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issn 0004-2749<br />

versão impressa<br />

A r q u i v o s b r a s i l e i r o s d e<br />

publicação oficial do conselho brasileiro de oftalmologia<br />

NOVEMBRO/DEZEMBRO 2012<br />

75 06<br />

<strong>Entropion</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>cicatricial</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong><br />

<strong>Gross</strong> <strong>domestic</strong> product <strong>and</strong><br />

distribution of ophthalmologists<br />

<strong>in</strong> Brazil<br />

Antimicrobial effect of UVA/riboflav<strong>in</strong><br />

aga<strong>in</strong>st Staphylococcus aureus<br />

Ultrasound <strong>and</strong> OCT for macular hole<br />

<strong>in</strong>dexada nas bases de dados<br />

medl<strong>in</strong>e | embase | isi | ScielO


É um mundo amplo.<br />

Ajude seus pacientes a obterem<br />

mais visão a distância.<br />

Recomende a nova LIO AcrySof ® IQ ReSTOR ® +2.5<br />

para uma visão a distância mais nítida.<br />

Em breve no Brasil.<br />

Reg. M.S. - 80147540138<br />

© 2013 Novartis Fevereiro/2013<br />

LIO MULTIFOCAL<br />

Proporciona mais.


Restaura<br />

o conforto<br />

ao piscar 1<br />

Pode ser usado<br />

com lentes<br />

de contato 1 15 mL 10 mL<br />

Alívio imediato e prolongado do ardor e da secura ocular 1<br />

Sem riscos de lesões <strong>in</strong>duzidas pelos conservantes 2,3<br />

Nova<br />

Apresentação<br />

Referências Bibliográficas: 1) Bula do Produto: Lacrifilm ® . 2) Noecker R. Ophthalmic preservatives: considerations for long-term use <strong>in</strong> patients with <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> or glaucoma. Rev Ophthalmol 2001; June: 1-10. 3) Chalmers RL. Hydrogen peroxide <strong>in</strong> anterior segment physiology: a literature review. Optom Vis<br />

Sci 1989;66:796-803.7.<br />

Lacrifilm ® . (carmelose sódica). Solução Oftálmica Estéril. FORMA FARMACÊUTICA E APRESENTAÇÃO: Solução Oftálmica Estéril 5mg/mL: embalagem contendo frasco de 10 mL ou 15 mL. USO ADULTO. USO OFTÁLMICO. COMPOSIÇÃO: Cada<br />

mL contém: carmelose sódica-5 mg . Veículo: cloreto de sódio, fosfato de sódio, ácido bórico, perborato de sódio, ácido clorídrico e água para <strong>in</strong>jetáveis. INFORMAÇÕES AO PACIENTE. AÇÃO ESPERADA DO MEDICAMENTO: Lacrifilm ® é uma solução<br />

que apresenta composição muito semelhante à composição das lágrimas naturais. Este medicamento é <strong>in</strong>dicado para melhorar a irritação, ardor e secura ocular, que podem ser causados pela exposição ao vento, sol, calor, ar seco, e para melhorar o<br />

desconforto que pode estar associado com a utilização de lentes de contato. REAÇÕES ADVERSAS: Informe seu médico o aparecimento de reações desagradáveis. TODO MEDICAMENTO DEVE SER MANTIDO FORA DO ALCANCE DAS CRIANÇAS.<br />

CONTRAINDICAÇÕES E PRECAUÇÕES: Lacrifilm ® é contra<strong>in</strong>dicado nos casos de alergia a qualquer componente do medicamento. NÃO USE REMÉDIO SEM O CONHECIMENTO DO SEU MÉDICO, PODE SER PERIGOSO PARA A SAÚDE.<br />

INDICAÇÕES: Lacrifilm ® é <strong>in</strong>dicado para melhorar a irritação, ardor e secura ocular, que podem ser causados pela exposição ao vento, sol, calor, ar seco, e também como protetor contra irritações oculares. É também <strong>in</strong>dicado como lubrificante e reumidificante<br />

durante o uso de lentes de contato. CONTRAINDICAÇÕES: O produto está contra<strong>in</strong>dicado nos casos de alergia a qualquer componente do medicamento. PRECAUÇÕES E ADVERTÊNCIAS: Evite o contato do conta-gotas do frasco com<br />

qualquer superfície para evitar contam<strong>in</strong>ação. Não permitir que a ponta do frasco entre em contato direto com os olhos. Mantenha a tampa do frasco bem fechada após o seu uso. Manter o produto fora do alcance das crianças. Armazenar em temperatura<br />

ambiente. Em caso de aparecimento de dor, alterações da visão, ou se ocorrer piora ou persistência da vermelhidão, ou da irritação dos olhos, por mais de 72h após <strong>in</strong>ício de uso do produto, descont<strong>in</strong>uar o tratamento e procurar auxílio médico. Não utilizar<br />

o produto se ocorrer modificação da coloração da solução ou se a solução se tornar turva. Produto de uso exclusivo em adultos. O uso em crianças representa risco à saúde. INTERAÇÕES MEDICAMENTOSAS: Não são conhecidas <strong>in</strong>terações com<br />

outros medicamentos. REAÇÕES ADVERSAS: Não foram detectadas reações adversas com o uso do Lacrifilm ® . POSOLOGIA: Aplicar 1 a 2 gotas no(s) olhos(s) afetado(s), tantas vezes quantas forem necessárias. SIGA CORRETAMENTE O MODO<br />

DE USAR, NÃO DESAPARECENDO OS SINTOMAS PROCURE ORIENTAÇÃO MÉDICA. Registro MS - 1.0497.1289.<br />

CONTRAINDICAÇÕES: o produto está contra<strong>in</strong>dicado em pacientes com história de hipersensibilidade a qualquer<br />

componente da fórmula. INTERAÇÃO MEDICAMENTOSA: não se conhecem <strong>in</strong>terações medicamentosas.<br />

“LACRIFILM ®<br />

É UM MEDICAMENTO. SEU USO PODE TRAZER RISCOS. PROCURE O MÉDICO E O FARMACÊUTICO. LEIA A BULA.”<br />

Material dest<strong>in</strong>ado exclusivamente à classe médica.<br />

Produzido em: Fevereiro/2013 Ronda Propag<strong>and</strong>a


Lançamento no Brasil!<br />

Olho Seco<br />

Pós-Cirurgia<br />

& Refrativa 1<br />

Ronda Propag<strong>and</strong>a<br />

Muco-adesivo 2,4<br />

Alta capacidade de retenção de água 2,3<br />

Hidratação prolongada<br />

Conforto prolongado<br />

Ph e osmolaridade semelhantes às do filme lacrimal normal 2 Visco-elástico 4<br />

Mais conforto ao paciente<br />

Impede a visão turva<br />

Indicado para usuários de lentes de contato 1 Melhora as propriedades de adesão <strong>in</strong>tercelular 3,4<br />

Promove rápida cicatrização pós-cirurgias<br />

Tratamento s<strong>in</strong>tomático do olho seco.<br />

Lubrificação e hidratação de lentes de contato.<br />

Referências Bibliográficas: 1) Bula do produto: Hyabak. Registro MS nº 80424140002. 2) Snibson GR, Greaves JL, Soper ND, Tiffany JM, Wilson CG, Bron AJ. Ocular surface residence times of artificial tear solutions. Cornea. 1992 Jul;11(4):288-93. 3) Nakamura M, Hikida M. Nakano T, Ito S, Hamano T,<br />

K<strong>in</strong>oshita S. Characterization of water retentive properties of hyaluronan. Cornea. 1993 Sep;12(5):433-6. 4) Gomes JA, Amankwah R, Powell-Richards A, Dua HS. Sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronic acid) promotes migration of human corneal epithelial cells <strong>in</strong> vitro. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;88(6);821-5.<br />

SE PERSISTIREM OS SINTOMAS, O MÉDICO DEVERÁ SER CONSULTADO. Informações adicionais disponíveis à classe farmacêutica mediante solicitação.<br />

Bula do produto: HYABAK®. Solução sem conservantes para hidratação e lubrificação dos olhos e lentes de contacto. Frasco ABAK®. COMPOSIÇÃO: Hialuronato de sódio 0,15g. Cloreto de sódio, trometamol, ácido clorídrico, água para preparações <strong>in</strong>jetáveis q.b.p. 100 mL. NOME E<br />

MORADA DO FABRICANTE: Laboratoires Théa, 12 rue Louis Blériot, 63017 CLERMONT-FERRAND CEDEX 2 - França. QUANDO SE DEVE UTILIZAR ESTE DISPOSITIVO: HYABAK® contém uma solução dest<strong>in</strong>ada a ser adm<strong>in</strong>istrada nos olhos ou nas lentes de contato. Foi concebido: • Para<br />

humedecimento e lubrificação dos olhos, em caso de sensações de secura ou de fadiga ocular <strong>in</strong>duzidas por fatores exteriores, tais como, o vento, o fumo, a poluição, as poeiras, o calor seco, o ar condicionado, uma viagem de avião ou o trabalho prolongado à frente de uma tela de computador. • Nos<br />

utilizadores de lentes de contato, permite a lubrificação e a hidratação da lente, com vista a facilitar a colocação e a retirada, e proporcion<strong>and</strong>o um conforto imediato na utilização ao longo de todo o dia. Graças ao dispositivo ABAK®, HYABAK® permite fornecer gotas de solução sem conservantes. Pode,<br />

assim, ser utilizado com qualquer tipo de lente de contato. A ausência de conservantes permite igualmente respeitar os tecidos oculares. ADVERTÊNCIAS E PRECAUÇÕES ESPECIAIS DE UTILIZAÇÃO: • Evitar tocar nos olhos com a ponta do frasco. • Não <strong>in</strong>jetar, não engolir. Não utilize o produto caso<br />

o <strong>in</strong>vólucro de <strong>in</strong>violabilidade esteja danificado. MANTER FORA DO ALCANCE DAS CRIANÇAS. INTERAÇÕES: É conveniente aguardar 10 m<strong>in</strong>utos entre a adm<strong>in</strong>istração de dois produtos oculares. COMO UTILIZAR ESTE DISPOSITIVO: POSOLOGIA: 1 gota em cada olho durante o dia, sempre que<br />

necessário. Nos utilizadores de lentes: uma gota em cada lente ao colocar e retirar as lentes e também sempre que necessário ao longo do dia. MODO E VIA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO: INSTILAÇÃO OCULAR. STERILE A - Para uma utilização correta do produto é necessário ter em conta determ<strong>in</strong>adas<br />

precauções: • Lavar cuidadosamente as mãos antes de proceder à aplicação. • Evitar o contato da extremidade do frasco com os olhos ou as pálpebras. Instilar 1 gota de produto no canto do saco lacrimal <strong>in</strong>ferior, pux<strong>and</strong>o ligeiramente a pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior para baixo e dirig<strong>in</strong>do o olhar para cima. O tempo<br />

de aparição de uma gota é mais longo do que com um frasco clássico. Tapar o frasco após a utilização. Ao colocar as lentes de contato: <strong>in</strong>stilar uma gota de HYABAK® na concavidade da lente. FREQUÊNCIA E MOMENTO EM QUE O PRODUTO DEVE SER ADMINISTRADO: Distribuir as <strong>in</strong>stilações<br />

ao longo do dia, conforme necessário. CONSERVAÇÃO DE DISPOSITIVO: NÃO EXCEDER O PRAZO LIMITE DE UTILIZAÇÃO, INDICADO NA EMBALAGEM EXTERIOR. PRECAUÇÕES ESPECIAIS DE CONSERVAÇÃO: Conservar a uma temperatura <strong>in</strong>ferior a 25ºC. Depois de aberto, o frasco não<br />

deve ser conservado mais de 8 semanas.<br />

UNIÃO QUÍMICA FARMACÊUTICA NACIONAL S/A<br />

Divisão GENOM<br />

Unidade Brasília: Trecho 01 Conjunto 11 Lote 6 a 12<br />

Pólo de Desenvolvimento JK<br />

Santa Maria- Brasília - DF - CEP: 72549-555


Viagem a trabalho, bebê recém-nascido,<br />

época de prova...<br />

Difícil é não ultrapassar os limites!<br />

CHEGOU<br />

AIR OPTIX ® NIGHT & DAY ® AQUA.<br />

OXIGÊNIO. CONFORTO. SEGURANÇA.<br />

A lente de contato ultrarrespirável e ultraconfortável que assegura a seu paciente o mais alto nível de oxigênio<br />

que qualquer outra lente gelat<strong>in</strong>osa 1 . Com Tecnologia TriComfort* e sistema AQUA de hidratação, proporciona<br />

sensação saudável e natural aos olhos.<br />

Tecnologia TriComfort*<br />

• OXIGÊNIO<br />

• CONFORTO<br />

• SEGURANÇA<br />

Referência: 1. Baseado na relação de transmissibilidades de oxigênio das lentes; Dados em arquivos da CIBA VISION 2009 e 2010.<br />

© 2013 Novartis Abril/2013 Registro ANVISA nº 80153480063 *Marca da Novartis AG.


PUBLICAÇÃO OFICIAL DO<br />

CONSELHO BRASILEIRO<br />

DE OFTALMOLOGIA<br />

CODEN - AQBOAP<br />

PUBLICAÇÃO OFICIAL DO CONSELHO BRASILEIRO DE OFTALMOLOGIA<br />

Publicação <strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>terrupta desde 1938<br />

ISSN 0004-2749<br />

(Versão impressa)<br />

ISSN 1678-2925<br />

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Periodicidade: bimestral Arq Bras Oftalmol. São Paulo, v. 75, n. 6, p. 377-464, nov./dez. 2012<br />

Conselho Adm<strong>in</strong>istrativo<br />

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Editor-Chefe<br />

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Priscilla Luppi Ballalai Bordon<br />

Walter Yukihiko Takahashi<br />

Nilva Simeren Bueno Moraes<br />

Wilton Feitosa de Araújo<br />

Mayumi Sei<br />

Apoio:


PUBLICAÇÃO OFICIAL DO<br />

CONSELHO BRASILEIRO<br />

DE OFTALMOLOGIA<br />

PUBLICAÇÃO OFICIAL DO CONSELHO BRASILEIRO DE OFTALMOLOGIA ISSN 0004-2749<br />

(Versão impressa)<br />

ISSN 1678-2925<br />

(Versão eletrônica)<br />

Periodicidade: bimestral Arq Bras Oftalmol. São Paulo, v. 75, n. 6, p. 377-464, nov./dez. 2012<br />

Sumário | Contents<br />

381<br />

383<br />

Editorial | Editorial<br />

Paixão, publicação, promoção e pagamento: quais “Ps” motivam os cientistas?<br />

Passion, publication, promotion <strong>and</strong> payment: which “Ps” drive scientists?<br />

Wallace Chamon<br />

Passion, publication, promotion <strong>and</strong> payment: which “Ps” drive scientists?<br />

Paixão, publicação, promoção e pagamento: quais “Ps” motivam os cientistas?<br />

Wallace Chamon<br />

385<br />

390<br />

394<br />

398<br />

402<br />

407<br />

Artigos Orig<strong>in</strong>ais | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Articles<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> humans: analysis of the effects on extraocular <strong>and</strong> facial muscles<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong>a em humanos: estudo da ação em músculos extraoculares e faciais<br />

Geraldo de Barros Ribeiro, Henderson Celest<strong>in</strong>o de Almeida, David Toledo Velarde<br />

Corneal stromal dystrophies: a cl<strong>in</strong>ical pathologic study<br />

Distrofia corneana estromal: um estudo clínicopatológico<br />

Elvira Barbosa Abreu, Gustavo Amor<strong>in</strong> Novaes, Bruno Franco Fern<strong>and</strong>es, Patricia Rusa Pereira Odashiro, Alex<strong>and</strong>re Nakao Odashiro,<br />

Isabella de Oliveira Lima Parizotto, Miguel Noel Burnier Jr.<br />

Condutas para reparação da cavidade anoftálmica no Brasil<br />

Trends on anophthalmic socket repair <strong>in</strong> Brazil<br />

Roberta Lilian Fern<strong>and</strong>es de Sousa, Silvana Artioli Schell<strong>in</strong>i, Denise de Cássia Moreira Zornoff, Carlos Roberto Padovani<br />

Análise da qualidade das córneas doadas e do <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre óbito, enucleação e preservação após a<br />

implantação de novas normas técnicas e sanitárias em Banco de Olhos Universitário<br />

Comparative analysis of the donor cornea quality <strong>and</strong> of the <strong>in</strong>terval between death <strong>and</strong> preservation before <strong>and</strong> after new sanitary<br />

<strong>and</strong> technique rules <strong>in</strong> a University Eye Bank<br />

Fabio Zantut, Ricardo Holzchuh, Reg<strong>in</strong>aldo Carlos Boni, Eva Crist<strong>in</strong>a Mackus, Paulo Roberto Zantut, Claudio Nakano, Adamo Lui Netto, Richard Yudi Hida<br />

Blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior: poderia a cirurgia proporcionar satisfação aos pacientes?<br />

Lower blepharoplasty: would the surgery provide satisfaction to the patient?<br />

Giovanni André Pires Viana, Midori Hentona Osaki, Mauro Nishi<br />

<strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita <strong>and</strong> geographical distribution of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> Brazil<br />

Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e a distribuição geográfica dos oftalmologistas no Brasil<br />

Reg<strong>in</strong>a de Souza Carvalho, Alice Selles D<strong>in</strong>iz, Fabrício Mart<strong>in</strong>s Lacerda, Paulo Augusto de Arruda Mello


412<br />

415<br />

420<br />

423<br />

Recanalização do ducto nasolacrimal com radiofrequência: estudo prelim<strong>in</strong>ar<br />

Recanalization of nasolacrimal duct with radio frequency: prelim<strong>in</strong>ary study<br />

Eduardo Alonso Garcia, Marco Antonio Campos Machado, João Amaro Ferrari da Silva, Walton Nosé<br />

Macular hole: 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz ultrasound <strong>and</strong> spectral-doma<strong>in</strong> optical coherence tomography<br />

Buraco macular: ultrassonografia de 10 e 20 MHz e tomografia óptica de domínio espectral<br />

Juliana Mantovani Bottós, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Laura Lucas Torres, Liliane Andrade Almeida Kanecadan, Andrea Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Gonzalez Mart<strong>in</strong>ez,<br />

Nilva Simeren Bueno Moraes, Mauricio Maia, Norma Allemann<br />

Upper <strong>eye</strong>lid entropion <strong>and</strong> <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>cicatricial</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong> without trichiasis<br />

Entrópio de pálpebra superior e olho seco no tracoma <strong>cicatricial</strong> sem triquíase<br />

Abrahão Lucena, Patricia Mitiko Santello Akaishi, Maria de Lourdes Veronesi Rodrigues, Antonio Augusto Velasco e Cruz<br />

Antimicrobial susceptibility of photodynamic therapy (UVA/riboflav<strong>in</strong>) aga<strong>in</strong>st Staphylococcus aureus<br />

Suscetibilidade antimicrobiana da terapia fotod<strong>in</strong>âmica (UVA/riboflav<strong>in</strong>a) contra Staphylococcus aureus<br />

Renata Tiemi Kashiwabuchi, Yas<strong>in</strong> Khan, Fabio Ramos de Souza Carvalho, Flavio Hirai, Mauro Silveira Campos, Peter John McDonnell<br />

427<br />

430<br />

433<br />

436<br />

Relatos de Casos | Case Reports<br />

Inadvertent implantation of a reversed-optic Tecnis ZM900 multifocal <strong>in</strong>traocular lens: case report<br />

Implante <strong>in</strong>vertido da lente <strong>in</strong>traocular Tecnis ZM900 multifocal: relato de caso<br />

Wilson Takashi Hida, Antonio Francisco Motta, Celso Takashi Nakano, Patrick F. Tzelikis<br />

Ocular masquerade syndrome associated with extranodal nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: case report<br />

Síndrome ocular mascarada associada ao l<strong>in</strong>foma extranodal nasal natural killer/células T: relato de caso<br />

Ricardo Yuji Abe, Roberto Damian Pacheco P<strong>in</strong>to, João Felipe Leite Bonfitto, Rodrigo Pessoa Cavalcanti Lira, Carlos Eduardo Leite Arieta<br />

Late recurrent iris synechia follow<strong>in</strong>g laser goniopuncture for deep sclerectomy enhancement: case report<br />

S<strong>in</strong>équia iriana tardia após goniopunctura a laser para esclerectomia profunda não penetrante: relato de caso<br />

Christiana Rebello Hilgert, Guilherme Luz Hilgert, V<strong>in</strong>icius Andrighetto Hardoim, Carlos Akira Omi<br />

Hemorragia submembrana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna em paciente após Valsalva: relato de caso<br />

Sub-<strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane hemorrhage <strong>in</strong> Valsalva ret<strong>in</strong>opathy: case report<br />

Marcelo Mendes Lavezzo, Le<strong>and</strong>ro Cabral Zacharias, Walter Yukihiko Takahashi<br />

439<br />

Artigos de Revisão | Review Articles<br />

Endothelial keratoplasty: evolution <strong>and</strong> horizons<br />

Transplante endotelial de córnea: evolução e horizontes<br />

Gustavo Teixeira Grottone, Nicolas Cesário Pereira, José Álvaro Pereira Gomes<br />

447<br />

Cartas ao Editor | Letters to the Editor<br />

Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Review<br />

Ceratoprótese de Boston tipo I. Revisão<br />

Sérgio Kwitko<br />

449 Instruções para os Autores | Instructions to Authors<br />

453 Índice v. 75 - 2012 | Index v. 75 - 2012


Editorial | Editorial<br />

Paixão, publicação, promoção e pagamento: quais “Ps” motivam os cientistas?<br />

Passion, publication, promotion <strong>and</strong> payment: which “Ps” drive scientists?<br />

Wallace Chamon<br />

Os cientistas têm diferentes razões para submeter um trabalho para publicação. Idealmente, cada publicação<br />

deve ser a consequência f<strong>in</strong>al de curiosidade: a questão colocada depois de uma observação que<br />

não pode ser respondida de maneira satisfatória pelo pesquisador. Ens<strong>in</strong>ar motivação científica é ens<strong>in</strong>ar<br />

questionamento, uma vez que a pergunta correta é apresentada a uma mente cientificamente orientada, a<br />

consequência natural é um projeto de pesquisa que deve ser f<strong>in</strong>almente publicado. Então, a ciência pode<br />

tornar-se uma profissão e a publicação torna-se <strong>in</strong>dispensável para a promoção e melhor f<strong>in</strong>anciamento que<br />

mantenha o pesquisador ativo. O pagamento também pode <strong>in</strong>stigar cientistas a publicações em exemplos<br />

<strong>in</strong>questionáveis de má conduta, mas deve-se considerar que outros fatores sociais podem ser equivalentemente<br />

importantes na má conduta científica. Pagamento pessoal direto pode não ser tão importante quanto<br />

à manutenção do emprego de um cientista patroc<strong>in</strong>ado por verba pública. De fato, a maioria das fraudes<br />

científicas descritas estão mais relacionadas com <strong>in</strong>teresses pessoais do que f<strong>in</strong>anceiros (1) . A frase “Publicar ou<br />

perecer” resume o ciclo: “Pesquisa, Publicação, F<strong>in</strong>anciamento de pesquisas”, que é essencial para a sobrevivência<br />

da pesquisa acadêmica.<br />

Editores e revisores não sabem quais as razões que levam os pesquisadores a publicar seus trabalhos, por<br />

isso eles avaliam os manuscritos com base apenas n a importância e qualidade dos resultados. Em última análise,<br />

a qualidade de um trabalho pode ser medida pelo número de vezes que o documento tenha sido citados na<br />

literatura científica. Os futuros índices de citação de um manuscrito serão a medida da sua relevância e dirão<br />

se editores e revisores foram bem sucedidos em avaliá-lo. Algumas vezes, os cientistas médicos enfrentam<br />

um conflito entre serem os únicos a oferecerem determ<strong>in</strong>ado tratamento clínico ou cirúrgico e compartilhar<br />

abertamente suas descobertas, permit<strong>in</strong>do que o conhecimento seja dissem<strong>in</strong>ado. Não deve haver nenhum<br />

conflito: publicar é compartilhar.<br />

Retratação é um mecanismo que os autores e editores usam para comunicar que uma específica publicação<br />

não deve ser considerada confiável. Basicamente, uma obra pode ser retratada se for considerada baseada<br />

em erros graves, plágio ou fraude, sendo os dois últimos nomeados má conduta científica (2) . Um editor é<br />

obrigado a considerar uma retratação qu<strong>and</strong>o chega à sua atenção qualquer preocupação relacionada com<br />

o trabalho. Os próprios autores ou qualquer leitor pode provocá-lo. Qu<strong>and</strong>o um manuscrito é retratado, este<br />

não é removido das bases de dados científicos, mas será sempre marcada como não sendo confiável. Erros<br />

acontecem, má conduta não deveria. “Plágio é a apropriação de idéias, processos, resultados, ou palavras de<br />

outra pessoa sem dar o crédito adequado, <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>in</strong>do os obtidos através da análise confidencial de propostas<br />

e manuscritos de pesquisa dos outros.” (Escritório de Política Científica e Tecnológica, 1999) (3) . Autoplágio é<br />

a utilização dos mesmos dados em diferentes publicações de um mesmo autor, a fim de aumentar o seu<br />

número de publicações.<br />

A dem<strong>and</strong>a por eficiência científica pode estar relacionada com o crescimento recente dos papéis retratados,<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente devido à má conduta (4-7) . Um esforço global para expor e controlar a má conduta tem mostrado<br />

que a preocupação está presente em todo o mundo (8-15) . Em meio a 2.576 publicações retratadas no PubMed até<br />

hoje, a oftalmologia conta com 14, sendo a primeira relatada em 1993 [Busca PubMed: (retracted publication)<br />

AND ophthalmology]. Isto levou alguns periódicos oftalmológicos a expressarem suas preocupações sobre fraude<br />

e plágio (1,14,16) . Recentemente, a comunidade científica foi exposta por um cientista que tentou o anonimato e<br />

enfrentou o medo de seus próprios colegas ao tentar divulgar a fraude científica na <strong>in</strong>ternet (17) .<br />

A ciência vai cont<strong>in</strong>uar a nortear o conhecimento da humanidade, portanto a sociedade precisa de cien -<br />

tistas que se comprometam em escolher o correto “P” e manter vivo a orig<strong>in</strong>al, quase <strong>in</strong>fantil, Paixão pela<br />

curiosidade.<br />

Recebido para publicação: 22 de abril de 2013<br />

Aceito para publicação: 22 de abril de 2013<br />

1<br />

Médico, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Escola Paulista de Medic<strong>in</strong>a - EPM, Universidade Federal<br />

de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>anciamento: Não houve f<strong>in</strong>anciamento para este trabalho.<br />

Divulgação de potenciais conflitos de <strong>in</strong>teresse: W.Chamon, Nenhum.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):381-2<br />

381


Paixão, publicação, promoção e pagamento: quais “Ps” motivam os cientistas?<br />

Referências<br />

1. Van Buskirk EM. Conflicted! J Glaucoma. 2001;10(4):253-5.<br />

2. Kle<strong>in</strong>ert S, (COPE) CoPE. COPE’s retraction guidel<strong>in</strong>es. Lancet. 2009;374(9705):<br />

1876-7.<br />

3. Roig M. Avoid<strong>in</strong>g plagiarism, self-plagiarism, <strong>and</strong> other questionable writ<strong>in</strong>g practices:<br />

A guide to ethical writ<strong>in</strong>g. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) - US Department of<br />

Health & Human Services; [cited 2013 22/March/2013]; Available from: http://ori.hhs.<br />

gov/sites/default/files/plagiarism.pdf.<br />

4. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs of research misconduct. NIH Guide Grants Contracts. 2013:NOT-OD-13-049.<br />

5. Lüscher TF. The codex of science: honesty, precision, <strong>and</strong> truth--<strong>and</strong> its violations. Eur<br />

Heart J. 2013;34(14):1018-23.<br />

6. Corbyn Z. Misconduct is the ma<strong>in</strong> cause of life-sciences retractions. Nature. 2012;<br />

490(7418):21.<br />

7. Fang FC, Steen RG, Casadevall A. Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted<br />

scientific publications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(42):17028-33.<br />

8. Godecharle S, Nemery B, Dierickx K. Guidance on research <strong>in</strong>tegrity: no union <strong>in</strong> Eu -<br />

rope. Lancet. 2013;381(9872):1097-8.<br />

9. Hofmann B, Myhr AI, Holm S. Scientific dishonesty--a nationwide survey of doctoral<br />

students <strong>in</strong> Norway. BMC Med Ethics. 2013;14:3.<br />

10. Jarg<strong>in</strong> S. On the scientific misconduct: a letter from Russia. E<strong>in</strong>ste<strong>in</strong> (Sao Paulo). 2013;<br />

11(1):135.<br />

11. Kombe F, Anunobi EN, Tshifugula NP, Wassenaar D, Njad<strong>in</strong>gwe D, Mwalukore S, et<br />

al. Promot<strong>in</strong>g Research Integrity <strong>in</strong> Africa: An African Voice of Concern on Research<br />

Misconduct <strong>and</strong> the Way Forward. Dev World Bioeth. 2013 Apr.<br />

12. Kupferschmidt K, Vogel G. Germany. Plagiarism hunters take down research m<strong>in</strong>ister.<br />

Science. 2013;339(6121):747.<br />

13. Couz<strong>in</strong>-Frankel J, Normile D. Scientific <strong>in</strong>tegrity. Questions about Japanese researcher<br />

go back years. Science. 2012;338(6106):452-4.<br />

14. Dyer C. British doctor fabricated results of a non-existent experiment, US body f<strong>in</strong>ds.<br />

BMJ. 2012;344:e2839.<br />

15. Promot<strong>in</strong>g research <strong>in</strong>tegrity: a new global effort. Lancet. 2012;380(9852):1445.<br />

16. Hollyfield JG. Manuscript fabrication, image manipulation <strong>and</strong> plagiarism. Exp Eye Res.<br />

2012;94(1):1-2.<br />

17. Couz<strong>in</strong>-Frankel J. Image manipulation. Author of popular blog that charged fraud<br />

unmasked. Science. 2013;339(6116):132.<br />

382 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):381-2


Editorial | Editorial<br />

Passion, publication, promotion <strong>and</strong> payment: which “Ps” drive scientists?<br />

Paixão, publicação, promoção e pagamento: quais “Ps” motivam os cientistas?<br />

Wallace Chamon<br />

Scientists have different reasons to submit a work for publication. Ideally every publication should be<br />

the f<strong>in</strong>al consequence of curiosity: a question posed after an observation that could not be satisfactorily<br />

answered by the researcher. To teach scientific drive is to teach question<strong>in</strong>g, once the correct question<br />

is presented to a scientifically driven m<strong>in</strong>d, the natural consequence is a research project that should be<br />

eventually published. Then, science may become a profession <strong>and</strong> publication becomes <strong>in</strong>dispensable<br />

for promotion <strong>and</strong> better fund<strong>in</strong>g that keeps the active researcher. Payment may also drive scientists<br />

for publication <strong>in</strong> unquestionable examples of misconduct, but one should consider that other social<br />

factors might be equivalently important <strong>in</strong> scientific misconduct. Direct personal payment may not be<br />

as important as keep<strong>in</strong>g the job of a public-sponsored scientist. As a matter of fact, most of the reported<br />

scientific frauds are related to personal than f<strong>in</strong>ancial <strong>in</strong>terests (1) . The axiom “Publish or perish” abbreviates<br />

the cycle: “Research Work, Publication, Research Fund<strong>in</strong>g”, which is essential for the survival of the<br />

academic research.<br />

Editors <strong>and</strong> reviewers are not aware of the reasons that lead the researchers to publish their work;<br />

therefore they evaluate the manuscripts based only on the importance <strong>and</strong> quality of the results. Ultimately<br />

the quality of a paper can be measured by how many times this paper has been cited <strong>in</strong> the<br />

scientific literature. The future citation <strong>in</strong>dexes of a manuscript will be its measure of relevance <strong>and</strong><br />

will tell if editors <strong>and</strong> reviewers were successful <strong>in</strong> evaluat<strong>in</strong>g it. Sometimes, medical scientists face<br />

a conflict between be<strong>in</strong>g the only ones to provide certa<strong>in</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ical or surgical treatment <strong>and</strong> shar<strong>in</strong>g<br />

openly his or her f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs, allow<strong>in</strong>g the knowledge to be dissem<strong>in</strong>ated. There should be no conflict:<br />

to publish is to share.<br />

Retraction is a mechanism that authors <strong>and</strong> editors use to communicate that a specific publication<br />

should not be considered reliable. Basically, a work can be retracted if it has been considered to based<br />

on serious errors, plagiarism or fraud, be<strong>in</strong>g the two last ones named scientific misconduct (2) . An editor<br />

is forced to consider a retraction whenever it comes to his or her attention any concern related to the<br />

work. The authors themselves or any reader can trigger it. When a manuscript is retracted it is not removed<br />

from the scientific databases, but it will always be flagged as be<strong>in</strong>g unreliable. Mistakes happen,<br />

misconduct should not. “Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or<br />

words without giv<strong>in</strong>g appropriate credit, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g those obta<strong>in</strong>ed through confidential review of others’<br />

research proposals <strong>and</strong> manuscripts.”, Office of Science <strong>and</strong> Technology Policy,1999) (3) . Self-plagiarism<br />

is to use same data <strong>in</strong> different publications of the same author <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>in</strong>crease his or her number<br />

of publications.<br />

The dem<strong>and</strong> for scientific efficiency may be related to the recently grow<strong>in</strong>g of retracted papers, mostly<br />

due to misconduct (4-7) . A global effort to expose <strong>and</strong> control misconduct has shown that the concern is<br />

present throughout the world (8-15) . Amid the 2,576 retracted publications on PubMed to date, ophthalmology<br />

counts for 14, be<strong>in</strong>g the first one reported <strong>in</strong> 1993 [PubMed Search: (retracted publication) AND<br />

ophthalmology]. This has led some ophthalmological publications to express their concerns about fraud<br />

<strong>and</strong> plagiarism (1,14,16) . Recently, the scientific community was exposed by a tentatively anonymous scientist<br />

that faced the fear of their own colleagues when try<strong>in</strong>g to publicize scientific fraud on <strong>in</strong>ternet (17) .<br />

Science will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to steer humank<strong>in</strong>d knowledge, therefore society needs Scientists that vow to<br />

choose the correct “P” <strong>and</strong> keep alive the orig<strong>in</strong>al, almost <strong>in</strong>fantile, Passion for curiosity.<br />

Received for Publication: 22 April, 2013<br />

Accepted for Publication: 22 April, 2013<br />

1<br />

Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, Escola Paulista de Medic<strong>in</strong>a - EPM, Universidade Federal<br />

de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potencial of <strong>in</strong>terest: W.Chamon, None.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):383-4<br />

383


Passion, publication, promotion <strong>and</strong> payment: which “Ps” drive scientists?<br />

ReferENCES<br />

1. Van Buskirk EM. Conflicted! J Glaucoma. 2001;10(4):253-5.<br />

2. Kle<strong>in</strong>ert S, (COPE) CoPE. COPE’s retraction guidel<strong>in</strong>es. Lancet. 2009;374(9705):<br />

1876-7.<br />

3. Roig M. Avoid<strong>in</strong>g plagiarism, self-plagiarism, <strong>and</strong> other questionable writ<strong>in</strong>g practices:<br />

A guide to ethical writ<strong>in</strong>g. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) - US Department of<br />

Health & Human Services; [cited 2013 22/March/2013]; Available from: http://ori.hhs.<br />

gov/sites/default/files/plagiarism.pdf.<br />

4. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs of research misconduct. NIH Guide Grants Contracts. 2013:NOT-OD-13-049.<br />

5. Lüscher TF. The codex of science: honesty, precision, <strong>and</strong> truth--<strong>and</strong> its violations. Eur<br />

Heart J. 2013;34(14):1018-23.<br />

6. Corbyn Z. Misconduct is the ma<strong>in</strong> cause of life-sciences retractions. Nature. 2012;<br />

490(7418):21.<br />

7. Fang FC, Steen RG, Casadevall A. Misconduct accounts for the majority of retracted<br />

scientific publications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(42):17028-33.<br />

8. Godecharle S, Nemery B, Dierickx K. Guidance on research <strong>in</strong>tegrity: no union <strong>in</strong> Eu -<br />

rope. Lancet. 2013;381(9872):1097-8.<br />

9. Hofmann B, Myhr AI, Holm S. Scientific dishonesty--a nationwide survey of doctoral<br />

students <strong>in</strong> Norway. BMC Med Ethics. 2013;14:3.<br />

10. Jarg<strong>in</strong> S. On the scientific misconduct: a letter from Russia. E<strong>in</strong>ste<strong>in</strong> (Sao Paulo). 2013;<br />

11(1):135.<br />

11. Kombe F, Anunobi EN, Tshifugula NP, Wassenaar D, Njad<strong>in</strong>gwe D, Mwalukore S, et<br />

al. Promot<strong>in</strong>g Research Integrity <strong>in</strong> Africa: An African Voice of Concern on Research<br />

Misconduct <strong>and</strong> the Way Forward. Dev World Bioeth. 2013 Apr.<br />

12. Kupferschmidt K, Vogel G. Germany. Plagiarism hunters take down research m<strong>in</strong>ister.<br />

Science. 2013;339(6121):747.<br />

13. Couz<strong>in</strong>-Frankel J, Normile D. Scientific <strong>in</strong>tegrity. Questions about Japanese researcher<br />

go back years. Science. 2012;338(6106):452-4.<br />

14. Dyer C. British doctor fabricated results of a non-existent experiment, US body f<strong>in</strong>ds.<br />

BMJ. 2012;344:e2839.<br />

15. Promot<strong>in</strong>g research <strong>in</strong>tegrity: a new global effort. Lancet. 2012;380(9852):1445.<br />

16. Hollyfield JG. Manuscript fabrication, image manipulation <strong>and</strong> plagiarism. Exp Eye Res.<br />

2012;94(1):1-2.<br />

17. Couz<strong>in</strong>-Frankel J. Image manipulation. Author of popular blog that charged fraud<br />

unmasked. Science. 2013;339(6116):132.<br />

384 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):383-4


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> humans: analysis of the effects on extraocular <strong>and</strong> facial muscles<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong>a em humanos: estudo da ação em músculos extraoculares e faciais<br />

Geraldo de Barros Ribeiro 1 , Henderson Celest<strong>in</strong>o de Almeida 2 , David Toledo Velarde 3<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: Crotox<strong>in</strong> is the ma<strong>in</strong> neurotox<strong>in</strong> of South American rattlesnake Crotalus<br />

durissus terrificus. The neurotoxic action is characterized by a presynaptic blockade.<br />

The purpose of this research is to assess the ability of crotox<strong>in</strong> to <strong>in</strong>duce temporary<br />

paralysis of extraocular <strong>and</strong> facial muscles <strong>in</strong> humans.<br />

Methods: Doses of crotox<strong>in</strong> used ranged from 2 to 5 units (U), each unit correspond<strong>in</strong>g<br />

to one LD50. We first applied 2U of crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> one of the extraocular<br />

muscles of 3 amaurotic <strong>in</strong>dividuals to be submitted to ocular evisceration. In the<br />

second stage, we applied crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> 12 extraocular muscles of 9 patients with<br />

strabismic amblyopia. In the last stage, crotox<strong>in</strong> was used <strong>in</strong> the treatment of<br />

blepharospasm <strong>in</strong> another 3 patients.<br />

Results: No patient showed any systemic side effect or change <strong>in</strong> vision or any<br />

<strong>eye</strong> structure problem after the procedure. The only local side effects observed<br />

we re slight conjunctival hyperemia, which recovered spontaneously. In 2 patients<br />

there was no change <strong>in</strong> ocular deviation after 2U crotox<strong>in</strong> application. Limitation<br />

of the muscle action was observed <strong>in</strong> 8 of the 12 applications. The change <strong>in</strong><br />

ocular deviation after application of 2U of crotox<strong>in</strong> (9 <strong>in</strong>jections) was <strong>in</strong> average<br />

15.7 prism diopters (PD). When the dose was 4U (2 applications) the change was<br />

<strong>in</strong> average 37.5 PD <strong>and</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle application of 5U produced a change of 16 PD<br />

<strong>in</strong> ocular deviation. This effect lasted from 1 to 3 months. Two of the 3 patients<br />

with blepharospasm had the hemifacial spasm improved with crotox<strong>in</strong>, which<br />

returned after 2 months.<br />

Conclusions: This study provides data suggest<strong>in</strong>g that crotox<strong>in</strong> may be a useful<br />

new therapeutic option for the treatment of strabismus <strong>and</strong> blepharospasm.<br />

We expect that with further studies crotox<strong>in</strong> could be an option for many other<br />

medical areas.<br />

Keywords: Crotox<strong>in</strong>/adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage; Crotox<strong>in</strong>/therapeutic use; Strabismus/therapy;<br />

Oculomotor muscles; Blepharospasm/therapy<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivo: A crotox<strong>in</strong>a é a pr<strong>in</strong>cipal neurotox<strong>in</strong>a da cascavel sul-americana Crotalus<br />

durissus terrificus e sua ação neurotóxica caracteriza-se por um bloqueio pré-s<strong>in</strong>áptico.<br />

O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a capacidade da crotox<strong>in</strong>a em <strong>in</strong>duzir paralisia transitória<br />

de músculos extraoculares e faciais em seres humanos.<br />

Métodos: As doses utilizadas de crotox<strong>in</strong>a foram de 2 a 5 unidades (U), sendo que cada<br />

unidade correspondia a uma DL-50. Na primeira etapa, aplicou-se 2U de crotox<strong>in</strong>a em<br />

músculos extraoculares de 3 <strong>in</strong>divíduos amauróticos, c<strong>and</strong>idatos à evisceração. Na<br />

segunda etapa, realizaram-se 12 aplicações de crotox<strong>in</strong>a em músculos extraoculares de<br />

9 <strong>in</strong>divíduos estrábicos e amblíopes. Na terceira e última etapa, utilizou-se a crotox<strong>in</strong>a<br />

para o tratamento do blefaroespasmo essencial em 3 <strong>in</strong>divíduos.<br />

Resultados: Nenhum paciente demonstrou qualquer efeito sistêmico ou alteração<br />

da visão ou de qualquer estrutura ocular. O único efeito local adverso foi hiperemia<br />

conjuntival, que melhorou espontaneamente. Em 2 pacientes não houve alteração<br />

do desvio ocular após a aplicação de 2U de crotox<strong>in</strong>a. Observou-se em 8 das 12<br />

aplicações, limitação do movimento ocular no campo de ação do músculo aplicado.<br />

A dim<strong>in</strong>uição do desvio ocular com 2U crotox<strong>in</strong>a (9 aplicações) foi em média de<br />

15,7 dioptrias prismáticas (DP); na dosagem de 4U (2 aplicações) foi em média de<br />

37,5 DP e na única aplicação de 5U, obteve-se redução de 16 DP no desvio ocular. A<br />

alteração do al<strong>in</strong>hamento ocular manteve-se por 1 a 3 meses. Dois dos 3 pacientes<br />

portadores de blefaroespasmo apresentaram melhora dos espasmos hemifacias, os<br />

quais voltaram após 2 meses.<br />

Conclusões: Através dos resultados observados neste estudo, acreditamos que a<br />

cro tox<strong>in</strong>a possa ser útil no tratamento do estrabismo e do blefaroespasmo. Novos<br />

estudos precisam ser realizados para confirmar a eficácia e a segurança da crotox<strong>in</strong>a<br />

como opção terapêutica para diversas áreas da medic<strong>in</strong>a que atualmente utilizam<br />

a tox<strong>in</strong>a botulínica.<br />

Descritores: Crotox<strong>in</strong>a/adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem; Crotox<strong>in</strong>a/uso terapêutico; Estrabismo/terapia;<br />

Músculos oculomotores; Blefarospasmo/terapia<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

The term strabismus appears <strong>in</strong>itially on the manuscripts of Hi -<br />

pocrates (460 - 377 BC). The word has Greek orig<strong>in</strong>, with strabós<br />

mea n<strong>in</strong>g misaligned or squ<strong>in</strong>ted. The treatment of the various types<br />

of strabismus has been improved all over the years. The importance<br />

of prevent<strong>in</strong>g amblyopia <strong>and</strong> the better underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g of the<br />

active <strong>and</strong> passive forces that coord<strong>in</strong>ate ocular movements are<br />

unquestionable. On the XIX century, more precisely on October,<br />

26 th , 1839, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach, a general surgeon from<br />

Berl<strong>in</strong>, corrected one case of strabismus do<strong>in</strong>g miotomy <strong>in</strong> a medial<br />

rectus muscle. From this day on, a new era of strabology has begun (1) .<br />

Graffe <strong>in</strong>troduced the partial <strong>and</strong> controlled tenotomy, <strong>and</strong> also the<br />

ad vance of extraocular muscles on the treatment of strabismus (2) .<br />

Hummelsheim, <strong>in</strong> 1907, described a technique of transposition of<br />

the extraocular muscles to treat paralytic strabismus, experimentally<br />

caused <strong>in</strong> animals <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> 1908, used this technique on humans (3) .<br />

Several other techniques of extraocular muscle transpositions were<br />

subsequently described, such as O’Connor (1921) (4) , Jensen (1964) (5) ,<br />

Knapp (1969) (6) , Almeida (1976) (7) , Carlson <strong>and</strong> Jampolsky (1979) (8) <strong>and</strong><br />

Brooks et al., (2000) (9) .<br />

The first citation <strong>in</strong> literature about pharmacological treatment<br />

of strabismus was done <strong>in</strong> 1973 (10) . The authors studied the effects<br />

of <strong>in</strong>tramuscular <strong>in</strong>jection of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP),<br />

A-bungarotox<strong>in</strong> (snake tox<strong>in</strong>), botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> type A <strong>and</strong> alcohol.<br />

Submitted for publication: October 11, 2011<br />

Accepted for publication: October 8, 2012<br />

Study carried out at Strabismus Cl<strong>in</strong>ic of São Geraldo Hospital of Federal University of M<strong>in</strong>as<br />

Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Preceptor of Strabismus Cl<strong>in</strong>ic, Universidade Federal de M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais - UFMG - Belo<br />

Horizonte (MG) - Brazil.<br />

2<br />

Chief Professor of Ophthalmology, Federal University of M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais - UFMG, School of Medic<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil.<br />

3<br />

Biochemist, Hospital Foundation of M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais State - Fhemig, Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: The authors Geraldo de Barros Ribeiro, Henderson<br />

Celest<strong>in</strong>o de Almeida, <strong>and</strong> David Toledo Velarde have <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>in</strong> the research Project. They are<br />

<strong>in</strong>ventors of the UFMG (Universidade Federal de M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais) patent <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g crotox<strong>in</strong> use <strong>in</strong><br />

humans.<br />

Correspondence address: Geraldo de Barros Ribeiro. Av. Silviano Br<strong>and</strong>ão, 1600 - Floresta - Belo<br />

Horizonte (MG) - 30015-015 - Brazil - E-mail: gbarrosribeiro@gmail.com<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):385-9<br />

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Crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> humans: analysis of the effects on extraocular <strong>and</strong> facial muscles<br />

They observed that DFP <strong>and</strong> alcohol were very toxic <strong>and</strong> did not show<br />

the desired effect of muscle paralysis. The bungarotox<strong>in</strong>, a neurotox<strong>in</strong><br />

of a snake from India, showed no toxicity <strong>in</strong> the concentrations that<br />

were <strong>in</strong>jected, <strong>and</strong> it caused a temporary paralysis of extraocular<br />

muscles <strong>in</strong> monkeys. However, this effect was too short, <strong>and</strong> did not<br />

reach the proposed objectives. The botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> type A caused<br />

a temporary paralysis of extraocular muscles <strong>in</strong> monkeys, with no<br />

side effects. After this animal experimentation, they concluded that<br />

botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> type A was appropriate for <strong>in</strong>jection <strong>in</strong> humans, to<br />

treat strabismus (12) . Other therapeutic applications of botul<strong>in</strong>um<br />

tox<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> ophthalmology, were studied right after. The use of this drug<br />

<strong>in</strong> essential blepharospasm treatment is, nowadays, the treatment of<br />

choice (12,13) .<br />

Botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> is a neurotox<strong>in</strong>, with molecular weight of 900 KDa.<br />

This complex has eight serotypes, classified from A to G, with similar<br />

structures <strong>and</strong> functions. All types are synthesized with one s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />

branch of polypeptides, of approximately 150 KDa. After the separation<br />

of the tox<strong>in</strong>, to obta<strong>in</strong> only type A, the 150 KDa polypeptides<br />

branch transforms <strong>in</strong>to a molecule with two branches, one with<br />

100 KDa, <strong>and</strong> the other with 50 KDa. The heavy cha<strong>in</strong> is responsible<br />

for the high aff<strong>in</strong>ity of the neurotox<strong>in</strong> to the presynaptic term<strong>in</strong>ation,<br />

thus allow<strong>in</strong>g its entrance <strong>in</strong>to the cell. The light branch is responsible<br />

for the lesions of membrane prote<strong>in</strong>s that do the b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g of vesicles<br />

conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g acetylchol<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>terior of the nerve term<strong>in</strong>al. These<br />

damaged prote<strong>in</strong>s are called SNAP-25, <strong>and</strong> they have a molecular<br />

weight of 25 KDa. After the damage of these prote<strong>in</strong>s, the acetylchol<strong>in</strong>e<br />

release is impaired (14) . Other tox<strong>in</strong>s that act <strong>in</strong> the neuromuscular<br />

jo<strong>in</strong>t could also be useful <strong>in</strong> the treatment for strabismus <strong>and</strong> other<br />

diseases <strong>in</strong> which botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> type A has been successfully used.<br />

The neurotox<strong>in</strong> - crotox<strong>in</strong> - due to its high toxicity could have a similar<br />

effect to botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> type A. Crotox<strong>in</strong> is the ma<strong>in</strong> neurotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />

the poison of South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus.<br />

This species is found <strong>in</strong> the Brazilian territory, <strong>and</strong> it is considered<br />

one of the most dangerous snakes of the occident, due to the high<br />

toxicity of its poison (15) .<br />

The poison of the South American rattlesnake, usually, does not<br />

cause any local reaction but produces three ma<strong>in</strong> systemic alterations:<br />

neurotoxic, myotoxic <strong>and</strong> blood clott<strong>in</strong>g. The neurotoxic ac -<br />

tivity is characterized by the blockade of neurotransmitter release<br />

of the peripheral neuron at the motor end-plate, caus<strong>in</strong>g muscular<br />

paralysis. The cl<strong>in</strong>ical profile is composed of discrete local manifestation<br />

<strong>and</strong> systemic <strong>in</strong>toxication that can be severe. Muscle paralysis<br />

caused by the neurotox<strong>in</strong> effect of rattlesnake poison can produce<br />

acute breath<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>sufficiency, which can lead to death. The specific<br />

treatment is done with anti-crotalic serum, or with the specific portion<br />

of anti-ophidic serum (16) .<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong> blocks the release of acetylchol<strong>in</strong>e at the presynapsis.<br />

This block<strong>in</strong>g occurs <strong>in</strong> three stages. At the first stage acetylchol<strong>in</strong>e<br />

release dim<strong>in</strong>ishes, possibly related to b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g of the tox<strong>in</strong> to the receptor<br />

at the neural membrane. This stage lasts around five m<strong>in</strong>utes.<br />

At the second stage, occurs an <strong>in</strong>crease of neurotransmitter release,<br />

due to the <strong>in</strong>crease of calcium concentration <strong>in</strong> peripheral motor<br />

neuron cytoplasm. This stage takes between ten to thirty m<strong>in</strong>utes. At<br />

the third stage, occurs the progressive reduction until the complete<br />

blockade <strong>in</strong> acetylchol<strong>in</strong>e release (17,18) .<br />

Based on the crotox<strong>in</strong> effect as a neuromuscular blocker, we<br />

<strong>in</strong>i tially studied its effect on <strong>in</strong>duc<strong>in</strong>g temporary muscle paralysis <strong>in</strong><br />

animals. With the good results obta<strong>in</strong>ed, we have decided to analyze<br />

its effect <strong>in</strong> humans.<br />

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of crotox<strong>in</strong><br />

to <strong>in</strong>duce facial <strong>and</strong> extraocular muscle paralysis <strong>in</strong> human be<strong>in</strong>gs,<br />

analyz<strong>in</strong>g also its duration <strong>and</strong> possible side effects.<br />

METHODS<br />

This study was carried out at the Strabismus Cl<strong>in</strong>ic of São Geraldo<br />

Hospital of Federal University of M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais (UFMG) - School of Medic<strong>in</strong>e<br />

- Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil. It was approved by the Research<br />

Ethics Committee (COEP) of UFMG.<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong> used <strong>in</strong> this study was obta<strong>in</strong>ed from Immunobiological<br />

Division of Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED) of Belo Horizonte<br />

(MG) - Brazil.<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong> preparation<br />

The extraction of rattlesnake poison, the purification of crotox<strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>and</strong> the LD50 research were all done at FUNED.<br />

Determ<strong>in</strong>ation of LD50<br />

The toxicity of this solution was determ<strong>in</strong>ed through LD50 <strong>in</strong><br />

mice with 18 to 22 grams, through <strong>in</strong>traperitoneal <strong>in</strong>jection. Female<br />

<strong>and</strong> male mice were used <strong>in</strong> groups of eight animals per dose, with<br />

read<strong>in</strong>g after 48 hours. We def<strong>in</strong>ed that one LD50 of crotox<strong>in</strong> would<br />

correspond to one unit (U). Estimated LD50 for a 70 kg person would<br />

be equivalent to 3,500 LD50 obta<strong>in</strong>ed with mice.<br />

The most frequently used botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> type A (BTX-A), is Botox®,<br />

<strong>and</strong> one unit of it corresponds to 1 LD50. In treat<strong>in</strong>g strabismus,<br />

we usually use 5 to 10 units <strong>in</strong> each extraocular muscle. In blepharospasm<br />

are used 25 to 50 units, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> bigger muscles (e.g., lower<br />

limbs), 100 U may be used.<br />

Def<strong>in</strong>ition of subjects for research<br />

Gender, social class, <strong>and</strong> sk<strong>in</strong> color have not <strong>in</strong>fluenced the selection<br />

of <strong>in</strong>dividuals for this research. All <strong>in</strong>dividuals were 18 years old<br />

or up. They fulfilled prerequisites <strong>and</strong> were <strong>in</strong>vited to participate <strong>in</strong><br />

the project <strong>and</strong>, those that accepted, signed a free <strong>in</strong>formed consent,<br />

approved by the Research Ethics Committee/Investigational Review<br />

Board of the Federal University of M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais.<br />

Individuals <strong>in</strong>jected with crotox<strong>in</strong> were followed-up with oph -<br />

thal mological <strong>and</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ical exams, <strong>in</strong> order to observe possible local<br />

<strong>and</strong> systemic side effects. On the first stage of the study, three <strong>in</strong>dividuals<br />

with amaurosis (bl<strong>in</strong>dness) <strong>in</strong> one <strong>eye</strong>, to be submitted to evisceration<br />

for ocular prosthesis, were <strong>in</strong>vited to participate <strong>in</strong> this study<br />

(Group 1). All <strong>in</strong>dividuals were admitted to São Geraldo Hospital for<br />

follow-up. Two units of crotox<strong>in</strong> (2 LD50) were <strong>in</strong>jected <strong>in</strong> the medial<br />

rectus muscle of the atrophic <strong>eye</strong>. As there were no significant side<br />

effects, cross-<strong>eye</strong>d <strong>in</strong>dividuals were selected, with no restriction of<br />

<strong>eye</strong> movements (group 2), with low vision <strong>in</strong> one <strong>eye</strong> (n=9). Crotox<strong>in</strong><br />

effects on extraocular muscles were evaluated through <strong>eye</strong> movements<br />

(version) <strong>and</strong> ocular alignment measured through corneal<br />

reflex (Krimsky’s method). The <strong>in</strong>jection of crotox<strong>in</strong> was done us<strong>in</strong>g a<br />

sound eletromyograph of Allergan br<strong>and</strong>, model 90016. The <strong>in</strong>jection<br />

was done <strong>in</strong>to the extraocular muscle, with a 37 mm x 27 G electrode<br />

needle, model 91079 (Allergan). Crotox<strong>in</strong> concentration was of 2U <strong>in</strong><br />

a 0.1 ml solution.<br />

On the third stage of this study, three <strong>in</strong>dividuals with essential<br />

blepharospasm were selected, (group 3). The effect of crotox<strong>in</strong> was<br />

evaluated, observ<strong>in</strong>g the improvement of symptoms, <strong>and</strong> also the<br />

characteristic signs of the disease.<br />

RESULTS<br />

Group 1 - 2U of crotox<strong>in</strong> were <strong>in</strong>jected <strong>in</strong> the medial rectus mus -<br />

cle of the atrophic <strong>eye</strong> of three male <strong>in</strong>dividuals. It was observed<br />

that only one patient showed mild conjunctival hyperemia at the<br />

site of the <strong>in</strong>jection, which improved spontaneously <strong>in</strong> two days. No<br />

systemic symptoms related to crotox<strong>in</strong> application were observed.<br />

Group 2 - We did 12 applications <strong>in</strong> 9 cross-<strong>eye</strong>d patients (Table 1),<br />

six were females. No systemic effects were observed, <strong>and</strong> there was<br />

no alteration of sight or <strong>eye</strong> structure. We only observed mild conjunctival<br />

hyperemia <strong>in</strong> one patient <strong>and</strong> compla<strong>in</strong>ts of pa<strong>in</strong> or muscle<br />

pull<strong>in</strong>g sensation at the site of the <strong>in</strong>jection <strong>in</strong> three patients. No local<br />

or systemic medication was used after the <strong>in</strong>jection of crotox<strong>in</strong>. The<br />

386 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):385-9


Ribeiro GB, et al.<br />

side effects improved spontaneously <strong>in</strong> all cases. In 8 of 12 patients,<br />

it was observed a limitation <strong>in</strong> ocular movement <strong>in</strong> the field of action<br />

of the treated muscle, vary<strong>in</strong>g from -1 to -4, <strong>in</strong> a scale from -1=25%<br />

<strong>and</strong> -4=100%. In all cases there was progressive <strong>and</strong> total recovery of<br />

ocular movements after vary<strong>in</strong>g periods of time. The improvement of<br />

ocular deviation with 2U of crotox<strong>in</strong> (n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>jections) was <strong>in</strong> average<br />

15.7 prism diopters (PD), but <strong>in</strong> two patients there was no change <strong>in</strong><br />

deviation. With a dose of 4U (two <strong>in</strong>jections) there was an average<br />

correction of 37.5 PD. In the s<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>in</strong>jection of 5U of crotox<strong>in</strong>, we<br />

observed an improvement of only 16 PD <strong>in</strong> ocular deviation, probably<br />

due to extravasation of crotox<strong>in</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>jection. Ocular alignment<br />

alteration was ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed for up to three months. Examples:<br />

figures 1 to 4.<br />

Group 3 - Crotox<strong>in</strong> was <strong>in</strong>jected <strong>in</strong>to 3 female patients with<br />

essential blepharospasm. All patients have already been submitted<br />

to botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jections. Two patients had improved of the hemifacial<br />

spasms, which returned <strong>in</strong>termittently after 2 months. One<br />

patient had no significant improvement after crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jection. Two<br />

patients compla<strong>in</strong>ed of discrete local pa<strong>in</strong>, which improved spontaneously<br />

after two days.<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

In the first study about strabismus treatment with botul<strong>in</strong>um<br />

to x<strong>in</strong> type A (BTX-A), Scott 12 did 67 <strong>in</strong>jections <strong>in</strong>to 19 patients. The<br />

<strong>in</strong>itial doses of BTX-A, considered effective, were of 6.25x10 -5 <strong>and</strong><br />

3.12x10 -4 micrograms (µg) <strong>in</strong> a 0.1 mL solution. This last dose was then<br />

repeated <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased accord<strong>in</strong>g to the response obta<strong>in</strong>ed. LD50 of<br />

<strong>in</strong>jected BTX-A was 4.3x10 -4 . All <strong>in</strong>jections with doses up to 6.25x10 -5<br />

µg needed new <strong>in</strong>jections or the treatment would be considered<br />

<strong>in</strong>adequate. When the dose was 3.12x10 -4 µg, there was a response<br />

considered adequate <strong>in</strong> four of the ten <strong>in</strong>jections done. At doses of<br />

1.56x10 -3 µg (3.62 LD50), two of four <strong>in</strong>jections were considered adequate.<br />

Maximum <strong>in</strong>jected dose was 7.8x10 -3 µg, which corresponds to<br />

18 LD50. In no patient the results lasted more than 60 days.<br />

To ease the analysis <strong>and</strong> comparison, we describe our results <strong>in</strong> a<br />

similar way to the <strong>in</strong>itial study of Scott about BTX-A (12) (Tables 2 <strong>and</strong> 3).<br />

Analyz<strong>in</strong>g the results, we believe that the ideal dose of crotox<strong>in</strong><br />

to be <strong>in</strong>jected <strong>in</strong>to extraocular muscles is 5U diluted <strong>in</strong> 0.1 mL<br />

solution. In <strong>in</strong>jections done with 4U <strong>in</strong> 0.2 mL <strong>and</strong> 5U <strong>in</strong> 0.25 mL,<br />

the greater volume of solution <strong>in</strong>creased the extravasation of the<br />

Table 1. Study conducted with n<strong>in</strong>e patients submitted to crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jection (1U = 1 LD50)<br />

Patient Age Deviation (PD)<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong><br />

dose applied<br />

Improvement <strong>in</strong><br />

deviation (PD)<br />

Limitation of <strong>eye</strong> movement<br />

<strong>in</strong> the field of action of the<br />

<strong>in</strong>jected muscle Duration Side effects<br />

1 52 LHypoT 35 2U 15 -2/-4 3 months None<br />

2 21 ET 50 2U 20 -1/-4 1 month None<br />

3 37 XT 20 2U Zero None – Discrete local pa<strong>in</strong><br />

for three days<br />

4 18 ET 65 2U 20 -1/-4 1 month Local pull slightly sensation<br />

on the site of the <strong>in</strong>jection<br />

5 35 ET 45 2U 27 -1/-4 1 month None<br />

5 35 ET 45 2U 25 -1/-4 1 month None<br />

6 43 ET 95 2U 15 None 1 month None<br />

7 19 ET 10 2U 20 None 2 months None<br />

7 19 ET 10 4U 55 -4/-4 3 months None<br />

8 49 ET 35 2U Zero None – Local discrete conjunctival<br />

hyperemia<br />

8 49 ET 35 4U 20 -1/-4 2 months Local pull slightly sensation<br />

for two days<br />

9 44 ET 20 5U 16 -1/-4 3 months None<br />

Figure 1. Female patient, 19 years old with 10 PD of esotropia, before crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jection<br />

(patient # 7).<br />

Figure 2. Same patient, with 10 PD of exotropia, after the application of 2U crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />

the right medial rectus muscle.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):385-9<br />

387


Crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> humans: analysis of the effects on extraocular <strong>and</strong> facial muscles<br />

Figure 3. Same patient, after <strong>in</strong>jection of 4U crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the right medial rectus muscle<br />

(RMR) (2 nd <strong>in</strong>jection). Large-angle exotropia.<br />

Figure 4. Same patient, with limitation of adduction RMR (-4/-4).<br />

drug, dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g the desired effects, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g the possibility<br />

of complications.<br />

An analysis of the current knowledge about the effects of botul<strong>in</strong>um<br />

tox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> many types of strabismus is necessary, because crotox<strong>in</strong><br />

would be <strong>in</strong>dicated <strong>in</strong> the same cases.<br />

Application of BTX-A <strong>in</strong>to extraocular muscles is usually done<br />

through transconjunctival <strong>in</strong>jection at the physician’s office. BTX-A<br />

is ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong>dicated for treatment of horizontal strabismus (esotropia<br />

more than exotropia), but particularly <strong>in</strong> cases of sixth nerve paralysis.<br />

It can also be used for cases of third <strong>and</strong> fourth nerves paralysis, <strong>in</strong><br />

vertical deviations <strong>and</strong> thyroid orbitopathy (19) .<br />

F<strong>in</strong>al success <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jection of BTX-A is, most of the times, preceded<br />

by a hypercorrection, associated with a movement limitation on the<br />

field of action of the <strong>in</strong>jected muscle (20) . In our study 8 of 12 crotox<strong>in</strong> applications<br />

caused reduction of rotation <strong>in</strong>to field of muscle <strong>in</strong>jected.<br />

The use of BTX-A for treatment of small <strong>and</strong> medium angle stra -<br />

bismus was effective <strong>in</strong> a study conducted with 97 patients, with<br />

<strong>in</strong> jection <strong>in</strong>to one or both <strong>eye</strong>s. The <strong>in</strong>dexes of therapeutic success,<br />

with deviation lower than 10 PD after three months of follow-up<br />

were: 57.1% (unilateral BTX-A <strong>in</strong>jections) <strong>and</strong> 68.4% (bilateral BTX-A<br />

<strong>in</strong>jections) <strong>and</strong> 72.4% (surgery). Differences were not statistically significant<br />

among the percentages of correction of ocular deviation <strong>and</strong><br />

the <strong>in</strong>dex of therapeutic success among the three groups studied (14) .<br />

The <strong>in</strong>jection of BTX-A without us<strong>in</strong>g an eletromyograph (EMG)<br />

done <strong>in</strong> 40 children with different types of convergent strabismus has<br />

shown to be effective, with an <strong>in</strong>dex of complications comparable<br />

to those procedures done with EMG orientation. The use of forceps,<br />

specially developed for botul<strong>in</strong>um application <strong>in</strong>to extraocular<br />

muscles has also shown to be effective as an alternative to the use<br />

of EMG (21) . The use of BTX-A for treat<strong>in</strong>g convergent strabismus <strong>in</strong><br />

patients with bra<strong>in</strong> paralysis has shown to be effective with a s<strong>in</strong> gle<br />

<strong>in</strong>jection for 47.1% of 17 patients studied. Side effects were: sub-<br />

Table 2. Study on the effects of BTX-A <strong>in</strong> extraocular muscles (Scott, 1980) (12)<br />

Patient<br />

Age<br />

(years) Condition 1x10 -7 µg 5x10 -7 µg 2.5x10 -6 µg 1.25x10 -6 µg 6.25x10 -5 µg 3.12x10 -4 µg 1.56x10 -3 µg 7.8x10 -3 µg<br />

