFkk keydsfy,rkj 

tkyh 

5 eq[;nhokjfdukjsdhnhokjrFkkeq[; 

nhokjdsfoLrkjdsfy,cksYMjdh 

vko';drk 

6 eq[;nhokjfdukjsdhnhokjrFkkeq[; 

nhokjdsfoLrkjdsfy,tkyhdh 

vko';drk 

43-20 23-20 1]002-20 

16-00 23-20 371-20 

43-20 39-30 1]697-80 

108-00 60 6]480-00 

44-00 39-30 1]729-20 

220-00 60-00 13]200-00 

7 mYVhNauhdkvk;ru 12-00 136-00 1]632-00 

dqyykxr 26]112-40:i;s


uksV&xsfca;ulajpuk esa ÅapkbZvkSj yEckbZc


gy 

feV˜Vhds cka/k dk ØkWl lsD'ku leyEc prqHkZqt ds leku gksrk gS] tks fd foHkUu 

HkkxksaesacaVkgksrkgSAizR;sdHkkx,dizdkjdhlkexzhlscukgksrkgSAgkfVZax@dsflax 

vkSj dksjokWy] nksuksa ghizdkj dscka/kksa esarhu Hkkx gksrs gS% gkfVZx ;k dksjokWy] dsflax 

vkSj iRFkj dk vaxwBkA bl dkj.k cka/k dh ykxr dk vkadyu djus ds fy, bu rhuksa 

Hkkxksa dk ØkWl lsD'ku vkSj vk;ru fudkyuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA lcls igys ge 

cka/k dh iwjh iky dk vk;ru fudkysxsaA fQj blesa ls dksjokWy o iRFkj ds vaxwBs dk 

vk;ru ?kVk nsxsaA ,slk djus ls dsflax dk vk;ru fudy tk,xkA blds ckn blesa 

vU; phtksa] tSls uho dh [kqnkbZ o HkjkbZ] vkxs dh


3-dksjokWydkvk;ru 

dksjokydkØWkllsD'ku{ks=Qy =pkSM+kbZ ×ÅapkbZ 

dksjokydhÅapkbZ =cka/kdhÅaapkbZ −ÝhcksMZ 

ÝhcksMZ = 1ehVj 

dksjokWydhpkSM+kbZ = 1ehVj 

vr%dksjokWydkØkWllsD'ku{ks=Qy =pkSM+kbZ × (H −ÝhcksMZ) 

= 1.00 × (H − 1) = H − 1oxZehVj 

dksjokWydsvk;rudkvkadyu 

gjfcUnqijvkSlr{ks=Qydksnwjhlsxq.kkdjusijvk;ruKkrgksrkgSA 

fcUnq psust ÅaapkbZ ØkWllsD'ku 

{ks=Qy 

vkSlr 

{ks=Qy 

nwjh vk;ru 

A 0 0 0 - - - 

B 5 2 1 0-5 5 2-50 

C 10 5 4 2-5 5 12-50 

D 15 3 2 3 5 15-0 

E 20 0 0 1 5 5-0 

4-iRFkjdsvWaxwBsdkvk;ru 

dksjokWydkdqyvk;ru 35?kuehVj 

Økl&lsD'ku{ks=Qy = 

 

1 + S 2 2 

S2 

 

gesaKkrgSa] S2 = 2 

 

1 + 2 

ØkWl&lsD'ku{ks=Qy = 

2 

 

2 

= 5 

2 

iRFkjdsvaxwBsdsvk;rudkvkadyu 

LVs'ku 

¼fcUnq½ 

pSaust ÅapkbZ Økl&lsD'ku 

{ks=Qy 

× H2 

32 

× H2 

32 

× H2 

32 

5 

= × H2 

64 

vkSlr 

{ks=Qy 

nwjh vk;ru 

A 0 0 0 - - - 

B 5 2 0-31 0-15 5 0-75 

C 10 5 1-95 1-13 5 5-65


LVs'ku 

¼fcUnq½ 

pSaust ÅapkbZ Økl&lsD'ku 

{ks=Qy 

vkSlr 

{ks=Qy 

nwjh vk;ru 

D 15 3 0-7 1-33 5 6-65 

E 20 0 0 0-35 5 1-75 

5-dsaflaxdkvk;ru 

iRFkjdsvaxwBsdkdqyvk;ru 14-80 ?ku 

eh- 

=iwjscka/kdkvk;ru 

− (dksjokydkvk;ru +iRFkjdsvWaxwBsdkvk;ru) 

