Thesis - Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Thesis - Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Thesis - Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
¡£¢¥¤§¦©¨¡¤§<br />
"! #%$'&(")+* -, . -, &( 0/13242<br />
<br />
5 ,76 &(!8, * 9,8$(2<br />
:=@?BADCECEFHGIAKJIL@MONCAKMQPRS;TPDUPKPK?VFHJWC1XQRYNFHZ[;TADNFH?\FHJ]C^<br />
Ca>FbG>FdcQNFdFbXQR R_XQǸ<br />
egfThdikj[lnm@opj[qsrYt©muvm@w@x<br />
ynz<br />
¡B |}~g €V‚ƒ- {<br />
„†…ˆ‡£‡Š‰‹…-ŒŽYˆ§‘©’ˆ-“‘<br />
—|¡Y•-¢T˜…Y£<br />
”–•-—˜@ŽšW›˜œž-Ÿ<br />
¤¥¦`§]¡©¨bª«\¨}-¬XPDXQcQº<br />
°<br />
·¸JTGTAKMQJn·¸JT^ECADC;>CEF»XQRž¹©FH´aTJTXPDXQcQºQ¼½X?Š=@MHº<br />
;T?Š=@MQA¿¼¼ÅOÁQÁÅ
NXQR 2 :[NAKG@aTMON᣼QFdN<br />
4<br />
;@AKG>F7/ )65<br />
Ÿ¢¡£¡˜@Qš[¡ šWŸ …ˆ•¥¤§¦¨¦-]…©¡Y‡1›˜@˜@š<br />
FdNCADRvºnCaTMOC|Ca>FbG@AK^^EFdNCMOCAKXJICADCPDFHG<br />
¹|aTA^-AK^CEXB´<br />
w§vt_lsj
- AKJTMQPPDºQ¼]·ž±X;TPKG PKAD³QF`CEX CaTMQJ>³VCaTF`FHJWCADNF %nj Hp RvMQ?BAKPDº}R_XQN?\MO³cbAKC1^;T´µa<br />
¦¢¡b}¤£¦¥¤§«¨§¯‚ƒ¤ <br />
Ä MQJW;@MONºIÅsÀ>¼ÅOÁQÁÅ<br />
MQ?cQNFHMOCPKº AKJTGTFd=TCEFHGBCEXV?ŠºBc;TAG>F© l mo ! ¦l ˆr fTl xj[l RvXQNa@AK^1AJ 0OMQPK;<br />
·<br />
F GT;>NAKJTcnCaTF ´ X;>N^FBXQRCa>FBL@NX¸FH´ C 2 FBcM10QFn?\F M¥PKXQC XQR-R_NFdFHG>X?<br />
MO=@PDFBc;TAKGTMQJT´<br />
´a>X[X^AKJTcŽ?Šº ±XQN³ 2 Fa>FHPDLFHG‹?BMQJ]º‹MŽCAK?\F ±`aTFHJ‹Ca>FI±XQN³ ±MQ^VJ>XQC}?VX10<br />
AKJ<br />
AKJ>cIMQa>FHMQG 2 F}±MQ^»MICEN;>F c;TAKG>F CEX ?VFVJ>XQC XJTPDº AKJŽCEFH´aTJTA´dMQP©=;>C»MQPK^EXnLFdNµ^EXJTMQP<br />
?\MOCECEFdN^ 2<br />
·¦CaTMQJT³¯CaTF egm Suvj m & i7St w<br />
j[hHj[fTl qOrnlsm &¤ %nj Hp!"Hp$#}m %<br />
Yf]x R_XQN Ca>FHADN}^;>LTLXQNC MQJ@G‹FHJT´ X;TNMOcQFH?VFHJWC 2 ¹|a>Fdº†L@NX10FHG–^EX?VFnNFHMQPKPDº†;T^EFdRS;TP<br />
´ X?\?VFHJWC^ MQJTG Ca>F GTAK^´d;T^^ADXJT^¯±`ADCa Ca>FH?ƒ±FdNF AJTG>FdFHG 0QFdNº ;T^FdRv;TPžMQJ@G‹a>FHPDLFHG<br />
?VF¯AKJ\cMQAKJ@AKJ>cbMŠ=FdCECEFdN;TJ@G>FdN^ECMQJTG@AKJ>c»XQR¦Ca>F¯LTNXQ=@PKFH? 2 · C ±MQ^M cQNFHMOCF :cV±`ADCaICa>FH?<br />
l vhkr('@j[hkr%¥fTl –fTl)'³}?bº\´dPKMQ^^?\MOCEFH^¤&<br />
f–f@t ¼ # fu_hkl j[j R_XQN|CaTFHADN 0OMQPK;TMO=@PDF»AKGTFHMQ^-MQJTG ^;>cQcQFH^CADXJT^ 2<br />
+¦f@t©f,'FdNRS;TPL@PKMQ´ FbCEX\±1XQN³nMOC 2<br />
egf@t©m #"%<br />
&‹fTl<br />
··¸¹©½X?b=@Mkº 2<br />
A
©hHikl f@qQi *<br />
NFdR_FdNµ^ˆCEX Ca>F-NFHMQP CA?VFCENMQJT^?\A^^ADXJŠXQR¢¡¤£¦¥¨§©©¥ 2 · J}XQNµG>FdNžCEX<br />
AKG>FdXb:[CENFHMQ?\AJ>c<br />
Ca>F-aTADca" =@;>N^EC£º FdNNXQNˆNMOCEFH^ˆXQRTCa>F±`AKNFHPDFH^^©´aTMQJTJTFHPK^d¼QCa>FPDX^^YNMOCEFNFdLXQNCEFHG =[º Ca>F<br />
´ XJWCENXP J>FdC£±1XQN³ ´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ¦¼§£©¥¨£§¥¨¡¤ ©!"©¤¡ŠMQG;T^EC-Ca>FbX;>CEL@;>C|NµMOCEFbXQRˆCa>F<br />
0FdX\^ECENFHMQ?"CEX\Ca>F»FH^ECA?\MOCEFHG¥M10sMQAKPMO=@PDF =@MQJTG>±AKG>CaIAKJICa>F J>FdC£±1XQN³ 2$# X^^-=MQ^EFHG<br />
NMOCEFn´ XJ]CENXP^´µa>FH?VFH^ PKAD³QF&%· ¾ > ¼Y¹ - ² =FH?VL@PDX ºŽCaTFBL@MQ´³QFdC}PKX^^»NMOCEFnNFdLXQNCEFHG<br />
=[º\Ca>F¯NFH´ FHA 0QFdN-MQ^Ca>FL@NAKJT´dADLMQP=MQ´³BLMONMQ?VFdCEFdNCEXŠFH^CAK?\MOCEF Ca>F ^ECMOCEF XQRªCa>F<br />
J>FdC£±1XQN³ 2<br />
·¸J‹M a>FdCEFdNXQcQFHJ>FdX;T^ J>FdC£±1XQN³¼ž±`a>FdNF\Ca>FB^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c¥^FdN 0QFdN A^bPDXF<br />
±`ADNFHG\J>FdC ±XQN³\MQJTG\Ca>F`´dPKADFHJWC(' NFH´ FHA 0QFdNAK^§PKX[´dMOCEFHG XJ\Ca>F`±`ADNFHPDFH^^§J>FdC ±XQN³¼[G@;>F-CEX<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN?\MHºVJ>XQC =F|MŠ´ XQNNFH´ C AJTGTAK´dMOCEXQN§XQR¦´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJBAKJ}CaTF`J>FdC ±XQN³ 2 8 ^ELFH´dAKMQPPDº<br />
GT;>NµAKJ>cŽ=@MQG ±`ADNFHPKFH^^}´aTMQJTJTFHP-´ XJTGTADCADXJ@^d¼§±`a>FHJ CaTF ´aTMQJTJTFHPFdNNXQN\NMOCEF A^VaTADca¦¼<br />
Ca>F»PDX^^1NMOCEF»NFdLXQNCEFHG ±`AKPPT=F¯a@ADca 2 FHJ@´ FQ¼FH?\FH^-?\MHº<br />
AKJTMQ´d´d;TNMOCEFHPDº¥FH^CAK?\MOCEFVCa>F\^ECMOCEFBXQR1Ca>F\JTFdC ±XQN³ŽMQJ@G NFH^ELXJTGŽ=WºŽG>FH´ NFHMQ^AJ>cCa>F<br />
X;>CEL@;TC-NMOCEF ±`aTA´aI±`AKPPM*)FH´ C`CaTF ZW;TMQPADC ºnXQR 0[AKGTFdX NFH´ FHA 0QFHG =[º CaTFb´dPKADFHJWC^ 2<br />
=FdFHJBLTNXQLX^EFHGBCEX MQPKPKF 0[AKMOCEFCa>FMO=X70QFLTNXQ=@PDFH? 2 · J,+-©/. ¥¨§¤£<br />
¹-±XŠ^´a>FH?VFH^aTM10QF<br />
FHA 0QFdNŠAK^»?\MQGTF\CEX NFdLXQNC»XJTPKº RvNMQ´ CADXJ†XQR<br />
¥¨0213(¥¨546©7¡7£8¥¨9:¥*¡¡;©7¡B^´µa>FH?VFQ¼YCa>F\NFH´<br />
PKX^ECGT;>F CEX4´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ 2 > ;>F†CEX CaTAK^d¼¯Ca>F†FdNNXQN^AKJ(Ca>F†±`AKNFHPDFH^^<br />
Ca>F†L@MQ´³QFdC^<br />
´a@MQJTJ>FHPˆ´dMQJTJ>XQC M*)FH´ C»Ca>FVNMOCEFV´ XJWCENXP§MQJTG Z[;TMQPKADC£º XQR 0FdXMQ^ Ca>FH^EF}FdNNXQN^»MONF<br />
J>XQCNFdLXQNCEFHG CEX CaTF¯^EFHJ@G>FdN 2 · J£8¥¨?¥@AB¥¨¡¡C¨D©¤:¨1O¼FH^PDX^^<br />
NMOCEFQ¼¦Ca>FV´ XQNNFHPKMOCADXJŽXQR§Ca>F}L@MQ´³QFdC PDX^^¯MQJTG G>FHPKMHº GT;>NAKJTc M R_FdFHG>=MQ´³ AJ]CEFdN 0OMQPˆAK^<br />
NFdLXQNCEFHG 2 ¹|aTAK^`L@MONMQ?VFdCEFdN»AK^¯;T^EFHG =[ºCa>F ^FHJTG>FdN AKJ¥MQGTG@ADCADXJ CEXICa>F}PDX^^NMOCEF CEX<br />
NFH^ELXJTGICEXBXJTPDº ´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ 2
Htiklsm9 & qQi _mt ¡<br />
¡<br />
2 - :[CENFHMQ?BAKJ>c\AKJICa>Fb· JWCEFdNJ>FdC 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -<br />
-<br />
2Å :[CENFHMQ?BAKJ>c\AKJ£¢(ADNFHPDFH^^¨8 J 0[ADNXJT?VFHJWC^ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Å<br />
-<br />
2 * ¤ 0QFdN 0F 4 NXQ=@PDFH? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 *<br />
-<br />
2À :[XPK;TCADXJ¥¤ ;>CPKAJ>F 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 *<br />
-<br />
2§¦ ¤¯NcMQJ@A©ḦMOCADXJXQRˆCa>F ²`FdLXQNC 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 À<br />
-<br />
2 - 8§NNXQN =aTMONµMQ´ CEFdNAK^ECAK´d^|XQR¢(ADNFHPDFH^^ =aTMQJTJTFHPK^ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -kÂ<br />
*<br />
2Å 8 )FH´ C`XQR # X^^`²`MOCEFbXJ ²`MOCEF =XJ]CENXP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -<br />
*<br />
2 * 4 NXQ=@PDFH? > FdU@JTAKCADXJ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - +<br />
*<br />
2À ²|FHPMOCEFHG¢†XQN³ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - +<br />
*<br />
2§¦ - XF 4 NXEFH´ C 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ÅOÁ<br />
*<br />
xªhdikj$ egm9Yj[uf@t( mu & i7vmt ¦qsr©j –jEh <br />
<br />
2 - :[ºFŠ:CADXJ¥:FH?VF ) ^ / 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Å,*<br />
À<br />
2Å 2 - ²`FdLXQNCAKJ>c¤ JTPKº =XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ # X^^EFH^ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Å,*<br />
À<br />
Â<br />
!8, $¥ 0, $(2<br />
iklsjWfSt w§vt4i r©j Hti jWlOt jWi <br />
<br />
2 - %N´aTAKCEFH´ C;>NF RvXQN AKG>FdX :[CENFHMQ?BAKJ>c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ¦<br />
Å<br />
Å 2 - 2 - ¹|¹ 4 =@MQ^EFHG :[CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Ã<br />
Å 2 - 2Å :[CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c :[FdN 0QFdN|=@MQ^EFHG :c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<br />
Å 2Å %LTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJ # MkºQFdN¯XW:=XJWCENXP3?1²`MOCEF =XJ]CENXP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 +<br />
Å 2Å 2 - =XJTcQFH^ECADXJ'=XJ]CENXP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -dÁ<br />
Å 2Å 2Å 8 NNXQN =XJWCENXP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<br />
-HÅ<br />
2 * 4 NXQCEX[´ XPK^`R_XQN AKGTFdX :[CENFHMQ?\AKJTc 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - *<br />
Å<br />
iklsjWfSt w§vt_lsj FHPMHº MQJTG 4 MQ´³QFdC # X^^ 2 2 2 2 2<br />
ÅQÃ<br />
AKA
mt qWu &©h1vmt <br />
§<br />
2 - - ;>C;TNF ¢†XQN³ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 *Â<br />
Ã<br />
< &©uvf>i7vmt¡ §j[l –j[ti h ft j[h1&Yu_ikh £¢<br />
<br />
2 - ¹|a>F¥¤FdC ±XQN³ :
2 * ¤FdC ±XQN³LFdNR_XQNµ?\MQJT´ F MQ^`M}RS;TJT´ CAKXJIXQRˆPKXMQG 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ÅQÃ<br />
À<br />
2 - :FHPª?VXFHP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 *$-<br />
¦<br />