01 26 20 LXT None None<br />

02 75 12 RET None None<br />

03 26 35 RET<br />

None None None None Mild Moderate Marked<br />

Sixth nerve paralysis<br />

04 30 20 LXT None None None Mild Moderate Marked<br />

05 43 30 LXT None None None Mild Moderate Marked Marked<br />

06 24 45 LXT None None Mild Moderate Marked<br />

07 24 16 RXT None None Mild Moderate<br />

08 41 40 LXT None<br />

09 70 Lid retraction Mild Moderate Moderate<br />

10 27 6 LHT None Mild<br />

11 38 20 LET None Mild Moderate<br />

Moderate<br />

Marked<br />

12 43 16 RET Mild<br />

Moderate<br />

13 48 ET RE 25 Marked<br />

14 33 40 LXT<br />

15 39 2 EP Mild Moderate<br />

Mild<br />

16 33 6 RXT Mild Moderate<br />

17 59 60 ET<br />

Moderate Moderate<br />

Bilateral total<br />

sixth nerve paralysis<br />

18 19 25 RXT Moderate<br />

388 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):385-9


Ribeiro GB, et al.<br />

Table 3. Results classification on the study about the effects of BTX-A <strong>in</strong> extraocular muscle (Scott, 1980) (12)<br />

Mild Moderate Marked Extended<br />

Alignment <strong>in</strong> primary position (change <strong>in</strong> prism diopters) to 10 PD to 20 PD to 30 PD Overcorrection beyond 60 days<br />

Rotational amplitude (reduction of basal amplitude) -1 (0 - 20%) -2, -3 (20 - 50%) -3, -4 (50 - 100%) Other muscles <strong>in</strong>volved over 7 days<br />

Velocity (saccades <strong>in</strong>to field of muscle)<br />

(% of reduction)<br />

Isometric force (from opposite gaze <strong>in</strong>to field of muscle)<br />

(% of reduction)<br />

to 20% 20 - 50% 50% Decrease <strong>in</strong> ductions other than <strong>in</strong>to full<br />

to 20% 20 - 50% 50 - 100% Reduction other muscles over 7 days<br />

Durations of effects to 7 days to 30 days to 60 days Not applicable<br />

conjunctival hemorrhage, transitory vertical deviation <strong>and</strong> transitory<br />

ble pharoptosis (22) .<br />

In cases of sixth nerve paralysis, it must be considered if it is a recent<br />

case (less than 6 months), or chronic case (more than 6 months)<br />

<strong>and</strong> whether the <strong>in</strong>volvement is total (paralysis) or partial (paresis).<br />

Researchers found good results <strong>in</strong> treatment of acute sixth nerve pa -<br />

ralysis, believ<strong>in</strong>g that by stopp<strong>in</strong>g or avoid<strong>in</strong>g medial rectus muscle<br />

contracture, there would be a better recovery (23) . However, some<br />

studies have shown that the results <strong>in</strong> spontaneous recovery of sixth<br />

nerve palsy <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> patients treated with BTX-A were not statistically<br />

significant. With these results, BTX-A success for treat<strong>in</strong>g sixth nerve<br />

paralysis must be <strong>in</strong>terpreted with caution (24) . However, we believe<br />

that botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> must be applied to medial rectus muscle of<br />

every patient with recent paralysis of abducens nerve, particularly if<br />

it is of traumatic nature, to avoid contracture of the antagonist muscle<br />

<strong>and</strong> ease the surgical procedure, if it becomes necessary <strong>in</strong> the future.<br />

The <strong>in</strong>jection of BTX-A to treat strabismus is an adequate option<br />

to many patients that do not want to be submitted to additional<br />

surgery. The most common complication of BTX-A <strong>in</strong> treatment of<br />

strabismus is ptosis, probably due to spread of the tox<strong>in</strong> to orbital<br />

tissues. Ask<strong>in</strong>g the patient to stay seated right after the <strong>in</strong>jection can<br />

dim<strong>in</strong>ish this side effect. A vertical deviation after the <strong>in</strong>jection of<br />

BTX-A <strong>in</strong>to horizontal muscles can also occur (25) . An <strong>in</strong>advertent <strong>in</strong>traocular<br />

<strong>in</strong>jection of BTX-A was reported <strong>and</strong> the patient had ret<strong>in</strong>al<br />

detachment, treated with laser photocoagulation. Initially there was<br />

some loss of vision; however, after 2 days it returned to 6/6, rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />

stable for 5 years. This occurrence supports studies with animals <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

that the <strong>in</strong>jection of BTX-A <strong>in</strong>to the vitreous does not damage<br />

<strong>in</strong>traocular tissues (26) .<br />

BTX-A has been used to treat many types of strabismus. Well conducted<br />

prospective studies are necessary to def<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> which types of<br />

strabismus BTX-A can be used to achieve better results than those of<br />

traditional surgery.<br />

New studies must be done <strong>in</strong> order to <strong>in</strong>crease knowledge on the<br />

efficacy <strong>and</strong> safety of crotox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> humans.<br />

CONCLUSIONS<br />

As our results were similar to Scott’s <strong>in</strong>itial study, <strong>and</strong> as we did<br />

not observe any significant side effects, we believe crotox<strong>in</strong> can be a<br />

new therapeutic option to many areas of medic<strong>in</strong>e which currently<br />

are us<strong>in</strong>g botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong>.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Dieffenbach JB. Uber Die Heilungdes Angeborenem Schielens Mittels Durchsneidung<br />

des Innereren Geraden Augenmuskels. Medic<strong>in</strong>ische Zei Tung Von Dem Vere<strong>in</strong> Für<br />

Heilkunde. In Preussen. 1839;8:27-8.<br />

2. Von Noorden GK. The history of strabismology. Belgium: J.P. Wayenborgh; 2002.<br />

3. Hummelsheim E. Ueber Sehnentransplantation am Auge. Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol.<br />

1907;34:248.<br />

4. O’Connor R. Transplantation of ocular muscles. Am J Ophthalmol. 1921;4:839-45.<br />

5. Jensen CDF. Rectus muscle union: a new operation for paralysis of the rectus muscles.<br />

Trans Pac Coast Otoophthalmol Soc Annu Meet. 1964;45:359-87.<br />

6. Knapp, P. The surgical treatment of double elevator paralysis. Trans Am Ophthalmol<br />

Soc. 1969;67:304-20.<br />

7. Almeida, HC. Paralisia do nervo oculomotor: transplante do oblíquo superior. Rev<br />

Lat<strong>in</strong>o-Am Estrab. 1976;1:62-7.<br />

8. Carlson MR, Jampolsky A. An adjustable transposition procedure for abduction<br />

deficiences. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;87:382-7.<br />

9. Brooks SE, Olitsky SE, de Ribeiro GB. Augmented Hummelsheim procedure for paralytic<br />

strabismus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2000;37(4):189-95.<br />

10. Weidlich R. [The contribution of Alfred K. Graefe to surgical treatment of paretic squ<strong>in</strong>t<br />

<strong>in</strong> the second half of the 19th century]. Kl<strong>in</strong> Monbl Augenheilkd. 1996;208(1):66-7.<br />

German.<br />

11. Scott AB, Rosembaum A, Coll<strong>in</strong>s CC. Pharmacologic weaken<strong>in</strong>g of extraocular muscles.<br />

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1973;12:924-7.<br />

12. Scott AB. Botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jection <strong>in</strong>to extraocular muscles as an alternative to<br />

strabismus surgery. Ophthalmolology. 1980;87(10):1044-9.<br />

13. Frueh BR, Felt DP, Wojno TH, Musch DC. Treatment of blepharospasm with botul<strong>in</strong>um<br />

tox<strong>in</strong>: A prelim<strong>in</strong>ar report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(10):1464-8.<br />

14. Scott AB, Kraft SP. Botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jection <strong>in</strong> the management of lateral rectus<br />

paresis. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(5):676-83.<br />

15. Villas Boas ML, Almeida HC. Comparação entre cirurgia e aplicações unilaterais e<br />

bilaterais de tox<strong>in</strong>a botulínica para o tratamento dos estrabismos. Arq Bras Oftalmol<br />

[Internet]. 2001 [citado 2011 Jan 21];64(5):405-10. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.<br />

br/pdf/abo/v64n5/8358.pdf<br />

16. Klauber LM. Rattlesnakes, their habits, lifes histories <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>fluence on mank<strong>in</strong>d.<br />

Berkley: California. University of California Press; 1956.<br />

17. Campos AC. Efeito da crotox<strong>in</strong>a na fosforilação de proteínas da fração s<strong>in</strong>aptosomal<br />

de córtex de rato [tese]. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais; 2000.<br />

18. Chang CC, Lee CY. Isolation of neurotox<strong>in</strong>s from the venon of Bungarus multic<strong>in</strong>ctus<br />

<strong>and</strong> their modes of neuromuscular block<strong>in</strong>g action. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther.<br />

1963;144:241-57.<br />

19. Hawgood B, Bon C. Snake venom presynaptic tox<strong>in</strong>s. In: Tu A, Fu T, Tu T, editors.<br />

H<strong>and</strong>book of natural tox<strong>in</strong>s: reptile venoms <strong>and</strong> tox<strong>in</strong>s. New York: Marcel Dekker;<br />

1990. p.5-32.<br />

20. Wattiez R, Casanova FH, Cunha RN, Mendonça TS. Correção de estrabismo paralítico<br />

por <strong>in</strong>jeção de tox<strong>in</strong>a botulínica. Arq Bras Oftalmol [Internet]. 2000 [citado 2009 Jul<br />

21];63(1): 71-7. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abo/v63n1/13609.pdf<br />

21. Gomez de Liano R, Mompean B, Gómez de Liaño P. Tratamiento del estrabismo<br />

<strong>in</strong>fantil mediante tox<strong>in</strong>a botul<strong>in</strong>ica. Acta Estrabologica. 1993:3-8.<br />

22. Mendonça TF, Cronemberger MF, Lopes MC, Nakanami CR, Bicas HE. Comparação<br />

entre os métodos de <strong>in</strong>jeção de tox<strong>in</strong>a botulínica em músculo ocular externo com<br />

o uso do eletromiógrafo e com o uso da p<strong>in</strong>ça de Mendonça. Arq Bras Oftalmol<br />

[Internet]. 2005 [citado 2009 Mar 19];68(2):245-9. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.<br />

br/pdf/abo/v68n2/23890.pdf<br />

23. Cronemberger MF, Mendonça TS, Bicas HE. Tox<strong>in</strong>a botulínica no tratamento de estrabismo<br />

horizontal em crianças com paralisia cerebral. Arq Bras Oftalmol [Internet].<br />

2006 [citado 2009 Ago 25];69(4):523-9. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abo/<br />

v69n4/31574.pdf<br />

24. Metz HS, Dickey CF. Treatment of unilateral acute sixth nerve palsy with botul<strong>in</strong>um<br />

tox<strong>in</strong>. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112(4):381-4.<br />

25. Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kip KE, Droste PJ, Leske DA. Botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> treatment versus<br />

conservative management <strong>in</strong> acute traumatic sixth nerve palsy or paresis. JAAPOS.<br />

2000;4(3):145-9.<br />

26. Stavis M. Ptosis: a preventable side effect follow<strong>in</strong>g botul<strong>in</strong>um <strong>in</strong>jection for strabismus.<br />

Am Orthoptic J. 1985;35:53-8.<br />

27. Liu M, Lee HC, Hertle RW, Ho AC. Ret<strong>in</strong>al detachment from <strong>in</strong>advertent <strong>in</strong>traocular<br />

<strong>in</strong>jection of botul<strong>in</strong>um tox<strong>in</strong> A. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(1):201-2.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):385-9<br />

389


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Corneal stromal dystrophies: a cl<strong>in</strong>ical pathologic study<br />

Distrofia corneana estromal: um estudo clínicopatológico<br />

Elvira Barbosa Abreu 1 , Gustavo Amor<strong>in</strong> Novaes 2 , Bruno Franco Fern<strong>and</strong>es 2 , Patricia Rusa Pereira Odashiro 2 , Alex<strong>and</strong>re Nakao Odashiro 2 ,<br />

Isabella de Oliveira Lima Parizotto 3 , Miguel Noel Burnier Jr. 2<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Introduction: Corneal dystrophy is def<strong>in</strong>ed as bilateral <strong>and</strong> symmetric prima ry<br />

corneal disease, without previous associated ocular <strong>in</strong>flammation. Corneal dystrophies<br />

are classified accord<strong>in</strong>g to the <strong>in</strong>volved corneal layer <strong>in</strong> superficial, stromal,<br />

<strong>and</strong> posterior dystrophy. Incidence of each dystrophy varies accord<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />

geographic region studied.<br />

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of stromal corneal dystrophies among corneal<br />

buttons specimens obta<strong>in</strong>ed by penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty (PK) <strong>in</strong> an ocular<br />

pathology laboratory <strong>and</strong> to correlate the diagnosis with patient age <strong>and</strong> gender.<br />

Methods: Corneal button cases of penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty from January-1996 to<br />

May-2009 were retrieved from the archives of The Henry C. Witelson Ophthalmic<br />

Pathology Laboratory <strong>and</strong> Registry, Montreal, Canada. The cases with histopathological<br />

diagnosis of stromal corneal dystrophies were sta<strong>in</strong>ed with special sta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

(Peroxid acid Schiff, Masson trichrome, Congo red analyzed under polarized light,<br />

<strong>and</strong> alcian blue) for classification <strong>and</strong> correlated with epidemiological <strong>in</strong>forma tion<br />

(age at time of PK <strong>and</strong> gender) from patients’ file.<br />

Results: 1,300 corneal buttons cases with cl<strong>in</strong>ical diagnose of corneal dystrophy<br />

were retrieved. Stromal corneal dystrophy was found <strong>in</strong> 40 (3.1%) cases. Lattice<br />

corneal dystrophy was the most prevalent with 26 cases (65%). N<strong>in</strong>eteen were<br />

female (73.07%) <strong>and</strong> the PK was performed at average age of 59.3 years old.<br />

Comb<strong>in</strong>ed corneal dystrophy was found <strong>in</strong> 8 (20%) cases, 5 (62.5%) of them were<br />

female <strong>and</strong> the average age of the penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty was 54.8 years old.<br />

Granular corneal dystrophy was represented by 5 (12.5%) cases, <strong>and</strong> 2 (40%) of<br />

them were female. Penetrat<strong>in</strong>g ke ratoplasty was performed at average age of<br />

39.5 years old <strong>in</strong> granular corneal dystrophy cases. Macular corneal dystrophy<br />

was present <strong>in</strong> only 1 (2.5%) case, <strong>in</strong> a 36 years old female.<br />

Conclusion: Systematic histopathological approach <strong>and</strong> evaluation, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />

special sta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> all stromal corneal dystrophies is critical to establish the correct<br />

diagnosis.<br />

Keywords: Corneal dystrophies, hereditary/pathology; Corneal dystrophies, here<br />

ditary/epidemiology; Keratoplasty, penetrat<strong>in</strong>g; Corneal stroma<br />

RESUMO<br />

Introdução: A distrofia corneana é def<strong>in</strong>ida como doença primária da córnea,<br />

bilate ral e simétrica, sem associação com <strong>in</strong>flamação ocular prévia. Distrofias corneanas<br />

são classificados de acordo com a camada corneana envolvida em distrofia<br />

superficial, estromal e posterior. A <strong>in</strong>cidência de cada distrofia varia de acordo com a<br />

região geográfica estudada.<br />

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de distrofias corneanas estromal em botões corneanos<br />

de espécimes obtidos por ceratoplastia penetrante (CP), oriundos do arquivo de um<br />

laboratório de patologia ocular e correlacionar o diagnóstico com a idade e o sexo<br />

dos pacientes.<br />

Métodos: Os botões corneanos oriundos de ceratoplastia penetrante recebidos entre<br />

janeiro de 1996 e maio de 2009 foram selecionados dos arquivos do Henry C. Witelson<br />

Ocular Pathology <strong>and</strong> Registry Laboratory, em Montreal, Canadá. Os casos com<br />

diagnóstico histopatológico de distrofias corneanas estromal foram corados com<br />

colorações especiais (“Peroxid acid Schiff”, tricrômico de Masson, vermelho Congo<br />

analisadas sob luz polarizada, e “alcian blue”) para a classificação e foram correlacionados<br />

com dados epidemiológicos (idade na época da ceratoplastia penetrante<br />

e sexo) dos pacientes.<br />

Resultados: 1.300 casos de botões corneanos com diagnóstico clínico de distrofia<br />

corneana foram recuperados. Distrofia corneana estromal foi encontrada em 40<br />

(3,1%) dos casos. Distrofia corneana lattice foi a mais prevalente com 26 casos (65%).<br />

Dezenove eram do sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o (73,07%) e CP foi realizada em média com 59,3 anos<br />

de idade. Distrofia corneana comb<strong>in</strong>ada foi encontrada em 8 (20%) casos, 5 (62,5%)<br />

eram do sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o e a idade média da CP foi de 54,8 anos. Distrofia corneana<br />

granular foi encontrada em 5 (12,5%) casos, e 2 (40%) deles eram do sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o. A<br />

ceratoplastia penetrante foi realizada na média de idade de 39,5 anos, em casos de<br />

distrofia corneana granular. A distrofia corneana macular esteve presente em apenas<br />

um caso (2,5%), 36 anos de idade do sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o.<br />

Conclusão: A abordagem histopatológica e avaliação sistemáticas, <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>in</strong>do co lo ra -<br />

ções especiais em todas as distrofias corneanas é essencial para estabelecer o correto<br />

diagnóstico.<br />

Descritores: Distrofias hereditárias da córnea/patologia; Distrofias hereditárias da<br />

córnea/epidemiologia; Ceratoplastia penetrante; Substância própria<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

Corneal dystrophy (CD) is def<strong>in</strong>ed as bilateral <strong>and</strong> symmetric pri -<br />

ma ry corneal disease, without previous associated ocular <strong>in</strong>flammation.<br />

Most cases of CD have an autosomal dom<strong>in</strong>ant <strong>in</strong>heritance pattern,<br />

start<strong>in</strong>g at the first decades of life, with a stable or slowly progressive<br />

course (1,2) .<br />

Corneal dystrophies (CDs) are classified accord<strong>in</strong>g to the <strong>in</strong>volved<br />

corneal layer. Superficial CDs <strong>in</strong>clude Messman’s, gelat<strong>in</strong>ous, Lisch’s<br />

epithelial, muc<strong>in</strong>ous subepithelial, Reis-Bucklers, Thiel-Benke dystrophy<br />

<strong>and</strong> recurrent epithelial erosion. Stromal CDs <strong>in</strong>clude macular,<br />

gra nular, reticular (lattice), Schnyder’s, “fleck”, congenital stromal,<br />

<strong>and</strong> posterior amorphous dystrophy. Posterior CDs <strong>in</strong>clude Fuchs,<br />

Submitted for publication: March 14, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: September 20, 2012<br />

Work should be assigned to: Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory - McGill University,<br />

Montreal-QC, Canada.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Instituto Penido Burnier, Camp<strong>in</strong>as (SP) - Brasil.<br />

2<br />

Physician, Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory - McGill University, Montreal-QC, Canada.<br />

3<br />

Medical Student. Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory - McGill University, Montreal-QC,<br />

Canada.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: E.B. Abreu, None; G.A. Novaes, None; B.F. Fern<strong>and</strong>es,<br />

None; P.R.P. Odashiro, None; A.N. Odashiro, None; I.O.L.Parizotto, None; M.N.Burnier Jr, None.<br />

Correspondence address: Elvira Barbosa Abreu. 3775 - University Street Room 216 - H3A 2B4<br />

Montreal - QC, Canada - E-mail: barbosaabreu.oftalmo@terra.com.br<br />

390 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):390-3


Abreu EB, et al.<br />

posterior polymorphous, congenital endothelial, <strong>and</strong> endothelial X<br />

l<strong>in</strong>ked dystrophy (3,4) .<br />

Different genetic mutations have been related with CDs development.<br />

Most frequently <strong>in</strong>volved genes are: TGFBI, CHST6, KRT3,<br />

KRT 12, PIP 5k3, SLC 4AIII, TATICSt2, <strong>and</strong> UBIADI (5,6) .<br />

Stromal CDs are related to mutated keratoepithel<strong>in</strong> formation,<br />

ex cept the macular type <strong>in</strong> witch mutation is located at carbohydrate<br />

sulfotransferase 6 gene (CHST6). This prote<strong>in</strong> has the diffus<strong>in</strong>g capacity<br />

through Bowman’s layer <strong>and</strong> stroma, where it aggregates to other<br />

substances, form<strong>in</strong>g deposits (3,5) .<br />

Incidence of each dystrophy varies accord<strong>in</strong>g to the geographic<br />

region studied (7-12) . Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the literature, CDs prevalence <strong>in</strong><br />

corneal buttons from penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty (PK) varies from 1.3%<br />

to 4.0% (13-16) . Others studies have shown a higher prevalence of CDs,<br />

such as 12.6% <strong>in</strong> Japan <strong>and</strong> 23.2% <strong>in</strong> France (10,17) .<br />

Diagnosis is usually suspected dur<strong>in</strong>g biomicroscopy exam<strong>in</strong>ation,<br />

<strong>and</strong> confirmed with histopathology exam, after PK. In special<br />

ca ses, genetic studies can be required for diagnoses.<br />

The diagnostic histopathological exam of stromal CDs <strong>in</strong>clude<br />

rout<strong>in</strong>e hematoxil<strong>in</strong>-eos<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> special histochemical sta<strong>in</strong>s such as<br />

peroxid acid Schiff, Masson trichrome, Congo red <strong>and</strong> alcian blue (2) .<br />

This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of stromal<br />

CDs among corneal buttons specimens obta<strong>in</strong>ed by PK <strong>in</strong> an ocular<br />

pathology laboratory <strong>and</strong> to correlate the diagnosis with patient age<br />

<strong>and</strong> gender.<br />

METHODS<br />

All corneal button cases of PK from January-1996 to May-2009<br />

were retrieved from the archives of The Henry C. Witelson Ophthalmic<br />

Pathology Laboratory <strong>and</strong> Registry, Montreal, Canada.<br />

The cases with histopathological diagnosis of stromal CDs were<br />

sta<strong>in</strong>ed with special sta<strong>in</strong>s (Peroxid acid Schiff, Masson trichrome,<br />

Congo red analyzed under polarized light, <strong>and</strong> alcian blue) for classification<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to a st<strong>and</strong>ard scheme (Table 1). The cases were<br />

correlated with epidemiological <strong>in</strong>formation available (age at time<br />

of PK <strong>and</strong> gender) from patients’ file.<br />

RESULTS<br />

A total of 1,300 corneal buttons cases with cl<strong>in</strong>ical diagnose of<br />

corneal dystrophy were retrieved. Stromal CD was found <strong>in</strong> 40 (3.1%)<br />

cases. Lattice CD was the most prevalent with 26 cases (65%). N<strong>in</strong>eteen<br />

were female (73.07%) <strong>and</strong> the PK was performed at average age<br />

of 59.3 years old.<br />

Comb<strong>in</strong>ed CD was found <strong>in</strong> 8 (20%) cases, 5 (62.5%) of them were<br />

female <strong>and</strong> the average age of the PK was 54.8 years old.<br />

Granular CD was represented by 5 (12.5%) cases, <strong>and</strong> 2 (40%) of<br />

them were female. PK was performed at average age of 39.5 years old<br />

<strong>in</strong> Granular CD cases.<br />

Macular CD was present <strong>in</strong> only one (2.5%) case, <strong>in</strong> a 36 years old<br />

female.<br />

Results are summarized on table 2.<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

Corneal dystrophies are a group of heterogenic diseases, spontaneous,<br />

bilateral <strong>and</strong> progressive, without <strong>in</strong>flammatory signs, genetically<br />

transmitted <strong>and</strong>, usually without systemic associations. Most of<br />

them have an autosomal dom<strong>in</strong>ant pattern of <strong>in</strong>heritance, start<strong>in</strong>g at<br />

the first decades of life, with a stable or slowly progressive course (2) .<br />

Cl<strong>in</strong>ically, they are classified accord<strong>in</strong>g to the corneal layer <strong>in</strong>volved,<br />

<strong>and</strong> can be divided <strong>in</strong> 3 groups: Anterior or superficial dystrophies,<br />

where the epithelium, the Bowman’s layer <strong>and</strong> the superficial<br />

stroma are primarily <strong>in</strong>volved. Stromal corneal dystrophies, <strong>in</strong> which<br />

the stroma is affected (subject of this study). Posterior dystrophies<br />

<strong>in</strong>volve the Descemet’s membrane <strong>and</strong> the endothelium (4) .<br />

Table 1. Sta<strong>in</strong>s used <strong>and</strong> patterns for histopathological diagnosis of<br />

the stromal corneal dystrophies<br />

Technique Granular Lattice Macular Avell<strong>in</strong>o<br />

PAS (Periodic acid Schiff ) + + +<br />

Alcian blue +<br />

Trichrome Masson + + +<br />

Congo red (under polarization) + +<br />

Table 2. Incidence <strong>and</strong> distribution of corneal dystrophies accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />

gender <strong>and</strong> age at the time of the penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty<br />

Corneal<br />

dystrophies<br />

Total of corneal<br />

buttons of 40(%)<br />

Female-Male<br />

Mean age to<br />

keratoplasty (years)<br />

Granular 05 (12.5%) 02-3 06-65 (39.5)<br />

Comb<strong>in</strong>ed 08 (20.0%) 06-2 50-65 (54.8)<br />

Lattice 26 (65.0%) 19-7 32-79 (59.3)<br />

Macular 01 (02.5%) 01-0 00035 (35.0)<br />

We are go<strong>in</strong>g to a quick review the most cl<strong>in</strong>ical relevant stromal<br />

dystrophies.<br />

Granular dystrophy<br />

Granular dystrophy, also known as Groenouw type I, is an autosomal<br />

dom<strong>in</strong>ant disease related to the transform<strong>in</strong>g growth factor<br />

beta (TGFB1) gene <strong>and</strong> 5q31 gene locus. Biomicroscopically, white,<br />

well-def<strong>in</strong>ed granules with a crushed bread crumbs appearance<br />

can be seen. The opacities do not extend all the way to the limbus<br />

<strong>and</strong> as the diseases progresses these granules may extend <strong>in</strong>to the<br />

deeper stroma down to Descemet membrane. Corneal deposits can<br />

occur as early as 2 years of age, but rarely visual acuity is impaired<br />

before older age. Early symptoms <strong>in</strong>clude glare <strong>and</strong> photophobia.<br />

As the condition evolves <strong>and</strong> the granules become more confluent,<br />

decrease <strong>in</strong> vision <strong>and</strong> recurrent erosions with pa<strong>in</strong> may occur. On histopathology,<br />

it appears as multiple stromal deposits that may extend<br />

from deep epithelium to Descemet membrane. The hyal<strong>in</strong>e opacities<br />

sta<strong>in</strong> positively with Masson trichrome. Transmission microscopy can<br />

show rod shaped bodies similar to the ones found at Reis- Bucklers<br />

dystrophy. That is why some authors speculate that the later might<br />

be a superficial variant of granular dystrophy (3,4) .<br />

Comb<strong>in</strong>ed granular-lattice dystrophy<br />

Also know as Avell<strong>in</strong>o’s corneal dystrophy, comb<strong>in</strong>ed dystrophy<br />

exhibits features of both granular <strong>and</strong> lattice dystrophy. It is also<br />

<strong>in</strong>herited <strong>in</strong> an autosomal dom<strong>in</strong>ant fashion <strong>and</strong> related to the TGFB1<br />

gene, locus 5q31. It was primarily termed as Avell<strong>in</strong>o dystrophy because<br />

histopathological analysis of families affected had ancestors <strong>in</strong><br />

the region of Avell<strong>in</strong>o, Italy (18,19) . Later reports revealed many other<br />

cases of patients from other nationalities, without history of Italian<br />

ancestors. Biomicroscopically, granular deposits are more superficial<br />

<strong>and</strong> as the disease progresses, a snowflake appearance deeper <strong>in</strong> the<br />

stroma can be noted. The l<strong>in</strong>ear refractile deposits tend to be deeper<br />

than the granular deposits, but with progression these l<strong>in</strong>es coalesce<br />

with the round opacities. First signs of the disease can be seen as<br />

early as 3 years of age <strong>in</strong> homozygotic cases, but most commonly<br />

dur<strong>in</strong>g puberty or early adulthood. Visual acuity deteriorates as the<br />

central visual axis becomes affected <strong>and</strong> corneal erosions can result<br />

<strong>in</strong> episodes of pa<strong>in</strong>. Even though, it usually progresses slowly, homozygotes<br />

can have a more rapid course compar<strong>in</strong>g with heterozygotes<br />

patients. On histopathological exam, corneal opacities extend from<br />

the basal epithelium to the deep stroma <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual opacities<br />

sta<strong>in</strong> positive with either Masson trichrome or Congo red (3,4) .<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):390-3<br />

391


Corneal stromal dystrophies: a cl<strong>in</strong>ical pathologic study<br />

Lattice dystrophy<br />

Lattice dystrophy can be classified <strong>in</strong> 4 variants. Type I, the classic<br />

form also known as Biber-Haab-Dimmer, has autosomal dom<strong>in</strong>ant<br />

<strong>in</strong>heritance <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the gene TGFB1 <strong>in</strong> the locus 5q31. It manifests<br />

<strong>in</strong> childhood <strong>and</strong> does not present systemic associations. Type II,<br />

also known as Meretoja’s syndrome, is associated with systemic<br />

amiloidosis. This type has also autosomal dom<strong>in</strong>ant <strong>in</strong>heritance <strong>and</strong><br />

mutation is located <strong>in</strong> the gelsol<strong>in</strong> gene, at 9q chromosome. In types<br />

III <strong>and</strong> IV <strong>in</strong>heritance patterns vary. In type III, for example, <strong>in</strong>heritance<br />

is recessive. They also vary <strong>in</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ical manifestations, <strong>in</strong>itiat<strong>in</strong>g earlier<br />

or later <strong>in</strong> life, present<strong>in</strong>g reticular th<strong>in</strong> or greater deposits. In classic<br />

form here studied, biomicroscopy reveals <strong>in</strong>itially, discrete sub-epithelial<br />

opacities, ovoid or round, white po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> anterior stroma <strong>and</strong><br />

small refractive l<strong>in</strong>es that appear, usually, at the first decade of life.<br />

As the condition progresses, lesions change their aspect, appear<strong>in</strong>g<br />

as small nodules, dots or thick <strong>and</strong> branched l<strong>in</strong>es progress<strong>in</strong>g to<br />

the deeper stroma <strong>and</strong> to the epithelium. At this po<strong>in</strong>t, stroma<br />

between the lesions is clear, but with evolution, opacities tend to<br />

coalesce <strong>and</strong> anterior <strong>and</strong> medium stroma may be diffusely opaque.<br />

On histopathological exam<strong>in</strong>ation, amyloid deposits sta<strong>in</strong> positive<br />

with Congo red. Green birefr<strong>in</strong>gence is visible with a polariz<strong>in</strong>g filter<br />

<strong>and</strong> red-green dichroism when a green filter is added with this sta<strong>in</strong>.<br />

Metachromasia is noted with crystal violet <strong>and</strong> fluorescence is noted<br />

with use of thioflav<strong>in</strong> T sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g (3,4) .<br />

Macular<br />

Macular dystrophy, also known as Groenouw corneal dystrophy<br />

type II, unlike most of the corneal dystrophies, is <strong>in</strong>herited <strong>in</strong> an<br />

autosomal recessive fashion, <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the gene CHST6 <strong>in</strong> the 16q22<br />

locus. Early <strong>in</strong> the disease, biomicroscopy shows a diffuse stromal<br />

haze extend<strong>in</strong>g to the limbus. As the disease progresses, superficial,<br />

central, elevated, <strong>and</strong> irregular whitish opacities (macules) develop.<br />

Posterior stroma can also be <strong>in</strong>volved. There are no clear areas between<br />

the opacities <strong>and</strong> the cornea is usually th<strong>in</strong>ner than normal. Later<br />

<strong>in</strong> the course, the endothelium can be <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>and</strong> decrease <strong>in</strong> its<br />

functions can thicken the cornea. Corneal f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs appear early <strong>in</strong> life<br />

<strong>and</strong> vision can be severely impaired between 10 <strong>and</strong> 30 years of age,<br />

even though it is a slowly progressive disease. Histopathology shows<br />

Glycosam<strong>in</strong>oglycans (GAGs) accumulation <strong>in</strong>tra <strong>and</strong> extracellularly <strong>in</strong><br />

corneal stroma, Descemet’s membrane <strong>and</strong> endothelium. Guttae are<br />

often present at the Descemet membrane. GAGs sta<strong>in</strong> positively with<br />

Hale colloidal iron or alcian blue (3,4) .<br />

Studies published <strong>in</strong> different cont<strong>in</strong>ents showed that the dystrophies<br />

<strong>in</strong>cidence can vary accord<strong>in</strong>g to the geographic area studied.<br />

In Saudi Arabia <strong>and</strong> India, the most common corneal stromal dystrophy<br />

is macular, with recessive <strong>in</strong>heritance, that might be expla<strong>in</strong>ed<br />

by high taxes of consangu<strong>in</strong>eous wedd<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> that population (7,8) .<br />

In 1995, found a discrete prevalence of lattice dystrophy <strong>in</strong> relation<br />

to granular (17) . In a paper published <strong>in</strong> 1987, Lang et al., compared<br />

penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty <strong>in</strong>dications <strong>in</strong> the United States <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Europe,<br />

observ<strong>in</strong>g that, <strong>in</strong> the United States, the most frequent stromal<br />

dystrophy among the studied specimens was granular dystrophy (9) .<br />

A very extensive study, made at Unifesp, <strong>in</strong>1990, found among<br />

1,000 corneas exam<strong>in</strong>ed, 15 granular dystrophies, 11 macular dystrophies<br />

<strong>and</strong> 11 lattice dystrophies (20) .<br />

As personal communication, <strong>in</strong> 638 patients with corneal transplant<br />

<strong>and</strong> histopathological exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> Camp<strong>in</strong>as, São Paulo,<br />

Brazil, we found 15 corneal stromal dystrophies (2.35%). N<strong>in</strong>e were<br />

gra nular dystrophy (60%), 4 were lattice dystrophy (26.7%) <strong>and</strong> 2<br />

were macular dystrophies (13.3%). Both cases of macular dystrophy<br />

were present <strong>in</strong> brothers of a numerous family, with consangu<strong>in</strong>ity<br />

history, which expla<strong>in</strong>s the occurrence of this dystrophy <strong>in</strong> the region.<br />

However, the histopathological exam of all cases was performed<br />

by different pathologists from different <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>and</strong> without a<br />

st<strong>and</strong>ard method. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical characteristics, age of presentation <strong>and</strong><br />

pro gression are usually similar among members of the same family,<br />

but genetic defect expression can vary, result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> differences <strong>in</strong><br />

disease’s natural history (21) .<br />

In this study, there are 2 children, a 6-year-old <strong>and</strong> a 10-year-old,<br />

submitted to penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty very early. It is probable that<br />

these patients are homozygous for the tgfbi mutation, present<strong>in</strong>g<br />

more severe dystrophy forms or that genetic penetration <strong>in</strong> these<br />

cases was complete (22,23) .<br />

In granular dystrophy, the average age of patients submitted to<br />

penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty is 48.4 years old (9) . In this present study, there<br />

was no clear predilection for any gender, with slightly more common<br />

<strong>in</strong>cidence among males. This observation is <strong>in</strong> accordance with other<br />

authors (24) . Some authors described the coexistence of amyloid deposits<br />

<strong>in</strong> cases previously thought to be granular dystrophy (25) . This<br />

observation can lead us to th<strong>in</strong>k that probably some of previous cases<br />

of granular dystrophy reported were, <strong>in</strong> fact comb<strong>in</strong>ed dystrophies<br />

not diagnosed yet.<br />

In lattice dystrophy, the average age at the time that penetrat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

keratoplasty is around 40 years old <strong>and</strong> some authors show prevalence<br />

<strong>in</strong> male patients (26-28) . However, <strong>in</strong> one study of 67 patients with<br />

lattice dystrophy, no difference <strong>in</strong> gender was found (26) . The rate of<br />

lattice dystrophy was higher <strong>in</strong> this study compared to the others<br />

described <strong>in</strong> the literature. This could be expla<strong>in</strong>ed by the worldwide<br />

diversity of population settled <strong>in</strong> Montreal.<br />

At the present study, we found that the observation of amyloid<br />

deposits <strong>in</strong> corneal buttons studied was frequent, reach<strong>in</strong>g 85%<br />

(65% lattice <strong>and</strong> 20% comb<strong>in</strong>ed dystrophies). We also found that<br />

17.5% of cl<strong>in</strong>ical diagnostic hypothesis did not correspond to histopathological<br />

f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs. All 7 exam<strong>in</strong>ed corneas presented positive<br />

sta<strong>in</strong> for amyloid, thus when sta<strong>in</strong>ed by Congo red <strong>and</strong> studied under<br />

polarized light deposits presented dichroism, show<strong>in</strong>g apple-green<br />

coloration. In 4 of them, cl<strong>in</strong>ical diagnosis was granular dystrophy<br />

<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 3, the hypothesis was lattice dystrophy. Probably <strong>in</strong> these 3<br />

last cases the hypothesis was formulated <strong>in</strong> late stages of the disease,<br />

when corneal haze is already very <strong>in</strong>tense. So far, it has not been<br />

described cases <strong>in</strong> which lattice lesions appear alone or previously<br />

than the granular ones <strong>in</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>ed dystrophy. In the other four cases<br />

previously diagnosed as granular dystrophy, probably happened<br />

exactly what other authors already have described: cl<strong>in</strong>ically, patients<br />

present<strong>in</strong>g only granular deposits, but histopathological exam reveal<strong>in</strong>g<br />

associated amyloid deposits (29) .<br />

Because we only had one case of macular dystrophy, any conclusion<br />

about epidemiological data could be mislead<strong>in</strong>g. In 1987,<br />

16 cases of macular dystrophy were reported <strong>and</strong> it showed to be<br />

related to younger age (mean of 43 yo) at the time of penetrat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

keratoplasty among the stromal dystrophies. Female gender was<br />

pre dom<strong>in</strong>ant (9) .<br />

In this study, we did not f<strong>in</strong>d any case of central crystall<strong>in</strong>e dystrophy<br />

(Schnider), gelat<strong>in</strong>ous drop, congenital stromal dystrophy, polymorphous<br />

stromal dystrophy, marg<strong>in</strong>al crystall<strong>in</strong>e dystrophy (Bietti)<br />

or posterior amorphous dystrophies.<br />

To our knowledge, this is the largest stromal dystrophy series<br />

studied <strong>in</strong> a s<strong>in</strong>gle ocular pathology laboratory, with a st<strong>and</strong>ardized<br />

method of evaluation for the disease, previously diagnosed by anterior<br />

segment specialists of the same <strong>in</strong>stitution.<br />

CONCLUSION<br />

Despite rare among the different corneal diseases, dystrophies<br />

<strong>in</strong> volv<strong>in</strong>g amyloid deposition are the most frequent. Systematic<br />

histopathological approach <strong>and</strong> evaluation, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g special sta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

<strong>in</strong> all stromal corneal dystrophies is critical to establish the correct<br />

diagnosis. All corneal buttons with cl<strong>in</strong>ical diagnosis of stromal<br />

dys trophy should be sent to histopathological analysis to confirm<br />

the diagnosis.<br />

392 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):390-3


Abreu EB, et al.<br />

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14. Maeno A, Naor J, Lee HM, Hunter W, Rootman DS. Three decades of corneal transplantation:<br />

<strong>in</strong>dications <strong>and</strong> patient characteristics. Cornea. 2000;19(1):7-11.<br />

15. Cosar CB, Sridhar MS, Cohen EJ, Held EL, Alvim P de T, Rapuanao CJ, et al. Indications<br />

for penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty <strong>and</strong> associated procedures, 1996-2000. Cornea. 2002;<br />

21(2):148-51.<br />

16. Santos LN, Fern<strong>and</strong>es BF, de Moura LR, Cheema DP, Maloney S, Logan P, et al. Histopathologic<br />

study of corneal stromal dystrophies: a 10-year experience. Cornea. 2007;<br />

26(9):1027-31.<br />

17. Santo RM, Yamaguchi T, Kanai A, Okisaka S, Nakajima A. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>and</strong> histopathologic<br />

features of corneal dystrophies <strong>in</strong> Japan. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(4):557-67.<br />

18. Holl<strong>and</strong> EJ, Daya SM, Stone EM, Folberg R, Dobler AA, Cameron JD, et al. Avell<strong>in</strong>o<br />

corneal dystrophy. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical manifestations <strong>and</strong> natural history. Ophthalmology. 1992;<br />

99(10):1564-8.<br />

19. Folberg R, Stone EM, Sheffield VC, Mathers WD. The relationship between granular,<br />

lattice type 1, <strong>and</strong> Avell<strong>in</strong>o corneal dystrophies. A histopathologic study. Arch Oph -<br />

thalmol. 1994;112(8):1080-5.<br />

20. Cunha MC. Contribuição ao estudo das distrofias corneanas [tese]. São Paulo: Univer -<br />

sidade Federal de São Paulo; 1990.<br />

21. Solari HP. Estudo do gene TGFBI em pacientes com distrofia de córnea. [tese]. São<br />

Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2005.<br />

22. Konishi M, Yamada M, Nakamura Y, Mashima Y. Varied appearance of cornea of patients<br />

with corneal dystrophy associated with R124H mutation <strong>in</strong> the BIGH3 gene.<br />

Cornea. 1999;18(4):424-9.<br />

23. Akimune C, Watanabe H, Maeda N, Okada M, Yamamoto S, Kiritoshi A, et al. Corneal<br />

guttata associated with the corneal dystrophy result<strong>in</strong>g from a betaig-h3 R124H<br />

mutation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(1):67-71.<br />

24. Moller HU, Ehlers N. Early treatment of granular dystrophy (Groenouw type I). Acta<br />

Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1985;63(5):597-600.<br />

25. Folberg R, Alfonso E, Croxatto JO, Driezen NG, Panjwani N, Laibson PR, et al. Cl<strong>in</strong>ically<br />

atypical granular corneal dystrophy with pathologic features of lattice-like amyloid<br />

deposits. A study of these families. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(1):46-51.<br />

26. Meisler DM, F<strong>in</strong>e M. Recurrence of the cl<strong>in</strong>ical signs of lattice corneal dystrophy (type I)<br />

<strong>in</strong> corneal transplants. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97(2):210-4.<br />

27. Hida T, Tsubota K, Kigasawa K, Murata H, Ogata T, Akiya S. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical features of a newly<br />

recognized type of lattice corneal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104(3):241-8.<br />

28. Lang GK, Wilk CM, Naumann GO. [Changes <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>dications status for keratoplasty<br />

(Erlangen, 1964-1986)]. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1988;85(3):255-8. German.<br />

29. Konishi M, Mashima Y, Nakamura Y, Yamada M, Sugiura H. Granular-lattice (Avell<strong>in</strong>o)<br />

corneal dystrophy <strong>in</strong> Japanese patients. Cornea. 1997;16(6):635-8.<br />

VI Congresso da<br />

Sociedade Brasileira de Visão Subnormal<br />

21 e 22 de junho de 2013<br />

Centro de Convenções Rebouças<br />

São Paulo (SP)<br />

Informações:<br />

Site: www.visaosubnormal.org.br<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):390-3<br />

393


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Condutas para reparação da cavidade anoftálmica no Brasil<br />

Trends on anophthalmic socket repair <strong>in</strong> Brazil<br />

Roberta Lilian Fern<strong>and</strong>es de Sousa 1 , Silvana Artioli Schell<strong>in</strong>i 2 , Denise de Cássia Moreira Zornoff 3 , Carlos Roberto Padovani 4<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivos: Avaliar as condutas mais utilizadas no tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica<br />

no Brasil, compar<strong>and</strong>o-as com a realidade mundial.<br />

Métodos: Estudo exploratório, us<strong>and</strong>o questionário eletrônico enviado pela Internet<br />

para oftalmologistas membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica<br />

Ocular, Vias Lacrimais e Órbita - SBCPO. As respostas obtidas foram avaliadas por<br />

meio de análise de aderência, utiliz<strong>and</strong>o o teste do Qui-quadrado.<br />

Resultados: Foram recebidos 75 questionários respondidos. C<strong>in</strong>quenta e três por<br />

cento dos entrevistados tratam cavidade anoftálmica frequentemente e o implan te<br />

de esfera de polimetilmatacrilato, de 18 mm de diâmetro, é o usado pelos entrevistados<br />

na maioria das cirurgias, sendo revestido pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente com esclera (92%).<br />

Apenas sete entrevistados já utilizaram implante acoplado com prótese externa.<br />

Oitenta e dois por cento dos entrevistados usam a técnica do enxerto dermoadiposo.<br />

O acompanhamento destes pacientes é feito semestralmente pela maior<br />

parte dos entrevistados.<br />

Conclusão: O tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica no Brasil geralmente é feito<br />

us<strong>and</strong>o a esfera de polimetilmetacrilato, de diâmetro 18 milímetros. Implantes<br />

acoplados dificilmente são usados.<br />

Descritores: Anoftalmia; Olho artificial; Órbita; Evisceração do olho; Brasil<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: To determ<strong>in</strong>e the most common approach to repair the anophthalmic socket<br />

<strong>in</strong> Brazil, <strong>and</strong> to compare the data with the trends <strong>in</strong> other countries.<br />

Methods: Exploratory study us<strong>in</strong>g electronic questionnaire sent by Internet to ophthalmologists<br />

members of the Brazilian Orbit <strong>and</strong> Oculoplastic Society (SBCPO). The<br />

received answers were analyzed by adhesion analysis, us<strong>in</strong>g Chi-square test.<br />

Results: We received 75 answered questionnaires. Fifty-three per cent of the respondents<br />

frequently treat anophthalmic socket <strong>and</strong> use the 18 mm diameter polymethylmethacrylate<br />

sphere <strong>in</strong> the majority of the surgeries, ma<strong>in</strong>ly covered by sclera (92%). Only<br />

seven <strong>in</strong>terviewees had used <strong>in</strong>tegrated implants with pegg<strong>in</strong>g procedure. Eighty-two<br />

per cent of the ophthalmologists use the dermolipid graft to reconstruct the anophthalmic<br />

socket. They also follow the patients bi-annually.<br />

Conclusions: The treatment of anophthalmic socket <strong>in</strong> Brazil generally <strong>in</strong>volve po -<br />

lymethylmethacrylate sphere with 18 mm diameter. Pegg<strong>in</strong>g procedure is uncommon<br />

between us.<br />

Keywords: Anophthalmos; Eye artificial; Orbit; Eye evisceration; Brazil<br />

INTRODUÇÃO<br />

O tratamento e cuidado na reconstrução da cavidade anoftálmica<br />

são preocupações humanas desde tempos muito antigos. O uso<br />

de próteses oculares, por exemplo, é descrito desde os tempos egípcios<br />

(1) , qu<strong>and</strong>o uma prótese de metal com o desenho de um olho era<br />

usada para esconder o defeito facial.<br />

O emprego das cirurgias de evisceração e enucleação como tra -<br />

tamento f<strong>in</strong>al de algumas alterações oculares foi <strong>in</strong>iciado apenas na<br />

metade do século XIX (1) . E quase que concomitantemente ao desenvolvimento<br />

das técnicas para enucleação e evisceração, ocorreu a<br />

evo lução de materiais a serem utilizados para reparação da cavidade<br />

anoftálmica. Vários tipos de implantes já foram testados, entre eles:<br />

vidro, polietileno poroso, silicone, hidroxiapatita natural e s<strong>in</strong>tética e<br />

polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) (1) .<br />

No Brasil, a<strong>in</strong>da próximo dos anos 80 do século passado, apesar<br />

do gr<strong>and</strong>e desenvolvimento no tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica<br />

ocorrido em outros países, era muito comum que após as enu cleações<br />

e eviscerações o paciente evoluísse a sua própria sorte, sem<br />

a utilização de implantes orbitários, utiliz<strong>and</strong>o ou não as próteses<br />

ex ternas.<br />

Atualmente, o implante de PMMA parece ser o mais utilizado<br />

no Brasil. Entretanto, não há dados concretos para confirmar esta<br />

suposição.<br />

Este estudo procura avaliar quais as condutas mais utilizadas no<br />

tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica no Brasil, possibilit<strong>and</strong>o o<br />

co nhecimento da realidade brasileira diante desta afecção, assim<br />

como compará-la à realidade mundial no tratamento da cavidade<br />

anoftálmica.<br />

MÉTODOS<br />

O presente estudo foi avaliado e aprovado para execução pelo<br />

Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Botucatu.<br />

Submetido para publicação: 4 de Novembro de 2011<br />

Aceito para publicação: 9 de Outubro de 2012<br />

Trabalho realizado na Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP - Botucatu<br />

(SP), Brasil.<br />

1<br />

Médica, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorr<strong>in</strong>olar<strong>in</strong>gologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço,<br />

Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” -<br />

UNESP - Botucatu (SP), Brasil.<br />

2<br />

Professora, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorr<strong>in</strong>olar<strong>in</strong>gologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço<br />

da Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” -<br />

UNESP - Botucatu (SP), Brasil.<br />

3<br />

Núcleo de Ens<strong>in</strong>o a Distância, Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista<br />

(“Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP - Botucatu (SP), Brasil.<br />

4<br />

Professor, Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista<br />

“Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP - Botucatu (SP), Brasil.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>anciamento: Projeto f<strong>in</strong>anciado pela FAPESP.<br />

Divulgação de potenciais conflitos de <strong>in</strong>teresse: R.L.F.de Sousa, Nenhum; S.A.Schell<strong>in</strong>i, Nenhum;<br />

D.C.M.Zornoff, Nenhum; C.R.Padovani, Nenhum.<br />

Endereço para correspondência: Roberta Lilian Fern<strong>and</strong>es de Sousa. Rua Marília, 427 - Apto. 3 -<br />

Botucatu (SP) - 18608-560 - Brasil - E-mail: rlfsousa@yahoo.com.br<br />

Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Botucatu. Protocolo n o<br />

3176-2009.<br />

394 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):394-7


Sousa RLF, et al.<br />

Anexo. Questionário: condutas em cavidade anoftálmica<br />

Informe sua conduta nos segu<strong>in</strong>tes casos:<br />

1 - Com que frequência você trata casos de cavidade anoftálmica?<br />

⃝ raramente<br />

⃝ esporadicamente<br />

⃝ frequentemente<br />

⃝ diariamente<br />

2 - Na anoftalmia a sua conduta é:<br />

⃝ expansores externos<br />

⃝ expansores <strong>in</strong>sufláveis<br />

⃝ nenhuma<br />

3 - Com que idade opera a criança com anoftalmia ou microftalmia?<br />

⃝ imediatamente qu<strong>and</strong>o detectada<br />

⃝ depois de 3 anos de idade<br />

⃝ na puberdade<br />

4 - Que tipo de implante você usa para repor volume na cavidade anoftálmica?<br />

⃝ esfera de polimetilmetacrilato<br />

⃝ esfera silicone<br />

⃝ esfera de hidroxiapatita<br />

⃝ esfera de polietieno<br />

5 - O tamanho da esfera que você mais utiliza:<br />

⃝ 16 mm<br />

⃝ 18 mm<br />

⃝ 20 mm<br />

⃝ 22 mm<br />

6 - O revestimento da esfera ou cavidade enucleada que você usa no seu cotidiano é:<br />

⃝ esclera<br />

⃝ tela s<strong>in</strong>tética<br />

⃝ material autólogo<br />

⃝ pericárdio<br />

7 - Você usa a técnica do enxerto dermo-adiposo?<br />

⃝ Sim ⃝ Não<br />

8 - Você já usou implante acoplado com a prótese externa?<br />

⃝ Não<br />

⃝ Sim, com resultado positivo<br />

⃝ Sim, mas com resultado negativo<br />

9 - Você usa antibiótico de rot<strong>in</strong>a em portador de cavidade anoftálmica?<br />

⃝ Sim ⃝ Não<br />

10 - Com que frequência você orienta a remoção da prótese externa?<br />

⃝ 1 vez por semana<br />

⃝ 1 vez por mês<br />

⃝ diariamente<br />

11 - Como você orienta a limpeza da prótese externa?<br />

⃝ com água corrente e sabonete<br />

⃝ com soro fisiológico e xampu<br />

⃝ com material para limpeza de lente de contato<br />

12 - Você acompanha o portador de cavidade anoftálmica?<br />

⃝ Não<br />

⃝ Sim, anualmente<br />

⃝ Sim, semestralmente<br />

⃝ Sim, sempre que o paciente acha necessário<br />

Foi realizada pesquisa prospectiva por meio de questionário eletrônico<br />

enviado pela Internet para oftalmologistas que são membros<br />

da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica Ocular, Vias Lacrimais e Órbita<br />

(SBCPO), que são as pessoas que mais trabalham com portadores<br />

de cavidade anoftálmica em nosso país. O questionário também foi<br />

postado no site da SBCPO, permit<strong>in</strong>do o seu preenchimento também<br />

por este meio.<br />

O questionário (anexo) era composto de 12 questões de múl tipla<br />

escolha e abordava quais eram as condutas dos médicos oftalmologistas<br />

diante das cirurgias realizadas para o tratamento da cavidade,<br />

a sua reconstrução e o tratamento empregado no pós-operatório dos<br />

pacientes portadores de cavidade anoftálmica.<br />

As respostas obtidas foram transferidas para tabela Excel e<br />

ava liadas por meio de análise de aderência, utiliz<strong>and</strong>o o teste do<br />

Qui-quadrado, consider<strong>and</strong>o segundo a distribuição dos dados equi -<br />

prováveis e o nível de significância de 5%.<br />

RESULTADOS<br />

Foram enviados via on-l<strong>in</strong>e os questionários para os 249 oftalmologistas<br />

membros da SBCPO. Foram respondidos 75 questionários, o<br />

que corresponde a 30,12% do total de oftalmologistas que participaram<br />

da pesquisa.<br />

Aproximadamente 53% dos entrevistados tratam cavidade anoftálmica<br />

frequentemente, e sete entrevistados tratam diariamente.<br />

Oitenta e dois por cento dos entrevistados tratam a anoftalmia<br />

com o uso de expansores externos. Disseram, também, que submetem<br />

as crianças à cirurgia depois de 3 anos de idade, 48 entrevistados<br />

(64%). Dezessete oftalmologistas (22,7%) submetem as crianças à<br />

cirurgia imediatamente e apenas 8 (10,7%), na puberdade (Figura 1).<br />

O implante de cavidade mais utilizado pelos oftalmologistas da<br />

SBCPO é o de PMMA, correspondendo à preferência de 62,7% dos<br />

entrevistados. O implante de polietileno é a escolha de 20% dos só cios,<br />

seguido do implante de hidroxiapatita (8%) e de silicone (4%) (Figura 2).<br />

Em relação ao tamanho da esfera, o mais utilizado é o de 18 mm<br />

(60%), seguido da esfera de 16 mm (29,3%) e de 20 mm (8%). Nenhum<br />

dos entrevistados referiu o uso de esferas de 22 mm (Figura 3).<br />

Figura 1. Idade de tratamento da anoftalmia congênita referida pelos oftalmologistas<br />

da SBCPO - UNESP, 2011.<br />

Figura 2. Distribuição do tipo de esfera utilizada para tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica<br />

pelos oftalmologistas da SBCPO - UNESP, 2011.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):394-7<br />

395


Condutas para reparação da cavidade anoftálmica no Brasil<br />

Quanto ao revestimento da esfera, 92% (69) dos entrevistados<br />

fazem uso de esclera e quatro entrevistados (5,3%) fazem uso de<br />

material autólogo para revestí-la.<br />

Quase 82% dos oftalmologistas usam a técnica do enxerto dermoadiposo<br />

para reconstrução da cavidade anoftálmica.<br />

O uso de implante acoplado à prótese externa foi relatado por<br />

sete entrevistados, sendo que quatro deles relataram ter tido um<br />

resultado positivo com a aplicação desta técnica. Os demais entrevistados<br />

(68 - 90,7%) relataram nunca terem utilizado o implante acoplado<br />

à prótese externa.<br />

Não houve diferença com significância estatística em relação ao<br />

uso de antibióticos de rot<strong>in</strong>a pelo portador de cavidade anoftálmica:<br />

52% não prescrevem e 48% prescrevem rot<strong>in</strong>eiramente antibióticos<br />

para seus pacientes.<br />

Quanto aos cuidados pós-operatórios, também não houve diferença<br />

estatística significativa entre os entrevistados que orientam a<br />

limpeza semanal ou diária da prótese externa (48% e 40% respectivamente).<br />

Apenas oito oftalmologistas orientam seus pacientes a<br />

realizarem limpeza mensal da prótese externa. Além disso, a limpeza<br />

é orientada a ser feita com água e sabonete por 71,6% dos entrevistados,<br />

seguido de soro fisiológico e xampu por 14,9% e material para<br />

limpeza de lente de contato por 12,2%.<br />

Dois entrevistados (2,66%) responderam que não acompanham<br />

os pacientes portadores de cavidade anoftálmica. Tr<strong>in</strong>ta e seis por<br />

cento fazem o acompanhamento anualmente, 42,7%, semestralmente;<br />

14,7%, sempre que o paciente achar necessário. Um dos oftalmologistas<br />

acompanha seus pacientes anualmente ou sempre que o<br />

Figura 3. Distribuição do tamanho da esfera utilizada no reparo da cavidade anoftálmica<br />

pelos oftalmologistas da SBCPO - UNESP, 2011.<br />

paciente achar necessário e outro, semestralmente ou sempre que o<br />

paciente achar necessário (Figura 4).<br />

DISCUSSÃO<br />

Estudos baseados em questionários podem ter fatores complicadores,<br />

como a taxa de adesão de respostas. Neste sentido, no<br />

presente estudo, a porcentagem de adesão ao questionário foi baixa<br />

(30,12%), qu<strong>and</strong>o comparado com estudos semelhantes feitos nos<br />

Estados Unidos, onde 60% retornaram as respostas (2) , e no Re<strong>in</strong>o<br />

Uni do, onde foi possível obter 51% de respostas (3) . Outro estudo realizado<br />

nos Estados Unidos, porém, mostrou taxa de adesão de 31,4%,<br />

bem próxima da encontrada em nosso levantamento (4) .<br />

Outro importante fator a ser considerado nos estudos baseados<br />

em questionários é o grau de confiabilidade nas respostas. É importante<br />

lembrar, que a validade do estudo é totalmente dependente da<br />

veracidade das respostas recebidas. Com relação a este ponto, aplicar<br />

o questionário para grupos específicos de pessoas, como o que foi<br />

praticado, pode reduzir o viés.<br />

A frequência de tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica mostrou-se<br />

alta em nosso estudo. No Re<strong>in</strong>o Unido, no ano de 2006, foram enviados<br />

os questionários para todos os oftalmologistas do país, revel<strong>and</strong>o<br />

que 35% dos médicos não tratavam cavidade anoftálmica, apesar da<br />

maioria das cirurgias ter sido realizada por profissionais com subespecialização<br />

em órbita, plástica ocular e vias lacrimais daquele país. No<br />

caso do presente estudo, a alta porcentagem de oftalmologistas que<br />

trata frequentemente portadores de cavidade anoftálmica foi alta<br />

devido ao fato de termos considerado os membros da SBCPO como<br />

os participantes da pesquisa. Sem dúvida, oftalmologistas gerais não<br />

se ocupam com a mesma <strong>in</strong>tensidade destes pacientes.<br />

Não foi questionado qual o tipo de cirurgia mais realizado pelos<br />

oftalmologistas, se evisceração ou enucleação. Entretanto, levantamento<br />

feito em nosso serviço mostrou que, na década entre 1980 e 1990,<br />

qu<strong>and</strong>o se compara com a década anterior (1970 até 1980), a evisceração<br />

passou a ser mais executada que a enucleação, que era a cirurgia<br />

preferida dos anos 70 (5) . Outro estudo, também realizado em nosso serviço<br />

no ano de 2000, confirmou esta mudança (6) . Esta é uma tendência<br />

mundial, talvez devido às melhores condições de movimentação da<br />

esfera no pós-operatório destes pacientes, melhor<strong>and</strong>o a estética dos<br />

mesmos, ou talvez devido ao menor trauma cirúrgico ou até mesmo<br />

devido ao implante utilizado, já que os nor te-americanos enucleiam<br />

mais que evisceram, muito provavelmente devido ao tipo de reconstrução<br />

que eles empregam, centrada no uso de implantes <strong>in</strong>tegrados (4) .<br />

Desde a segunda Gr<strong>and</strong>e Guerra, os implantes confeccionados<br />

de silicone e de PMMA, implantes estes de superfície lisa, chamados<br />

de não <strong>in</strong>tegrados, dom<strong>in</strong>avam o mercado do mundo todo para a<br />

reparação da cavidade anoftálmica (1) .<br />

Figura 4. Conduta dos oftalmologistas da SBCPO adotada para acompanhamento dos portadores de cavidade anoftálmica<br />

- UNESP, b2011.<br />

396 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):394-7


Sousa RLF, et al.<br />

A partir do ano de 1987, o panorama se alterou sobremaneira, pas -<br />

s<strong>and</strong>o a terem importância os implantes <strong>in</strong>tegrados, confeccionados de<br />

hidroxiapatita natural, tendo sido o novo implante sugerido por Perry (7) .<br />

Surgiram também as hidroxiapatitas s<strong>in</strong>téticas, usadas <strong>in</strong>clusive<br />

aqui no Brasil (8,9) . Outro tipo de biomaterial, o polietileno poroso,<br />

pas sou a ser disponível para uso em cavidade anoftálmica desde<br />

meados de 1991 (10) .<br />

O presente estudo confirmou o que já era suspeição antes do <strong>in</strong>ício<br />

desta pesquisa, qu<strong>and</strong>o aponta que, atualmente, no Brasil, a<strong>in</strong>da<br />

o implante mais utilizado é o de PMMA, diferentemente de outros<br />

países, como os Estados Unidos, no qual o implante mais utilizado é o<br />

polietileno poroso (4) . As esferas de acrílico foram o segundo implante<br />

mais usado no Re<strong>in</strong>o Unido, onde o polietileno poroso é, também, o<br />

implante mais usado (3) .<br />

A técnica do enxerto dermoadiposo é bastante difundida entre<br />

nós, sendo utilizada por cerca de 80% dos entrevistados. Sem dúvida,<br />

esta é uma boa opção, em especial qu<strong>and</strong>o não se pode contar com<br />

os implantes aloplásticos.<br />

O uso de esclera doadora como envoltório dos implantes de<br />

cavidade é também muito comum nos Estados Unidos. No Re<strong>in</strong>o<br />

Unido, entretanto, o uso de malha s<strong>in</strong>tética é preferido pela maioria<br />

dos cirurgiões (3) .<br />

Uma importante semelhança diz respeito ao uso de implantes<br />

aco plados à prótese externa. Os “pegs”, considerados <strong>in</strong>icialmente<br />

como uma das maiores vantagens do uso dos implantes <strong>in</strong>tegrados<br />

pela possibilidade de acoplagem dos implantes com as próteses<br />

ex ternas, levaram a muitas complicações (11) . Em outros países onde<br />

estudos semelhantes foram realizados, o uso deste tipo de implante<br />

também é pequeno, embora seja relatado sucesso do uso da acoplagem<br />

dos implantes com a prótese externa, em especial qu<strong>and</strong>o se<br />

utiliza p<strong>in</strong>os de titânio (12,13) .<br />

Os cuidados pós-operatórios dos pacientes portadores de cavidade<br />

anoftálmica também foram avaliados em estudo feito nos Estados<br />

Unidos, <strong>in</strong>teress<strong>and</strong>o a conduta que os oftalmologistas possuem<br />

diante do portador de cavidade anoftálmica. Praticamente todos os<br />

entrevistados, no estudo norte-americano, <strong>in</strong>dicam a limpeza das<br />

próteses externas em água corrente e com algum sabão higienizador<br />

(14) . A antibioticoterapia pós-operatória era, também, realizada por<br />

todos os oftalmologistas entrevistados, vari<strong>and</strong>o, apenas, o número<br />

de dias de uso destes medicamentos (14) . Entretanto, o questionário<br />

utilizado no presente estudo não previa dados com os quais fosse<br />

possível comparar a rot<strong>in</strong>a de acompanhamento destes pacientes.<br />

CONCLUSÃO<br />

O tratamento da cavidade anoftálmica é frequente entre os oftalmologistas<br />

membros da SBCPO. A esfera de PMMA é a mais utilizada<br />

pelos oftalmologistas brasileiros, pr<strong>in</strong>cipalmente no diâmetro de 18<br />

milímetros. O uso de implante acoplado com a prótese externa é raro<br />

entre nós. A gr<strong>and</strong>e maioria dos cirurgiões está familiarizada com<br />

a técnica do enxerto dermoadiposo. O acompanhamento dos pacientes<br />

em geral é semestral, com orientação da limpeza da prótese<br />

externa com água e sabonete, semanalmente.<br />

REFERÊNCIAS<br />

1. den Tonkelaar I, Henkes HE, Leersum GK. Herman Snellen (1834-1908) <strong>and</strong> Müller’s<br />

‘reform-auge’. A short history of the artificial <strong>eye</strong>. Doc Ophthalmol. 1991;77(4):349-54.<br />

2. Hornblass A, Biesman BS, Eviatar JA. Current techniques of enucleation: a survey of<br />

5,439 <strong>in</strong>traorbital implants <strong>and</strong> a review of the literature. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg.<br />

1995;11(2):77-86; discussion 87-8.<br />

3. Alwitry A, West S, K<strong>in</strong>g J, Foss AJ, Abercrombie LC. Long-term follow-up of porous<br />

polyethylene spherical implants after enucleation <strong>and</strong> evisceration. Ophthal Plast<br />

Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(1):11-5.<br />

4. Su GW, Yen MT. Current trends <strong>in</strong> manag<strong>in</strong>g the anophthalmic socket after primary<br />

enucleation <strong>and</strong> evisceration. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(4):<br />

