修士論文 硬Xç·šå¤šå±¤è†œãƒŸãƒ©ãƒ¼ã§ã®åå°„ãŒåå ‰æ¸¬å®šã«ä¸Žãˆã‚‹å½±éŸ¿ã®è©•ä¾¡

X
ISAS/JAXA
katsuta@astro.isas.jaxa.jp
2008 1

X X
X
1 2.6 keV, 5.2 keV
2000 -2010 10
X
X X
10 mCrab X
X X X
0.1%
Spring-8 ()
0.8%
X
i

1 1
2 X 3
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.2 · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 X 9
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 23
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.4 CCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5 37
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
iii

5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6 49
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7 57
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8 63
A SPring-8 65
A.1 SPring-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
A.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
B 69
B.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
B.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
C 73
C.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
C.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
iv

2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 E 0 E ′
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 X . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1 f 1 f 2 5 keV f 1 77
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 δ k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7
1234
0.3 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8
0.3 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.9 β = 0 ◦ X X
P ′ 0 - P
θ = 2 ◦ , 1 ◦ , 0.5 ◦ , 0.1 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.10 β = 90 ◦ X X
P ′ 90 - P
θ = 2 ◦ , 1 ◦ , 0.5 ◦ , 0.1 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.11 100% X
θ = 2 ◦ , 1 ◦ , 0.5 ◦ , 0.1 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2 3 A
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 30keV X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 CCD
1 23.6µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6
1 23.6µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.7 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
v

4.9 CCD µ
CCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.13 7.5 . . . . . . . . 32
4.14 µ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.16 200 . . . . . . 34
5.1 µ
10cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2 241 Am 80
60 keV . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3 241 Am 60 keV 2 . . 38
5.4 1σ . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.7
0.09%
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.9 β . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.10 CCD
1 23.6µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.11 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.12 5.11 3 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.13 5.11 46
6.1 β = 0 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.2 β = 0 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.3 β = 0 ◦
10 25 mα
(27 pulse ∼ 0.01 ◦ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.4 β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.5 β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.6
0.25% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.8 β 330 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.2
. . . . 58
vi

7.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.4 CCD 1 23.6µm 60
7.5 7.4
1
23.6µm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.6 CCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.7 CCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
A.1 SPring-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
A.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
A.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
B.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
B.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
B.3 B.2
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
C.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
C.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
C.3 β
150 ◦ , 330 ◦ , 270 ◦ , 240 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
C.4 β
600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
vii

2.1 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 0.3 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 0.3 ◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 KOHZU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
A.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
ix

1
X
X
X X
OSO-8 2.6 keV,5.2 keV
2000 -2010 10
( 0.1-1 Crab) ( PHENEX PoGO
) X
X
X X
10 mCrab
X
X X X
0.1%
X X
Spring-8
SPring-8 X X
2 X 3
X 4 6
SPring-8 7
X X
1

2
X
2.1
I ∥ I ⊥ P
P ≡ I ∥ − I ⊥
I ∥ + I ⊥
(2.1)
P=0 I ∥ = I ⊥ P=1 I ⊥ = 0P=0
P> 0
P
2.2
2.2.1
B
ω
P ∥ (ω)
P ⊥ (ω)
√
3e 3 B sin α
P ∥ (ω) =
4πm e c 2 (F (x) − G(x)) (2.2)
√
3e 3 B sin α
P ⊥ (ω) =
4πm e c 2 (F (x) + G(x)) (2.3)
3F (x) ≡ x ∫ ∞
x
K 5/3(z)dzG(x) ≡ xK 2/3 (x) K 5/3 K 2/3
x≡ ω/ω c e m e α 2.1
ω c
ω c = 3γ2 eB sin α
2mc
(2.4)
3

2.1:
Π(ω)
Π(ω) = P ⊥(ω) − P ∥ (ω)
P ⊥ (ω) + P ∥ (ω) = G(x)
F (x)
(2.5)
(N(E)dE∝E −p dE) Π
Π = p + 1
p + 7 3
∼ 0.7 (p = 2) (2.6)
p=2
0.7 (2.6)
2.2.2 ·
∼10 keV
2.2
dσ
dΩ = 1 ( )
2 r2 0ϵ 2 ϵ + ϵ −1 − sin 2 θ
(2.7)
4