= 600 − (35 + 14.80) = 550.2 ?kuehVj 

6-fudklhdh[kqnkbZdkvkdyu 

fudklh,dvk;rkdkj cDlsdhrjggSA 

vr%fudklhdh[kqnkbZdkvk;ru =yEckbZ ×pkSM+kbZ ×ÅapkbZ 

7-feV˜Vhdscka/kdkykxrpkVZ 

Ø- fooj.k ek=k 

¼/kueh-½ 

1 dM+dfeV˜VhesadV&vWkQ+VªsUpdh 

[kqnkbZ 

2 fpduhfeV˜VhdsyksankslsdVvkWQ 

VªsUpdhHkjkbZ 

= 10eh- × 4eh- × 1.5eh- = 60/kueh- 

nj 

¼#-@?kueh-½ 

ykxr¼#-½ 

50 23-20 1]160 

50 104 5]200 

3 dM+dfeV˜VhlsdsflaxdkfuekZ.k 550-2 28-3 15]571 

4 dksjokyfuekZ.k 35 104 3]640 

5 iRFkjdsvaxwBsdkfuekZ.k 14-8 124-65 1]845 

7 dM+deqjeesafudklhdh[kqnkbZ 60 30-7 1]842 

dqyykxr #-29]278

16 njksadhvuqlwph%,diquiZjh{k.k 

16.1 jk"Vªh;xzkeh-kjkstxkjxkjaVhvf/kfu;edsizko/kku 

jk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjxkjaVhvf/kfu;eesadgkx;kgSfd% 

^^fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa Jfedksa dks etnwjh nj ls de Hkqxrku ugha 

fd;ktk,xk** ¿vuqlwph I[k.M6À 

^^tc rd fd dsUnz ljdkj }kjk etnwjh nj fu/kkZfjr ugha dh tkrh 

gS] ;kstuk ds vUrxZr dk;Zjr izR;sd O;fDr jkT; ljdkj }kjk U;wure 

etnwjhvf/kfu;e]1948dsvUrxZrd`f"kJfedksadsfy,fu/kkZfjrU;wure 

etnwjhizkIrdjusdkik=gksxkA** ¿v/;k; III][k.M6¼2½À 

^^tc etwnjh dk dk;Z ds ifj.kke ls lh/kk laaca/k gks] etnwjh dk 

Hkqxrku jkT; ifj"kn ds ijke'kZ ls jkT; ljdkj }kjk izfr o"kZ fofHkUu 

fdLeksadsdk;Zgsrqfu/kkZfjr njksadhvuqlwphdsvuqlkj fd;ktk,xkA** 

¿vuqlwph I][k.M7À 

^^vdq'ky Jfedksa ds fy, etnwjh dh njksa dh vuqlwph bl rjg 

fu/kkZfjr dh tk,xh fd lkr ?k.Vs dke djus okys O;fDr lkekU;r% 

etnwjhnjdscjkcjetnwjhvftZrdjsaxsA**¿vuqlwph I][k.M8À 

^^;kstuk ds vUrxZr dq'ky rFkk v/kZdq'ky Jfedksa dh etnwjh lfgr 

ifj;kstuk esa lkexzh dh ykxr dqy ifj;kstuk ykxr ds pkyhl izfr'kr 

lsvf/kdughagksxh**¿vuqlwph I][k.M9À 

^^tgk¡ rd O;kogkfjd gks] ;kstuk ds vUrxZr izkIr fuf/k;ksa ls fd, 

tkus okys dk;Z e'khuksa ls ugha] ekuoh; Je dk mi;ksx dj fu"ikfnr 

fd,tk,axsA** ¿vuqlwph I,[k.M12À 

^^bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ifj;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u gsrq fdlh Hkh 

Bsdsnkj dks vuqcaf/kr djus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA** ¿vuqlwph I] 

[k.M11À 

^îzR;sd ;kstuk esa dk;kZUo;u ds lHkh Lrjksa ij ikjnf'kZrk rFkk 

mRrjnkf;Rodhlqfu'prrkgsrqi;kZIrizko/kkugksaxsA**¿vuqlwph I][k.M 

13À 

^^fVdkÅifjlEifRr;ksadkfuekZ.krFkkxzkeh.kxjhcksadsthou;kiu 

256

dk;ZnjD;kn'kkZrhgS\ 257 

lalk/kuvk/kkjdksetcwrdjukbl;kstukdkegRoiw.kZmnñs';gksxkA** 

¿vuqlwph I][k.M2À 

blrjgjk"Vªh;xzkeh.kjkstxkjvf/kfu;e,dlkFkfuEulHkhmnñs';ksadsfy,izfrc) 