274-80.<br />

5. Schell<strong>in</strong>i SA, Oliveira DA, Oliveira CA, Hoyama E, Padovani CR. Evisceração e enucleação<br />

na Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Botucatu - UNESP: comparação entre duas<br />

dé cadas. Salusvita. 2003;22(1):71-84.<br />

6. Hoyama E, Schell<strong>in</strong>i SA, Ferreira VL, Rossa R, Padovani CR. Uso de esferas de polietileno<br />

poroso em cavidade anoftálmica. Rev Bras Oftalmol. 2000;59(1):40-4.<br />

7. Perry AC. Integrated orbital implants. Adv Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;8:<br />

75- 81. Review.<br />

8. Schell<strong>in</strong>i SA, Hoyama E, Padovani CR, Ferreira VL, Rossa R. Complicações com uso de<br />

esferas não <strong>in</strong>tegráveis e <strong>in</strong>tegráveis na reconstrução da cavidade anoftálmica. Arq<br />

Bras Oftalmol. 2000;63(3):175-8.<br />

9. Jordan DR, Hwang I, McEachren T, Brownste<strong>in</strong> S, Gilberg S, Grahovac S, et al. Brazilian<br />

hydroxyapatite implant. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;16(5):363-9.<br />

10. Karesh JW, Dresner SC. High-density porous polyethylene (Medpor) as a successful anophthalmic<br />

socket implant. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(10):1688-95; discussion 1695-6.<br />

11. Shoamanesh A, Pang NK, Oestreicher JH. Complications of orbital implants: a review<br />

of 542 patients who have undergone orbital implantation <strong>and</strong> 275 subsequent PEG<br />

placements. Orbit. 2007;26(3):173-82.<br />

12. Johnson RL, Ramstead CL, Nathoo N. Pegg<strong>in</strong>g the porous orbital implant. Ophthal<br />

Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;27(2):74-5.<br />

13. Yoon JS, Lew H, Kim SJ, Lee SY. Exposure rate of hydroxyapatite orbital implants<br />

a 15-year experience of 802 cases. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(3):566-72.e2. Comment<br />

<strong>in</strong> Ophthalmology. 2008;115(12):2320-1; author reply 2321. Ophthalmology. 2008;<br />

115(11):2096; author reply 2096-7.<br />

14. Osborn KL, Hettler D. A survey of recommendations on the care of ocular prostheses.<br />

Optometry. 2010;81(3):142-5.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):394-7<br />

397


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Análise da qualidade das córneas doadas e do <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre óbito, enucleação e<br />

preservação após a implantação de novas normas técnicas e sanitárias em<br />

Banco de Olhos Universitário<br />

Comparative analysis of the donor cornea quality <strong>and</strong> of the <strong>in</strong>terval between death <strong>and</strong><br />

preservation before <strong>and</strong> after new sanitary <strong>and</strong> technique rules <strong>in</strong> a University Eye Bank<br />

Fabio Zantut 1 , Ricardo Holzchuh 2 , Reg<strong>in</strong>aldo Carlos Boni 3 , Eva Crist<strong>in</strong>a Mackus 4 , Paulo Roberto Zantut 5 , Claudio Nakano 6 ,<br />

Adamo Lui Netto 7 , Richard Yudi Hida 8<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivo: Comparar o <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre o óbito e a enucleação (∆T-O-E), entre a<br />

enucleação e a preservação (∆T-E-P) e a qualidade da córnea antes e após a implantação<br />

de novas normas técnicas e sanitárias baseadas na Resolução RDC 347.<br />

Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram avaliados os prontuários dos doadores<br />

de córnea do Banco de Tecidos Oculares da Santa Casa de São Paulo, 2 anos<br />

antes e 2 anos depois da implementação de novas normas sanitárias.<br />

Resultados: Foi observado aumento do número absoluto de 205 para 374 doadores<br />

após as mudanças adotadas. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente<br />

significante no Δt-O-E e ∆T-E-P antes e após as mudanças implantadas. Do total de<br />

1.105 córneas doadas, foi observado 388 córneas doadas antes das mudanças e<br />

717 córneas doadas após as mudanças implementadas. Foi observado aumento<br />

estatisticamente significante da graduação da qualidade da córnea doada de 1,76<br />

± 0,90 para 1,94 ± 0,88 após a implementação das novas normas da Resolução.<br />

Conclusão: Após as mudanças técnicas e sanitárias exigidas pela Resolução 347,<br />

houve gr<strong>and</strong>e aumento no número de córneas doadas, captadas e preservadas. O<br />

Banco de Tecidos Oculares não dim<strong>in</strong>uiu os ∆T O-E e ∆T E-P. A qualidade da córnea<br />

apresentou-se <strong>in</strong>ferior após as mudanças realizadas no setor.<br />

Descritores: Transplante de córnea; Banco de olhos; Preservação de órgãos/nor mas;<br />

Coleta de tecidos e órgãos; Controle de qualidade<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: To compare the <strong>in</strong>terval between death <strong>and</strong> enucleation (∆T-O-E), bet ween<br />

enucleation <strong>and</strong> preservation (∆T-E-P) <strong>and</strong> the quality of the cornea before <strong>and</strong> after<br />

the implantation of new technique <strong>and</strong> sanitary rules.<br />

Methods: A retrospective study that evaluated the records of cornea donors <strong>in</strong> Sao<br />

Paulo’s Santa Casa Eye Tissue Bank 2 years before <strong>and</strong> 2 years after the implementation<br />

new sanitary rules.<br />

Results: An <strong>in</strong>crease was observed <strong>in</strong> the absolute number of 205 to 374 donors fol lo -<br />

w<strong>in</strong>g the adopted changes. There was no statistically significant difference <strong>in</strong> Δt-O-E<br />

<strong>and</strong> ∆T-E-P before <strong>and</strong> after the implemented changes. Of the total of 1,105 donor<br />

corneas, 388 donor corneas were observed before the changes <strong>and</strong> 717 donor corneas<br />

after the implemented changes. We observed a statistically significant <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> grad<strong>in</strong>g<br />

of donor cornea quality from 1.76 ± 0.90 to 1.94 ± 0.88 after the implementa tion<br />

of new st<strong>and</strong>ards of resolution.<br />

Conclusion: After the changes required by Resolution 347, there was a large <strong>in</strong>crease<br />

<strong>in</strong> the number of donated, taken <strong>and</strong> preserved corneas. The BTO has not dim<strong>in</strong>ished<br />

the ∆T O-E <strong>and</strong> ∆T E-P. Cornea quality presented itself lower after the new rules.<br />

Keywords: Corneal transplantation; Eye banks; Organ preservation/st<strong>and</strong>ards; Tissue<br />

<strong>and</strong> organ harvest<strong>in</strong>g; Quality control<br />

INTRODUÇÃO<br />

Entre os transplantes de órgãos e tecidos, o transplante mais realizado<br />

no Brasil é o de córnea, com aumento anual gradativo (1) . Isto se<br />

deve a fatores como envelhecimento da população, melhor seleção<br />

do tecido doador, novas técnicas cirúrgicas, à conscientização da<br />

po pulação quanto à importância da doação de órgãos, atuação dos<br />

novos bancos de olhos (2) , do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (SNT),<br />

das Centrais Estaduais de Notificação, Captação e Distribuição de Ór -<br />

gãos (CNCDO), pelo <strong>in</strong>teresse e apoio político.<br />

O transplante de córnea tem <strong>in</strong>dicações precisas com f<strong>in</strong>alida des<br />

tectônicas, ópticas e terapêuticas. A avaliação do tecido é realizada<br />

pelo Banco de Tecidos Oculares (BTO), que encam<strong>in</strong>ha a córnea<br />

con forme solicitada pelo cirurgião (3) . O BTO tem a função de captar,<br />

avaliar e preservar córneas e escleras. Compete a essa <strong>in</strong>stituição a<br />

garantia da qualidade dos tecidos captados, transportados, processados<br />

e distribuídos (3,4) .<br />

Diversos fatores relacionados à qualidade da córnea como idade,<br />

sexo, causa mortis (5,6) , técnica de preservação, o <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre o óbito<br />

Submetido para publicação: 26 de janeiro de 2012<br />

Aceito para publicação: 7 de outubro de 2012<br />

Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Oftalmologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo<br />

e Serviço de Captação de Órgãos e Tecidos - SCOT - da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo<br />

- São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

1<br />

Médico, Setor de Catarata, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

2<br />

Médico, Departamento de Córnea e Doenças Externas, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo,<br />

São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

3<br />

Médico, Serviço de Captação de Órgãos e Tecidos - SCOT - Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São<br />

Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

4<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istradora, Serviço de Captação de Órgãos e Tecidos - SCOT - Santa Casa de Misericórdia de<br />

São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

5<br />

Médico, Setor de Ret<strong>in</strong>a, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a, Universidade de São<br />

Pau lo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

6<br />

Médico, Setor de Ret<strong>in</strong>a, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

7<br />

Médico, Setor de Lentes de Contato, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

8<br />

Médico, Banco de Tecidos Oculares, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brasil.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>anciamento: Não houve f<strong>in</strong>anciamento para este trabalho.<br />

Divulgação de potenciais conflitos de <strong>in</strong>teresse: F.Zantut, Nenhum; R.Holzchuh, Nenhum; R.C.Boni,<br />

Nenhum; E.C.Mackus, Nenhum; P.R.Zantut, Nenhum; C.Nakano, Nenhum; A.Lui Netto, Nenhum;<br />

R.Y.Hida, Nenhum.<br />

Endereço para correspondência: Fabio Zantut. Rua Joaquim C<strong>and</strong>ido de A. Marques, 1.517 - São<br />

Paulo (SP) - 05688-021 - Brasil - E-mail: fabiozantut@uol.com.br<br />

398 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):398-401


Zantut F, et al.<br />

e a enucleação (Δt-O-E), o <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre a enucleação e a preservação<br />

(Δt-E-P), meios de preservação, tempo da córnea preservada (7,8) ,<br />

entre outras variáveis, vêm sendo estudadas para garantir a boa qua -<br />

lidade dos tecidos e são motivos de pesquisa nos diversos bancos<br />

de olhos.<br />

Intervalos prolongados entre Δt-O-E e entre Δt-E-P podem jus -<br />

tificar a não liberação do tecido para transplantes ópticos (9,10) . Segundo<br />

Farias et al., a qualidade dos tecidos está <strong>in</strong>alterada em até<br />

seis horas (11) .<br />

Em 1997, a Lei 9434 (4) regulamentou a remoção de órgãos, tecidos<br />

e partes do corpo humano para f<strong>in</strong>s de transplante e suas normas,<br />

mas não regulamentava as <strong>in</strong>stalações, normas técnicas e sanitárias<br />

dos BTOs. Isso aconteceu em dezembro de 2003 com a Resolução<br />

RDC 347 (RDC 347) (4) .<br />

Em outubro de 2005, o Banco de Tecidos Oculares da Santa Casa<br />

de São Paulo (BTO-SCSP) teve sua estrutura modificada, baseada na<br />

RDC 347. As pr<strong>in</strong>cipais mudanças realizadas no BTO foram: melhorias<br />

no espaço físico, na preservação, que passou a ser feita em câmara<br />

de fluxo lam<strong>in</strong>ar, no material usado para preservação, que passou a<br />

ser específico e de uso exclusivo do BTO. Os tecidos avaliados e não<br />

avaliados passaram a ser armazenados em geladeiras separadas, com<br />

temperatura controlada e monitorada em tempo <strong>in</strong>tegral. Foi realizada<br />

vasta organização documental, que <strong>in</strong>cluiu novo modelo de<br />

prontuários de doadores, livros de registros atualizados e elaboração<br />

do Manual Técnico Operacional com novas rot<strong>in</strong>as, procedimentos e<br />

protocolos. Passou a ser feita cobrança monetária do Sistema Único<br />

de Saúde (SUS) pela preservação e avaliação dos tecidos oculares.<br />

Tornou-se obrigatório o envio do comprovante de entrega do tecido<br />

ocular pelo cirurgião além de <strong>in</strong>formações cirúrgicas do receptor. O<br />

quadro 1 mostra um resumo das adequações às novas normas no setor.<br />

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a qualidade da córnea<br />

doa da, Δt-O-E e Δt-E-P antes e depois da implantação das novas<br />

normas técnicas e sanitárias exigidas pela Resolução RDC N o 347 no<br />

BTO-SCSP.<br />

MÉTODOS<br />

Foram avaliados os prontuários dos doadores de córnea do BTO-<br />

SCSP do período entre outubro de 2003 e outubro de 2007. Este período<br />

corresponde a 2 anos antes e 2 anos depois da implementação<br />

das novas normas técnicas e sanitárias (Outubro de 2005).<br />

Dentre os dados disponíveis nos prontuários, foram considerados<br />

para este estudo: idade, sexo, qualidade da córnea doada, data e hora<br />

do óbito, enucleação e preservação. A graduação biomicroscópica da<br />

qualidade da córnea foi realizada à lâmpada de fenda, por um médico<br />

oftalmologista, e anotada no prontuário do doador, segu<strong>in</strong>do os<br />

critérios propostos pela Associação Panamericana de Banco de Olhos<br />

(APABO) (12,13) . O exam<strong>in</strong>ador graduou a <strong>in</strong>tegridade do epitélio corneal,<br />

a presença de halo senil, o edema estromal, as dobras de Descemet<br />

e as excrescências na Descemet (córnea guttata), segu<strong>in</strong>do a<br />

graduação: 0 (excelente), 1 (boa), 2 (razoável), 3 (ruim), 4 (péssimo). O<br />

exam<strong>in</strong>ador apresenta uma graduação f<strong>in</strong>al, que varia de 0 a 4, que<br />

def<strong>in</strong>e a f<strong>in</strong>alidade terapêutica da córnea doadora. As córneas usadas<br />

para transplante óptico são as avaliadas entre 0 e 2. As com avaliação<br />

f<strong>in</strong>al 3 são usadas para transplante tectônico e as com avaliação 4 são<br />

descartadas. Em nosso estudo apenas a graduação f<strong>in</strong>al foi utilizada<br />

para comparação. Foram analisadas as variáveis: (1) número absoluto<br />

de córneas doadas, (2) Δt-O-E, (3) Δt-E-P e a (4) qualidade da córnea.<br />

Foram excluídos deste estudo: (1) prontuários rasurados ou de<br />

difícil entendimento, (2) olhos não enucleados por qualquer razão e<br />

(3) córneas enviadas para anatomia histopatológica.<br />

Os resultados obtidos no estudo foram expressos por médias,<br />

desvios padrões e porcentuais. Para comparar os períodos antes e<br />

depois da Resolução RDC N o 347, foi utilizado o teste estatístico de<br />

Mann-Whitney para amostras não pareadas e não paramétricas.<br />

Valores de p


Análise da qualidade das córneas doadas e do <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre óbito, enucleação e preservação após a implantação de<br />

novas normas técnicas e sanitárias em Banco de Olhos Universitário<br />

das. Foram observadas média e desvio padrão da qualidade da córnea<br />

doada de 1,76 ± 0,90 antes e 1,94 ± 0,88 após a implementação das<br />

novas normas. Foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante<br />

(p=0,0019).<br />

DISCUSSÃO<br />

Após as mudanças <strong>in</strong>stituídas no BTO, observamos gr<strong>and</strong>e au -<br />

mento do número absoluto de captação e na preservação de córneas<br />

no BTO-SCSP. Esse resultado pode ser atribuído, em parte, ao<br />

aumento do número de hospitais que passaram a fazer notificação<br />

e ao aumento de sua capacidade operacional. Com esse gr<strong>and</strong>e<br />

au mento dos transplantes de córnea nos últimos anos, a avaliação<br />

biomicroscópica criteriosa dos tecidos oculares tem papel de maior<br />

importância na prevenção das complicações relacionadas à má qualidade<br />

dos tecidos (6) .<br />

O Δt-O-E, que <strong>in</strong>flui na qualidade da córnea segundo Van Meter<br />

et al., não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os dois grupos (14) . Saldanha<br />

et al. sugerem que o tempo menor entre essas variáveis poderia<br />

dim<strong>in</strong>uir o número de córneas descartadas após preservação (15) .<br />

Em nosso estudo, o Δt-O-E não mostrou diferença antes e após as<br />

melhorias realizadas no setor, já que a rot<strong>in</strong>a dos responsáveis pela<br />

captação se manteve após as mudanças. Novas alternativas devem<br />

ser elaborados para dim<strong>in</strong>uir essa variável. A captação <strong>in</strong> situ poderia<br />

ser uma alternativa (16) .<br />

Teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney (p=0,163).<br />

Gráfico 2. Comparação da média e desvio padrão do <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre a enucleação e a<br />

preservação de córneas doadoras antes e após a implantação das normas exigidas da<br />

Resolução 347.<br />

Fonte: Banco de Tecidos Oculares do Serviço de Captação de Órgãos e Tecidos (SCOT)<br />

da Santa Casa de São Paulo.<br />

O Δt-E-P que, segundo Böhr<strong>in</strong>ger et al. (7) , <strong>in</strong>flui nos resultados dos<br />

transplantes de córnea, e Bourne (17) que recomenda tempo menor<br />

que dez dias de preservação para atenuar a perda endotelial, não<br />

apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante ao serem comparadas<br />

(p=0,163). Os residentes do Departamento <strong>in</strong>cumbidos da<br />

fun ção de preservar as córneas cont<strong>in</strong>uavam com a mesma função,<br />

mas após as mudanças estabelecidas nesta resolução, como nova<br />

rot<strong>in</strong>a dos funcionários, presença de novos prontuários dos doadores,<br />

livro de registros atualizados, espaço físico adequado, câmara de<br />

fluxo lam<strong>in</strong>ar e material exclusivo, são fatores que poderiam dim<strong>in</strong>uir<br />

o tempo desta variável.<br />

Dentre as explicações para a <strong>in</strong>fluência do <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre o óbito<br />

e a preservação e a qualidade da córnea, estão as possíveis alterações<br />

metabólicas ou até anatômicas da córnea durante esse período (5) .<br />

Al guns autores observaram que o <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre o óbito e a preservação<br />

pode estar associado à maior chance de defeito epitelial na<br />

córnea. Isso pode aumentar a exposição do tecido a traumatismos e à<br />

toxicidade de substâncias e medicamentos durante o período de preservação,<br />

dim<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>do sua qualidade para transplante (10) . Já Slettedal<br />

et al. demonstraram a enorme capacidade regenerativa do epitélio<br />

corneal com células viáveis após sete dias do óbito (18) . Alguns autores<br />

sugerem que idade elevada e a causa do óbito podem estar associadas<br />

à perda endotelial acentuada em pacientes transplantados (8) , o<br />

que mostra que diversos outros fatores podem deteriorar os tecidos.<br />

Em relação à qualidade da córnea, os resultados encontrados não<br />

foram os esperados, já que, estatisticamente, a qualidade da córnea<br />

piorou após as novas normas (p=0,0019). Uma das explicações para<br />

isso é uma possível superestimação na graduação dos parâmetros<br />

biomicroscópicos da córnea doada pelos médicos avaliadores após<br />

as mudanças implantadas. Os médicos passaram a ser mais rigorosos<br />

e o local próprio para tal procedimento permitiu melhor exame dos<br />

tecidos.<br />

Em nossa op<strong>in</strong>ião, novos critérios de avaliação da córnea doada<br />

devem ser propostos para que a subjetividade do exame seja reduzida.<br />

Melhor padronização na avaliação da córnea entre os BTOs<br />

po deria ser estabelecida para melhor comparação entre eles, para<br />

que experiências sejam trocadas e melhorias sejam propostas. A<br />

padronização poderia começar com apenas um ou no máximo dois<br />

avaliadores exam<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong>o os tecidos, para que ocorra menor diferença<br />

entre as avaliações.<br />

Novos estudos devem ser realizados para estabelecer def<strong>in</strong>itivamente<br />

a causa da piora na qualidade dos tecidos. A implantação de<br />

novas rot<strong>in</strong>as devem ser propostas para que se possam dim<strong>in</strong>uir os<br />

tempos post mortem neste BTO e as próximas Resoluções devem ser<br />

criadas com esses objetivos, para que os BTOs sejam sempre aperfeiçoados,<br />

tendo excelência na qualidade dos tecidos transplantados.<br />

CONCLUSÕES<br />

Podemos concluir que após as mudanças técnicas e sanitárias<br />

exigidas pela Resolução 347 houve gr<strong>and</strong>e aumento no número de<br />

córneas doadas, captadas e preservadas.<br />

Não foi observada diferença no <strong>in</strong>tervalo entre o óbito e a preservação<br />

após as mudanças exigidas, porém foi observada piora na<br />

qualidade da córnea doada após as mudanças implementadas.<br />

Teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney (p


Zantut F, et al.<br />

4. Resolução - RDC Nº 347, de 02 de dezembro de 2003. Determ<strong>in</strong>a Normas Técnicas<br />

para o Funcionamento de Bancos de Olhos [Internet]. [citado 2012 Nov 30]. Disponível<br />

em: http://www.brasilsus.com.br/<strong>in</strong>dex.php?option=com_content&view=<br />

article&id=12982<br />

5. Pantaleão GR, Zapparolli M, Guedes GB, Dimart<strong>in</strong>i Junior WM, Vidal CC, Wasilewski D,<br />

et al. Avaliação da qualidade das córneas doadoras em relação à idade do doador e<br />

causa do óbito. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2009;72(5):631-5.<br />

6. Sano RY, Sano FT, Dantas MC, Lui AC, Sano ME, Lui Neto A. Análise das córneas do<br />

Banco de Olhos da Santa Casa de São Paulo utilizadas em transplantes. Arq Bras<br />

Oftal mol. 2010;73(3):254-8.<br />

7. Böhr<strong>in</strong>ger D, Re<strong>in</strong>hard T, Spelsberg H, Sundmacher R. Influenc<strong>in</strong>g factors on chronic<br />

endothelial cell loss characterised <strong>in</strong> a homogeneous group of patients. Br J Ophthal -<br />

mol. 2002;86(1):35-8.<br />

8. Redbrake C, Becker J, Salla S, Stollenwerk R, Reim M. The <strong>in</strong>fluence of the cause of<br />

death <strong>and</strong> age on human corneal metabolism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(9):<br />

3553-6. Comment <strong>in</strong> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36(2):259.<br />

9. Adán CB, D<strong>in</strong>iz AR, Perlatto D, Hirai FE, Sato EH. Dez anos de doação de córneas no<br />

Banco de Olhos do Hospital São Paulo: perfil dos doadores de 1996 a 2005. Arq Bras<br />

Oftalmol. 2008;71(2):176-81.<br />

10. Terry MA, Shamie N, Chen ES, Hoar KL, Phillips PM, Friend DJ. Endothelial keratoplasty:<br />

the <strong>in</strong>fluence of preoperative donor endothelial cell densities on dislocation, primary<br />

graft failure, <strong>and</strong> 1-year cell counts. Cornea. 2008;27(10):1131-7.<br />

11. Farias RJ, Kubokawa KM, Schirmer M, Sousa LB. Avaliação de córneas doadoras em<br />

lâmpada de fenda e microscopia especular durante o período de armazenamento.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2007;70(1):79-83.<br />

12. Associação Panamericana de Banco de Olhos (APABO). [Internet]. 2010 [citado; Disponível<br />

em: http://www.apabo.com.br.<br />

13. Batlle JF. Eye bank<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Lat<strong>in</strong> America. Cornea. 2002;21(6):541.<br />

14. Van Meter WS, Katz DG, White H, Gayheart R. Effect of death-to-preservation time on<br />

donor corneal epithelium. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2005;103:209-22; discussion 222-4.<br />

15. Saldanha BO, Oliveira RE Jr, Araújo PL, Pereira WA, Simão Filho C. Causes of nonuse<br />

of corneas donated <strong>in</strong> 2007 <strong>in</strong> M<strong>in</strong>as Gerais. Transplant Proc. 2009;41(3):802-3.<br />

16. Kim JH, Kim MJ, Stoeger C, Clover J, Kim JY, Tchah H. Comparison of <strong>in</strong> situ excision<br />

<strong>and</strong> whole-globe recovery of corneal tissue <strong>in</strong> a large, s<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>eye</strong> bank series. Am J<br />

Ophthalmol. 2010;150(3):427-33.e1.<br />

17. Bourne WM. Endothelial cell survival on transplanted human corneas preserved at 4<br />

C <strong>in</strong> 2.5% chondroit<strong>in</strong> sulfate for one to 13 days. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102(3):382-6.<br />

18. Slettedal JK, Lyberg T, Ramstad H, Beraki K, Nicolaissen B. Regeneration of the epi -<br />

thelium <strong>in</strong> organ-cultured donor corneas with extended post-mortem time. Acta<br />

Ophthalmol Sc<strong>and</strong>. 2007;85(4):371-6.<br />

VII Congresso Brasileiro de<br />

Catarata e Cirurgia Refrativa<br />

V Congresso Brasileiro de<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istração em Oftalmologia<br />

29 de maio a 1 o de junho 2013<br />

Hotel Iberostar Bahia<br />

Praia do Forte - Salvador (BA)<br />

Informações:<br />

Site: www.catarataerefrativa2013.com.br<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):398-401<br />

401


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior: poderia a cirurgia proporcionar satisfação aos pacientes?<br />

Lower blepharoplasty: would the surgery provide satisfaction to the patient?<br />

Giovanni André Pires Viana 1 , Midori Hentona Osaki 2 , Mauro Nishi 3<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivo: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com objetivo de avaliar os resultados<br />

de c<strong>in</strong>quenta pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior transcutânea,<br />

vis<strong>and</strong>o a análise do resultado clínico e a satisfação dos pacientes na Universidade<br />

Federal de São Paulo, entre abril de 2005 e maio de 2007.<br />

Métodos: Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos cirúgicos.<br />

O Grupo Cirúrgico 1 (Grupo Controle) foi composto por 25 pacientes submetidos a<br />

blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior tradicional e cantopexia lateral de rot<strong>in</strong>a. O Grupo Cirúrgico<br />

2 (Grupo Experimental) foi composto por 25 pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior com transposição das bolsas adiposas e cantopexia lateral de rot<strong>in</strong>a. Para<br />

avaliar os resultados obtidos foi utilizado a avaliação da autoestima dos pacientes,<br />

por meio da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg UNIFESP/EPM. O outro método<br />

uti lizado foi solicitar a participação de três cirurgiões <strong>in</strong>dependentes que avaliaram<br />

as fotografias de pré e pós-operatório e com auxílio de uma escala topográfica,<br />

quantificaram os resultados.<br />

Resultados: A média de idade foi de 48,8 anos, com predomínio do sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o<br />

(96%). A análise das fotografias mostrou que 96% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora<br />

significativa. A autoestima melhorou de um escore médio no pré-operatório<br />

de 5,1 (desvio padrão = 4,1) para um valor médio de 3,6 (desvio padrão = 3,5)<br />

após 6 meses da cirurgia (p=0,001).<br />

Conclusão: Os autores concluíram que ambos os procedimentos seriam seguros e<br />

eficazes, com baixo índice de complicação, apresent<strong>and</strong>o melhora da autoestima,<br />

visível após seis meses da cirurgia.<br />

Descritores: Pálpebras/cirurgia; Blefaroplastia; Autoimagem; Estética; Autoestima;<br />

Satisfação do paciente; Questionários<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze prospectively fifty patients submitted<br />

to lower <strong>eye</strong>lid blepharoplasty at the Federal University of São Paulo, between<br />

April 2005 <strong>and</strong> May 2007.<br />

Methods: Fifty patients were assigned to <strong>in</strong>terventions <strong>in</strong>to two surgical groups by us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

r<strong>and</strong>om allocation. The Surgical Group1 (control group) was composed of 25 patients<br />

who were submitted to conservatively st<strong>and</strong>ard fat-resection lower <strong>eye</strong>lid blepharo plasty,<br />

<strong>and</strong> rout<strong>in</strong>e lateral canthal support. The Surgical Group 2 (experimental group) was<br />

represented by 25 patients submitted to lower <strong>eye</strong>lid blepharoplasty with periorbital<br />

fat mobilization <strong>and</strong> arcus marg<strong>in</strong>alis redrape, <strong>and</strong> rout<strong>in</strong>e lateral can thal support.<br />

The self-esteem of all patients was compared with those <strong>in</strong> 25 age-matched volunteers<br />

from the general population. The parameters of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were<br />

determ<strong>in</strong>ed preoperatively <strong>and</strong> at 6-month <strong>in</strong>terval postoperatively. St<strong>and</strong>ardized photographs<br />

obta<strong>in</strong>ed before <strong>and</strong> after surgery were evaluated by three <strong>in</strong>dependent observers.<br />

Results: The median follow-up was 395 days (range 364 to 547 days). The mean age<br />

was 48.8 years, the population’s gender was predom<strong>in</strong>antly female (96%). Analysis<br />

of preoperative <strong>and</strong> postoperative photographs showed that 96% patients achieved<br />

significant improvement. Self-esteem scores improved from basel<strong>in</strong>e preoperative mean<br />

levels of 5.1 (St<strong>and</strong>ard Deviation = 4.1) to a mean level of 3.6 (St<strong>and</strong>ard Deviation = 3.5)<br />

at 6 months post-surgery (p=0.001). No patients had orbital hematoma, blepharitis,<br />

lagophthalmos or ectropion.<br />

Conclusions: The authors concluded that both procedures are safe <strong>and</strong> effective<br />

with low complication rates, <strong>and</strong> marked improvement <strong>in</strong> self-esteem was observed <strong>in</strong><br />

patients at 6-month follow-up.<br />

Keywords: Eyelids/surgery; Blepharoplasty; Self concept; Esthetics; Patient satisfaction;<br />

Questionnaires<br />

INTRODUÇÃO<br />

O processo de envelhecimento na região periorbital pode cau sar<br />

<strong>in</strong>úmeras mudanças, entre as quais poder-se-ia citar as alterações<br />

na qualidade ou quantidade de pele, a herniação das bolsas adiposas<br />

ou o alongamento da margem palpebral <strong>in</strong>ferior. As queixas<br />

comuns <strong>in</strong>cluiriam as bolsas adiposas, l<strong>in</strong>has de expressão ou olhar<br />

cansado. Os avanços recentes sobre a compreensão da topografia<br />

dos compartimentos adiposos da face, a perda de volume dos tecidos<br />

da face durante o envelhecimento e a descrição detalhada dos<br />

ligamentos faciais tem propiciado o melhoramento das técnicas de<br />

rejuvenescimento facial e periorbital (1-4) . O tratamento cirúrgico da<br />

pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior através da <strong>in</strong>cisão transcutânea, tradicionalmente<br />

tem envolvido a escolha ou de um retalho cutâneo ou de um retalho<br />

músculo-cutâneo, havendo pouca diferença de resultados entre os<br />

dois procedimentos (5-10) .<br />

Atualmente, existem duas vertentes qu<strong>and</strong>o se aborda o tema<br />

sobre blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior, uma que advoga o uso de técnica cirúrgica<br />

mais agressiva, maximiz<strong>and</strong>o o resultado enquanto que a outra,<br />

mais conservadora, teria como objetivo m<strong>in</strong>imizar o risco de complicações.<br />

Loeb (11) foi um dos primeiros cirurgiões a preservar o tecido<br />

adiposo durante a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior, entretanto desde que de<br />

la Plaza e Arroyo (12) descreveram sobre o reparo das bolsas adiposas<br />

durante a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior, o <strong>in</strong>teresse pela abordagem conservadora<br />

e a sua preservação tem gerado gr<strong>and</strong>e <strong>in</strong>teresse.<br />

A avaliação dos resultados em cirurgia plástica é especialmente<br />

pert<strong>in</strong>ente, pois a satisfação do paciente é o fator preponderante na<br />

determ<strong>in</strong>ação do sucesso. Normalmente, esta avaliação se baseia em<br />

comparações subjetivas de imagens fotográficas selecionadas, entretanto<br />

deveria ser considerada de baixa confiabilidade. A avaliação<br />

do aspecto psicológico do paciente e suas expectativas em relação<br />

Submetido para publicação: 28 de novembro de 2011<br />

Aceito para publicação: 9 de outubro de 2012<br />

Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo.<br />

1<br />

Médico, Instituto da Visão, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -<br />

UNIFESP - São Paulo, Brasil.<br />

2<br />

Médica, Serviço de Plástica Ocular, Instituto da Visão, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade<br />

Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo, Brasil.<br />

3<br />

Médico, Instituto da Visão, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -<br />

UNIFESP - São Paulo, Brasil.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>anciamento: Não houve f<strong>in</strong>anciamento para este trabalho.<br />

Divulgação de potenciais conflitos de <strong>in</strong>teresse: G.A.P.Viana, Nenhum; M.H.Osaki, Nenhum;<br />

M.Nishi, Nenhum.<br />

Endereço para correspondência: Giovanni André Pires Viana. Av. Lav<strong>and</strong>isca ,741 - Conj. 53 - São<br />

Paulo (SP) - 04515-011 - Brasil - E-mail: <strong>in</strong>fo@cl<strong>in</strong>iplast.com<br />

Registrado no Australian New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Trials Registry - ACTRN12609000732280 (http://<br />

www.actr.org.au)<br />

402 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):402-6


Viana GAP, et al.<br />

à cirurgia também deveriam ser analisadas. Para tanto, uma avaliação<br />

mais objetiva dos resultados poderia fornecer orientação mais<br />

confiável sobre o padrão preferencial na prática clínica do dia-a-dia.<br />

Deste modo, diferentes escalas de mensuração estão sendo adotadas<br />

em diferentes situações, para comparar os resultados cirúrgicos (13-15) .<br />

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o resultado cirúrgico e a<br />

satisfação de 50 pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior transcutânea,<br />

na Universidade Federal de São Paulo, no setor de Ci rurgia<br />

Plástica Ocular.<br />

MÉTODOS<br />

Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, r<strong>and</strong>omizado e controlado<br />

entre abril de 2005 e maio de 2007 na Universidade Federal de São<br />

Paulo, no setor de Cirurgia Plástica Ocular.<br />

Amostra da população<br />

C<strong>in</strong>quenta pacientes consecutivos foram recrutados no ambulatório<br />

e todos que concordaram em participar da pesquisa ass<strong>in</strong>aram<br />

o termo de consentimento, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa<br />

da UNIFESP. Os participantes t<strong>in</strong>ham idade entre 30 e 65 anos.<br />

A avaliação pré-operatória <strong>in</strong>cluiu exame oftalmológico e exames<br />

específicos referentes a qualquer condição médica relevante.<br />

Pacientes com história de lesão ou cirurgia prévia na pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior<br />

foram excluídos do estudo.<br />

Cirurgia e seguimento<br />

Todos os 50 participantes foram submetidos a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior<br />

transcutânea, sendo operados pelo mesmo cirurgião (GAPV).<br />

Todos foram alocados em dois grupos cirúrgicos de modo aleatório<br />

(através de sorteio - “lottery draw”), sendo que cada grupo foi composto<br />

por 25 pacientes.<br />

A cirurgia foi realizada sob anestesia local, através do bloqueio do<br />

nervo <strong>in</strong>fraorbital com lidocaína a 2% a 1:200.000. No Grupo Ci rúrgico<br />

1 (GC1) foi realizado a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior tradicional, com retirada<br />

cautelosa do excesso das bolsas adiposas. No Grupo Cirúrgico 2<br />

(GC2) realizou-se a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior, com tratamento das bolsas<br />

adiposas conservadoramente, com posterior transposição das bolsas<br />

medial e média, sendo suturadas ao periósteo com fio de poliglact<strong>in</strong>a<br />

910, número 6-0.<br />

Todos os pacientes receberam alta hospitalar no mesmo dia. O<br />

primeiro retorno foi em torno do qu<strong>in</strong>to dia, sendo realizado a verificação<br />

da ferida cirúrgica e qualquer complicação. O segundo e o<br />

terceiro retornos foram planejados para o 1 o e 3 o mês após a cirurgia.<br />

O quarto retorno foi planejado para o 6 o mês. O último acompanhamento<br />

foi agendado para qu<strong>and</strong>o completasse um ano da cirurgia.<br />

Avaliação da flacidez palpebral<br />

A flacidez foi avaliada em todos os pacientes através da avaliação<br />

do tônus da margem palpebral por meio do teste de distração anterior<br />

(16-20) . A medida foi realizada no trans-operatório com ajuda de<br />

um compasso de Castroviejo, anot<strong>and</strong>o-se os valores obtidos antes<br />

e depois da cantopexia. Adotou-se o valor maior que 12 mm como<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicativo de frouxidão da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior.<br />

Outro método de se avaliar a flacidez palpebral foi através do<br />

p<strong>in</strong> çamento da face lateral da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior e tracion<strong>and</strong>o-a lateralmente<br />

no sentido horizontal, tendo-se o cuidado de se manter a<br />

posição da margem palpebral tangenci<strong>and</strong>o o limbo <strong>in</strong>ferior (teste<br />

de distração lateral). A flacidez foi def<strong>in</strong>ida como a distância lateral<br />

do deslocamento da comissura lateral sobre o ponto onde a margem<br />

palpebral sobrepor-se-ia a margem do rebordo lateral da órbita, sendo<br />

considerado neste estudo, o valor maior que 7 mm.<br />

Um fio de náilon número 5-0 foi usado para a realização da<br />

cantopexia. O exato local da colocação desta sutura foi variável, dependendo<br />

do resultado da exoftalmometria e da <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ação cantal<br />

preexistente (“Canthal tilt”). A exoftalmometria foi realizada no préope<br />

ratório, com auxílio do exoftalmomêtro de Luedde, pelo mesmo<br />

exam<strong>in</strong>ador em todos os casos e repetido duas vezes para cada<br />

paciente, adot<strong>and</strong>o-se a média para cada resultado.<br />

Tratamento do excesso de pele<br />

A lamela anterior foi tracionada em um vetor supero-lateral, ao<br />

<strong>in</strong>vés de um vetor vertical puro. A excisão do excesso de pele foi feita<br />

através da remoção de um triângulo de tecido lateralmente ao canto,<br />

m<strong>in</strong>imiz<strong>and</strong>o assim a quantidade de tecido removido. Concomitantemente<br />

a cantopexia, realizou-se a suspensão do músculo orbicular,<br />

ou seja, foi realizada a sutura da porção pré-septal do músculo orbicular<br />

ao periósteo do rebordo lateral da órbita com um ponto simples<br />

(Poliglact<strong>in</strong>a 910, número 6-0). A síntese da lesão foi realizada livre de<br />

tensão com náilon 6-0.<br />

Análise dos resultados<br />

Para conseguir algum nível de quantificação dos resultados, uma<br />

escala topográfica foi utilizada para avaliar os resultados pré e pósope<br />

ratório (0 - melhor resultado; 3 - pior resultado) (17) . Cada paciente<br />

foi submetido a avaliação fotográfica no pré e pós-operatório em<br />

cada retorno. As fotografias foram realizadas por máqu<strong>in</strong>a digital<br />

Olympus Stylus 710, as sequências (plano frontal olhos abertos e<br />

fechados, perfil direito e esquerdo) de cada paciente foram realizadas<br />

em um tempo único, portanto sob as mesmas condições de ilum<strong>in</strong>ação<br />

(natural e com flash). As fotografias de antes e depois foram<br />

analisadas por três cirurgiões que não estiveram envolvidos com os<br />

pacientes. Os dados fornecidos pelos cirurgiões foram agrupados e<br />

as médias foram utilizadas em todas as comparações.<br />

Questionário utilizado no estudo<br />

Para avaliar e quantificar o resultado da cirurgia, todos os pacientes<br />

foram submetidos à avaliação da autoestima através da Escala<br />

de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Esta escala foi traduzida e validada<br />

a língua portuguesa por D<strong>in</strong>i et al. (18) , sendo denom<strong>in</strong>ada Escala<br />

de Autoestima de Rosenberg UNIFESP/EPM (RSES-EPM). A escala é<br />

composta por 10 perguntas, cada qual com quatro alternativas. Cada<br />

pergunta poderá variar entre zero (concordo plenamente) e três (discordo<br />

plenamente). O escore total da escala variará entre zero e 30<br />

pontos, sendo que quanto menor o escore, melhor será a autoestima.<br />

Para melhor análise dos resultados, criou-se um grupo controle<br />

de autoestima (GCon), composto por 25 funcionários da <strong>in</strong>stituição,<br />

que não desejava ser submetido a nenhum procedimento cirúrgico<br />

(cirurgia plástica) no período de pelo menos 6 meses.<br />

Os participantes do Grupo Cirúrgico responderam a RSES-EPM no<br />

pré-operatório e no 6º mês após a cirurgia, enquanto que os voluntários<br />

do Grupo Controle foram avaliados em dois momentos dist<strong>in</strong>tos,<br />

com <strong>in</strong>tervalo de 6 meses entre as duas avaliações.<br />

Análise estatística<br />

Foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon para comparar os resultados do<br />

questionário de autoestima nos dois momentos dist<strong>in</strong>tos. O teste de<br />

Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para analisar a importância da avaliação<br />

subjetiva das fotografias. As diferenças seriam consideradas significativas<br />

se a probabilidade fosse <strong>in</strong>ferior a 0,05.<br />

RESULTADOS<br />

Cirurgia e seguimento<br />

A tabela 1 demonstra as características sociodemográficas de<br />

am bos os grupos cirúrgicos. A idade média da população foi de 48,8<br />

anos (34 - 65); houve predom<strong>in</strong>ância do sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o (96%). Não<br />

houve diferença no tempo cirúrgico entre os dois grupos; o período<br />

de acompanhamento foi de pelo menos 1 ano (364 - 547 dias).<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):402-6<br />

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Blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior: poderia a cirurgia proporcionar satisfação aos pacientes?<br />

O resultado da exoftalmometria realizado em todos os pacientes<br />

pode ser observado na tabela 2. A frequência de esclera aparente<br />

no pré-operatório foi mais comum à medida que os valores obtidos<br />

na exoftalmometria aumentaram. Pacientes com exoftalmometria<br />

≥ 20 mm tiveram 28,5% de <strong>in</strong>cidência de esclera aparente no préope<br />

ratório.<br />

Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação à<br />

flacidez palpebral, entretanto a cantopexia se mostrou eficaz em<br />

reduzir a flacidez antes e depois da cirurgia, conforme demonstrado<br />

pela tabela 3.<br />

Os resultados da análise pelos três observadores <strong>in</strong>dependentes<br />

atra vés de uma escala proporcional topográficas são vistos na tabela 4.<br />

Questionário utilizado no estudo<br />

A análise descritiva mostrou que a média da avaliação da autoestima<br />

no pré-operatório foi de 5,1 (DP=4,1), enquanto que no pósope<br />

ratório foi de 3,6 (DP=3,5). A mediana no primeiro momento foi<br />

de 4,5 e após 6 meses foi de 3,0. O <strong>in</strong>tervalo de confiança (95%) para<br />

o questionário no pré-operatório foi de 3,99 ; 6,21, enquanto que no<br />

período pós-operatório foi de 2,64 ; 4,92.<br />

A análise da RSES-EPM mostrou que 31 (62%) <strong>in</strong>divíduos tiveram<br />

melhora da autoestima após a cirurgia, 12 (24%) pacientes tiveram<br />

sua pontuação <strong>in</strong>alterada e em 7 (14%) casos houve piora. Em média,<br />

houve uma redução de 1,5 na pontuação pós-operatória (Figura 1).<br />

Complicações<br />

C<strong>in</strong>co pacientes apresentaram mau posicionamento da pálpebra<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior após um ano de seguimento, caracterizado pela esclera<br />

aparente (lateralmente), sendo que quatro destes pacientes t<strong>in</strong>ham<br />

exoftalmometria com valor ≥ 18 mm. Seis pacientes apresentavam<br />

es clera aparente no pré-operatório, mas nenhum deles desejou alteração<br />

no posicionamento da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior.<br />

Dois pacientes apresentaram quemose, necessit<strong>and</strong>o usar colirío<br />

de fluormetolona a 0,1% (1 gota em cada olho, 4 vezes ao dia, por 7<br />

dias), com resolução completa. Nenhum paciente apresentou hematoma<br />

orbital, blefarite, lagoftalmo ou ectrópio da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior.<br />

DISCUSSÃO<br />

A evolução da blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior resultou em conceitos divergentes,<br />

onde alguns autores <strong>in</strong>dicariam a preservação das bolsas<br />

adiposas da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior e ressecção mínima da pele, outros<br />

evi tariam lesar o músculo orbicular dos olhos, enquanto alguns re -<br />

comendariam o uso de retalho musculocutâneo com amplo descolamento<br />

abaixo do músculo orbicular dos olhos (9,10,16,17,19-21).<br />

A etiopatogenia do processo de envelhecimento periorbital é<br />

mul tifatorial. As mudanças nesta região relacionadas à idade <strong>in</strong>cluiriam<br />

o aparecimento de ritides, esclera aparente, deflação da região<br />

<strong>in</strong>fraorbital, protusão das bolsas adiposas, excesso de pele na pálpebra<br />

superior e <strong>in</strong>ferior, festões, entre outros. Além disso, a atenuação<br />

Tabela 1. Aspectos sociodemográficos<br />

Variável<br />

Idade (anos)<br />

Grupo cirúrgico<br />

GC1 (N=25)<br />

GC2 (N=25)<br />

Média (DP) 49,5 (6,6) 48,1 (5,9)<br />

Mínimo - máximo 34 - 65 40 - 65<br />

Faixa etária - N(%)<br />

30 - 39 anos 2 (08,0%) 0 (00,0%)<br />

40 - 49 anos 10 (40,0%) 18 (72,0%)<br />

50 - 59 anos 11 (44,0%) 6 (24,0%)<br />

≥ 60 anos 2 (08,0%) 1 (04,0%)<br />

Sexo - N(%)<br />

Fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o 24 (96,0%) 24 (96,0%)<br />

Mascul<strong>in</strong>o 1 (04,0%) 1 (04,0%)<br />

Duração cirurgia (horas)<br />

Média (DP) 1,47 (0,51) 1,57 (0,41)<br />

Mediana 1,25 1,50<br />

Mínimo - máximo 1,0 - 3,0 1,1 - 3,0<br />

Valor de p<br />

0,433<br />

0,074<br />

1,000<br />

0,078<br />

DP: desvio padrão; GC1: cirurgia tradicional; GC2: cirurgia com transposição de bolsas.<br />

Tabela 2. Exoftalmometria<br />

Medida da<br />

exoftalmometria<br />

(milímetros)<br />

GC 1 GC 2<br />

OD OE OD OE<br />

Média (DP) 16,04 (2,74) 16,84 (2,49) 15,72 (2,59) 17,08 (2,03)<br />

Mediana 15 17 16 16<br />

Mínimo - máximo 12 - 23 14 - 22 10 - 21 13 - 22<br />

IC (95%) 14,97 ; 17,11 15,87 ; 17,81 14,71 ; 16,73 14,93 ; 16,51<br />

OD: olho direito; OE: olho esquerdo; DP: desvio padrão; GC1: cirurgia tradicional; GC2:<br />

cirurgia com transposição de bolsas; IC: <strong>in</strong>tervalo de confiança.<br />

Tabela 3. Teste distração<br />

Teste<br />

(N=50)<br />

TDA OD<br />

Antes da<br />

cantopexia<br />

Avaliação<br />

Depois da<br />

cantopexia<br />

Variação<br />

Média (DP) 5,5 (1,5) 4,1 (1,0) 1,4 (0,8)<br />

Mediana 5 4 1<br />

Mínimo - máximo 3 - 11 2 - 7 0 - 4<br />

TDA OE<br />

Média (DP) 5,2 (1,7) 3,9 (1,3) 1,2 (1,0)<br />

Mediana 5 4 1<br />

Mínimo - máximo 2 - 12 1 - 7 -1 - 5<br />

TDL OD<br />

Média (DP) 3,4 (1,2) 2,4 (0,8) 1,0 (0,6)<br />

Mediana 3 2 1<br />

Mínimo - máximo 2 - 7 1 - 5 0 - 3<br />

TDL OE<br />

Média (DP) 3,2 (1,2) 2,2 (0,6) 1,0 (0,8)<br />

Mediana 3 2 1<br />

Mínimo - máximo 2 - 7 1 - 5 0 - 4<br />

Valor<br />

de p<br />


Viana GAP, et al.<br />

Figura 1. Box-plot demonstr<strong>and</strong>o a autoestima em dois momentos dist<strong>in</strong>tos no grupo<br />

cirúrgico X grupo controle.<br />

do tendão cantal lateral resultaria em perda da arquitetura jovial dos<br />

olhos, secundária a uma dim<strong>in</strong>uição da <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ação superior do canto<br />

lateral que seria esteticamente agradável (4,21-23) . A mudança na posição<br />

do canto lateral é funcionalmente importante, pois sua alteração<br />

contribuiria para a flacidez da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior, o que poderia resultar<br />

no arredondamento da comissura lateral e estreitamento da fenda<br />

palpebral (16,19,20) .<br />

Historicamente, a complicação mais comum após a blefaroplastia<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior é o mau posicionamento palpebral, com <strong>in</strong>cidência vari<strong>and</strong>o<br />

entre 5% a 90% (16,24) . O fator etiológico mais prevalente no mau<br />

posicionamento da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior é a deficiência vertical da lamela<br />

anterior ou posterior, associada a frouxidão tarsoligamentar (16,24) . Para<br />

evitar a deformidade típica vista após este procedimento, a cantopexia<br />

ou a cantoplastia tem sido adotadas como método de suporte de<br />

rot<strong>in</strong>a durante a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior (16,19,20,25) .<br />

A avaliação da posição ântero-posterior do globo ocular em relação<br />

à órbita (exoftalmometria) é importante porque torna possível a<br />

identificação de pacientes com olhos proem<strong>in</strong>entes e morfologia de<br />

vetor negativo. Estes pacientes estariam em maior risco de mau posicionamento<br />

da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior, necessit<strong>and</strong>o de suporte adicional<br />

no canto lateral. Neste estudo, o resultado da exoftalmometria em<br />

pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior foi analisado e os autores<br />

documentaram os parâmetros pré-operatórios relativos a suas<br />

características periorbitais. A primeira constatação foi que 50% dos<br />

pacientes tiveram como resultado o valor entre 15-17 mm, e apenas<br />

4% destes pacientes t<strong>in</strong>ham esclera aparente no pré-operatório, ao<br />

contrário do resultado demonstrado por alguns autores (23) . Um outro<br />

achado <strong>in</strong>teressante foi que 15,8% dos pacientes com olhos proem<strong>in</strong>entes<br />

(≥ 18 mm) t<strong>in</strong>ham um vetor neutro durante o exame clínico,<br />

mas sendo identificados durante a exoftalmometria.<br />

A cantopexia foi associada para evitar o mau posicionamento da<br />

pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior que é a complicação mais comum após este tipo<br />

de cirurgia. Não houve diferença significativa na flacidez da pálpebra<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior entre o dois grupos estudados, no entanto, a cantopexia<br />

teve um gr<strong>and</strong>e impacto na flacidez da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior, como de -<br />

monstrado por vários autores (16,19,20,23) . Em geral, todos os métodos<br />

de cantopexia/cantoplastia corrigem a frouxidão tarsoligamentar,<br />

contrapondo-se às forças de cicatrização (16,19,20,23) .<br />

Embora houvesse casos com flacidez importante tanto no teste<br />

de distração anterior quanto no teste de distração lateral e sendo<br />

esta flacidez <strong>in</strong>dicativa de se realizar a cantoplastia, os autores optaram<br />

por usar a cantopexia e analisar a evolução desses pacientes (5,23) .<br />

Durante a análise dos resultados pré e pós-operatório da cantopexia,<br />

viu-se que a frouxidão tarsoligamentar melhorou em todos os casos,<br />

com exceção de c<strong>in</strong>co pacientes que apresentaram esclera aparente.<br />

Os autores observaram que, apesar de muitos estudos que avaliaram<br />

a frouxidão tarsoligamentar da pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior e seu tratamento<br />

através da cantopexia ou cantoplastia, não houve nenhum estudo<br />

quantific<strong>and</strong>o estes dados no pré e pós-operatório, demonstr<strong>and</strong>o<br />

nu mericamente a melhora após o tratamento cirúrgico.<br />

Os autores compararam os resultados cirúrgicos entre dois grupos<br />

de pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior tradicional e a<br />

blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior com mobilização das bolsas adiposas e mobilização<br />

do arco marg<strong>in</strong>al. Qu<strong>and</strong>o se opta por realizar a blefaroplastia<br />

com preservação e mobilização das bolsas adiposas, presume-se<br />

que o volume destas bolsas não estejam aumentados, sendo sua<br />

preservação importante para a manutenção da jovialidade da projeção<br />

do globo ocular em relação a face (8,9,16,19) . Qu<strong>and</strong>o os autores<br />

compararam o tempo de cirurgia entre os dois grupos, observou-se<br />

que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre eles (26) .<br />

Durante a análise das fotografias observou-se que a maioria dos<br />

pacientes t<strong>in</strong>ha flacidez cutânea (74%), bolsas adiposas na pálpebra<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior (76%) e deformidade denom<strong>in</strong>ada de sulco nasojugal pronunciado<br />

(“tear trough”) (74%). Estas três condições foram as pr<strong>in</strong>cipais<br />

responsáveis pelo procura de tratamento cirúrgico.<br />

Os objetivos da cirurgia plástica seriam remodelar as estruturas<br />

normais e restaurar a aparência jovial, melhor<strong>and</strong>o além da aparência<br />

a autoimagem do paciente. Um número crescente de estudos tem<br />

relatado que a motivação para a cirurgia plástica não poderia ser<br />

explicada exclusivamente por uma simples relação de causalidade<br />

entre a personalidade e a deformidade. Eles tem salientado a importância<br />

dos aspectos <strong>in</strong>terpessoais e sociais (13-15,18,27) . Tradicionalmente,<br />

o método de avaliação de resultado mais utilizado em cirurgia<br />

plástica tem sido baseado na comparação de fotografias de pré e<br />

pós-operatório. Outra possibilidade utilizada pelos cirurgiões seria<br />

analisar a <strong>in</strong>cidência de complicação em cada <strong>in</strong>tervenção. Infelizmente,<br />

nenhum desses métodos tem se mostrado útil na avaliação<br />

de resultado, pois eles não seriam confiáveis e nem validados, ou seja,<br />

não seguiriam metodologia adequada e reprodutível.<br />

Os autores compararam os resultados cirúrgicos da blefaroplastia<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior transcutânea não com base na análise subjetiva das fotografias<br />

de pré e pós-operatório, mas através de dois modos, o primeiro<br />

com base na avaliação da autoestima dos pacientes e o segundo ba -<br />

seado na avaliação <strong>in</strong>dependente de três cirurgiões convidados, que<br />

não estiveram envolvidos com esses pacientes, para avaliar as fotografias<br />

(pré e pós-operatório) por meio de uma escala topográfica (17) .<br />

Observou-se que a maioria dos pacientes (96%) teve melhora da<br />

pálpebra <strong>in</strong>ferior após a cirurgia na avaliação <strong>in</strong>dependente. A análise<br />

<strong>in</strong>dependente demonstrou um resultado f<strong>in</strong>al global de 0,84 em uma<br />

escala de 0 - 3 (sendo “0” o melhor resultado possível), que os autores<br />

consideraram ser um nível aceitável de melhora .<br />

O resultado global da RSES-EPM no período pré-operatório foi<br />

em média 5,1 enquanto que no pós-operatório foi de 3,6. Apesar<br />

de todos os participantes terem relatado mudanças positivas em<br />

suas vidas sociais e relações <strong>in</strong>terpessoais, observou-se que 7 (14%)<br />

pacientes apresentaram piora da autoestima. Entre estes pacientes,<br />

os autores procuraram uma explicação para este evento (piora) e<br />

encontraram algumas situações especiais: três pacientes se divorciaram,<br />

três tiveram problemas com seus filhos e uma ficou viúva após<br />

a cirurgia. Figueroa mostrou que a dor e a perda seriam responsáveis<br />

pela rutura da imagem corporal com alteração significativa da autoestima,<br />

o que poderia durar até um ano após o evento (28) .<br />

Observou-se neste trabalho melhora na autoestima após a<br />

ci rurgia, demostr<strong>and</strong>o que a desaprovação com o corpo estaria diretamente<br />

relacionada à baixa autoestima, como demonstrado por<br />

diversos autores (28,29) . Estes resultados tem apontado que atualmente,<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):402-6<br />

405


Blefaroplastia <strong>in</strong>ferior: poderia a cirurgia proporcionar satisfação aos pacientes?<br />

a sociedade e o mercado de trabalho tem exigido uma aparência<br />

cada vez mais jovial, mostr<strong>and</strong>o que desde a primeira vez que Narciso<br />

viu o reflexo de seu rosto em um lago, a humanidade está obcecada<br />

com a sua aparência.<br />

No entanto, algumas limitações estão presentes neste estudo,<br />

pois mesmo sendo o <strong>in</strong>strumento de mensuração psicométrico,<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>ua sendo difícil estabelecer relações causais entre as variáveis.<br />

Aspectos importantes de disfunção física e psicológica podem ter<br />

sido perdidos pelo questionário usado. A variável <strong>in</strong>dependente<br />

(<strong>in</strong> tervenção cirúrgica) não poderia ser manipulada por causa das<br />

restrições éticas e práticas. Portanto, um projeto prospectivo de pesquisa,<br />

onde os próprios participantes serviriam como controle, foi a<br />

opção mais viável e adequada para testar as hipóteses do estudo. No<br />

futuro, será necessário considerar como as medidas psicométricas<br />

adicionais da imagem corporal irão permitir o aperfeiçoamento da<br />

compreensão dos resultados da qualidade de vida e da autoestima<br />

rot<strong>in</strong>eiramente vivenciados pelos pacientes de cirurgia plástica.<br />

CONCLUSÃO<br />

Esse estudo demonstrou que ambas as técnicas cirúrgicas apresentaram<br />

bons resultados, com baixa <strong>in</strong>cidência de complicações.<br />

Os resultados desta pesquisa confirmaram a hipótese que a blefaroplastia<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior melhoraria a aparência física, produz<strong>in</strong>do um efeito<br />

psicológico positivo através da melhora da autoestima, est<strong>and</strong>o esta<br />

melhora visível no 6 o mês após a cirurgia.<br />

AGRADECIMENTOS<br />

Os autores gostariam de agradecer aos três cirurgiões <strong>in</strong>dependentes:<br />

Angel<strong>in</strong>o Júlio Cariello, Daniel Nunes e Silva e Renato Wendell<br />

Damasceno.<br />

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(editorial). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(6):1796-804. Comment <strong>in</strong>: Plast Reconstr<br />

Surg. 2006;117(1):349.<br />

22. Pessa JE. An algorithm of facial ag<strong>in</strong>g: verification of Lambro’s theory by three-dimensional<br />

stereolithography, with reference to the pathogenesis of midfacial ag<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

scleral show, <strong>and</strong> the lateral suborbital trough deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;<br />

106(2):479-88; discussion 489-90.<br />

23. Hirm<strong>and</strong> H, Codner MA, McCord CD, Hester TR, Nahai F. Prom<strong>in</strong>ent <strong>eye</strong>: operative management<br />

<strong>in</strong> lower lid <strong>and</strong> midfacial rejuvenation <strong>and</strong> the morphologic classification<br />

system. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110(2):620-8; discussion 629-34.<br />

24. Patroc<strong>in</strong>io TG, Loredo BA, Arevalo CE, Patroc<strong>in</strong>io LG, Patroc<strong>in</strong>io JA. Complications<br />

<strong>in</strong> blepharoplasty: how to avoid <strong>and</strong> manage them. Braz J Otorh<strong>in</strong>olaryngol. 2011;<br />

77(3):322-7.<br />

25. Korn BS, Kikkawa DO, Cohen SR. Transcutaneous lower <strong>eye</strong>lid blepharoplasty with<br />

orbitomalar suspension: retrospective review of 212 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr<br />

Surg. 2010;125(1):315-23.<br />

26. Parsa AA, Lye KD, Radcliffe N, Parsa FD. Lower blepharoplasty with capsulopapebral<br />

fascia hernia repair for palpebral bags: a long-term prospective study. Plast Reconstr<br />

Surg. 2008;121(4):1387-97. Comment <strong>in</strong>: Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(6):1976-7; author<br />

reply 1977.<br />

27. Ch<strong>in</strong>g S, Thoma A, McCabe RE, Antony MM. Measur<strong>in</strong>g outcomes <strong>in</strong> aesthetic surgery:<br />

a comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(1):469-80;<br />

discussion 481-2. Comment <strong>in</strong>: Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(7):1953-4; author reply<br />

1954-5.<br />

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Plastic Surg Nurs. 2003;23(1):21-4. Review.<br />

29. Kostanski M, Gullone E. Adolescent body image dissatisfaction: relationship with selfes<br />

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1998;39(2):255-62.<br />

406 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):402-6


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

<strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita <strong>and</strong> geographical distribution<br />

of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> Brazil<br />

Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita e a distribuição geográfica dos oftalmologistas no Brasil<br />

Reg<strong>in</strong>a de Souza Carvalho 1 , Alice Selles D<strong>in</strong>iz 2 , Fabrício Mart<strong>in</strong>s Lacerda 3 , Paulo Augusto de Arruda Mello 4<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: To assess the number of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> Brazil, their regional distribution,<br />

ophthalmologist/habitant ratio, <strong>and</strong> the relation between ophthalmologist<br />

<strong>and</strong> State <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita to aid public health policies.<br />

Methods: An ecologic study was conducted. Data were obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the “Census<br />

2011 Brazilian Ophthalmology Council”, from “Demographic Census of Brazilian<br />

Institute of Geography <strong>and</strong> Statistics (IBGE) 2010 <strong>and</strong> from “Brazilian Regional<br />

Ac counts, 2005-2009”- M<strong>in</strong>istry of Plann<strong>in</strong>g, Budget <strong>and</strong> Management - IBGE.<br />

Results: The number of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> Brazil is 15,719. Consider<strong>in</strong>g the per -<br />

formance <strong>in</strong> more than one municipality, the number of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> service<br />

is 17,992, that is, one ophthalmologist for 10,601; the ophthalmologist/site ratio<br />

vary among the States from a m<strong>in</strong>imum of 1/51,437 (Amapá) to a maximum of<br />

1/4,279 (Distrito Federal). There is a correlation among State GDP per capita <strong>and</strong><br />

the number of ophthalmologists/habitant: the higher the GDP per capita, the larger<br />

is the number of ophthalmologists act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the State (p


<strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita <strong>and</strong> geographical distribution of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> Brazil<br />

The ma<strong>in</strong> factors highlighted <strong>in</strong> the literature of utmost importan -<br />

c e <strong>in</strong> the physician location choice are: place where the physician<br />

was graduated <strong>and</strong>/or completed the medical residence; States with<br />

higher <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita; cont<strong>in</strong>ued medical<br />

education <strong>and</strong> work market opportunity available for the partner (9,11-14) .<br />

In Brazil, governmental <strong>in</strong>terventions were performed to set the<br />

physicians <strong>in</strong> the midl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the 60’s, with “Projeto Rondon” (Rondon<br />

Project), “Programa de Interiorização das Ações de Saúde e Saneamento<br />

(PIASS) (Program for Internalization of Health <strong>and</strong> Sanitation)”, “Programa<br />

de Interiorização do SUS” (PISUS) (Program for Internalization of Uni que<br />

Health System - SUS)” <strong>and</strong> “Programa de Interiorização do Trabalho em<br />

Saúde (PITS) (Program for Internalization of Health Work)” (15) .<br />

However, the poor physicians’ distribution rema<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> affects<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>ly the North <strong>and</strong> Northeast regions of the country (16) .<br />

There is no data available on the geographical distribution by<br />

medical specialty <strong>in</strong> each Brazilian regions <strong>and</strong> its relation with the<br />

number of <strong>in</strong>habitants.<br />

The Brazilian Ophthalmology Council had already performed a<br />

census <strong>in</strong> 2000, 12 years ago. Its <strong>in</strong>formation was very valuable, but<br />

<strong>in</strong> 2011 it was necessary to outl<strong>in</strong>e a new overview to assess, plan<br />

<strong>and</strong> guide physicians, health managers, <strong>and</strong> parliament members<br />

<strong>in</strong> public policies formulation <strong>and</strong> decisions on private <strong>and</strong> public<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestments.<br />

The present paper assessed the number of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong><br />

Brazil, its regional distribution; Ophthalmologist per <strong>in</strong>habitant <strong>and</strong><br />

State GDP per capita ratio, to aid new priority projects <strong>in</strong> health area<br />

<strong>in</strong> order to achieve better access conditions for ophthalmologic<br />

services.<br />

METHODS<br />

The present study considered “ophthalmologists” the physicians<br />

who work <strong>in</strong> the ophthalmology specialty apart from hold<strong>in</strong>g a spe -<br />

cialist title provided by CBO/Brazilian Medical Association <strong>and</strong>/or<br />

conclusion of Medical Residency <strong>in</strong> Ophthalmology accredited by<br />

the National Committee of Medical Residency (M<strong>in</strong>istry of Education)<br />

with registers at Regional Councils of Medic<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

An ecological study was conducted cross<strong>in</strong>g the quantitative<br />

data obta<strong>in</strong>ed from registers published <strong>in</strong> the “Census 2011 of the Brazilian<br />

Ophthalmology Council” (17) , “Demographic Census 2010” of the<br />

Brazilian Institute of Geography <strong>and</strong> Statistics (IBGE) (18) <strong>and</strong> the publication<br />

on GDP per capita from “Brazilian Regional Accounts” (IBGE) (19) .<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the “Census 2011 of the Brazilian Ophthalmology<br />

Council”, the number of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> Brazil is 15,719, however,<br />

the number of ophthalmologists act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> more than one municipality<br />

(duly registered <strong>and</strong> pay<strong>in</strong>g annuity <strong>in</strong> each Regional Council of<br />

Medic<strong>in</strong>e) was identified as 2,273 (17) .<br />

For the purpose of cover<strong>in</strong>g all the population assistance, oph -<br />

thalmologists act<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> more than one municipality were considered<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to the number of municipalities assisted, which rendered<br />

a total of 17,992 ophthalmogists (17) .<br />

The variables recorded by each Brazilian State from these publications<br />

were: 1) number of ophthalmologists; 2) number of <strong>in</strong>habitants;<br />

3) <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita.<br />

The number of <strong>in</strong>habitants per ophthalmologist was calculated<br />

<strong>in</strong> each Brazilian State.<br />

Pearson’s (r) coefficient of correlation was estimated between<br />

<strong>in</strong>habitants/ophthalmologist <strong>and</strong> GDP per capita by the regression<br />

technique, us<strong>in</strong>g the M<strong>in</strong>itab ® statistical software version 16.1.<br />