Klein-Nishina r 0 θ
ϵ E 0 E ′
ϵ = E′
E 0
=
1
1 + ( E 0
m ec 2 )(1 − cos θ)
(2.8)
2.2: E 0 E ′
Π
Π =
sin 2 θ
ϵ + ϵ −1 − sin 2 θ
(2.9)
4E 0 ≪ m e c 2
(2.9) E 0 /m e c 2 → 0
Π = 1 − cos2 θ
1 + cos 2 θ
(2.10)
3 (2.9),(2.10)
2.2.3
3
§2.2.2
1
5

X
·
2.1: X
2.3
2.3.1
SN1006
5 X
X
2.3.2
X
(2.9) X
X X
X
X X
X 2.3 X
6

2.3: X
7

3
X
X X
∼10 keV ∼10 keV X
X X
3.1
3.1.1
1 X
X
X ñ X
ñ
ñ = n − ik = 1 − δ − ik (3.1)
n k δ k
δ = r eN A
2π
k = r eN A
2π
ρ
A λ2 f 1 (3.2)
ρ
A λ2 f 2 = λ
4π µ (3.3)
r e 2.818×10 −13 cmN A 6.022×10 23
λ X cmA ρ g/cm 3 µ cm −1
f 1 f 2 f f X
f = f 0 + ∆f ′ + i∆f ′′ (3.4)
∆f ′ ∆f ′′ Z f 0 = Z
f 1 f 2
f 1 = Z + ∆f ′ , f 2 = ∆f ′′ (3.5)
f 1 f 2
f 1 ∼ Z 3.1 3.2 Pt
1112 5 keV f 1 =77
9

δ k 1 X
3.1: f 1
f 2 5 keV f 1
77
3.2: δ k
X θ c
cos θ 1 = ñ cos θ 2 (3.6)
3.3 θ 1 2 n θ 2
ñ
3.3: X
10

θ 2 =0β = 0 3.6 θ c
cos θ c = 1 − δ (3.7)
δ ≪ 1 θ c ≪ 1 cos θ c ≅ 1 − 1 2 θ2 c 3.2
3.7 θ c
( ) 1
θ c (deg.) ≅ (2δ) 1 2 = 1.33 × 10
7 ρf1 2
λ
A
(3.8)
( ) 1
ρf1 2 1
= 1.65
A E
(3.9)
E X keVλ cmρ g/cm 3
f 1 E ( E )[keV]=1.240 × 10 −7 /λ [cm]
f 1 ∼Z Z
A
∼ 0.7 =
3.8
( 1 ) ( 1 )
ρ 2 ρ 2
θ c ∼ 1.4 × ∝
(3.10)
E E
3.10 X
X
PtAu X
Pt 30 keV
X 3.10 0.19 ◦
3.1.2
ñ
X θ 1
σ π r σ r π
r σ = sin θ 1 − ñ sin θ 2
sin θ 1 + ñ sin θ 2
= sin(θ 1 − θ 2 )
sin(θ 1 + θ 2 ) (3.11)
r π = sin θ 2 − ñ sin θ 1
= − tan(θ 1 − θ 2 )
sin θ 2 + ñ sin θ 1 tan(θ 1 + θ 2 )
(3.12)
13 θ 2 (3.6) (3.11),(3.12)
R σ ,R π
R σ = r σ rσ ∗ ≅ h − (θ 1/θ c ) √ 2(h − 1)
h + (θ 1 /θ c ) √ 2(h − 1) (3.13)
R π = r π rπ ∗ = R σ × R π
= R σ ×
cos(θ 1 + θ 2 )
2
R ∣
σ cos(θ 1 − θ 2 ) ∣
(3.14)
h =
( ) 2 θ1 √ (θ1
+
√(
θ c
θ c
) 2
− 1
) 2 ( ) k 2
+
(3.15)
δ
11