gS% 

1- jkstxkjfufeZrdjuk 

2- U;wureetnwjhdkHkqxrku 

3- Bsdsnkjksadkmi;ksxughadjuk 

4- JedksgVkusokyhe'khuksadkmi;ksxughadjuk 

5- Hkz"VkpkjdksjksdukrFkk 

6- fVdkÅifjlEifRr;ksasdsfuekZ.k}kjkxzkeh.kvkthfodkdkvk/kkjetcwrdjukA 

bl v/;k; esa ge ;g n'kkZ,axs fd lHkh mnñs';ksa dh izkfIr orZeku O;oLFkk esa vlaHko 

izrhr gksrh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k gS og dk;Z nj vuqlwfp;kWa ftUgsa dke dk ewY; 

fu/kkZfjrdjusgsrqbLrekyfd;ktkjgkgSA 

gekjs fopkj esa njksa dh vuqlwph rS;kj djus o mlds mi;ksx dk rjhdk nksuksa gh 

,sls gSa fd os Bsdsnkjksa o e'khuksa ds bLrseky dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSa rFkk buds vk/kkj 

ijJfedksadksU;wureetnwjhvftZrdjukvR;f/kdeqf'dygkstkrkgSA 

16.2 dk;ZnjD;kn'kkZrhgS\ 

dk;Z nj gesa crkrh gS fd fd, x, fdlh dk;Z dh ek=k dk ewY;kadu fdl rjg 

fd;k tk,A pkgs bls djus okys Jfedksa dh la[;k fdruh Hkh gks ;k mlesa fdruk Hkh 

le;yxkgksAekuyhft,fd>kj[kaMesalkekU;Hkwfedh[kqnkbZgsrq10Jfedyxk, 

x,gSaA;fnizfrO;fDrizfrfnunhtkusokyhU;wureetnwjh60:i;sgSrksizfrfnu 

dh etnwjh ykxr gksxh 60x10 = 600 #i;sA >kj[k.M esa bl lrg dh [kqnkbZ ds fy, 

etnwjhnj35#i,60iSlsizfr?kuehVjgS¼>kj[k.Mljdkj2004½AbldkvFkZ;g 

gqvk fd U;wure etwnjh vftZr djus ds fy, 10 etnwjksa dks feydj dk;Z dh mruh 

ek=k djuh gksxh tks mUgsa U;wure etnwjh dk ik= cuk,A dk;Z dh bl ek=k dks izkIr 

djus ds fy, ge 10 etnwjksa dh dqy U;wure etnwjh esa Je nj dk Hkkx nsaxs vFkkZr 

600@35-60¾16-85?kuehVj;k1-685?kuehVjizfrO;fDrA7?k.Vsdsdkeesa;g 

mRikndrkvftZrdjusij,dJfeddksU;wureetnwjhfeyik,xhA


16.3 dk;Znjfdlrjgr;dhtkrhgS\ 

fl)karr% Jà[kykc) ^^le; rFkk xfr v/;;uksa ¼"timeandmotionstudies"½ ds 

vk/kkjij]fofHkUuifjfLFkfr;ksaesa]fd,tkldusokysdk;Zdhek=kdkvkadyufd;k 

tkrkgSAblckrdksle>kusdsfy,gefcgkjdsiVuklaHkkxesauhodh[kqnkbZdh 

njsafudkyusdkmnkgj.kysrsgS¼fcgkjljdkj2005½Ale;rFkkxfrdsv/;;uls 

irkpykfdlkekU;feV˜Vhesauhaodsxkj[k.Mljdkj2005½esageikrsgSafd,dghdk;Zdsfy,vyx&vyxHkw&fLFkfr 

(strata)dhnjsavyx&vyxgSa% 

dk;Zdkfooj.k bdkbZ njçfrbdkbZ¼#½ 

lHkhfdLeksadhHkwfeesauhaodsx

dk;Znjfdlrjgr;dhtkrhgS\ 259 

blrjggens[krsagSafdl[rHkwfeijfd,x,mlhdk;ZdhnjT;knkewY;kafdr 

dhxbZgSAmlh>kj[k.Mnjksadhvuqlwphesage;gHkhikrsgSafd,dghrjgdh 

Hkwfeijvyx&vyxdk;ksZadkewY;kaduHkhvyx&vyxgksrkgS% 

dk;Zdkfooj.k bdkbZ njçfrbdkbZ¼#½ 

lHkhrjgksadhHkwfeesalQ+kbZ (stripping) ?kuehVj 44-60 

lHkhrjgdhHkwfeesauhaodsx


rkfydk16.2 

uhaodsx

njksadhvuqlwphdksç;ksx djusesaleL;k,arFkklaHkkforlq/kkj 261 

Hkw&xHkZ dh fofo/krk% tehu dh[kqnkbZ ftuHkw&xHkksZ esa gksrh gS] mudh dBksjrk ,oa 