The significance level was adopted as 5% (a=0,05).<br />

RESULTS<br />

Table 1 shows the ophthalmologist/<strong>in</strong>habitant ratio by State <strong>and</strong> region<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to the Ophthalmology Census 2011 <strong>and</strong> Demographic<br />

Census from Brazilian Institute of Geography <strong>and</strong> Statics (IBGE) 2010.<br />

In table 2 it is shown the <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita,<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to Regions <strong>and</strong> the States <strong>in</strong> 2009.<br />

In figure 1 it is possible to notice the ophthalmologist/<strong>in</strong>habitants<br />

ratio <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product per capita accord<strong>in</strong>g to States.<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

Inadequate distribution of health professionals (doctors <strong>and</strong> nur -<br />

ses) is an old <strong>and</strong> permanent worldwide phenomenon; <strong>and</strong> each<br />

country has been try<strong>in</strong>g to m<strong>in</strong>imize the problem accord<strong>in</strong>g to their<br />

reality <strong>and</strong> political <strong>and</strong> economic needs (3-8,20) .<br />

In Brazil, one of the challenges for the consolidation of the National<br />

Health System (SUS) is the geographic distribution of physicians.<br />

This distribution <strong>in</strong>fluences the social welfare, s<strong>in</strong>ce doctors are considered<br />

the ma<strong>in</strong> providers of health services.<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Póvoa <strong>and</strong> Andrade (9) , the distribution of doctors<br />

result<strong>in</strong>g from the <strong>in</strong>dividual location choice does not always co<strong>in</strong>cide<br />

with the distribution deemed appropriate, <strong>and</strong> even though the total<br />

supply of doctors <strong>in</strong> a country has an appropriate relationship physician/<strong>in</strong>habitant,<br />

the distribution of these professionals tend to be concentrated<br />

<strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> regions, generat<strong>in</strong>g a socially undesirable result.<br />

Geographic concentration of professional <strong>and</strong> services prevents<br />

the accomplishment of the pr<strong>in</strong>ciples govern<strong>in</strong>g the National Health<br />

System regard<strong>in</strong>g the universalization, <strong>in</strong>tegrality <strong>and</strong> decentralization<br />

itself (8) .<br />

Inequality occurs not only between regions of Brazil (21,22) , but also<br />

between urban <strong>and</strong> rural areas, as well as between capital <strong>and</strong> other<br />

cities of the same State (23) .<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the report of the research “Brazil’s Medical Demo<br />

graphics - 2011”, conducted by the Federal Council of Medic<strong>in</strong>e<br />

(CFM) <strong>and</strong> the Regional Medic<strong>in</strong>e Council of the State of São Paulo<br />

(CREMESP) 24) , when compar<strong>in</strong>g Brazilian with <strong>in</strong>ternational data, there<br />

are different “Brazils”: country Brazil, less developed, approach<strong>in</strong>g<br />

concentration rates of African doctors, <strong>and</strong> Brazil from the major<br />

centers, show<strong>in</strong>g a proportion of physicians far above the European<br />

average (24) .<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to this report, <strong>in</strong> absolute numbers, Brazil has the fifth<br />

largest population of physicians <strong>in</strong> the world with 371,788 physicians.<br />

Therefore, it is not correct to say that there is a general lack of physicians<br />

<strong>in</strong> Brazil, but <strong>in</strong>equality of distribution that leads to shortage of<br />

professionals <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> localities, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> medical specialties (24) .<br />

In Brazil, there are few studies on the distribution of medical specialties,<br />

although it is underst<strong>and</strong>able that only societies who know<br />

themselves can design <strong>and</strong> build their future.<br />

In Ophthalmology, one of the first studies on the geographic<br />

distribution of ophthalmologists was held <strong>in</strong> São Paulo <strong>in</strong> 1984 (25) , it<br />

found the <strong>in</strong>dex of one ophthalmologist per 17,687 <strong>in</strong>habitants, but<br />

<strong>in</strong> 439 municipalities there were no ophthalmologists, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g an<br />

irregular distribution.<br />

The Ophthalmologic Census 2011 (17) also found an uneven distribution,<br />

consider<strong>in</strong>g the vast national territory: <strong>in</strong> Amapá, for example,<br />

it found one ophthalmogist per 51,437 <strong>in</strong>habitants, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Federal<br />

District, one ophthalmologist per 4,279 <strong>in</strong>habitants.<br />

Although there is an imbalance <strong>in</strong> the distribution of ophthalmologists<br />

<strong>in</strong> Brazilian states, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the Census of Ophthalmology<br />

2011 there is no evidence of <strong>in</strong>sufficiency of that professional <strong>in</strong><br />

Brazil; the opposite result was described by Resnikoff et al. (26) who<br />

found an <strong>in</strong>sufficient number of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> practice <strong>in</strong> the<br />

world, based on <strong>in</strong>formation obta<strong>in</strong>ed by the “International Council<br />

of Ophthalmology”. This discrepancy of <strong>in</strong>formation was generated<br />

by the difference of the methodology applied. Resnikoff et al. (26) data<br />

were based on <strong>in</strong>formation provided by the National Societies of<br />

Ophthalmology, that not always have <strong>in</strong> its records all the physicians<br />

who practice ophthalmology <strong>in</strong> their countries.<br />

For a population of approximately 190.7 million <strong>in</strong>habitants, there<br />

are <strong>in</strong> Brazil 15,719 ophthalmologists, i.e., one ophthalmologist for<br />

408 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):407-11


Carvalho RS, et al.<br />

Table 1. Ophthalmogist/<strong>in</strong>habitant ratio by state <strong>and</strong> region; Ophthalmology census 2011 <strong>and</strong> demographic census from Brazilian<br />

Institute of Geography <strong>and</strong> Statics (IBGE) 2010<br />

Region State Population Ophthalmologist Ophthalmologists/<strong>in</strong>habitants<br />

North TO 1.383.453 065 1/21.284<br />

AM 3.480.937 147 1/23.680<br />

RO 1.560.501 065 1/24.008<br />

RR 451.227 016 1/28.201<br />

PA 7.588.078 243 1/31.226<br />

AC 732.793 019 1/38.568<br />

AP 668.689 013 1/51.437<br />

Total North region 015.865.678 568 1/27.932<br />

Northeast PE 8.796.032 0.651 1/13.512<br />

BA 14.021.432 1.036 1/13.534<br />

PB 3.766.834 0.225 1/16.741<br />

RN 3.168.133 0.203 1/15.606<br />

CE 8.448.055 0.537 1/15.732<br />

SE 2.068.031 0.116 1/17.828<br />

PI 3.119.015 0.163 1/19.135<br />

AL 3.120.922 0.164 1/19.030<br />

MA 6.569.683 0.145 1/45.308<br />

Total Northeast region 053.078.137 3240 1/16.382<br />

Southeast SP 41.252.160 5.727 1/7.203<br />

RJ 15.993.583 2.111 1/7.576<br />

ES 3.512.672 0.359 1/9.784<br />

MG 19.595.309 1.929 1/10.158<br />

Total Southeast region 080.353.724 10.126 1/7.935<br />

South PR 10.439.601 1.036 1/10.077<br />

SC 6.249.682 1.610 1/10.245<br />

RS 10.695.532 1. 992 1/10.782<br />

Total South region 027.384.815 2.638 1/10.381<br />

Midwest DF 2.562.963 1. 599 1/4.279<br />

GO 6.004.045 1. 474 1/12.667<br />

MS 2.449.341 1. 186 1/13.169<br />

MT 3.033.991 1. 161 1/18.845<br />

Total Midwest region 014.050.340 1.420 1/9.895<br />

Brazil 190.732.694 17.992* 1/10.601<br />

*= the census 2011 found 15,719 ophthalmogists <strong>in</strong> Brazil. This discrepancy between the total of ophthalmogists found <strong>and</strong> the total <strong>in</strong> the States is due to the fact that<br />

a part of the ophthalmologists works <strong>in</strong> more than one place.<br />

every 12,134 <strong>in</strong>habitants. But 15% of Brazilian ophthalmologists that<br />

work <strong>in</strong> more than one municipality <strong>in</strong>crease the quota for 17,992<br />

doctors, represent<strong>in</strong>g one ophthalmologist for every 10,601 <strong>in</strong>habitants<br />

(Table 1).<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the WHO (World Health Organization) (27) , which<br />

considers satisfactory the ratio of one physician for 20,000 <strong>in</strong>habitants,<br />

for North America <strong>and</strong> Occidental Europe, the number of<br />

ophthalmologist/<strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> Brazil (1/10,601) is above the recommended<br />

(Table 1).<br />

Despite potential criticism of the number required for the proper<br />

care ophthalmologist/ <strong>in</strong>habitant ratio recommended by WHO (27) , <strong>in</strong><br />

the present study this percentage was adopted because there is no<br />

better references <strong>in</strong> medical literature.<br />

N<strong>in</strong>eteen Brazilian States present ophthalmologist/<strong>in</strong>habitants<br />

ratio below 1/20,000; eight States (all States from the North <strong>and</strong> Northeast<br />

region) present an ophthalmologist/<strong>in</strong>habitants ratio beyond<br />

1/20,000; be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Amapá 1/51,437 <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> Maranhão<br />

1/45,308 <strong>in</strong>ha bitants (Table 1).<br />

In this study, it is possible to notice that the concentration of<br />

ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> regions is directly related to GDP per<br />

capita <strong>in</strong> the region, as shown <strong>in</strong> figure 1.<br />

The <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product is the ma<strong>in</strong> measure of economic<br />

growth <strong>in</strong> a region. Its measurement is made ​from the sum of the value<br />

of all goods <strong>and</strong> services produced <strong>in</strong> the region <strong>in</strong> a given period (28) .<br />

In 2009, accord<strong>in</strong>g to IBGE (19) , eight units of the Federation had a<br />

GDP per capita above the national average, which was R$ 1,6917.66;<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):407-11<br />

409


<strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product (GDP) per capita <strong>and</strong> geographical distribution of ophthalmologists <strong>in</strong> Brazil<br />

Table 2. <strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product per capita, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Brazilian<br />

Regions <strong>and</strong> its States - 2009; Regional Accounts of Brazil (IBGE)<br />

Region<br />

State<br />

<strong>Gross</strong> Domestic Product<br />

per capita (R$)<br />

North TO 11.277,70<br />

AM 13.270,47<br />

RO 13.455,56<br />

RR 13.270,47<br />

PA 7.859,19<br />

AC 10.687,45<br />

AP 11.816,60<br />

Total North region 10.625,79<br />

Northeast PE 8.901,93<br />

BA 9.364,71<br />

PB 7.617,71<br />

RN 8.893,90<br />

CE 7.686,62<br />

SE 9.787,25<br />

PI 6.051,10<br />

AL 6.728,21<br />

MA 6.259,43<br />

Total Northeast region 8.167,75<br />

Southeast SP 26.202,22<br />

RJ 22.102,98<br />

ES 19.145,17<br />

MG 14.328,62<br />

Total Southeast region 22.147,22<br />

South PR 17.779,11<br />

SC 21.214,53<br />

RS 19.778,39<br />

Total South region 19.324,64<br />

Midwest DF 50.438,46<br />

GO 14.446,68<br />

MS 15.406,96<br />

MT 19.087,30<br />

Total Midwest region 22.364,63<br />

Brazil 16.917,66<br />

Source: IBGE, State Statistic Agencies, State Secretariats <strong>and</strong> Manaus Free-trade Zone<br />

Authority-SUFRAMA, <strong>and</strong> Population <strong>and</strong> Social Indicators Coord<strong>in</strong>ation.<br />

Federal District, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catar<strong>in</strong>a, Rio Gr<strong>and</strong>e<br />

do Sul, Espírito Santo, Mato <strong>Gross</strong>o <strong>and</strong> Paraná ie, all states from the<br />

South Region, three <strong>in</strong> the Southeast Region <strong>and</strong> two from the Midwest<br />

(Table 2). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the Census 2011 of the Brazilian Council<br />

of Ophthalmology (17) , these same regions st<strong>and</strong> out from others <strong>in</strong><br />

relation to the number of ophthalmologists/ <strong>in</strong>habitants: Southeast<br />

1/7,935, South 1/10,381, <strong>and</strong> Midwest 1/9,895 (Table 1 <strong>and</strong> Figure 1).<br />

The Federal District, with the highest GDP per capita <strong>in</strong> Brazil,<br />

R$ 50,438,46 (Table 2), stood out over other states <strong>in</strong> physician per<br />

capita (1/4,279) (Table 1 <strong>and</strong> Figure 1).<br />

Among the states with GDP per capita below the national average,<br />

st<strong>and</strong>s out Piauí with R$ 6,051.10 <strong>and</strong> one ophthalmologist per 19,135<br />

Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r=0.877 (p


Carvalho RS, et al.<br />

On the National scenario, accord<strong>in</strong>g the Federal Council of Medic<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

there is a rapid growth <strong>in</strong> the number of physicians <strong>in</strong> the<br />

country. In 1980, there was 1.13 for each physician group of 1,000<br />

<strong>in</strong>ha bitants. This ratio rose to 1.48 <strong>in</strong> 1990 <strong>and</strong> to 1.71 <strong>in</strong> 2000, <strong>and</strong><br />

reached 1.89 <strong>in</strong> 2009. In 2011, the rate reached 1.95 doctor per 1,000<br />

<strong>in</strong>habitants; <strong>in</strong> the period, the <strong>in</strong>crease was 72.5% (24) .<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to a study forecast<strong>in</strong>g population conducted by WHO,<br />

Brazil is <strong>in</strong> the same situation of the U.S., Canada <strong>and</strong> other European<br />

countries which will not have, <strong>in</strong> 2015, a scenario of lack or <strong>in</strong>sufficient<br />

number of physicians (32) .<br />

Today we have a large growth <strong>in</strong> the number of ophthalmologists<br />

<strong>and</strong> a better distribution <strong>in</strong> Brazil. The data presented here will help<br />

young colleagues <strong>in</strong> their professional decisions, <strong>and</strong> analyzed <strong>in</strong> conjunction<br />

with the new data from IBGE, will also serve as subvention<br />

for the accreditation of new courses of specialization.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />

We would like to acknowledge Raymundo de Azevedo Neto, PhD<br />

for his methodological guidance.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Paim JS, Silva LM. Universalidade, <strong>in</strong>tegralidade, equidade e SUS. BIS. Bol Inst Saúde.<br />

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2. Marsiglia RM, Silveira C, Carneiro Junior N. Políticas sociais: desigualdade, universalidade<br />

e focalização na saúde no Brasil. Saúde Soc. 2005;14(2):69-76.<br />

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Paulo - CREMESP. Demografia Médica no Brasil. São Paulo: CRM/CREMESP; 2011. V. 1.<br />

25. Mart<strong>in</strong>s MC, Sartori MB, Belfort Júnior R. Distribuição dos oftalmologistas nas diferentes<br />

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Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):407-11<br />

411


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Recanalização do ducto nasolacrimal com radiofrequência: estudo prelim<strong>in</strong>ar<br />

Recanalization of nasolacrimal duct with radio frequency: prelim<strong>in</strong>ary study<br />

Eduardo Alonso Garcia 1,2 , Marco Antonio Campos Machado 2 , João Amaro Ferrari da Silva 2 , Walton Nosé 2<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivo: Avaliar a reconstituição do ducto nasolacrimal com o uso de radiofre -<br />

quência para restabelecimento do fluxo lacrimal nos casos de obstrução da via<br />

lacrimal excretora.<br />

Métodos: O procedimento foi realizado em 16 olhos de 16 pacientes (13 fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>os<br />

e 3 mascul<strong>in</strong>os) pelo mesmo cirurgião, utiliz<strong>and</strong>o aparelho de radiofrequência<br />

monopolar de 450 kHz e 150 W de potência, com anestesia local sob sedação.<br />

Os critérios de <strong>in</strong>clusão foram obstrução baixa da via lacrimal (confirmada por<br />

dacriocistografia) e idade superior a 18 anos. Os critérios de exclusão foram trauma<br />

prévio, dacriocistite aguda, fístula cutânea, mucocele, cirurgia prévia da via<br />

lacri mal e uso de marca-passo cardíaco.<br />

Resultados: O seguimento mínimo foi de 120 dias, os pacientes realizaram<br />

re tornos ambulatoriais para avaliação clínica (presença de epífora, secreção, refluxo<br />

à expressão do saco lacrimal, posicionamento do tubo de silicone) e teste<br />

de Milder. Aos 90 dias de pós-operatório, 13 pacientes apresentavam irrigação<br />

positiva (81,25%) com desobstrução do ducto nasolacrimal e 3 casos (18,75%)<br />

de <strong>in</strong>sucesso com irrigação impossibilitada (sem passagem para cavidade nasal).<br />

Conclusão: A reconstituição do ducto nasolacrimal com radiofrequência mos -<br />

trou-se eficaz no tratamento da obstrução da via lacrimal excretora.<br />

Descritores: Dacriocistor<strong>in</strong>ostomia; Obstrução dos ductos lacrimais; Ducto na -<br />

solacrimal/cirurgia; Ondas de rádio<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: To evaluate the nasolacrimal duct reconstitution with radio frequency for<br />

restoration of lacrimal flow <strong>in</strong> cases of nasolacrimal duct obstruction.<br />

Methods: The procedure was carried out <strong>in</strong> 16 <strong>eye</strong>s of 16 patients (13 women <strong>and</strong> 3<br />

men) by the same surgeon, with monopolar high-frequency device at 450 kHz <strong>and</strong><br />

150 W, with local anesthesia under sedation. Inclusion criteria were lower lacrimal<br />

system obstruction (confirmed by dacryocystogram) <strong>and</strong> age over 18 years old. Exclusion<br />

criteria were previous trauma, acute dacryocystitis, cutaneous fistula, mucocele,<br />

previous lacrimal surgery <strong>and</strong> cardiac pacemaker.<br />

Results: Patients were followed for at least 120 days, patients were cl<strong>in</strong>ically evaluated<br />

at outpatient cl<strong>in</strong>ics for the presence of secretion, epiphora, reflux at compression of the<br />

lacrimal sac, placement of silicone tube <strong>and</strong> Milder test. At the 90-day postoperative<br />

visit, 13 patients had positive irrigation (81.25%) with clearance of lacrimal duct <strong>and</strong><br />

3 cases (18.75%) presented irrigation failure.<br />

Conclusion: Nasolacrimal duct reconstitution with radio frequency was effective <strong>in</strong><br />

treat<strong>in</strong>g nasolacrimal duct obstruction.<br />

Keywords: Dacryocystorh<strong>in</strong>ostomy; Lacrimal duct obstruction; Nasolacrimal duct/<br />

surgery; High frequency<br />

INTRODUÇÃO<br />

O tratamento da obstrução da via lacrimal excretora consiste em<br />

realizar uma nova passagem da lágrima para cavidade nasal por meio<br />

de uma osteotomia, comunic<strong>and</strong>o o saco lacrimal à mucosa nasal. A<br />

via cirúrgica endonasal foi descrita antes da via externa no f<strong>in</strong>al do<br />

século XVIII (1) . Algumas modificações foram realizadas nas técnicas<br />

cirúrgicas, e o avanço tecnológico <strong>in</strong>troduziu novos <strong>in</strong>strumentos<br />

para realização destes procedimentos: fibroscópios, laser, brocas ci -<br />

rúrgicas, fibra óptica e o acesso transcanalicular pela m<strong>in</strong>iaturização<br />

destes acessórios (1,2) .<br />

Em 1994 a técnica de recanalização do ducto nasolacrimal (RCDNL)<br />

com radiofrequência (RF) foi publicada pela primeira vez (3) , descrevendo<br />

o restabelecimento do fluxo orig<strong>in</strong>al da lágrima evit<strong>and</strong>o a<br />

realização de osteotomia para recomunicar o sistema lacrimal com a<br />

cavidade nasal, <strong>in</strong>terfer<strong>in</strong>do m<strong>in</strong>imamente na bomba lacrimal, sem<br />

causar cicatriz na face e lesão de estruturas do canto medial.<br />

A RF é uma forma de corrente elétrica alternada cujo comprimento<br />

de onda varia de 3 kHz a 300 GHz, e difere-se do restante do espectro<br />

eletromagnético pela capacidade de <strong>in</strong>duzir movimento de partículas<br />

ionizadas. Uma antena transmissora emite as ondas que provoca uma<br />

corrente de elétrons em direção a uma antena receptora.<br />

O efeito da energia eletromagnética no corpo humano depende<br />

da frequência utilizada: em baixa frequência a energia eletromagnética<br />

causa convulsão muscular (desfibrilador miocárdico); nas fre -<br />

quên cias mais elevadas a energia eletromagnética <strong>in</strong>duz corrente<br />

que causa aquecimento nos tecidos que estão em contato com o<br />

ele trodo (bisturi elétrico). Em alta frequência o campo eletromagnético<br />

causa a polarização e oscilação das moléculas de água e a fricção<br />

entre essas moléculas transforma em calor. As configurações mais<br />

comuns na aplicação de RF na medic<strong>in</strong>a são a monopolar e a bipolar.<br />

Na RF monopolar a corrente elétrica é emitida por meio de um<br />

eletrodo aplicado à área de tratamento e retorna ao gerador por<br />

meio de um eletrodo de dimensões maiores localizado à distância<br />

(geralmente no dorso ou abdômen). A energia elétrica concentra-se<br />

próxima à ponteira do eletrodo ativo e dim<strong>in</strong>ui rapidamente com a<br />

distância.<br />

Submetido para publicação: 1 de março de 2011<br />

Aceito para publicação: 5 de fevereiro de 2012<br />

Trabalho realizado na Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Santos - SCMS - Santos, SP, Brasill; e na<br />

UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo, SP, Brasil.<br />

1<br />

Médico, Setor de Plástica Ocular e Vias Lacrimais da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Santos - SCMS -<br />

Santos (SP), Brasil.<br />

2<br />

Médico, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo<br />

(SP), Brasil.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>anciamento: Não houve f<strong>in</strong>anciamento para este trabalho.<br />

Divulgação de potenciais conflitos de <strong>in</strong>teresse: E.A.Garcia, Nenhum; M.A.C.Machado, Nenhum;<br />

J.A.F.Silva, Nenhum; W.Nose, Nenhum.<br />

Endereço para correspondência: Eduardo Alonso Garcia. Rua Firm<strong>in</strong>o Barbosa, 155 - Santos<br />

(SP) - 11055-130 - Brasil - E-mail: clios.oft@uol.com.br<br />

412 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):412-4


Garcia EA, et al.<br />

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia desta técnica, isto<br />

é, a desobstrução do ducto nasolacrimal (comprovada pela irrigação<br />

da via lacrimal).<br />

MÉTODOS<br />

Foram realizadas 16 cirurgias de RCDNL com RF, associado à<br />

en tubação com tubo de silicone médico (tubo lacrimal 0,9x0,6x<br />

500 mm, Medikone ® , Brasil) para correção da obstrução da via lacrimal<br />

excretora, em 16 pacientes. Este estudo foi aceito pelo Comitê<br />

de Ética e Pesquisa (CEP) nº 0463/10 da Universidade Federal de São<br />

Paulo (UNIFESP) - Escola Paulista de Medic<strong>in</strong>a (EPM). Todos os pacientes<br />

leram e ass<strong>in</strong>aram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.<br />

Os casos selecionados (13 fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>os e 3 mascul<strong>in</strong>os) eram provenientes<br />

do Departamento de Oftalmologia da Universidade Federal<br />

de São Paulo (UNIFESP) e da Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Santos<br />

(SCMS). Os critérios de <strong>in</strong>clusão foram: obstrução baixa da via lacrimal<br />

(confirmada por dacriocistografia) e idade superior a 18 anos.<br />

Os critérios de exclusão foram trauma prévio, dacriocistite aguda,<br />

fístula cutânea, mucocele, cirurgia prévia da via lacrimal e uso de<br />

mar ca-passo cardíaco.<br />

Os procedimentos foram realizados nas dependências da UNIFESP<br />

e da SCMS, pelo mesmo cirurgião, com aparelho de radiofre quência<br />

monopolar (WZC Lacrimal Recanalizer ® , Ghuangzhou, Ch<strong>in</strong>a) de<br />

450 kHz, e 150 W de potência. A sonda do aparelho tem 1,2 mm de<br />

diâmetro x 140 mm de comprimento e sua extremidade (2 mm) é<br />

desprovida de isolamento.<br />

Foi <strong>in</strong>stituída sedação endovenosa e anestesia local (bloqueio<br />

anestésico) com xylocaína 2% associada a vasoconstrictor além de<br />

anestesia tópica, utiliz<strong>and</strong>o-se uma zaragatoa, embebida em xilocaína<br />

gel, sob o corneto nasal <strong>in</strong>ferior.<br />

Realizou-se a dilatação dos pontos lacrimais e a passagem da<br />

sonda de RF pelo ponto lacrimal superior por meio do ducto nasolacrimal<br />

até a cavidade nasal, toc<strong>and</strong>o as hastes com pontas de algodão<br />

colocadas no meato nasal <strong>in</strong>ferior (Figura 1). Aplicou-se 150 W<br />

de potência no ducto, moviment<strong>and</strong>o a sonda ínfero-superiormente,<br />

até a transição com o saco lacrimal, evit<strong>and</strong>o aplicar a RF dentro do<br />

saco lacrimal. Irrigou-se então o ducto nasolacrimal com água destilada<br />

(5 ml), confirm<strong>and</strong>o a passagem livre para cavidade nasal sem<br />

resistência. Realizou-se a entubação pela técnica descrita em 2006 (4)<br />

com catéter epidural 16 G (Portex Epidural Catheter, Smiths Medical,<br />

Re<strong>in</strong>o Unido), bicanalicular e posteriormente a entubação com tubo<br />

de silicone médico utiliz<strong>and</strong>o o catéter como guia, suturado com<br />

fio de seda 6-0 (Ethicon®, Brasil). Irrigou-se novamente com 5 ml de<br />

solução de ciprofloxac<strong>in</strong>o e dexametasona colírio diluído em água<br />

destilada no ducto nasolacrimal com Silastic® posicionado. As pontas<br />

do tubo de silicone foram cortadas no meato <strong>in</strong>ferior e deixadas livres<br />

de sutura ou fixação.<br />

Foram utilizados colírios de antibiótico em associação com corticoide<br />

(ciprofloxac<strong>in</strong>o com dexametasona) por uma semana (4x/dia)<br />

e uso de solução sal<strong>in</strong>a na cavidade nasal associada a vasoconstritor<br />

por duas semanas. Foi prescrito também antibiótico oral (ciprofloxac<strong>in</strong>o<br />

500 mg de 12/12 h) por uma semana e anti-<strong>in</strong>flamatório (nimesulida<br />

100 mg) oral por 3 dias no pós-operatório.<br />

A irrigação do ducto nasolacrimal foi realizada <strong>in</strong>icialmente com<br />

7 dias de pós-operatório, e posteriormente a cada duas semanas até<br />

o f<strong>in</strong>al do 2 o mês.<br />

A evolução foi realizada nos retornos ambulatoriais pós-operatórios<br />

(7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 e 120 dias) pelo quadro clínico e pelo teste<br />

de Milder, realizado com a <strong>in</strong>stilação de colírio de fluoresceína 2% em<br />

fundo de saco conjuntival (em ambos os olhos) e análise subjetiva<br />

das características de escoamento do sistema lacrimal com lâmpada<br />

de fenda com luz de cobalto por 5 m<strong>in</strong>utos. O menisco lacrimal desaparece<br />

muito lentamente ou permanece <strong>in</strong>alterado na presença de<br />

um bloqueio da drenagem. A <strong>in</strong>tensidade da retenção é quantificada<br />

de zero a 4 cruzes, sendo zero e 1 cruz considerados normais (5) .<br />

O tubo de silicone foi retirado após 60 dias da cirurgia, seguido<br />

de mais uma irrigação do ducto nasolacrimal. Considerou-se sucesso<br />

do procedimento qu<strong>and</strong>o a irrigação da via lacrimal era positiva<br />

(alcançava a cavidade nasal, sem resistência).<br />

Foi solicitado controle radiográfico (dacriocistografia) após a re -<br />

tirada do tubo de silicone.<br />

RESULTADOS<br />

Todos os pacientes <strong>in</strong>cluídos neste estudo apresentavam mais de<br />

120 dias de pós-operatório.<br />

Dos 16 pacientes, 13 apresentavam irrigação positiva, totaliz<strong>and</strong>o<br />

81,25% de desobstrução do ducto nasolacrimal e 3 casos (18,75%) de<br />

<strong>in</strong>sucesso com irrigação impossibilitada no 90 o dia pós-operatório<br />

(Tabela 1).<br />

Uma paciente que não havia seguido a terapêutica prescrita apre -<br />

sentou dacriocistite aguda no 4 o dia de pós-operatório. Os s<strong>in</strong>tomas<br />

regrediram com antibiótico oral. A mesma paciente retirou acidentalmente<br />

o tubo de silicone após 1 mês de cirurgia.<br />

A dacriocistografia realizada após a retirada do tubo de silicone<br />

demonstrou passagem do contraste com discreto estreitamento na<br />

porção <strong>in</strong>icial do ducto nasolacrimal nos 13 pacientes com irrigação<br />

positiva (Figura 2).<br />

DISCUSSÃO<br />

Em 1994, publicou-se na Ch<strong>in</strong>a pela primeira vez o tratamento da<br />

obstrução do ducto nasolacrimal com a técnica de RCDNL com RF em<br />

16 pacientes. O estudo teve seguimento de 4 a 22 meses e apresentou<br />

taxa de sucesso de 93,8% (irrigação positiva do ducto na solacrimal) (3) .<br />

Desde essa época, a técnica de RCDNL com RF com frequência<br />

de 450 kHz vem sendo utilizada por diversos grupos de pesquisadores<br />

ch<strong>in</strong>eses. Alguns estudos avaliaram o efeito das variações na<br />

potência, do uso de mitomic<strong>in</strong>a C, dos locais diferentes de obstrução<br />

(canalículos, canal comum, obstruções associadas), porém a técnica<br />

utilizada sempre se resumiu em: desobstrução do ducto, por meio<br />

da retirada do material impactado e da mucosa adjacente, irrigação<br />

e entubação da via lacrimal com tubos de silicone e controle pósoperatório<br />

com irrigações semanais (3,4,6-10) .<br />

Figura 1. Fonte: Adaptada de Boyd BF. Atlas mundial de cirurgia oftalmológica. Cirurgia<br />

oculoplástica estética e reparadora. Edição brasileira. Highlights Ophthalmol.<br />

1999;13(1):25. Figure 6-40.<br />

Tabela 1. Resultado funcional da recanalização do ducto nasolacrimal<br />

com radiofrequência no pós-operatório de 90 dias<br />

N Resultado %<br />

13 Irrigação positiva 81,25<br />

13 Irrigação impossibilitada 18,75<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):412-4<br />

413


Recanalização do ducto nasolacrimal com radio frequência: estudo prelim<strong>in</strong>ar<br />

A<br />

B<br />

Figura 2. Dacriocistografias pré-operatória (A) e pós-operatória (B). Note a obstrução pré-operatória ao nível da válvula de Krause (seta) e<br />

a passagem do contraste pelo ducto nasolacrimal no pós-operatório (seta).<br />

Em 1998 outros autores realizaram tratamento com RF em 79<br />

olhos de 62 pacientes com obstrução da via lacrimal em diferentes<br />

sítios anatômicos com seguimento de 6 a 28 meses. As taxas de<br />

sucesso foram divididas em grupos; sendo 68,4% (13/19) nos olhos<br />

com obstrução dos canalículos; 73,3% nos olhos com obstrução do<br />

canal comum (11/15); 86,1% nos olhos com obstrução do ducto nasolacrimal<br />

(31/36), 40% de sucesso em nos olhos obstruções altas e<br />

baixas (2/5 casos) e 100% de sucesso nas obstruções de anastomose<br />

pós-dacriocistorr<strong>in</strong>ostomia externa (4/4) (6) .<br />

Em estudo que comparou os resultados do procedimento em<br />

420 olhos (338 pacientes) utiliz<strong>and</strong>o potências de RF com magnitudes<br />

de 120 W e 140 W, em diferentes grupo de obstrução (pontos<br />

lacrimais, obstrução alta, obstrução baixa, obstrução comb<strong>in</strong>ada,<br />

mais de 2 locais de obstrução) não foi detectada diferença estatisticamente<br />

significativa entre as potências utilizadas. A obstrução do<br />

ducto nasolacrimal (n=102) apresentou taxas de sucesso de 90,2% e<br />

98%, com as diferentes potências, respectivamente (7) .<br />

Esses estudos <strong>in</strong>dicam a possibilidade de tratamento com a técnica<br />

de RF para obstruções altas, ou para os casos de obstrução baixa<br />

associados à obstrução dos canalículos.<br />

Em estudo mais recente, pesquisadores apresentaram resultados<br />

do tratamento de obstrução baixa da via lacrimal com RF em 88 olhos<br />

(78 pacientes), com seguimento pós-operatório de 3 anos. Aos 3<br />

meses de seguimento, a taxa de sucesso era de 72,1%, dim<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>do<br />

para 61,3% aos 12 meses (8) .<br />

A comparação da técnica de RF com e sem mitomic<strong>in</strong>a C (MMC)<br />

foi realizada em estudo aleatorizado de 86 pacientes com obstrução<br />

do ducto nasolacrimal. Neste estudo o grupo controle (sem MMC)<br />

apresentou taxa de sucesso de 71,11%, sendo estatisticamente <strong>in</strong>ferior<br />

ao grupo com MMC, que apresentou 92,68% (9) .<br />

O estudo com maior número de casos, publicado em 2009, <strong>in</strong> -<br />

clu<strong>in</strong>do 641 olhos de 583 pacientes, com seguimento médio de 28,5<br />

meses (variação de 12 a 54 meses) comparou a RCDNL por RF (506<br />

olhos, 457 pacientes) com a dacriocistorr<strong>in</strong>ostomia (DCR) por via<br />

ex terna (135 olhos, 126 pacientes). Não foram detectadas diferenças<br />

entre os resultados das duas técnicas. Foi considerado sucesso total<br />

qu<strong>and</strong>o o paciente não apresentava s<strong>in</strong>tomas (86,96% para RCDNL<br />

e 87,41% para DCR), sucesso parcial qu<strong>and</strong>o existia epífora, mas com<br />

irrigação positiva (6,13% para RCDNL e 3,70% para DCR), e falência<br />

qu<strong>and</strong>o além da epífora, ocorria secreção, refluxo à expressão do<br />

saco lacrimal ou irrigação impossibilitada após a retirada do tubo<br />

de silicone (6,92% para RCDNL e 8,89% para DCR) (10) . Este estudo<br />

também avaliou a histopatologia em macacos após a aplicação da<br />

RF. Os resultados demonstraram a recuperação total do epitélio do<br />

ducto nasolacrimal em 1 mês e após 2 a 3 meses a ausência de células<br />

<strong>in</strong>flamatórias no tecido.<br />

Em nosso estudo realizamos o procedimento e o controle pósope<br />

ratório como descrito nos trabalhos citados (10) . O seguimento do<br />

trabalho, com uma amostragem maior e um acompanhamento mais<br />

longo, deve oferecer mais dados para análise. Numa segunda fase,<br />

realizaremos a RCDNL com RF e tubo de silicone, porém sem as irrigações<br />

no controle pós-operatório para analisar se este procedimento<br />

<strong>in</strong>flui no resultado da cirurgia. Uma avaliação sobre as doenças nasais<br />

pré-existentes (r<strong>in</strong>ite, s<strong>in</strong>usite) e as alterações do filme lacrimal (hipo e<br />

hipersecreção) pode também auxiliar no estudo da eficácia imediata e<br />

tardia da cirurgia. Após a análise das obstruções baixas, as obstruções altas<br />

e mistas da via lacrimal serão o objetivo dos trabalhos subsequentes.<br />

CONCLUSÃO<br />

A recanalização do ducto nasolacrimal com radiofrequência mos -<br />

trou-se eficaz em 81,25% dos casos (pacientes com irrigação da via<br />

lacrimal positiva pós-operatória).<br />

AGRADECIMENTO<br />

Ao Prof. Dr. Zhichong Wang, em nome da equipe do Ocular<br />

Surface Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology (Zhongshan<br />

Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University - Guangzhou - Ch<strong>in</strong>a) pela<br />

<strong>in</strong>strução da técnica de recanalização do ducto nasolacrimal com<br />

ra diofrequência.<br />

REFERÊNCIAS<br />

1. C<strong>in</strong>tra PP. Dacriocistorr<strong>in</strong>ostomia endocanalicular com laser de diodo [tese]. Ribeirão<br />

Preto: Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo; 2006.<br />

2. Garcia EA. Complicações na dacriocistorr<strong>in</strong>ostomia transcanalicular com laser diodo.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2009;72(4):493-6.<br />

3. Wang ZC, Chen D, Cheng PZ. [Endolacrimal high-frequency electric cauter <strong>in</strong> treatment<br />

of chronic dacryocystisis]. Ch<strong>in</strong> J Ophthalmol. 1994;30:230-1. Ch<strong>in</strong>ese.<br />

4. Wang L, Chen D, Wang Z. New technique for lacrimal system <strong>in</strong>tubation. Am J Ophthalmol.<br />

2006;142(2):252-8.<br />

5. Zappia RJ, Milder B. Lacrimal dra<strong>in</strong>age function. 2. The fluoresce<strong>in</strong> dye disappearance<br />

test. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972;74(1):160-2.<br />

6. Yao DQ, Li L, Liu CM. A therapy of endolacrimal high-frequency electric cautery for<br />

dacrogatresia. Ophthalmol Ch<strong>in</strong>a. 1998;7:95-7.<br />

7. Chengzhi X, Yongm<strong>in</strong>g Y. Treatment of lacrimal passage obstruction by high frequency<br />

electric cauterization comb<strong>in</strong>ed with perfusion of antibiotic gel. Ch<strong>in</strong> J Pract<br />

Ophthalmol. 2006;24(5):545-8.<br />

8. Sun X, Shan B. Treatment of chronic dacyocystitis by high frequency electric cautery.<br />

J Precl<strong>in</strong> Med Coll Shangdong Univ. 2002;16(5):303-4.<br />

9. Nan YE, Hou GH, Xu JT, Xu H, Xue Y, Liu XH. [High frequent electrolacryocystoplasty<br />

comb<strong>in</strong>ed with mitomyc<strong>in</strong> on obstruction of naso-lacrimal duct]. Recent Adv Ophthalmol.<br />

2008;(12):913-4. Ch<strong>in</strong>ese.<br />

10. Chen D, Ge J, Wang L, Gao Q, Ma P, Li N, et al. A simple <strong>and</strong> evolutional approach<br />

proven to recanalise the nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(11):<br />

1438-43. Comment <strong>in</strong>: Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(11):1416-9.<br />

414 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):412-4


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Macular hole: 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz ultrasound <strong>and</strong> spectral-doma<strong>in</strong> optical<br />

coherence tomography<br />

Buraco macular: ultrassonografia de 10 e 20 MHz e tomografia óptica de domínio espectral<br />

Juliana Mantovani Bottós 1 , Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Laura Lucas Torres 2 , Liliane Andrade Almeida Kanecadan 1 , Andrea Alej<strong>and</strong>ra Gonzalez Mart<strong>in</strong>ez 1 ,<br />

Nilva Simeren Bueno Moraes 1 , Mauricio Maia 1 , Norma Allemann 1<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is valuable for macula evaluation.<br />

However, as this technique relies on light energy it cannot be performed <strong>in</strong> the<br />

presence of opaque media. In such cases, the ultrasound (US) may predict some<br />

macular features. The aim of this study was to characterize images obta<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />

ul trasound with 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz transducers compar<strong>in</strong>g to OCT, as well as to analyze<br />

the relationship between the vitreous <strong>and</strong> ret<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> <strong>eye</strong>s with macular hole (MH).<br />

Methods: 29 <strong>eye</strong>s of 22 patients with biomicroscopic evidence of MH at different<br />

stages were <strong>in</strong>cluded. All patients were evaluated us<strong>in</strong>g ultrasonography with 10<br />

<strong>and</strong> 20-MHz transducers <strong>and</strong> OCT.<br />

Results: OCT identified signs of MH <strong>in</strong> 25 of 29 <strong>eye</strong>s. The rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 4 cases not<br />

identified by US were pseudoholes caused by epiret<strong>in</strong>al membranes. In MH stages<br />

I (2 <strong>eye</strong>s) <strong>and</strong> II (1 <strong>eye</strong>), both transducers were not useful to analyze the macular<br />

thicken<strong>in</strong>g, but suggestive f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs as macular irregularity, operculum or partial<br />

posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) were highlighted. In stages III (14 <strong>eye</strong>s) <strong>and</strong><br />

IV (5 <strong>eye</strong>s), both transducers identified the double hump irregularity <strong>and</strong> thicken<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

US could measure the macular thickness <strong>and</strong> other suggestive f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs for<br />

MH: operculum, vitreomacular traction <strong>and</strong> partial or complete PVD. In cases of<br />

pseudoholes, US identified irregularities macular contour <strong>and</strong> a discrete depression.<br />

Conclusion: 10-MHz US was useful for an overall assessment of the vitreous body<br />

as well as its relationship to the ret<strong>in</strong>a. The 20-MHz transducer allowed valuable<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation on the vitreomacular <strong>in</strong>terface <strong>and</strong> macular contour. OCT provides<br />

superior quality for f<strong>in</strong>e morphological study of macular area, except <strong>in</strong> cases of<br />

opaque media. In these cases, <strong>and</strong> even if OCT is not available, the comb<strong>in</strong>ed US<br />

study is able to provide a valid evaluation of the macular area improv<strong>in</strong>g the ra -<br />

peutic approach.<br />

Keywords: Ret<strong>in</strong>al perforations/ultrasonography; Tomography, optical coherence/<br />

<strong>in</strong>strumentation; Transducers; Vitreous detachment/diagnosis<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivo: A tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) é um método diagnóstico valioso<br />

para estudo da mácula. Entretanto, por se basear na energia lum<strong>in</strong>osa, não pode ser<br />

realizada qu<strong>and</strong>o existe opacidade de meios. Nesses casos, o ultrassom (US) pode<br />

predizer algumas características maculares. Este estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar<br />

imagens obtidas por US com transdutores de 10 e 20-MHz comparadas ao OCT,<br />

assim como analisar a relação vitreorret<strong>in</strong>iana em olhos com buraco macular (BM).<br />

Métodos: V<strong>in</strong>te e nove olhos de 22 pacientes com evidência biomicroscópica de<br />

BM em diferen tes estágios foram <strong>in</strong>cluídos. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados com<br />

ultrassonografia utiliz<strong>and</strong>o transdutores de 10 e 20-MHz e OCT de domínio espectral.<br />

Resultados: OCT diagnosticou BM em 25 dentre 29 olhos estudados. Os 4 casos não<br />

identificados por US eram pseudoburacos decorrentes de membrana epirret<strong>in</strong>iana.<br />

Nos BM estágios I (2 olhos) e II (1 olho), ambos transdutores não foram úteis para<br />

analisar o espessamento macular, mas foram identificados s<strong>in</strong>ais sugestivos como<br />

irregularidade macular, opérculo ou descolamento parcial do vítreo posterior (DVP).<br />

Nos estágios III (14 olhos) e IV (5 olhos), ambos transdutores identificaram irregularidade,<br />

dupla corcova e espessamento macular. O US foi capaz de medir a espessura<br />

macular e identificar outros <strong>in</strong>dícios de BM, como opérculo, tração vitreorret<strong>in</strong>iana<br />

e DVP. Em pseudoburacos, o US identificou irregularidades no contorno macular e<br />

discreta depressão.<br />

Conclusão: US de 10-MHz foi útil para uma avaliação global do corpo vítreo e sua<br />

relação à ret<strong>in</strong>a. O US de 20-MHz forneceu <strong>in</strong>formações importantes sobre a junção<br />

vitreorret<strong>in</strong>iana e contorno macular. OCT fornece qualidade superior para estudo<br />

morfológico da região macular, exceto em casos de opacidade de meios. Nesses casos,<br />

ou qu<strong>and</strong>o o exame tomográfico não for disponível, o estudo ultrassonográfico de<br />

10 e 20-MHz é capaz de proporcionar análise válida da região macular e auxiliar na<br />

abordagem terapêutica.<br />

Descritores: Perfurações ret<strong>in</strong>ianas/ultrassonografia; Tomografia de coerência óptica/<br />

<strong>in</strong>strumentação; Transdutores; Descolamento do vítreo/diagnóstico<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

Almost s<strong>in</strong>ce its <strong>in</strong>ception as a diagnostic imag<strong>in</strong>g technique for<br />

ophthalmology, B-mode ultrasound (US) has used center frequencies<br />

at or near 10-MHz, which provides good imag<strong>in</strong>g of the <strong>eye</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />

exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> trauma, image of the vitreous, posterior coats, tumors<br />

<strong>and</strong> the orbit. However, because of the greater focal length needed<br />

to view the posterior pole, this frequency was not totally useful for<br />

macular imag<strong>in</strong>g. Advances <strong>in</strong> B-mode ophthalmic US have resulted<br />

<strong>in</strong> the development of 20-MHz transducers, provid<strong>in</strong>g higher resolution<br />

images of the posterior segment (1) .<br />

The advent of spectral doma<strong>in</strong> optical coherence tomography<br />

(SD-OCT) has provided new <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to the vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>terface<br />

<strong>and</strong> readily identifies the presence of macular holes (MH) <strong>and</strong> other<br />

vitreomacular diseases (2,3) . OCT can be viewed as an optical analog<br />

of ultrasound. However, as this technique relies on light energy<br />

it can be used only when media (cornea, lens, vitreous) are optically<br />

clear. It is also limited to the central fundus (i.e., images are<br />

acquired through the pupil), <strong>and</strong> provides limited depth of penetration<br />

(about 1 mm) (1) . In cases of media opacity (dense cataract,<br />

leukoma, vitreous hemorrhage), the US exam may predict some<br />

Submitted for publication: August 30, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: November 4, 2012<br />

Study carried out at Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP -<br />

São Paulo (SP), Brazil.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São<br />

Paulo (SP), Brazil.<br />

2<br />

Physician, Departament of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB - João Pessoa<br />

(PB), Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: J.M.Bottós, None; V.L.L.Torres, None; L.A.A.Kanecadan,<br />

None; A.A.G.Mart<strong>in</strong>ez, None; N.S.B.Moraes, None; M.Maia, None; N.Allemann, None.<br />

Correspondence address: Norma Allemann. Avenida Indianópolis, 1.797 - São Paulo (SP) - 04063-<br />

003 - Brazil - E-mail: norma.allemann@pobox.com<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):415-9<br />

415


Macular hole: 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz ultrasound <strong>and</strong> spectral-doma<strong>in</strong> optical coherence tomography<br />

macular features <strong>and</strong> provide further assistance for surgery as well<br />

as prognosis (1) .<br />

Knowledge <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g of the structure, function <strong>and</strong> the<br />

relationship of the vitreous to some specific ocular diseases is more<br />

limited than that of any other ocular structure. This limitation is largely<br />

due to cl<strong>in</strong>ical difficulties <strong>in</strong> visualiz<strong>in</strong>g the vitreous <strong>and</strong> the lack of<br />

effective methods to study it (4) . High-resolution B-scan US is commonly<br />

available to ophthalmologists around the world. If used with<br />

the proper technique, this technology may improve underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />

of the relationship between the posterior hyaloid membrane (PHM)<br />

<strong>and</strong> the ret<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> idiopathic MH ma<strong>in</strong>ly when associated with images<br />

provided by OCT (4) . Furthermore, the real etiology <strong>and</strong> the tractional<br />

forces related to the pathophysiology of the MH are not totally clear.<br />

The aim of this study was to evaluate <strong>and</strong> characterize the data<br />

provided by 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz US <strong>and</strong> the spectral-doma<strong>in</strong> OCT <strong>in</strong> MH exploration,<br />

as well as to analyze the relationship between the vitreous<br />

cortex <strong>and</strong> the ret<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> <strong>eye</strong>s with MH.<br />

METHODS<br />

This study was carried out under a protocol approved by the Ethics<br />

Committee of Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil under number 0709.<br />

Twenty-n<strong>in</strong>e <strong>eye</strong>s of 22 patients with biomicroscopy evidence of<br />

MH at different stages were <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the study from May to October<br />

2009 (6 months). Patients were evaluated with slit lamp <strong>and</strong> 75 D<br />

fundus contact lens to a cl<strong>in</strong>ical diagnosis of evolv<strong>in</strong>g or full-thickness<br />

idiopathic MH. Gass classification of MH was used (5,6) .<br />

Ophthalmic ultrasound evaluation us<strong>in</strong>g 10-MHz <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz<br />

transducers (Ultrascan ® , Alcon) <strong>and</strong> A- <strong>and</strong> B-mode was performed<br />

with direct contact technique, after topical anesthetic <strong>in</strong>stillation<br />

of 0.5% proxymetaca<strong>in</strong>e hydrochloride (Anestalcon ® , Alcon, USA).<br />

Longitud<strong>in</strong>al, transverse, axial, <strong>and</strong> paraxial sections through the<br />

macula were studied by us<strong>in</strong>g both high <strong>and</strong> medium ga<strong>in</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

(70-80 dB) to detect vitreous abnormalities follow<strong>in</strong>g by the<br />

attenuation of ga<strong>in</strong> (65 dB) to evaluate the macular area. We compared<br />

the resultant images obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the 10-MHz <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz<br />

ultrasound probes, regard<strong>in</strong>g the resolution (or the def<strong>in</strong>ition of the<br />

structures images allow<strong>in</strong>g them to be properly dist<strong>in</strong>guished) <strong>and</strong><br />

the sensibility (or the capacity to detect the same structure with a<br />

lower ga<strong>in</strong>).<br />

The same <strong>eye</strong>s submitted to US evaluation were also analyzed by<br />

SD-OCT (Spectralis ® , Heidelberg Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, Inc., Germany) after<br />

pu pil dilation us<strong>in</strong>g 1% tropicamide (Mydriacyl ® , Alcon, USA). Regard<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the technical parameters of the SD-OCT, 40000 A-scans were<br />

acquired per second us<strong>in</strong>g an optical resolution of approximately<br />

7 mm <strong>in</strong> depth (axial resolution) <strong>and</strong> 14 mm transversally (lateral op tical<br />

resolution). For the A-scans the scan depth was 1.8 mm/512 pixels,<br />

provid<strong>in</strong>g a digital axial resolution of 3.5 µm/pixel, per volume scan<br />

of 20x15 degrees. B-scans covered a transversal range of 15, 20 <strong>and</strong><br />

30º field of view. Vertical <strong>and</strong> horizontal OCT scans were placed <strong>in</strong><br />

the area of <strong>in</strong>terest with reference to the vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>terface. In<br />

addition, 3D volumetric OCT scans were acquired for comprehensive<br />

analysis of the entire ret<strong>in</strong>a <strong>and</strong>, therefore, for 3D mapp<strong>in</strong>g of pathologic<br />

changes with<strong>in</strong> the ret<strong>in</strong>al layers.<br />

Both OCT <strong>and</strong> US images were assessed by two <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />

observers who were unaware of the diagnosis (NA <strong>and</strong> VT). MH was<br />

classified by OCT evaluation <strong>in</strong> stages I to IV based on the Gass’ classification<br />

(6) . Any evidence of epiret<strong>in</strong>al membrane (ERM) was noted<br />

as well as the presence or absence of posterior vitreous detachment<br />

(PVD).<br />

Table 1. Data of patients with macular hole of different stages classified<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to Gass<br />

Patient<br />

N o<br />

Gender<br />

Age<br />

(years)<br />

RESULTS<br />

The study <strong>in</strong>cluded 22 patients with biomicroscopy evidence of<br />

MH, six men (27.28%), 16 women (72.72%), mean age of 64.89 years<br />

(range 12 to 76 years) as <strong>in</strong> table 1. The 12 year-old patient had a traumatic<br />

MH. Seven patients (31.81%) had impend<strong>in</strong>g or full-thickness<br />

MH <strong>in</strong> the fellow <strong>eye</strong> at presentation. Four <strong>eye</strong>s had previously been<br />

submitted to vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al surgery for MH repair.<br />

All patients presented with symptoms that <strong>in</strong>cluded decreased<br />

vision, distortion, central spots <strong>and</strong>/or some degree of metamorphopsia<br />

<strong>in</strong> one <strong>eye</strong> (15 patients) or both <strong>eye</strong>s (7 patients). Macular<br />

area fundus biomicroscopy identified 29 <strong>eye</strong>s with MH. SD-OCT<br />

identified MH <strong>in</strong> 25 of 29 <strong>eye</strong>s. Four <strong>eye</strong>s had, <strong>in</strong> fact, pseudoholes<br />

caused by ERM.<br />

In MH stages I (2 <strong>eye</strong>s) <strong>and</strong> II (1 <strong>eye</strong>s), both 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz US<br />

we re not a useful tool to analyze macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g. In certa<strong>in</strong> cases,<br />

suggestive f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs of maculopathy such as macular irregularity <strong>and</strong><br />

image consistent with prefoveal operculum <strong>and</strong> perifoveal PVD were<br />

highlighted (Figure 1). In these cases, OCT was superior to US s<strong>in</strong>ce it<br />

clearly def<strong>in</strong>ed the outl<strong>in</strong>e of the hole (Table 2).<br />

In MH stages III (14 cases) <strong>and</strong> IV (5 cases), both US probes identified<br />

the double hump irregularity <strong>and</strong> thicken<strong>in</strong>g of the ocular wall.<br />

Ultrasound could measure the macular thickness <strong>and</strong> identified other<br />

Eye<br />

Macular<br />

hole stage<br />

01 M 76 OD IV<br />

02 F 67 OS III<br />

03 F 68 OS III<br />

04 F 63 OD III<br />

05 F 64 OD III<br />

Observation<br />

05 F 64 OS _ PPV<br />

06 F 55 OD IV<br />

07 M 68 OD III<br />

07 M 68 OS - PPV<br />

08 F 63 OD - ERM<br />

08 F 63 OS IV<br />

09 M 66 OD II<br />

09 M 66 OS III<br />

10 F 63 OS III<br />

11 F 66 OD III<br />

12 M 71 OD III<br />

12 M 71 OS - PPV<br />

13 F 65 OD III<br />

14 F 73 OS III<br />

15 F 69 OD - ERM<br />

16 F 72 OS III<br />

16 F 72 OD IV<br />

17 M 12 OS IV<br />

18 F 65 OD - ERM<br />

18 F 65 OS - ERM<br />

19 F 61 OD I<br />

20 F 68 OD I<br />

21 M 69 OS III<br />

22 F 69 OS III<br />

PPV= pars plana vitrectomy; ERM= epiret<strong>in</strong>al membrane; OD= right <strong>eye</strong>; OS= left <strong>eye</strong>;<br />

M= male; F= female.<br />

416 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):415-9


Bottós JM, et al.<br />

A<br />

A<br />

B<br />

C<br />

Figure 1. A) Optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of a stage I macular hole. B)<br />

(10-MHz) <strong>and</strong> C) (20-MHz), B-scan ultrasound shows the vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>terface with<br />

adhesion to the macular area.<br />

B<br />

C<br />

Table 2. Ultrasound f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> relation to different stages of macular<br />

hole (Gass classification)<br />

Stage<br />

Stage I<br />

n= 2<br />

B-scan ultrasonography<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al surface irregularity<br />

Perifoveal PVD<br />

Vitreomacular adhesion<br />

Image suggestive of pseudo-operculum<br />

Figure 2. A) Optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of an operculated stage III macular<br />

hole. B) (10-MHz) <strong>and</strong> C) (20-MHz), B-scan ultrasound shows macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

double hump irregularity <strong>and</strong> a shallow vitreous detachment with vitreous adherence<br />

at the fovea <strong>and</strong> the operculum overly<strong>in</strong>g the macular hole. 20-MHz B-scan ultrasound<br />

suggests the presence of macular hole with higher def<strong>in</strong>ition.<br />

Stage II<br />

n=1<br />

Stage III<br />

n=14<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al surface irregularity<br />

Vitreomacular adhesion<br />

Image suggestive of pseudo-operculum<br />

PVD attached at optic nerve<br />

Double hump irregularity<br />

Variable macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g<br />

Echodense operculum<br />

Partial PVD attached at optic disc<br />

A<br />

Stage IV<br />

n=5<br />

Double hump irregularity<br />

Macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g<br />

Echodense operculum<br />

Complete PVD with Weiss r<strong>in</strong>g<br />

Epiret<strong>in</strong>al membrane<br />

Macular irregularity<br />

n=4<br />

Discrete depression <strong>in</strong> some cases<br />

PVD= posterior vitreous detachment.<br />

B<br />

Figure 3. A) Optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of a stage IV macular hole. B)<br />

(10-MHz) <strong>and</strong> C) (20-MHz), B-scan ultrasound shows macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> double<br />

hump irregularity.<br />

C<br />

suggestive ultrasonographic f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs as operculum, vitreomacular<br />

traction (VMT) or partial perifoveal PVD: still attached to the papilla<br />

(stage III) (Figure 2) or completely detached from the posterior pole<br />

(stage IV) (Figure 3).<br />

Ultrasound detected partial PVD with perifoveal vitreous detachment<br />

<strong>in</strong> 20 of the 29 <strong>eye</strong>s analyzed (68.96%). In the rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 9<br />

<strong>eye</strong>s, 5 had total PVD, 1 was unclear by either OCT <strong>and</strong> US, <strong>and</strong> 3 had<br />

previously been submitted to pars plana vitrectomy. However, the<br />

OCT performed <strong>in</strong> the same 29 <strong>eye</strong>s was able to identify the partial<br />

PVD <strong>in</strong> only 13 <strong>eye</strong>s.<br />

In all cases, OCT provided the advantage of a more precise measurement<br />

of the MH dimensions. In cases of pseudoholes (4 cases),<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):415-9<br />

417


Macular hole: 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz ultrasound <strong>and</strong> spectral-doma<strong>in</strong> optical coherence tomography<br />

US identified irregularity of the macular contour as well as a discrete<br />

depression. OCT identified an operculum <strong>in</strong> 13 <strong>eye</strong>s, while US highlighted<br />

only 9 of them (69.23%).<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

The advent of OCT provided unprecedented visualization of the<br />

vitreomacular <strong>in</strong>terface, which has led to a better comprehension of<br />

MH formation (3) . This cross-sectional imag<strong>in</strong>g technology has allowed<br />

<strong>in</strong>vestigators to study, <strong>in</strong> a non-<strong>in</strong>vasive manner, the disease processes<br />

that were previously unrecognizable by biomicroscopy alone.<br />

Vitreomacular adhesion plays a larger role <strong>in</strong> ret<strong>in</strong>al disease than was<br />

previously understood (7) . OCT is still the gold st<strong>and</strong>ard for the diag -<br />

nosis of macular diseases, unless <strong>in</strong> cases of opaque media when<br />

images cannot be acquired, or when OCT devices are not available. In<br />

these conditions, the comb<strong>in</strong>ed ultrasonographic study us<strong>in</strong>g 10 <strong>and</strong><br />

20-MHz can provide a valid evaluation of the vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>terface (8) .<br />

Macular hole can occur <strong>in</strong> either gender, at any age, with no ra -<br />

cial predilection (9) . The <strong>in</strong>cidence <strong>in</strong> women is higher, that may be<br />

attributed to the earlier onset of PVD due to premature vitreous liquefaction,<br />

probably associated with decl<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g estrogen levels <strong>in</strong> the<br />

postmenopausal period (10) . This profile is also seen <strong>in</strong> ERM, another<br />

condition considered to be a complication of PVD (11) . In this study,<br />

evidence of MH was present <strong>in</strong> 16 women (72.72% of the patients),<br />

<strong>in</strong> accordance with other studies (10,11) .<br />

Nowadays, vitreofoveal traction is believed to be important <strong>in</strong> the<br />

pathogenesis of idiopathic MH. S<strong>in</strong>ce Gass has described its early<br />

stages, the development of this pathology was attributed to tangential<br />

traction of the prefoveal vitreous cortex result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a foveal<br />

dehiscence that can progress from foveolar detachment to a mature<br />

full-thickness MH (5,6) . However, Gass’ theory has been modified after<br />

the advent of new technologies, as SD-OCT <strong>and</strong> US.<br />

Some susceptible patients have abnormal <strong>and</strong> strong vitreomacular<br />

adherence, caus<strong>in</strong>g persistent foveal traction with perifoveal<br />

detachment, which is universally associated with the earliest MH<br />

stages. The cont<strong>in</strong>uous anterior traction of the slightly detached vitreous<br />

cortex appears to be a major contribut<strong>in</strong>g factor to MH formation.<br />

Both types of traction: anteroposterior <strong>and</strong> tangential, might be<br />

comb<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> some cases. Tangential traction may also be the result<br />

of glial cell proliferation onto the perifoveal <strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane<br />

<strong>and</strong> may expla<strong>in</strong> the persistence <strong>and</strong> enlargement of MH, <strong>in</strong><br />

some specific cases, even when the posterior hyaloid spontaneously<br />

detaches (3) . Hikichi et al. reported that complete PVD can prevent MH<br />

formation or further deterioration of visual acuity <strong>in</strong> most <strong>eye</strong>s with<br />

full-thickness MH (12) . Further, recent studies about pharmacovitreolysis<br />

(Ocriplasm<strong>in</strong> ® , ThromboGenics) demonstrate that the <strong>in</strong>duction<br />

of both liquefaction <strong>and</strong> separation of the vitreous from the ret<strong>in</strong>al<br />

<strong>in</strong>terface can result <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased rates of PVD <strong>and</strong> MH resolution, avoid<strong>in</strong>g<br />

surgical procedures. Resolution of VMT <strong>and</strong> MH resulted <strong>in</strong> visual<br />

improvement <strong>in</strong> most patients (13) . These f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs also contribute to<br />

the theory of anteroposterior traction as an important role to MH<br />

formation. Mechanisms other than VMT may additionally contribute<br />

to the development of MH, such as hydration of ret<strong>in</strong>al edges after<br />

dehiscence formation, foveal degenerative changes (14-16) <strong>and</strong> the diameter<br />

of the vitreous attachment <strong>in</strong> <strong>eye</strong>s with PVD correlated with<br />

<strong>in</strong>duced changes <strong>in</strong> foveal anatomy (17) . In the current study, US detected<br />

partial PVD with perifoveal vitreous detachment <strong>in</strong> 20 of the 29<br />

<strong>eye</strong>s analyzed (68.96%). All patients with stages I <strong>and</strong> II had evidence<br />

of VMT, corroborat<strong>in</strong>g to the theory that the anteroposterior traction<br />

is generally associated with earlier MH stages.<br />

The ma<strong>in</strong> value <strong>in</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g pathogenic theory is to identify<br />

possible therapeutic implications: a vitrectomy with the aim of resolv<strong>in</strong>g<br />

anteroposterior traction could be the ma<strong>in</strong> goal of a surgical<br />

procedure when the vitreous face is not totally separated from the<br />

edge of the MH. Otherwise, when no anteroposterior traction is<br />

shown by OCT or US, the surgeon would attempt to remove epireti-<br />

nal tissue <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane to release the tangential<br />

traction (3) . Moreover, the differentiation between VMT <strong>and</strong> PVD, by a<br />

non<strong>in</strong>vasive technique, is <strong>in</strong>evitable <strong>and</strong> decisive for further surgical<br />

or pharmacological treatment <strong>and</strong> the B-scan US served as the most<br />

reliable non<strong>in</strong>vasive technique, between biomicroscopic <strong>and</strong> OCT, to<br />

assess the status of posterior vitreous cortex prior to vitrectomy (18,19)<br />

(Figure 4).<br />

In the current study, MH was detectable by both 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz<br />

ultrasound transducers, with different f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs, concern<strong>in</strong>g each<br />

spe cific stage (Table 2). The 10-MHz ultrasonography was useful for<br />

an overall assessment of the vitreous body, its mobility, <strong>and</strong> the relationship<br />

between the posterior hyaloid membrane <strong>and</strong> the ret<strong>in</strong>a,<br />

as well as the position of the posterior vitreous face. The 20-MHz<br />

exam<strong>in</strong>ation was able to provide valuable <strong>in</strong>formation on the analysis<br />

of the vitreomacular <strong>in</strong>terface <strong>and</strong> macular contour. 10-MHz systems<br />

may be advantageous compared with 20-MHz systems where deeper<br />

penetration is important (choroid analysis, i.e.). It has superior<br />

sensitivity than the 20-MHz probe <strong>and</strong> can be used to exam<strong>in</strong>e low<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensity scatterers, such as weakly echo<strong>in</strong>g vitreous structures that<br />

cannot be easily seen us<strong>in</strong>g higher frequency probe (20) . Mean<strong>in</strong>g<br />

that, to give similar display strength of structures seen with the<br />

10-MHz probe, the 20-MHz required a higher ga<strong>in</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g than the<br />

10-MHz probe (20) . Otherwise, the comparatively superior resolution<br />

of 20-MHz systems relative to 10-MHz can provide an advantage <strong>in</strong><br />

axial <strong>and</strong> lateral resolution for imag<strong>in</strong>g of the posterior segment that<br />

can <strong>in</strong>crea se diagnostic capability for subtle ret<strong>in</strong>al pathologies. The<br />

10-MHz probe does not provide as good def<strong>in</strong>ition as the 20 MHz<br />

probe, <strong>and</strong> can suffer from saturation of the image (20) . These f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

are <strong>in</strong> accordance with the results obta<strong>in</strong>ed by Hewick et al (20) . Nevertheless,<br />

it is important to consider that, for the complete assessment<br />

<strong>and</strong> analysis of the vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al <strong>in</strong>terface <strong>and</strong> status of the posterior<br />

vitreous cortex, both US transducers of 10 <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz are complementary<br />

<strong>and</strong> provide additional <strong>in</strong>formation.<br />

The ultrasonographic exam for MH stages I <strong>and</strong> II dem<strong>and</strong>ed<br />

a very rigorous exam<strong>in</strong>ation protocol. US images were suggestive<br />

when associated with pseudo-operculum or shallow localized separation<br />

of posterior hyaloid from the perifoveal ret<strong>in</strong>a, when it could<br />

be detected a th<strong>in</strong> membrane with f<strong>in</strong>e anteroposterior vitreous<br />

fibers <strong>and</strong> vitreomacular adhesion, associated with a slightly irregular<br />

ret<strong>in</strong>al surface.<br />

A<br />

C<br />

Figure 4. A) Optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of an operculated stage III macular<br />

hole. B) SD-OCT of the same <strong>eye</strong>, after pars plana vitrectomy with peel<strong>in</strong>g of the <strong>in</strong>ternal<br />

limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane. C) 20-MHz B-scan ultrasound shows macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g, double<br />

hump irregularity <strong>and</strong> a perifoveal vitreous detachment with vitreous adherence at the<br />

fovea. D) 20-MHz B-scan ultrasound of the macular area after vitrectomy surgery, with<br />

absence of the double hump <strong>and</strong> macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