14 (3.13) Parratt
R σ ,R π
R π
R σ
=
∣ r π ∣∣∣ 2
∣ =
cos(θ 1 + θ 2 )
2
r ∣ σ cos(θ 1 − θ 2 ) ∣
(3.16)
3.2 ∼10 keV X δ k ∼ 10 −4
|ñ|(= |1 − δ − ik|) ∼ 1 §3.1 X
θ c ∼ 1 ◦ ∼0.02 [rad] θ 1 θ 1

3.4:
γ = d H
d = d H
d H + d L
(3.19)
X 0.01∼1nm
∼0.1nm σ
R Debye -Waller
{ ( ) }
4πσ sin θ
2
R = R 0 exp −
(3.20)
λ
R 0 θ λ X σ
X
3.2.2
X X
X
X
2d sin θ = mλ (3.21)
d θ m λ X 3.21
m 3.21
(
) 1
2
2δ − δ2
2d sin θ m × 1 −
sin 2 = mλ (3.22)
θ m
13

3.5:
(3.21),(3.22) X (=)
d δ δ
γ δ H δ L
δ = γδ H + (1 − γ)δ L (3.23)
d 3.22 X
3.2.3
m θ m R(θ m ) R I (θ m ) 15
d N γ
λ X φ
f (3.4),(3.5)
φ = N a r e |f| = N a r e
√f 2 1 + f 2 2 (3.24)
N a r e f X
φ
F(θ)
F (θ) =
∫ dL
0
φ L exp(iQz)dz +
∫ dH
0
φ H exp(iQz)dz (3.25)
Q = 4π sin θλ (3.26)
14

d H φ H d L φ L m
θ m
|F (θ m )| = d
mπ sin(mπγ)(φ H − φ L ) (3.27)
φ |F (θ)|
m m
R m R I m R m = tanh 2 A (3.28)
A
R I m = A tan θ m
mN
tanh A (3.29)
A = 2KNd
m |F (θ m)| (3.30)
K σ K σ =1π K π =| cos 2θ m | d
A ≪ 1tanh A ≅ A (3.29) (3.28)
R m = tanh 2 A ≅ A 2 (3.31)
R I m = A tan θ m
mN
tanh A ≅ A2 tan θ m
mN
(3.32)
(3.30) A K
R m R I m K2 σ
R mσ π R mπ R I mσ
R I mπ
R mπ
R mσ
= RI mπ
R I mσ
=
( Kπ
K σ
) 2
= cos 2 2θ m (3.33)
(10keV ) θ m ≪ 1 (3.33)
R mπ
R mσ
= RI mπ
R I mσ
= cos 2 2θ m ≅ 1 − 4θ 2 m (3.34)
(3.18) θ 2 θ 1
X 10 keV θ m

3.3
X
16
X
3.6 X
X
X
3.6:
3.7
§3.2.3 0.1%
∼10 keV ∼10 keV
X
3.7
X
3.1
3.8
16

d() [nm] N() γ() σ() [nm]
1 5.0,4.9,4.8,4.7,4.6 5 0.4 0
2 4.0 8 0.4 0
3 3.6 13 0.4 0
4 3.3 18 0.4 0
3.1: 0.3 ◦
d() [nm] N() γ() σ() [nm]
Pt 100 0
Pt/C 4.0 30 0.4 0
NEXT 2.4∼7.7 108 0.4 0
Pt/C
3.2: 0.3 ◦
X
3.2
3.4
3.4.1
3.7 10 keV X
=
σ R σ π R π 3.33
R π
R σ
= cos 2 2θ (3.35)
θ (=) P X §2.1
2.1 P
P ≡ I ∥ − I ⊥
I ∥ + I ⊥
(3.36)
β = 0 ◦ I ∥
X I ⊥ X
P ′ 0
P ′ 0 = R σI ∥ − R π I ⊥
R σ I ∥ + R π I ⊥
(3.37)
17