2 * ¤¯NAKcAKJTMQPª:X;>C ¾ X[G@ADU@´dMOCADXJ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 *,*<br />
¦<br />
¦ 2 ¢(ADCa ² = #> ¾ Xc 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Ã<br />
Å 2Å :[CENFHMQ?BAKJ>c :[FdN 0QFdǸ =@MQ^EFHG :[CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<br />
Å 2 * %N´aTAKCEFH´ C;>NF RvXQN¯:[X;>Nµ´ F ½MQ^FHG¥²`MOCEF =XJWCENXP 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -dÁ<br />
2À 4 NXQCEX[´ XP©^ECMQ´³c 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - *<br />
Å<br />
2 - %LTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJ # F 0QFHP AKG>FdX 5 MOCEFd±Mkº 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ÅOÁ<br />
*<br />
À 2 - :[º AK^´ NA?\AKJTMOCAKJTc =XJTcQFH^ECADXJ MQJTG¢'ADNFHPDFH^^-PDX^^FH^|MOC`Ca>F ²`FH´ FHA 0QFdN 2 2<br />
ÅsÀ<br />
2À ¢(ADCa ² ¤ = # ¾ X ¾ XC ¾ X[G@ADU@´dMOCADXJ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 * ¦<br />
¦<br />
2Â ¢(ADCa ² ¤ = # ¾ X
¡ ¨»¦¤§|‚ µ § µ ¨}¤ ¬T¯¤§ª}¤ˆ<br />
<br />
;>FCEX»Ca>F-NFHMQP CA?VF-JTMOC;>NFQ¼,0FdX»^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c C º[L@AK´dMQPKPKºbaTMQ^ž^ECENAJ>cQFHJ]Ĉ =@MQJ@G>±`AKG>Caª¼<br />
><br />
¡£¢¥¤§¦©¨<br />
,8$'&(! ¤ $©1!8,<br />
AKG>FdX :[CENFHMQ?\AKJTc NFdRvFdN^ CEX Ca>FnNFHMQP CAK?VFICENMQJ@^?\AK^^ADXJ XQR£¦¥¨§ ©¢8©¥ 2<br />
¹`a>FdNF<br />
XQR-^ECEXQNFHG 0FdXX10QFdN Ca>F\·¸JWCEFdNJ>FdCd¼ˆJTMQ?VFHPDºŽCa>F<br />
MONF\C£±1XŽ?VXFH^»RvXQNbCENMQJT^?\AK^^AKXJ<br />
B¥;F-XQ=EFH´ CA 0QF`XQR$#E²`MOCEF =XJWCENXP&% AK^§CEXŠM 0QXAGB´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ<br />
MQJTG CEXV?\M :FL@NFH^EFHJT´ FXQRªL@MQ´³QFdC|PKX^^ 2 - FdFHG>=@MQ´³ NFdcMONGTAKJ>cŠCa>F<br />
^ECMOCEF|XQRCa>F|JTFdC ±XQN³V´dMQJV=FXQ=@CMQAKJ>FHGVF :F-NX;>CEFdNµ^§MQJTG}NFH´ FHA 0QFdNµ^§AKJ<br />
Ca>FL@MQ´³QFdC^1MQJTG ¯XW:bR_FdFHGT=@MQ´³ NFdLXQNC^ 2 ¹|a>FR_FdFHGT=@MQ´³<br />
Ca>FRvXQN?gXQRJ>XQCADU´dMOCADXJT^ˆAKJ<br />
-
¡£¢ ¨»¦¤§|‚ µ § µ¥¤ ¦¤¤¥¤ §¦ ©¨Š¦¯V‚ƒ¤ <br />
<br />
±`AKNFHPDFH^^ªJTFdC ±XQN³[^YAK^©´ XJT^AKG>FdNFHG CEX`=FM`aTMONGbLTNXQ=@PKFH?©=FH´dMQ;T^EF<br />
AKG>FdX^CENFHMQ?\AKJ>cAKJ<br />
´dPKADFHJWC(' NFH´ FHA 0QFdN\A^ŠPDXFn±`ADNFHPDFH^^ŠJ>FdC£±1XQN³–MQ^ Ca>Fdº‹=XQCa aTM 0QFGTA:)FdNFHJWC<br />
´dMQJ MQPK^EX =FnXQ=TCMQAKJ>FHG AK?VLPKAK´dADCPDºŽRvNX? Ca>FIL@MQ´³QFdCBPKX^^d¼§G>FHPKMkº–GTMOCM†G@;>NAKJ>c GTMOCM<br />
CENMQJT^R_FdN 2<br />
LTNX70[AG>FIFHJTG CEX FHJTG CENµMQJT^ELXQNC}Rv;@JT´ CADXJT^ RvXQNB^;>LTLXQNCAJ>c¥NFHMQP CAK?VFMOLTL@PKA´dMOCADXJT^ 2<br />
²`FHMQP ¹|AK?VF 4 NXQCEX[´ XP ) ²ˆ¹ 4<br />
/ AK^VMQJ ·¸JWCEFdNJ>FdCB^ECMQJ@GTMONG LTNXQCEXFH^AKcJ>FHG CEX<br />
²|FHMQP ¹|AK?VF=XJWCENXP 4 NXQCEXFHG¥CEX LTNX10F ¯XW: RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³4CEX Ca>F¥LMONCAK´dADL@MQJWC^ XQR MQJ¥²ˆ¹ 4 ^EFH^^ADXJ 2<br />
²ˆ¹ 4<br />
A^\M GTMOCM‹CENMQJT^ERvFdN\LTNXQCEXLTLXQNC}XQR»?VFHGTAKM<br />
^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>cVPKAD³QF»CAK?\FH^ECMQ?VL@AKJTc>¼FHJ@´ F JW;T?Š=FdNAKJ>c>¼[L@Mkº[PDXMQG C º[LF AG>FHJ]CAKU@´dMOCADXJ¦¼<br />
^EX;>Nµ´ F|AKG>FHJWCADU@´dMOCADXJ 2 ²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
A^žM ´ XJ]CENXP>LTNXQCEXFHJWCADU@´dMOCADXJ +! 2<br />
·¸J;TJTA´dMQ^EC\^ECENFHMQ?\AJ>c>¼1CaTF¥^ECENFHMQ?\AJ>c MOLTL@PKA´dMOCADXJ FHJT´dMOL@^;@PKMOCEFH^VCa>F¥G@MOCM AKJ<br />
²ˆ¹ 4<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^-MQJTG ^FHJTGT^ADC CEX}Ca>F¯NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2 · CLFdNµADX[G@AK´dMQPKPDºŠNFH´ FHA 0QFH^ ¯XW:\R_FdFHGT=@MQ´³<br />
RvNX?Ca>F»NFH´ FHA 0QFdN¯AKJnCa>F»RvXQN?XQRY²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdNNFdLXQNC^ 2 ¹|a>F»RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³nAKJ@´dPK;TG>FH^<br />
^ECMOCAK^CAK´d^ NFdcMONGTAKJ>cCa>F1Z[;TMQPKAKC º»XQR>NFH´ FdLTCAKXJbXQRTLMQ´³QFdC^ž^;T´µaŠMQ^YRvNMQ´ CADXJŠXQR>L@MQ´³QFdC^<br />
PDX^EC§G@;>NAKJ>c M»RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³}AJ]CEFdN 0OMQP¿¼LMQ´³QFdC1AJ]CEFdN MONNA 0OMQP)EADCECEFdNk¼]´d;T? ;TPKMOCA 0QF|J[;T?Š=FdNžXQR<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^¯PKX^EC|FdC´ 2 ½MQ^EFHG XJ CaTAK^|R_FdFHG>=MQ´³¼Ca>F MOLTL@PKA´dMOCADXJ´dMQPK´d;TPKMOCEFH^Ca>F X;TCEL@;>C<br />
NMOCEF XQRCaTF0[AG>FdX ´ X[GTFdNŠ;T^AJ>cCa>F + >£© ¥¨ £§ ¥¨ ¡ 4¥¨§7 £ 5! 2 - XQNŠF :>MQ?VL@PDFQ¼YAKJ<br />
Ca>F ´dMQ^EF¥XQR %¯GTGTADCA 0QFn·¸JT´ NFHMQ^F ¾ ;TPKCADL@PKAK´dMOCA 0QF > FH´ NFHMQ^EF ) %`· ¾ ><br />
/ŠNMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXP<br />
MQPDcQXQNAKCaT?¼¯Ca>F‹MQPDcQXQNAKCaT?7LTNXQ=FH^IRvXQN MQGTGTAKCADXJTMQP¯=@MQJTG>±AKG>Ca'MQJTG ADRŠCa>F LTNXQ=F<br />
F :FH´ NFHMQ^EFH^Ca>F<br />
NMOCEF ?Š;@PDCADL@PKA´dMOCA 0QFHPDº 2 :>AK?\AKPKMONµPDºQ¼OCa>FdNFA^ MQJ>XQCa>FdN´dPKMQ^^ XQR¦NMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXPMQPDcQXQNAKCaT?\^<br />
±`aTA´a}MQG;T^ECžCa>FNMOCEF|XQRCa>F|´ XFdNž=@MQ^EFHG\XJVM»?VX[GTFHP ) F 2c 2¼PKAD³QF|Ca>NX;>ca>L@;>Ĉ ?VXFHP<br />
XQRžMV¹ = 4 ´ XJTJ>FH´ CADXJ /-;T^AKJ>c}Ca>F XW:nR_FdFHGT=@MQ´³ILTNX70[AG>FHGI=WºICa>F»NFH´ FHA 0QFdN^ 2<br />
±`ADNFHPDFH^^ J>FdC ±XQN³±`AKGTCa‹MQJTG aTADcaTFdNŠFdNNXQN NµMOCEFH^<br />
CaTMQJCa@MOC|XQR©±ADNFHGIJ>FdC ±XQN³c>¼T?VXQ=AKPKADC£º\XQRYGTF 0[AK´ FH^H¼@MQJTG<br />
AKJWCEFdNRvFdNFHJT´ Fb±ADCa XQCa>FdN¯FHJWCADCADFH^¯^;T´aŽMQ^¯?\AK´ NX ±M10QFH^ FdC´ 2 ¹|a>FbLTNXQ=@PDFH?"=FH´ X?VFH^<br />
F 0QFHJIaTMONG>FdN1±`a>FHJ Ca>F^CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c ^EFdN 0QFdN-AK^1PDX[´dMOCEFHGnXJ Ca>F`±ADNFHGBJTFdC ±XQN³BMQJTG Ca>F<br />
L@MQ´³QFdCPKX^^ ´µaTMONMQ´ CEFdNAK^CAK´d^ 2 %(L@MQ´³QFdC-PDX^^ AJBM ±ADNFHG\J>FdC£±1XQN³BAK^§L@NAK?\MONAPDºŠGT;TF|CEX<br />
´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ ±a>FdNFHMQ^ MBLMQ´³QFdC PDX^^¯AKJŽMB±ADNFHPDFH^^´aTMQJ@J>FHP©A^`LTNµAK?\MONAKPKºnGT;TFbCEXI=@MQG<br />
´a@MQJTJ>FHP>´ XJTGTAKCADXJT^ 2 · J}MQGTGTAKCADXJ¦¼O±`ADNFHPKFH^^ˆ´aTMQJTJTFHPWFdNNXQN^žMONF|;T^;TMQPKPDº =@;>Nµ^EC ºŠ±`a>FHJ<br />
´ X?VL@MONFHGVCEX Ca>F|NµMQJTG>X? L@MQ´³QFdC1FdNNXQN^§AKJ}Ca>F-±ADNFHGVJ>FdC£±1XQN³F-RvNFHZ[;>FHJWC MQJTG<br />
=@MQ´³ =@MQ´³ PDX^^EFH^Š´dMQJ ^EFdNAKX;T^PDºŽG>FdcQNMQG>F\CaTF ¯XW:ŽNFH´ FHA 0QFHG =[º Ca>FB±`ADNFHPDFH^^»a>X^EC 2<br />
Å
¡¡ ¢ ¨¯¤§ ¨Š¤ £ `§ ¦¨}¤ ¤4¦¤£¨¥¤ ‚<br />
<br />
M}a>FdCEFdNXQcQFHJTFdX;T^±`ADNFHG ' ±`ADNFHPDFH^^§J>FdC ±XQN³n^´ FHJTMONADXŠ±`a>FdNF¯Ca>F ^ECENFHMQ?\AJ>c ^FdN 0QFdN<br />
·¸J<br />
XN^|G@;>F»CEX\C ±XBL@NAK?VF NFHMQ^EXJ@^<br />
MO=X10QFŠLTNXQ=@PDFH?<br />
¹`a>FVAKJTMO=@AKPADC ºXQR1Ca>FVNFH´ FHA 0QFdN CEX G@AK^ECAKJ>c;@AK^a=FdC ±FdFHJ†L@MQ´³QFdCŠPDX^^EFH^ GT;>F}CEX<br />
¥<br />
MONF»LTNXQLX^FHGMONF<br />
¹|a>F»C£±1Xn^EXPK;>CAKXJ^´a>FH?\FH^-±`aTAK´µa<br />
²`FdLXQNC ¤ JTPDº =XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ # X^^FH^<br />
¥<br />
²`FdLXQNC =XQNNFHPMOCADXJXQR # X^^|MQJ@G > FHPKMHº<br />
¥<br />
+-©/. ¥¨§¤£© 021 ¥>545©¤¡7£8¥¨¢¥*¡¡;©7¡µ¼žCaTF NFH´ FHA 0QFdN}A^ FHJTMO=@PKFHG‹CEXŽNFdLXQNCbXJ@PDº†Ca>F<br />
·¸J<br />
J>F :CPKAJ>FH^ CaTF¯^EXP;>CADXJ<br />
¹|a>F<br />
2 ^´µa>FH?VFH^<br />
AK^ˆPDXF±`ADNFHG J>FdC£±1XQN³ MQJTG}Ca>F-´dPKADFHJWC(' NFH´ FHA 0QFdN§A^YPKX[´dMOCEFHG}XJ}Ca>F±`AKNFHPDFH^^<br />
J>FdC£±1XQN³¼WG@;>FCEX»Ca>F|GTAB)FdNFHJWCYLMQ´³QFdC PDX^^ž´aTMONMQ´ CEFdNµAK^ECAK´d^žXQRCa>FC ±XbJ>FdC£±1XQN³[^d¼WCa>F<br />
PDX^^`NMOCEFbNFdLXQNCEFHG=WºCaTF NFH´ FHA 0QFdN ?\MHº JTXQC`=F MB´ XQNNFH´ C¯AKJ@GTAK´dMOCEXQN|XQRž´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ<br />
AKJ–Ca>FIJ>FdC ±XQN³ 2<br />
FHJT´ FQ¼§NµMOCEFI´ XJWCENXP^´µa>FH?VFH^}±`aTA´a–FH?VL@PDX º‹PDX^^ŠNMOCEFMQ^ Ca>FHADN<br />
LTNAJT´dADL@MQPRvFdFHG>=@MQ´³4L@MONMQ?VFdCEFdNIAKJTMQ´d´d;>NµMOCEFHPDº FH^ECAK?\MOCEF Ca>F ^CMOCEF XQR»Ca>FŽJ>FdC ±XQN³<br />
MQJTGNFH^ELXJTGn=WºIG>FH´ NFHMQ^AJ>c\Ca>FHADN-X;TCEL@;>C-NMOCEFbMQ^^;T?\AKJTc}´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ 2 ¹`aTAK^M*)FH´ C^<br />
Ca>F ZW;TMQPADC ºXQRžCa>F 0FdXBG>FHPA0QFdNFHG CEXnCa>F ´dPKADFHJWC 2 8 ^ELFH´dAKMQPPDºnG@;>NAKJ>cV=MQG¥±`AKNFHPDFH^^<br />