B<br />

D<br />

418 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):415-9


Bottós JM, et al.<br />

Consider<strong>in</strong>g MH stage III, the ultrasonographic f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs were variable<br />

macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g, double hump irregularity, with or without<br />

images consistent with prefoveal pseudo-operculum (small echodense<br />

opacity suspended anterior to the foveolar area) <strong>and</strong> attached<br />

to a th<strong>in</strong>ner echodense l<strong>in</strong>ear opacity that appeared to connect to<br />

the prepapillary glial tissue nasally, suggest<strong>in</strong>g the diagnosis of a<br />

partial PVD.<br />

For MH stage IV, a mobile echodense l<strong>in</strong>ear opacity r<strong>in</strong>g (suggestive<br />

of the Weiss r<strong>in</strong>g) was detectable anterior to the ret<strong>in</strong>a, cha -<br />

racteriz<strong>in</strong>g a total PVD. This was more prom<strong>in</strong>ent dur<strong>in</strong>g k<strong>in</strong>etic<br />

exa m<strong>in</strong>ation; macular thicken<strong>in</strong>g, with double hump irregularity was<br />

also detected. Ultrasound was more sensitive than OCT <strong>in</strong> detect<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the relationship between the PHM <strong>and</strong> the MH, therefore the US<br />

may be a useful adjunct <strong>in</strong> the differentiation between MH stages<br />

III <strong>and</strong> IV. In cases of ERM, US identified irregularities of the macular<br />

area contour. A discrete depression could be detected <strong>in</strong> some cases,<br />

usually associated with complete PVD. All these f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs related to<br />

the vitreous status <strong>and</strong> macular contour, <strong>in</strong> cases of different stages<br />

of MH, were <strong>in</strong> accordance with other studies (4,20,21) .<br />

OCT, however, enjoys significantly better resolution <strong>and</strong> sensitivity<br />

than US <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>s a better tool for the morphological<br />

study of macular diseases, unless <strong>in</strong> cases of opaque media or to<br />

accurately demonstrate the position of the posterior vitreous face.<br />

Moreover, OCT is limited to the central fundus because images are<br />

acquired through the pupil, so the vitreous body cannot be evaluated<br />

completely. There are limitations on OCT that may lead to an<br />

underestimation of the true <strong>in</strong>cidence of VMT, as miss<strong>in</strong>g sites of<br />

vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al adhesion, <strong>in</strong>adequate reflectivity of vitreous, vitreous<br />

ele vation outside the focal range or peripheral PVD, media opacity<br />

or poor patient cooperation (22) .<br />

The cl<strong>in</strong>ical role of US must be placed <strong>in</strong> the context of what is<br />

<strong>and</strong> is not achievable with OCT. Under certa<strong>in</strong> circumstances, as <strong>in</strong><br />

the presence of optical media opacity, when the stage of the complete<br />

vitreous body is imperative, as <strong>in</strong> cases of MH, or even when<br />

OCT devices are not available, the ultrasonographic study can be<br />

use ful <strong>and</strong> offers <strong>in</strong>formation complementary to that obta<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />

OCT, ma<strong>in</strong>ly related to the vitreous body (1) . Furthermore, it is expected<br />

that the evolution of ultrasound will move <strong>in</strong> several areas:<br />

scann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>strumentation will become cheaper <strong>and</strong> more widely<br />

available <strong>and</strong> transducer technology will evolve to allow greater<br />

depth of field <strong>and</strong> spatial orientation ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>g or even ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />

resolution (23) .<br />

In conclusion, US of the macular area, when used with a proper<br />

technique, may be a complementary tool to OCT <strong>and</strong> can improve<br />

the underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g of the relationship between the posterior vitreous<br />

cortex <strong>and</strong> the ret<strong>in</strong>a. OCT rema<strong>in</strong>s better for the f<strong>in</strong>e morphological<br />

study of macular details <strong>in</strong> <strong>eye</strong>s with MH. In cases of opaque media<br />

or when OCT cannot be performed, the comb<strong>in</strong>ed US study not only<br />

affords a valid evaluation of the macular area, but also gives useful<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation related to the vitreomacular <strong>in</strong>terface, thus improv<strong>in</strong>g<br />

therapeutic approach.<br />

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sham-controlled phase II trial (the MIVI-IIT trial). Ret<strong>in</strong>a. 2010;30(7):1122-7.<br />

14. Gaudric A, Haouch<strong>in</strong>e B, Mass<strong>in</strong> P, Paques M, Bla<strong>in</strong> P, Erg<strong>in</strong>ay A. Macular hole formation:<br />

new data provided by optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;<br />

117(6):744-51.<br />

15. Ito Y, Terasaki H, Suzuki T, Kojima T, Mori M, Ishikawa K, et al. Mapp<strong>in</strong>g posterior<br />

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macular hole. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(3):351-5.<br />

16. Haouch<strong>in</strong>e B, Mass<strong>in</strong> P, Gaudric A. Foveal pseudocyst as the first step <strong>in</strong> macular hole<br />

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2001;108(1):15-22.<br />

17. Spaide RF, Wong D, Fisher Y, Goldbaum M. Correlation of vitreous attachment <strong>and</strong><br />

foveal deformation <strong>in</strong> early macular hole states. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(2):226-9.<br />

18. Kicova N, Bertelmann T, Irle S, Sekundo W, Mennel S. Evaluation of a posterior vitreous<br />

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tomography to surgical f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs with chromodissection. Acta Ophthalmol.<br />

2012; 90(4): e264-8.<br />

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Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(3):497-503.<br />

20. Hewick SA, Fairhead AC, Culy JC, Atta HR. A comparison of 10 MHz <strong>and</strong> 20 MHz<br />

ultrasound probes <strong>in</strong> imag<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>eye</strong> <strong>and</strong> orbit. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(4):551-5.<br />

21. Siahmed K, Berges O, Brasseur G. [Macular hole evaluation with 10-MHz <strong>and</strong> 20-MHz<br />

ultrasonography <strong>and</strong> optical coherence tomography]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2005;28(7):<br />

733-6. French.<br />

22. Gallemore RP, Jumper JM, McCuen BW 2nd, Jaffe GJ, Postel EA, Toth CA. Diagnosis<br />

of vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al adhesions <strong>in</strong> macular disease with optical coherence tomography.<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>a. 2000;20(2):115-20.<br />

23. Coleman DJ, Silverman RH, Rondeau MJ, Lloyd HO, Daly S. Expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the current<br />

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Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2006;1(1):63-76.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):415-9<br />

419


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Upper <strong>eye</strong>lid entropion <strong>and</strong> <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>cicatricial</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong> without trichiasis<br />

Entrópio de pálpebra superior e olho seco no tracoma <strong>cicatricial</strong> sem triquíase<br />

Abrahão Lucena 1 , Patricia Mitiko Santello Akaishi 1 , Maria de Lourdes Veronesi Rodrigues 2 , Antonio Augusto Velasco e Cruz 2<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: to evaluate the position of the upper <strong>eye</strong>lid marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>eye</strong> surface<br />

sta tus <strong>in</strong> <strong>cicatricial</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong> without trichiasis (TS).<br />

Methods: Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was employed to evaluate the location of the<br />

upper lid mucocutaneous transition of 156 <strong>eye</strong>s of 78 patients with trichiasis <strong>and</strong> of<br />

130 <strong>eye</strong>s of 65 control subjects. For each <strong>eye</strong> the position of the upper lid mucocutaneous<br />

junction was graded with respect to the l<strong>in</strong>e of meibomian gl<strong>and</strong> orifices <strong>in</strong>to<br />

3 categories: a) anterior, b) at the l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> c) posterior to the l<strong>in</strong>e. Ocular surface dye<br />

sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with lissam<strong>in</strong>e green was performed <strong>in</strong> all <strong>eye</strong>s. All participants answered<br />

a questionnaire with queries on the presence <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tensity of <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> symptoms.<br />

Results: In the <strong>eye</strong>s with trichiasis the location of the mucocutaneous transition<br />

was posterior to the meibomian gl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 55 (35.3%), at the l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 77 (49.4%)<br />

<strong>and</strong> anterior to the l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> only 24 (15.4%). In the control group these figures were:<br />

5 (3.8%); 42 (42%) <strong>and</strong> 83 (63.8%). Lissam<strong>in</strong>e sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> symptoms were<br />

also associated with trichiasis.<br />

Conclusion: Different degrees of upper lid entropion are already present <strong>in</strong> ci -<br />

catricial <strong>trachoma</strong> even <strong>in</strong> the absence of trichiasis. Trichiasis is associated with<br />

lissam<strong>in</strong>e green sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> symptoms. Conjunctivalization of the upper<br />

lid marg<strong>in</strong> may play a role <strong>in</strong> the development of <strong>trachoma</strong>tous <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong>.<br />

Keywords: Trachoma; Cicatrix; Dry <strong>eye</strong> syndromes; <strong>Entropion</strong>; Eyelids; Lissam<strong>in</strong>e<br />

green dyes/diagnostic use; Questionnaires<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivos: Avaliar a posição da margem palpebral superior e a superfície ocular no<br />

tracoma <strong>cicatricial</strong> sem triquíase (TS).<br />

Métodos: A localização da transição mucocutânea da pálpebra superior foi avaliada<br />

com lâmpada de fenda em 156 olhos de 78 pacientes com triquíase e de 130 olhos<br />

de 65 controles. A posição da transição mucocutânea foi classificada em relação à<br />

l<strong>in</strong>ha das glândulas de Meibômio em três categorias: a) anterior, b) sobre a l<strong>in</strong>ha e<br />

c) posterior a l<strong>in</strong>ha. A superfície ocular de todos os olhos foi avaliada com verde de<br />

lissam<strong>in</strong>a. Todos os participantes responderam ao questionário sobre a presença e<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensidade dos s<strong>in</strong>tomas relacionados ao olho seco.<br />

Resultados: Nos olhos com triquíase a localização da transição mucocutânea foi posterior<br />

à l<strong>in</strong>ha das glândulas de Meibômio em 55 (35,3%), sobre a l<strong>in</strong>ha em 77 (49,4%)<br />

e anterior à l<strong>in</strong>ha em somente 24 (15,4%). No grupo controle essa distribuição foi 5<br />

(3,8%); 42 (42%) e 83 (63,8%). A positividade ao corante de lissam<strong>in</strong>a e s<strong>in</strong>tomas de<br />

olho seco também foram associados à triquíase.<br />

Conclusão: Diferentes graus de entrópio de pálpebra superior estão presentes no<br />

tra coma <strong>cicatricial</strong> mesmo na ausência de triquíase. Triquíase está associada à positividade<br />

ao corante verde lissam<strong>in</strong>e e s<strong>in</strong>tomas de olho seco. A conjuntivalização da<br />

margem palpebral pode ser um fator no desenvolvimento do olho seco tracomatoso.<br />

Descritores: Tracoma; Cicatriz; Síndromes do olho seco; Entrópio; Pálpebras; Corantes<br />

verdes de lissam<strong>in</strong>a/uso diagnóstico; Questionários<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

The ma<strong>in</strong> sequence of the pathologic events that provoke vision<br />

loss <strong>in</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong> is well known. Repeated <strong>in</strong>fection of the <strong>eye</strong> with<br />

Chlamydia <strong>trachoma</strong>tis usually occurs <strong>in</strong> children <strong>and</strong> leads to the <strong>in</strong> -<br />

flammatory stage of the disease, which is characterized by lymphoid<br />

follicles or diffuse <strong>in</strong>flammation of the upper tarsal conjunctiva. The<br />

active forms of <strong>trachoma</strong>, if not controlled, are followed <strong>in</strong> adulthood<br />

by <strong>cicatricial</strong> changes on the tarsal plate of the upper <strong>eye</strong>lid. Loss of<br />

vision results from chronic corneal abrasion caused by upper <strong>eye</strong>lid<br />

entropion <strong>and</strong> trichiasis (1) .<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ce the eighties, when the World Health Organization (WHO)<br />

successfully establish a simple <strong>and</strong> reliable system of <strong>trachoma</strong> clas -<br />

si fica tion for population-based surveys, the <strong>cicatricial</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong>tous<br />

effects on the upper <strong>eye</strong>lid have been divided <strong>in</strong>to two categories:<br />

<strong>trachoma</strong>tous scarr<strong>in</strong>g (TS) <strong>and</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong>tous trichiasis (TT). TS is de -<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ed by the presence of white l<strong>in</strong>es or b<strong>and</strong>s of cicatrization on the<br />

upper tarsal conjunctiva. The designation TT is used when there is at<br />

least one <strong>eye</strong>lash rubb<strong>in</strong>g the ocular surface (2) .<br />

In cases of TT it seems clear that the <strong>eye</strong>lid marg<strong>in</strong> is rotated<br />

<strong>in</strong>wards; <strong>in</strong> other words, there is upper <strong>eye</strong>lid entropion. In TS, the<br />

position of the upper <strong>eye</strong>lid marg<strong>in</strong> has not been def<strong>in</strong>ed. In this<br />

ar ticle we report the results of a biomicroscopic analysis of the lid<br />

marg<strong>in</strong> position of a large series of patients with TS <strong>and</strong> analyzed<br />

the effect of lid position on their ocular surface status.<br />

METHODS<br />

Patients<br />

The sample derived from a <strong>trachoma</strong> survey conducted <strong>in</strong> the<br />

village of Simão, state of Ceará, Brazil. This village is located <strong>in</strong> one<br />

of the first regions <strong>in</strong> Brazil where <strong>trachoma</strong> was diagnosed as an<br />

endemic health problem. There were 78 (156 <strong>eye</strong>s) patients with TS<br />

Submitted for publication: June 13, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: October 9, 2012<br />

Study carried out at Department of Ophthalmology, Otorh<strong>in</strong>olaryngology <strong>and</strong> Head <strong>and</strong> Neck<br />

Surgery, Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - Ribeirão<br />

Preto (SP), Brazil.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, Otorh<strong>in</strong>olaryngology <strong>and</strong> Head <strong>and</strong> Neck, Faculdade de<br />

Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil.<br />

2<br />

Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Otorh<strong>in</strong>olaryngology <strong>and</strong> Head <strong>and</strong> Neck, Fa culdade de<br />

Medic<strong>in</strong>a de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: A.Lucena, None; P.M.S.Akaishi, None; M.L.V.Rodrigues,<br />

None; A.A.V.Cruz, None.<br />

Correspondence address: Antonio Augusto Velasco Cruz. Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorr<strong>in</strong>olar<strong>in</strong>gologia<br />

e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço. Hospital das Clínicas-Campus, Av. B<strong>and</strong>eirantes,<br />

3.900 - Ri beirão Preto (SP) - 14049-900 - Brazil - E-mail: aavecruz@fmrp.usp.br<br />

420 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):420-2


Lucena A, et al.<br />

(46 females, 32 males rang<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> age from 30 to 83, mean = 60.5 ±<br />

11.2 sd years). A group of 65 subjects (41 females, 24 males rang<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong> age from 39 to 82, mean = 53.4 ± 10.5 sd years) from the same<br />

area without any cl<strong>in</strong>ical evidence of <strong>trachoma</strong>tous signs were also<br />

exam<strong>in</strong>ed as controls.<br />

Procedures<br />

First, all participants answered a questionnaire with queries on<br />

the presence <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tensity of <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> symptoms. Seven symptoms<br />

(visual changes, burn<strong>in</strong>g, foreign body sensation, light sensitivity, visual<br />

changes, <strong>and</strong> <strong>eye</strong> irritation <strong>in</strong> the morn<strong>in</strong>g or towards the night)<br />

were graded accord<strong>in</strong>g a 4-level ord<strong>in</strong>al scale (0 = never, 1 = mild, 2 =<br />

moderate, 3 = severe). Based on the sum of the scores, subjects were<br />

classified as hav<strong>in</strong>g no (0-2), mild (3-7), moderate (8-14) <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tense<br />

(15-21) symptoms of <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong>.<br />

Two experienced ophthalmologists with oculoplastic tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />

per formed a comprehensive biomicroscopic analysis of the upper<br />

lid marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> ocular surface <strong>in</strong> all subjects. The lid mucocutaneous<br />

junction was identified <strong>and</strong> its position graded with respect to the<br />

l<strong>in</strong>e of meibomian gl<strong>and</strong> orifices <strong>in</strong>to 3 categories: a) anterior, b) at the<br />

l<strong>in</strong>e, <strong>and</strong> c) posterior to the l<strong>in</strong>e (Figure 1). Ocular surface dye sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />

with lissam<strong>in</strong>e green (LG) was then performed. One drop of LG was<br />

<strong>in</strong>stilled on the <strong>in</strong>ferior fornix without any previous anesthetic drops.<br />

Any sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g area on the nasal or temporal bulbar conjunctiva was<br />

recorded as positive. Conjunctival areas with any abnormalities such<br />

as pterygium or p<strong>in</strong>gueculas were excluded.<br />

Statistical analysis<br />

The Z test for two proportions was used to compare the position<br />

of the mucocutaneous lid transition <strong>in</strong> both groups. Cont<strong>in</strong>gency<br />

ta bles <strong>and</strong> the Fisher exact test were employed to determ<strong>in</strong>e the<br />

association between the position of the mucocutaneous junction,<br />

the positivity of green or fluoresce<strong>in</strong> sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> the <strong>in</strong>tensity of <strong>dry</strong><br />

<strong>eye</strong> symptoms.<br />

We certified that all applicable <strong>in</strong>stitutional <strong>and</strong> governmental<br />

re gulations concern<strong>in</strong>g the ethical use of human volunteers were<br />

followed dur<strong>in</strong>g this research.<br />

RESULTS<br />

The position of the mucocutaneous transition was significantly<br />

different between the groups (Table 1). Of the 156 <strong>eye</strong>s with TS, the<br />

transition was posterior to the meibomian gl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 55 (35.3%), at<br />

the l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 77 (49.4%) <strong>and</strong> anterior to the l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> only 24 (15.4%). In the<br />

130 <strong>eye</strong>s of the control group these figures were: 5 (3.8%); 42 (42%)<br />

<strong>and</strong> 83 (63.8%). The Fisher exact test revealed that a mucocutaneous<br />

l<strong>in</strong>e located at or posterior to the mucocuta neous meibomian gl<strong>and</strong><br />

l<strong>in</strong>e is strongly associated with TS (p


Upper <strong>eye</strong>lid entropion <strong>and</strong> <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>cicatricial</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong> without trichiasis<br />

Table 3. Dry <strong>eye</strong> symptoms<br />

Dry <strong>eye</strong> symptoms<br />

Controls<br />

Groups n/(%), 95 CI<br />

None + Mild 50/(76.9%), 65.2 - 85.6 47/(60.3%), 49.1 - 70.4)<br />

Moderate + Severe 15/(23.1%), 14.4 - 34.7 31/(39.7%), 29.6 - 50.8)<br />

microscopy has revealed that there is a wide spectrum of subepithelial<br />

<strong>cicatricial</strong> changes rang<strong>in</strong>g from f<strong>in</strong>e str<strong>and</strong>s of amorphous tissue<br />

to broad b<strong>and</strong>s of connective tissue (6) .<br />

It seems natural to admit that lid marg<strong>in</strong> rotation is correlated<br />

with the degree of tarsal plate subepithelial fibrosis. As noticed by<br />

Sarkies <strong>in</strong> 1965 (7) , upper lid entropion is not a sudden event <strong>and</strong><br />

different degrees of marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ward rotation exist <strong>in</strong> <strong>trachoma</strong>. The<br />

position of the conjunctival edge relative to the meibomian gl<strong>and</strong><br />

l<strong>in</strong>e provides a useful cl<strong>in</strong>ical l<strong>and</strong>mark to assess subtle degrees of<br />

entropion (7) . Our data show that there is a significant association<br />

between TS <strong>and</strong> conjunctival sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with the vital dye lissam<strong>in</strong>e<br />

green. We th<strong>in</strong>k that upper lid marg<strong>in</strong> rotation is a factor <strong>in</strong> the development<br />

of the so-called <strong>trachoma</strong>tous <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> (7) . In our sample,<br />

only 15.4% of the <strong>eye</strong>s with TS had the conjunctival edge posterior<br />

to the meibomian gl<strong>and</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e. When mucosal tissue overlies the<br />

meibomian orifices, a process known as conjunctivalization of the<br />

lid marg<strong>in</strong> (9) , meibomian gl<strong>and</strong> secretion is impaired <strong>and</strong> the tear film<br />

lipid layer is expected to decrease, lead<strong>in</strong>g to evaporat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> (10) .<br />

The WHO system of <strong>trachoma</strong> grad<strong>in</strong>g does not assess the degree<br />

of lid marg<strong>in</strong> rotation.<br />

TS<br />

CONCLUSION<br />

From an epidemiological po<strong>in</strong>t of view, it is natural to consider<br />

only the presence of trichiasis as an <strong>in</strong>dication for surgery. However,<br />

even <strong>in</strong> the absence of any lashes touch<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>eye</strong>, the relationship<br />

between lid marg<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the ocular surface is often abnormal <strong>in</strong> TS.<br />

Although severe <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> was not common <strong>in</strong> our study, 22.4% of the<br />

<strong>eye</strong>s with TS were positive for lissam<strong>in</strong>e sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g. We th<strong>in</strong>k that, on an<br />

<strong>in</strong>dividual basis, lid surgery should not be denied to patients with TS<br />

who have compla<strong>in</strong>ts of irritation or <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong>.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Dawson CR. Pathogenesis <strong>and</strong> control of bl<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g <strong>trachoma</strong>. In: Tasman W, Jaeger ER,<br />

editors. Duane’s cl<strong>in</strong>ical ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Lipp<strong>in</strong>cott-Raven; 1995. p.1-11.<br />

2. Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR. A simple system for assessment<br />

of <strong>trachoma</strong> <strong>and</strong> its complications. Bull World Health Organ. 1987;65(4):477-83.<br />

3. Hu VH, Massae P, Weiss HA, Chevallier C, Onyango JJ, Afwamba IA, et al. Bacterial<br />

<strong>in</strong> fection <strong>in</strong> scarr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>trachoma</strong>. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(5):2181-6.<br />

4. Burt MJ, Rajak SN, Bauer J, Weiss HA, Tolbert SB, Shoo A, et al. Conjunctival transcriptome<br />

<strong>in</strong> scarr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>trachoma</strong>. Infect Immun. 2001;79(1):499-511.<br />

5. Al-Rajhi AA, Hidayat A, Nasr A, Al-Faran M. The histopathology <strong>and</strong> the mechanism<br />

of entropion <strong>in</strong> patients with <strong>trachoma</strong>. Ophthalmology 1993;100(9):1293-6.<br />

6. Hu VH, Massae P, Weiss HA, Cree IA, Courtright P, Mabey DC, et al. In vivo confocal<br />

microscopy of <strong>trachoma</strong> <strong>in</strong> relation to normal tarsal conjunctiva. Ophthalmology.<br />

2011;118(4):747-54.<br />

7. Sarkies JW. Early changes <strong>in</strong> marg<strong>in</strong> of upper <strong>eye</strong>lid <strong>in</strong> entropion complicat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>trachoma</strong>.<br />

Br J Ophthalmol. 1965;49(10):538-41.<br />

8. Guzey M, Ozardali I, Kilic A, Basar E, Dogan Z, Satici A, Karadede S. The treatment of<br />

severe <strong>trachoma</strong>tous <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong> with canalicular silicone plugs. Eye. 2001;15(Pt 3):297-303.<br />

9. Kemp EG, Coll<strong>in</strong> JR. Surgical management of upper lid entropion. Br J Ophthalmol.<br />

186;70(8):575-9.<br />

10. Bron AJ, Tiffany JM. The contribution of meibomian disease to <strong>dry</strong> <strong>eye</strong>. Ocul Surf.<br />

2004;2(2):149-65.<br />

XV Simpósio Internacional da<br />

Sociedade Brasileira de Glaucoma<br />

6 a 8 de junho de 2013<br />

Parque Anhembi<br />

São Paulo (SP)<br />

Informações:<br />

JDE Eventos<br />

Tels.: (11) 5084-5284/5082-3030<br />

E-mail: sbglaucoma@sbgualcoma.com<br />

Site: www.sbglaucoma.com.br<br />

422 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):420-2


Artigo Orig<strong>in</strong>al | Orig<strong>in</strong>al Article<br />

Antimicrobial susceptibility of photodynamic therapy (UVA/riboflav<strong>in</strong>) aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />

Staphylococcus aureus<br />

Suscetibilidade antimicrobiana da terapia fotod<strong>in</strong>âmica (UVA/riboflav<strong>in</strong>a) contra Staphylococcus aureus<br />

Renata Tiemi Kashiwabuchi 1 , Yas<strong>in</strong> Khan 2 , Fabio Ramos de Souza Carvalho 1 , Flavio Hirai 1 , Mauro Silveira Campos 1 , Peter John McDonnell 2<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Purpose: To assess S. aureus <strong>in</strong> vitro viability after the exposure to ultraviolet light<br />

A (UVA) <strong>and</strong> riboflav<strong>in</strong> (B2).<br />

Methods: Samples of S. aureus <strong>in</strong> 96 well plates (<strong>in</strong> triplicate) were exposed to<br />

riboflav<strong>in</strong> (B2) <strong>and</strong> ultraviolet light A (365 nm wavelength) at a power density of<br />

3 mW/cm 2 , 8 mm spot diameter, for 30 m<strong>in</strong>utes. Control groups were prepared<br />

as well <strong>in</strong> triplicate: blank control, ultraviolet light A only, riboflav<strong>in</strong> only <strong>and</strong><br />

dead bacteria Control. The bacterial viability was measured us<strong>in</strong>g fluorescent<br />

microscopy. In order to <strong>in</strong>vestigate the occurrence of “viable but non-culturable”<br />

microorganisms after treatment, the cell viability was also <strong>in</strong>vestigated by plate<br />

culture procedure onto a broth medium. Statistical analysis was performed us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the triplicate values from each experimental condition.<br />

Results: No difference was observed among the treatment group <strong>and</strong> the control<br />

samples (p=1).<br />

Conclusion: The comb<strong>in</strong>ation of riboflav<strong>in</strong> 0.1% <strong>and</strong> ultraviolet light A at 365<br />

nm did not exhibit antimicrobial activity aga<strong>in</strong>st oxacill<strong>in</strong> susceptible S. aureus.<br />

Keywords: Keratitis; Riboflav<strong>in</strong>; Corneal ulcer; Staphylococcus aureus; Ultraviolet<br />

rays; Cross-l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g reagents<br />

RESUMO<br />

Objetivo: Avaliar a viabilidade celular de S. aureus <strong>in</strong> vitro após a exposição de ri -<br />

boflav<strong>in</strong>a (B2) e luz ultravioleta A (UVA).<br />

Métodos: Amostras de S. aureus colocadas em uma placa de 96 poços (em triplicata)<br />

foram expostas a riboflav<strong>in</strong>a 0,1% (B2) e luz ultravioleta (comprimento de onda de<br />

365 nm) poder de 3 mW/cm 2 , 8 mm de diâmetro, por 30 m<strong>in</strong>utos. Grupos controles<br />

foram também preparados em triplicata: controle branco, somente luz ultravioleta A,<br />

somente riboflav<strong>in</strong>a e controle morto. A viabilidade bacteriana foi analisada us<strong>and</strong>o<br />

microscópio de fluorescência. Para <strong>in</strong>vestigar a ocorrência de micro-organismos “viáveis<br />

porem não cultiváveis” a viabilidade celular foi avaliada utiliz<strong>and</strong>o-se placas de meio<br />

de cultivo bacteriano. Analise estatística foi realizada utiliz<strong>and</strong>o-se os valores obtidos<br />

em triplicata de cada grupo experimental.<br />

Resultados: Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre o grupo tratamento e os grupos<br />

controle (p=1).<br />

Conclusão: A comb<strong>in</strong>ação riboflav<strong>in</strong>a 0,1% e luz ultravioleta 365 nm de comprimento<br />

de onda não demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana contra S. aureus oxacil<strong>in</strong>a sensível.<br />

Descritores: Ceratite; Riboflav<strong>in</strong>; Úlcera da córnea; Staphylococcus aureus; Raios<br />

ultravioleta; Reagentes para ligações cruzadas<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

Microbial keratitis is a sight-threaten<strong>in</strong>g disease due to <strong>in</strong>jury or<br />

trauma of corneal surface, <strong>and</strong> predispos<strong>in</strong>g factors <strong>in</strong>clude poor<br />

contact lens hygiene (1) . Successful treatment requires prompt characterization<br />

of the causative agent <strong>and</strong> application of specific chemotherapeutic<br />

therapy (2,3) . S<strong>in</strong>ce the <strong>in</strong>troduction of sulfonamides<br />

<strong>and</strong> penicill<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the treatment of bacterial keratitis, an evolution <strong>in</strong><br />

therapy has been observed (3,4) . However, virulence factors have de -<br />

creased effectiveness of antibiotic monotherapy. One possible reason<br />

to expla<strong>in</strong> the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria could be<br />

the selection of clones related with the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g resistance factors<br />

faced on the development of newest <strong>and</strong> broad range aggressive<br />

therapeutic profiles. In addition, delay <strong>in</strong> the selection of appropriate<br />

antibiotic patterns may represent limit<strong>in</strong>g factors of therapy <strong>and</strong>/or<br />

could provide development of bacterial resistance mechanisms (5.6) .<br />

Bacterial keratitis due to Staphylococcus aureus is an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly<br />

common ocular <strong>in</strong>fection (7) . Virulence factors of bacterium <strong>in</strong>volve<br />

expression of exotox<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> subversion of neutrophil-mediated host<br />

defense system (8) , which can result <strong>in</strong> severe <strong>in</strong>flammation, pa<strong>in</strong>,<br />

corneal perforation, scarr<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> loss of visual acuity. In general, staphylococcal<br />

resistance apparatus aga<strong>in</strong>st antimicrobial agents <strong>in</strong>clude<br />

both <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic physical <strong>and</strong> genetic factors, i.e. cell-wall thickness<br />

due to peptidoglycan synthesis <strong>and</strong> gene expression on a specific<br />

staphylococcal cassette chromosome, respectively (9,10) .<br />

The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with emphasis <strong>in</strong><br />

staphylococcal <strong>in</strong>fection, has prompted ophthalmologists to study<br />

the antimicrobial activity of additional biological, chemical <strong>and</strong> physical<br />

sources as adjunctive or alternative therapies for bacterial keratitis.<br />

Given that, UV-radiation can cause biosynthesis failures lead<strong>in</strong>g to cell<br />

death (11) , the application of long-wavelength ultraviolet light (UVA)<br />

associated with vitam<strong>in</strong> B2 (riboflav<strong>in</strong>), as a photosensitizer, can emerge<br />

as an alternative tool for <strong>in</strong>activation of bacterial pathogens. Such therapy,<br />

has been proposed for <strong>in</strong>activation or reduction of the amount of<br />

bacterial pathogens from blood components <strong>and</strong> corneal tissue (12,13) .<br />

Submitted for publication: September 19, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: September 23, 2012<br />

Study carried out at The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopk<strong>in</strong>s University, School<br />

of Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Baltimore, Maryl<strong>and</strong>, USA<br />

1<br />

Department of Ophthalmology, Escola Paulista de Medic<strong>in</strong>a - Universidade Federal de São Paulo<br />

- UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.<br />

2<br />

The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopk<strong>in</strong>s University, School of Medic<strong>in</strong>e, Baltimore,<br />

Maryl<strong>and</strong>, USA.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: This study was supported by Research to Prevent Bl<strong>in</strong>dness Inc, NY, NY to the Wilmer<br />

Ophthalmological Institute to conduct this study (laboratory supplies).<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: R.T.Kashiwabuchi, None; Y.A.Khan, None; F.R.S.Carva -<br />

lho, None; F.Hirai, None; M.S.Campos, None; P.J.McDonnell, None.<br />

Correspondence address: Renata Tiemi Kashiwabuchi. Rua Botucatu, 820 - São Paulo (SP) -<br />

04023-062 - Brazil - E-mail: renatatiemik@yahoo.com.br<br />

CEP UNIFESP: 1498/11<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):423-6<br />

423


Antimicrobial susceptibility of photodynamic therapy (UVA/riboflav<strong>in</strong>) aga<strong>in</strong>st Staphylococcus aureus<br />

In order to provide <strong>in</strong>formation concern<strong>in</strong>g a potential therapeutic<br />

effect on Gram-positive bacterial keratitis, the antimicrobial<br />

effect of UVA light <strong>in</strong> association with B2 aga<strong>in</strong>st S. aureus stra<strong>in</strong> was<br />

evaluated.<br />

METHODS<br />

Staphylococcus aureus stra<strong>in</strong><br />

All st<strong>and</strong>ard reference stra<strong>in</strong>s assayed by antimicrobial susceptibility<br />

tests <strong>in</strong> vitro were derived from S. aureus (SA) ATCC 29213. The<br />

bacterium was grown for 24h at 37°C <strong>in</strong> Nutrient broth medium (Difco,<br />

Frankl<strong>in</strong> Lakes, NJ, USA) <strong>and</strong> the turbidity of cell concentration was<br />

adjusted to match a no. 0.5 McFarl<strong>and</strong> optical density st<strong>and</strong>ard. The<br />

bacterial solution used <strong>in</strong> all experiments <strong>in</strong> vitro was st<strong>and</strong>ardized at<br />

concentration of approximately 10 8 colony form<strong>in</strong>g units (CFU)/ml.<br />

In vitro assays<br />

In order to provide comparative parameters of the antibacterial<br />

effect of UVA light <strong>and</strong> riboflav<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> S. aureus, four control groups were<br />

performed as showed <strong>in</strong> table 1. Each control group was assayed <strong>in</strong><br />

triplicate.<br />

In the experimental group, 40 µl of bacterial solution was homogenized<br />

with B2 solution 0.1% <strong>and</strong> placed <strong>in</strong>to each well of a sterile<br />

96-well microplate lid (Corn<strong>in</strong>g Life Science, Lowell, MA, USA). Each<br />

well of the microplate lid has <strong>in</strong>ternal diameter of 7.85 mm, thus<br />

ensur<strong>in</strong>g that the entire area can be exposed to UV light spot diameter<br />

of 8 mm, <strong>in</strong> a th<strong>in</strong> layer. Homogenized solution of S. aureus<br />

<strong>and</strong> riboflav<strong>in</strong> was exposed to UVA light radiation provided by a<br />

dedicated source (Opto Xl<strong>in</strong>k, Opto, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) deliver<strong>in</strong>g<br />

wavelengths of 365 nm <strong>and</strong> irradiance of 3 mW/cm 2 , for 30 m<strong>in</strong>. After<br />

the UVA light exposure the homogenized sample was recovered<br />

from each well <strong>and</strong> the bacterial viability was assayed by us<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g kit (Molecular Probes<br />

Inc., Eugene, OR, USA). Briefly, 5 µl of bacteria/ riboflav<strong>in</strong> irradiated<br />

mixture was homogenized with two fluorescent nucleic acid sta<strong>in</strong>s<br />

(SYTO9 <strong>and</strong> propidium iodide). The solution was placed onto a glass<br />

slide, covered with a coverslip <strong>and</strong> sealed. Bacteria were visualized<br />

under an Olympus IX81 <strong>in</strong>verted microscope (Olympus America Inc.<br />

Center Valley, PA, USA) equipped with filter packs GFP3035B <strong>and</strong> Texas<br />

Red 4040B (Semrock, Inc. Rochester, NJ, USA). The fluorescent digital<br />

images were captured by a Hamamatsu Photonics C9100-02 EMCCD<br />

camera (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan), at a magnification of 40x. The<br />

red <strong>and</strong> green fluorescence was measured us<strong>in</strong>g the Imaris software<br />

(Bitplane Inc, South W<strong>in</strong>dsor, CT, USA).<br />

The leftover mixture of bacteria/riboflav<strong>in</strong>, was diluted <strong>in</strong> sterile<br />

sal<strong>in</strong>e solution (0.85%) to reach a f<strong>in</strong>al volume of 100 µl. After homogenization<br />

this suspension was <strong>in</strong>oculated onto a blood-sheep agar<br />

plate (BD Frankl<strong>in</strong> Lakes, NJ, USA) by a spread plate technique. After<br />

<strong>in</strong>cubation at 37°C for 24h <strong>in</strong> an ambient-air <strong>in</strong>cubator, the bacterial<br />

growth was evaluated qualitatively; assum<strong>in</strong>g that each viable<br />

bacterium <strong>in</strong> suspension should form an <strong>in</strong>dividual colony on the<br />

culture medium. Both microscopic <strong>and</strong> plate-culture procedures <strong>in</strong><br />

the experimental group were done <strong>in</strong> triplicate.<br />

Statistical analyses<br />

For statistical analyses, the mean value of all three measurements<br />

was calculated <strong>and</strong> compared among groups with the Kruskall-Wallis<br />

test. Bonferroni method was used to correct for multiple comparisons.<br />

A p-value


Kashiwabuchi RT, et al.<br />

Figure 2. A) Fluorescence pictures of S. aureus sta<strong>in</strong>ed by LIVE/DEAD® BacLight Bacterial<br />

Viability. Live cells sta<strong>in</strong>ed by SYTO® 9 green-fluorescent <strong>and</strong> the dead cells sta<strong>in</strong>ed by<br />

propidium iodide, magnification of 40x; B) Qualitative bacterial growth <strong>in</strong> blood agar,<br />

24 hours after UVA-B2 exposure. 1: alive control; 2: only UVA; 3: only riboflav<strong>in</strong> 4: dead<br />

control; 5: UVA-B2. All samples but B4 show<strong>in</strong>g countless amount of colonies. B4 shows<br />

bactericidal effect for the most of the cells <strong>and</strong> bacteriostatic effect for those who<br />

formed <strong>in</strong>dividual colonies.<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

The rationale for use of UVA light associated with vitam<strong>in</strong> B2 for<br />

<strong>in</strong>fectious keratitis treatment is based ma<strong>in</strong>ly on the riboflav<strong>in</strong>-based<br />

pathogen reduction technology (PRT) used <strong>in</strong> the microbial dis<strong>in</strong>fections<br />

process of blood products (14,15) . However, the UVA-B2 procedure<br />

designed to therapeutic application on keratoconus, which was<br />

evaluated <strong>in</strong> this study, uses UVA light wavelength of 370 ± 5 nm <strong>and</strong><br />

total irradiance dose of 3.4 J based on safety studies (16) . In comparison<br />

the riboflav<strong>in</strong>-based pathogen reduction technology (PRT) delivers<br />

higher total energy (6.2 J) as well as a shorter wavelength (265 to<br />

370 nm) (17) , which could causes more damage to the cells <strong>and</strong> DNA of<br />

pathogen, provid<strong>in</strong>g effective action <strong>in</strong> the bacterial death. Basically,<br />

the <strong>in</strong>fectivity of pathogens is reduced by three complementary<br />

procedures: (1) the direct damage of nucleic acids of the pathogens<br />

by the UVA light, (2) the damage of prote<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> membranes of microorganisms<br />

by reactive oxygen species generated when riboflav<strong>in</strong><br />

absorbs light <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>teracts with dissolved oxygen <strong>in</strong> solution <strong>and</strong> (3)<br />

the damage of genetic mach<strong>in</strong>ery by the <strong>in</strong>teraction of riboflav<strong>in</strong> with<br />

microbial nucleic acids (18,19) .<br />

The ‘gold-st<strong>and</strong>ard’ method, which is proposed to determ<strong>in</strong>e the<br />

microbial viability, is the growth of colonies on a nutrient agar surface<br />

after a period of <strong>in</strong>cubation under a specific temperature <strong>and</strong> atmospheric<br />

conditions rates (20) . The plate count method is based on the<br />

premise that each viable bacterium can grow, divide <strong>and</strong> become a<br />

colony, via b<strong>in</strong>ary fission <strong>in</strong> a suitable growth medium. Thus, unlike<br />

bacterial counts by the method of direct microscopy <strong>in</strong> which all<br />

cells (dead <strong>and</strong> alive) are counted, the plate culture procedure allows<br />

qualitative <strong>and</strong> quantitative analysis of viable cells <strong>in</strong> a sample. However,<br />

<strong>in</strong> the experimental protocols <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g nutrient deprivation,<br />

environmental stress or antimicrobial effect of biological, chemical<br />

<strong>and</strong>/ or physical agents the cultivation method can fail to assess the<br />

cell viability if the target pathogen enters <strong>in</strong>to the metabolic dormant<br />

stage of “viable but non-culturable” (VBNC) (21,22) . In general, bacteria<br />

<strong>in</strong> the VBNC state are not able to grow on the artificial cuture media,<br />

but they are alive <strong>and</strong> capable of renewed metabolic activity (20) .<br />

One of the approaches to determ<strong>in</strong>e the VBNC state is establish<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the presence of an <strong>in</strong>tact cytoplasmic membrane. For this reason,<br />

a methodological approach based on additional test<strong>in</strong>g of fluorescent<br />

dye to study the bacterial viability was proposed <strong>in</strong> this study.<br />

The SYTO® 9 green-fluorescent nucleic acid sta<strong>in</strong> labels all bacteria<br />

those with <strong>in</strong>tact membrane <strong>and</strong> those with damaged membrane,<br />

while the propidium iodide labels <strong>in</strong> red only bacterial with damaged<br />

membrane, caus<strong>in</strong>g a reduction <strong>in</strong> the green sta<strong>in</strong> fluorescence when<br />

both dyes are present (23) .<br />

In a previous study, Mart<strong>in</strong>s et al. (24) , demonstrated no bacterial<br />

growth <strong>in</strong> a suitable media 24h after UVA-B2 exposure. However, a<br />

hypothesis that leads the cells to enter <strong>in</strong> a VBNC metabolic state<br />

could be the presence of free radicals (21) . Some authors (25) suggested<br />

that non-grow<strong>in</strong>g cells might produce free radicals on exposure to<br />

high nutrient-conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g medium, which might prevent cell division<br />

<strong>and</strong> the orig<strong>in</strong>s of new colonies. The non bacterial growth after UVA-B2<br />

exposure observed <strong>in</strong> that experimental study could be justified by the<br />

presence of production of s<strong>in</strong>glet oxygen, <strong>and</strong> generation of hydrogen<br />

peroxide. Thus, those bacterial cells assayed under the UVA-B2 exposure<br />

might not be <strong>in</strong> fact dead, but <strong>in</strong>stead <strong>in</strong> a VBNC state.<br />

The ma<strong>in</strong> goal of the study was first observe the efficacy of the<br />

comb<strong>in</strong>ation UVA-B2 as a bactericidal agent. We were able to demonstrate<br />

the bacterial viability only by us<strong>in</strong>g the fluorescent dyes as<br />

done <strong>in</strong> previous studies (11,21) . Thereafter, we did not consider to count<br />

the exact amount of colonies us<strong>in</strong>g the traditional dilution methods,<br />

<strong>in</strong>stead, the objective of plac<strong>in</strong>g the leftover treated sample <strong>and</strong> the<br />

control groups onto a plate culture were merely illustrative, show<strong>in</strong>g<br />

that the groups sta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> green were able to grow <strong>in</strong> a plate culture,<br />

meanwhile the group sta<strong>in</strong>ed mostly <strong>in</strong> red only a few cells were able<br />

to grow <strong>in</strong> the plate culture. Curve response was not performed because<br />

a safety protocol previous established for this technology was<br />

followed <strong>in</strong> order to avoid the occurrence of <strong>in</strong>tra-ocular damages,<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>ly by the UVA light (16) . Instead, we have tried higher concentrations<br />

of riboflav<strong>in</strong>, but riboflav<strong>in</strong> 0.5% <strong>and</strong> 1% <strong>in</strong> the presence of<br />

the fluorescence dyes caused a fast bleach<strong>in</strong>g which preclude high<br />

quality fluorescence microscopic data.<br />

In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate a qualitative agreement<br />

concern<strong>in</strong>g the lack of efficacy of photodynamic therapy<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):423-6<br />

425


Antimicrobial susceptibility of photodynamic therapy (UVA/riboflav<strong>in</strong>) aga<strong>in</strong>st Staphylococcus aureus<br />

aga<strong>in</strong>st S. aureus. However, the quantitative data concern<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

agreement of antibacterial effect of components of photodynamic<br />

therapy was elusive due to staphylococcal resistance aga<strong>in</strong>st both<br />

physical (UV light) <strong>and</strong> chemical (riboflav<strong>in</strong>) agents tested <strong>and</strong>, consequently,<br />

the occurrence of uncountable amount of bacteria <strong>in</strong>to culture<br />

media. F<strong>in</strong>ally, the current related that there was no bactericidal<br />

effect of UVA/B2 sett<strong>in</strong>gs used <strong>in</strong> treatment of keratoconus, aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />

oxacill<strong>in</strong> susceptible S. aureus.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Green M, Apel A, Stapleton F. Risk factors <strong>and</strong> causative organisms <strong>in</strong> microbial<br />

keratitis. Cornea. 2008;27(1):22-7.<br />

2. Schaefer F, Brutt<strong>in</strong> O, Zografos L, Guex-Crosier Y. Bacterial keratitis: a prospective<br />

cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>and</strong> microbiological study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(7):842-7.<br />

3. Oliveira AD, D’Azevedo PA, Francisco W. In vitro activity of fluoroqu<strong>in</strong>olones aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />

ocular bacterial isolates <strong>in</strong> São Paulo, Brazil. Cornea. 2007;26(2):194-8.<br />

4. Thygeson P, Spencer WH. The chang<strong>in</strong>g character of <strong>in</strong>fectious corneal disease: emerg<strong>in</strong>g<br />

opportunistic microbial forms (1928-1973). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1973;71:246-53.<br />

5. Bert<strong>in</strong>o JS Jr. Impact of antibiotic resistance <strong>in</strong> the management of ocular <strong>in</strong>fections:<br />

the role of current <strong>and</strong> future antibiotics. Cl<strong>in</strong> Ophthalmol. 2009;3:507-21.<br />

6. Kowalski RP, Dhaliwal DK. Ocular bacterial <strong>in</strong>fections: current <strong>and</strong> future treatment<br />

options. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2005;3(1):131-9.<br />

7. Dajcs JJ, Thibodeaux BA, Girgis DO, O’Callaghan RJ. Corneal virulence of Staphylococcus<br />

aureus <strong>in</strong> an experimental model of keratitis. DNA Cell Biol. 2002;21(5-6):375-82.<br />

8. Hayashida AS, Amano S, Park PW. Syndecan-1 promotes Staphylococcus aureus<br />

corneal <strong>in</strong>fection by counteract<strong>in</strong>g neutrophil-mediated host defense. J Biol Chem.<br />

2001;286(5):3288-97.<br />

9. Hiramatsu K. Vancomyc<strong>in</strong>-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a new model of antibiotic<br />

resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1(3):147-55.<br />

10. Deurenberg RH, Stobber<strong>in</strong>gh EE. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect<br />

Genet Evol. 2008;8(6):747-63.<br />

11. Berney M Hammes F, Bosshard F, Weilenmann HU, Egli T. Assessment <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation<br />

of bacterial viability by us<strong>in</strong>g the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Kit <strong>in</strong> comb<strong>in</strong>ation with<br />

flow cytometry. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(10):3283-90.<br />

12. AuBuchon JP, Herschel L, Roger J, Taylor H, Whitley P, Li J, et al. Efficacy of apheresis<br />

platelets treated with riboflav<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> ultraviolet light for pathogen reduction. Transfusion.<br />

2005;45(8):1335-41.<br />

13. Moren H, Malmsjo M, Mortensen J, Ohrstrom A. Riboflav<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> ultraviolet a collagen<br />

crossl<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g of the cornea for the treatment of keratitis. Cornea. 2010;29(1):102-4.<br />

14. Pelletier JP, Transue S, Snyder EL. Pathogen <strong>in</strong>activation techniques. Best Pract Res<br />

Cl<strong>in</strong> Haematol. 2006;19(1):205-42.<br />

15. Ruane PH, Edrich R, Gampp D, Keil SD, Leonard RL, Goodrich RP. Photochemical<br />

<strong>in</strong>activation of selected viruses <strong>and</strong> bacteria <strong>in</strong> platelet concentrates us<strong>in</strong>g riboflav<strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>and</strong> light. Transfusion. 2004;44(6):877-85.<br />

16. Spoerl E, Mrochen M, Sl<strong>in</strong>ey D, Trokel S, Seiler T. Safety of UVA-riboflav<strong>in</strong> cross-l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g<br />

of the cornea. Cornea. 2007;26(4):385-9. Comment <strong>in</strong>: J Refract Surg. 2012;28(2):91-2.<br />

17. Goodrich RP, Edrich RA, Li J, Seghatchian J. The Mirasol PRT system for pathogen<br />

reduction of platelets <strong>and</strong> plasma: an overview of current status <strong>and</strong> future trends.<br />

Transfus Apher Sci. 2006;35(1):5-17.<br />

18. Joshi P. Comparison of the DNA-damag<strong>in</strong>g property of photosensitized riboflav<strong>in</strong> via<br />

s<strong>in</strong>glet oxygen <strong>and</strong> superoxide radical mechanisms. Toxicol Lett. 1985;26(2-3):211-7.<br />

19. Kumar V, Lockerbie O, Keil SD, Ruane PH, Platz MS, Mart<strong>in</strong> CB, et al. Riboflav<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

UV-light based pathogen reduction: extent <strong>and</strong> consequence of DNA damage at the<br />

molecular level. Photochem Photobiol. 2004;80:15-21.<br />

20. Davey HM. Life, death, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>-between: mean<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> methods <strong>in</strong> microbiology.<br />

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(16):5571-6.<br />

21. Oliver JD. The viable but nonculturable state <strong>in</strong> bacteria. J Microbiol. 2005;43<br />

(Spec no): 93-100.<br />

22. Oliver JD. Recent f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs on the viable but nonculturable state <strong>in</strong> pathogenic bacteria.<br />

FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010;34(4):415-25.<br />

23. Barbesti S, Citterio S, Labra M, Baroni MD, NerI MG, Sgorbati S. Two <strong>and</strong> three-color<br />

fluorescence flow cytometric analysis of immunoidentified viable bacteria. Cytometry.<br />

2000;40(3):214-8.<br />

24. Mart<strong>in</strong>s SA, Combs JC, Noguera G, Camacho W, Wittmann P, Walther R, et al. Antimicrobial<br />

efficacy of riboflav<strong>in</strong>/UVA comb<strong>in</strong>ation (365 nm) <strong>in</strong> vitro for bacterial <strong>and</strong><br />

fungal isolates: a potential new treatment for <strong>in</strong>fectious keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol<br />

Vis Sci. 2008;49(8):3402-8.<br />

25. Bloomfield SF, Stewart GS, Dodd CE, Booth IR, Power EG. The viable but non- cul -<br />

turable phenomenon expla<strong>in</strong>ed? Microbiology. 1998;144(Pt 1):1-3. Comment <strong>in</strong>:<br />

Mi crobiology. 1998;144(Pt 5):1131.<br />

VII Congresso Nacional da<br />

Sociedade Brasileira de Oftalmologia<br />

26 a 29 de junho de 2013<br />

Foz do Iguaçu (PR)<br />

Informações:<br />

Site: http://congressosbo.com.br/#home<br />

426 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):423-6


Relato de Caso | Case Report<br />

Inadvertent implantation of a reversed-optic Tecnis ZM900 multifocal <strong>in</strong>traocular lens:<br />

case report<br />

Implante <strong>in</strong>vertido da lente <strong>in</strong>traocular Tecnis ZM900 multifocal: relato de caso<br />

Wilson Takashi Hida 1,2 , Antonio Francisco Motta 2 , Celso Takashi Nakano 2 , Patrick F. Tzelikis 1<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

A 51-year-old woman with age-related cataract had an uneventful phacoemulsification<br />

<strong>and</strong> a Tecnis ZM900 multifocal <strong>in</strong>traocular lens (IOL) implantation <strong>in</strong><br />

both <strong>eye</strong>s. Dur<strong>in</strong>g IOL implantation <strong>in</strong> the left <strong>eye</strong>, the optic was un<strong>in</strong>tentionally<br />

reversed <strong>in</strong> the bag <strong>and</strong> left that way. The refraction surprise was not significant<br />

<strong>and</strong> six months postoperatively the corrected distance visual acuity <strong>in</strong> both <strong>eye</strong>s<br />

was 20/20 <strong>and</strong> neither compla<strong>in</strong>ed of visual discomfort. In conclusion, we found<br />

that a reversed-optic Tecnis multifocal IOL <strong>in</strong> the present case resulted <strong>in</strong> good<br />

f<strong>in</strong>al visual acuity without significant differences <strong>in</strong> aberrations compared to the<br />

other <strong>eye</strong>, <strong>and</strong> a conservative management can be taken as a safe option.<br />

Keywords: Lens implantation, <strong>in</strong>traocular/adverse effects; Visual acuity; Case report<br />

RESUMO<br />

Paciente de 51 anos, sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o, apresent<strong>and</strong>o catarata foi submetida a cirurgia<br />

de facoemulsificação com implante de lente <strong>in</strong>traocular (LIO) multifocal Tecnis ZM900<br />

em ambos os olhos (AO). Durante a implantação da LIO no olho esquerdo, a lente foi<br />

<strong>in</strong>advertidamente implantada <strong>in</strong>vertida e deixada dessa maneira. Seis meses pós-ope -<br />

ratório a surpresa refracional não se mostrou significativa e a acuidade visual corrigi da<br />

era de 20/20 em AO, sem nenhuma queixa de desconforto visual. Em conclusão, no<br />

presente caso, o implante de uma LIO Tecnis multifocal <strong>in</strong>vertida resultou em boa<br />

acui dade visual f<strong>in</strong>al e sem diferenças significativas na aberrometria em comparação<br />

ao olho contralateral, tendo sido possível conduzir o caso de maneira conservadora.<br />

Descritores: Implante de lente <strong>in</strong>traocular/efeitos adversos; Acuidade visual; Relato<br />

de caso<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

With emerg<strong>in</strong>g technology, wavefront-corrected <strong>in</strong>traocular lens<br />

(IOLs) will likely be <strong>in</strong>troduced as a means of improv<strong>in</strong>g visual quality<br />

<strong>in</strong> pseudophakic <strong>eye</strong>s (1) . An obvious concern about these wavefrontcorrected<br />

lenses is the required accuracy of position <strong>and</strong> centration<br />

of the lens (2) .<br />

Although it has been known that decentration <strong>and</strong> tilt of the IOL<br />

can cause unwanted optical image or dysphotopsia (3) , the <strong>in</strong>fluence<br />

of an reversed-optic (upside down) aspherical multifocal IOL on the<br />

optical quality of the <strong>eye</strong> has never been reported. We describe <strong>and</strong><br />

compare one patient that received <strong>in</strong>advertently an implantation of<br />

a Tecnis ZM900 multifocal IOL <strong>in</strong> an opposite-side <strong>in</strong> 1 <strong>eye</strong> <strong>and</strong> the<br />

same IOL <strong>in</strong> the corrected position <strong>in</strong> the fellow <strong>eye</strong>.<br />

CASE REPORT<br />

A 51-year-old woman presented with blurred vision caused by<br />

a cataract <strong>in</strong> both <strong>eye</strong>s <strong>and</strong> requested cataract surgery. In February<br />

2007, uneventful phacoemulsification was performed <strong>in</strong>itially <strong>in</strong> the<br />

OD with implantation of a +23.50 D Tecnis multifocal ZM900 IOL<br />

under topical anesthesia through a 2.7 mm superior clear corneal<br />

<strong>in</strong>cision. The targeted postoperative refractive error was 0.0 D. One<br />

week later, cataract surgery was performed <strong>in</strong> the OS us<strong>in</strong>g a similar<br />

procedure with implantation of a +24.00 D Tecnis multifocal ZM900<br />

IOL under topical anesthesia. However, dur<strong>in</strong>g IOL implantation <strong>in</strong><br />

the OS, the IOL rapidly unfolded <strong>in</strong>to the capsular bag <strong>and</strong> the optic<br />

was un<strong>in</strong>tentionally reversed <strong>in</strong> the bag. It was left that way because<br />

the patient was no longer collaborative, started to feel pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the<br />

pupil diameter was gett<strong>in</strong>g smaller. One month postoperatively, the<br />

uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA) was 20/20 <strong>in</strong> the right <strong>eye</strong><br />

with a refraction of +0.50 -0.50 x 135 <strong>and</strong> 20/50 <strong>in</strong> the left <strong>eye</strong> with a<br />

refraction of -0.75 -0.50 x 110. The refraction <strong>in</strong> the OS gradually developed<br />

regression <strong>in</strong> the myopic shift <strong>and</strong> the OD was stable from 1<br />

month to 6 months. Six months postoperatively, the UCVA was 20/20<br />

<strong>in</strong> both <strong>eye</strong>s with a refraction of +0.25 -0.50 x 140 <strong>in</strong> the right <strong>eye</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

-0.25 -0.25 x 110 <strong>in</strong> the left <strong>eye</strong>. The uncorrected near visual acuity<br />

(UNVA) at 35 cm was 20/20 (J1) <strong>in</strong> both <strong>eye</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> the uncorrected<br />

<strong>in</strong>termediate visual acuity (UIVA) at 80 cm was 20/40 (J5) <strong>in</strong> the OD<br />

<strong>and</strong> 20/25 (J2) <strong>in</strong> the OS (Table 1). The corneas were clear <strong>and</strong> the<br />

anterior chamber quiet bilaterally.<br />

Wavefront analysis was performed 6 months postoperatively<br />

with OPD-scan (Nidek Co., Ltd., Gamagori, Japan). Total-<strong>eye</strong> wavefront<br />

analysis revealed moderate negative spherical aberration <strong>in</strong><br />

both <strong>eye</strong>s with RMS values of 0.036 <strong>and</strong> 0.063 <strong>in</strong> the right <strong>and</strong> left<br />

<strong>eye</strong>, respectively. Postoperative wavefront maps with Zernike modes<br />

<strong>and</strong> aberrations values are shown <strong>in</strong> figures 1 <strong>and</strong> 2. Figure 3 shows<br />

modulation transfer function (MTF) measurements of both <strong>eye</strong>s with<br />

similar performance levels to each other.<br />

Submitted for publication: August 27, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: October 14, 2012<br />

Study carried out at Hospital Oftalmológico de Brasília <strong>and</strong> the Department of Ophthalmology,<br />

Universidade de São Paulo - USP.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Hospital Oftalmológico de Brasília - HOB - Brasília (DF), Brazil.<br />

2<br />

Physician, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: W.T.Hida, None; A.F.Motta, None; C.T.Nakano, None;<br />

P.F.Tzelikis, None.<br />

Correspondence address: Patrick F. Tzelikis. SQN 203 - Bloco G - Apto. 405 - Brasília (DF) -<br />

70833-070 - Brazil - E-mail: tzelikis@terra.com.br<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):427-9<br />

427


Inadvertent implantation of a reversed-optic Tecnis ZM900 multifocal <strong>in</strong>traocular lens: case report<br />

Table 1. Preoperative <strong>and</strong> 6 months postoperative data of both <strong>eye</strong>s<br />

Right Eye<br />

Left Eye<br />

Preoperative Postoperative (6 Mo) Preoperative Postoperative (6 Mo)<br />

Manifest refraction 0.50 -0.75 x 90 0.50 -0.50 x 140 0.25 -0.50 x 90 -0.25 -0.25 x 110<br />

UDVA 20/60 20/20 20/40 20/20<br />

CDVA 20/60 20/20 20/40 20/20<br />

UIVA (80 cm) - 20/40 (J5) - 20/25 (J2)<br />

UNVA (35 cm) J10 J1 J8 J1<br />

Keratometry (D) 43.60 @ 0<br />

44.23 @ 85<br />

43.66 @ 174<br />

44.47 @ 84<br />

44.00 @ 05<br />

44.64 @ 95<br />

AL (mm) 22.80 - 22.59 -<br />

IOL Power (D) 23.50 - 24.00 -<br />

43.95 @ 11<br />

44.06 @ 101<br />

UDVA = uncorrected distance visual acuity; CDVA = corrected distance visual acuity; UIVA = uncorrected <strong>in</strong>termediate visual acuity; UNVA = uncorrected near visual acuity; J = Jaeger;<br />

D = diopters; AL = axial length.<br />

Figure 1. Comb<strong>in</strong>ed placido topography, wavefront maps <strong>and</strong> aberrations values of the<br />

right <strong>eye</strong> after multifocal IOL implantation calculated for a 6.0 mm zone.<br />

Figure 2. Comb<strong>in</strong>ed placido topography, wavefront maps <strong>and</strong> aberrations values of the<br />

left <strong>eye</strong> after multifocal IOL implantation calculated for a 6.0 mm zone.<br />

The patient did not report visual discomfort <strong>and</strong> was satisfied<br />

with the amount of improvement <strong>in</strong> her vision <strong>in</strong> both <strong>eye</strong>s. Despite a<br />

myopic shift was expected due to the anterior effective lens position<br />

this seemed not to worsen postoperative refraction <strong>and</strong> UCVA <strong>in</strong><br />

this case. Three <strong>and</strong> a half years later, the UCVA dropped from 20/20<br />

to 20/40 <strong>in</strong> the left <strong>eye</strong> as a result of posterior capsule opacification<br />

<strong>and</strong> an Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy was performed without complications.<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

Along with the corneal optics, the geometry <strong>and</strong> position<strong>in</strong>g<br />

of the IOL contribute to the <strong>eye</strong>’s optical quality (4,5) . The literature<br />

offers little <strong>in</strong>formation related to the <strong>in</strong>advertent implantation of a<br />

reversed-optic posterior chamber IOL <strong>and</strong> no <strong>in</strong>formation related to<br />

a reversed-optic multifocal IOL. A survey of members of the American<br />

Society of Cataract <strong>and</strong> Refractive Surgeons (ASCRS) evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

complications requir<strong>in</strong>g explantation of or secondary <strong>in</strong>tervention<br />

428 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):427-9


Hida WT, et al.<br />

Figure 3. The <strong>in</strong>ternal MTF curves, Zernike graph with aberrations components, <strong>and</strong> PSF measured of the right <strong>and</strong> left <strong>eye</strong> after multifocal IOL implantation calculated<br />

for a 6.0 mm zone.<br />

with foldable IOLs over the past calendar year found that aberrations,<br />

glare <strong>and</strong> optical phenomena rema<strong>in</strong>ed the most common reason<br />

for multifocal IOL explantation, followed by <strong>in</strong>correct IOL power, <strong>and</strong><br />

dislocation or decentration (2) .<br />

One possible complication related to reversed-optic IOL implantation<br />

is capsular block syndrome (CBS) (6) . Another complication is<br />

the refractive consequences of implant<strong>in</strong>g a reversed-optic IOL. The<br />

refractive change with a reversed-optic IOL depends on the IOL design<br />

(7) . Haptic angulation seems to be an important determ<strong>in</strong>ant for<br />

refractive change. Revers<strong>in</strong>g the optic also reverses the orientation<br />

of the haptics; <strong>in</strong>stead of angl<strong>in</strong>g forward <strong>and</strong> displac<strong>in</strong>g the optic<br />

toward the ret<strong>in</strong>a, the haptics angle backward, shift<strong>in</strong>g the optic toward<br />

the cornea. Halpern <strong>and</strong> Gallagher (8) conducted a retrospective<br />

study <strong>in</strong> which they evaluated the refractive consequences of <strong>in</strong>advertently<br />

implant<strong>in</strong>g a reversed-optic AMO SI-40NB IOL <strong>and</strong> found no<br />

significant differences between the reversed <strong>and</strong> nonreversed IOLs.<br />

The SI-40NB is a three-piece posterior chamber IOL with a biconvex<br />

silicone optic <strong>and</strong> polymethyl methacrylate haptics extruded at a 10 0<br />

anterior angulation.<br />

In the present case, the IOL implanted was the Tecnis ZM900.<br />

The Tecnis ZM900 multifocal IOL is a second-generation silicone dif -<br />

fractive 3-piece lens, with a biconvex square-edged 6.0 mm optic <strong>and</strong><br />

a 6 0 haptic angulation. The spherical equivalent refraction with the<br />

Tecnis reversed-optic IOL <strong>in</strong> our patient was -1.00 D at 1 month <strong>and</strong> the<br />

regression of the myopic shift was 0.50 D after 6 months of follow-up.<br />

Halpern <strong>and</strong> Gallagher (8) compared the mean refraction surprises for<br />

reversed <strong>and</strong> nonreversed SI-40NB IOL <strong>and</strong> they differed by less than<br />

1.0 D. The Tecnis ZM900 possess haptics with smaller degrees of angulation<br />

than the SI-40NB IOL, therefore, refractive error surprises are<br />

supposed to be even smaller than for the SI-40NB IOL.<br />

The wavefront measurement of a reversed-optic IOL has never<br />

been reported. Us<strong>in</strong>g a st<strong>and</strong>ardized 6.0 mm pupil diameter for<br />

aberrations <strong>and</strong> objective quality-vision measurements (MTF), our<br />

case report found that a reversed-optic IOL produce at most a m<strong>in</strong>imal<br />

change compared to the nonreversed IOL; therefore, a surgical<br />

reposition was not required.<br />

The f<strong>in</strong>al position of a reversed IOL is not well understood s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />

there are few reports of this. A reversed, anteriorly dislocated IOL<br />

optic will move backward <strong>and</strong> settle near the l<strong>in</strong>e of the lens equator<br />

as the anterior <strong>and</strong> posterior capsule coalesce. Despite further com -<br />

parative studies are required, <strong>in</strong> an accidental reversed-optic IOL<br />

implantation, a conservative management can be taken as a safe<br />

option depend<strong>in</strong>g on the IOL type.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Tzelikis PF, Akaishi L, Tr<strong>in</strong>dade FC, Boteon JE. Spherical aberration <strong>and</strong> contrast sensitivity<br />