3.7:
1234
0.3 ◦
3.8:
0.3 ◦
18

(3.35),(3.36)
P ′ 0 = R σI ∥ − R π
1−P
1+P I ∥
R σ I ∥ + R π
1−P
1+P I ∥
= sin2 2θ + (1 + cos 2 2θ)P
(1 + cos 2 2θ) + sin 2 2θP
(3.38)
(3.39)
β=90 ◦ β = 0 ◦
P ′ 90
P ′ 90 = − sin2 2θ + (1 + cos 2 2θ)P
(1 + cos 2 2θ) − sin 2 2θP
(3.40)
P < sin 2 2θ/(1 + cos 2 2θ) ∼ 2θ 2 P P ′ 90
|P ′ 90 | P′ 90 < 0 θ = 2◦
P

ef0(x,[0])
0.25
0.2
P’- P (%)
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Incident polarization P(%)
3.9: β = 0 ◦ X X
P ′ 0 - P θ = 2 ◦ , 1 ◦ , 0.5 ◦ , 0.1 ◦
ref90(x,[0])
0
-0.05
P’-P (%)
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-0.25
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Incident polarization P(%)
3.10: β = 90 ◦ X X
P ′ 90 - P
θ = 2 ◦ , 1 ◦ , 0.5 ◦ , 0.1 ◦
20

ef(x,[0])
I / I0
1
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
beta angle(deg.)
3.11: 100% X
θ = 2 ◦ , 1 ◦ , 0.5 ◦ , 0.1 ◦
21

4
4.1
X X
X
§3.4 X 100%
X
X SPring-8 100%
1%
4.1 100%
§4.2.6 §4.2.7
=()/()
§5.2.2
X
§3.3
4.2
4.2.1
SPring-8 BL20B2
100% A.1
4.2 3
3 206m 2 200m
1mm×1mm
0.0034 ◦ 0.086 ◦
∆θ
∆θ(deg.) =
1 [mm]
200 × 1000 [mm] × 180 = 0.00029 (4.1)
π
23

Incident Beam
Ionchamber
Direction of
Beam Polarization
Mirror
rotation
Scintillator
Reflecting Beam
PMT
4.1:
36.8m Double crystal
monochrometer 30keV
A.2 5 × 10 7 (photon/sec/mm 2 )
4.2.2
500µm 400µm
β β
§7.3.2 30 keV
∆θ
∆θ(deg.) =
0.5 [mm]
204 × 1000 [mm] × 180 = 0.00014 (4.2)
π
4.1
4.2.3
30mm×70mm×2mm
PtC d=2.4nm
N=70 γ=0.4 σ=0.3nm 30keV X
4.3 0.51 ◦ 0.8
1.0 ◦ 0.004
24

4.2: 3 A 4.7
30(keV)
100 (%)
0.00029 (deg.)
0.00014 (deg.) 30 keV
∼ 5 × 10 7 (photon/sec/mm 2 ) §5.2.2
4.1:
25

4.3: 30keV X
4.4:
4.2.4 CCD
CCD
CCD
CCD 4.9CCD
C472-95HR(Hamamatsu) 5.9µm 4000(H) ×2624(V)
23.6mm×15.5mm 4.5 CCD
4.6 CCD
φ ∼ 500µm 1.8mm× 0.5mm 4.3
26

0.02 ◦ 4.1 0.00014 ◦
4 4 1 23.6µm
4.5: CCD
1 23.6µm
4.6:
1 23.6µm
4.2.5
4.2 A 4.7
CCD
4.2
4.7
α
β β = 0 ◦
4.10 α α β β
27

Spring-8 BL20B2
: :
4m
4m
Copper(attenuate)
3m
CCD
PMT
30keV
Mirror α-stage
Mirror z-stage
Detector x-stage
Detector z-stage
β
α
Pinhole x-stage
Pinhole z-stage
β-rotational stage
Stand x-stage
Stand z-stage
Stand α-stage
Stand θ-stage
θ
z
α
x
β
y
4.7: A
28

30 keV
30 keV
CCD
4.8:
4.9: CCD
µ
CCD
β
α
30 keV
β
α
4.10:
29

X
Z
X
Z
α
θ
2 (µ m/step)
2 (µ m/step)
2 (µ m/step)
2 (µ m/step)
0.0012 (deg./step)
0.004 (deg./step)
β 0.004 (deg./step)
α 0.00038 (deg./step) 1 4
(step/pulse)
Z 1(µ m/step)
X 10(µ m/step)
Z 1.67(µ m/step)
4.2: KOHZU
4.2.6
s-1194B1 4.11∼15cc/min
1 4.12
X ·
17
V/F CONVERTER
SCA 4.13
7.5 4.3
ORTEC 660 1000V
Keithley 428 10 9 V/A
6pA
V/F CONVERTER 733-1
SCA
ORTEC 550A
4.3:
30