´a@MQJTJ>FHP ´ XJ@GTADCADXJT^H¼ ±`a>FHJ Ca>FBFdNNXQNbNMOCEFnAK^ aTADca–GT;>FVCEXŽ=@;>N^C ºŽFdNNXQN^d¼YCa>FnPDX^^<br />
NMOCEF NFdLXQNCEFHG ±`AKPKP =F aTADca MQJTG¥±AKPKPªG>NµMQ^ECAK´dMQPKPDºM*)FH´ C Ca>F Z[;TMQPKAKC ºXQR;0FdX 2 ¹|a>F<br />
´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJIAKJ\CaTFJ>FdC£±1XQN³ MQJTGB±ADNFHPDFH^^ ´aTMQJTJTFHP@FdNNXQN^ 2 %^M NFH^;TPDC§XQR CaTAK^d¼<br />
CaTF NFH´ FHA 0QFdNnNFdLXQNC^BCa>FŽCEXQCMQP PDX^^ NMOCEFŽF :[LFdNADFHJ@´ FHG4±`a@AK´a¥?\MHº4AJT´dPK;TG>F<br />
´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ¥MQJ@G±`ADNFHPKFH^^PDX^^EFH^ 2<br />
=XQCa<br />
¹`a>F`^EFHJTGTFdN1^AKGTF|NMOCEF´ XJWCENXPNFHPKADFH^1?\MQAKJTPKºbXJ Ca>FPDX^^§NMOCEFNFdLXQNCEFHG\=[ºVCa>F<br />
¥<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN^±`aTA´an?\MHºnJ>XQC1=F MQ´d´d;>NMOCEF»AKJnM}a>FdCEFdNXQcQFHJ>FdX;T^-JTFdC ±XQN³ FHJ 0F LTNXEFH´ C CENº CEXMQGTG>NFH^^`Ca>FVMO=X10QFVAK^^;>FH^ 2<br />
¹|a>F}^EXPK;TCADXJ¥^´µa>FH?VFH^<br />
JTF :[C|^EFH´ CAKXJ LTNFH^FHJ]C^|M\=TNADFdR©X;>CPKAKJ>F XQRYCa>Fb^´µa>FH?VFH^ 2<br />
¹|a>F<br />
¡§¦ ¨b¥€Š¨¢ €Š ¥µ}¤<br />
<br />
RvNMQ´ CADXJnXQR L@MQ´³QFdC^`PDX^CGT;TFCEXV´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ GT;>NAJ>cbM L@MONCAK´d;@PKMON1RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³nAJ]CEFdN 0OMQP 2<br />
·¸J&+-© . ¥¨§7£$ ¥¨§7§©¤:>£¥><br />
¥@ ¥¨¡¡ ¨©¤:¨1O¼Ca>FNFH´ FHA 0QFdN§NFdLXQNC^ˆCa>F-´ XQNNFHPMOCADXJ<br />
XQR@LMQ´³QFdC§PDX^^ˆMQJTG}G>FHPMHºb=FH^AG>FH^ CaTF;@^;TMQP¯XW:bR_FdFHG>=MQ´³ L@MONMQ?VFdCEFdN^ 2 ¹`a>F^FHJTG>FdN<br />
;T^EFH^|CaTAK^L@MONMQ?\FdCEFdǸ CEXBAKJWCEFHPKPKAKcQFHJ]CPDºnMQGTMOLTC-XJTPKº CEXB´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ¥AJICa>F J>FdC ±XQN³ 2<br />
*
¡¡ ¢ §|V£¢ž¦ `§ ¦¨}¤¥¤¤§¦n`<br />
<br />
:F 0OMONADX;T^ˆMON´µaTADCEFH´ C;>NFH^ˆR_XQNž^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c 0[AG>FdX¯AJbCa>F·¸J]CEFdNµJ>FdC 2<br />
=aTMOL@CEFdNžÅF<br />
· C¥MQPK^EXAKJWCENXF 0sMONAKX;T^LTNXQCEXcPKAD³QF†²ˆ¹ 4 ¼<br />
²ˆ¹ = 4 ¼O²Y¹¯: 4<br />
FdC´ 2 =aTMOLTCEFdN;*=TNADF©¨@º¯F :FFdNNXQNˆ´µaTMONMQ´ CEFdNA^ECAK´d^YXQR@±`AKNFHPDFH^^<br />
´a@MQJTJ>FHPK^IMQJTG©ADC ^IAK?\L@MQ´ CIXJ(NMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXP»MQPDcQXQNADCaT?B^ 2<br />
·£CL@NFH^EFHJWC^nM GTFdCMQAKPDFHG<br />
0FVR_XF ´d;>NNFHJWC`LTNX¸FH´ C 2 =aTMOLTCEFdNÀ F :FŠ^º[^ECEFH?9?VXFHPª±aTAK´a¥±MQ^ MQ^^;T?VFHG<br />
±`aTAPDFž^EXP 0c-Ca>F1LTNXQ=@PDFH?©MQJ@G Ca>F ?BMQAKJ MQ^^;@?VLTCADXJT^ª±`aTAK´µa»±1FdNF1?\MQG>F1MO=X;TCªCa>F<br />
^EºCADXJV^´a>FH?VFH^AKJVG>FdCMQAP 2 =-aTMOLTCEFdN ¦ G>FH^´ NAD=FH^<br />
Ca>F¯^AK? ;TPKMOCADXJ}F :F|LTNXQLX^EFHGB^´a>FH?\FH^<br />
MQJTGŠLTNFH^EFHJWC^YCa>FHADNYNFH^;TPKC^ 2- AKJTMQPPDºQ¼,=-aTMOLTCEFdN§Ã`´ XJ@´dPK;TG>FH^©Ca>FNFdLXQNC ±`AKCabLXAKJWCEFdN^<br />
CEX\RS;>C;>NF»±XQN³ 2<br />
À
¹|¹ 4 =@MQ^EFHG :c<br />
¥<br />
:c :F ´ X?VL@;TCEFdN ^ªU@PKF§^Eº[^CEFH? 2 :FH´ X?VLTNFH^^žMQJTG NFHJTG>FdNž^;T´µa}U@PDFH^YCEX 0[AKFd± CaTF|AKJ>RvXQN?\MOCADXJ<br />
´ XJWCEFHJ]C 2<br />
¹|aTFbUTN^CMQJTG ?VX^EC JTMOC;>NMQP F :[CEFHJT^ADXJ¥XQR CaTAK^|LMONMQGTADc?"XJ¥Ca>F ·¸J]CEFdNJTFdC±MQ^<br />
Ca>F»´ XJT´ FdLTC`XQR$¥ B¥;¤£¤ ©!&©¨ 2 =X?VL@NFH^^EFHGI?VFHGTAMŠUPDFH^R_NX?CaTF¯±Fd=±FdNF<br />
F :FHG(XJ©PDXFH^d¼¯±`a>FdNF Ca>Fdº(´ X;TPKG(=F L@PKMkºQFHG<br />
;T^AJ>cBCa>FV^ECMQJ@GTMONG ?Š;@PDCAK?VFHGTAM\^EXQRvC ±MONF 2 Xk±F 0QFdNH¼ Ca@AK^`±MQ^»J>XQC»MI^MOCAK^ERSMQ´ CEXQNº<br />
R_XQNŠ;T^EFdN^ ±`AKCa†PKAK?\ADCEFHG MQ?VX;@J]C^»XQR-GTA^E³ ^ELMQ´ FQ¼©^PDX ± ´ XJTJ>FH´ CAKXJ ^ELFdFHGT^<br />
^EXPK;TCADXJ<br />
XQN-PKA?\ADCEFHGVL@MOCAKFHJT´ F 2 ¹|aTAK^ FH^^EFHJWCAKMQPKPDº\´ NFHMOCEFHGICa>F¯JTFdFHGBRvXQN ¡¤£§ ©¨! 64&!&©¨Q¼<br />
MQJTG'<br />
CEFH´µaTJ>XPDXQcQº4CaTMOCBFHJTMO=PDFHGCa>FŽ;T^EFdN CEX‹F :F ¨@ºQ¼T±`aTAKPKF AKC-±MQ^-=FHAKJTc}GTXk±`JTPKXMQG>FHGRvNX? Ca>F»·¸J]CEFdNµJ>FdC 2<br />
C;TNFH^ R_XQN ^CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c 0FdXnX10QFdN Ca>F}·¸J<br />
¹|a@AK^´µaTMOLTCEFdNbG@AK^´d;T^^FH^^EX?\F}MONµ´aTADCEFH´<br />
2 ·£C ^ELFH´dADU@´dMQPKPDº G>FH^´ NµAD=FH^ MOLTL@PKA´dMOCADXJ PKMkºQFdN ¯XW:‹´ XJ]CENXP1?VFH´µaTMQJTAK^?\^ RvXQN<br />
CEFdNJ>FdC<br />
2 - AKJTMQPPDºQ¼@ADCLTNFH^EFHJWC^`MQJ X10QFdN 0FŠ³QFdºLTNXQCEXc0FdX<br />
^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c 0FdX 2<br />
¢ ¡ ¦ ¨V¸¤§¦Y€}¦¤3§H`¦¥«V¤§ ¨»¦¤§|‚ §<br />
C£±1X4G@AB)FdNFHJ]CIMON´a@ADCEFH´ C;>NFH^IRvXQN G>FHPKA 0QFdNµAKJ>c‹^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c ^EFdN 0
- ADc;>NFbÅ 2 - ? ¹|¹ 4 =MQ^EFHG :[CENFHMQ?BAKJ>c<br />
M\aWº[LFdNµPKAKJ>³VRvXQǸ MQJ0FdXVUPDF Ca>FHJ<br />
XJ<br />
¹`a>FVa]º[LFdNPKAKJ>³G>X[FH^»J>XQC LXAKJWC¯GTAKNFH´ CPDº CEXCa>F 0FdXnU@PDFQ¼¦=;>C¯AJT^ECEFHMQG CEX M<br />
¥<br />
XP@±MQ^1JTXQC L@MONCA´d;TPKMONPDº ^;TADCEFHG\R_XQNNFHMQP CAK?\F`^ECENFHMQ?\AJ>c 2 - XQN1F :>MQ?VL@PKFQ¼WCa>FPKMQ´³<br />
CEX
±XQN³¼MQ^V±FHPKP-MQ^VCa>F;T^EFXQRCa>Fc;TMONMQJWCEFdFHG G>FHPA0QFdNº LTNXQCEXFH^`GTMOCM\Ca>NX;>ca Ca>FŠJ>FdC <br />
/µ¼§´dMQ;@^EFHG<br />
^;>=^ECMQJ]CAMQP ¨@;T´ C;TMOCADXJ‹AKJ Ca>F\G>FHPKA 0QFdNº¥CAK?\FH^»R_XQNbCa>FVR_NµMOc?VFHJ]C^bXQRCa>FVFHJT´ XFHG<br />
GTMOCM 2 :
- ADc;>NF»Å 2Å ?-:[CENFHMQ?\AJ>c :[FdN 0QFdN|=MQ^EFHG :[CENFHMQ?BAKJ>c<br />
¢8©¥ ¥>! . § ©¤¡¡(8¥¨<br />
¥<br />
0[AG>FdX ? ;T^EC|=Fb´ X?\LTNFH^^EFHG¥=FdR_XQNFŠCENMQJT^?BAK^^ADXJICEXnMQ´aTAKF 0QFŠF¡ B´dAKFHJT´ º 2<br />
²MH±<br />
0sMONº[AKJTc}M10sMQAPKMO=@PDF»=@MQJ@G>±`AKG>CaIAKJICaTF J>FdC ±XQN³<br />
CaTF<br />
¡ ..28>£8¥¨©£/B>1©§ -¥ ¥> £§¥><br />
¥<br />
Streaming Server<br />
Client/Receiver<br />
Video Decoder<br />
Media<br />
Synchronization<br />
Audio<br />
Decoder<br />
Storage Device<br />
Raw Video<br />
Video<br />
Compression<br />
Compressed<br />
Video<br />
Application−layer<br />
QoS control<br />
Application−layer<br />
QoS control<br />
Raw Audio<br />
Audio<br />
Compression<br />
Compressed<br />
Audio<br />
Transport<br />
Protocols<br />
Transport<br />
Protocols<br />
Internet<br />
(Continuous Media Distribution Services)<br />
( Figure from Wu et al, Streaming in the Internet : Approaches and Directions)<br />
AKG>FdXŠ´ X?VLTNFH^^ADXJV^´aTFH?VFH^ ´dMQJB=F|´dPMQ^^ADUTFHGVAJ]CEX»C£±1X ´dMOCEFdcQXQNADFH^ ?Y^´dMQPMO=@PDF<br />
J>XJ ^´dMQPMO=@PDF 0FdX\´ Xc 2<br />
MQJ@G<br />
^´dMQPKMO=@PDF 0FdX FHJT´ XFdN\cQFHJ>FdNµMOCEFH^\XJ>F¥´ X?\LTNFH^^EFHG =ADC ^ECENFHMQ? 2<br />
%9J>XJ<br />
·¸J<br />
´ XJWCENMQ^ECd¼YMI^´dMQPKMO=@PDF 0FdXnFHJT´ XFdN ´ X?VLTNFH^^EFH^»MINMH± 0FdX^EFHZ[;>FHJT´ FVAKJWCEX<br />
? ;TPDCAKL@PDF^;>=" ^ECENFHMQ?\^ 2 ¤ J>FXQRCaTF|´ X?VLTNFH^^FHGV^;>=" ^ECENFHMQ?\^žAK^ˆCa>F-=@MQ^F|^;>="<br />
^CENFHMQ?¼ ±aTAK´a ´dMQJ†=FVAKJTGTFdLFHJ@G>FHJ]CPKºIGTFH´ X[G>FHG†MQJ@G LTNX10FH^»´ XMONµ^EF0FdN ´ X?\LTNFH^^EFHG ^;>=" ^ECENFHMQ?\^MONF FHJTa@MQJT´ FH?VFHJWC ^;>=" ^ECENFHMQ?\^d¼<br />
±aTAK´a ´dMQJ XJTPDº†=FIG>FH´ XFHG CEXQcQFdCa>FdN\±`ADCa–Ca>FI=@MQ^EFI^;>=, ^ECENFHMQ? MQJTG ´dMQJ<br />
L@NX10F=FdCECEFdN 0F aTADca<br />
FH^Ĉ Z[;TMQPKAKC º 2 :[LFH´dADU@´dMQPKPDºQ¼s´ X?VL@MONFHG ±`AKCaŠG>FH´ XF-´ X?VL@PDFdCEF=@ADC ^CENFHMQ?¼<br />
GTFH´ X[GTAJ>cBCa>F =@MQ^EFV^;T=" ^ECENFHMQ?3XQN»?Š;TPKCADL@PDFb^;>=" ^ECENFHMQ?B^`LTNX[GT;@´ FH^`L@A´ C;>NFH^<br />
±ADCa©G>FdcQNMQG>FHG©Z[;TMQPKAKC ºQ¼¯XQN¥M ^?\MQPKPKFdNIA?\MOcQF ^A©¨dF†XQN M PDX ±1FdN¥R_NMQ?\F†NMOCEF 2<br />
=X?VL@MONFHG–±`ADCa J>XJ ^´dMQPMO=@PDF"0FdX>¼ž^´dMQPMO=@PDF"0FdXŽAK^ ?VXQNFIMQGTMOLTCMO=@PDF CEX<br />
¹`a>F ?\MQAJRS;TJT´ CADXJ XQRŠMOLTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJ PKMHºQFdN ¯XW: ´ XJWCENXP AK^BCEX ?\MQAJ]CMQAKJ4Ca>F<br />
L@NFH^EFHJWCMOCADXJ Z[;TMQPKADC£º¥MQ?\AKG@^EC´aTMQJ>cAJ>c J>FdC ±XQN³©´ XJTGTADCAKXJT^ 2<br />
- XQN CaTAK^d¼¯ADC<br />
LFdNRvXQN?\^`´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ ´ XJ]CENXPYMQJTGFdNNXQN´ XJWCENXP 2 =XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ¥´ XJWCENXP AK^`FH?