<strong>in</strong> <strong>eye</strong>s implanted with aspheric <strong>and</strong> spherical <strong>in</strong>traocular lenses: a comparative<br />

study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(5):827-33.<br />

2. Mamalis N, Brubaker J, Davis D, Esp<strong>and</strong>ar L, Werner L. Complications of foldable<br />

<strong>in</strong> traocular lenses requir<strong>in</strong>g explantation or secondary <strong>in</strong>tervention-2007 survey<br />

update. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(9):1584-91.<br />

3. Kosaki J, Tanihara H, Yasuda A, Nagata M. Tilt <strong>and</strong> decentration of the implanted<br />

posterior chamber <strong>in</strong>traocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1991;17(5):592-5.<br />

4. Barbero S, Marcos S, Jiménez-Alfaro I. Optical aberrations of <strong>in</strong>traocular lenses measured<br />

<strong>in</strong> vivo <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> vitro. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2003;20(10):1841-51.<br />

5. Packer M, Chu YR, Waltz KL, Donnenfeld ED, Wallace RB 3rd, Featherstone K, et al.<br />

Evaluation of the aspheric tecnis multifocal <strong>in</strong>traocular lens: one-year results from<br />

the first cohort of food <strong>and</strong> drug adm<strong>in</strong>istration cl<strong>in</strong>ical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;<br />

149(4):577-84.e1.<br />

6. Xiao Y, Wang YH, Fu ZY. Capsular block syndrome caused by a reversed-optic <strong>in</strong>traocular<br />

lens. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30(5):1130-2.<br />

7. Nawa Y, Tsuji H, Ueda T, Okamoto M, Kojima M, Hara Y. Long-term observation of the<br />

refraction with a reversed-optic posterior chamber <strong>in</strong>traocular lens. J Cataract Re fract<br />

Surg. 2004;30(5):1133-5.<br />

8. Halpern BL, Gallagher SP. Refractive error consequences of reversed-optic AMO SI-40NB<br />

<strong>in</strong>traocular lens. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(5):901-3.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):427-9<br />

429


Relato de Caso | Case Report<br />

Ocular masquerade syndrome associated with extranodal nasal natural<br />

killer/T-cell lymphoma: case report<br />

Síndrome ocular mascarada associada ao l<strong>in</strong>foma extranodal nasal natural killer/células T: relato de caso<br />

Ricardo Yuji Abe 1 , Roberto Damian Pacheco P<strong>in</strong>to 1 , João Felipe Leite Bonfitto 2 , Rodrigo Pessoa Cavalcanti Lira 3 , Carlos Eduardo Leite Arieta 3<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

A 33-year-old woman compla<strong>in</strong>ed of unilateral <strong>eye</strong>lid edema <strong>and</strong> blurred vision.<br />

Initial ophthalmic exam<strong>in</strong>ation disclosed anterior chamber reaction with keratic<br />

precipitates on the cornea, without posterior abnormalities. Anterior uveitis was<br />

treated. Despite that, patient showed rapidly progressive unilateral vision loss with<br />

optic nerve swell<strong>in</strong>g. Systemic workup was <strong>in</strong>conclusive, as well as cranial magnetic<br />

resonance imag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> cerebrosp<strong>in</strong>al fluid exam<strong>in</strong>ation. Based on the hypothesis<br />

of optic neuritis, <strong>in</strong>travenous methylprednisolone pulse was performed with no<br />

success. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the follow<strong>in</strong>g days, the patient presented pericardial effusion <strong>and</strong><br />

cardiac tamponade, progress<strong>in</strong>g to death. Necropsy was performed <strong>and</strong> diagnosis<br />

of extranodal natural killers/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type with ocular <strong>in</strong>volvement<br />

was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.<br />

Keywords: Eye neoplasms; Lymphoma T-Cell; Nose neoplasms/complications;<br />

Vi sion disorders/etiology; Uveitis; Optic neuritis; Killer cells, natural/pathology; Im -<br />

munohistochemistry; Humans; Male; Adult; Case report<br />

RESUMO<br />

Paciente fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>a de 33 anos apresent<strong>and</strong>o edema palpebral unilateral com baixa<br />

acuidade visual. Ao exame oftalmológico <strong>in</strong>icial apresentava reação de câmara anterior<br />

com precipitados ceráticos corneano, sem alterações no fundo de olho. Foi <strong>in</strong>stituído<br />

tratamento para uveíte anterior e solicitado exames sistêmicos para <strong>in</strong>vestigação. Após<br />

alguns dias, paciente apresentou piora da acuidade visual, com edema de disco óptico<br />

unilateral. Sendo então solicitada ressonância nuclear magnética de crânio. Ambos<br />

exames de imagem e <strong>in</strong>vestigação sistêmica foram <strong>in</strong>conclusivos. Em vista da piora<br />

progressiva da acuidade visual e sob hipótese diagnóstica de neurite óptica, foi <strong>in</strong>iciado<br />

pulso <strong>in</strong>travenoso de metilprednisolona por 3 dias sem sucesso. A paciente apresentou<br />

dos dias segu<strong>in</strong>tes, derrame pericárdico e tamponamento cardíaco, evolu<strong>in</strong>do para óbito.<br />

A necrópsia confirmou o diagnóstico de l<strong>in</strong>foma extranodal de células T e natural killers<br />

do tipo nasal com envolvimento ocular, através de imunoistoquímica.<br />

Descritores: Neoplasias oculares; L<strong>in</strong>foma de células T; Neoplasias nasais/complicações;<br />

Transtornos da visão/etiologia; Uveites; Neurite óptica; Células matadoras<br />

naturais/patologia; Imunoistoquímica; Humanos; Fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o; Adulto; Relato de caso<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

Ocular masquerade syndrome (OMS) is a group of diseases that<br />

occurs with ocular <strong>in</strong>flammation <strong>and</strong> is often misdiagnosed as chronic<br />

uveitis (1,2) . Non-Hodgk<strong>in</strong> lymphoma (NHL) is a malignant neoplasm<br />

derived from a clonal proliferation of B or T/NK lymphocytes.<br />

It is a heterogeneous group of different subtypes that can arise both<br />

<strong>in</strong> lymph nodes <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> extranodal tissues (3) .<br />

Ocular <strong>in</strong>volvement by NHL is a rare condition, constitut<strong>in</strong>g less<br />

than 1% of all lymphomas (3,4) . Metastatic NHL lesions present<strong>in</strong>g as<br />

ocular <strong>in</strong>flammation have been reported as the <strong>in</strong>itial present<strong>in</strong>g<br />

feature (5) . Under the World Health Organization (WHO) classification,<br />

extranodal nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) is a form of<br />

lymphoma derived from natural killer (NK) cells <strong>and</strong>/or cytotoxic<br />

T-lymphocytes that typically <strong>in</strong>volves the nasal cavity <strong>and</strong> paranasal<br />

s<strong>in</strong>uses (6) . It is a common disease among Oriental, Native American,<br />

<strong>and</strong> Hispanic patients <strong>and</strong> is associated with the Epste<strong>in</strong>-Barr virus<br />

(EBV) (7) . Furthermore, lymphomas express<strong>in</strong>g NK-cell markers are<br />

known to have a highly aggressive behavior <strong>and</strong> a poorer prognosis<br />

than B-cell lymphoma or T-cell lymphoma (8) .<br />

We present the cl<strong>in</strong>ical, morphologic, immunohistochemical <strong>and</strong><br />

molecular features of a NKTL case report with ocular <strong>in</strong>volvement.<br />

CASE REPORT<br />

A 33-year-old white woman compla<strong>in</strong>ed of blurred vision <strong>and</strong><br />

dimness of vision <strong>in</strong> the right <strong>eye</strong>, over a period of two months. She<br />

also compla<strong>in</strong>ed about bilateral <strong>eye</strong>lid swell<strong>in</strong>g, pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> photofobia<br />

<strong>in</strong> the right <strong>eye</strong> (OD). She was referred from another service, where<br />

she was treated for viral conjunctivitis. Her past ocular <strong>and</strong> systemic<br />

histories were unremarkable. Physical exam<strong>in</strong>ation of the face revealed<br />

bilateral symmetric palpebral edema <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>imal erythema<br />

on the right upper <strong>eye</strong>lid with no exophthalmos. Snellen’s test<strong>in</strong>g<br />

revealed best-corrected acuity of 20/100 <strong>in</strong> OD <strong>and</strong> 20/40 <strong>in</strong> the left<br />

<strong>eye</strong> (OS). Slit lamp biomicroscopy of OD showed mild ciliary <strong>in</strong>jection<br />

with <strong>in</strong>ferior mutton-fat keratic precipitates on the cornea, anterior<br />

chamber reaction (ACR) with 3+ cells <strong>and</strong> no flare. The anterior<br />

segment evaluation of OS was normal. Ocular motility was normal<br />

<strong>in</strong> both <strong>eye</strong>s. The <strong>in</strong>traocular pressure was 14 mmHg <strong>in</strong> OD <strong>and</strong><br />

15 mmHg <strong>in</strong> OS. Dilated fundus exam<strong>in</strong>ation was performed <strong>and</strong> no<br />

abnormalities were found.<br />

Systemic workup <strong>in</strong>cluded: complete blood count<strong>in</strong>g with<br />

differential classification, rheumatoid factor, ant<strong>in</strong>uclear antibody,<br />

sedimentation rate, human immunodeficiency virus test, venereal<br />

disease research laboratory test, anticardiolip<strong>in</strong> antibody, chest <strong>and</strong><br />

Submitted for publication: August 9, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: October 9, 2012<br />

Study carried out at Universidade Estadual de Camp<strong>in</strong>as - Unicamp.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Camp<strong>in</strong>as<br />

- UNICAMP - Camp<strong>in</strong>as (SP), Brazil.<br />

2<br />

Physician, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de<br />

Camp<strong>in</strong>as - UNICAMP - Camp<strong>in</strong>as (SP), Brazil.<br />

3<br />

Professor, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Camp<strong>in</strong>as<br />

- UNICAMP - Camp<strong>in</strong>as (SP), Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: R.Y.Abe, None; R.D.P.P<strong>in</strong>to, None; J.F.L.Bonfitto,<br />

None; R.P.C.Lira, None; C.E.L.Arieta, None.<br />

Correspondence address: Ricardo Yuji Abe. Rua Castro Alves, 507/221 - São Paulo (SP) - 01532-001<br />

- Brazil - E-mail: ricardoabe85@yahoo.com.br<br />

Project Number: CAAE - 02935612.3.0000.5404<br />

430 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):430-2


Abe RY, et al.<br />

sacroiliac radiographies <strong>and</strong> Toxoplasma gondii <strong>and</strong> cytomegalovirus<br />

serologies. As anterior uveitis was diagnosed, the patient began<br />

treatment us<strong>in</strong>g 1% prednisolone <strong>eye</strong> drop 4 times a day <strong>and</strong> 1%<br />

atrop<strong>in</strong>e sulfate, b.i.d., while we waited for the exam results. One week<br />

later, laboratory <strong>in</strong>vestigation failed to f<strong>in</strong>d a systemic disease <strong>and</strong> the<br />

patient got worse, with visual acuity of count<strong>in</strong>g f<strong>in</strong>gers at 1 meter<br />

<strong>in</strong> OD. The ACR of OD revealed 1+ cell, <strong>and</strong> fundus exam<strong>in</strong>ation revealed<br />

diffuse optic disc swell<strong>in</strong>g with no hemorrhages or abnormal<br />

vasculature, with no macular abnormalities (Figures 1 <strong>and</strong> 2). Cranial<br />

magnetic resonance imag<strong>in</strong>g was performed <strong>and</strong> a sample of the<br />

cerebrosp<strong>in</strong>al fluid was obta<strong>in</strong>ed. Both exams revealed no abnormalities,<br />

except from thicken<strong>in</strong>g of the right sphenoid s<strong>in</strong>us.<br />

Figure 1. Indirect ophthalmoscopy reveal<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tense blurr<strong>in</strong>g of the disc marg<strong>in</strong>s with di -<br />

lation <strong>and</strong> ret<strong>in</strong>al ve<strong>in</strong> tortuosity associated with <strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane wr<strong>in</strong>kl<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

After two days, the patient returned with severe vision loss on<br />

OD (no light perception) <strong>and</strong> 20/40 <strong>in</strong> OS, with asymmetric palpebral<br />

edema, worse <strong>in</strong> the right upper <strong>eye</strong>lid. The ACR of OD was absent.<br />

Based on the hypothesis of optic neuritis, patient underwent <strong>in</strong>travenous<br />

pulse therapy of methylprednisolone (250 mg 6/6 hrs for 3 days)<br />

<strong>and</strong>, despite treatment, she rema<strong>in</strong>ed with the same visual acuity.<br />

In the follow<strong>in</strong>g two days, her systemic condition progressively deteriorated.<br />

She presented dyspnea <strong>and</strong> <strong>dry</strong> cough <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>firmary.<br />

Echocardiogram revealed moderate pericardial effusion <strong>and</strong>, dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />

pericardiocentesis, the patient evolved to a cardiopulmonary arrest<br />

secondary to cardiac tamponade <strong>and</strong> died. The necropsy revealed<br />

a cardiac tamponade secondary to massive myocardial <strong>in</strong>filtration<br />

by an extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma, nasal type. Other<br />

organs <strong>in</strong>filtrated by the cancer were: sk<strong>in</strong>, uterus, right optic nerve<br />

<strong>and</strong> adjacent soft tissues, small bowel <strong>and</strong> spleen.<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

NKTL is a predom<strong>in</strong>antly extranodal lymphoma characterized<br />

by vascular damage <strong>and</strong> destruction, prom<strong>in</strong>ent necrosis, cytotoxic<br />

phenotype <strong>and</strong> association with Epste<strong>in</strong>-Barr virus (EBV) (6) . It occurs<br />

more often <strong>in</strong> male adults. The very strong association with EBV suggests<br />

a probable pathogenic role of the virus, <strong>and</strong> the disease can<br />

occur <strong>in</strong> the sett<strong>in</strong>g of immunosuppression. The upper aerodigestive<br />

tract is most commonly <strong>in</strong>volved, with the nasal cavity be<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

prototypic site of <strong>in</strong>volvement. In our case, the disease was seen <strong>in</strong>side<br />

the orbit, with the lymphomatous <strong>in</strong>filtrate permeat<strong>in</strong>g the right<br />

<strong>eye</strong> extraocular soft tissues <strong>and</strong> sclera <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>vad<strong>in</strong>g the optic nerve,<br />

caus<strong>in</strong>g large sheets of necrosis (Figure 3). Extranasal sites were also<br />

present <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cluded the sk<strong>in</strong>, lungs, gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al tract, uterus,<br />

spleen <strong>and</strong> the heart. The marked <strong>in</strong>volvement of the latter was<br />

assumed as the immediate cause of the patient death. Microscopic<br />

evaluation revealed the atypical small <strong>and</strong> medium-sized neoplastic<br />

cells with an angiocentric <strong>and</strong> angiodestructive growth pattern. By<br />

immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells showed expressions of CD 3<br />

(a T-cell marker), CD 56 (a neural cell-adhesion molecule) <strong>and</strong> cytotoxic<br />

molecules (gramzyme B), a typical immunophenotype for this<br />

entity. There was positivity for CD 30 (a member of the tumor necrosis<br />

factor superfamily), as it is described <strong>in</strong> occasional cases. F<strong>in</strong>ally, the<br />

lack of expression of ALK 1 <strong>and</strong> B-cell markers, <strong>and</strong> the positive result<br />

by the <strong>in</strong> situ hybridization for EBV encoded RNA (EBER) allowed us to<br />

confirm the diagnosis of dissem<strong>in</strong>ated NKTL (Figure 4) (6) .<br />

Figure 2. Ophthalmoscopy <strong>in</strong> red-free light reveal<strong>in</strong>g total obscuration of a segment of<br />

the central ret<strong>in</strong>al artery <strong>and</strong> ve<strong>in</strong> by overly<strong>in</strong>g swollen optic nerve.<br />

Figure 3. Lymphomatous <strong>in</strong>filtrate <strong>in</strong>vad<strong>in</strong>g the optic nerve <strong>and</strong> caus<strong>in</strong>g large sheets<br />

of necrosis (Hematoxyl<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> eos<strong>in</strong>, 100x). Inset shows neoplastic cells permeat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

nerve fascicles.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):430-2<br />

431


Ocular masquerade syndrome associated with extranodal nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: case report<br />

complications were relatively high (25%) <strong>and</strong> required ophthalmic<br />

treatment. Our patient presented with ocular prior to systemic<br />

manifestations, with advanced systemic disease. Therefore, basel<strong>in</strong>e<br />

<strong>and</strong> regular ophthalmic assessments are necessary for all nasal <strong>and</strong><br />

paranasal s<strong>in</strong>us lymphomas, <strong>in</strong> particular, NKTL.<br />

Figure 4. Neoplastic cells showed positivity for CD 3 (cytoplasmic pattern), CD 56<br />

(membrane pattern), Gramzyme B (granular sta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g) <strong>and</strong> by the <strong>in</strong> situ hybridization<br />

for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER), with practically all atypical cells show<strong>in</strong>g nuclear labe l<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

(400x, 400x, 200x <strong>and</strong> 100x, respectively).<br />

Some authors (9,10) did report a case of histologically confirmed<br />

nasal NKTL with <strong>in</strong>traocular <strong>in</strong>volvement, as well as Yoo et al., (11) . In a<br />

large series of 24 cases with primary nasal <strong>and</strong> paranasal s<strong>in</strong>us NKTL,<br />

six patients suffered from vision threaten<strong>in</strong>g complications of uveitis/<br />

vitritis <strong>and</strong> orbital <strong>in</strong>volvement, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g one with rhegmatogenous<br />

ret<strong>in</strong>al detachment <strong>and</strong> one with macular hole (12) . Therefore, ocular<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM. Uveitis: fundamentals <strong>and</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ical practice. 3 rd ed. St.<br />

Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 2004. p. 409-19.<br />

2. Theodore FH. Conjunctival carc<strong>in</strong>oma masquerad<strong>in</strong>g as chronic conjunctivitis. Eye<br />

Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967;46(11):1419-20.<br />

3. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Ste<strong>in</strong> H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW,<br />

editors. World classification of tumours of haematopoietic <strong>and</strong> lymphoid tissues. 5 th<br />

ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008.<br />

4. Coupl<strong>and</strong> SE, Damato B. Lymphomas <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>eye</strong> <strong>and</strong> the ocular adnexa. Curr<br />

Op<strong>in</strong> Ophthalmol. 2006;17(6):523-31.<br />

5. Sjo¨ LD. Ophthalmic lymphoma: epidemiology <strong>and</strong> pathogenesis. Acta Ophthalmologica.<br />

2009;87(Thesis 1):1-20.<br />

6. Fredrick DR, Char DH, Ljung BM, Br<strong>in</strong>ton DA. Solitary <strong>in</strong>traocular lymphoma as an<br />

<strong>in</strong>itial presentation of widespread disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(3):395-7.<br />

7. Chan JKC, Jaffe ES, Ralfkiaer E. Extranodal NK/Tcell lymphoma, nasal type. In: Swerdlow<br />

SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Ste<strong>in</strong> H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW, editors.<br />

World classification of tumours of haematopoietic <strong>and</strong> lymphoid tissues. 5 th ed. Lyon:<br />

IARC Press; 2008. p.204-7.<br />

8. Kwong YL, Chan AC, Liang RH. Natural Killer cell lymphoma/leukaemia: pathology<br />

<strong>and</strong> treatment. Hematol Oncol. 1997;15(2):71-9.<br />

9. Jaffe ES, Chan JK, Su IJ, Frizzera G, Mori S, Feller AC, Ho FC. Report of the Workshop<br />

on Nasal <strong>and</strong> Related Extranodal Angiocentric T/ Natural Killer cell lymphomas: def<strong>in</strong>itions,<br />

differential diagnosis <strong>and</strong> epidemiology. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20(1):103-11.<br />

10. Cim<strong>in</strong>o L, Chan CC, Shen D, Mas<strong>in</strong>i L, Ilariucci F, Masetti M, Asioli S, et al. Ocular <strong>in</strong> -<br />

volvement <strong>in</strong> nasal natural kille T-cell lymphoma.Int Ophthalmol. 2009;29(4):275-9.<br />

11. Lee EJ, Kim TW, Heo JW, Yu HG, Chung H. Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type<br />

with <strong>in</strong>traocular <strong>in</strong>volvement: case report..Eur J Ophthalmol. 2010;20(1):215-7.<br />

12. Yoo JH, Kim SY, Jung KB, Lee JJ, Lee SJ. Intraocular <strong>in</strong>volvement of a nasal natural killer<br />

T-cell lymphoma: a case report.Korean J Ophthalmol. 2012;26(1):54-7.<br />

13. Hon C, Kwok AK, Shek TW, Chim JC, Au WY. Vision-threaten<strong>in</strong>g complications of nasal<br />

T/NK lymphoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(3):406-10.<br />

Simpósio Internacional de Córnea<br />

do Hospital de Olhos de Sorocaba<br />

24 a 26 de outubro de 2013<br />

Sorocaba (SP)<br />

Organização:<br />

Hospital de Olhos de Sorocaba<br />

Informações:<br />

Tel.: (15) 3212-7077<br />

E-mail: s<strong>in</strong>bos@bos.org.br<br />

432 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):430-2


Relato de Caso | Case Report<br />

Late recurrent iris synechia follow<strong>in</strong>g laser goniopuncture for<br />

deep sclerectomy enhancement: case report<br />

S<strong>in</strong>équia iriana tardia após goniopunctura a laser para esclerectomia profunda<br />

não penetrante: relato de caso<br />

Christiana Rebello Hilgert 1 , Guilherme Luz Hilgert 2 , V<strong>in</strong>icius Andrighetto Hardoim 3 , Carlos Akira Omi 4<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

We report a case of recurrent iris synechiae one year after Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture<br />

for deep sclerectomy enhancement <strong>in</strong> the only functional <strong>eye</strong> of a patient<br />

with end-stage glaucoma. The possible pathophysiology of this uncommon com -<br />

plication <strong>and</strong> laser treatment aspects are discussed.<br />

Keywords: Glaucoma; Laser therapy; Filter<strong>in</strong>g, surgery; Iris diseases/etiology; Scle -<br />

rostomy; Intraocular pressure; Case report; Humans; Female; Middle aged<br />

RESUMO<br />

A ocorrência de s<strong>in</strong>équias irianas após goniopunctura a laser com f<strong>in</strong>alidade de aumentar<br />

a filtração após esclerectomia não penetrante é evento raro e que pode levar<br />

à crise glaucomatosa aguda e suas consequências. Relatamos a ocorrência deste<br />

evento em olho único de paciente portadora de glaucoma em estágio f<strong>in</strong>al, um ano<br />

após a realização de goniopunctura. Os possíveis mecanismos fisiopatológicos desta<br />

complicação <strong>in</strong>comum, assim como aspectos do tratamento a laser para reverter o<br />

quadro são discutidos.<br />

Descritores: Glaucoma; Terapia a laser; Cirurgia filtrante; Doenças da íris/etiologia;<br />

Esclerotomia; Pressão <strong>in</strong>traocular; Relatos de casos; Humanos; Fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o; Meia-idade<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

Laser goniopuncture is a useful alternative to <strong>in</strong>crease filtration<br />

<strong>and</strong> enhance the results of deep sclerectomy (DS) when the <strong>in</strong>traocular<br />

pressure rises due to <strong>in</strong>creased resistance on the Trabecular-<br />

Descemet membrane (TDM) <strong>and</strong> it is considered an efficient <strong>and</strong> safe<br />

procedure (1) . However, besides considered a low risk procedure, there<br />

are some potential complications that can impact the visual function<br />

of glaucomatous <strong>eye</strong>s. We report an unusual <strong>and</strong> recurrent complication<br />

one year after this procedure.<br />

CASE REPORT<br />

A 60-year-old pseudophakic Asian female presented with endsta<br />

ge primary open-angle glaucoma <strong>in</strong> her right <strong>eye</strong> <strong>and</strong> low vision<br />

<strong>in</strong> her left <strong>eye</strong> as sequelae of an old ret<strong>in</strong>al detachment. The best corrected<br />

visual acuity was 20/40 <strong>in</strong> the right <strong>eye</strong> <strong>and</strong> light perception<br />

<strong>in</strong> the left <strong>eye</strong>. Her visual field <strong>and</strong> optic disc aspects are shown on<br />

figure 1. She underwent deep sclerectomy (DS) with mitomyc<strong>in</strong> C <strong>in</strong><br />

the right <strong>eye</strong> due to a persistent elevation <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>traocular pressure (IOP)<br />

with maximum tolerated medications.<br />

The procedure was uneventful. The external trabecular membrane<br />

was gently removed, the aqueous humor smoothly dra<strong>in</strong>ed, <strong>and</strong><br />

the conjunctiva was closed. On the first postoperative day, IOP was<br />

2 mmHg, a large <strong>and</strong> diffuse bleb was noted with no signs of <strong>in</strong>flammation<br />

or leakage. On the 30 th postoperative day, IOP <strong>in</strong>creased to<br />

8 mmHg <strong>and</strong> rema<strong>in</strong>ed so for the next four months.<br />

On the 5 th postoperative month, the filter<strong>in</strong>g bleb was slightly<br />

lo wer <strong>and</strong> IOP rose to 19 mmHg. UBM f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs showed a hyper-reflectivity<br />

<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased thickness of the TDM (Figure 2), due to pigment<br />

deposition at the filtration site. Nd:YAG goniopuncture us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

free-runn<strong>in</strong>g Q-switched mode with energy of 2.2 mJ was performed<br />

at TDM, until filtration was noted. IOP went down to 7 mmHg immediately<br />

after the procedure <strong>and</strong> then decreased further to 2 mmHg<br />

with the formation of a large <strong>and</strong> diffuse bleb. By the second month,<br />

IOP rose aga<strong>in</strong> to 8 mmHg. The patient was followed every other<br />

month for IOP control, which ranged from 6 to 8 mmHg for about<br />

a year, with the presence of a diffuse <strong>and</strong> healthy filter<strong>in</strong>g bleb. She<br />

also underwent argon laser ret<strong>in</strong>al photocoagulation for a peripheral<br />

hole, <strong>and</strong> no signs of ocular hypotony or iris synechia on gonioscopy<br />

were noted dur<strong>in</strong>g that period of time.<br />

One year after goniopuncture, she presented with an acute glaucomatous<br />

crisis with severe ocular pa<strong>in</strong>, nausea <strong>and</strong> vomit<strong>in</strong>g for 2<br />

days, after tak<strong>in</strong>g citalopram for treatment of depression. IOP was<br />

45 mmHg <strong>and</strong> gonioscopy revealed iris synechia <strong>and</strong> total obstruction<br />

of the filtration site. She was urgently prescribed <strong>in</strong>travenous<br />

mannitol, acetazolamide 500 mg, a fixed comb<strong>in</strong>ation of timolol<br />

Submitted for publication: October 7, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: November 26, 2012<br />

Study carried out at Instituto da Visão de Mato <strong>Gross</strong>o do Sul.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Departamento de Glaucoma, Instituto da Visão de Mato <strong>Gross</strong>o do Sul, Campo Gr<strong>and</strong>e<br />

(MS) - Brazil<br />

2<br />

Medical Student - UNIFENAS - Belo Horizonte (MG) - Brazil.<br />

3<br />

Medical Student, Pontificia Universidade Católica de Sorocaba, Sorocaba (SP) - Brazil,<br />

4<br />

Physician, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medic<strong>in</strong>a, São Paulo (SP) - Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: C.R.Hilgert, None; G.L.Hilgert, None; V.A.Hardoim,<br />

None; C.A.Omi, None.<br />

Correspondence address: Christiana Rebello Hilgert. Av. Rubens Gil de Camillo, 83 - Campo<br />

Gr<strong>and</strong>e (MS) - 79040-090 - Brazil - E-mail: c.hilgert@terra.com.br<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):433-5<br />

433


Late recurrent iris synechia follow<strong>in</strong>g laser goniopuncture for deep sclerectomy enhancement: case report<br />

A<br />

Figure 1. Severe visual field loss (A) <strong>and</strong> extensive optic nerve cupp<strong>in</strong>g (B) <strong>in</strong> the affected<br />

<strong>eye</strong>, prior to glaucomatous crisis.<br />

B<br />

A<br />

Figure 3. Argon laser iridoplasty <strong>and</strong> a small YAG laser iridotomy were <strong>in</strong>itially performed<br />

(A). Additional synechiolysis <strong>and</strong> more extensive argon laser gonioplasty were performed<br />

to avoid recurrences (B).<br />

B<br />

A<br />

B<br />

Figure 2. Hyperreflectivity <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased thickness of the Trabeculo-Descemet Membrane.<br />

Figure 4. F<strong>in</strong>al appearance of the anterior segment (A) <strong>and</strong> filter<strong>in</strong>g bleb (B).<br />

<strong>and</strong> dorzolamide, 2% pilocarp<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> latanoprost. IOP dropped to<br />

18 mmHg <strong>and</strong> Nd:YAG laser synechiolysis was performed to open<br />

the filtration site. A further drop <strong>in</strong> IOP to 6 mmHg occurred with<br />

the formation of a large filter<strong>in</strong>g bleb. On the next day, there was an<br />

additional drop <strong>in</strong> IOP to 2 mmHg, <strong>and</strong> after 2 weeks the IOP returned<br />

to the prior level of 8 mmHg.<br />

In the follow<strong>in</strong>g month, she went to a ret<strong>in</strong>a specialist <strong>and</strong> had<br />

her pupil dilated. After 2 days, she presented with another acute<br />

glau comatous crisis with IOP levels return<strong>in</strong>g to 45 mmHg. There<br />

was a total obstruction of the filtration site by peripheral iris. She<br />

was prescribed the same treatment regimen used for the first crisis<br />

<strong>and</strong> laser synechiolysis was repeated. Argon laser gonioplasty <strong>and</strong><br />

Nd:YAG laser iridotomy were also performed to prevent a recurrent<br />

glaucomatous crisis. She underwent careful gonioscopy <strong>in</strong> the<br />

fol low<strong>in</strong>g days <strong>and</strong> weeks for the early diagnosis <strong>and</strong> treatment<br />

of possible recurrences. By day 3, the iris started to bulge at the<br />

surgery site aga<strong>in</strong>. Once aga<strong>in</strong>, synechiolysis <strong>and</strong> a more extensive<br />

gonioplasty were successfully performed (Figure 3). The IOP <strong>in</strong> the<br />

affected <strong>eye</strong> ranged from 8 to 9 mmHg for the next 6 months. The<br />

f<strong>in</strong>al appearance of the anterior segment <strong>and</strong> filter<strong>in</strong>g bleb is shown<br />

<strong>in</strong> figure 4. Although an excellent aqueous humor flow through the<br />

fistula was restored, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a healthy filter<strong>in</strong>g bleb, the patient<br />

lost 2 l<strong>in</strong>es of visual acuity <strong>and</strong> had further restriction of the visual<br />

field, already seriously compromised.<br />

DISCUSSION<br />

Laser goniopuncture is a useful alternative to <strong>in</strong>crease filtration<br />

when a high resistance to aqueous humor outflow on the TDM is<br />

found. It is considered an efficient <strong>and</strong> safe procedure (1) . Mermoud<br />

followed 41 patients for 2 years after laser goniopuncture <strong>and</strong> did not<br />

notice any case of iris synechia or iris prolapse (1) . Vuori first reported<br />

serious complications <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g synechia formation after goniopuncture<br />

<strong>in</strong> 10% of the patients who underwent the procedure (2) . More<br />

recently, others authors studied retrospectively 173 patients who had<br />

undergone laser goniopuncture <strong>and</strong> reported some complications<br />

after the procedure <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 13.2% <strong>in</strong>cidence of iris synechia <strong>in</strong> a<br />

total of 23 patients, but with a low <strong>in</strong>cidence of late acute IOP rise (3<br />

patients - 1.7%) (3) . There have been very few reports of synechia formation<br />

after laser goniopuncture (4,5) . However, once a hole is created<br />

on the TDM, this non-penetrat<strong>in</strong>g surgery becomes a penetrat<strong>in</strong>g<br />

filter<strong>in</strong>g surgery with, unlike the trabeculectomy, the absence of a<br />

desired iridectomy, a procedure that could avoid iris prolapse <strong>and</strong><br />

synechia formation. In such situations, these <strong>eye</strong>s are prone to acute<br />

glaucomatous crisis <strong>and</strong> all its consequences.<br />

There is no formal advice <strong>in</strong> the literature exam<strong>in</strong>ed to perform<br />

gonioplasty to flatten <strong>and</strong> lessen the thickness of the iris, <strong>and</strong> thereby<br />

avoid residual iris movements that could obstruct the surgery site.<br />

The Nd:YAG iridotomy necessary for that purpose should be more ex -<br />

tensive than regularly performed, <strong>and</strong> a surgical approach would be<br />

more <strong>in</strong>vasive <strong>and</strong> should be avoided when the filter<strong>in</strong>g bleb shows<br />

no signs of fibrosis or failure.<br />

We hypothesize that the smaller <strong>and</strong> more anterior goniopunctures<br />

could prevent severe hypotony. Hypotony itself fol lo -<br />

w<strong>in</strong>g goniopuncture could also be a risk factor for that complication,<br />

s<strong>in</strong>ce it can affect the humor aqueous dynamics, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />

association with <strong>in</strong>dividual factors, such as iris lack of tonicity, or<br />

external factors, such as pupil dilation, it could favor unexpected<br />

434 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):433-5


Hilgert CR, et al.<br />

iris bulg<strong>in</strong>g, iris synechia or iris prolapse followed by acute IOP<br />

rise, as <strong>in</strong> our case.<br />

As far as we can tell, it is very appropriate to complement the go -<br />

niopuncture with an extensive argon laser gonioplasty, especially<br />

<strong>in</strong> high risk cases as ours (severe glaucoma, only functional <strong>eye</strong>),<br />

s<strong>in</strong>ce iris prolapse <strong>and</strong> synechia follow<strong>in</strong>g the procedure, although<br />

uncommon, are potentially sight threat<strong>in</strong>g conditions. After goniopuncture<br />

<strong>and</strong> even <strong>in</strong> wide angles, the pupil dilation should be<br />

followed by a careful gonioscopy to study how the iris behaves <strong>in</strong><br />

such situations, <strong>and</strong> if necessary, complementary pilocarp<strong>in</strong>e drops<br />

or laser procedures should be performed to avoid glaucomatous<br />

crisis. These additional procedures should be evaluated further <strong>in</strong><br />

future studies.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Mermoud A, Karlen ME, Schnyder CC, Sickenberg M, Chiou AG, Hédiguer SE, et al.<br />

Nd:Yag goniopuncture after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant. Ophthalmic<br />

Surg Lasers. 1999;30(2):120-5.<br />

2. Vuori ML. Complications of Neodymium:YAG laser goniopuncture after deep sclerectomy.<br />

Acta Ophthalmol Sc<strong>and</strong>. 2003;81(6):573-6. Comment <strong>in</strong>: Acta Ophthalmol<br />

Sc<strong>and</strong>. 2003;81(6):553-5.<br />

3. An<strong>and</strong> N, Pill<strong>in</strong>g R. Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture after deep sclerectomy: outcomes.<br />

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;88(1):110-5.<br />

4. Kim CY, Hong YJ, Seong GJ, Koh HJ, Kim SS. Iris synechia after laser goniopuncture <strong>in</strong><br />

a patient hav<strong>in</strong>g deep sclerectomy with a collagen implant. J Cataract Refract Surg.<br />

2002;28(5):900-2.<br />

5. Q<strong>in</strong>g G, Zhang S, Wang N. Recurrent iris prolapse after laser goniopuncture <strong>in</strong> an<br />

open-angle glaucoma patient treated with non-penetrat<strong>in</strong>g trabecular surgery. Eye<br />

(Lond). 2011;25(2):252-3.<br />

XXXVII Congresso Brasileiro<br />

de Oftalmologia<br />

XXX Congresso Pan-Americano<br />

de Oftalmologia<br />

7 a 10 de agosto de 2013<br />

RioCentro<br />

Rio de Janeiro (RJ)<br />

Informações:<br />

Site: www.cbo2013.com.br<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):433-5<br />

435


Relato de Caso | Case Report<br />

Hemorragia submembrana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna em paciente após Valsalva: relato de caso<br />

Sub-<strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane hemorrhage <strong>in</strong> Valsalva ret<strong>in</strong>opathy: case report<br />

Marcelo Mendes Lavezzo 1 , Le<strong>and</strong>ro Cabral Zacharias 1 , Walter Yukihiko Takahashi 2<br />

RESUMO<br />

Relatar o caso de uma paciente com ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por Valsalva que evoluiu com<br />

he morragia submembrana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna e foi submetida à vitrectomia via<br />

pars plana, tendo tido melhora da acuidade visual. Paciente hígida de 35 anos<br />

evoluiu com redução súbita e <strong>in</strong>dolor da acuidade visual do olho direito, após<br />

crise de tosse. Ao exame oftalmológico, apresentava hemorragia pré-macular,<br />

sem outras altera ções. Inicialmente, optou-se pela conduta expectante, porém<br />

não houve regressão comple ta da hemorragia. Então, foi <strong>in</strong>dicada a vitrectomia<br />

via pars plana associada à remoção da membrana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna, havendo<br />

melhora considerável da acuidade visual, sem complicações peri-operatórias e<br />

sem alterações significativas à tomografia de coerência óptica, autofluorescência<br />

ou eletrorret<strong>in</strong>ograma multifocal. Neste caso, o tratamento da hemorragia submem<br />

brana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna com a cirurgia vitreorret<strong>in</strong>iana resultou em me lhora<br />

da acuidade visual e regressão da hemorragia.<br />

Descritores: Hemorragia ret<strong>in</strong>iana; Manobra de Valsalva; Vitrectomia; Tomografia<br />

de coerência óptica; Acuidade visual; Humanos; Fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o; Adulto; Relatos de caso<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

To report a case of a patient with Valsalva ret<strong>in</strong>opathy that developed sub-<strong>in</strong>ternal<br />

limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane hemorrhage, underwent pars plana vitrectomy <strong>and</strong> had visual<br />

acuity improvement after that. A 35-year-old healthy patient presented with sudden<br />

<strong>and</strong> pa<strong>in</strong>less vision loss of her right <strong>eye</strong>, after cough<strong>in</strong>g. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the ophthalmologic<br />

evaluation, she had a pre-macular hemorrhage <strong>and</strong> no other abnormalities. Initially,<br />

we chose for expectant management, but the hemorrhage did not clear totally.<br />

Thus, pars plana vitrectomy associated with <strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane peel<strong>in</strong>g was<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicated, with considerable improvement of her visual acuity, without perioperative<br />

complications or significant f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> the optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence<br />

<strong>and</strong> multifocal electroret<strong>in</strong>ogram. In this case, sub-<strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane<br />

hemorrhage treatment with vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al surgery was relatively useful, with visual<br />

acuity improvement <strong>and</strong> resolution of sub-<strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane hemorrhage.<br />

Keywords: Ret<strong>in</strong>al hemorrhage; Valsalva maneuver; Vitrectomy; Tomography, optical<br />

coherence; Visual acuity; Humans; Male; Adult; Case report<br />

INTRODUÇÃO<br />

As hemorragias pré-ret<strong>in</strong>ianas geralmente ocorrem na <strong>in</strong>terface<br />

entre a hialoide posterior e a membrana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna (MLI). Menos<br />

frequentemente, elas estão localizadas na ret<strong>in</strong>a superficial, entre<br />

a MLI e a camada de fibras nervosas. Sua localização preferencial é<br />

na região macular lev<strong>and</strong>o, por consegu<strong>in</strong>te, à redução acentuada<br />

da acuidade visual (1) .<br />

As hemorragias subMLI estão associadas a <strong>in</strong>úmeras causas, sen -<br />

do a síndrome de Terson (2) a mais comum. Outras possíveis causas<br />

são: discrasias sanguíneas (3) , trauma contuso da face (3) e ruptura de<br />

macroaneurismas (4) , além da ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por Valsalva (4) .<br />

A ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por Valsalva geralmente, apresenta-se como uma<br />

hemorragia pré-macular circunscrita, porém sua localização anatômica<br />

exata, subMLI ou subialoide, é a<strong>in</strong>da controversa e difícil de ser<br />

def<strong>in</strong>ida através da oftalmoscopia.<br />

O objetivo deste relato é descrever o caso de uma paciente com<br />

ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por Valsalva que evoluiu com hemorragia subMLI e foi<br />

submetida à vitrectomia via pars plana, tendo tido melhora da acuidade<br />

visual e seguimento através da tomografia de coerência óptica<br />

(OCT) de domínio espectral, além de ter sido submetida à autofluorescência<br />

e eletrorret<strong>in</strong>ograma multifocal (mfERG).<br />

RELATO DE CASO<br />

Paciente do sexo fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o, 35 anos, sem comorbidades, procura<br />

o Pronto-Socorro de Oftalmologia com redução súbita e <strong>in</strong>dolor da<br />

acuidade visual do olho direito (OD), após ter tido crise de tosse de<br />

forte <strong>in</strong>tensidade, há um dia. Ao exame oftalmológico, apresentava<br />

acuidade visual com correção de conta dedos a 20 cm (OD) e 1,0<br />

(olho esquerdo-OE). Apresentava motilidade ocular e reflexos preservados,<br />

pressão <strong>in</strong>traocular de 12 mmHg em ambos os olhos (AO),<br />

sem alterações à biomicroscopia de AO ou à fundoscopia do OE. No<br />

OD, apresentava nervo óptico corado, ret<strong>in</strong>a aplicada e hemorragia<br />

pré-macular (Figura 1).<br />

Realizou-se uma OCT Stratus®, que mostrou-se <strong>in</strong>conclusiva<br />

quanto à localização exata da hemorragia.<br />

Após explicações das possíveis condutas a serem tomadas, bem<br />

como seus riscos e benefícios, e por opção da paciente, optou-se<br />

por conduta expectante, havendo reabsorção parcial da hemorragia<br />

ao longo de dois meses (Figura 1), porém sem resolução total do<br />

quadro ou melhora da acuidade visual (conta dedos a 1,5 m). A fundoscopia<br />

do OD apresentava hemorragia de aspecto seroso. Diante<br />

disso, optou-se pela realização de vitrectomia via pars plana (material<br />

23 gauge), com descolamento da hialoide posterior e observação da<br />

Submetido para publicação: 14 de maio de 2012<br />

Aceito para publicação: 12 de novembro de 2012<br />

Trabalho realizado junto à Clínica Oftalmológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a<br />

da Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP) - Brasil.<br />

1<br />

Médico, Clínica Oftalmológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medic<strong>in</strong>a, Universidade de São<br />

Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP) - Brasil.<br />

2<br />

Médico, Setor de Ret<strong>in</strong>a e Vítreo, Clínica Oftalmológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de<br />

Medic<strong>in</strong>a, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP) - Brasil.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>anciamento: Não houve f<strong>in</strong>anciamento para este trabalho.<br />

Divulgação de potenciais Conflitos de Interesse: M.M.Lavezzo, Nenhum; L.C.Zacharias, Nenhum;<br />

W.Y.Takahashi, Nenhum.<br />

Endereço para correspondência: Marcelo Mendes Lavezzo. Rua Capote Valente, 136 - Apto. 54,<br />

São Paulo - (SP) 05409-000 - Brasil - E-mail: mmlavezzo@gmail.com<br />

436 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):436-8


Lavezzo MM, et al.<br />

manutenção do líquido de aspecto seroso. Diante disso, optou- se pelo<br />

“peel<strong>in</strong>g” de MLI, utiliz<strong>and</strong>o p<strong>in</strong>ça apropriada (Eckardt), com auxílio do<br />

corante azul brilhante, <strong>in</strong>jetado com uma cânula “soft tip”, permit<strong>in</strong>do a<br />

aspiração do líquido em questão através de uma p<strong>in</strong>ça “backflush”. Assim,<br />

concluiu-se de que se tratava de hemorragia de localização subMLI.<br />

Não houve <strong>in</strong>tercorrências peri-operatórias. A paciente foi <strong>in</strong>formada,<br />

através de termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, dos riscos do<br />

procedimento proposto e estava de acordo com a realização do mesmo.<br />

Na evolução, a paciente apresentou melhora da acuidade visual<br />

(0,1 - um mês de pós-operatório), sem alterações do segmento anterior<br />

ou pressão <strong>in</strong>traocular (PIO), com resolução do quadro fundoscópico,<br />

apresent<strong>and</strong>o mácula sem edema ou outras alterações (Figura 1).<br />

Foi realizado, no segundo mês de pós-operatório, o OCT (Heidelberg<br />

Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g®, Heidelberg, Germany) com tecnologia spectral<br />

doma<strong>in</strong>, que demonstrou depressão foveal preservada (Figura 2).<br />

Também foi submetida à autofluorescência (VISUCAM 500®, Zeiss,<br />

Oberkochen, Germany), sendo visível a transição entre a região onde<br />

foi realizado o “peel<strong>in</strong>g” de MLI e a região com MLI íntegra (Figura<br />

3). O mfERG (RETIscan ® multifocal ERG, ROLAND Instruments, Br<strong>and</strong>enburg,<br />

Germany) do OD não mostrou alterações significativas em<br />

relação ao OE (Figura 3).<br />

A<br />

Julho/2011 Agosto/2011 Setembro/2011<br />

2 o mês pós-operatório<br />

1 o mês pós-operatório 3 o mês pós-operatório<br />

Figura 1. Aspectos fundoscópicos do olho direito e sua evolução ao longo do tempo.<br />

Observa-se hemorragia pré-macular com reabsorção parcial em dois meses (aspecto<br />

seroso); pós-operatórios com resolução do quadro, com mácula dentro dos limites da<br />

normalidade.<br />

OD<br />

B<br />

A<br />

Figura 2. Tomografia de coerência óptica de alta resolução (OCT spectral doma<strong>in</strong>) do<br />

olho direito revel<strong>and</strong>o depressão foveal preservada e <strong>in</strong>terface entre a região onde foi<br />

feito o “peel<strong>in</strong>g” da MLI (setas brancas) (2 meses de pós-operatório (A) e 4 meses de pósoperatório<br />

(B). As espessuras centrais mínimas aferidas foram: 293 μm (A) e 295 μm (B).<br />

Observa-se que a camada de fotorreceptores apresenta-se íntegra.<br />

B<br />

OE<br />

Figura 3. A) Autofluorescência do olho direito revel<strong>and</strong>o a transição entre a região onde<br />

foi realizado o “peel<strong>in</strong>g” de MLI e a região de MLI íntegra (l<strong>in</strong>ha hiperautofluorescente), sem<br />

outras alterações da autofluorescência da ret<strong>in</strong>a, no segundo mês de pós-operatório. B e<br />

C) Eletrorret<strong>in</strong>ograma multifocal (mfERG) dentro dos limites da normalidade em ambos<br />

os olhos, com traçados de amplitude e latência dentro da normalidade e de aspecto<br />

relativamente uniforme nos vários pontos analisados (qu<strong>in</strong>to mês de pós-operatório).<br />

C<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):436-8<br />

437


Hemorragia submembrana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna em paciente após Valsalva: relato de caso<br />

Com seis meses de pós-operatório, a paciente encontra-se em<br />

seguimento ambulatorial, sem alterações substanciais do quadro,<br />

mantendo acuidade visual de 0,7, com melhor correção.<br />

DISCUSSÃO<br />

A ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por Valsalva tipicamente se apresenta com uma<br />

redução súbita da acuidade visual em um <strong>in</strong>divíduo hígido, causada<br />

por uma hemorragia pré-macular secundária à manobra de Valsalva,<br />

cujas pr<strong>in</strong>cipais causas são: vômitos, tosse, esforço e atividades físicas<br />

(5,6) . Há uma ruptura espontânea dos capilares perifoveais, devido<br />

ao aumento súbito da pressão venosa <strong>in</strong>traocular, secundária à elevação<br />

abrupta da pressão <strong>in</strong>tratorácica ou <strong>in</strong>tra-abdom<strong>in</strong>al (7,8) .<br />

As hemorragias subMLI aparecem fundoscopicamente como<br />

uma hemorragia bem demarcada. Entretanto, é frequentemente<br />

di fícil dist<strong>in</strong>gui-la de uma hemorragia subialoidea. A OCT auxiliaria<br />

nesta diferenciação, porém, apesar da sua alta resolução, a confusão<br />

diagnóstica do nível em que se encontra a hemorragia pode ocorrer<br />

devido à alta refletividade do sangue em hemorragias recentes.<br />

Assim, o único método para confirmar a localização subMLI da he -<br />

morragia é a coloração <strong>in</strong>traoperatória da membrana sobre a hemorragia<br />

e, em alguns casos, o exame histopatológico da MLI (3) . Este<br />

exame não foi realizado no presente caso, porém o aspecto cirúrgico<br />

da retirada da membrana limitante <strong>in</strong>terna, bem como a <strong>in</strong>terface da<br />

região do “peel<strong>in</strong>g” evidenciada no OCT auxiliam na confirmação da<br />

retirada da MLI (Figura 2).<br />

O nível histológico da hemorragia reflete o prognóstico visual<br />

em casos de ruptura de macroaneurismas e hemorragias maculares.<br />

Existe maior recuperação da acuidade visual em olhos nos quais<br />

havia hemorragia vítrea ou subMLI, do que qu<strong>and</strong>o há hemorragia<br />

submacular (4) .<br />

Diante de um caso de ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por Valsalva, geralmente, opta-se<br />

por uma conduta conservadora. Quase todos os pacientes apresentam<br />

uma recuperação visual favorável, à medida que a hemorragia<br />

é reabsorvida. No entanto, esta reabsorção pode ser muito lenta. O<br />

contato prolongado da ret<strong>in</strong>a com a hemoglob<strong>in</strong>a e seus catabólitos<br />

pode causar dano ret<strong>in</strong>iano tóxico irreversível. Outras complicações<br />

potenciais são: catarata, membrana epirret<strong>in</strong>iana, glaucoma, descolamento<br />

de ret<strong>in</strong>a, vitreorret<strong>in</strong>opatia proliferativa e ambliopia/miopia<br />

em crianças (3) .<br />

Vários estudos <strong>in</strong>vestigaram o uso do YAG laser para romper a MLI<br />

e drenar o sangue pré-ret<strong>in</strong>iano em direção ao vítreo. Trata-se de um<br />

procedimento efetivo, lev<strong>and</strong>o à rápida recuperação visual, evit<strong>and</strong>o,<br />

dessa forma, uma cirurgia vitreorret<strong>in</strong>iana. Todavia, casos de buraco<br />

macular, membrana epirret<strong>in</strong>iana e descolamento de ret<strong>in</strong>a tracional<br />

após YAG laser foram descritos na literatura (9,10) . Membranotomia com<br />

laser de argônio e de criptônio também já foram testados com algum<br />

sucesso. Outras modalidades <strong>in</strong>cluem <strong>in</strong>jeção <strong>in</strong>travítrea de gás (com<br />

ou sem t-PA), mobiliz<strong>and</strong>o a hemorragia da região foveal (3) .<br />

O tratamento com a vitrectomia posterior mostrou-se efetivo,<br />

com melhora da acuidade visual significativa e imediata, preven<strong>in</strong>do,<br />

<strong>in</strong>clusive, complicações relacionadas à presença de hemorragias<br />

<strong>in</strong>traoculares prolongadas. Assim, diante do exposto, optou-se pela<br />

realização da cirurgia vítreorret<strong>in</strong>iana, devido à não-absorção completa<br />

da hemorragia ao longo de três meses, bem como devido à sua<br />

localização subMLI, evit<strong>and</strong>o a recuperação visual. As complicações<br />

mais comuns da vitrectomia são: aumento da pressão <strong>in</strong>traocular,<br />

catarata e descolamento de ret<strong>in</strong>a, nenhuma das quais foi observada<br />

no presente caso.<br />

Há poucos casos na literatura de pacientes com ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por<br />

Valsalva que se apresentavam com hemorragia subMLI, havendo<br />

evolução favorável na maioria deles. Em um caso de homem de 20<br />

anos de idade, houve melhora da acuidade visual para 20/20, após<br />

a vitrectomia posterior. Em outro caso de um construtor de 24 anos<br />

de idade, houve melhora da acuidade visual de movimento de mãos<br />

para 20/20, após o tratamento (3) . Além disso, não foram encontrados<br />

relatos na revisão bibliográfica realizada de casos de ret<strong>in</strong>opatia por<br />

Valsalva submetidos à vitrectomia posterior e à avaliação funcional<br />

dos fotorreceptores através de ERG multifocal, que evidenciou de forma<br />

objetiva a <strong>in</strong>tegridade funcional dos fotorreceptores da paciente<br />

em questão, mesmo após 2 meses de evolução com a hemorragia<br />

pré-macular. Desse modo, pode-se afirmar que nem sempre ocorre a<br />

toxicidade da hemoglob<strong>in</strong>a à camada de fotorreceptores já descrita<br />

em outras situações de hemorragia pré-macular (3) .<br />

Desse modo, conclui-se que, diante de casos com hemorragia<br />

subMLI pós-Valsalva por tempo prolongado, caus<strong>and</strong>o redução im -<br />

portante da acuidade visual, a vitrectomia posterior com remoção<br />

da MLI pode ser uma opção segura e eficaz. Vale ressaltar, entretanto,<br />

que se trata de relato limitado a um paciente e houve seguimento<br />

por um curto período. Mais estudos devem ser realizados, com<br />

maior número de pacientes e seguimento mais prolongado, para se<br />

determ<strong>in</strong>ar o real benefício e o momento mais correto de se realizar<br />

a vitrectomia posterior em casos de hemorragia subMLI pós-Valsalva.<br />

REFERÊNCIAS<br />

1. Foos RY. Vitreoret<strong>in</strong>al juncture; topographical variations. Invest Ophthalmol. 1972;<br />

11(10):801-8.<br />

2. McCarron MO, Alberts MJ, McCarron P. A systematic review of Terson’s syndrome:<br />

frequency <strong>and</strong> prognosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psy -<br />

chiatry. 2004;75(3):491-3.<br />

3. De Ma<strong>eye</strong>r K, Van G<strong>in</strong>derdeuren R, Postelmans L, Stalmans P, Van Calster J. Sub- <strong>in</strong> ner<br />

limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane haemorrhage: causes <strong>and</strong> treatment with vitrectomy. Br J Oph -<br />

thalmol. 2007; 91(7): 869-72. Comment <strong>in</strong>: Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(7):850-2.<br />

4. Nakamura H, Hayakawa K, Sawaguchi S, Gaja T, Nagam<strong>in</strong>e N, Medoruma K. Visual<br />

outcome after vitreous, sub-<strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane, <strong>and</strong>/or submacular hemorrhage<br />

removal associated with ruptured ret<strong>in</strong>al arterial macroaneurysms. Graefes<br />

Arch Cl<strong>in</strong> Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(5): 661-9.<br />

5. Georgiou T, Pearce IA,. Taylor RH. Valsalva ret<strong>in</strong>opathy associated with blow<strong>in</strong>g balloons.<br />

Eye (Lond). 1999;13( Pt 5):686-7.<br />

6. Ladjimi A, Zaouali S, Messaoud R, Ben Yahia S, Attia S, Jenzri S, et al. Valsalva ret<strong>in</strong>opathy<br />

<strong>in</strong>duced by labour. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002;12(4):336-8. Comment <strong>in</strong>: Eur J<br />

Ophthalmol. 2003;13(1):113.<br />

7. Tatlip<strong>in</strong>ar S, Shah SM, Nguyen QD. Optical coherence tomography features of<br />

sub-<strong>in</strong>ternal limit<strong>in</strong>g membrane hemorrhage <strong>and</strong> preret<strong>in</strong>al membrane <strong>in</strong> Valsalva<br />

ret<strong>in</strong>opathy. Can J Ophthalmol. 2007;42(1):129-30.<br />

8. M<strong>eye</strong>r CH, Mennel S, Rodrigues EB, Schmidt JC. Persistent premacular cavity after<br />

membranotomy <strong>in</strong> valsalva ret<strong>in</strong>opathy evident by optical coherence tomography.<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>a. 2006;26(1):116-8.<br />

9. Durukan AH, Kerimoglu H, Erdurman C, Demirel A, Karagul S. Long-term results of<br />

Nd:YAG laser treatment for premacular subhyaloid haemorrhage ow<strong>in</strong>g to Valsalva<br />

ret<strong>in</strong>opathy. Eye (Lond). 2008;22(2):214-8.<br />

10. Aralikatti AK, Haridas AS, Smith JM. Delayed Nd:YAG laser membranotomy for traumatic<br />

premacular hemorrhage. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(10):1503.<br />

438 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):436-8


Artigo de Revisão | Review Article<br />

Endothelial keratoplasty: evolution <strong>and</strong> horizons<br />

Transplante endotelial de córnea: evolução e horizontes<br />

Gustavo Teixeira Grottone 1 , Nicolas Cesário Pereira 1 , José Álvaro Pereira Gomes 1<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

Endothelial keratoplasty has been adopted by corneal surgeons worldwide as an<br />

alternative to penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty (PK) <strong>in</strong> the treatment of corneal endothelial<br />

disorders. S<strong>in</strong>ce the first surgeries <strong>in</strong> 1998, different surgical techniques have been<br />

used to replace the diseased endothelium. Compared with penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty,<br />

all these techniques may provide faster <strong>and</strong> better visual rehabilitation<br />

with m<strong>in</strong>imal change <strong>in</strong> refractive power of the transplanted cornea, m<strong>in</strong>imal <strong>in</strong> -<br />

duced astigmatism, elim<strong>in</strong>ation of suture-<strong>in</strong>duced complications <strong>and</strong> late wound<br />

dehiscence, <strong>and</strong> a reduced dem<strong>and</strong> for postoperative care. Translational research<br />

<strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g cell-based therapy is the next step <strong>in</strong> work on endothelial keratoplasty.<br />

The present review updates <strong>in</strong>formation on comparisons among different techniques<br />

<strong>and</strong> predicts the direction of future treatment.<br />

Keywords: Endothelium, corneal/pathology; Corneal transplantation; Descemet<br />

stripp<strong>in</strong>g endothelial keratoplasty/methods; Keratoplasty, penetrat<strong>in</strong>g/methods;<br />

Translational medical research; Cell transplantation<br />

RESUMO<br />

O transplante endotelial tem sido utilizado por cirurgiões de córnea em todo o mundo<br />

como uma alternativa ao transplante penetrante no tratamento das desordens do<br />

endotélio corneano. Desde as primeiras cirurgias em 1998, diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas<br />

tem sido utilizadas para substituir o endotélio doente. Comparadas ao transplante<br />

penetrante, estas técnicas oferecem uma reabilitação visual melhor e mais rápida com<br />

mínima alteração do poder refrativo da córnea transplantada, mínimo astigmatismo<br />

<strong>in</strong>duzido, elim<strong>in</strong>ação das complicações <strong>in</strong>duzidas pela sutura e deiscência tardia da<br />

<strong>in</strong>cisão, além de menor necessidade de cuidados pós-operatórios. Pesquisas translacionais<br />

envolvendo terapias celulares são o próximo passo em transplantes endoteliais.<br />

Este artigo contém uma fonte de dados atualizada compar<strong>and</strong>o diferentes técnicas<br />

e futuros tratamentos.<br />

Descritores: Epitélio posterior/patologia; Transplante de córnea; Ceratoplastia endotelial<br />

com remoção da membrana de Descemet/métodos; Ceratoplastia penetrant<strong>in</strong>g/métodos;<br />

Pesquisa médica translacional; Transplante de células<br />

INTRODUCTION<br />

Corneal transplantation is a major concern of public healthcare<br />

management. In the year 2000, a total of 46,949 corneas were available<br />

for transplantation from USA <strong>eye</strong> banks. Although diagnostic data<br />

differ, 22.3% of corneal transplant patients required corneal grafts <strong>in</strong><br />

2000 to treat bullous keratopathy (1) . Dur<strong>in</strong>g the past 10 years, diagnoses<br />

requir<strong>in</strong>g transplantation have changed because of advances<br />

<strong>in</strong> cataract surgery <strong>and</strong> new <strong>in</strong>dications for lamellar keratoplasty (2) . In<br />

2010, the major diagnosed cause for corneal endothelial transplantation<br />

<strong>in</strong> the USA was Fuchs dystrophy, which was responsible for more<br />

than 51% of endothelial keratoplasties. And follow<strong>in</strong>g the same trend<br />

<strong>in</strong> 2011, 48% of endothelial keratoplasties were <strong>in</strong>dicated because of<br />

Fuchs dystrophy (3) . As Li <strong>and</strong> Mannis has <strong>in</strong>dicated (4) , contemporary<br />

corneal surgery made a major change <strong>in</strong> <strong>eye</strong> bank<strong>in</strong>g with the <strong>in</strong> -<br />

tro duction of endothelial keratoplasty (EK). In 2005, only 1,429 EK<br />

pro cedures were performed <strong>in</strong> the USA; this <strong>in</strong>creased exponentially<br />

to 18,221 <strong>in</strong> 2009, represent<strong>in</strong>g 30.5% of all corneal grafts <strong>in</strong> the USA.<br />

A trend toward decreased use of penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty (PK) is also<br />

discernible. In 2005, 45,821 corneal grafts were placed; this decreased<br />

to 23,269 <strong>in</strong> 2009 (5) . The trends on EK <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g ratios are still present.<br />

From 2009 to 2011, EBAA report showed a consolidated number of<br />

17.6% more EK procedures. Also a decl<strong>in</strong>e of almost 34% on PK procedures<br />

was reported from 2008 to 2011 (3) . This represents the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g<br />

adoption of EK by corneal surgeons to treat endothelial diseases.<br />

The present review analyzes the ma<strong>in</strong> outcomes of EK us<strong>in</strong>g dif -<br />

ferent surgical techniques, <strong>and</strong> discusses trends that po<strong>in</strong>t toward EK<br />

developments <strong>in</strong> the near future.<br />

The past: penetrat<strong>in</strong>g deeply <strong>in</strong>to the cornea<br />

Penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty (PK) was the ma<strong>in</strong>stay treatment of the<br />

20 th century for corneal endothelial disease. It <strong>in</strong>volves the replacement<br />

of full-thickness corneal host tissue by a full-thickness donor,<br />

sutured to the host rim. The surgical technique is relatively simple<br />

compared to posterior lamellar procedures (Figures 1 <strong>and</strong> 2). However,<br />

good visual outcomes are often limited by high or irregular<br />

astigmatism that may require rigid contact lenses or other surgical<br />

procedures such as corneal r<strong>in</strong>gs, astigmatic keratotomy <strong>and</strong> excimer<br />

laser ablation to achieve good visual results. Corneal curvature <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>duced astigmatism are suture-dependent, so many months are<br />

re quired to achieve visual stability. PK can be associated with ocular<br />

surface <strong>and</strong> suture-related complications. In addition, globe <strong>in</strong>stability<br />

can lead to devastat<strong>in</strong>g expulsive hemorrhage <strong>in</strong>traoperatively<br />

or postoperatively after ocular trauma <strong>and</strong> wound dehiscence. In the<br />

1960s, Dr. Jose Barraquer described a method to selectively replace<br />

the diseased endothelium. An anterior approach via a corneal flap<br />

could be used to treph<strong>in</strong>e posterior stroma, with Descemet’s membrane<br />

<strong>and</strong> endothelium, <strong>and</strong> replace it with a donor graft sutured <strong>in</strong><br />

place (6) . Vascular <strong>in</strong>growth at the host-donor <strong>in</strong>terface <strong>and</strong> technique-<br />

Submitted for publication: August 20, 2012<br />

Accepted for publication: November 20, 2012<br />

Study carried out at Cornea Section, Ophthalmology Department, Universidade Federal de São<br />

Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.<br />

1<br />

Physician, Cornea Section, Ophthalmology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -<br />

UNIFESP - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.<br />

Fund<strong>in</strong>g: No specific f<strong>in</strong>ancial support was available for this study.<br />

Disclosure of potential conflicts of <strong>in</strong>terest: G.T.Grottone, None; N.C.Pereira, None; J.A.P.Gomes,<br />

None.<br />

Correspond<strong>in</strong>g author: Gustavo Teixeira Grottone. Avenida Almirante Cochrane 29/202 - Santos -<br />

SP - 11040-001 - Brazil - E-mail: ggrottone@gmail.com<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):439-46<br />

439


Endothelial keratoplasty: evolution <strong>and</strong> horizons<br />

Figure 1. Optical Coherence tomography of penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty show<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>terface (<strong>in</strong> red) between host cornea <strong>and</strong> donor cornea.<br />

Posterior lamellar keratoplasty (PLK): chang<strong>in</strong>g the concepts<br />

A major breakthrough occurred <strong>in</strong> 1998 when Gerrit Melles des -<br />

cribed a surgical technique of PLK to selectively replace diseased<br />

endothelium while leav<strong>in</strong>g the recipient anterior cornea <strong>in</strong>tact (7) . A<br />

recipient posterior lamella with posterior stroma, Descemet’s mem -<br />

brane <strong>and</strong> endothelium was dissected through a 9 mm sclerocorneal<br />

<strong>in</strong>cision. A donor button with posterior stroma, Descemet’s membrane<br />

<strong>and</strong> endothelium was <strong>in</strong>serted <strong>and</strong> successfully held <strong>in</strong> place<br />

by an air bubble with the patient <strong>in</strong> sup<strong>in</strong>e position (8) . Mark Terry<br />

<strong>in</strong>troduced the procedure <strong>in</strong> the USA as deep lamellar endothelial<br />

keratoplasty (DLEK) (9) .<br />

After the <strong>in</strong>itial results with the 9 mm <strong>in</strong>cision technique, Melles et<br />

al. published a case report of PLK us<strong>in</strong>g a 5 mm <strong>in</strong>cision <strong>and</strong> fold<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the donor disc to enable <strong>in</strong>sertion (10) . After that, Terry described small<strong>in</strong><br />

cision DLEK us<strong>in</strong>g a 5 mm <strong>in</strong>cision <strong>in</strong> a prospective cl<strong>in</strong>ical study (11) .<br />