l?kurk vyx&vyx gksrh gSA izR;sd Hkw&xHkZ ij dke djus ds fy, vyx&vyx rjg 

ds vkStkjksa@lk/kuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA e/;izns'k 'kklu us mi;ksx esa yk, tkus 

okyslk/kuksa] HkwfedsfeJ.k]cksYMjksa vkSjl?kurk dsvk/kkj ijlkr rjgdsHkw&xHkksZa 

dkfooj.kfn;kgS¼e-iz-'kklu2003½% 

rkfydk16.3 

e/;izns'kesaHkwxHkZdkoxhZdj.kZ 

Hkw&xHkZ vkStkj@lk/ku 

ujefeV˜Vh xsrh]csypk]QkoM+k]ikapk 

l[rfeV˜Vh dqnkyhls


jkT; Hkw&xHkksZ dh 

la[;k 

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if'pecaxky 5


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dk;Zn'kkvksaesafHkUurk%dk;ZLFkydhfof'k"Vn'kkvksadhotglsdkeesaeqf'dysa 

vk ldrh gSA tSls&tSls [kqnkbZ xgjh gksrh tkrh gS] lkexzh mBkus ¼fyV½ rFkk [kksnh 

xbZ lkexzh ds ifjogu ¼yhM½ dk dk;Z c


ughaA 

vf/kdrkieku okys{ks=ksa esajkT;LrjijvkSlr rkieku lsT;knkrkieku jgus 

dh fLFkfr esa izpfyr njksa esa ,d vfrfjDr izfr'kr tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A o"kZ esa pje 

xehZokysekgdks^^xjeekg**ds:iesa?kksf"krdj]budhnjksadkslkekU;lsvf/kd 

djukpkfg,Abuxjeeghuksaesadk;Zfnolksadhvof/kU;wureetnwjh?kVk,fcuk6 

?kaVsrdlhferdhtkldrhgSA 

Jfedksadh{kerkvksaesafHkUurk%vkSlrlsdetksj]nqcZy]o`)rFkkfodykaxJfedksa 

dh nSfud mRikndrk de gksxhA vkSlr Jfed dh /kkj.kk esa fyax rFkk vk;q dh otg 

ls mRikndrk esa vUrj dk dksbZ izko/kku ugha gSA v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd dqN 

fof'k"V leqnk;] tSls fd e/; izns'k vkSj jktLFkku esa lgkfj;k vkfne tutkfr] dbZ 

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lkekU;lsvf/kdvfrfjDrnjksadsfy,fo'ks"kizko/kkuiznkufd,tkuspkfg,A 

16.4.2 U;wureetnwjhufeyikuk 

;fn mi;qZDr fofHkUurkvksa ds dkj.k okLrfod dk;Z ifj.kke vkSlr Jfed dh 

mRikndrklsdegS]rksBsdsnkjU;wureetnwjhHkqxrkudHkhughadjsxkAblv/;k; 

ds'kq:vkresafn,x,mnkgj.kesa10etnwjksadkmRikndrkekin.M16-85?kuehVj 

gSA bl rjg ;fn lkekU; dk;Z fnol esa 10 Jfed feydj dsoy 15 ?ku ehVj dke 

gh dj ikrs gSa rks ml fnu dh dqy etnwjh Hkqxrku U;wure etnwjh #- 60 ds ctk; 

#-53-40#-gksxhAblfy,BsdsnkjblnyhydslkFkU;wureetnwjhlsdeHkqxrku 

djsxkfd^^Jfedksausi;kZIrdkeughafd;kgSA**bldsfodYiLo:iBsdsnkjdk;Zds 

?kaVs c


16.4.3 cqfu;knhnjksadsla'kks/kuesafoyEc 

tSlk fd geusa igys ns[kk gS fd njksa dh vuqlwph dh Je njsa {ks= dh U;wure 

etnwjhlsizkIrdhtkrhgSAegaxkbZvkSjthouLrjykxrc


16.4.5 etnwjhdhßfNihykxrÞdkslek;ksftrdjusdkdksbZ 

çko/kku ugha 

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ykxrksa ¼15 izfr'kr mPpre lfgr½ dks etnwjh ykxr ds fgLlsa ds :i esa 'kkfey dj] 

vkxsdkjkLrkfn[kk;kgSA¼dukVZdljdkj2003½ 

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rkfydk16.7 

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en ugj cka/k lqjax 

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c


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fdiwjs jkT; esa e'khuksa rFkk midj.kksa dh cqfu;knh ykxr lkekU;r% ,d 

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