¥> £ ¥§ 5¡ ©> ¡¤£§( £¡ £8¥¨ ©¤§7 8(©¤¡<br />
¥<br />
)FdN^¯=FH^EC F¤)XQNC¯^EFdN 0[AK´ F MQJTG¥aTFHJT´ F Z[;TMQPKAKC º?Š;@PDCAK?VFHGTAM}LTNF <br />
¹`a>Fb·¸J]CEFdNµJ>FdC`Ẍ<br />
©¨8 01¨¤5§¥¨ >£¥> ©¤6>0 ¡7! ¡<br />
¥<br />
FHGTAKM ^EºNXJTA©ḦMOCAKXJ–NFdR_FdN^}CEX ?BMQAKJ]CMQAJTAKJ>c Ca>FICEFH?VLXQNMQPNFHPKMOCADXJ@^aTADL@^<br />
¾<br />
§ ¨ ¡¦. ¥¨§7£¢ § ¥>£¦¥;¥> ¡<br />
¥¡<br />
NXQCEXFHG»MQJTGb^ECMQJTGTMONG@A©¨dFHG R_XQN©´ X?\?Š;@JTAK´dMOCADXJ»=FdC£±1FdFHJŠ´dPKADFHJWC^<br />
4<br />
LPDXkºQFHG CEXŽLTNF 0QFHJWCŠL@MQ´³QFdCVPDX^^ MQJTG‹NFHGT;T´ F GTFHPKMHº 2<br />
8§NNXQN ´ XJ]CENXPA^bCEX AK? <br />
L@NX10QF 0FdX»L@NFH^EFHJWCMOCADXJBZ[;TMQPKADC£ºŠAKJ\Ca>F-LTNFH^EFHJ@´ F|XQRLMQ´³QFdC1PKX^^ 2 8§NNXQN§´ XJ<br />
CENXP?\FH´aTMQJTA^?\^ AJT´dPK;TG>F`R_XQN±MONG FdNNXQN´ XQNNFH´ CADXJ ) - 8 = /µ¼[NF CENMQJT^?\A^^ADXJ¦¼<br />
FdNNXQN NFH^APKADFHJWC¯FHJ@´ X[GTAJ>c MQJTG FdNNXQN ´ XJT´ FHMQPK?VFHJWC 2 :FdFHG\J>FdC£±1XQN³ ^;TLTLXQNC©CEX»NFHGT;T´ F-Ca>F-CENMQJ@^ELXQNCYGTFHPKMHº}MQJTG}L@MQ´³QFdC<br />
PKX^^}NMOCADX 2<br />
=XJWCAKJW;TX;T^}?VFHGTAKM GTAK^CENAD=@;>CAKXJ‹^EFdN 0FCEXQL<br />
XQR· JWCEFdNJ>FdC 4 NXQCEX[´ XP ) · 4 /µ¼ˆCEX†MQ´a@ADF 0QF ¯XW:–MQJTG F¡ B´dADFHJT´ º 2<br />
¹|a>Fdº NFdRvFdN}CEX<br />
CEFH´µaTJTAKZ[;>FH^PKAD³QF J>FdC£±1XQN³IU@PKCEFdNAKJ>c>¼>MOLTL@PAK´dMOCADXJ PDF 0QFHP¦? ;TPDCA´dMQ^ECd¼@MQJTG ´ XJWCEFHJWC<br />
NFdL@PKAK´dMOCADXJ 2<br />
±ADCaTAKJVXJTFGTMOCMŠ^ECENFHMQ? MQJTGB=FdC£±1FdFHJ 0sMONµADX;T^ ?\FHGTAKM ^ECENFHMQ?\^ 2 · C1AK^1Mb?\M)EXQN<br />
RvFHMOC;>NFbCaTMOC`GTAK^CAKJ>c;TAK^a>FH^ ? ;TPDCAK?\FHGTAKM MOLTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJT^R_NX?XQCa>FdǸ CENMQG@ADCADXJTMQP<br />
G@MOCMVMOLTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJT^ 2 ¢'ADCa?\FHGTAKM ^Eº[J@´a>NXJ@A©ḦMOCADXJI?VFH´a@MQJTAK^?\^H¼[CaTF MOL@L@PKAK´dM<br />
CAKXJ‹MOC Ca>FBNFH´ FHA 0QFdNŠ^AKG>F\´dMQJ L@NFH^EFHJWC 0sMONµADX;T^ ?VFHG@AKM^ECENFHMQ?\^ŠAKJ†Ca>F ^MQ?VF<br />
±MHº MQ^|Ca>FdºI±1FdNFbXQNADcAKJTMQPPDº\´dMOLTC;>NFHG 2<br />
MQJ@G‹^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c ^EFdN 0QFdNµ^ 2 4 NXQCEX[´ XP^ RvXQNŠ^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c ?VFHGTAMILTNX10F\^;T´a–^EFdN <br />
0FdC£±1XQN³ MQGTG>NFH^^AKJ>c>¼ˆCENMQJT^LXQNC MQJTG ^EFH^^ADXJ ´ XJ]CENXP 2 :[FH´ CADXJ Å 2 *<br />
=@NADF©¨Tº F :[L@PMQAKJT^^EX?VF ^ECMQJ@GTMONGILTNXQCEXc 2<br />
¢ ¡£¢ ¦ ¦¨¥¦ž¦¯¥¤§¦ ž®¤ ©¨ ¨ { ¯¦ ¥ ¤¤ { ¯¦ ¥<br />
¹|a>F XQ=EFH´ CA 0QF»XQRYMOLTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJ PKMHºQFdN XW:n´ XJ]CENXP¦A^1CEX\M10QXAKG ´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJ MQJTG?\M : <br />
AK?\A ¨dF 0FdX ZW;@MQPKADC º–AKJ‹CaTFnL@NFH^EFHJT´ FIXQR`LMQ´³QFdCPDX^^ 2<br />
¹|a>FIMOLTL@PAK´dMOCADXJ PKMkºQFdN ¯XW:<br />
´ XJWCENXP|CEFH´µaTJTAKZ[;>FH^VAKJT´dP;TG>FI´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ¥´ XJ]CENXP`MQJTG FdNNXQN\´ XJWCENXP 2 ¹|a>FH^EFCEFH´µa<br />
JTAKZ[;>FH^ MONFVFH?VLPDXkºQFHG =[º¥Ca>FVFHJ@G ^EºXJ>XQC»NFHZW;TAKNF MQJWº ¯XW:Ž^;>LTLXQNC<br />
RvNX? CaTFJ>FdC£±1XQN³ - À ! 2 ¹|aTA^§^EFH´ CADXJnLTNFH^FHJ]C^1Ca>F 0OMONADX;@^1MOLTL@NXMQ´a>FH^RvXQN´ XJTcQFH^ <br />
CADXJ ´ XJWCENXP©MQJTGI=TNADF©¨@º G>FH^´ NµAD=FH^-^EX?VF ?VFH´µaTMQJTAK^?B^-R_XQǸ FdNNXQǸ ´ XJWCENXP 2<br />
+
- ADc;>NF Å 2 * ?=%N´µaTADCEFH´ C;>NFbR_XQN¯:N´ F ½MQ^EFHG¥²MOCEF =XJWCENXP<br />
2 :N´ F ½MQ^EFHG¥²MOCEF =XJWCENXP<br />
-<br />
Ca>FŠ^EX;TN´ F =@MQ^EFHGŽNMOCEF}´ XJ]CENXPY^´a>FH?VFQ¼Ca>F ^EX;>N´ F LFdNRvXQN?\^-Ca>F CMQ^E³ XQR<br />
·¸J<br />
±XQN³b=[º MQG;T^ECAKJTc`Ca>FX;>CEL@;>CYNMOCEF=@MQ^EFHG XJ Ca>F<br />
MQG@MOLTCAKJ>c¯CEXCaTF^ECMOCEF-XQRJ>FdC<br />
MOLTLTNXMQ´a 2 =MQ^EFHG<br />
FBLTNXQ=FH^ R_XQN Ca>F M10sMQAPKMO=@PDF =@MQJTG<br />
·¸J–Ca>FBLTNXQ=FB=@MQ^EFHG‹MOL@LTNXMQ´aª¼YCaTFn^EX;TN´<br />
Streaming<br />
Server<br />
Storage Device<br />
Compressed<br />
Video<br />
Rate Shaper<br />
Source−based<br />
Rate Control<br />
Transport<br />
Protocols<br />
Internet<br />
RTP<br />
Base<br />
Station<br />
RTCP<br />
MH<br />
( Figure from Wu el al, Streaming in the Internet : Approaches and Directions )<br />
¢¡ ¡¤£ ¢¡ !#"¥ £¡ !¤ ¥¡ ! ¦¡¨§<br />
±XQN³V´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ ´dMQ;T^EFH^žF :>´ FH^^A 0QF`L@MQ´³QFdCPDX^^EFH^ˆ±`a@AK´aV;T^;TMQPKPDº aTMQ^ M»G>F 0sMQ^CMOC <br />
¤FdC<br />
F¤)FH´ C»XJ'0FdXnLTNFH^EFHJWCMOCADXJ Z[;TMQPKADC£º 2 ¹|a[;T^d¼´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ†´ XJ]CENXPž?\FH´aTMQJTA^?\^<br />
AKJ>c<br />
FH^^MONºBCEXVa>FHPDLnNFHGT;@´dAKJ>cbLMQ´³QFdC`PDX^^MQJ@GnGTFHPKMHº 2 ¹1ºWLAK´dMQPKPDºQ¼<br />
MOCFHJTGI^EºFH´<br />
RvXQN\^ECENFHMQ?\AKJTc'0FdX>¼´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ4´ XJ]CENXP|CMO³QFH^\Ca>FIRvXQN? XQRNµMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXP 2<br />
²MOCEF<br />
´ XJWCENXP@MOCECEFH?VL@C^ CEXb?BAKJTAK?\A ¨dF1Ca>F`LX^^AD=@AKPADC º XQRJ>FdC£±1XQN³\´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ\=[ºV?\MOC´a@AKJ>c<br />
NµMOCEF XQR©CaTF 0[AG>FdX\^ECENFHMQ? CEX Ca>F M 0OMQAKPKMO=PDF J>FdC ±XQN³I=@MQJTGT±`AKG>Ca * ! 2<br />
Ca>F<br />
mtiklsmu<br />
nf>ikj<br />
²`MOCEF ´ XJ]CENXP`AK^}FH?VL@PDX ºQFHG CEX‹MQGTMOL@CVCa>FX;>CEL@;>CVNµMOCEF XQRCaTF 0[AKGTFdX ´ XFdN\=MQ^EFHG<br />
XJ¥Ca>F¥FH^ECA?\MOCEFHG(M 0OMQAKPKMO=@PDF¥=@MQJTG>±`AG>CaAKJ4Ca>F J>FdC£±1XQN³ 2<br />
83:>AK^ECAKJ>c†NµMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXP<br />
^´µa>FH?VFH^´dMQJn=F´dPKMQ^^ADU@FHGBAKJWCEXbC£±1XV´dMOCEFdcQXQNADFH^ ?ž^EX;TN´ F =@MQ^EFHGnMQJTG NFH´ FHA 0QFdN =@MQ^FHG 2<br />
¹|a>FH^F ^´a>FH?\FH^`MONF =@NADF©¨TºBGTFH^´ NADFHG=FHPDX ± 2<br />
RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³ŠMO=X;>C©Ca>FJTFdC ±XQN³ 2 ¹|aTF1MON´µaTADCEFH´ C;>NFXQR@^EX;TN´ F =@MQ^EFHG NMOCEF´ XJ]CENXP<br />
A^žMQ^ž^a>Xk±JVAKJ - ADc;TNF|Å 2 * - À ! 2 - XQN ;TJTA´dMQ^EC 0[AKGTFdX>¼QCa>F-F :c ^EX;>N´ F =MQ^EFHG<br />
NµMOCEF¯´ XJWCENXP?VFH´a@MQJTAK^?\^ R_XPPDXk±'C ±X MOL@LTNXMQ´aTFH^ ?ˆLTNXQ=F =MQ^EFHGBMQJTGn?VXFHP <br />
-dÁ
2<br />
´aTMONMQ´ CEFdNµA©¨dFHG =[º CaTF R_XPPDXk±`AJ>c}R_XQN? ;TPKM Ã"!<br />
´dMQJ¥=F<br />
-©ÅQÅ<br />
¦¨§<br />
±a>FdNF<br />
CaTNX;>ca>L@;TCXQRžM\¹ = 4 ´ XJTJ>FH´ CAKXJ<br />
¦<br />
?Š;TPKCAK´dMQ^EC-CENFdF 2<br />
CEXBXJ>Fb´a@MQJTJ>FHPªAKJICaTF<br />
Ca>FB^EX;TN´ F =@MQ^EFHG–NMOCEF ´ XJWCENXP¿¼ˆCa>FBNFH´ FHA 0QFdN =@MQ^FHG‹NMOCEFn´ XJ]CENXP<br />
:>AK?\AKPKMON»CEX<br />
2 ¹|a>F»=@MQ^A´ LTNXQ=F =@MQ^EFHGINMOCEFŠ´ XJ]CENXP©´ XJT^AK^C^-XQRˆC ±X\L@MONC^<br />
L@NXMQ´a<br />
M / ¢(a>FHJ†J>X´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJ†AK^ G>FdCEFH´ CEFHG¦¼ MINFH´ FHA 0QFdN»LTNXQ=FH^¯R_XQN Ca>F\M10sMQAPKMO=@PDF<br />
)<br />
?BMQAKJ]CMQAJT^Ca>F§L@MQ´³QFdC©PDX^^¦NMOCADX|MO=X10QF^EX?VF§CaTNFH^a>XPKG¡ £¢¥¤ 2 ¹`a>FdNF<br />
±AKG>Ca»MQJTG<br />
C ±XB±MHºc}Ca>FŠ^EFHJTGTAKJTc NµMOCEF?<br />
MONF<br />
) M /IMQG@GTADCA 0QF AKJ@´ NFHMQ^EF MQJTG ? ;TPDCAKL@PKAK´dMOCA 0QF G>FH´ NFHMQ^F ) %`· ¾ > /<br />
) =/n? ;TPDCAKL@PKAK´dMOCA 0QF»AKJ@´ NFHMQ^EF MQJTG? ;TPDCADLPKAK´dMOCA 0QF»G>FH´ NFHMQ^F ) ¾ · ¾ > /<br />
=@MQ^FHG\MOLTLTNXMQ´µa MQG E;T^C^§Ca>F`^FHJTGTAKJ>c»NµMOCEF`=@MQ^EFHGBXJB^EX?\F?VXFHP<br />
¹`a>F`?VXFHP<br />
±XQN³ ) PKAD³QFCa>F1CaTNX;>ca>L@;TC©?VXFHPWXQRM¯CENMQJT^?BAK^^ADXJŠ´ XJ]CENXPWL@NXQCEX <br />
XQRCa>FJ>FdC<br />
XP ) ¹ = 4 /©´ XJTJTFH´ CADXJ / 2 :[LFH´dADU@´dMQPKPKºQ¼ Ca>F-CaTNX;>ca>L@;TC©XQRM»¹ = 4 ´ XJTJTFH´ CADXJ<br />
´<br />
<br />
) Å 2 -1/<br />
<br />
) ?BM :F L@MQ´³QFdC^A ¨dFb;T^EFHGI=[º CaTFb´ XJTJ>FH´ CADXJ<br />
<br />
NX;TJTG CENAKLnCA?VF»R_XQNCa>F ´ XJTJ>FH´ CAKXJ<br />
LMQ´³QFdC PDX^^F 0QFHJWC`NMOCADXBF :[LFdNADFHJ@´ FHGI=WºnCa>Fb´ XJTJTFH´ CADXJ 2<br />
0FdX¯^ECENFHMQ?g=@MQ^EFHGŠXJ 8 Z[;TM<br />
¹`a>F1^EFHJ@G>FdNYGTFdCEFdN?\AKJ>FH^©Ca>F1X;>CEL@;>CYNMOCEFXQRTCa>F<br />
2 - 2 ¹|aW;@^d¼OCa>F¨0[AG>FdX¯´ XJ@J>FH´ CADXJ\´dMQJVM10QXAKG\´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ\AKJ}M ^AK?\AKPMON©±MHº<br />
CAKXJ\Å<br />
= 4 MQJ@G AKĈ ´dMQJV´ X?\LFdCEFRSMQADNPDºb±`ADCa ¹ = 4 ¨TX ±`^ 2 - XQN§CaTA^ NFHMQ^XJ¦¼<br />