The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) improved from an<br />

average of approximately 20/90 preop to approximately 20/44 at 6<br />

months postop, with 56% of the patients 20/40 or better (11) . Astigmatism<br />

by manifest refraction <strong>in</strong>creased from an average of 0.86 diopters<br />

preop to an average of 1.31 diopters at 6 months, an <strong>in</strong>crease of less<br />

than 0.5 diopters.<br />

It was the first successful implementation of EK, <strong>and</strong> had clear<br />

advantages over PK because there were no anterior corneal <strong>in</strong>cisions<br />

or sutures. It was associated with a recovery time of less than 6<br />

months; most patients made a good visual recovery with a predictable<br />

cyl<strong>in</strong>drical correction (11) . There were no ocular surface or suturerelated<br />

complications <strong>and</strong> the technique had better postoperative<br />

globe <strong>in</strong>tegrity. However, the need to manually dissect the donor <strong>and</strong><br />

host stroma was time-<strong>in</strong>tensive <strong>and</strong> technically challeng<strong>in</strong>g, mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

adoption by surgeons very slow. Haze <strong>in</strong>duction <strong>and</strong> high-order aberrations<br />

also contributed to low vision after DLEK surgery (12) .<br />

Figure 2. Slit-lamp photography of 1-month follow-up penetrat<strong>in</strong>g keratoplasty.<br />

<strong>in</strong> duced irregular astigmatism were major problems <strong>and</strong> limited its<br />

adoption. After this <strong>in</strong>itial attempt to replace PK as the treatment for<br />

corneal endothelial cell failure, almost 40 years passed until further<br />

changes were made.<br />

Selective Descemet’s transplantation<br />

Four years <strong>in</strong>to the era of modern endothelial keratoplasty, Melles<br />

<strong>in</strong>troduced the Descemet’s stripp<strong>in</strong>g technique (13) . In 2002, consistent<br />

results were obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> 15 cadaveric <strong>eye</strong>s; Descemet’s membrane<br />

with its endothelial monolayer was stripped from the posterior<br />

stroma, obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a ”Descemet roll”. The complex was successfully<br />

implanted after ”Descemetorhexis” to remove the recipient endothelial<br />

layer <strong>and</strong> its Descemet’s membrane, <strong>and</strong> held <strong>in</strong> place with the aid<br />

of air bubbl<strong>in</strong>g (13) . The difficulties <strong>in</strong> prepar<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g a donor<br />

consist<strong>in</strong>g only of Descemet’s membrane <strong>and</strong> endothelium preven -<br />

ted this technique from be<strong>in</strong>g used <strong>in</strong> patients at that time. After 2<br />

years, <strong>in</strong> 2004, Melles et al. published his previous Descemetorhexis<br />

technique (Figure 3) to prepare the recipient bed for implantation of<br />

a manually dissected donor lamellar button with posterior stroma.<br />

The recipient stripp<strong>in</strong>g procedure was successful <strong>in</strong> all 10 human <strong>eye</strong><br />

bank corneas tested <strong>and</strong> 3 Fuchs dystrophy patients, <strong>and</strong> proved to<br />

be reproducible, quick <strong>and</strong> easy to perform (14) .<br />

Descemet’s stripp<strong>in</strong>g endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK):<br />

a new development<br />

After the early outst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g achievements with DLEK, this new<br />

technique <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the selective removal of the host Descemet’s<br />

membrane <strong>and</strong> endothelium became more rapidly adopted. Elim<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the need for manual lamellar dissection of the host tissue<br />

made the surgical technique easier <strong>and</strong> more reproducible. Preparation<br />

<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduction of the donor lamella via a 5 mm-long scleral<br />

pocket <strong>in</strong>cision rema<strong>in</strong>ed the same as <strong>in</strong> previous EK techniques. In<br />

2005, Price <strong>in</strong>troduced DSEK <strong>and</strong> showed that, as early as 6 months<br />

after surgery, 31 of 50 <strong>eye</strong>s (62%) had best corrected visual acuity<br />

(BCVA) values better than 20/40 <strong>and</strong> 38 (76%) <strong>eye</strong>s had values<br />

better than 20/50 (15) . Importantly, refractive errors were elim<strong>in</strong>ated.<br />

The mean manifest cyl<strong>in</strong>der was 1.50 ± 0.94 diopters (D) 6 months<br />

after surgery, which was unchanged from the preoperative value of<br />

1.5 ± 1.0 D.<br />

Manual dissection of donor tissue with precision <strong>and</strong> consistency<br />

was challeng<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> time consum<strong>in</strong>g. The use of a microkeratome,<br />

described <strong>in</strong> 2006 by Gorovoy (16) , greatly simplified this difficult step <strong>in</strong><br />

DSEK surgery that became known as Descemet-stripp<strong>in</strong>g automated<br />

endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Price et al. compared DSEK <strong>and</strong><br />

DSAEK <strong>and</strong> found a reduced risk of donor tissue perforation <strong>and</strong> faster<br />

440 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):439-46


Grottone GT, et al.<br />

visual recovery with DSAEK (Figures 4 <strong>and</strong> 5), with the same visual results<br />

after 3 months (17) . Eye banks also started provid<strong>in</strong>g precut tissue<br />

for DSAEK, mak<strong>in</strong>g it even easier for corneal surgeons. Terry et al. demonstrated<br />

that precut tissue from <strong>eye</strong> banks for use <strong>in</strong> DSAEK surgery<br />

provides cell loss <strong>and</strong> visual results comparable with reports <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g<br />

tissue cut <strong>in</strong>traoperatively (18) .<br />

A recent meta-analysis (19) of reports on DSEK/DSAEK surgery found<br />

that the most common complications were posterior graft dislocation<br />

(mean, 14%; range, 0-82%), endothelial graft rejection (mean,<br />

10%; range, 0-45%), primary graft failure (mean, 5%; range, 0-29%),<br />

<strong>and</strong> iatrogenic glaucoma (mean, 3%; range, 0-15%). Average endothelial<br />

cell loss ranged from 25-54% with a mean cell loss of 37%<br />

at 6 months postoperative, whereas the average loss was 42% at<br />

12 months. BCVA varied between 20/34 <strong>and</strong> 20/66 (measured at a<br />

mean of 9 months postoperative; range, 3-21 months). The extent of<br />

<strong>in</strong>duced hyperopia was 0.7-1.5 D (mean, 1.1 D). Induced astigmatism<br />

was m<strong>in</strong>imal, rang<strong>in</strong>g from -0.4 to 0.6 D; the mean refractive shift<br />

was 0.11 D.<br />

Figure 3. Scann<strong>in</strong>g electron microscopy of nude stromal/Descemet’s membrane <strong>in</strong>terface<br />

after Descemet’s stripp<strong>in</strong>g (500x magnification).<br />

Remarkably, Mark Terry was able to modify some of the major steps<br />

<strong>in</strong> DSEK/DSAEK surgery, achiev<strong>in</strong>g highly reproducible results (20) . Us<strong>in</strong>g<br />

peripheral recipient bed scrap<strong>in</strong>g to ensure donor edge adherence<br />

<strong>and</strong> a residual supportive air bubble, the graft dislocation rate was<br />

only 1.5% when 200 consecutive cases were reviewed. This technique<br />

allowed well-supervised novice fellows to obta<strong>in</strong> results very similar to<br />

those achieved by the more experienced (21) .<br />

The use of donor tissues 8.5 mm <strong>and</strong> 8.0 mm <strong>in</strong> diameter yielded<br />

identical endothelial cell density (ECD) results after 2 years <strong>in</strong> a prospective<br />

study (22,23) . The length of <strong>eye</strong> bank corneal storage (1 day vs.<br />

the st<strong>and</strong>ard storage time of 7 d) had no effect on postoperative ECD,<br />

demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g that it is unnecessary to request <strong>eye</strong> banks to freshly<br />

prepare tissue when DSEK/DSAEK surgery is planned (24) . Also, the widespread<br />

adoption of DSAEK revealed that the use of flawed anterior<br />

stromal donor corneas, that were unsuitable for use <strong>in</strong> PK, yielded<br />

results similar to those afforded by employment of st<strong>and</strong>ard tissue,<br />

when the <strong>eye</strong>s were evaluated 1 year postoperative (25) .<br />

Although the cornea enjoys relative immune privilege, allograft<br />

rejection rema<strong>in</strong>s the lead<strong>in</strong>g cause of endothelial failure <strong>in</strong> several<br />

reported series of PK patients (26,27) . It was expected that DSEK/DSAEK<br />

would lower the rates of graft rejection. In a large series of 598 DSEK<br />

cases, the cumulative probability of rejection was 12% at 2 years (28) . A<br />

group of PK patients treated with the same postoperative corticoid<br />

regimen had a probability of 18% (29) . The probability of a graft rejection<br />

episode tended to be lower after EK compared with PK, although<br />

the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.38).<br />

Concerned about long-term graft survival after DSAEK, Mark Go -<br />

rovoy collected data on corneal transparency <strong>and</strong> graft failure <strong>in</strong> 51<br />

patients over 5 years of follow-up; 47 corneas were clear at the conclusion<br />

of the study. Thus, only four <strong>eye</strong>s developed corneal opacity<br />

due to graft failure <strong>and</strong> all <strong>eye</strong>s were successfully regrafted (29) .<br />

Surgical correction of residual refractive errors after DSAEK was<br />

studied by Ratanasit <strong>and</strong> Gorovoy (30) , who treated three <strong>eye</strong>s with<br />

LASIK, <strong>and</strong> two with photorefractive keratoplasty (PRK) 11-17 months<br />

after DSAEK. Uncorrected visual acuity ranged from 20/80 to 20/200<br />

before refractive surgery to 20/20 to 20/40 thereafter, whereas BCVA<br />

rema<strong>in</strong>ed unchanged, rang<strong>in</strong>g from 20/20 to 20/30.<br />

Although the visual acuity outcomes were good, considerable<br />

cell loss <strong>in</strong> the early postoperative period rema<strong>in</strong>ed evident, <strong>and</strong><br />

the need to improve <strong>in</strong>sertion techniques became important. A<br />

2009 study compared forceps <strong>in</strong>sertion with the use of pull-through<br />

techniques (31) . Also, lenticule fold<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> unfold<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>sertion<br />

were exam<strong>in</strong>ed. The extent of cell loss after the use of pull-through<br />

<strong>and</strong> forceps <strong>in</strong>sertion techniques was not significantly different when<br />

the <strong>in</strong>cision was 5 mm long. The results suggested that the smaller<br />

the <strong>in</strong>cision the greater the <strong>in</strong>jury (31) . Another study showed that ECD<br />

6 months after use of a Bus<strong>in</strong>-glide system were slightly better than<br />

Figure 4. Optical coherence tomography of DSEK surgery show<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>terface between the host cornea <strong>and</strong> donor endothelial/Descemet’s membrane<br />

complex.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):439-46<br />

441


Endothelial keratoplasty: evolution <strong>and</strong> horizons<br />

were those seen when forceps <strong>in</strong>sertion was employed (32) . A new device<br />

(the EndoGlide TM ) was compared with the Bus<strong>in</strong>-glide; endothelial<br />

cell loss was much lower <strong>in</strong> patients treated us<strong>in</strong>g the EndoGlide<br />

(25.76%) than <strong>in</strong> those treated employ<strong>in</strong>g the Bus<strong>in</strong>-glide (47.46%;<br />

P


Grottone GT, et al.<br />

Graft detachment <strong>and</strong> primary graft failure are the ma<strong>in</strong> concerns<br />

after DMEK. In the prelim<strong>in</strong>ary results of the first 10 DMEK<br />

cases, 3 <strong>eye</strong>s showed a complete detachment that was managed<br />

by removal of the transplant <strong>and</strong> a secondary DSEK (35) . In the review<br />

of the first 50 consecutive cases from the Melles group, ten patients<br />

(20%) required a secondary DSEK for failed DMEK (36) . A prospective<br />

study with 60 patients showed 8% failures that were treated with<br />

a secondary DSAEK or DMEK (37) . When evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the learn<strong>in</strong>g curve<br />

<strong>in</strong> the first 135 cases, Melles group found a primary graft failure rate<br />

of only 2.2% after the <strong>in</strong>itial learn<strong>in</strong>g curve (42) . In 2010, Dapena et<br />

al. (from Melles group) explored how a secondary DSEK surgery<br />

(after failed DMEK) affected visual acuity (43) . Eighty-seven percent of<br />

patients had a BCVA of 20/40 or better, <strong>and</strong> one <strong>eye</strong> reached 20/25,<br />

6 months after surgery (43) . The ECD fell from 2,617±152 cells/mm²<br />

before surgery to 1,602 ± 892 cells/mm² at the 12-month followup<br />

(43) The work suggested that the surgeon <strong>and</strong> the patient should<br />

both be aware that a secondary DSEK may be required after a DMEK<br />

graft failure. Particularly dur<strong>in</strong>g the learn<strong>in</strong>g curve, patient <strong>in</strong>formation<br />

may be provided not only after DMEK, but also after DSEK.<br />

After the back-up surgery, good visual acuity levels were achieved,<br />

similar to those after a primary DSEK, although these were slightly<br />

<strong>in</strong>ferior to what would be expected after DMEK (43) . The evaluation of<br />

the learn<strong>in</strong>g curve <strong>in</strong> DMEK revealed a direct correlation between<br />

graft detachment <strong>and</strong> surgeon experience (44) . The detachment rate<br />

decl<strong>in</strong>ed from 20% over the first 45 surgical procedures to less than<br />

4.4% thereafter (44) . Intraoperative vitreous pressure was identified as<br />

an important risk factor for graft detachment <strong>in</strong> different publications<br />

(35,36,43,44) .<br />

In 2011, Dirisamer et al. explored the importance of surpass<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the learn<strong>in</strong>g curve with DMEK to achieve a low complication rate (44) .<br />

After a learn<strong>in</strong>g curve of 25 cases, 5% to 9% partial graft detachment<br />

was the most frequent complication <strong>in</strong> 200 cases. After the learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />

curve with DMEK, it is possible to achieve a low complication rate <strong>and</strong><br />

ECD comparable to DSAEK with faster <strong>and</strong> better visual recovery (43,44) .<br />

Hybrid techniques: jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g DMEK <strong>and</strong> DSAEK<br />

The literature <strong>in</strong>dicates that ECD is similarly affected by DMEK <strong>and</strong><br />

DSAEK. However, DMEK is associated with better BCVA outcomes <strong>and</strong><br />

faster visual rehabilitation than those yielded by DSAEK. Transplant<strong>in</strong>g<br />

posterior stroma results <strong>in</strong> worse visual outcomes compared to<br />

selective Descemet’s membrane <strong>and</strong> endothelium transplantation (45) .<br />

Try<strong>in</strong>g to offer better visual results, the DSAEK enthusiast Massimo<br />

Bus<strong>in</strong> created a variant of DSAEK termed Ultra-Th<strong>in</strong> DSAEK, which<br />

reduced the thickness of the donor stromal tissue by approximately<br />

half (46) . A microkeratome was used to make two cuts to controlled<br />

depths with the aid of a pachymeter <strong>in</strong> 40 donor tissues. This ad -<br />

ditional manipulation did not appear to cause extra endothelial<br />

damage (46) . Tissue preparation with a double-pass microkeratome<br />

can <strong>in</strong>crease the risk of perforation <strong>and</strong> tissue loss (47) . Some reports<br />

show better visual results with th<strong>in</strong>ner grafts (48) , but others show no<br />

difference from regular DSAEK grafts (17,18,49) . There is no consensus that<br />

th<strong>in</strong>ner grafts provide better <strong>and</strong> faster visual rehabilitation.<br />

Try<strong>in</strong>g to merge DMEK superior visual results with the easier ma -<br />

nipulation of the DSAEK grafts, <strong>in</strong> 2009 McCauley et al. described a<br />

hybrid DSAEK/DMEK technique, us<strong>in</strong>g big-bubble dissection at the<br />

central part of the donor cornea, to leave a bare central Descemet’s<br />

membrane with a peripheral rim of stroma (50) . The ma<strong>in</strong> challenge is<br />

the donor preparation, with higher risk for los<strong>in</strong>g the graft than with<br />

DSAEK (50) . This report was followed by an article by Bus<strong>in</strong> show<strong>in</strong>g that<br />

<strong>in</strong>sertion <strong>and</strong> manipulation of Descemet’s membrane with a stromal<br />

peripheral support was easier than a regular DMEK graft; the BCVA <strong>and</strong><br />

hyperopic shift outcomes were very similar to those seen after DMEK (51) .<br />

Pure endothelial keratoplasty (PEK): the future<br />

In 2000, a new direction for endothelial keratoplasty emerged<br />

when Nancy Joyce discovered that human corneal endothelial cells<br />

(HCECs) could proliferate <strong>and</strong> replicate under special conditions.<br />

Us<strong>in</strong>g a comb<strong>in</strong>ation of growth factors (EGF, FGF, <strong>and</strong> PDGF) <strong>and</strong> fetal<br />

bov<strong>in</strong>e serum enabled corneas ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> culture to express the<br />

Ki-67 prote<strong>in</strong>, a cellular marker for proliferation. Donor age <strong>in</strong>fluenced<br />

the extent of replication, but even older donor tissue entered the cell<br />

cycle (52) . In the same year, it was shown that disruption of cell-cell<br />

contact was essential for endothelial cells to enter the active cell cycle.<br />

EDTA facilitates cell-cell disruption by sequester<strong>in</strong>g calcium (which is<br />

essential for cell-cell b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g). Treatment with EDTA (2.0 mg/ml) for<br />

1 hour stimulated 16-18% of corneal cells to proliferate. This was<br />

confirmed by expression of Ki-67 <strong>and</strong> ZO-1 markers by both the<br />

proliferat<strong>in</strong>g cells <strong>and</strong> daughter cells thereof. Also, the use of EDTA<br />

alone, rather than a tryps<strong>in</strong>/EDTA solution to digest cells, afforded a<br />

good cell survival rate (53) . In agreement with these data, Zhu showed<br />

more recently that a group of cadher<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> caten<strong>in</strong>s is responsible<br />

for cell cycle arrest <strong>in</strong> HCECs. This result supports the hypothesis<br />

that retention of cells <strong>in</strong> culture for a long time without disruption<br />

of cell-cell attachment eventually causes the cells to “hibernate” <strong>in</strong><br />

terms of cell cycle activity (54) . Another report <strong>in</strong>dicated that younger<br />

donors should preferably serve as cell sources if endothelial proliferation<br />

is desired (55) . Further, it was shown that removal of HCECs <strong>in</strong><br />

the presence of an <strong>in</strong>tact Descemet’s membrane avoided potential<br />

contam<strong>in</strong>ation with other cell types (56) .<br />

New <strong>and</strong> valuable <strong>in</strong>formation was afforded by several studies<br />

that took the work <strong>in</strong> previously unexplored directions. One great<br />

concern has been how to deploy endothelial cells <strong>in</strong> a manner <strong>in</strong><br />

which the cells do not disperse <strong>in</strong> the anterior chamber. The first<br />

approach employed magnetic attraction. In two important reports,<br />

Mimura et al. showed that it was possible to have rabbit corneal<br />

en dothelial cells (RCECs) <strong>in</strong>corporate iron powder spheres. After<br />

titrat<strong>in</strong>g the toxicity of the iron particles, it was apparent that the<br />

use of 5-10 micromoles of iron powder solution was associated with<br />

good cell survival rate. After preparation as a s<strong>in</strong>gle-cell suspension,<br />

RCECs were <strong>in</strong>jected <strong>in</strong>to the anterior chamber of the rabbit <strong>eye</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

a neodymium magnet was placed anterior to the <strong>eye</strong>lid. The treated<br />

animals recovered corneal transparency with<strong>in</strong> 8 weeks. The control<br />

group showed cl<strong>in</strong>ical features of endothelial failure (57) . Although<br />

data obta<strong>in</strong>ed with RCECs are of limited use, s<strong>in</strong>ce they can regenerate<br />

spontaneously, the study identified a new method by which<br />

endothelial cells can be manipulated <strong>and</strong> deployed at the posterior<br />

surface of the cornea. Two years later, the same group reported the<br />

12-month data; no noticeable toxicity was evident <strong>in</strong> any animals<br />

from the prelim<strong>in</strong>ary study accord<strong>in</strong>g to ERG, ECD, <strong>and</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ical ocular<br />

f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs (58) . However, the effects of iron particles on human <strong>eye</strong>s<br />

rema<strong>in</strong> unknown.<br />

In 2005, three reports furthered corneal endothelial cell thera pies.<br />

It was shown that HCECs isolated from donor corneas <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>cubated<br />

<strong>in</strong> a methylcellulose matrix aggregated <strong>in</strong> a manner resembl<strong>in</strong>g<br />

neurospheres (59) . The spheres had a high proliferative capacity <strong>and</strong><br />

were capable of repopulat<strong>in</strong>g the posterior cornea of rabbits after<br />

<strong>in</strong>jection, with the animals held <strong>in</strong> the prone position for 24 hours (60) .<br />

In a later report, the time required <strong>in</strong> the prone position (to ensure cell<br />

adherence) was reduced from 24 hours to 6 hours, render<strong>in</strong>g it easier<br />

to consider human applications of such treatment (61) .<br />

An important aspect of corneal endothelial therapies is the method<br />

used to harvest endothelial cells. At one po<strong>in</strong>t, EDTA treatment,<br />

tryps<strong>in</strong>, dispase, <strong>and</strong> various mechanical methods have all been<br />

employed. Problems with all these methods <strong>in</strong>clude yield variability,<br />

the need to coat culture dishes with extracellular matrix (ECM), <strong>and</strong><br />

toxicity. A novel method for isolat<strong>in</strong>g such cells was suggested by Li et<br />

al. <strong>in</strong> 2007 (62) ; the usual methods were compared with collagenase A<br />

digestion. The latter method allowed collection of consistently round<br />

cell aggregates result<strong>in</strong>g from digestion of Descemet’s membrane<br />

<strong>and</strong> endothelial cells. The attraction of us<strong>in</strong>g collagenase A rather<br />

than dispase or EDTA is that most of the ECM required for cell adhesion<br />

to culture dishes is already associated with the cell aggregates.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):439-46<br />

443


Endothelial keratoplasty: evolution <strong>and</strong> horizons<br />

Additionally, the cell survival rate was far superior to that when the<br />

earlier methods were used, possibly because cell-cell <strong>in</strong>teraction was<br />

susta<strong>in</strong>ed dur<strong>in</strong>g Descemet’s membrane digestion (Figure 8). It was<br />

also shown that brief wash<strong>in</strong>g of cell aggregates with EDTA (0.02%,<br />

w/v) afforded consistent levels of cell proliferation <strong>and</strong> migration (62) .<br />

A 2009 report (63) revisited the earlier ideas of Mimura. The cited<br />

work tested superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) of<br />

different sizes <strong>and</strong> with various coat<strong>in</strong>gs, us<strong>in</strong>g the same <strong>in</strong>ternalization<br />

concept, <strong>and</strong> titrated the dose, toxicity, <strong>and</strong> extent of magnetic<br />

attraction. The fact that such compounds are already available as MRI<br />

contrast agents, on which safety <strong>and</strong> efficacy studies have been conducted,<br />

suggested that cell delivery us<strong>in</strong>g such compounds would<br />

be safer than employ<strong>in</strong>g the iron powder used <strong>in</strong> older studies. The<br />

SPIOs showed good tolerability <strong>and</strong> low toxicity at the concentrations<br />

tested. Smaller SPIOs exhibited dose-dependent <strong>in</strong>corporation<br />

<strong>in</strong>to the cytoplasm of human endothelial cells; such cells were readily<br />

attracted to a magnetic field <strong>and</strong> were capable of <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>and</strong><br />

migration to the posterior surfaces of corneas mounted <strong>in</strong> an artificial<br />

chamber.<br />

The effects of cycl<strong>in</strong>-dependent k<strong>in</strong>ase <strong>in</strong>hibitors <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />

p21Cip1, p16INK4a, <strong>and</strong> p27Kip1 on G1-phase arrest of HCECs have<br />

been explored. In 2006, Kikuchi showed that a dose-dependent<br />

decrease <strong>in</strong> the p27kip1 prote<strong>in</strong> level was evident after transfection<br />

of HCECs with a p27kip1-silenc<strong>in</strong>g small <strong>in</strong>terfer<strong>in</strong>g RNA (siRNA). The<br />

numbers of HCECs from young donors transfected with p27kip1<br />

siRNA <strong>in</strong>creased up to 144 hours after <strong>in</strong>cubation, No change <strong>in</strong> cells<br />

transfected with non-silenc<strong>in</strong>g siRNA was observed. On the other<br />

h<strong>and</strong>, no change <strong>in</strong> cell number was observed when HCECs from<br />

older donors were studied, suggest<strong>in</strong>g that G1-phase <strong>in</strong>hibition is<br />

mediated <strong>in</strong> a different manner <strong>in</strong> older subjects (64) .<br />

Joyce et al. (65) explored the mechanism of G1-phase arrest <strong>in</strong> HCECs<br />

from older patients. The roles played by p21Cip1 <strong>and</strong> p16INK4a <strong>in</strong><br />

negative regulation of the cell cycle <strong>in</strong> such cells were clarified. The<br />

number of cells from older donors enter<strong>in</strong>g the cell cycle after transient<br />

silenc<strong>in</strong>g us<strong>in</strong>g p21Cip1- <strong>and</strong> p16INK4a-siRNA was, on average,<br />

65% after Day 1 (19% <strong>in</strong> controls) (P=0.03). Also, the total cell number<br />

<strong>in</strong> the p21+p16 siRNA-treated group rose 2.6-fold; the control value<br />

was only 1.1-fold (65) .<br />

In addition, work dat<strong>in</strong>g from 2006 suggested that p21Cip1 <strong>and</strong><br />

p27Kip1 expression levels could be altered via the action of a specific<br />

prote<strong>in</strong>. The Rho GTPase prote<strong>in</strong> (conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g RhoA <strong>and</strong> RhoC) regulates<br />

numerous effector prote<strong>in</strong>s; a vital signal<strong>in</strong>g role is played by the<br />

ROCK I <strong>and</strong> ROCK II ser<strong>in</strong>e/threon<strong>in</strong>e k<strong>in</strong>ases. The use of the selective<br />

ROCK I <strong>in</strong>hibitor Y27632 downregulated the mitogen-activated prote<strong>in</strong><br />

k<strong>in</strong>ase pathway, <strong>in</strong>creased cycl<strong>in</strong> A levels via activation of LIM<br />

k<strong>in</strong>ase 2, <strong>and</strong> reduced p27Kip1 prote<strong>in</strong> levels (66) . In l<strong>in</strong>e with these f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs,<br />

Okumura et al. (67) used a ROCK I-selective <strong>in</strong>hibitor to enhance<br />

the adhesion <strong>and</strong> proliferation of monkey corneal endothelial cells<br />

(MCECs). After 3 days, untreated MCECs were proliferat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> were<br />

enlarged, but were not confluent or homogeneously hexagonal.<br />

Y-27632-treated MCECs exhibited a confluent monolayer of homogeneously<br />

hexagonal cells of smaller size. After 10 days, MCECs treated<br />

with Y-27632 yielded colony areas 1.6-fold more extensive (P=0.01)<br />

than those of control cells (67) . A similar effect was evident both <strong>in</strong> vitro<br />

<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> vivo upon <strong>in</strong>stillation of Y-27632-conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>eye</strong> drops six times<br />

daily for a week (68-70) . Recently, the same group successfully <strong>in</strong>jected<br />

a s<strong>in</strong>gle-cell suspension <strong>in</strong>to the anterior chamber of monkey <strong>eye</strong>s,<br />

to restore the corneal endothelial layer. Cells exposed to Y-27632<br />

exhibited good adhesion <strong>and</strong> survival after animals were restra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />

for 3 hours <strong>in</strong> the head-prone position. Cells not exposed to Y-27632<br />

did not attach to posterior stromal tissue (70) .<br />

Immortalization of corneal endothelial cells has been attempted<br />

<strong>in</strong> several ways, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g via transfection of the SV40 oncogene (71) ,<br />

retroviral transduction of genes encod<strong>in</strong>g papilloma-virus E6/E7 or<br />

Cdk4R24C/Cycl<strong>in</strong>D1, <strong>and</strong> spontaneous immortalization (72,73) .<br />

Some cl<strong>in</strong>ical practice reports have come to the same conclusion<br />

reached <strong>in</strong> the precl<strong>in</strong>ical work. In 2009, two cases of spontaneous<br />

corneal clearance after subtotal DMEK graft detachment were re -<br />

ported. The patients atta<strong>in</strong>ed a BCVA of 20/28 <strong>and</strong> 20/20 after 9<br />

months (74) . Similar results were noted <strong>in</strong> 28 of 36 <strong>eye</strong>s from patients<br />

after stromal gap or subtotal graft detachment. Re-establishment<br />

of the endothelium proceeded <strong>in</strong> an <strong>in</strong>verse manner <strong>in</strong> those with<br />

subtotal graft detachments, suggest<strong>in</strong>g massive migration of corneal<br />

endothelial cells from the graft to the host cornea, <strong>and</strong> from<br />

the periphery to the center (75) . In 2012, the Melles group described<br />

what they termed “Descemet’s membrane endothelial transfer” <strong>in</strong> a<br />

patient <strong>in</strong> whom a graft was free-float<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the anterior chamber.<br />

Corneal clearance was achieved after some months, exhibit<strong>in</strong>g re-<br />

-endothelialization of the recipient posterior stroma <strong>and</strong> suggest<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the potential for a “no-keratoplasty” surgical concept <strong>in</strong> the management<br />

of corneal endothelial disorders (76) .<br />

CONCLUSIONS<br />

EK is an evolv<strong>in</strong>g treatment that represents a great improvement<br />

on PK. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the last 10 years, EK has been shown to be safe <strong>and</strong><br />

effective when used to treat endothelial dysfunction. DSEK <strong>and</strong> DSAEK<br />

are the surgical techniques most employed today, <strong>and</strong> yield good<br />

results, although DMEK offers advantages <strong>in</strong> terms of postoperative<br />

visual results <strong>and</strong> graft rejection rates. The use of DMEK <strong>and</strong> hybrid<br />

techniques is <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> may overcome DSAEK worldwide with<strong>in</strong><br />

a few years. The future of EK is dependent on advances <strong>in</strong> pure endothelial<br />

keratoplasty. A collaborative translational effort must be made<br />

to render endothelial cell therapy a viable treatment alternative. Precl<strong>in</strong>ical<br />

studies have yielded sufficient data to make it clear that pure<br />

endothelial keratoplasty will become possible <strong>in</strong> time.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. André Aguillera,<br />

Ms. Márcia Tanakai <strong>and</strong> Ms. Patrícia Milanez for their expertise <strong>in</strong> electron<br />

microscopy <strong>and</strong> contribut<strong>in</strong>g their valuable images this paper.<br />

Figure 8. Photomicroscopy of primary culture of human corneal endothelial cells cultured<br />

for 4 weeks (magnification 20x - HE sta<strong>in</strong>).<br />

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R, Melles GR, et al. Thickness measurements of donor posterior disks after Descemet<br />

stripp<strong>in</strong>g endothelial keratoplasty with anterior segment optical coherence tomography.<br />

Cornea. 2009;28(3):298-303.<br />

50. McCauley MB, Price FW Jr, Price MO. Descemet membrane automated endothelial<br />

keratoplasty: hybrid technique comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g DSAEK stability with DMEK visual results.<br />

J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35(10):1659-64.<br />

51. Bus<strong>in</strong> M, Patel AK, Scorcia V, Galan A, Ponz<strong>in</strong> D. Stromal support for Descemet’s<br />

membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(12):2273-7.<br />

52. Senoo T, Joyce NC. Cell cycle k<strong>in</strong>etics <strong>in</strong> corneal endothelium from old <strong>and</strong> young<br />

donors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(3):660-7.<br />

53. Senoo T, Obara Y, Joyce NC. EDTA: a promoter of proliferation <strong>in</strong> human corneal<br />

endothelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(10):2930-5.<br />

54. Zhu YT, Hayashida Y, Kheirkhah A, He H, Chen SY, Tseng SC. Characterization <strong>and</strong> comparison<br />

of <strong>in</strong>tercellular adherent junctions expressed by human corneal endothelial<br />

cells <strong>in</strong> vivo <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(9):3879-86.<br />

55. Miyata K, Drake J, Osakabe Y, Hosokawa Y, Hwang D, Soya K, et al. Effect of donor<br />

age on morphologic variation of cultured human corneal endothelial cells. Cornea.<br />

2001;20(1):59-63.<br />

56. Joyce NC, Zhu CC. Human corneal endothelial cell proliferation: potential for use <strong>in</strong><br />

regenerative medic<strong>in</strong>e. Cornea. 2004;23(8 Suppl):S8-19.<br />

57. Mimura T, Shimomura N, Usui T, Noda Y, Kaji Y, Yamgami S, et al. Magnetic attraction<br />

of iron-endocytosed corneal endothelial cells to Descemet’s membrane. Exp Eye Res.<br />

2003;76(6):745-51.<br />

58. Mimura T, Yamagami S, Usui T, Ishii Y, Ono K, Yokoo S, et al. Long-term outcome of<br />

iron-endocytos<strong>in</strong>g cultured corneal endothelial cell transplantation with magnetic<br />

attraction. Exp Eye Res. 2005;80(2):149-57.<br />

59. Mimura T, Yamagami S, Yokoo S, Yanagi Y, Usui T, Ono K, et al. Sphere therapy for<br />

corneal endothelium deficiency <strong>in</strong> a rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;<br />

46(9):3128-35.<br />

60. Mimura T, Yokoo S, Araie M, Amano S, Yamagami S. Treatment of rabbit bullous kera-<br />

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Endothelial keratoplasty: evolution <strong>and</strong> horizons<br />

topathy with precursors derived from cultured human corneal endothelium. Invest<br />

Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(10):3637-44.<br />

61. Mimura T, Yamagami S, Usui T, Seiichi, Honda N, Amano S. Necessary prone position<br />

time for human corneal endothelial precursor transplantation <strong>in</strong> a rabbit endothelial<br />

deficiency model. Curr Eye Res. 2007;32(7-8):617-23.<br />

62. Li W, Sabater AL, Chen YT, Hayashida Y, Chen SY, He H, et al. A novel method of<br />

isolation, preservation, <strong>and</strong> expansion of human corneal endothelial cells. Invest<br />

Oph thalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(2):614-20.<br />

63. Patel SV, Bachman LA, Hann CR, Bahler CK, Fautsch MP. Human corneal endothelial<br />

cell transplantation <strong>in</strong> a human ex vivo model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;<br />

50(5):2123-31.<br />

64. Kikuchi M, Zhu C, Senoo T, Obara Y, Joyce NC. p27kip1 siRNA <strong>in</strong>duces proliferation <strong>in</strong><br />

corneal endothelial cells from young but not older donors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.<br />

2006;47(11):4803-9.<br />

65. Joyce NC, Harris DL. Decreas<strong>in</strong>g expression of the G1-phase <strong>in</strong>hibitors, p21Cip1 <strong>and</strong><br />

p16INK4a, promotes division of corneal endothelial cells from older donors. Mol Vis.<br />

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66. Croft DR, Olson MF. The Rho GTPase effector ROCK regulates cycl<strong>in</strong> A, cycl<strong>in</strong> D1, <strong>and</strong><br />

p27Kip1 levels by dist<strong>in</strong>ct mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26(12):4612-27.<br />

67. Okumura N, Ueno M, Koizumi N, Sakamoto Y, Hirata K, Hamuro J, et al. Enhancement<br />

on primate corneal endothelial cell survival <strong>in</strong> vitro by a ROCK <strong>in</strong>hibitor. Invest Oph -<br />

thalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(8):3680-7.<br />

68. Okumura N, Koizumi N, Ueno M, Sakamoto Y, Takahashi H, Hirata K, et al. Enhancement<br />

of corneal endothelium wound heal<strong>in</strong>g by Rho-associated k<strong>in</strong>ase (ROCK)<br />

<strong>in</strong>hibitor <strong>eye</strong> drops. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(7):1006-9.<br />

69. Okumura N, Koizumi N, Ueno M, Sakamoto Y, Takahashi H, Hamuro J, et al. The new<br />

therapeutic concept of us<strong>in</strong>g a rho k<strong>in</strong>ase <strong>in</strong>hibitor for the treatment of corneal<br />

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70. Koizumi N, Okumura N, K<strong>in</strong>oshita S. Development of new therapeutic modalities for<br />

corneal endothelial disease focused on the proliferation of corneal endothelial cells<br />

us<strong>in</strong>g animal models. Exp Eye Res. 2012;95(1):60-7.<br />

71. Bednarz J, Teifel M, Friedl P, Engelmann K. Immortalization of human corneal endothelial<br />

cells us<strong>in</strong>g electroporation protocol optimized for human corneal endothelial<br />

<strong>and</strong> human ret<strong>in</strong>al pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol Sc<strong>and</strong>. 2000;78(2):130-6.<br />

72. Yokoi T, Seko Y, Yokoi T, Mak<strong>in</strong>o H, Hatou S, Yamada M, et al. Establishment of function<strong>in</strong>g<br />

human corneal endothelial cell l<strong>in</strong>e with high growth potential. PloS One.<br />

2012;7(1):e29677.<br />

73. Fan T, Zhao J, Ma X, Xu X, Zhao W, Xu B. Establishment of a cont<strong>in</strong>uous untransfected<br />

human corneal endothelial cell l<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> its biocompatibility to denuded amniotic<br />

mem brane. Mol Vis. 2011;17:469-80.<br />

74. Balach<strong>and</strong>ran C, Ham L, Verschoor CA, Ong TS, van der Wees J, Melles GR. Spontaneous<br />

corneal clearance despite graft detachment <strong>in</strong> descemet membrane<br />

endothelial keratoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(2):227-34.e1.<br />

75. Dirisamer M, Dapena I, Ham L, van Dijk K, Oganes O, Frank LE, et al. Patterns of<br />

corneal endothelialization <strong>and</strong> corneal clearance after descemet membrane endothelial<br />

keratoplasty for fuchs endothelial dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152(4):<br />

543-55.e1.<br />

76. Dirisamer M, Ham L, Dapena I, van Dijk K, Melles GR. Descemet membrane endothelial<br />

transfer: “free-float<strong>in</strong>g” donor Descemet implantation as a potential alternative to<br />

“keratoplasty”. Cornea. 2012;31(2):194-7.<br />

XX Simpósio Internacional<br />

de Atualização em Oftalmologia<br />

da Santa Casa de São Paulo<br />

14 e 15 de junho de 2013<br />

Instituto Sírio Libanês de Ens<strong>in</strong>o e Pesquisa<br />

São Paulo (SP)<br />

Informações:<br />

Site: www.oftalmosantacasa.com.br<br />

446 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):439-46


Cartas ao Editor | Letters to the Editor<br />

Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Review<br />

Ceratoprótese de Boston tipo I. Revisão<br />

Sérgio Kwitko 1<br />

Prezados Drs. Fern<strong>and</strong>a Magalhães, Luciene Barbosa de Sousa e<br />

Lauro de Oliveira,<br />

Tive a oportunidade de ler com atenção o <strong>in</strong>teressante trabalho<br />

de revisão por vocês publicado sobre ceratoprótese de Boston tipo<br />

I: “Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Review” Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;<br />

75(3):218-22).<br />

Este trabalho de revisão de literatura demonstra a importante ar ma<br />

terapêutica que representa a ceratoprótese de Boston tipo I pa ra pacientes<br />

cegos em que outras alternativas terapêuticas não têm bom<br />

prognóstico.<br />

Em 2008 publicamos neste mesmo periódico nossa experiência<br />

<strong>in</strong>icial com este tipo de ceratoprótese (Kwitko S, Mar<strong>in</strong>ho D, Stolz<br />

A, Rymer S, Dal Pizzol M. Experiência <strong>in</strong>icial com a ceratoprótese de<br />

Dohlman-Doane: relato de casos. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008;71(2):258-61.)<br />

com resultados também bastante promissores e semelhantes aos da<br />

literatura.<br />

Como o presente trabalho (Magalhães FP, Sousa LB, Oliveira LA.<br />

Boston type I keratoprosthesis. Review. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(3):<br />

218-22) foi realizado por brasileiros em uma Instituição brasileira, e<br />

publicado em um periódico brasileiro, seria <strong>in</strong>teressante ter citado<br />

também a nossa experiência publicada anteriormente neste mesmo<br />

periódico.<br />

Enviamos recentemente para publicação também um artigo de<br />

revisão, a convite da Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia, onde relatamos<br />

nossa experiência com implante de ceratoprótese de Boston<br />

tipo I em 28 olhos, e resultados também semelhantes aos da literatura.<br />

Atenciosamente,<br />

Sérgio Kwitko<br />

Submetido para publicação em: 8 de agosto de 2012<br />

Aceito para publicação em: 14 de agosto de 2012<br />

1<br />

Setor de Córnea e Doenças Externas, Serviço de Oftalmologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre,<br />

Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil.<br />

Endereço para correspondência: Sérgio Kwitko. Av. Nilo Peçanha, 724/401 - Porto Alegre (RS) -<br />

90470-000 - Brasil - E-mail: sergio@oftalmocentro.com.br<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):447<br />

447


2013<br />

10<br />

AGOSTO<br />

92013<br />

82013<br />

AGOSTO<br />

72013<br />

AGOSTO<br />

AGOSTO<br />

www.<br />

cbo2013<br />

.com.br


Instruções para Autores | Instructions to Authors<br />

O ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE OFTALMOLOGIA (ABO, ISSN 0004-<br />

2749 - versão impressa e ISSN 1678-2925 - versão eletrônica), publicação<br />

bimestral oficial do Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia, obje -<br />

tiva divulgar estudos científicos em Oftalmologia, Ciências Visuais e<br />

Saúde Pública, foment<strong>and</strong>o a pesquisa, o aperfeiçoamento e a atualização<br />

dos profissionais relacionados à área.<br />

Metodologia<br />

São aceitos manuscritos orig<strong>in</strong>ais, em português, <strong>in</strong>glês ou<br />

espanhol que, de acordo com a metodologia empregada, deverão<br />

ser caracterizados em uma das segu<strong>in</strong>tes modalidades:<br />

Estudos Clínicos<br />

Estudos descritivos ou analíticos que envolvam análises em<br />

seres humanos ou avaliem a literatura pert<strong>in</strong>ente a seres humanos.<br />

Estudos Epidemiológicos<br />

Estudos analíticos que envolvam resultados populacionais.<br />

Estudos de Experimentação Laboratorial<br />

Estudos descritivos ou analíticos que envolvam modelos ani -<br />

mais ou outras técnicas biológicas, físicas ou químicas.<br />

Estudos Teóricos<br />

Estudos descritivos que se refiram à descrição e análise teórica<br />

de novas hipóteses propostas com base no conhecimento existente<br />

na literatura.<br />

Tipos de Manuscritos<br />

A forma do manuscrito enviado deve enquadrar-se em uma das<br />

categorias a seguir. Os limites para cada tipo de manuscrito estão<br />

entre parênteses ao f<strong>in</strong>al das descrições das categorias. A contagem<br />

de palavras do manuscrito refere-se do <strong>in</strong>ício da <strong>in</strong>trodução ao f<strong>in</strong>al<br />

da discussão, portanto, não participam da contagem a pág<strong>in</strong>a de<br />

rosto, abstract, resumo, referências, agradecimentos, tabelas e figu -<br />

ras <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>in</strong>do legendas.<br />

Editoriais<br />

Os editoriais são feitos a convite e devem ser referentes a<br />

assuntos de <strong>in</strong>teresse atual, preferencialmente relacionados a arti -<br />

gos publicados no mesmo fascículo do ABO (limites máximos: 1.000<br />

palavras, título, 2 figuras ou tabelas no total e 10 referências).<br />

Artigos Orig<strong>in</strong>ais<br />

Artigos orig<strong>in</strong>ais apresentam experimentos completos com<br />

resultados nunca publicados (limites máximos: 3.000 palavras, tí -<br />

tulo, resumo estruturado, 7 figuras ou tabelas no total e 30 referências).<br />

A avaliação dos manuscritos enviados seguirá as prioridades<br />

abaixo:<br />

1. Informação nova e relevante comprovada em estudo com<br />

metodologia adequada.<br />

2. Repetição de <strong>in</strong>formação existente na literatura a<strong>in</strong>da não<br />

comprovada regionalmente baseada em estudo com metodologia<br />

adequada.<br />

3. Repetição de <strong>in</strong>formação existente na literatura e já compro vada<br />

regionalmente, desde que baseada em estudo com me todologia<br />

adequada.<br />

* Não serão aceitos manuscritos com conclusões especulativas, não<br />

comprovadas pelos resultados ou baseadas em estudo com metodologia<br />

<strong>in</strong>adequada.<br />

Relatos de Casos ou Série de Casos<br />

Relatos de casos ou série de casos serão considerados para<br />

publicação se descreverem achados com raridade e orig<strong>in</strong>alidade<br />

a<strong>in</strong>da não comprovadas <strong>in</strong>ternacionalmente, ou qu<strong>and</strong>o o relato<br />

apresentar respostas clínicas ou cirúrgicas que auxiliem na elu -<br />

cidação fisiopatológica de alguma doença (limites máximos: 1.000<br />

pa lavras, título, resumo não estruturado, 4 figuras ou tabelas no<br />

total e 10 referências).<br />

Cartas ao Editor<br />

As cartas ao editor serão consideradas para publicação se <strong>in</strong>cluírem<br />

comentários pert<strong>in</strong>entes a manuscritos publicados anteriormente<br />

no ABO ou, excepcionalmente, resultados de estudos origi -<br />

nais com conteúdo <strong>in</strong>suficiente para serem enviados como Artigo<br />

Orig<strong>in</strong>al. Elas devem <strong>in</strong>troduzir nova <strong>in</strong>formação ou nova <strong>in</strong>terpre -<br />

tação de <strong>in</strong>formação já existente. Qu<strong>and</strong>o seu conteúdo fizer referência<br />

a algum artigo publicado no ABO, este deve estar citado no<br />

primeiro parágrafo e constar das referências. Nestes casos, as cartas<br />

estarão associadas ao artigo em questão, e o direito de réplica dos<br />

autores será garantido na mesma edição. Não serão publicadas cartas<br />

de congratulações (limites máximos: 700 palavras, título, 2 figuras<br />

ou tabelas no total e 5 referências).<br />

Manuscritos de Revisão<br />

Manuscritos de revisão seguem a l<strong>in</strong>ha editorial da revista e são<br />

aceitos apenas por convite do editor. Sugestões de assuntos para<br />

artigos de revisão podem ser feitas diretamente ao editor, mas os<br />

manuscritos não podem ser enviados sem um convite prévio (limi-<br />

tes máximos: 4.000 palavras, título, resumo não estruturado, 8 figuras<br />

ou tabelas no total e 100 referências).<br />

Processo Editorial<br />

Para que o manuscrito <strong>in</strong>gresse no processo editorial, é fundamental<br />

que todas as regras tenham sido cumpridas. A secretaria<br />

editorial comunicará <strong>in</strong>adequações no envio do manuscrito. Após<br />

a notificação, o autor correspondente terá o prazo de 30 dias para<br />

adequação do seu manuscrito. Se o prazo não for cumprido, o ma -<br />

nuscrito será excluído.<br />

Os manuscritos enviados ao ABO são avaliados <strong>in</strong>icialmente<br />

pelos editores quanto à adequação do seu conteúdo à l<strong>in</strong>ha edito -<br />

rial do periódico. Após essa avaliação, todos os manuscritos são<br />

encam<strong>in</strong>hados para análise e avaliação por pares, sendo o anonima -<br />

to dos avaliadores garantido em todo o processo de julgamento. O<br />

anonimato dos autores não é implementado.<br />

Após a avaliação editorial <strong>in</strong>icial, os comentários dos avaliado -<br />

res podem ser encam<strong>in</strong>hados aos autores como orientação para as<br />

mo dificações que devam ser realizadas no texto. Após a implemen<br />

ta ção das modificações sugeridas pelos avaliadores, o manuscrito<br />

re visado deverá ser encam<strong>in</strong>hado, acompanhado de carta<br />

(enviada como documento suplementar) <strong>in</strong>dic<strong>and</strong>o pon tual mente<br />

todas as modificações realizadas no manuscrito ou os motivos<br />

pelos quais as modificações sugeridas não foram efetuadas. Manuscritos<br />

que não vierem acompanhados da carta <strong>in</strong>dic<strong>and</strong>o as<br />

modificações ficarão retidos aguard<strong>and</strong>o o recebimento da mesma.<br />

O prazo para envio da nova versão do manuscrito é de 90 dias<br />

após a comunicação da necessidade de modificações, sendo<br />

ex cluído após esse prazo. A publicação dependerá da aprovação<br />

f<strong>in</strong>al dos editores.<br />

Os trabalhos devem dest<strong>in</strong>ar-se exclusivamente ao Arquivos<br />

Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, não sendo permitido envio simultâneo<br />

a outro periódico, nem sua reprodução total ou parcial, ou<br />

tradução para publicação em outro idioma, sem autorização dos<br />

editores.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):449-52<br />

449


Autoria<br />

Os critérios para autoria de manuscritos em periódicos médi -<br />

cos está bem estabelecido. O crédito de autoria deve ser baseado<br />

em <strong>in</strong>divíduos que tenham contribuído de maneira concreta nas<br />

segu<strong>in</strong>tes três fases do manuscrito:<br />

I. Concepção e del<strong>in</strong>eamento do estudo, coleta dos dados ou<br />

análise e <strong>in</strong>terpretação dos dados.<br />

II. Redação do manuscrito ou revisão crítica do manuscrito com<br />

relação ao seu conteúdo <strong>in</strong>telectual.<br />

III. Aprovação f<strong>in</strong>al da versão do manuscrito a ser publicada.<br />

O ABO requer que os autores garantam que todos os autores<br />

preenchem os critérios acima e que nenhuma pessoa que preencha<br />

esses critérios seja preterida da autoria. Apenas a posição de chefia<br />

de qualquer <strong>in</strong>divíduo não atribui a este o papel de autor, o ABO não<br />

aceita a participação de autores honorários.<br />

É necessário que o autor correspondente preencha e envie o<br />

formulário de Declaração de Contribuição dos Autores como docu -<br />

mento suplementar.<br />

Preparação do Artigo<br />

Os artigos devem ser enviados exclusivamente de forma eletrônica,<br />

pela Internet, na <strong>in</strong>terface apropriada do ABO. As normas que se<br />

seguem foram baseadas no formato proposto pelo Inter na tional<br />

Com mittee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) e publicadas no artigo:<br />

Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Bio medical Journals.<br />

O respeito às <strong>in</strong>struções é condição obrigatória para que o tra -<br />

balho seja considerado para análise.<br />

O texto deve ser enviado em formato digital, sendo aceitos<br />

apenas os formatos .doc. ou .rtf. O corpo do texto deve ser digitado<br />

em espaço duplo, fonte tamanho 12, com pág<strong>in</strong>as numeradas em<br />

al garismos arábicos, <strong>in</strong>ici<strong>and</strong>o-se cada seção em uma nova pági na.<br />

As seções devem se apresentar na sequência: Pág<strong>in</strong>a de Rosto,<br />

Abstract e Keywords, Resumo e Descritores, Introdução, Métodos,<br />

Resultados, Discussão Agradecimentos (eventuais), Referências, Tabelas<br />

(opcionais) e Figuras (opcionais) com legenda.<br />

1. Pág<strong>in</strong>a de Rosto. Deve conter: a) título em <strong>in</strong>glês (máximo<br />

de 135 caracteres, <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>in</strong>do espaços); b) título em português ou<br />

es panhol (máximo de 135 caracteres, <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>in</strong>do espaços); c) tí tulo<br />

resumido para cabeçalho (máximo 60 caracteres, <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>in</strong>do os<br />

es paços); d) nome científico de cada autor; e) titulação de cada<br />

autor (área de atuação profissional*, cidade, estado, país e, qu<strong>and</strong>o<br />

houver, depar tamento, escola, Universidade); f ) nome, endereço,<br />

telefone e e-mail do autor correspondente; g) fontes de auxilio<br />

à pesquisa (se hou ver); h) número do projeto e <strong>in</strong>stituição responsável<br />

pelo parecer do Co mitê de Ética em Pesquisa; i) declaração dos<br />

conflitos de <strong>in</strong> teresses de todos os autores; j) número do registro<br />

dos ensaios clí nicos em uma base de acesso público.<br />

*Médico, estatístico, enfermeiro, ortoptista, fisioterapeuta, estudante etc.<br />

Aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Todos os estudos<br />

que envolvam coleta de dados primários ou relatos clínico-cirúrgicos,<br />

sejam retrospectivos, transversais ou prospectivos, de vem<br />

<strong>in</strong>dicar, na pág<strong>in</strong>a de rosto, o número do projeto e nome da Instituição<br />

que forneceu o parecer do Comitê de Ética em Pes quisa.<br />

As pesquisas em seres humanos devem seguir a Declaração de<br />

Hels<strong>in</strong>que, enquanto as pesquisas envolvendo animais devem<br />

seguir os pr<strong>in</strong>cí pios propostos pela Association for Research <strong>in</strong> Vision<br />

<strong>and</strong> Oph thal mo logy (ARVO).<br />

É necessário que o autor correspondente envie, como documento<br />

suplementar, a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa ou seu<br />

parecer dispens<strong>and</strong>o da avaliação do projeto pelo Comitê. Não cabe<br />

ao autor a decisão sobre a necessidade de avaliação pelo Comitê de<br />

Ética em Pesquisa.<br />

Declaração de Conflito de Interesses. A pág<strong>in</strong>a de rosto deve<br />

conter a declaração de conflitos de <strong>in</strong>teresse de todos os autores<br />

(mesmo que esta seja <strong>in</strong>existente). Para maiores <strong>in</strong>formações sobre<br />

os potenciais conflitos de <strong>in</strong>teresse acesse: Chamon W, Melo LA Jr,<br />

Paranhos A Jr. Declaração de conflito de <strong>in</strong>teresse em apresentações<br />

e publicações científicas. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2010;73(2):107-9.<br />

É necessário que todos os autores enviem os Formulários para Declaração<br />

de Conflitos de Interesse como documentos suplementares.<br />

Ensaios Clínicos. Todos os Ensaios Clínicos devem <strong>in</strong>dicar, na pá g<strong>in</strong>a<br />

de rosto, número de registro em uma base <strong>in</strong>ternacional de re gis -<br />

tro que permita o acesso livre a consulta (exemplos: U.S. Na tional<br />

Ins ti tutes of Health, Australian <strong>and</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Trials<br />

Registry, Inter national St<strong>and</strong>ard R<strong>and</strong>omised Controlled Trial Num ber<br />

- ISRCTN, University Hos pital Medical Information Net work Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Trials<br />

Registry - UMIN CTR, Ne derl<strong>and</strong>s Trial Register).<br />

2. Abstract e Keywords. Resumo estruturado (Purpose, Methods,<br />

Re sults, Conclusions) com, no máximo, 300 palavras. Resumo não<br />

estruturado com, no máximo, 150 palavras. Citar c<strong>in</strong>co descritores<br />

em <strong>in</strong>glês, listados pela National Library of Medic<strong>in</strong>e (MeSH - Medical<br />

Subject Head<strong>in</strong>gs).<br />

3. Resumo e Descritores. Resumo estruturado (Objetivos, Méto -<br />

dos, Resultados, Conclusões) com, no máximo 300 palavras. Resumo<br />

não estruturado com, no máximo, 150 palavras. Citar c<strong>in</strong>co descritores,<br />

em português listados pela BIREME (DeCS - Descritores<br />

em Ciências da Saúde).<br />

4. Introdução, Métodos, Resultados e Discussão. As citações no<br />

texto devem ser numeradas sequencialmente, em números arábi -<br />

cos sobrescritos e entre parênteses. É desaconselhada a citação<br />

no m<strong>in</strong>al dos autores.<br />

5. Agradecimentos. Colaborações de pessoas que mereçam<br />

re conhecimento, mas que não justificam suas <strong>in</strong>clusões como<br />

auto res, devem ser citadas nessa seção. Estatísticos e editores médicos<br />

po dem preencher os critérios de autoria e, neste caso, de vem<br />

ser reconhecidos como tal. Qu<strong>and</strong>o não preencherem os critérios<br />

de autoria, eles deverão, obrigatoriamente, ser citados nesta<br />

seção. Não são aceitos escritores não identificados no manus -<br />

crito, portanto, escritores profissionais devem ser reconhecidos<br />

nes ta seção.<br />

6. Referências. A citação (referência) dos autores no texto deve<br />

ser numérica e sequencial, na mesma ordem que foram citadas<br />

e identificadas por algarismos arábicos sobrescritos. A apresen tação<br />

deve estar baseada no formato proposto pelo International<br />

Com mittee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), conforme os exem -<br />

plos que se seguem.<br />

Os títulos de periódicos devem ser abreviados de acordo com o<br />

estilo apresentado pela List of Journal Indexed <strong>in</strong> Index Medicus, da<br />

National Library of Medic<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

Para todas as referências, cite todos os autores, até seis. Nos traba -<br />

lhos com sete ou mais autores, cite apenas os seis primeiros,<br />

seguidos da expressão et al.<br />

Exemplos de referências:<br />

Artigos de Periódicos<br />

Costa VP, Vasconcellos JP, Comegno PEC, José NK. O uso da mitomic<strong>in</strong>a<br />

C em cirurgia comb<strong>in</strong>ada. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 1999; 62(5):577-80.<br />

Livros<br />

Bicas HEA. Oftalmologia: fundamentos. São Paulo: Contexto; 1991.<br />

450 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):449-52


Capítulos de livros<br />

Gómez de Liaño F, Gómez de Liaño P, Gómez de Liaño R. Exploración<br />

del niño estrábico. In: Horta-Barbosa P, editor. Estrabismo. Rio de<br />

Ja neiro: Cultura Médica; 1997. p. 47-72.<br />

Anais<br />

Höfl<strong>in</strong>g-Lima AL, Belfort R Jr. Infecção herpética do recém-nascido.<br />

In: IV Congresso Brasileiro de Prevenção da Cegueira; 1980 Jul 28-30,<br />

Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Anais. Belo Horizonte; 1980. v.2. p. 205-12.<br />

Teses<br />

Schor P. Idealização, desenho, construção e teste de um cera tô -<br />

metro cirúrgico quantitativo [tese]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal<br />

de São Paulo; 1997.<br />

Documentos Eletrônicos<br />

Monteiro MLR, Scapolan HB. Constrição campimétrica causada por<br />

vigabatr<strong>in</strong>. Arq Bras Oftalmol. [periódico na Internet]. 2000 [citado<br />

2005 Jan 31]; 63(5): [cerca de 4 p.]. Disponível em:http://www.scielo.<br />

br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-274920000005000<br />

12&lng=pt&nrm=iso<br />

7. Tabelas. A numeração das tabelas deve ser sequencial, em algarismos<br />

arábicos, na ordem em que foram citadas no texto. Todas<br />

as tabelas devem ter título e cabeçalho para todas as colunas<br />

e se rem apresentadas em formatação simples, sem l<strong>in</strong>has verticais<br />

ou preen chimentos de fundo. No rodapé da tabela deve constar<br />

legenda para todas as abreviaturas (mesmo que def<strong>in</strong>idas previamente<br />

no texto) e testes estatísticos utilizados, além da fonte<br />

bi bliográfica qu<strong>and</strong>o extraída de outro trabalho. Todas as tabelas<br />

devem estar contidas no documento pr<strong>in</strong>cipal do manuscrito após<br />

as referências bibliográficas, além de serem enviadas como documento<br />

suplementar.<br />

8. Figuras (gráficos, fotografias, ilustrações, quadros). A nu -<br />

meração das figuras deve ser sequencial, em algarismos arábi -<br />

cos, na ordem em que foram citadas no texto. O ABO publicará as<br />

figuras em preto e branco sem custos para os autores. Os manus -<br />

critos com figuras coloridas apenas serão publicados após o<br />

pagamento da respectiva taxa de publicação de R$ 500,00 por<br />

manuscrito.<br />

Os gráficos devem ser, preferencialmente, em tons de c<strong>in</strong>za, com<br />

fundo branco e sem recursos que simulem 3 dimensões ou profundidade.<br />

Gráficos do tipo torta são dispensáveis e devem ser substituídos<br />

por tabelas ou as <strong>in</strong>formações serem descritas no texto.<br />

Fotografias e ilustrações devem ter resolução mínima de 300 DPI<br />

para o tamanho f<strong>in</strong>al da publicação (cerca de 2.500 x 3.300 pixels,<br />

para pág<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>teira). A qualidade das imagens é considerada na<br />

avaliação do manuscrito.<br />

Todas as figuras devem estar contidas no documento pr<strong>in</strong>cipal do<br />

manuscrito após as tabelas (se houver) ou após as referências bibliográficas,<br />

além de serem enviadas como documento suplementar.<br />

No documento pr<strong>in</strong>cipal, cada figura deve vir acompanhada de sua<br />

respectiva legenda em espaço duplo e numerada em algarismo<br />

arábico.<br />

Os arquivos suplementares enviados podem ter as segu<strong>in</strong>tes extensões:<br />

JPG, BMP, TIF, GIF, EPS, PSD, WMF, EMF ou PDF, e devem<br />

ser nomeados conforme a identificação das figuras, por exemplo:<br />

“grafico_1.jpg” ou “figura_1A.bmp”.<br />

9. Abreviaturas e Siglas. Qu<strong>and</strong>o presentes, devem ser precedidas<br />

do nome correspondente completo ao qual se referem, qu<strong>and</strong>o<br />

ci tadas pela primeira vez, e nas legendas das tabelas e figuras<br />

(mesmo que tenham citadas abreviadas anteriormente no texto).<br />

Não devem ser usadas no título e no resumo.<br />

10. Unidades: Valores de gr<strong>and</strong>ezas físicas devem ser referidos de<br />

acordo com os padrões do Sistema Internacional de Unidades.<br />

11. L<strong>in</strong>guagem. A clareza do texto deve ser adequada a uma<br />

pu blicação científica. Opte por sentenças curtas na forma direta e<br />

ati va. Qu<strong>and</strong>o o uso de uma palavra estrangeira for absolutamente<br />

ne cessário, ela deve aparecer com formatação itálica. Agentes<br />

te ra pêuticos devem ser <strong>in</strong>dicados pelos seus nomes genéricos<br />

seguidos, entre parênteses, pelo nome comercial, fabricante, cidade,<br />

es tado e país de origem. Todos os <strong>in</strong>strumentos ou apare -<br />

lhos de fabricação utilizados devem ser citados com o seu nome<br />

comercial, fabricante, cidade, estado e país de origem. É necessária<br />

a colocação do símbolo (sobrescrito) de marca registrada ® ou <br />

em todos os nomes de <strong>in</strong>strumentos ou apresentações comerciais<br />

de drogas. Em situações de dúvidas em relação a estilo, term<strong>in</strong>ologia,<br />

medidas e assuntos correlatos, o AMA Manual of Style 10th<br />

edition deverá ser consultado.<br />

12. Documentos Orig<strong>in</strong>ais. Os autores correspondentes devem ter<br />

sob sua guarda os documentos orig<strong>in</strong>ais como a carta de aprovação<br />

do comitê de ética <strong>in</strong>stitucional para estudos com humanos ou<br />

animais; o termo de consentimento <strong>in</strong>formado ass<strong>in</strong>ado por todos<br />

os pacientes envolvidos, a declaração de concordância com o conteúdo<br />

completo do trabalho ass<strong>in</strong>ada por todos os autores e declaração<br />

de conflito de <strong>in</strong>teresse de todos os autores, além dos re gistros<br />

dos dados colhidos para os resultados do trabalho.<br />

13. Correções e Retratações. Erros podem ser percebidos após a<br />

publicação de um manuscrito que requeiram a publicação de<br />

uma correção. No entanto, alguns erros, apontados por qualquer<br />

leitor, podem <strong>in</strong>validar os resultados ou a autoria do manuscrito.<br />

Se al guma dúvida concreta a respeito da honestidade ou fidedignidade<br />

de um manuscrito enviado para publicação for levantada,<br />

é obri gação do editor excluir a possibilidade de fraude. Nestas<br />

si tuações o editor comunicará as <strong>in</strong>stituições envolvidas e as agências<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anciadoras a respeito da suspeita e aguardará a decisão<br />

f<strong>in</strong>al desses órgãos. Se houver a confirmação de uma publicação<br />

frau dulenta no ABO, o editor seguirá os protocolos sugeridos pela<br />

In ter na tional Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) e pelo<br />

Com mittee on Publication Ethics (COPE).<br />

Lista de Pendências<br />

Antes de <strong>in</strong>iciar o envio do seu manuscrito o autor deve confir -<br />

mar que todos os itens abaixo estão disponíveis:<br />

□ Manuscrito formatado de acordo com as <strong>in</strong>struções aos autores.<br />

□ Limites de palavras, tabelas, figuras e referências adequados<br />

para o tipo de manuscrito.<br />

□ Todas as figuras e tabelas <strong>in</strong>seridas no documento pr<strong>in</strong>cipal<br />

do manuscrito.<br />

□ Todas as figuras e tabelas na sua forma digital para serem<br />

enviadas separadamente como documentos suplementares.<br />

□ Formulário de Declaração da Participação dos Autores<br />

preen chido e salvo digitalmente, para ser enviado como<br />

do cumento suplementar.<br />

□ Formulários de Declarações de Conflitos de Interesses de<br />

todos os autores preenchidos e salvos digitalmente, para<br />

serem enviados como documentos suplementares.<br />

□ Número do registro na base de dados que contem o proto -<br />

colo do ensaio clínico const<strong>and</strong>o na folha de rosto.<br />

□ Versão digital do parecer do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa<br />

com a aprovação do projeto, para ser enviado como documento<br />

suplementar.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):449-52<br />

451


Lista de Sítios da Internet<br />

Interface de envio de artigos do ABO<br />

http://www.scielo.br/ABO<br />

Formulário de Declaração de Contribuição dos Autores<br />

http://www.cbo.com.br/site/files/Formulario Contribuicao dos Autores.pdf<br />

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)<br />

http://www.icmje.org/<br />

Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted<br />

to biomedical journals<br />

http://www.icmje.org/urm_full.pdf<br />

Declaração de Hels<strong>in</strong>que<br />

http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/<strong>in</strong>dex.html<br />

Pr<strong>in</strong>cípios da Association for Research <strong>in</strong><br />

Vision <strong>and</strong> Ophthal mo logy (ARVO)<br />

http://www.arvo.org/eweb/dynamicpage.aspx?site=arvo2&<br />

webcode=AnimalsResearch<br />

Chamon W, Melo LA Jr, Paranhos A Jr. Declaração de conflito de<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresse em apresentações e publicações científicas.<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2010;73(2):107-9.<br />

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abo/v73n2/v73n2a01.pdf<br />