6cm
19cm
10cm
30keV
4.11:
4.12:
31

200
4.13: 7.5
4.2.7
NaI
X φ38.1mm × 5mm
100µm NaI Photo Multiplier Tube , PMT
KE108 NaI PMT
Gore Tex
µ 4.14
4.15 PMT
MCA
MCA 4.16
4.4
32

NaI
4.14: µ
4.15:
33

Counts
ΔE=15%@30 keV
ADC Channel
4.16: 200
ORTEC 556 900V
PMT Hamamatsu R1847-5
Pre Amp
Clear Pulse cp2869
Shaping Amp ORTEC 571 Shaping time = 1 [µs]
Gain ×20
MCA
Amptek MCA-8000A
4.4:
34

4.3
§5
1. CCD
CCD β
CCD
β 30 ◦
2. β 4.9
CCD
CCD
CCD
3. β α
α α 0.51 ◦
±0.01 ◦ 10 30keV
200
NaI
β
4. β 30 ◦ β 2.3.
β β = 0 ◦ 30 ◦ 60 ◦ 90 ◦
120 ◦ 150 ◦ 180 ◦ 330 ◦ 300 ◦ 270 ◦ 240 ◦ 210 ◦ 0 ◦
β = 0 ◦ =
β
35

5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
241 Am 4.2.6
§4.2.7
30 200 80
5.1: µ
10cm
5.2 ch
60keV 1σ
5.3 2
1σ 5.4
1σ 1%
37

Am241 time process
14000
12000
10000
Counts
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ADC Channel
5.2: 241 Am 80
60 keV
mcafile data
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
hist
Entries 1018
Mean 385.1
RMS 169.1
χ 2
/ ndf
654.1 / 303
p0 476 ±
11.6
p1 -0.5735 ±
0.0187
area 7.535e+05 ±
5027
peak 527.6 ±
0.1
sigma 25.77 ±
0.07
area_2 4.966e+05 ±
5384
peak_2 475 ±
0.5
sigma_2 46.09 ±
0.23
4000
2000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
5.3: 241 Am 60 keV 2
38

5.4: 1σ
39

60keV 340ch 840ch
1σ
340ch 840ch 10ch
1σ 1%340ch 840ch 3σ
5.5 1σ = 1/ √ 1322500 =
0.09%
0.09%
5.5:
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
40

5.2.2.2
4.2
30 keV β 0 ◦
,30µm,50µm,100µm
200 ×30
B
C
5.2.2.3
5.6 200
(Count IC ) = 6.32 × 10 −3 × (Count Det ) − (30 ± 8) (5.1)
Count Det Count IC
Counts/sec
−30
() = (Count Det )/(Count IC + 30) (5.2)
5.2
5.7 -30
5.8
5.8
()=158.3±0.4(1σ)
0.4/158.3=0.25%
41

5.6:
5.7:
0.09%
42

5.8:
43

5.2.3
β
CCD 4.6 0.5mm(h)×1.8mm(1
23.6um )
β 5.9 β
1mm
SPring-8 4.2
30keV β 0 ◦
5.9: β
1.8mm × 0.5mm 0.5mm
5.10 310
345 35 ∼ 0.75mm1 =23.6µm 85%
0.75mm 5.11 5.11
6
5.12 5.11 3 9
1ch
5mm
200 ∼ 270ch 30keV
α
5.13
§5.2.2 (1σ)
0.25%4 8 0.25%
0.25%
44

5.10: CCD
1 23.6µm
5.11: X
45

30keV Spot changed
4
10
Detector Counts
3
10
2
10
10
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ADC channel
5.12: 5.11 3 9
5.13: 5.11
46