CEX»Ca@MOCžXQR¹<br />
=MQ^EFHGbNµMOCEF´ XJWCENXPF ^ECMOCEF<br />
XQRžCaTF J>FdC£±1XQN³±`aTAKPDF»CaTF ^EFHJ@G>FdNG>X[FH^JCL@MONCAK´dAKL@MOCEFbAKJ¥NMOCEF ´ XJWCENXP 2 ¹|aTAK^<br />
A^ G>XJ>F =[º©MQGTGTAKJTc5'sG>NXQLTL@AJ>c ´µaTMQJTJ>FHP^XQR}Ca>F 0FdX^ECENFHMQ? 2<br />
¹1ºWLAK´dMQPKPDºQ¼<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN =@MQ^EFHG–NMOCEFn´ XJ]CENXP1AK^ ;T^FHG‹AKJ ? ;TPDCA´dMQ^ECAKJ>c^´dMQPKMO=PDF0FdX>¼ ±a>FdNF<br />
CaTFdNF\MONFV^EF 0QFdNMQP§PMHºQFdN^ AJ CaTF}^´dMQPKMO=@PDF 0FdXIMQJTG FHMQ´a PMHºQFdNb´ XQNNFH^ELXJTGT^<br />
?\FH´aTMQJTA^?\^}RvXPKPDXk±"C ±X‹MOLTLTNXMQ´µa>FH^?L@NXQ=F =@MQ^EFHG MQJTG?VXFHP =MQ^EFHG MOL"<br />
M PMHºQFdN7's´µaTMQJTJ>FHP¿¼ NFH^;TPDCAJ>cnAJŽMAJT´ NFHMQ^EFVXQRADC^<br />
=MQJTG>±`AKGTCa¥=[º!EXAKJTAJ>c<br />
-,-
2 - 2 Å<br />
^EX?VF\´dMQ^EFH^H¼ªNFH´ FHA 0QFdN^»´dMQJ NFdc;TPKMOCEF}Ca>F}NFH´ FHA 0cINMOCEF}XQR 0FdX^ECENFHMQ?\^<br />
·¸J<br />
MQ´³QFdC|PDX^^1AK^AKJ>F 0F<br />
4<br />
FdLTC;TMQPžZ[;TMQPKAKC º 2 8§NNXQN ´ XJ]CENXP ?\M :F0FdXILTNFH^EFHJ]CMOCAKXJ ZW;@MQPKADC ºŽAKJ<br />
LFdN´<br />
FVXQRL@MQ´³QFdC PDX^^ 2 8§NNXQN ´ XJ]CENXP1?VFH´µaTMQJTAK^?\^»AKJT´dPK;@G>F - XQN±MONG 8 NNXQN<br />
Ca>F\L@NFH^EFHJT´<br />
¥¢¡¤£<br />
- 8 = ¹`a>FILTNAKJT´dAKL@PDFVXQR<br />
NFH´ FHA 0[AJ>c NµMOCEF 2<br />
· R`J>X ´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ AK^ŠGTFdCEFH´ CEFHG MOR_CEFdNEXAKJTAKJTc>¼©Ca>F EXAKJ<br />
F :FdN±`A^EFQ¼ Ca>FNFH´ FHA 0QFdN G>NXQL@^}Ca>F J>Fd±`PKº<br />
PKMkºQFdN 2 MQG@G>FHG<br />
=/¢(a>FHJ¥´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ¥AK^\G>FdCEFH´ CEFHG¦¼|M NFH´ FHA 0QFdN GTNXQL@^\M PMHºQFdN ) A 2F 2¼PKFHM 0QFH^M<br />
)<br />
/µ¼TNFH^;TPKCAKJ>c}AKJMVNFHGT;@´ CADXJIXQRžADC^-NFH´ FHA 0c}NMOCEF 2<br />
´µaTMQJTJ>FHP<br />
=@MQ^EFHGVMOL@LTNXMQ´aª¼±`aTAK´µaVAK?VL@PAK´dADCPDº»FH^ECA?\MOCEFH^žCa>F`M10sMQAPKMO=@PDF<br />
$¯JTPKAK³QFCaTF|LTNXQ=F<br />
=MQJTG>±`AKGTCaBCa>NX;>caILTNXQ=@AJ>cbF :±AKG>CanMQJTGAK^=@MQ^EFHGIXJ 8 Z[;TMOCADXJ<br />
=[º MQG@GTAKJ>c5'sG>NXQLTL@AKJ>cŠ´aTMQJTJTFHPK^d¼F»^EFHJTG>FdN|´dMQJMQP^EXVMQGE;@^EC1CaTF¯CENµMQJT^ <br />
?BAK^^ADXJŽNMOCEFBXQR1FHMQ´µa‹´a@MQJTJ>FHPˆ=@MQ^EFHG XJ†R_FdFHGT=@MQ´³ŽR_NX? Ca>FVNFH´ FHA 0QFdNµ^ 2 ¹|a>F<br />
MO=X70QFB^´aTFH?VF\±`aTA´a†´ X?Š=@AKJ>FH^ =XQCa Ca>F\^EX;TN´ F =@MQ^EFHG MQJ@G NFH´ FHA 0QFdN =@MQ^FHG<br />
XJ]CENXP MOLTLTNXMQ´a>FH^AK^|´dMQPKPDFHG# º[=TNAKG²MOCEF =XJWCENXP&% 2<br />
NµMOCEFb´<br />
¦r©f, vt©w<br />
nf>ikj<br />
¹|a>FBXQ=¸FH´ CA 0QFBXQRNMOCEF ^aTMOL@AKJ>cAK^ CEX ?\MOC´µa‹Ca>FBNMOCEFBXQR-M L@NF ´ X?VLTNFH^^EFHG 0FdX<br />
=@ADC ^CENFHMQ? CEX¯Ca>FCMONcQFdCYNMOCEF´ XJ@^ECENMQAKJWC 2 %<br />
NMOCEF^aTMOLFdN ) XQNˆU@PDCEFdN /±`aTAK´µa LFdNRvXQN?\^<br />
NMOCEFb^aTMOL@AKJ>c>¼F»^EX;TN´ F =@MQ^EFHGNµMOCEFb´ XJ]CENXP - À ! 2 ¹|a@AK^AK^=FH´dMQ;T^EF<br />
Ca>F|^ECEXQNFHG 0[AKGTFdX ?BMHº}=F1LTNF ´ X?VLTNFH^^FHG\MOC§M»´ FdNCMQAKJ}NMOCEFQ¼W±`aTAK´µa}?\MHº}J>XQC§?\MOC´µa<br />
Ca>FbM10sMQAPKMO=@PDF =@MQJTGT±`AKG>CaIAKJICa>F JTFdC ±XQN³ 2<br />
¹|aTFdNF MONF}?BMQJ]º C£ºWLFH^¯XQR UPDCEFdN^d¼^;T´µaŽMQ^ ´ XFH´ U@PDCEFdNH¼RvNMQ?VF G>NXQL@L@AKJ>c U@PDCEFdNH¼<br />
PKMkºQFdN G>NXQLTLAKJ>cnU@PDCEFdNH¼RvNFHZW;TFHJT´ º U@PDCEFdNk¼MQJ@G NF ZW;@MQJ]CA©ḦMOCAKXJ U@PDCEFdNH¼±`aTA´aŽMONF\G>F <br />
^´ NAK=FHG MQ^R_XPPDXk±`^ 2 ¹`a>FH^EF¯U@PDCEFdN^1CENº\CEXVMQGTMOLTCCa>F¯X;>CEL@;TC1NMOCEF XQR©Ca>F 0FdX}´ XFdN<br />
=[ºŽCENµMQJT^´ XcCEX¥M GTAB)FdNFHJWC ´ X?VLTNFH^^ADXJ ^´µa>FH?VFQ¼ˆG>NXQLTL@AJ>cIR_NMQ?\FH^d¼©G>NXQLTL@AKJ>c<br />
XPDXQǸ R_NMQ?\FH^-CEX ?VXJTX[´µa>NX?VF»FdC´ 2¼2<br />
PKMkºQFdN^|XQR0[AG>FdX>¼T´aTMQJTcAKJ>cB´<br />
¡ ¡¥ ¢¡ ! ¡¨§<br />
¢¡<br />
=XQNNFH´ CADXJ ) - 8 = /µ¼ NF CENMQJT^?BAK^^ADXJª¼ FdNNXQN NFH^AKPKAKFHJ]C}FHJT´ Xc†MQJTGFdNNXQN ´ XJ@´ FHMQP <br />
?VFHJWC -dÁ! 2<br />
AK^}CEX†MQGTG NFHGT;TJ@GTMQJ]C}AKJ>RvXQN?\MOCAKXJ–^EX CaTMOCVXQNµADcAKJTMQP<br />
?\FH^^MOcQF´dMQJ =FBNFH´ XJT^CEN;T´ CEFHG AKJ–Ca>F L@NFH^EFHJT´ FnXQR|L@MQ´³QFdC\PDX^^ 2<br />
½MQ^EFHG XJ<br />
-HÅ
AKc;>NFbÅ 2À.? 4 NXQCEX§ £ :¨1©¤§-.§¥£¦¥;¥¨<br />
-<br />
CYLTNX10FH^©=@MQ^A´ J>FdC£±1XQN³Š^EFdN 0LTLXQNCª^;T´µa}MQ^YJTFdC ±XQN³bMQGTG>NFH^^AKJ>c 2 ¹|a>F<br />
·<br />
Data Plane<br />
Protocol Stacks<br />
Control Plane<br />
Compressed<br />
Video/Audio<br />
RTP Layer<br />
RTCP Layer<br />
RTSP Layer<br />
UDP/TCP Layer<br />
IP Layer<br />
Internet<br />
( Figure from Wu et al, Streaming in the Internet : Approaches and Directions )<br />
´dPMQ^^ADUTFHGŽAKJWCEXICa>NFdFV´dMOCEFdcQXQNADFH^ ?¯´aTMQJ@J>FHPˆ´ X[GTAJ>c>¼¦^EX;>N´ FV´ XcnMQJTG¸XAKJWC<br />
^X;>N´ F's´a@MQJTJ>FHP@´ XFHP´ X[GTAJ>c>¼]M 0FdXb^CENFHMQ? AK^§UTN^EC ´µa>XQLTLFHG<br />
AJ]CEXI^EFdc?VFHJWC^d¼ªFHMQ´µa XQR§±`aTAK´µa A^LMQ´³QFdCA©¨dFHG AJ]CEX¡<br />
LMQ´³QFdC^ ©Ca>FHJ¦¼R_XQN FHMQ´µa<br />
^Fdc?VFHJ]Cd¼TM =@PKX[´³\´ X[G>F»AK^MOLTL@PADFHG\CEX Ca>F¢ \LMQ´³QFdC^-CEX}cQFHJ>FdNMOCEF»MQJ¤£ L@MQ´³QFdC<br />
±`a>FdNF¥£§¦¨ 2 ¹©XNFH´ X10QFdN}M^EFdc?VFHJWCd¼©M¥;T^EFdN»XJTPDºŽJ>FdFHGT^ CEX NFH´ FHA 0QF<br />
=PDX[´³¼<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^ AKJ Ca>F¡£ L@MQ´³QFdCB=@PKX[´³ 2 ·¸J ^EX;>N´ F ´ Xc>¼1Ca>F¡£<br />
MQJWº©<br />
´ XJWCMQAKJT^ˆCaTF£<br />
CaTF ) £ -1/<br />
PMONcQFdN»ZW;TMQJWCA©¨dFdN 2 Ä XAKJ]C ^EX;>Nµ´ F's´aTMQJTJTFHPY´ Xc 2<br />
¢ ¡¡ ¤¥¦-b¦ž ¥ §H¦¥ «V¤§+¨»¦¤§|‚ µ §<br />
LTNXQCEX[´ XPK^|NFHPKMOCEFHGICEX\·¸J]CEFdNµJ>FdC|^ECENFHMQ?\AJ>cV´dMQJ=F ´dPKMQ^^ADU@FHGnAJ]CEXVCa>F RvXPKPDX ±`AKJ>c<br />
¹|a>F<br />
2 ´dMOCEFdcQXQNADFH^<br />
4 ^FdN 0QFH^`MQ^`Ca>F J>FdC ±XQN³ PKMHºQFdN LTNXQCEX[´ XP¦RvXQN|·¸J]CEFdNµJ>FdC 0FdX\^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c 2<br />
·<br />
2 § ¨ ¡¦. ¥¨§7£ .§¥£¦¥;¥¨ Å<br />
- *
²ˆ¹ 4 a>FHMQGTFdN-UTFHPKGI´dMQPKPDFHG¥:[ºNXJTA©ḦMOCAKXJ:N´ F»AKG>FHJWCADUTFdN<br />
U@FHGI=WºnMQJ<br />
:@:FH^»M ?VFHMQJT^bR_XQNbCa>F\NFH´ FHA 0QFdNŠCEX¥GTAK^CAKJ>c;TAK^a GTAKR <br />
)<br />
FH^ 2 RvFdNFHJWC`^EX;>Nµ´<br />
- À<br />
C\LTNX10FH^}FHJTG FHJ@G J>FdC ±XQN³ CENMQJT^ELXQNC}RS;TJT´ CADXJ@^}R_XQNB^CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c MOL@L@PKAK´dM<br />
·<br />
2 ¹|a>FŠCENMQJT^ELXQNC`LTNXQCEXcBAJT´dPK;TG>FH^ $ > 4 ¼<br />
CAKXJT^<br />
= 4 ¼H²|FHMQP ¹|A?VF 4 NXQCEXF»=@MQ^AK´ CENµMQJT^ELXQNC|RS;TJT´ CADXJ@^-PKAD³QFb? ;TPDCADLPDF :c>¼WFdNNXQN<br />
$<br />
´ XJWCENXP±`a@AKPDF`²ˆ¹ 4 's²Y¹ = 4 N;TJ XJnCEXQLIXQR $ > 4 's¹ = 42.> AB)FdNFHJ]CRvNX? $ > 4 ¼<br />
¹ = 4 FH?VL@PDX º[^´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJI´ XJWCENXPCEX M10QXAKGI^EFHJTGTAKJTc CEXWX}? ;T´a CENM BÓ¼FdC ±XQN³–´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ 2<br />
· C MQP^EX FH?\L@PDXkº 4 G>X[FH^JCIaTM 0QF†MQJWº ¨TX ±<br />
´ XJWCENXP1?VFH´aTMQJ@AK^? 2¨- AKJTMQPKPKºQ¼ª¹ = 4 Ẍ )FdN^bMINFHPKAKMO=@PDF CENMQJT^LXQNC ^EFdN 0FHPMHºVNFHZ[;TADNFH?\FHJ]C^d¼ $ > 4<br />
AK^ C º[L@AK´dMQPKPKºVFH?VL@PDX ºQFHG MQ^1Ca>F¯CENMQJT^ELXQNC<br />
L@NXQCEX[´ XP¯RvXQN 0FdX ^ECENFHMQ?\^ 2 · J'MQGTGTAKCADXJ¦¼-^AKJT´ F $ > 4 G>X[FH^JC c;TMONMQJWCEFdF<br />
LMQ´³QFdC}G>FHPKA 0QFdNºQ¼YCa>F\NFH´ FHA 0QFdN JTFdFHGT^»CEX¥NFHPDº XJ‹;>LTLFdN PKMkºQFdN ) A 2F 2¼Y²ˆ¹ 4 /¯CEX<br />
C`L@MQ´³QFdCPDX^^ 2 GTFdCEFH´<br />
4 AK^¥MQJ ·¸J]CEFdNµJ>FdC¥^ECMQJTG@MONG LTNXQCEX[´ XP G>FH^ADcJTFHG©CEX4LTNX10F FHJTG" CEX FHJTG<br />
²ˆ¹<br />
CENµMQJT^ELXQNCVRS;TJT´ CADXJT^\R_XQNn^;>LTLXQNCAKJTc NFHMQP CAK?VF¥MOLTLPKAK´dMOCADXJT^ +! 2 ²ˆ¹ = 4 AK^<br />
CaTF ´ XJ]CENXP LTNXQCEXFH^ADcJTFHG(CEX ±1XQN³(AKJ©´ XJ;TJT´ CAKXJ¥±ADCa©²ˆ¹ 42 ²Y¹ 4<br />
GTXWFH^J Cbc;TMONMQJWCEFdF¯XW: XQNŠNFHPKAKMO=@PKF\G>FHPKA 0QFdNºQ¼©=@;>C NµMOCa>FdNH¼YLTNX10FH^bCa>F\RvXP <br />
CADXJT^CEXB^;TLTLXQNC?\FHGTAKMV^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c<br />
PKXk±`AKJTcVRv;TJ@´<br />
M / !&©¡£ ¡7£¦¨! . 54¡ |²ˆ¹ 4 LTNX10FH^§CAK?VF ^ECMQ?VLAKJ>c CEX ^Eº[J@´a>NXJ@A©¨dF`GTAB)FdN <br />
)<br />
FHJWC»?VFHGTAKMn^ECENFHMQ?B^ 2 ²ˆ¹ 4<br />
AK^ J>XQC¯NFH^ELXJT^AK=@PDF RvXQN»^Eº[J@´a>NXJ@A©ḦMOCADXJŽ=@;>C<br />
MOLTLPKAK´dMOCADXJT^ 2 AKC|AK^|PDFdRvC-CEX\Ca>F<br />
=/ ©£¢¤ ©(©cŽCEX†L@PKMQ´ F<br />