Pr<strong>in</strong>cípios de Autoria segundo ICMJE<br />

http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html<br />

Formulários para Declaração de Conflitos de Interesse<br />

http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf<br />

U.S. National Institutes of Health<br />

http://www.cl<strong>in</strong>icaltrials.gov<br />

Australian <strong>and</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong> Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Trials Registry<br />

http://www.anzctr.org.au<br />

International St<strong>and</strong>ard R<strong>and</strong>omised Controlled<br />

Trial Number - ISRCTN<br />

http://isrctn.org/<br />

University Hospital Medical Information Network<br />

Cl<strong>in</strong>ical Trials Registry - UMIN CTR<br />

http://www.um<strong>in</strong>.ac.jp/ctr/<strong>in</strong>dex/htm<br />

Nederl<strong>and</strong>s Trial Register<br />

http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/<strong>in</strong>dex.asp<br />

MeSH - Medical Subject Head<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=mesh&term=<br />

DeCS - Descritores em Ciências da Saúde<br />

http://decs.bvs.br/<br />

Formatação proposta pela International Committee<br />

of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)<br />

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html<br />

List of Journal Indexed <strong>in</strong> Index Medicus<br />

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/journals<br />

ama Manual of Style 10th edition<br />

http://www.amamanualofstyle.com/<br />

Protocolos da International Committee of<br />

Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)<br />

http://www.icmje.org/publish<strong>in</strong>g_2corrections.html<br />

Protocolos da Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)<br />

http://publicationethics.org/flowcharts<br />

Editada por<br />

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Rua Vereador José Nanci, 151 - Parque Jaçatuba<br />

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Fone: (0xx11) 2172-0511 - Fax (0xx11) 2273-1557<br />

Diretor-Presidente: Fern<strong>and</strong>o Steven Ullmann;<br />

Diretora Comercial: Helen Suzana Perlmann; Diretora de Arte: Elza Rudolf;<br />

Editoração Eletrônica, CTP e Impressão: Ipsis Gráfica e Editora S.A.<br />

Periodicidade: Bimestral; Tiragem: 7.450 exemplares<br />

Publicidade<br />

conselho brasileiro de<br />

oftalmologia<br />

R. Casa do Ator, 1.117 - 2º <strong>and</strong>ar - Vila Olímpia -<br />

São Paulo - SP - CEP 04546-004<br />

Contato: Fabrício Lacerda<br />

Fone: (5511) 3266-4000 - Fax: (5511) 3171-0953<br />

E-mail: assessoria@cbo.com.br<br />

452 Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):449-52


Índice por assunto (descritores) | Subject <strong>in</strong>dex (keywords)<br />

v. 75 - 2012<br />

A<br />

Aberrações de frente de onda da córnea, 116<br />

Acomodação ocular<br />

fisiologia, 116<br />

Acon selhamento genético, 352<br />

Acuidade visual, 16, 29, 59, 87, 126, 161, 170, 192,<br />

243, 259, 341, 363, 427, 436<br />

Adenocarc<strong>in</strong>oma<br />

cirurgia, 64<br />

Adesivo tecidual de fibr<strong>in</strong>a, 251<br />

Adm<strong>in</strong>istração de recursos humanos, 407<br />

Adolescente, 140<br />

Adulto, 59, 131, 213, 280, 361, 430, 436<br />

Ambliopia, 38, 87<br />

Análise de custo-efetividade, 11<br />

Anemia falciforme, 313<br />

Aneurisma<br />

diagnóstico, 140<br />

Angiofluoresce<strong>in</strong>ografia, 140, 358<br />

métodos, 313<br />

Animais, 48<br />

Anoftalmia, 394<br />

cirurgia, 197<br />

Antibacterianos, 89<br />

Anticorpos monoclonais, 29<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem, 277<br />

uso terapêutico, 273<br />

Anticorpos monoclonais, humanizados, 273<br />

Antimicrobianos, 89<br />

Antimitóticos<br />

uso terapêutico, 61<br />

Aprendizagem, 188<br />

Arbovírus, 174<br />

Astigmatismo<br />

fisiopatologia, 126<br />

Aterosclerose, 48<br />

Ativação de macrófagos, 48<br />

Ativação do complemento, 71<br />

Atrofia geográfica, 273<br />

Atrofia girata, 59<br />

Atrofia óptica hereditária de Leber, 280<br />

Autoestima, 402<br />

Autoimagem, 402<br />

Azitromic<strong>in</strong>a<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem, 178<br />

Bactericidas, 89<br />

Baixa visão, 166, 259<br />

reabilitação, 239<br />

Banco de olhos, 398<br />

B<br />

Biocompatibilidade, 197<br />

Biopolímeros, 267<br />

Bioprótese, 267<br />

Blefarite<br />

quimioterapia, 178<br />

Blefaroplastia, 402<br />

Blefarospasmo<br />

terapia, 385<br />

Brasil, 67, 161, 202, 394, 407<br />

Bupivacaína<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem, 111<br />

uso terapêutico, 111<br />

C<br />

Campos visuais, 53, 170, 316<br />

Catarata, 333<br />

complicações, 341<br />

congênita, 337<br />

diagnóstico, 337<br />

etiologia, 348<br />

Cegueira<br />

epidemiologia, 341<br />

etiologia, 243, 341<br />

prevenção & controle, 333<br />

Células ganglionares da ret<strong>in</strong>a, 320<br />

Células matadoras naturais<br />

patologia, 430<br />

Censos, 407<br />

Ceratectomia fotorrefrativa, 33<br />

Ceratite, 247, 423<br />

Ceratocone, 101<br />

cirurgia, 20, 126<br />

fisiopatologia, 126<br />

Ceratoplastia en dotelial com remoção da<br />

membrana de Descemet<br />

métodos, 439<br />

Ceratoplastia penetrante, 390<br />

métodos, 439<br />

Chlamydia <strong>trachoma</strong>tis, 264<br />

Cicatriz, 420<br />

Cirurgia da córnea a laser, 33, 101<br />

Cirurgia filtrante, 433<br />

economia, 11<br />

Cloroqu<strong>in</strong>a<br />

efeitos adversos, 170<br />

Coelhos, 48, 197, 267<br />

Colesterol, 48<br />

Coleta de tecidos e órgãos, 398<br />

Competência clínica, 188<br />

Comprimento axial do olho, 38<br />

Conjuntiva<br />

transplante, 251<br />

Contam<strong>in</strong>ação de equipamentos, 174, 344<br />

Controle de qualidade, 398<br />

Corantes verdes de lissam<strong>in</strong>a<br />

uso diagnóstico, 420<br />

Córnea, 20, 101, 218<br />

fisiopatologia, 116<br />

patologia, 126<br />

Coroide, 48<br />

Corpos estranhos no olho<br />

ultrassonografia, 122<br />

Corpo vítreo, 107<br />

Criança, 207, 337, 348, 356<br />

Cristal<strong>in</strong>o<br />

cirurgia, 192<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong>a<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração e dosagem, 307, 385<br />

uso terapêutico, 385<br />

Custos de cuidados de saúde, 11<br />

D<br />

Dacriocistor<strong>in</strong>ostomia, 412<br />

Degeneração macular, 48, 273<br />

quimioterapia, 71<br />

Degeneração ret<strong>in</strong>iana<br />

cirurgia, 59<br />

Descolamento do vítreo<br />

diagnóstico, 415<br />

Descolamento ret<strong>in</strong>iano<br />

cirurgia, 59<br />

Descompressão cirúrgica, 131<br />

Desenho de prótese, 192, 218<br />

Desenvolvimento <strong>in</strong>fantil, 259<br />

Diagnóstico diferencial, 289<br />

Diplopia, 213<br />

Disco óptico, 53<br />

fisiopatologia, 243<br />

Displasia ectodérmica anidrótica tipo 1, 361<br />

Distribuição de médicos<br />

estatísticas & dados numéricos, 407<br />

Distrofias hereditárias da córnea<br />

diagnóstico, 356<br />

epidemiologia, 390<br />

patologia, 390<br />

Distrofias ret<strong>in</strong>ianas, 210, 283<br />

DNA mitocondrial, 280<br />

Doença crônica, 178<br />

Doenças autoimunes, 143<br />

Doenças da córnea<br />

cirurgia, 33, 218<br />

congênito, 215<br />

Doenças da túnica conjuntiva<br />

parasitologia, 67<br />

Doenças da íris, 352<br />

etiologia, 433<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64<br />

453


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

Doenças do aparelho lacrimal, 97<br />

Doenças do nervo trigêmeo<br />

congênito, 215<br />

Doenças do nervo óptico<br />

diagnóstico, 53<br />

Doenças ret<strong>in</strong>ianas, 352<br />

diagnóstico, 283, 313<br />

parasitologia, 43<br />

ultrassonografia, 43<br />

Doxicicl<strong>in</strong>a, 363<br />

Ducto nasolacrimal<br />

cirurgia, 412<br />

efeitos de radiação, 97<br />

E<br />

Edema macular, 29, 183, 358<br />

Educação, 202<br />

Educação em saúde, 16, 166<br />

Educação médica cont<strong>in</strong>uada, 256<br />

Eficiência organizacional, 333<br />

ELISA, 43<br />

Endoftalmite, 89<br />

etiologia, 344<br />

Ens<strong>in</strong>o<br />

métodos, 188<br />

Entrópio, 420<br />

Enucleação ocular, 197, 267, 348<br />

Epitélio pigmentado da ret<strong>in</strong>a, 71, 273<br />

Epitélio posterior<br />

patologia, 20, 439<br />

Equipamentos de auto-ajuda, 166<br />

Erros de refração, 116<br />

Esclera, 48<br />

Esclerite<br />

quimioterapia, 358<br />

Esclerotomia, 433<br />

Esotropia, 38<br />

quimioterapia, 111<br />

Estadiamento de neoplasias, 289<br />

Estética, 402<br />

Estrabismo, 213<br />

cirurgia, 188<br />

diagnóstico, 87, 111<br />

epidemiologia, 92<br />

quimioterapia, 111<br />

terapia, 385<br />

Estudo comparativo, 87, 307<br />

Estudos de validação, 259<br />

Estudos epidemiológicos, 341<br />

Evisceração do olho, 267, 394<br />

Exames médicos, 16<br />

Exenteração orbitária, 61, 197<br />

Exoftalmia, 137, 324<br />

complicações, 131<br />

Extração de catarata, 316, 333<br />

F<br />

Facoemulsificação, 174, 316, 333<br />

efeitos adversos, 344<br />

Fár macos neuromusculares<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem, 213<br />

Fator A de crescimento do endotélio vascular, 29<br />

Fatores de risco, 87, 170, 243<br />

Fem<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>o, 59, 213, 358, 430, 433, 436<br />

Fibras nervosas, 320<br />

patologia, 53<br />

Fibroblastos<br />

efeitos de dro gas, 235<br />

patologia, 235<br />

Filariose, 67<br />

Fixação ocular<br />

fi siologia, 87<br />

Fluoruracila<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & do sagem, 61<br />

uso terapêutico, 61<br />

G<br />

Gestão em saúde, 256<br />

Glândula lacrimal<br />

patologia, 64<br />

Glândulas tarsais, 178<br />

Glaucoma, 433<br />

diagnóstico, 316, 320<br />

economia, 11<br />

Glaucoma de ângulo aberto, 53<br />

complicações, 243<br />

terapia, 243<br />

Glucocorticoides<br />

uso terapêutico, 140<br />

Granuloma, 43<br />

Gravidez, 202<br />

H<br />

Hemorragia ret<strong>in</strong>iana, 436<br />

Hidroftalmos, 361<br />

Hipermetropia<br />

cirurgia, facoemulsificação, 192<br />

fisiopatologia, 192<br />

Hospitais públicos, 333<br />

Humanos, 59, 61, 131, 140, 207, 213, 280, 348, 356,<br />

358, 361, 430, 433, 436<br />

Idoso, 161, 358<br />

Implantação de lente <strong>in</strong>traocular, 316, 348<br />

Implantação de lentes <strong>in</strong>traoculares, 192<br />

efeitos adversos, 427<br />

Im plante de prótese, 126<br />

Implantes orbitários, 267<br />

Imunoistoquímica, 430<br />

Índice da doença da superfície ocular, 24<br />

Infecções oculares, 107<br />

Infecções oculares fúngicas<br />

epidemiologia, 247<br />

Infecções oculares parasitárias, 43<br />

parasitologia, 67<br />

Infecções por pseudomonas, 344<br />

Inflamação , 71, 143<br />

Inibidores da angiogênese<br />

uso terapêutico, 29<br />

Injeções, 29<br />

Injeções <strong>in</strong>tramusculares, 111<br />

Injeções <strong>in</strong>traoculares, 277<br />

Internato e residência, 188<br />

Internet, 166<br />

In vitro, 235<br />

Itália, 202<br />

I<br />

J<br />

Junção neuromuscular, 307<br />

Lâm<strong>in</strong>a limitante posterior da córnea, 20<br />

Lasers de excimer, 33<br />

uso terapêutico, 126<br />

Lentes <strong>in</strong>traoculares, 316<br />

Lepidópteros, 134<br />

Lesões por radiação, 348<br />

L<strong>in</strong>foma de células T, 430<br />

Loa, 67<br />

Loíase, 67<br />

L<br />

M<br />

Mácula lútea<br />

anormalidades, 283<br />

Manifestações oculares, 363<br />

Manobra de Valsalva, 436<br />

Mascul<strong>in</strong>o, 61, 131, 140, 207, 280, 361<br />

454<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

Meia- idade, 61, 131, 433<br />

Melanoma<br />

pa tolo gia, 289<br />

Melanose<br />

patologia, 289<br />

Mercado de trabalho, 256<br />

Meta-análise, 324<br />

Metaloprote<strong>in</strong>ase 13 da matriz, 64<br />

Metaloprote<strong>in</strong>ase 2 da matriz, 64<br />

Metaloprote<strong>in</strong>ase 9 da matriz, 64<br />

Metilprednisolona<br />

uso terapêutico, 358<br />

Micoses<br />

epidemiologia, 247<br />

Microscopia<br />

métodos, 122<br />

Midriáticos<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem, 116<br />

Miopia<br />

cirurgia, 192<br />

Misoprostol<br />

efeitos adversos, 202<br />

Modelos animais, 143, 267<br />

Músculos oculomotores, 111 , 385<br />

Mutação, 280<br />

N<br />

Nariz<br />

anormalidades, 352<br />

Nefrite hereditária<br />

complicações, 283<br />

Neoplasias da glândula tireoide<br />

radioterapia, 97<br />

Neoplasias da ret<strong>in</strong>a<br />

radioterapia, 348<br />

Neoplasias da túnica conjuntiva, 61, 207<br />

cirurgia, 289<br />

secundária, 289<br />

mortalidade, 289<br />

Neoplasias de células escamosas, 61<br />

Neoplasias nasais<br />

complicações, 430<br />

Neoplasias oculares, 430<br />

Neoplasias orbitárias<br />

diagnóstico, 137<br />

Neovascularização da córnea<br />

quimioterapia, 277<br />

Neovascularização de coroide, 273<br />

Nervo trigêmeo<br />

anormalidades, 215<br />

Nervo óptico<br />

patologia, 320<br />

Neurite óptica, 280, 430<br />

Neuromielite óptica, 280<br />

Nevos e melanoma, 289<br />

O<br />

Obstrução dos ductos lacrimais, 412<br />

Oclusão da veia ret<strong>in</strong>iana, 29, 358<br />

Oftalmologia, 407<br />

educação, 188<br />

recursos humanos, 256<br />

Oftalmopatia de Graves, 131, 324<br />

Oftalmopatias, 363<br />

Oftalmoplegia<br />

<strong>in</strong>duzido quimicamente, 307<br />

Oftalmoscopia, 313<br />

Oftalmoscópios, 337<br />

Óleos de silicone<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem, 59<br />

análise, 89<br />

Olho artificial, 267, 394<br />

Ondas de rádio, 412<br />

Opacidade da córnea, 356<br />

Órbita, 394<br />

patologia, 131<br />

P<br />

Pacientes desistentes do tratamento, 333<br />

Pálpebras, 420<br />

anormalidades, 352<br />

cirurgia, 402<br />

Paraguai, 341<br />

Perfurações ret<strong>in</strong>ianas, 286<br />

ultrassonografia, 415<br />

Pesquisa médica translacional, 439<br />

Pessoas com deficiência visual<br />

educação, 166<br />

Pigmentação<br />

fisiopatologia, 289<br />

Planos e programas de saúde, 16<br />

Português, 24<br />

Preservação de órgãos<br />

nor mas, 398<br />

Pressão <strong>in</strong>traocular, 433<br />

Procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos, 333<br />

Produto <strong>in</strong>terno bruto, 407<br />

Proliferação de células<br />

efeitos de drogas, 235<br />

Proteínas neurotóxicas de elapídeos, 307<br />

Proteínas quimioatraentes de monócitos, 48<br />

Prática profissional, 256<br />

Pré-escolar, 259<br />

Próteses e implantes, 218<br />

Pseudomonas aerug<strong>in</strong>osa, 344<br />

Pterígio<br />

cirurgia, 251<br />

patologia, 235<br />

Pupila<br />

fisiologia, 116<br />

Q<br />

Qualidade de vida, 161, 239<br />

Questionários, 24, 402, 420<br />

R<br />

Rabdomiossarcoma<br />

cirurgia, 207<br />

Rabdomiossarcoma embrionário<br />

cirurgia, 207<br />

Radioisótopos de iodo , 97<br />

Radioterapia, 324<br />

efeitos adversos, 348<br />

Raios ultravioleta, 423<br />

Rastreamento, 170<br />

Reagentes para ligações cruzadas, 423<br />

Re cidiva, 235<br />

Re cidiva local de neoplasia, 61<br />

Recursos humanos em saúde<br />

estatísticas & dados numéricos, 407<br />

Reflexo pupilar, 337<br />

Refração ocular, 116, 126<br />

Relato de caso, 59, 64, 67, 131, 134, 137, 140, 207,<br />

210, 213, 215, 280, 286, 352, 356, 358, 361, 427, 430,<br />

433, 436<br />

Reprodutibilidade dos testes, 320<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>a, 53, 71, 273<br />

efeito de drogas, 170<br />

fisiopatologia, 313<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>ite<br />

diagnóstico, 140<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>ite pigmentosa, 210<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>oblastoma<br />

cirurgia, 348<br />

radioterapia, 348<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>opatia diabética, 183<br />

Reutilização de equipamento, 174<br />

Revisão, 324<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64 455


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

Riboflav<strong>in</strong>, 423<br />

Riboflav<strong>in</strong>a, 101<br />

Rosácea<br />

diagnóstico, 363<br />

qui mioterapia, 363<br />

S<br />

Saccha rum, 267<br />

Satisfação do paciente, 402<br />

Saúde da criança, 16<br />

Saúde escolar, 16, 264<br />

Saúde ocular, 166<br />

Sensibilidade de contraste, 29, 316<br />

Sensibilidade e especificidade, 87, 122<br />

Serpentes, 307<br />

Serviços de reabilitação, 239<br />

Silicone, 197<br />

Síndrome, 140<br />

Síndrome de Möbius, 202<br />

Síndrome de Waardenburg, 352<br />

Síndromes do olho seco, 361, 420<br />

Soluções oftálmicas, 178<br />

Staphylococcus aureus, 423<br />

Substância própria, 101, 390<br />

efeito de drogas, 277<br />

Surdez, 352<br />

Su turas, 251<br />

T<br />

Técnicas citológicas, 101<br />

Técnicas de cultura de células, 235<br />

Técnicas de diagnóstico oftalmológico, 116, 320<br />

Terapia a laser, 433<br />

Testes de campo visual<br />

métodos, 316<br />

Testes visuais, 87, 259<br />

Tomografia computadoriza da por raios x, 137<br />

Tomografia de coerência óptica, 29, 183, 273, 286, 436<br />

<strong>in</strong>s trumentação, 283, 415<br />

métodos, 53, 320, 356<br />

Tomografia por raios X, 131<br />

Topografia da córnea, 20, 126<br />

Toxicidade, 134<br />

Tox<strong>in</strong>as botulínicas tipo A<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istração & dosagem, 111, 307<br />

efeitos adversos, 213<br />

uso terapêutico, 111<br />

Toxocara, 43<br />

Toxocaríase<br />

diagnóstico, 43<br />

parasitologia, 43<br />

ultras sonografia, 43<br />

Tracoma, 420<br />

epidemiologia, 264<br />

prevenção & controle, 264<br />

Transdutores, 415<br />

Transplante autólogo, 251<br />

Transplante de células, 439<br />

Transplante de córnea, 20, 398, 439<br />

Transtornos da motilidade ocular, 202<br />

epide mio logia, 92<br />

Transtornos da visão, 259<br />

etiologia, 430<br />

Traumatismos oculares, 210<br />

etiologia, 134, 286<br />

terapia, 286<br />

ul trassonografia, 122<br />

Trianc<strong>in</strong>olona<br />

farmacologia, 235<br />

U<br />

Úlcera da córnea, 247, 423<br />

Ultrassonografia, 38, 111<br />

Ultrassonografia ocular, 43<br />

Uveíte, 43, 107, 140, 358, 430<br />

etiologia, 143<br />

V<br />

Validação, 24<br />

Valor preditivo dos testes, 87<br />

Vasculite ret<strong>in</strong>iana<br />

diagnóstico, 140<br />

Venenos de crotalídeos, 307<br />

Vigilância epidemiológica, 264<br />

Visão ocular, 16<br />

fisiologia, 259<br />

Vitam<strong>in</strong>a B 6<br />

metabolismo, 59<br />

Vitrectomia, 107, 344, 436<br />

métodos, 59<br />

456<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64


Subject <strong>in</strong>dex (keywords) | Índice por assunto (descritores)<br />

v. 75 - 2012<br />

Accommodation, ocular<br />

physiology, 116<br />

Adenocarc<strong>in</strong>oma<br />

surgery, 64<br />

A<br />

Adolescent, 140<br />

Adult, 59, 131, 213, 280, 361, 430, 436<br />

Aged, 161, 358<br />

Amblyopia, 38, 87<br />

Anemia, sickle cell, 313<br />

Aneurysm<br />

diagnosis, 140<br />

Angiogenesis <strong>in</strong>hibitors<br />

the rapeutic use, 29<br />

Animal models, 143<br />

Animals, 48<br />

Anophthalmos, 394<br />

surgery, 197<br />

Antibacterial agents, 89<br />

Antibodies, monoclonal, 29<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage, 277<br />

therapeutic use, 273<br />

Anti bodies, monoclonal, humanized, 273<br />

Anti-<strong>in</strong>fective agents, 89<br />

Antimitotic agents<br />

therapeutic use, 61<br />

Arboviruses, 174<br />

Astigmatism<br />

physiopathology, 126<br />

Atherosclerosis, 48<br />

Autoimmune diseases, 143<br />

Axial length, <strong>eye</strong>, 38<br />

Azithromyc<strong>in</strong><br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage, 178<br />

B<br />

Bactericides, 89<br />

Bio compatibility, 197<br />

Biopolymers, 267<br />

Bioprosthesis, 267<br />

Blepharitis<br />

drug therapy, 178<br />

Blepharoplasty, 402<br />

Blepharospasm<br />

therapy, 385<br />

Bl<strong>in</strong>dness<br />

epidemiology, 341<br />

etiology, 243, 341<br />

prevention & control, 333<br />

Botul<strong>in</strong>ium tox<strong>in</strong>s, type A<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage, 111, 307<br />

adverse effects, 213<br />

therapeutic use, 111<br />

Brazil, 67, 161, 202, 394, 407<br />

Bupivaca<strong>in</strong>e<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>is tration & dosage, 111<br />

therapeutic use, 111<br />

C<br />

Case report, 59, 64, 67, 131, 134, 137, 140, 207, 210,<br />

213, 215, 280, 286, 352, 356, 358, 361, 427, 430,<br />

433, 436<br />

Cataract, 333<br />

complications, 341<br />

congenital, 337<br />

diagnosis, 337<br />

etiology, 348<br />

Cataract extraction, 316, 333<br />

Cell cul ture techniques, 235<br />

Cell proliferation<br />

drug effects, 235<br />

Cell transplantation, 439<br />

Census, 407<br />

Child, 337, 348, 356<br />

Child, preschool, 259<br />

Child health (Public Health), 16<br />

Childhood development, 259<br />

Children, 207<br />

Chlamydia <strong>trachoma</strong>tis, 264<br />

Chloroqu<strong>in</strong>e<br />

adverse effects, 170<br />

Cholesterol, 48<br />

Choroid, 48<br />

Choroidal neovascularization, 273<br />

Chro nic disease, 178<br />

Cicatrix, 420<br />

Cl<strong>in</strong>ical competence, 188<br />

Cobra neurotox<strong>in</strong> prote<strong>in</strong>s, 307<br />

Comparative study, 87, 307<br />

Complement activation, 71<br />

Conjunctiva<br />

transplantation, 251<br />

Conjunctival diseases<br />

parasitology, 67<br />

Conjunctival neoplasms, 61, 207<br />

mortality, 289<br />

secondary, 289<br />

surgery, 289<br />

Contrast sensitivity, 29, 316<br />

Cornea, 20, 101, 218<br />

pathology, 126<br />

physiopathology, 116<br />

Corneal diseases<br />

surgery, 33, 218<br />

congenital, 215<br />

Corneal dystrophies, hereditary<br />

diagnosis, 356<br />

epidemiology, 390<br />

pathology, 390<br />

Corneal neovascularization<br />

drug therapy, 277<br />

Corneal opacity, 356<br />

Corneal stroma, 101, 390<br />

drug effects, 277<br />

Corneal surgery, laser, 101<br />

methods, 33<br />

Corneal topography, 20, 126<br />

Corneal transplantation, 20, 218, 398, 439<br />

Corneal wavefront aberration, 116<br />

Cor neal ulcer, 247, 423<br />

Cost-effec tiveness evaluation, 11<br />

Cross-l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g reagents, 423<br />

Crotalid venoms, 307<br />

Crotox<strong>in</strong><br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage, 307, 385<br />

therapeutic use, 385<br />

Cytological techniques, 101<br />

D<br />

Dacryocystorh<strong>in</strong>ostomy, 412<br />

Deafness, 352<br />

Decompression, surgical, 131<br />

Descemet membrane, 20<br />

Descemet stripp<strong>in</strong>g endothelial keratoplasty<br />

methods, 439<br />

Diabetic ret<strong>in</strong>opathy, 183<br />

Diagnosis, differential, 289<br />

Diagnostic techniques, ophthalmological, 116, 320<br />

Diplopia, 213<br />

DNA, mitochondrial, 280<br />

Doxycycl<strong>in</strong>e, 363<br />

Dry <strong>eye</strong> syndromes, 361, 420<br />

Ectodermal dysplasia 1, anhidrotic, 361<br />

Education, 202<br />

Education, medical, cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g, 256<br />

Efficiency, organizational, 333<br />

Endophthalmitis, 89<br />

etiology, 344<br />

Endothelium, corneal<br />

pathology, 20, 439<br />

<strong>Entropion</strong>, 420<br />

Enzyme-l<strong>in</strong>ked immunosorbent assay, 43<br />

Epidemiological surveillance, 264<br />

E<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64<br />

457


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

Epidemiologic studies, 341<br />

Equipment conta m<strong>in</strong>ation, 174, 344<br />

Equipment reuse, 174<br />

Esotropia, 38<br />

drug therapy, 111<br />

Esthetics, 402<br />

Exophthalmos, 137, 324<br />

complica tions, 131<br />

Eye, artificial, 267, 394<br />

Eye banks, 398<br />

Eye diseases, 363<br />

Eye enucleation, 197, 267, 348<br />

Eye evisceration, 267, 394<br />

Eye foreign bodies<br />

ultrasonography, 122<br />

Eye health, 166<br />

Eye <strong>in</strong>fection, fungal<br />

epidemiology, 247<br />

Eye <strong>in</strong>fections, 107<br />

Eye <strong>in</strong>fections, parasitic, 43<br />

parasitology, 67<br />

Eye <strong>in</strong>juries, 210<br />

etiology, 134, 286<br />

therapy, 286<br />

ultrasonography, 122<br />

Eye manifestations, 363<br />

Eye neoplasms, 430<br />

Eyelids, 420<br />

abnormalities, 352<br />

surgery, 402<br />

F<br />

Female, 59, 213, 358 , 433<br />

Fibr<strong>in</strong> tissue adhesive 251<br />

Fibroblasts<br />

drug effects, 235<br />

pathology, 235<br />

Filariosis, 67<br />

Filter<strong>in</strong>g surgery, 433<br />

economy, 11<br />

Fixation, ocular<br />

physio logy, 87<br />

Fluoresce<strong>in</strong> angiography, 140, 358<br />

methods, 313<br />

Fluorouracil<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage, 61<br />

Fluorouracil therapeutic use, 61<br />

G<br />

Genetic counsel<strong>in</strong>g, 352<br />

Geographic atrophy, 273<br />

Glaucoma, 433<br />

diagnosis, 316, 320<br />

economy, 11<br />

Glaucoma, open-angle, 53<br />

complications, 243<br />

therapy, 243<br />

Glucocorticoids<br />

therapeutic use, 140<br />

Granuloma, 43<br />

Graves ophthalmopathy, 131, 324<br />

<strong>Gross</strong> <strong>domestic</strong> product, 407<br />

Gyrate atrophy, 59<br />

H<br />

Health care costs, 11<br />

Health education, 16, 166<br />

Health management, 256<br />

Health manpower<br />

statistics & numerical data, 407<br />

Health programs <strong>and</strong> plans, 16<br />

High frequency, 412<br />

Hospitals, public, 333<br />

Hu man resources adm<strong>in</strong>istration, 407<br />

Humans, 59, 61, 131, 140, 207, 213, 280, 348, 356,<br />

358, 361, 430, 433, 436<br />

Hydrophthalmos, 361<br />

Hyperopia<br />

physiopathology, 192<br />

surgery, 192<br />

Im munohistochemistry, 430<br />

Inflammation, 71, 143<br />

Injections, 29<br />

Injections, <strong>in</strong>tramuscular, 111<br />

Injections, <strong>in</strong>traocular, 277<br />

Internet, 166<br />

Internship <strong>and</strong> residency, 188<br />

Intraocular pressure, 433<br />

In vitro, 235<br />

Iod<strong>in</strong>e radioisotopes, 97<br />

Iris diseases, 352<br />

etiology, 433<br />

Italy, 202<br />

Job market, 256<br />

I<br />

J<br />

K<br />

Keratitis, 247, 423<br />

Keratoconus, 101<br />

physiopathology, 126<br />

surgery, 20, 126<br />

Keratoplasty, penetrat<strong>in</strong>g, 390<br />

methods, 439<br />

Killer cells, natural<br />

pathology, 430<br />

Lacrimal apparatus diseases, 97<br />

Lacrimal duct obstruction, 412<br />

Lacrimal gl<strong>and</strong><br />

pathology, 64<br />

Laser therapy, 433<br />

Lasers, excimer, 33<br />

therapeutic use, 126<br />

Learn<strong>in</strong>g, 188<br />

Lens, crystall<strong>in</strong>e, 38<br />

surgery, 192<br />

Lens implantation, <strong>in</strong>traocular, 192, 316, 348<br />

adverse effects, 427<br />

Lenses, <strong>in</strong>traocular, 316<br />

Lepidoptera, 134<br />

Lissam<strong>in</strong>e green dyes<br />

diagnostic use, 420<br />

Loa, 67<br />

Loiasis, 67<br />

Lymphoma T-Cell, 430<br />

L<br />

M<br />

Macrophage activation, 48<br />

Macula lutea<br />

abnormalities, 283<br />

Macular degeneration, 48, 273<br />

drug therapy, 71<br />

Macular edema, 29, 183, 358<br />

Male, 61, 131, 140, 207, 280, 361, 430, 436<br />

Matrix metallopro te<strong>in</strong>ase 2, 64<br />

Matrix metalloprote<strong>in</strong>ase 9, 64<br />

Matrix metalloprote<strong>in</strong>ase 13, 64<br />

Medical exam<strong>in</strong>ation, 16<br />

Meibomian gl<strong>and</strong>s, 178<br />

Melanoma<br />

pathology, 289<br />

Melanosis<br />

pathology, 289<br />

Meta-analysis, 324<br />

458<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

Methylprednisolone<br />

therapeutic use, 358<br />

Microscopy<br />

methods, 122<br />

Middle aged, 61, 131, 433<br />

Misoprostol<br />

adverse effects, 202<br />

Möbius syndrome, 202<br />

Models, animal, 267<br />

Monocyte chemoattractant prote<strong>in</strong>s, 48<br />

Mutation, 280<br />

Mycosis<br />

epidemiology, 247<br />

Mydriatics<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage, 116<br />

Myopia<br />

surgery, 192<br />

N<br />

Nasolacrimal duct<br />

radiation effects, 97<br />

surgery, 412<br />

Neoplasm recurrence, local, 61<br />

Neoplasm stag<strong>in</strong>g, 289<br />

Neoplasms, squamous cell, 61<br />

Nephritis, hereditary<br />

complications, 283<br />

Nerve fibers, 320<br />

pathology, 53<br />

Neuro muscular agents<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & dosage, 213<br />

Neuromuscular junction, 307<br />

Neuromyelitis optic, 280<br />

Nevi <strong>and</strong> melanomas, 289<br />

Nose<br />

abnormalities, 352<br />

Nose neoplasms<br />

complications, 430<br />

O<br />

Ocular motility disorder, 202<br />

epidemiology, 92<br />

Ocular surface disease <strong>in</strong>dex, 24<br />

Oculomotor muscles, 111, 385<br />

Ophthalmic solutions, 178<br />

Ophthalmologists, 407<br />

Ophthalmology<br />

education, 188<br />

manpower, 256<br />

Ophthalmople gia<br />

chemically <strong>in</strong>duced, 307<br />

Ophthalmoscopes, 337<br />

Ophthalmoscopy, 313<br />

Optical coherence tomography, 29<br />

<strong>in</strong>s trumentation, 283<br />

Optic atrophy, hereditary, Leber, 280<br />

Optic disc, 53<br />

phy siopathology, 243<br />

Optic nerve<br />

pathology, 320<br />

Optic nerve diseases<br />

diagnosis, 53<br />

Optic neuritis, 280, 430<br />

Orbit, 394<br />

pathology, 131<br />

Orbit evisceration, 197<br />

Orbit exenteration, 61<br />

Orbital implants, 267<br />

Orbital neoplasms<br />

diagnosis, 137<br />

Organ preservation<br />

st<strong>and</strong>ards, 398<br />

P<br />

Paraguay, 341<br />

Patient dropouts, 333<br />

Patient satisfaction, 402<br />

Phacoemulsification, 174, 192, 316, 333<br />

adverse effects, 344<br />

Photorefractive keratectomy, 33<br />

Physician distribution<br />

statistics & numerical data, 407<br />

Pig mentation<br />

physiology, 289<br />

Portuguese, 24<br />

Predictive value of tests, 87<br />

Professional practice, 256<br />

Prostheses <strong>and</strong> implants, 218<br />

Prosthesis design, 192, 218<br />

Prosthesis implantantion, 126<br />

Pseudomonas, <strong>in</strong>fections, 344<br />

Pseu domonas aerug<strong>in</strong>osa, 344<br />

Pterygium<br />

pathology, 235<br />

surgery, 251<br />

Pupil<br />

physiology, 116<br />

Q<br />

Quality control, 398<br />

Quality of life, 161, 239<br />

Questionnaires, 24, 402, 420<br />

R<br />

Rabbits, 48, 197, 267<br />

Radiation <strong>in</strong>juries, 348<br />

Radiotherapy, 324<br />

adverse, 348<br />

Recurrence, 235<br />

Reflex, pupil lary, 337<br />

Refraction, ocular, 116, 126<br />

Refractive errors, 116<br />

Rehabilitation, 166<br />

Rehabilitation services, 239<br />

Reproducibility of results, 320<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>a, 53, 71, 273<br />

drug effects, 170<br />

physiopathology, 313<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al degeneration<br />

surgery, 59<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al detachment<br />

surgery, 59<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al diseases, 352<br />

diagnosis, 283, 313<br />

parasitology, 43<br />

radiography, 43<br />

ultrasonography, 43<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al dystrophies, 210, 283<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al ganglion cells, 320<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al hemorrhage, 436<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al neo plasms<br />

radiotherapy, 348<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al perforations, 286<br />

ultrasonography, 415<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al pigment epithelium, 71, 273<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al vasculitis<br />

diagno sis, 140<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>al ve<strong>in</strong> occlusion, 29, 358<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>itis<br />

diagnosis, 140<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>itis pigmentosa, 210<br />

Ret<strong>in</strong>oblastoma<br />

radiotherapy, 348<br />

surgery, 348<br />

Review, 324<br />

Rhabdomyosarcoma<br />

surgery, 207<br />

Rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal<br />

surgery, 207<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64 459


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

Riboflav<strong>in</strong>, 101, 423<br />

Risk factors, 87, 170, 243<br />

Rosacea<br />

diagnosis, 363<br />

drug therapy, 363<br />

s<br />

Saccharum, 267<br />

School health, 16, 264<br />

Sclera, 48<br />

Scleritis<br />

drug therapy, 358<br />

Sclerostomy, 433<br />

Screen<strong>in</strong>g, 170<br />

Self concept, 402<br />

Self-help devices, 166<br />

Sensibility <strong>and</strong> specificity, 122<br />

Sensitivity <strong>and</strong> specificity, 87<br />

Silicone, 197<br />

Silicone oils<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration & do sage, 59<br />

analysis, 89<br />

Snakes, 307<br />

Staphylococcus aureus, 423<br />

Strabismus, 213<br />

diagnosis, 87, 111<br />

drug therapy, 111<br />

epidemiology, 92<br />

surgery, 188<br />

therapy, 385<br />

Surgical procedures, elective, 333<br />

Sutures, 251<br />

Syndrome, 140<br />

T<br />

Teach<strong>in</strong>g<br />

methods, 188<br />

Thaumetopoea, 134<br />

Thyroid neo plasms<br />

radiotherapy, 97<br />

Tissue <strong>and</strong> organ harvest<strong>in</strong>g, 398<br />

Tomography, optical coherence, 183, 273, 286, 436<br />

<strong>in</strong>strumentation, 415<br />

methods, 53, 320, 356<br />

Tomography, X-ray, 131<br />

Tomography, X-ray compu ted, 137<br />

Tonometry, ocular, 192<br />

Toxicity, 134<br />

Toxocara, 43<br />

Toxocariasis<br />

diagnosis, 43<br />

parasitology, 43<br />

ultrasonography, 43<br />

Trachoma, 420<br />

epidemiology, 264<br />

prevention & control, 264<br />

Transducers, 415<br />

Translational medical research, 439<br />

Transplantation, autologous, 251<br />

Triamc<strong>in</strong>olone<br />

pharma co logy, 235<br />

Trigem<strong>in</strong>al nerve<br />

abnormalities, 215<br />

Trigem<strong>in</strong>al nerve diseases<br />

congenital, 215<br />

Ultrasonography, 38, 111<br />

U<br />

Ultraviolet rays, 423<br />

Uveitis, 43, 107, 140, 358, 430<br />

etiology, 143<br />

V<br />

Validation, 24<br />

Validation studies, 259<br />

Valsalva maneuver, 436<br />

Vascular endothelial growth factor A, 29<br />

Vision, low, 166, 259<br />

rehabilitation, 239<br />

Vision, ocular, 16<br />

phy siology, 259<br />

Vision disorders, 259<br />

etiology, 430<br />

Vision tests, 87, 259<br />

Visual acuity, 16, 29, 59, 87, 126, 161, 170, 192, 243,<br />

259, 286, 341, 363, 427, 436<br />

Visual fields, 53, 170, 316<br />

Visual field tests<br />

methods, 316<br />

Visually impaired persons<br />

education, 166<br />

Vitam<strong>in</strong> B 6<br />

metabolism, 59<br />

Vitrectomy, 107, 344, 436<br />

methods, 59<br />

Vitreous body, 107<br />

Vitreous detachment<br />

diagnosis, 415<br />

W<br />

Waardenburg’s syndrome, 352<br />

460<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64


Índice por autor | Author <strong>in</strong>dex<br />

A<br />

Abe RY......................................................................................... 430<br />

Abreu EB..................................................................................... 390<br />

Adams F.........................................................................................89<br />

Aguiar JLA................................................................................. 267<br />

Akaishi PMS.............................................................................. 420<br />

Albarrán-Diego C.................................................................. 192<br />

Allemann N..................................................43, 111, 122, 415<br />

Almeida HC....................................................................307, 385<br />

Almeida JS....................................................................................67<br />

Alves M........................................................................................ 361<br />

Alves MR........................................................................................38<br />

Amaral MVM............................................................................ 313<br />

Amaro MH................................................................................. 273<br />

Amorim RHC............................................................................ 259<br />

Araújo MEXS............................................................................ 215<br />

Arieta CEL........................................................85, 86, 256, 430<br />

Ávila MP............................................................................183, 320<br />

B<br />

Barbosa CP...................................................................................67<br />

Barbosa EP................................................................................ 126<br />

Barboza MNC.......................................................................... 210<br />

Barros JN..................................................................................... 101<br />

Bejjani R...................................................................................... 178<br />

Belda-Salmerón L.................................................................. 192<br />

Belfort Jr. R.......................................................................277, 348<br />

Belfort Neto R.......................................................................... 137<br />

Berbel RF.......................................................................................59<br />

Bernard<strong>in</strong>o-Araújo S............................................................ 267<br />

Bicas HEA.........................................................................157, 159<br />

Blanco G..................................................................................... 207<br />

Bo<strong>in</strong> AC....................................................................................... 324<br />

Bonfitto JFL............................................................................... 430<br />

Boni RC........................................................................................ 398<br />

Boteon JE......................................................................................20<br />

Bottós JM................................................................................... 415<br />

Br<strong>and</strong>t CT.........................................................................161, 202<br />

Bravo Filho VTF....................................................................... 161<br />

Britez-Colombi GF................................................................ 348<br />

Burnier Jr. MN................................................................137, 390<br />

v. 75 - 2012<br />

C<br />

Camargo LMA............................................................................67<br />

Campos M.......................................................................101, 126<br />

Campos MS.............................................................................. 423<br />

C<strong>and</strong>eias J................................................................................. 235<br />

C<strong>and</strong>elária PAA....................................................................... 134<br />

Can<strong>in</strong>éo PA............................................................................... 264<br />

Cardoso IH................................................................................. 356<br />

Cardoso MRA........................................................................... 264<br />

Carta A......................................................................................... 202<br />

Carter M...................................................................................... 341<br />

Carvalho CSC........................................................................... 235<br />

Carvalho FRS............................................................................ 423<br />

Carvalho KM...................................................................166, 188<br />

Carvalho KMM........................................................................ 256<br />

Carvalho RS...................................................................... 16, 407<br />

Casella AMB.........................................................................48, 59<br />

Castro RS.................................................................................... 247<br />

Castro VM................................................................................... 370<br />

Cestari AT................................................................................... 210<br />

Chalita MRC....................................................................213, 320<br />

Chamon W.......................... 5, 8, 157, 159, 231, 233, 305,<br />

....................................................................................306, 381, 383<br />

Chaoubah A................................................................................11<br />

Chaves FRP............................................................................... 256<br />

Chlela E....................................................................................... 178<br />

Chojniak MM........................................................................... 348<br />

Cipolotti R.................................................................................. 313<br />

Coelho RM................................................................................ 243<br />

Coelho RP.................................................................................. 174<br />

Coimbra CC.............................................................................. 126<br />

Cordeiro SS............................................................................... 259<br />

Cordeiro-Barbosa FA........................................................... 267<br />

Corrêa e Silva RS.................................................................... 183<br />

Coscarelli SA................................................................................20<br />

Crespi-Flores VG..................................................................... 188<br />

Cronemberger MF............................................................... 111<br />

D<br />

Damasceno RWF......................................................................64<br />

Damico FM....................................................................... 71, 143<br />

D<strong>and</strong>a D..................................................................................... 202<br />

Debert I..........................................................................................38<br />

De Conti ML............................................................................. 210<br />

De Fendi LI................................................................................ 324<br />

Di YL.............................................................................................. 116<br />

D<strong>in</strong>iz AS....................................................................................... 407<br />

Duarte AF.................................................................................. 134<br />

Dunia I......................................................................................... 178<br />

E<br />

E<strong>in</strong>g F........................................................................................... 131<br />

Espíndola RF..................................................................316, 333<br />

F<br />

Fadlallah A................................................................................. 178<br />

Fahd D......................................................................................... 178<br />

Fahed S........................................................................................ 178<br />

Fan R............................................................................................. 116<br />

Farah ME..................................................................................... 277<br />

Faria e Arantes TE................................................43, 107, 140<br />

Faro GBA..................................................................................... 313<br />

Fern<strong>and</strong>es BF.................................................................137, 390<br />

Ferraz DA.................................................................................... 283<br />

Ferrer-Blasco T......................................................................... 192<br />

Figueiredo LTM....................................................................... 174<br />

Figueiroa Junior ES.............................................................. 126<br />

Fonseca EC................................................................................ 324<br />

Fonseca FL...................................................................................97<br />

Fortes Filho JB......................................................................... 348<br />

Fragoso YD................................................................................ 148<br />

Freitas BP.................................................................................... 344<br />

Freitas D...................................................................................... 277<br />

Frota AC...................................................................................... 352<br />

Furtado JM......................................................................243, 341<br />

G<br />

Garcia CR.................................................................................... 107<br />

Garcia EA.................................................................................... 412<br />

Garcia TV.................................................................................... 174<br />

García-Alvarez C.................................................................... 207<br />

García-Lázaro S....................................................................... 192<br />

Gaspar<strong>in</strong> F......................................................................... 71, 143<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64<br />

461


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

Gehlen ML....................................................................................24<br />

Gekeler F.................................................................................... 370<br />

Gomes A..................................................................................... 352<br />

Gomes JAP......................................................................277, 439<br />

Gomes MT................................................................................. 126<br />

Grottone GT............................................................................. 439<br />

Guedes RAP.................................................................................11<br />

Guedes VMP................................................................................11<br />

Guerra RLL................................................................................. 344<br />

H<br />

Hannouche RZ....................................................................... 183<br />

Hardoim VA............................................................................... 433<br />

Hayashi I..................................................................................... 122<br />

He T............................................................................................... 116<br />

Hida RY........................................................................................ 398<br />

Hida WT...................................................................................... 427<br />

Hilgert CR.................................................................................. 433<br />

Hilgert GL.................................................................................. 433<br />

Hirai F........................................................................................... 423<br />

Höfl<strong>in</strong>g-Lima AL...........................................................277, 363<br />

Holbach LM.................................................................................64<br />

Holzchuh R............................................................................... 398<br />

Hopker LM................................................................................ 111<br />

Huerva V..................................................................................... 251<br />

I<br />

Igami TZ...................................................................................... 283<br />

Isaac CR....................................................................................... 213<br />

Isaac DLC.................................................................................... 183<br />

J<br />

Jabbour E................................................................................... 178<br />

Jesus DL.........................................................................................38<br />

Jure D........................................................................................... 341<br />

K<br />

Kamei RRW............................................................................... 107<br />

Kamei RW.................................................................................. 358<br />

Kanamura MS.......................................................................... 197<br />

Kanecadan LAA..................................................................... 415<br />

Kara-José N....................................................................... 16, 247<br />

Kara-Júnior N.................................................................316, 333<br />

Karp CL........................................................................................ 289<br />

Kashiwabuchi RT................................................................... 423<br />

Khan Y.......................................................................................... 423<br />

Kitakawa D................................................................................ 235<br />

Kliemann L................................................................................ 356<br />

Koizumi IK.................................................................................. 264<br />

Kreuz AC........................................................................................53<br />

Kwitko S............................................................................356, 447<br />

L<br />

Lacerda FM............................................................................... 407<br />

Lana FP........................................................................................ 215<br />

Lans<strong>in</strong>gh VC............................................................................. 341<br />

Lavezzo MM...................................................................283, 436<br />

Leal BC......................................................................................... 313<br />

Lima Filho AAS....................................................................... 111<br />

Lima VC....................................................................................... 140<br />

Lira MMM................................................................................... 267<br />

Lira RPC.............................................................85, 86, 256, 430<br />

Li YY............................................................................................... 116<br />

Lopes MCB................................................................................ 239<br />

Lucena A.................................................................................... 420<br />

Luch<strong>in</strong>i A.......................................................................................48<br />

Lumikoski TI.................................................................................48<br />

Lunardelli P..................................................................................97<br />

M<br />

Machado CG...............................................................................29<br />

Machado MAC........................................................................ 412<br />

Maciel AL......................................................................................43<br />

Mackus EC................................................................................. 398<br />

Madalena BV............................................................................ 170<br />

Maduro VS................................................................................. 134<br />

Magalhães FP.......................................................................... 218<br />

Magalhães LC.......................................................................... 259<br />

Magalhães OA........................................................................ 356<br />

Magri MPF................................................................................. 333<br />

Magriço AA............................................................................... 134<br />

Maia M......................................................................................... 415<br />

Maia Júnior OO...................................................................... 344<br />

Malki LT....................................................................................... 361<br />

Malta RFS......................................................................................53<br />

Mamprim MJ........................................................................... 197<br />

Mannis MJ................................................................................. 363<br />

Manzano RPA.............................................................................89<br />

Marback RL............................................................................... 344<br />

March A...................................................................................... 251<br />

Mar<strong>in</strong>ho DR.............................................................................. 356<br />

Marques MEA.............................................................................61<br />

Martelli Júnior H.................................................................... 352<br />

Mart<strong>in</strong>ez AAG.......................................................................... 415<br />

Mart<strong>in</strong>ez-Alonso M.............................................................. 251<br />

Matayoshi S.................................................................................97<br />

Matos KTF.................................................................................. 140<br />

Matsch<strong>in</strong>ske R............................................................................24<br />

McDonnell PJ........................................................................... 423<br />

Med<strong>in</strong>a NH................................................................................ 264<br />

Mello PAA.................................................................................. 407<br />

Mendez MDC.......................................................................... 207<br />

Mendonça CQ........................................................................ 313<br />

Mendonça TS.......................................................................... 111<br />

Mercadante EF....................................................................... 333<br />

Messa AA................................................................................... 239<br />

Messias A................................................................................... 370<br />

Messias K.................................................................................... 370<br />

Miguel L...................................................................................... 337<br />

Miller MT.................................................................................... 202<br />

M<strong>in</strong>gu<strong>in</strong>i N................................................................................ 188<br />

Monteiro GBM........................................................................ 166<br />

Monteiro MLR....................................................................29, 53<br />

Montés-Micó R....................................................................... 192<br />

Moraes NSB....................................................................286, 415<br />

Morais FB......................................................................................43<br />

Motono M................................................................................. 348<br />

Motta AAL....................................................................................29<br />

Motta AF.................................................................................... 427<br />

Moura MF.................................................................................. 122<br />

Muccioli C................................................................43, 107, 140<br />

Muiños Y..................................................................................... 207<br />

Muniesa MJ.............................................................................. 251<br />

Müller GG................................................................................... 247<br />

462<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

N<br />

Nakanami CR.................................................................111, 239<br />

Nakano C................................................................................... 398<br />

Nakano CT................................................................................ 427<br />

Nakashima Y............................................................................ 283<br />

Nascimento MA..................................................................... 256<br />

Nassaralla BRA............................................................................33<br />

Nassaralla Junior JJ.................................................................33<br />

Nasser LS.................................................................................... 352<br />

Netto AL..................................................................................... 398<br />

Neves RC.......................................................................................20<br />

Nicolela MT..................................................................................53<br />

Nishi M........................................................................................ 402<br />

Nishimura S.............................................................................. 264<br />

Noma R..........................................................................................16<br />

Noronha L....................................................................................48<br />

Nosé W........................................................................................ 412<br />

Novaes GA................................................................................ 390<br />

Novais GA.................................................................................. 289<br />

O<br />

Ocampos J................................................................................ 341<br />

Odashiro AN..................................................................137, 390<br />

Odashiro PRP........................................................................... 390<br />

Ogawa GM...................................................................................67<br />

Oliveira LA................................................................................. 218<br />

Oliveira RCS.............................................................................. 215<br />

Omi CA........................................................................................ 433<br />

Osaki MH.................................................................................... 402<br />

Oshima A................................................................................... 170<br />

P<br />

Padovani CR................................................92, 197, 235, 394<br />

Pallone RF.....................................................................................59<br />

Paranaíba LMR........................................................................ 352<br />

Parcero CMFM........................................................................ 344<br />

Parizotto IOL............................................................................ 390<br />

Passos RM.....................................................................................67<br />

Paula JS..................................................................174, 243, 324<br />

Pedral LS............................................................................. 71, 143<br />

Pereira EJ.................................................................................... 197<br />

Pereira NC.................................................................................. 439<br />

Pereira PR................................................................................... 137<br />

Pesci LT...........................................................................................92<br />

Pimentel SLG..............................................................................29<br />

P<strong>in</strong>to LD...................................................................................... 213<br />

P<strong>in</strong>to RDP................................................................................... 430<br />

Polati M..........................................................................................38<br />

Pontes Filho NT...................................................................... 267<br />

Prado RB..................................................................................... 337<br />

Précoma DB................................................................................48<br />

Précoma LB..................................................................................48<br />

Preti RC...........................................................................................29<br />

Prigol AM......................................................................................24<br />

Procianoy E..................................................................................87<br />

Procianoy L..................................................................................87<br />

Q<br />

Qiu Y.............................................................................................. 116<br />

R<br />

Rami HE...................................................................................... 178<br />

Ramirez LMV...............................................................................29<br />

Rassi AR....................................................................................... 183<br />

Rauen PI.........................................................................................59<br />

Reis ASC.........................................................................................53<br />

Renesto AC............................................................................... 101<br />

Ribeiro GB........................................................................307, 385<br />

Rocha DM.................................................................................. 122<br />

Rocha EM..............................................................174, 243, 361<br />

Rodrigues ACL........................................................................ 337<br />

Rodrigues KFP......................................................................... 140<br />

Rodrigues MLV..................................................174, 243, 420<br />

Roller AB..................................................................................... 273<br />

Romero IL.....................................................................................89<br />

Rossi LDF.................................................................................... 259<br />

Rymer S....................................................................................... 356<br />

S<br />

Saliba GR.................................................................................... 259<br />

Sallum JMF................................................................................ 210<br />

Samudio M............................................................................... 341<br />

Sanchez C.................................................................................. 251<br />

Santhiago MR................................................................316, 333<br />

Santos AM................................................................................. 313<br />

Santos AS................................................................................... 243<br />

Santos MS.................................................................................. 126<br />

Saornil MA................................................................................. 207<br />

Sarasa JL..................................................................................... 207<br />

Sarteschi C................................................................................ 161<br />

Sartori JF..................................................................................... 286<br />

Satto LH.........................................................................................61<br />

Schell<strong>in</strong>i SA..........................................61, 92, 197, 235, 394<br />

Schor P.........................................................................................5, 8<br />

Scolari MR.......................................................................... 71, 143<br />

Serracarbassa PD................................................................... 170<br />

Shimauti AT.................................................................................92<br />

Silva CB...........................................................................................89<br />

Silva JAF...................................................................................... 412<br />

Simão LM................................................................................... 280<br />

Skare T.............................................................................................24<br />

Soares AMA.............................................................................. 259<br />

Sousa LB..................................................................................... 218<br />

Sousa RLF........................................................................... 92, 394<br />

Souza ECS.....................................................................................38<br />

Stefan<strong>in</strong>i F.................................................................................. 286<br />

Stefano EJ.................................................................................. 324<br />

Sturzeneker MCS......................................................................48<br />

Sá MLVM..................................................................................... 307<br />

T<br />

Tabuse MKU............................................................................. 111<br />

Tagliari TI..................................................................................... 210<br />

Takahashi BS.................................................................... 71, 143<br />

Takahashi WY.........................................................29, 283, 436<br />

Tartarella MB............................................................................ 348<br />

Tempor<strong>in</strong>i ER.................................................................166, 188<br />

Tenório MB...................................................................................24<br />

Torres CLA....................................................................................48<br />

Torres RJA.....................................................................................48<br />

Torres VLL................................................................................... 415<br />

Toscano DA.............................................................................. 320<br />

Tr<strong>in</strong>cão FES................................................................................ 134<br />

Tzelikis PF................................................................................... 427<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64 463


Índice - v. 75 - 2012<br />

V<br />

Valbuena C................................................................................ 207<br />

Vasconcelos GC..................................................................... 259<br />

Velarde DT.......................................................................307, 385<br />

Velasco e Cruz AA............................................131, 174, 420<br />

Ventura BV................................................................................. 202<br />

Ventura LO................................................................................ 202<br />

Ventura MC............................................................................... 161<br />

Ventura RU................................................................................ 161<br />

Versiani G................................................................................... 352<br />

Viana GAP.................................................................................. 402<br />

Viani GA...................................................................................... 324<br />

Vidal KSM......................................................................................53<br />

Vieira ACC.............................................................215, 277, 363<br />

Viveiros MMH.......................................................................... 235<br />

W<br />

Waked N..................................................................................... 178<br />

X<br />

Xu SY............................................................................................. 116<br />

Y<br />

Yaacov-Peña F......................................................................... 341<br />

Z<br />

Zacharias LC............................................................................. 436<br />

Zantut F...................................................................................... 398<br />

Zantut PR................................................................................... 398<br />

Zaupa PF.................................................................................... 111<br />

Zornoff DCM............................................................................ 394<br />

Editada por<br />

Ipsis Gráfica e Editora S.A.<br />

Rua Vereador José Nanci, 151 - Parque Jaçatuba<br />

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Periodicidade: Bimestral; Tiragem: 7.450 exemplares<br />

Publicidade<br />

conselho brasileiro de<br />

oftalmologia<br />

R. Casa do Ator, 1.117 - 2º <strong>and</strong>ar - Vila Olímpia -<br />

São Paulo - SP - CEP 04546-004<br />

Contato: Fabrício Lacerda<br />

Fone: (5511) 3266-4000 - Fax: (5511) 3171-0953<br />

E-mail: assessoria@cbo.com.br<br />

464<br />

Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(6):453-64


AGORA A LINHA<br />

1-DAY ACUVUE ® MOIST ®<br />

GANHOU UM<br />

REFORÇO<br />

LANÇAMENTO<br />

LENTES<br />

PARA PACIENTES COM<br />

ASTIGMATISMO<br />

PRIMEIRA LENTE DE USO ÚNICO<br />

PARA ASTIGMATISMO DO BRASIL<br />

© Johnson & Johnson do Brasil Indústria E Comércio de Produtos Para Saúde Ltda - FEVEREIRO/2013<br />

CONFORTO E PRATICIDADE<br />

DE UMA NOVA LENTE A CADA DIA.<br />

ACESSE O WEBSITE EXCLUSIVO PARA OFTALMOLOGISTAS: www.jnjvisioncare.com.br<br />

PARA MAIS INFORMAÇÕES, LIGUE PARA 0800 7288281 OU ENVIE E-MAIL PARA oftalmologista@conbr.jnj.com<br />

1-DAY ACUVUE® MOIST® para ASTIGMATISMO.<br />

© Johnson & Johnson do Brasil Indústria e Comércio de Produtos para Saúde Ltda. Veiculado em fevereiro de 2013.<br />

Senofilcon A - 1 ACUVUE® OASYS® com HYDRACLEAR® PLUS: Reg.ANVISA 80148620045,<br />

2 ACUVUE® OASYS® para ASTIGMATISMO com HYDRACLEAR® PLUS: Reg.ANVISA 80148620054, 3 ACUVUE® OASYS® com HYDRACLEAR® PLUS<br />

(B<strong>and</strong>age): Reg.ANVISA 80148620058, Galyfilcon A - 4 ACUVUE® ADVANCE® com HYDRACLEAR®: Reg.ANVISA 80148620026,<br />

Etafilcon A - 5 ACUVUE® 2: Reg.ANVISA 80148620019, 6 1-DAY ACUVUE® MOIST®: Reg.ANVISA 80148620052<br />

, 7 1-DAY ACUVUE® MOIST® para ASTIGMATISMO: Reg.ANVISA 80148620064 ,<br />

8 ACUVUE® 2 COLOURS: Reg.ANVISA 80148620013,<br />

9 10<br />

ACUVUE® CLEAR: Reg.ANVISA 80148620021<br />

e ACUVUE® BIFOCAL: Reg.ANVISA 80148620016. Caixas<br />

com 30 6,7 1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10 , 6 ou 2 8 lentes de contato (LC). Indicações: LC Esféricas 1,4,5,6,9 : Miopia, hipermetropia (presbiopia em regime de monovisão) afácica ou não afácica. LC Esféricas Coloridas 8 : Miopia, hipermetropia (presbiopia em regime de<br />

monovisão) afácica ou não afácica. LC Bifocais 10 : Presbiopia afácica ou não afácica associada ou não a miopia ou hipermetropia. LC Tóricas 2,7 : Astigmatismo afácico ou não afácico associado ou não a miopia ou hipermetropia. LC Terapêuticas 3 :<br />

As lentes de contato podem ser prescritas, em determ<strong>in</strong>adas condições ou doenças oculares, como lentes de proteção para a córnea, a fim de aliviar o desconforto e servir como uma cobertura de proteção. O médico Oftalmologista <strong>in</strong>formará<br />

se o usuário apresenta essa condição, podendo prescrever medicações adicionais ou programação de substituição para a condição específica. O usuário nunca deve tratar qualquer condição, us<strong>and</strong>o lentes de contato ou medicação para os<br />

olhos, sem primeiro consultar o médico Oftalmologista. Contra-Indicações: Qualquer <strong>in</strong>flamação, <strong>in</strong>fecção, doença ocular, lesão ou anormalidade que afete a córnea, conjuntiva ou pálpebras. Qualquer doença sistêmica que venha a afetar<br />

os olhos ou ser agravada pelo uso de LC; reações alérgicas das superfícies oculares ou anexas. Qualquer <strong>in</strong>fecção ativa da córnea; olhos vermelhos ou irritados. Precauções e Advertências: Problemas oculares, <strong>in</strong>clu<strong>in</strong>do úlceras de córnea,<br />

podem se desenvolver rapidamente e causar perda da visão. Em caso de desconforto visual, lacrimejamento excessivo, visão alterada, vermelhidão nos olhos ou outros problemas, retirar imediatamente as LC e contatar o Oftalmologista.<br />

Usuários de LC devem consultar seu Oftalmologista regularmente. Não usar o produto se a embalagem estéril de plástico estiver aberta ou danificada. Reações Adversas: Ardor, coceira ou sensação de pontada nos olhos. Desconforto<br />

qu<strong>and</strong>o a LC for colocada pela primeira vez. Sensação de que há algo no olho (corpo estranho, área raspada). Lacrimejamento excessivo, secreções oculares <strong>in</strong>comuns ou vermelhidão dos olhos. Acuidade visual deficiente, visão embaçada,<br />

arco-íris ou halos ao redor de objetos, fotofobia, ou olho seco, podem ocorrer caso as LC sejam usadas cont<strong>in</strong>uamente ou por tempo excessivamente longo. Se o usuário relatar algum problema, deve RETIRAR IMEDIATAMENTE AS LENTES<br />

Uso prolongado 1,2,3,5,8,10 1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10 e contatar o Oftalmologista. Posologia:<br />

– Um a 7 dias/6 noites de uso contínuo, <strong>in</strong>clusive durante o sono. Uso diário – Períodos <strong>in</strong>feriores a um dia de uso enquanto acordado. Descartáveis diárias<br />

6,7 – uso único.<br />

VENDA SOB PRESCRIÇÃO MÉDICA<br />

REFRACIONAL (LC com grau),<br />

VENDA SOB PRESCRIÇÃO MÉDICA (LC terapêutica plana), , UTILIZAÇÃO SUJEITA À PRESCRIÇÃO MÉDICA (LC colorida plana). Johnson & Johnson Industrial Ltda. Rod.<br />

Pres. Dutra, Km 154 - S. J. dos Campos, SP. CNPJ: 59.748.988/0001-14. Resp. Téc.: Evelise S. Godoy – CRQ No. 04345341. Mais <strong>in</strong>formações sobre uso e cuidados de manutenção e segurança, fale com seu Oftalmologista, ligue para Central de<br />

Relacionamento com o Consumidor: 0800-7274040, acesse www.acuvue.com.br ou consulte o Guia de Instruções ao Usuário. A PERSISTIREM OS SINTOMAS, O MÉDICO DEVERÁ SER CONSULTADO.


maior proteção contra os raios uv.<br />

nova geração de Lentes anti-refLexo crizaL com proteção uv.<br />

Essilor, Crizal Forte UV e Orma são marcas registradas da Essilor International. Transitions é marca registrada da Transitions Optical Inc.<br />

Use o seu celular e saiba<br />

mais sobre os raios UV.<br />

novas Lentes crizaL forte uv. proteção e nitidez.<br />

*<br />

refLexos arranhões manchas poeira Água<br />

uv<br />

PARA SEUS OLHOS<br />

Dia após dia, a radiação UV tem efeitos nocivos e<br />

irreversíveis sobre os olhos. As novas lentes anti-reflexo<br />

Crizal ® UV oferecem a melhor proteção contra os raios UV<br />

refletidos nos olhos, graças à alta tecnologia desenvolvida<br />

pela Essilor.<br />

PARA SUA VISÃO<br />

Além da proteção contra os raios nocivos, as lentes Crizal ® Forte UV<br />

proporcionam máxima nitidez de visão, combatendo 5 <strong>in</strong>imigos:<br />

reflexos, arranhões, manchas, poeira e água. Lembre seu cliente,<br />

que a Essilor oferece 12 meses de garantia de resistência a<br />

arranhões** que pode ser estendida mediante cadastro no site:<br />

www.essilor.com.br/garantiacrizal<br />

* Índice de referência desenvolvido pelo departamento de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento da Essilor International certific<strong>and</strong>o a proteção UV global de uma lente. O índice FPS-O = 25<br />

significa que os olhos estão 25 vezes mais bem protegidos com as lentes Crizal UV do que sem lente alguma. FPS-O = 25 para as lentes Crizal UV nos materiais Essilor Stylis,<br />

Essilor Airwear, Xperio, Transitions e FPS-O = 10 no material Orma transparente. Medições realizadas consideram apenas a performance da lente.<br />

** Para arranhões ocorridos em condições normais de uso, a troca por lentes no mesmo grau (dioptria) e para a mesma armação da compra orig<strong>in</strong>al é <strong>in</strong>teiramente gratuita.<br />

Estão excluídos danos decorrentes de acidentes ou mau uso. As imagens neste anúncio são meramente ilustrativas.<br />

www.crizal.com.br | SAC 0800 727 2007

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