5.3
0.25%
0.25%
0.25%
47

6
6.1
• 2007 11 27
SPring-8
• 2007 11 28
10:10
• 2007 11 29
8:00 β
• 2007 11 30
2:50
1 10
5:30
14:10
18:00 β = 0 ◦ β
α
• 2007 12 1
7:30 α
10:30 CCD
11:50 1 200
23:10 CCD
• 2007 12 2
4:30 β = 0 ◦ , 90 ◦ sh
6:30
10:00
49

6.2
6.2.1
β = 0 ◦ 6.1 mα
(27 pulse∼ 0.01 ◦ )
6.2
β = 0 ◦
β
6.1: β = 0 ◦
6.2: β = 0 ◦
6.2.2
§6.2.1
β = 0◦ 3
3
0.25%§5 3
β =
β = 0 ◦ β = 0 ◦ 10
β α
β α 15 25
β = 0 ◦
6.3 mα
2 pulse10 =4 pulse25
mα
158.7158.9=10 158.6
50

25 (1 σ=0.4=0.25%)
§6.2.1 β
6.3: β = 0 ◦
10 25 mα
(27 pulse ∼ 0.01 ◦ )
6.3
§4.3 β
6.4 6.5 §6.2
β β 6.6 6.6
β β = 0 ◦
β = 90 ◦ 2.1/157∼1.3% 0.25%(1σ)
1.3+ √ 2×0.25=1.6%
= β ±0.8%
§3.4 X
P ′ P ′ ∼ [1 − (I 90 /I 0 )]/2=0.8%
0.8%
51

6.4: β
52

6.5: β
53

6.6:
0.25%
54

6.4
6.7,6.8
0.02 ◦ 0.007 ◦ (0.02 ◦ -0.007 ◦ )/2∼0.0065 ◦
0.0065 ◦
6.7:
6.8:
β 330 ◦
6.6 §3.2 0.03%
1.6%
§3.2 3.11 β 180 ◦
6.6
55

7
7.1
β §6.4
β
C
β
β
β
7.2
-150µm 150µ 50µm -40µm 70µ
10µm
200 4.2
30 keV
β 0 ◦
7.1,7.2 ∼150µm ∼20µm
1%
7.3
β
7.3.1
7.1 7.2
( β = 0 ◦ ) ∆x ∆z
f x (∆x) f z (∆z) f x (∆x) × f z (∆z)
f x f z 7.1 7.2 3
f x (0)=1,f z (0) = 1
β ∆x(β), ∆z(β)
57

7.1:
7.2:
58

158.5 × f x (∆x) × f z (∆z)
β
6.6 7.3
30µm
7.3:
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
β
β
β
59

7.3.2.2
7.4 CCD
12 × 12=144 X:496 507
Z:322 333 = 283µm×283µm
CCD 7.4
()=()-()
4 CCD
7.7 7.6
4361±71(1σ) 71/4361=1.6%
7.4: CCD
1
23.6µm
7.5:
7.4
1 23.6µm
1.6%
500µm
(X) R (dR/dX) §7.2 7.1
(dR/dX) X=0 (dR/dX) X=0 X=0 2
X=50,-50µm
500(µm)×(dR/dX) x=0 =1.5%§7.2 reffig:modmz
500(µm)×(dR/dZ) z=0 =10%
1+10=11%
1.6% β 11%×1.6%∼0.17%
60

Beam intensity
30
25
Counts
20
15
10
5
0
3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200
Beam intensity (CCD counts)
7.6: CCD
7.3.2.3
7.5 §7.3.2.2 4361 2180
1 1 23.6µm
500µm 23.6µm 23.6/500=4.6%
24µm
β 24µm
24µm §7.2 7.1,7.2 24µm
7.2 Z=-24µm
1%1%
7.4
β
61

Dark current
35
30
25
Counts
20
15
10
5
0
65940 65960 65980 66000 66020 66040
Dark current (CCD counts)
7.7: CCD
62

8
X X SPring-8
±0.8%
0.8%
0.8% 0.8%
X 0.8%
X X
63

A
SPring-8
A.1 SPring-8
SPring-8
8GeV
1 1
1436m 18
A.1: SPring-8
8GeV
§2.2.1 X SPring-8
A.2
BL20B2
100%
65