)<br />
CaTFŠ²ˆ¹ 4<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^»AJ Ca>F ´ XQNNFH´ C¯XQNG>FdN 2 ¹|aTFb^EFHZ[;>FHJT´ FŠJ[;T?Š=FdNAK^MQPK^EX<br />
CADXJ 2<br />
;@^EFHGRvXQN|L@MQ´³QFdC¯PDX^^|GTFdCEFH´<br />
´1/ ¢ ¨1¨B¥ £1(. © 5©¤ £ ¥=£¥¨¦ ¹|aTFC£ºWLFXQR@CaTFLMHºFHGVAKJ}MQJ<br />
)<br />
²ˆ¹ 4<br />
LMQ´³QFdC|AK^AKJTGTA´dMOCEFHG\=[ºBMQJI²Y¹ 4 a>FHMQG>FdNUTFHPKGn´dMQPKPDFHG L@Mkº[PDXMQGnC£ºWLF<br />
AG>FHJ]CAKUTFdN 2 ¹|a>F`NFH´ FHA 0QFdNAJ]CEFdNL@NFdC^§Ca>F¯´ XJ]CEFHJWCXQR¦Ca>F`LMQ´³QFdC=@MQ^EFHG XJ<br />
2 Ca@AK^-UTFHPKG<br />
G / ¥ §7©?8© £ ¥$>£8¥¨§ ¹|aTF ^EX;>N´ F†XQR FHMQ´a ²Y¹ 4 L@MQ´³QFdCŽAK^AKG>FHJWCA <br />
)
- ¦<br />
¹`a>F}LTNAK?\MONºRv;TJ@´ CADXJŽXQR²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
AK^¯CEXLTNX10F RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³ŽCEX MQJ MOLTLPKAK´dMOCADXJ<br />
NFdcMONGTAKJ>c Ca>F Z[;TMQPKAKC º XQR|GTMOCMŽGTAK^ECENAK=@;>CADXJ 2 ¹|a>FBR_FdFHG>=MQ´³‹AK^ŠAKJ CaTFBRvXQN?<br />
XQR|^FHJTG>FdN NFdLXQNC^ ) ^EFHJWCb=[º†Ca>FB^EX;>Nµ´ F7/»MQJTG‹NFH´ FHA 0QFdN NFdLXQNC^ ) ^EFHJWCb=[º†Ca>F<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN / 2<br />
¹|a>F¥NFdLXQNC^\´ XJWCMQAKJ¥AJ>R_XQNµ?\MOCADXJ XJ¥Ca>F¥Z[;TMQPKADC£º XQR NFH´ FdL@CADXJ<br />
MQ^ ^;T´a<br />
RvNMQ´ CADXJ XQRYCaTF PDX^EC`²ˆ¹ 4 L@MQ´³QFdC^¯^AKJT´ F»CaTF PKMQ^EC|NFdLXQNC <br />
¥<br />
¥ ´d;@?Š;TPMOCA 0QF»JW;T?Š=FdNXQR©PDX^ECL@MQ´³QFdC^d¼^AKJT´ F¯Ca>F =FdcAJTJTAKJ>cŠXQR NFH´ FdL@CADXJ<br />
¥ LMQ´³QFdC AKJ]CEFdN MONNA 0OMQP EADCECEFdN <br />
¥ GTFHPKMHº^AKJ@´ F PMQ^EC|NFdLXQNC <br />
E;T^CYADC^ˆCENµMQJT^?\AK^^ADXJ NµMOCEF 2 ²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
½MQ^EFHG\XJ}Ca>FR_FdFHG>=MQ´³¼Ca>F-^EFHJTG>FdN§´dMQJVMQG<br />
> 8: ) :[X;TN´ F > FH^´ NADL@CADXJ§/¯L@MQ´³QFdC^Š´ XJWCMQAKJ–CEF :[C;@MQP AKJ>RvXQN?\MOCAKXJ†´dMQPKPDFHG<br />
:<br />
AG>FHJ]CAKUTFdN^|XQRžCaTF ^EFH^^ADXJ LMONCAK´dADL@MQJWC^<br />
´dMQJTXJTAK´dMQPYJTMQ?VFH^¯MQ^cPKXQ=@MQPKPDº;TJTAZW;>F<br />
±aTAK´aIL@NX10FH^|MVa[;T?\MQJ" R_NAKFHJTGTPDºB?\FH´aTMQJTA^?R_XQN^EX;>N´ FbAG>FHJ]CAKU@´dMOCADXJ 2<br />
¹©X»^´dMQPDFCa>F²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
´ XJWCENXPFH^ADcJTFHG 2 ¹|a>F}´ XJ]CENXPž?VFH´aTMQJ@AK^?<br />
Ca>F†CEXQCMQPŠ´ XJ]CENXP L@MQ´³QFdC^ CEX ¦¡ XQR}Ca>F†CEXQCMQP ^EFH^^ADXJ©=@MQJ@G>±`AKG>Ca 2<br />
³QFdFdL^<br />
XJ]CENXP©LMQ´³QFdC^d¼ Å ¦¡<br />
%¯?VXJ>cnCa>F}´<br />
MONF}MQPKPDXF}^EFHJTG>FdN¯NFdLXQNC^¯MQJTG<br />
 ¦¡ CEXnCa>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN NFdLXQNC^ 2 ²ˆ¹ = 4 ^EFHJTG>FdN¯NFdLXQNC^¯´ XJ]CMQAJŽMQJ AKJ@GTAK´dMOCADXJ<br />
XQRNFHMQP CAK?VF\MQJTG†CaTFB´ XQNNFH^ELXJTG@AKJ>cI²Y¹ 4<br />
CAK?\FH^ECMQ?VL ±`a@AK´a†MQAKG@^ AKJ†AKJWCEFdN <br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2<br />
?\FHGTAKMV^EºF<br />
2 ©7¡¡7¥> ¥¨ £§ ¥¨0.§¥£¦¥;¥¨<br />
*<br />
¹|AK?\F:[CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c 4 NXQCEXFXQRCa>F-?\MQAKJ Rv;@JT´ CADXJT^YXQR²Y¹¯: 4<br />
^CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c»?VFHG@AKM¯X10QFdN§Ca>F-·¸JWCEFdNJ>FdC<br />
=² PKAK³QF¥´ XJ]CENXP`XQLFdNMOCADXJ@^\^;T´µa4MQ^B^CEXQLª¼L@MQ;T^EF' NFH^;T?VFQ¼<br />
A^VCEX–^;TLTLXQNC<br />
RSMQ^ECRvXQN±MONG¦¼ MQJTG(RvMQ^Cn=MQ´³[±MONG 2<br />
¤ Ca>FdN ?\MQAKJ'RS;TJT´ CADXJ(AK^nCEXFH^ECMO=PKAK^a<br />
MQJ@G4´ XJWCENXP`^ECENFHMQ?\^BXQR»´ XJWCAKJ[;>X;T^BMQ;@GTADX MQJTG0[AKGTFdX ?VFHGTAKM†=FdC£±1FdFHJ¥Ca>F<br />
?\FHGTAKM ^EFdN 0QFdN^ MQJTG Ca>F|´dPKADFHJWC^ 2 ·£C§MQPK^X¯L@NX10FH^ˆ?VFHMQJT^§R_XQN§´µa>XWX^AKJ>c»G>FHPKA 0QFdNº<br />
´µaTMQJTJ>FHP^ ) F 2c 2¼ $ > 4 ¼¹ = 4<br />
/µ¼MQJTG G>FHPKA 0QFdNº ?VFH´µaTMQJTAK^?\^=@MQ^EFHGXJ ²ˆ¹ 42<br />
4 ¼¦FHMQ´a‹LTNFH^EFHJWCMOCADXJ MQJ@G ?VFHGTAKMI^ECENFHMQ?ƒAK^»AKG>FHJWCADUTFHGŽ=[ºŽMQJ‹²Y¹¯: 4<br />
·¸J†²ˆ¹:<br />
0QFdN^MQPNFH^X;>N´ F»PDXF X70QFdNMQPKPLTNFH^FHJ]CMOCADXJMQJ@G CaTF»LTNXQL"<br />
;@JTA<br />
MONF`GTFdU@J>FHG}AKJ}M LTNFH^EFHJWCMOCADXJ\GTFH^´ NADLTCEXQNžUPDFQ¼Q±`aTAK´µa}?\MHº<br />
FdNCADFH^žXQRCa>F-?VFHGTAKM<br />
AJT´dPK;TG>FbFHJT´ X[G@AKJ>c>¼PKMQJ>c;TMOcQFQ¼ª²ˆ¹: 4<br />
$¯² # ^d¼¦G>FH^ECAKJ@MOCADXJ MQG@G>NFH^^d¼LXQNCd¼¦MQJTG<br />
XQCaTFdN L@MONMQ?\FdCEFdN^ 2 ¹|a>F-L@NFH^EFHJWCMOCADXJ\G>FH^´ NµADLTCEXQN§U@PKF´dMQJB=F-XQ=TCMQAKJ>FHGV=[º}Ca>F<br />
´dPADFHJ]C|;@^AKJ>c ¹|¹ 4 ¼>FH?\MQAKP¦XQǸ XQCa>FdN?VFHMQJ@^ 2
0[AKFd±¥XQR¦Ca>F 0OMONADX;T^§^CENFHMQ?\AKJ>c MON´a@ADCEFH´ C;>NFH^AKJ<br />
¹|a@AK^§´a@MOLTCEFdNLTNX10FHGBMQJBX70QFdN<br />
· JWCEFdNJ>FdC 2 ¹`a>F J>F :cQFH^ AKJ 0QXP 0QFHG AKJ‹G>FHPA0QFdNAKJ>c<br />
Ca>F<br />
0XJ>F 2<br />
^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c\^EFdN<br />
-HÃ
MO=PDFBCEX†^;>L@LXQNC ±`ADNFHPKFH^^b^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c AK^ ^ADcJTADU´dMQJ]C ^AKJT´ F<br />
¹|a>Fn´aTMQPPDFHJ>cQFnXQR|=FHAKJ>c<br />
cQFHJ>FdNMQPKPDºŽNFH´ XQcJTA ¨dFHG–MQ^b=FHAJ>c=@MQJTG>±AKG>Ca aW;@J>cQNºQ¼YFdNNXQNb^EFHJ@^ADCA 0QFQ¼ˆMQJTG<br />
0FdX¥AK^<br />
G>FHPMHº}AKJ]CEXPKFdNMQJ]C ¤ J}Ca>F`XQCa>FdN1aTMQJ@G¦¼Q±`ADNFHPKFH^^ž´aTMQJ@J>FHPK^§MONF´aTMONMQ´ CEFdN <br />
^EX?VFdCA?VFH^<br />
¡£¢¥¤§¦©¨<br />
#%$'&( ")+* -, . -, &( 9/1 32¥2<br />
5 ,86 &(!8, * 9, $(2<br />
A©¨dFHG}MQ^žaTM10[AKJTc PAK?\ADCEFHGŠ´dMOL@MQ´dADC ºVMQJTG}aTAKcab=@AKC©FdNNXQNžNMOCEFH^d¼]MQJTG =FHAKJ>cCAK?VF 60OMONºc 2<br />
%¯^|Ca>F ^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c\MOLTLPKAK´dMOCADXJT^-MONFbMQGTMOLTCA 0QFQ¼@Ca>FbaTADcaI=ADC-FdNNXQN|NµMOCEFH^`?\MkºI´dMQ;@^EF<br />
^EFdNAKX;T^LTNXQ=@PKFH?\^CEX\NMOCEFb´ XJWCENXP©^´a>FH?\FH^|±`aTA´aIFH?VL@PKXkºIPDX^^-=@MQ^FHGR_FdFHGT=@MQ´³ 2<br />
¹|a@AK^-´aTMOL@CEFdǸ =TNAKF©¨Tº G>FH^´ NAD=FH^Ca>F FdNNXQǸ ´aTMONµMQ´ CEFdNAK^ECAK´d^XQRY±`ADNFHPDFH^^-´aTMQJTJTFHPK^ 2<br />
· C¯F :FVF¤)FH´ C»XQRCa>F\PDX^^NµMOCEFVNFdLXQNCEFHG =Wº Ca>FVNFH´ FHA 0QFdNbXJ NMOCEF\´ XJ]CENXP 2<br />
· CŠG>FdU@JTFH^ Ca>F LTNXQ=@PDFH? MQJTG‹GTFH^´ NAD=FH^ ^EX?\F NFHPMOCEFHG‹±XQN³ G>XJ>FBCEXŽMQPKPKF 0[AKMOCEF Ca>F<br />
LTNXQ=PDFH? 2 - AKJTMQPKPDºQ¼>ADC-F :F»RvX[´d;T^|XQRYCaTF ´d;>NNFHJWC-LTNXEFH´ C 2<br />
¦ ¦¦` { ¨}-¦-¦Y¤§ªT¦¦ž `§ ¤ ¦¤¤¥¤ { ¨}|V}¤¤¥<br />
»¡<br />
;TJTLTNFHGTAK´ CMO=PDF 2 ¹|aTF;TJTNFHPKAKMO=@APKADC º»´ X?VFH^§R_NX?gFdNNXQN^<br />
¢(ADNFHPDFH^^ˆ´µaTMQJTJ>FHPK^žMONFa@ADcaTPDº<br />
CaTMOC}MONAK^EFIGT;>F CEXŽG@AK^ECAKJT´ CŠLTNXQL@MOcMOCAKXJ‹L@aTFHJ>X?VFHJTMŽ^;T´µa–MQ^}? ;TPDCA L@MOCa–RSMQGTAKJ>c>¼<br />
^aTMQGTXk±`AKJTc>¼L@MOCa\PDX^^d¼]J>XAK^FQ¼WMQJTG\AJ]CEFdNRvFdNFHJT´ F-RvNX?XQCaTFdN1;T^EFdNµ^d¼]MQPKP>XQR±`aTA´a\aTM10QF<br />
M\? ;TPDCADLPKAK´dMOCA 0QF¯F¤)FH´ CXJCa>F CENµMQJT^?\ADCECEFHG^ADcJTMQP¿¼T´dMQ;T^AKJ>cVADC-CEX GTFdCEFdNADXQNMOCEF 2<br />
¾ ;TPDCA LMOCa†LTNXQL@MOcMOCAKXJ¦¼Y´dMQ;@^EFHG =[ºŽ^;>LFdN LX^ADCADXJŽXQRNMQGTADX¥±M10QFH^bNF©¨@FH´ CEFHG<br />
RvNX? ^;>NNX;TJTGTAKJTc\XQ=EFH´ C^d¼ cA 0QFH^ NAK^EF CEX RvNFHZW;TFHJT´ º ^FHPDFH´ CA 0QFVRSMQGTAKJ>c>¼¦NFH^;TPDCAKJ>cnAKJ<br />
NMOL@AG ¨@;T´ C;TMOCAKXJT^|XQRžCa>FŠL@aTMQ^EFŠMQJTG¥MQ?VLPKADC;TG>F»XQRžCaTFb^ADcJTMQP 2 ¹`aTAK^|;T^;TMQPKPDºnaTMOL"<br />
LFHJT^±`a>FHJ Ca>FŠNFH´ FHA 0QFdN»?VX10QFH^ X70QFdNbM G@AK^ECMQJT´ F XJŽCa>FŠXQNµG>FdNXQR1M ±M 0QFHPKFHJ>cQCa XQN<br />
?VXQNF 2 :X ±`AKJ>c>¼ª´dMQ;@^EFHG =[º CaTF\LTNFH^EFHJ@´ F\XQR-PKMONcQFVL@aWº[^AK´dMQPˆXQ=EFH´ C^ ) =@;TAKPGTAKJ>c^d¼<br />
±MQPKPK^d¼>FdC´ 2 /B±`aTA´aLTNFH´dPK;TG>F»MBG@ADNFH´ C|PKAKJTF»XQRˆ^ADca]C`=FdC£±1FdFHJ¥Ca>F NMQG@ADXVCENMQJT^?BADCECEFdN<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN»AK^M ?VFHG@AK;T? ^´dMQPKF F¤)FH´ C»MQJTG NFH^;@PDC^`AKJ ^ECENXJ>cI^ADcJ@MQPªLXk±FdN»MOCECEFHJ<br />
MQJTG<br />
-kÂ
-<br />
<br />
;TMOCADXJ 2<br />
4 MOCaPKX^^V´dMQ;T^EFH^BCa>FNFH´ FHA 0QFHG LX ±1FdN\CEX 0OMONº cQNMQGT;TMQPPDº‹GT;>FCEX ^ADcJTMQP<br />
MOCECEFHJ[;TMOCADXJŽG>FdCEFdN?\AKJTFHG=WºICa>FŠcQFdX?VFdCENºXQRžCa>FbL@MOCa LTNXQU@PDF AKJ AKC^|FHJWCADNFdC º 2 %¯PKP<br />
CaTAK^`AK^`AKJ¥MQGTGTADCADXJ CEX Ca>FŠPDX[´dMQP LTNXQL@MOcMOCAKXJ ?VFH´µaTMQJTAK^?\^d¼T±`a@AK´a MONFŠG>FdCEFdN?BAKJ>FHG<br />
=[ºŽCEFdNNMQAKJ RvFHMOC;>NFH^ AKJ†CaTF AK?\?\FHGTAKMOCEF0FHG<br />
F¤)FH´ CBXQR¯Ca>FH^EF L@aTFHJ>X?VFHJTM AK^}CaTMOCBCa>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN aTMQ^VCEX‹G>FHMQP|±`ADCa M =@ADC ^CENFHMQ?<br />
CaTMOC AK^»´ XQNN;>LTCEFHG =[º =XQCa NMQJ@G>X?0=@ADC FdNNXQNµ^»MQJTG†=@;>Nµ^EC º FdNNXQN^ 2 ¹|a>FVGT;TNMOCADXJ<br />
XQR CaTFH^EF»=@;>N^C^AJBCa>F»±ADNFHPDFH^^´a@MQJTJ>FHPAK^-M Rv;@JT´ CADXJnXQR Ca>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 0QFHPDXFbJ@MOC;>NF»XQRYCa>F CAK?VF 60OMONºc}FHJ 0[ADNXJT?VFHJWC 2<br />
»¡£¢ ¦¡ n¤ ¦Y § ¦ ¤¤3 ¤¤ { ¯¯¦¥<br />
%¯^ G>FH^´ NAD=FHGAKJ¥:FH?VFH^ˆ±aTAK´a ;T^EFL@MQ´³QFdC<br />
83:FHPKMkº[^ MQ^ RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³ŽAKJTR_XQN?BMOCADXJ ´dMQJ C ´ X?\LFdCEFV±ADCa ¹ = 4<br />
PKAD³QF CENM B´ ±`aTA´aŽ;T^EF<br />
PDX^^ =@MQ^EFHGŠR_FdFHG>=MQ´³ ¦ ! 2 FHJT´ FQ¼?VX^CYNµMOCEF´ XJWCENXP ¼Q¹ - ² =<br />
FdC´ 2¼ /-´µa>X[X^EFbL@MQ´³QFdCPDX^^EFH^|?VFHMQ^;TNFHG MOC|Ca>FbNFH´ FHA 0QFdN^|MQ^`R_FdFHGT=@MQ´³AKJ>RvXQN?\MOCAKXJ 2<br />
·¸J LTNXQ=F =MQ^EFHG NMOCEFn´ XJ]CENXP^´a>FH?VFH^ PKAD³QF %`· ¾ > ¼ˆADRCa>FBRvNMQ´ CADXJ‹XQR-L@MQ´³QFdC^<br />
GT;>NµAKJ>c»M RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³BAKJWCEFdN 0sMQP nAK^1MO=X70QF¯^X?VF £¦¥¨ ©¤§ ¤£:©<br />
! £S¼[Ca>F?BM :C<br />
NMOCEFVXQRCa>F\´ XFdN AK^»G>FH´ NFHMQ^FHG†=Wº M´ XJT^ECMQJWC RSMQ´ CEXQN£¢XQCa>FdN±`AK^EF}Ca>F\?\M :>AK? ;T?<br />
X;>CEL@;TC NMOCEF AK^AKJT´ NFHMQ^EFHG =[º\MQGTGTAKJ>cŠMŠ´ XJT^CMQJ]C¥¤ 2 ¹|aW;@^d¼]Ca>F ´ XJWCENXPMQPKcQXQNADCaT? AK^<br />
MQ^|RvXPKPDX ±`^ ?<br />
) ¦§¦©¨ ¨ / AKR<br />
¦ § ¦ ¦ ¢ <br />
<br />
FHP^EF<br />
¦ § ¦"!#¤ <br />
NAD=FHG FHMONPKADFdNŠAKJ–:[FH´ CADXJ Å 2Å 2 -O¼žAKJ ?VXFHP =@MQ^FHG†NMOCEF ´ XJWCENXP1^´a>FH?\FH^<br />
%¯^bG>FH^´<br />
MQ^¹ - ² = Â"! ¼WCa>F¯?\M :>AK?Š;@? X;>CEL@;TC NMOCEF¯XQR¦Ca>F´ XFdNAK^MQGE;@^ECEFHGBMQ´d´ XQNG@AKJ>c<br />
^;T´µa<br />
CEX 8 Z[;TMOCADXJ¥Å 2 - 2<br />
AK^BJTX–´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ'AJCa>FŽJ>FdC ±XQN³Ca>FŽ²ˆ¹|¹<br />
%¯^^;T?\AJ>c†Ca>FdNF<br />
=FBMQ^^;T?\FHG‹CEXŽ=F J>FHMONPKº ´ XJT^ECMQJWC 2 %¯^Š^CMOCEFHG AJ  ! ¼ž· R-Ca>FBLMQ´³QFdC\^A©¨dFnAK^<br />
´dMQJ<br />
MQPK^EX MQ^^;T?VFHG¥CEX\=Fb´ XJT^ECMQJWC`CaTFHJ Ca>F ?\M :CEL@;>C-NMOCEFŠXQRžCa>Fb^EFHJ@G>FdǸ ADRˆADC<br />
;T^EFH^`¹ - ²¨=©AK^-AKJ 0QFdN^EFHPDºnLTNXQLXQNCADXJ@MQPCEXBCa>F ^Z[;TMONF»NX[XQC|XQRYCa>FbPDX^^F 0QFHJWC`NµMOCEF <br />
NFdLXQNCEFHG=[ºnCa>F ´dPKADFHJWC(' NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2<br />
¦%$<br />
) * 2 -1/<br />
-
;>FbCEXnCaTAK^H¼TCa>FbNFH´ FHA 0QFdNNFdLXQNC^|Ca>FŠCEXQCMQPYPKX^^|NMOCEFŠ±`aTAK´µa¥ADC`F :[LFdNADFHJ@´ FH^|±`aTA´a<br />
NX? Ca>FBMO=X10QF GTAK^´d;T^^ADXJ ADC AK^»F 0FHJWC»CaTMOC CaTFBPDX^^»NµMOCEF\NFdLXQNCEFHG†=[º CaTF\NF <br />
-<br />
FHA 0QFdNb^ADcJTADU@´dMQJWCPDº M*)FH´ C^ Ca>FVNµMOCEF\´ XJ]CENXP MQPDcQXQNADCaT? 2 FHJT´ FQ¼ ADC»AKJ ¨;>FHJT´ FH^¯Ca>F<br />
´<br />
?\M :>AK? ;T?9X;>CEL@;>C»NMOCEFVXQRCa>F 0FdX´ XFdN»±`aTAK´µa AKJ C;>NJ AKJ ¨;>FHJT´ FH^¯Ca>F\Z[;TMQPKADC£º<br />
0FdXVNFH´ FHA 0QFHG¥=WºnCa>Fb´dPADFHJ]C(' NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2<br />
XQRˆCa>F<br />
¤¥¦ £¨¥¤1‚ ¤¡ BV¸¦¯<br />
»¡¡<br />
^´ FHJ@MONADX AKJ}±`a@AK´a}Ca>F^ECENFHMQ?\AKJTc ^EFdN 0QFdN1A^žPDX[´dMOCEFHGBXJ\M»±`AKNFHGVJ>FdC ±XQN³<br />
=XJT^AKG>FdN§M<br />
´dPADFHJ]C(' NFH´ FHA 0QFdNAK^-PKX[´dMOCEFHG AJnM\±`ADNFHPDFH^^JTFdC ±XQN³nMQJ@G AK^´ XJTJ>FH´ CEFHG¥CEX\Ca>F<br />
MQJTGICa>F<br />
G>X?\MQAKJ Ca>NX;Tca†MI=@MQ^EF ^ECMOCADXJ‹J>X[GTF 2 ¹|a>FV^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c^EFdN 0QFdNŠ^EFHJTGT^ 0FdX<br />
±`ADNFHG<br />
GTMOCM»AKJ Ca>F-RvXQN? XQR²ˆ¹ 4<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^ CEX»Ca>F-±ADNFHPDFH^^Y´dPKADFHJWC 2 ¹|a>FNFH´ FHA 0QFdN LFdNµADX[G@AK´dMQPKPDº<br />
^EFHJTG@^\²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdNnNFdLXQNC^\±`a@AK´a´ XJWCMQAKJ ¯XW: RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³L@MONMQ?VFdCEFdNµ^\±`aTA´a<br />
AKJT´dP;TG>F¯R_NMQ´ CAKXJIXQRYLMQ´³QFdC^`PKX^EC|GT;>NAJ>cŠCa@MOC|AKJ]CEFdN 0sMQP ) PKX^^NMOCEF /µ¼TM10QFdNMOcQF}G>FHPKMHº<br />
ADCECEFdN|FdC´ 2¼2<br />
¹|aTFL@MQ´³QFdC^IPDX^ECVRvNX?+CaTF¥^EFdN 0QFdN CEX Ca>F¥´dPKAKFHJ]C\?\Mkº =F G@;>FCEX‹´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ<br />
AKJ Ca>F ±`ADNFHGŽG>X?\MQAKJ XQN CENMQJT^?BAK^^ADXJ¥FdNNXQN^ AKJ¥Ca>F}±`ADNFHPKFH^^`G>X?BMQAKJ 2 ¢'a>FHJTF 0QFdN<br />
Ca>FB´µaTMQJTJ>FHP1AK^ AKJ†M¥=@MQG ^ECMOCEFnGT;>F\CEX RvMQG@AKJ>cIXQNŠAKJWCEFdNRvFdNFHJT´ FQ¼YCa>F\LTNXQ=@MO=@AKPKAKC º¥XQR<br />
CENMQJT^?\AK^^AKXJŠFdNNXQN^§±AKPKP[=F|aTADcaVMQJTG a>FHJT´ F`M J[;T?Š=FdNžXQRLMQ´³QFdC^?\MHº}=F|PDX^EC1AKJ\M<br />
=@;>Nµ^EC ºŠRvMQ^a@ADXJ 2 FHJT´ FQ¼WCa>F|²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
NFdLXQNC^§^EFHJWCž=Wº Ca>F-NFH´ FHA 0QFdN1GT;>NAKJTcCa>F-LFdNAKX[G<br />
±`a>FHJICaTF Z[;TMQPKAKC ºBXQRˆ´a@MQJTJ>FHP¦AK^=@MQGI±`APKPAJTGTAK´dMOCEF aTADcaPDX^^NMOCEF 2 ¹|a>F»MQGTMOL@CMOCADXJ<br />
MOC¯Ca>FŠ^EFHJ@G>FdN ^|FHJ@G AK^`=@MQ^EFHG XJ Ca>F}PDX^^ NMOCEFŠMQ^^;T?\AKJ>c J>FdC ±XQN³¥´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJ 2 %¯^<br />
Ca>F-PDX^^YNMOCEF|A^Ya@ADca¦¼OCa>F-^EFHJTG>FdNžG>FH´ NFHMQ^EFH^žCa>FX;>CEL@;TC©NMOCEF-XQRCa>F-´ X[GTFdN§MQJTG}a>FHJT´ F<br />
Ca>F»Z[;TMQPKADC£º\XQRFH´ NFHMQ^EFH^ 2 :[X>¼F»ZW;@MQPKADC ºVXQR(0[AG>FdXŠ±a>FHJ>F 0QFdN-Ca>F»´a@MQJTJ>FHPAK^<br />
^ECMOCEFbAK^`G>NMQ^ECAK´dMQPPDºBM*)FH´ CEFHG 2<br />
AKJMV=MQG<br />
JTFVXQRCaTFVLTNAK?VF}NFHMQ^XJT^»RvXQN Ca>FBMO=X10QFBLTNXQ=@PDFH? A^»Ca>F\AKJTMO=AKPKADC£º XQR1CaTF\NF <br />
¤<br />
FHA 0QFdNCEX GTAK^CAKJ>c;TAK^a\=FdC ±FdFHJ¥CaTFb´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ PDX^^EFH^`MQJTG±`ADNFHPDFH^^-´a@MQJTJ>FHPªPDX^^EFH^ 2<br />
´<br />
?\Mkº MQPK^X AJT´dPK;TG>F1L@MQ´³QFdC^1GT;>FCEX»±`ADNFHPDFH^^©FdNNXQN^ 2 ¤ J}Ca>FXQCa>FdN1aTMQJTG¦¼OCa>F|^EFHJ@G>FdN ^<br />
aWºWLXQCa>FH^A^-CaTMOC`LMQ´³QFdC»PDX^^|A^`MQJ¥AJTGTAK´dMOCADXJ XQRˆ´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJŽAK^`J>XQC 0sMQPAKGAKJ¥MBa>FdC <br />
FdNXQcQFHJ>FdX;@^ŠJ>FdC£±1XQN³†FHJ 0F ^EFHJTG>FdNb^AKG>FVNMOCEFn´ XJ]CENXP1^´aTFH?VF<br />
^a>X;@PKGIJ>XQC`^EXPDFHPKºnG>FdLFHJTGnXJCaTFbPDX^^-NµMOCEF R_XQNADC^|MQGTMOLTCMOCAKXJ 2<br />
»¡§¦ ¤¤¤¥¤§« ¤ ¡<br />
MQPPDF 0[AMOCEFnCaTFIMO=X70QFLTNXQ=@PDFH? MONAK^AKJ>c¥L@NAK?\MONAPDº†GT;>FnCEXŽCaTFIaTFdCEFdNXQcQFHJ>FHADC£º XQR<br />
¹©X<br />
J>FdC£±1XQN³ ´ XJTJTFH´ CAKJ>c Ca>F ^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c†^EFdN 0QFdNBMQJ@G Ca>F´dPKADFHJWCd¼ Ca>FMOLTL@PAK´dMOCADXJ<br />
Ca>F<br />
0QFHP(0[AG>FdX\cMOCEFd±MHº - !©±MQ^`LTNXQLX^FHG 2 - AKc;>NF * 2 - AKPKP;T^ECENMOCEFH^-CaTFbNXPDFbXQR§M0FdX<br />
PDF<br />
XJ]CMQAKJ@AKJ>c ?\XQ=@AKPDFŠ±`ADNFHPDFH^^a>X^C^ 2 ¹|a>F 0FdXncMOCEFd±MHº†AK^<br />
cMOCEFd±MHº†AKJŽMBCEXQLXPDXQcQºŽ´<br />
+ -
´ XJTJ>FH´ CAKXJMOLTLTNXMQ´µa¥aTMQ^|^X?VFbGTAK^MQG.0sMQJWCMOcQFH^|PKAK³QF<br />
½;>Cd¼TCaTFbMO=X10QFb^ELPKADC<br />
·¸JT´ NFHMQ^FbAKJIFHJTG FHJ@G G>FHPKMkºnGT;TF»CEX\CENMQJT^´ XF»L@MQ´³QFdC^ AKJMVJ>FdC ±XQN³ MONF»FHJ@´ NºWL@CEFHG<br />
} ¦§€} `§ ¦¨}¤ ¤4¦~@¤§¦Y<br />
»¡¡<br />
C`A^-MOC<br />
¹|a>F»RvXFb´d;>NNFHJ]C-LTNX¸FH´<br />
¾ XF^EFHJ@G>FdN\^AKG>FnNMOCEF ´ XJWCENXP|MQPDcQXQNµADCaT?+^;T´µa CaTMOC\ADCVG>X[FH^VJ>XQC<br />
¥<br />
XJICa>F»PDX^^NMOCEF NFdLXQNCEFHGn=[ºBCa>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN-R_XQN-ADC^MQGTMOLTCMOCAKXJ 2<br />
^XPDFHPDºBG>FdLFHJTG<br />
¾ XF-NFH´ FHA 0QFdN ^AKGTFMQPDcQXQNµADCaT?;T^EFHG}RvXQNžNFdLXQNCAKJTcCa>F|PKX^^ˆNMOCEF|^;T´µa<br />
¥<br />
NFdLXQNCAKJ>c}±`ADNFHPKFH^^CENMQJT^?\A^^ADXJnFdNNXQNµ^ 2<br />
Ca@MOC`ADC|´dMQJ¥M10QXAKG<br />
Mobile<br />
Host<br />
Base Station<br />
Wired Network<br />
Video<br />
Gateway<br />
ADc;TNF * 2 - ? %LTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJ # F 0QFHP AKG>FdX 5 MOCEFd±Mkº<br />
-<br />
MOC CaTFB½MQ^EFn:[CMOCADXJ ) ½-:/ MQJTG†FH?VLPDXkºFH´ CAKXJ†MOLTLTNXMQ´µa†CEX<br />
LTNFH^FHJ]C<br />
^EXP 0QF»CaTF»LTNXQ=@PDFH? 2 · C-NFH´ FHA 0QFH^`Ca>F ²ˆ¹ 4<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^´ XJWCMQAKJTAJ>c}Ca>F 0[AG>FdX\GTMOCM}RvNX?<br />