A.2:
A.2
§A.1
30 keV
1
A.3
θ
λ = 2d sin θ/m d m
d
θ
A.3
§3.2
§A.1
A.3
σ
§3.2 σ 100%
d
A.1
BL20B2 19 Si(311)
30keV
66

A.3:
d(Å) keV
Si(311) 1.6375 8.4∼72.5
Si(111) 3.1356 5.0∼37.5
Si(511) 1.0452 13.5∼113.3
A.1:
67

B
B.1
7.5
B.1§B.2
B.1:
B.2
B.2
200 200
69

B.2
B.2
B.3 0 0
7 ∼ 8700 7/8700∼0.08%
B.2
B.2:
70

B.3: B.2
0
71

C
C.1
§5.2.1 30keV 100 ch 400 ch
C.1
75 ch 125 ch 375 ch 425 ch
ADC
1 ch
§C.2
4
10
Counts
3
10
2
10
10
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ADC Channel
C.1:
73

C.2
30 keVβ
β
C.2
30 keV 600 β
0.8 ◦
4.3 0.8 ◦ 0.01% ∼0.2%
β
30 keV
I assume no reflection
at 0.8(deg.) incident angle.
Ion Chamber
Background
30keV Beam
rotation
Mirror
PMT
NaI Scinti.
Incident angle =0.8(deg.)
PMT
C.2:
4 C.3 30 keV
∼ 600 ch ≅ 67 keV
β = 0 ◦ 150 ◦ β = 180 ◦ β = 330 ◦
β = 240 ◦ 270 ◦ β = 240 ◦
74

100 ch 400 ch
C.4 β §C.1
600 900 200
900/3=300 200 ∼ 1.3 × 10 6 0.02%
β
200 200(sec.)/600(sec.)∼ 1/3
Background
hist
Entries 1018
Mean 388.5
RMS 200.7
1000
800
Counts
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ADC channel
C.3: β
150 ◦ , 330 ◦ , 270 ◦ , 240 ◦
75

C.4: β
600
76

SPring-8
PoGO KEK
KEK SPring-8
77

1 , X PoGO , ,
, 2006
2Kanai Yoshikazu , ”Performance Evaluation of Phoswich Detector Cell for the Balloon-
Borne Astronomical Soft Gamma-Ray Polarimeter PoGOLite” , Master tesis, Tokyo Institute
of Technology , 2007
3G. B. Rybicki, A. P. Lightman, ”Radiative Processes in Astrophysics”, Interscience Pulishers,
New York
4F . Lei, et al.,”Compton Polarimetry in Gamma-Ray Astronomy”, Space Science Reviews,
82, pp.309-388,1997
5Stephen.P.Reynolds,et al., ”Radio observations of the remnant of the supernova of AD
1006.II. polarization observations”, The Astronomical Journal ,vol 106, num1,1993
6M.F.Rees, ”Expected polarization properties of binary x-ray sources”,
Mon.Not.R.astr.Soc.,171, pp457 , 1975
7M.G.Revnivtsev,et.al., ”Hard x-ray view of the past activity of Sgr A* in a natural Compton
mirror”, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 425 ,L49, 2004
8 · ,X ,
9 , X ,
, , 2005
10 , X , , , 2001
11S. Sasaki, KEK Report, 82-22 , 1984
12S. Sasaki, KEK Report, 88-14 , 1989
13J.D.Jackson , () ,
14L.G.Parratt,”Suface Studies of Solids by Total Reflection of X-Rays” , Physical Review ,
Vol95 , Num2 , 359,1954
15Alan G. Michette, ”Optical systems for soft X rays”, Plenum Press
16Ogasaka, et al.,”Design and fabrication of multi-foil hard x-ray telescope for space observations”,
Proc.SPIE,5962,pp.543-550,2005
17G.F.Knoll,( ), 2 ,
79

18SPring-8 web site, http://www.spring8.or.jp/ja/
19SPring-8 BL20B2 online, http://www.spring8.or.jp/wkg/BL20B2/instrument/langen/INS-0000000314
80