Ca>F ^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c†^EFdN 0QFdN MQJTG CENMQJT^´ XFH^\AKC}AJ]CEX M†PDX ±1FdNB=@MQJTG>±`AG>Ca 0FdX ^CENFHMQ?<br />
±`aTA´a†AK^»^;@ADCMO=@PDF R_XQNbCa>FV±`ADNFHPKFH^^ a>X^EC 2 · C MQ´ C^bMQ^bMINFH´ FHA 0QFdN RvXQN Ca>F\^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c<br />
^EFdN 0QFdN MQJTG MQ^\M ^EFHJTG>FdNVCEX†Ca>FI±`AKNFHPDFH^^}a>X^EC 2 :[X>¼1AKC}^FHJTGT^ Ca>F ²ˆ¹ = 4 NFH´ FHA 0QFdN<br />
NFdLXQNC^-CEX Ca>Fb^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>cB^FdN 0QFdNMQJTG¥²Y¹ = 4 ^FHJTG>FdN|NFdLXQNC^|CEXBCa>F ±ADNFHPDFH^^`a>X^EC 2<br />
¢(a>FHJ>F 0QFdǸ CaTF ´aTMQJTJTFHP¦AK^-AKJM}=@MQG^ECMOCEFQ¼Ca>F 0FdX}cMOCEFd±Mkº¥´ XJWCENXPK^-Ca>F»X;TCEL@;>C<br />
CENMQJT^?\AK^^AKXJVNMOCEF¯X10QFdN-Ca>F±`ADNFHPDFH^^ PKAKJT³ 2 :[X>¼WF 0QFHJIADR¦CaTFPDX^^1NMOCEF¯XJBCaTF±`AKNFHPDFH^^<br />
PKAKJT³BAK^-aTADcaª¼[CaTF ^ECENFHMQ?\AKJTc\^EFdN 0QFdN|±`APKPJTXQC|MQGTMOLTC|ADC ^-NµMOCEFbMQ^|ADC|^ECENFHMQ?\^¨0FdX}CEX<br />
Ca>F 0FdX}cMOCEFd±MHº 2<br />
ÅOÁ
·¸J 0QFH^ECADcMOCAKJ>c J>Fd±4FHJ@G FHJTG\^ECMOCA^ECAK´d^1=@MQ^EFHG\XJBL@MQ´³QFdCPDX^^1MQJTGBGTFHPKMHº}±`aTA´a<br />
¥<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN¯AKJMQGTGTAKCADXJnCEXBL@MQ´³QFdCPDX^^|NMOCEF ±`AKPPMQAGCa>F<br />
±a>FHJNFdLXQNCEFHG=[ºnCa>F<br />
AKJI=FdCECEFdN|NµMOCEFb´ XJ]CENXP 2<br />
^FHJTG>FdǸ<br />
LTNXEFH´ C»G>X[FH^»J>XQC R_XFdXn´ XFH^¯CEX<br />
¹|a>F}´d;>NNFHJ]C<br />
MQPKPDF 0F`F¤)FH´ C1XQR=@;TN^EC FdNNXQNµ^ˆXJBZ[;TMQPKADC£ºbXQR0[AG>FdX AKJ}±`ADNFHPDFH^^ž´a@MQJTJ>FHPK^ 2 %¯PK^EX>¼<br />
ADCBGTXWFH^nJ>XQCBRvXF¥F¤)FH´ CnXQR ;T^EFdN ?\XQ=@AKPKADC£º–XJ¥Ca>F ¯XW: NFH´ FHA 0QFHG4=[º Ca>F<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdNXQN|XJNMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXPªMQPDcQXQNADCa@?\^ 2<br />
¹|a@AK^b´µaTMOLTCEFdN}F :[LPKMQAKJ>FHG‹Ca>Fn´µaTMONMQ´ CEFdNA^ECAK´d^ XQR|±`ADNFHPDFH^^ J>FdC£±1XQN³[^}±`a@AK´a–GTAK^ <br />
CAKJ>c;@AK^a Ca>FH? R_NX? ±`ADNFHGJ>FdC ±XQN³FHG Ca>F LTNXQ=@PKFH? AKJ 0QXP 0QFHG<br />
AKJ†LFdNRvXQN?\AJ>c §>£©<br />
(¥¨ £§ ¥¨`AKJ‹a>FdCEFdNXQcQFHJ>FdX;T^ J>FdC£±1XQN³†FHJ 0FBJ>F :
#¢¡ 2 $¥ 9* ! 0/ )+, # !8/ ¤ $©1!8,<br />
´a@MOLTCEFdNˆ=TNADF©¨Tº F :F^Eº[^CEFH?g?\X[G>FHP]±`aTAK´µa ±MQ^ˆMQ^^;T?VFHGŠ±`aTAPDF§^EXP 0c<br />
¹|aTA^<br />
L@NXQ=@PDFH? MQJTG¥^ECMOCEFH^^X?VFbMQ^^;@?VLTCADXJT^|±`aTAK´µaI±1FdNFŠ?\MQG>FbMO=X;>C|CaTFb^EºF<br />
FdFHG@^§CEXbF :F`C£±1X}^´µa>FH?VFH^1LTNXQLX^EFHGVRvXQN1^EXP 0[AKJTc Ca>F|LTNXQ=@PDFH? 2<br />
¹|a>FHJª¼WADC§L@NX[´<br />
±XQN³}R_NX?Ca>F`^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c ^EFdN 0QFdN CEX Ca>F`NFH´ FHA 0QFdN1A^ž±`ADNFHPKFH^^žMQJTG<br />
PKMQ^EC§PAKJ>³bXQRCa>FJ>FdC<br />
ÅQÅ<br />
¡£¢¥¤§¦©¨<br />
# ¡ 9* ¤£\2¦¥<br />
¨ ®b@¤1‚ «V¤¤¥<br />
¦Š¡<br />
ADc;>NF`À 2 -`^a>X ±`^žCa>F¯^Eº±aTAK´a\±MQ^1MQ^^;T?VFHG\±`aTAKPDF-G>FdUJTAKJ>c Ca>FLTNXQ="<br />
-<br />
2 PDFH?<br />
0QFdNA^ PDXF±`ADNFHG J>FdC ±XQN³BMQJ@G\Ca>F¯±`ADNFHPKFH^^§´dPKADFHJWC<br />
¹|aTF^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>cŠ^FdN<br />
´ XJTJ>FH´ CEFHG CEXŽCa>Fn^CENFHMQ?\AKJ>cŽ^EFdN 0QFdNV;T^AJ>c¥M =@MQ^EF ^ECMOCADXJ J>XF 2 ¹`a>F ^ECENFHMQ? <br />
AK^<br />
AKJ>cŠ^EFdN 0QFdNNFdCENADF 0QFH^´ X?VLTNFH^^EFHG 0[AKGTFdXbRvNX? Ca>F ^ECEXQNMOcQF G>F 0FHJ Ca>FNMOCEF<br />
^aTMOLFdNˆMQGTMOLTC^YCa>F 0[AG>FdX`=@AKC ^ECENFHMQ?g=@MQ^EFHGŠXJ Ca>F?BM :CEL@;>C©NMOCEF-^ELFH´dADUTFHG<br />
=[º Ca>F\^X;>N´ F =@MQ^EFHG NMOCEF\´ XJ]CENXP ?VXFV^EX;>Nµ´ F =@MQ^EFHG†NMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXP ´ X? <br />
L@;>CEFH^ Ca>F?BM :C§NMOCEF=@MQ^EFHGBXJBCa>F²Y¹ = 4<br />
XW:}RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³BNFdLXQNC^§^EFHJWC<br />
LFdNADXF`NFH´ FHA 0QFdN^ 2 ¹`a>F^EX;TN´ FMQGTMOL@C^AKC^EFHPDR¦XJTPDºVMOC-GTAK^´ NFdCEF`LXAKJWC^ XQR<br />
CAK?VF}MQJTG Ca>FVAKJWCEFdN 0sMQP©=FdC ±FdFHJ†´ XJT^EFH´d;>CA 0QF}MQG@MOLTCMOCADXJT^ AK^¯MOLTLTNX1:F»²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³nAJ]CEFdN 0OMQPXQR©CaTF¯NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2 %R_CEFdN-CaTF MQGTMOLTCMOCADXJ¦¼>CaTF¯NFH^;TP <br />
CMQJWC1=@AKC ^ECENFHMQ? A^§FHJT´dMOL@^;TPKMOCEFHGBAJ]CEXb²ˆ¹ 4<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^MQJTGB^EFHJWC CEX Ca>F|NFH´ FHA 0QFdN;@^AKJ>c<br />
¹ = 4 XQN $ > 4(2 ¹`a>F^FHJTG>FdNžMQPK^EX¯LFdNADXFdNˆNFdLXQNC^Y´ XJ]CMQAKJ@AKJ>c<br />
AKJ>RvXQN?\MOCAKXJMO=X;TC|Ca>FbGTMOCMBCENMQJT^ERvFdǸ ^;@´a¥MQ^`Ca>Fb´d;T? ;TPKMOCA 0QF JW;T?Š=FdN|XQRˆL@MQ´³QFdC^<br />
CENMQJT^R_FdNNFHG¦¼T?\M :>AK?Š;@? ^EFHZW;TFHJT´ FbJ[;T?b=FdN-FdC´ 2¼2<br />
¹|aTF‹LTNXEFH´ C MQ^^;T?VFH^ CaTMOCŽCa>F–^EFHJ@G>FdNŽ;@^EFH^ ^X?VF–PDX^^¥=@MQ^FHG NMOCEF ´ XJ]CENXP<br />
^´µa>FH?VFB^;@´a MQ^C%· ¾ > ¼©¹ - ² =gXQNŠ² % 4 -,- ! FdC´ 2¼2 ·£CbA^»MQ^^;T?VFHG CaTMOC»XJTPDºŽCa>F
- ADc;>NF»À 2 - ?-:[º[^CEFH? ¾ XFHP<br />
Streaming<br />
Server<br />
Storage Device<br />
Compressed<br />
Video<br />
Source−based<br />
Rate Control<br />
Rate Shaper<br />
RTP/RTCP<br />
UDP/TCP<br />
Internet<br />
RTP<br />
Base<br />
Station<br />
RTCP<br />
MH<br />
MQPK^EXVCaTF =XQCECPDFHJ>FH´³IRvXQN|Ca>Fb´ XJ@J>FH´ CADXJ 2<br />
¦Š¡£¢<br />
¨b¦ ¨}¤1‚ƒ¤¡ s£¢<br />
¢(¨}¤0¨b¥€Š<br />
?\MQAKJ XQ=EFH´ CA 0QFŽXQR¯NµMOCEF ´ XJWCENXP`MQ^BF :[L@PMQAKJ>FHGAKJ4:cQFH^ECAKXJ<br />
¹|a>F<br />
´ XJWCENXP 2 ·¸J XQNµG>FdNCEXIG>X CaTAK^d¼M ´dPKMQ^^`XQRžNMOCEF}´ XJWCENXPˆ^´a>FH?\FH^FH?\L@PDXkºCaTFbL@MQ´³QFdC<br />
PDX^^|NMOCEF NFdLXQNCEFHG=[ºICa>F»NFH´ FHA 0QFdN¯MQ^`MQJ AKJTGTAK´dMOCEXQN-XQRž´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJ¥AKJICaTFbJ>FdC ±XQN³ 2<br />
·¸J Ca>F1LTNXQ=@PDFH? G>FdU@J>FHGŠAKJŠ:[FH´ CADXJ * 2 *[¼QCa>F1L@MQ´³QFdCžPDX^^ F :[LFdNAKFHJT´ FHG =[º Ca>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN<br />
?\MkºB=FGT;TFCEXV´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJnAJBCa>F J>FdC£±1XQN³nMQJTG' XQN=@MQGI´a@MQJTJ>FHP´ XJTGTADCADXJ@^ 2 :FVNFH´ FHA 0QFdNb´dMQJTJ>XQCbG@AK^ECAKJ>c;@AK^a =FdC£±1FdFHJ‹Ca>FH?¼ªCa>F\PKX^^ NMOCEF\NFdLXQNCEFHG†?BMHº†J>XQC<br />
=F MQJF :>MQ´ CAKJTG@AK´dMOCEXQN-XQRžJ>FdC ±XQN³´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ 2 ¹|aTAK^-A^Ca>F LTNA?\MONºBNFHMQ^EXJ±`aTA´a<br />
PDFHMQGT^1CEX}Ca>F¯LTNXQ=@PDFH? G>FdU@JTFHG AKJI:[FH´ CADXJ * 2 * 2 ¹-±X}^´a>FH?\FH^±`aTAK´µaB±FdNF¯LTNXQLX^EFHG<br />
CaTAK^LTNXEFH´ C|CEXBMQPPDF 0[AMOCEF»CaTAK^|MONFbF :[L@PMQAKJ>FHGIAKJICa>FbJTF :[C|^EFH´ CAKXJT^ 2<br />
GT;>NµAKJ>c<br />
¡¤£ ¥ §¦ ¡ ¤!#"©¨ ! § ¥¡ !"¥ ¡ ! ¡ <br />
¤#¡<br />
FHJWCENMQPTAKGTFHM`XQRCa>F-RvXPKPDXk±AKJ>c^´a>FH?VF|A^ˆCEX MQPKPDXk± CaTFNFH´ FHA 0QFdN§CEX»NFdLXQNĈ L@MQ´³QFdC<br />
¹|a>F-´<br />
XJTPDº GT;>F CEXŽ´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ MQJTG–CEXŽADcJTXQNFBCa>FnL@MQ´³QFdC\PDX^^<br />
PDX^^FH^b±`a@AK´a–MONFn´dMQ;@^EFHG<br />
=[º Ca>F}±`AKNFHPDFH^^¯´aTMQJ@J>FHP 2 %¯^ MINFH^;TPDCXQR CaTA^d¼Ca>FVaTADca =@;TN^EC ºFdNNXQN NMOCEF<br />
´dMQ;T^EFHG<br />
XQRžCa>F ±ADNFHPDFH^^`´aTMQJTJTFHPª±`AKPPJTXQCM*)FH´ CCa>FŠNMOCEFŠ´ XJWCENXPYMQJTG CaTFbZW;@MQPKADC ºIXQR 0FdX<br />
MQ^ŠCa>FH^EFBFdNNXQN^ MONF J>XQCŠNFdLXQNCEFHG CEXŽCa>Fn^ECENFHMQ?\AKJTc¥^EFdN 0QFdN 2 FHJT´ FQ¼žNMOCEFn´ XJ]CENXP<br />
MOC\Ca>F ^EFHJTG>FdN\±AKPKPJ>Xk±9^ECMONC\NFH^ELXJTGTAKJ>c XJTPKº‹CEX–´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ4AJ Ca>F<br />
MQPDcQXQNAKCaT?<br />
Å,*
- ADc;TNF»À 2Å ? > AK^´ NµAK?\AKJTMOCAJ>c =XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ MQJ@G ¢'AKNFHPDFH^^-PDX^^EFH^|MOC|Ca>FŠ²|FH´ FHA 0QFdN<br />
Sender<br />
T T T<br />
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1<br />
BS<br />
Receiver<br />
Sender<br />
Router<br />
2T<br />
3 2 1 3 2<br />
1<br />
BS<br />
3 2 1<br />
Receiver<br />
Sender<br />
Router<br />
T<br />
3 2<br />
1<br />
3 1<br />
BS<br />
3 1<br />
Receiver<br />
2<br />
( From Nitin Vaidya et al, Discriminating Congestion Losses and Wireless Losses Using Inter−arrival times at the Receiver )<br />
J>FdC£±1XQN³ ±`aTA´a AK^}G>FH^ADNµMO=@PDF 2<br />
·¸J–Ca@AK^}^´a>FH?\FQ¼1Ca>FINFH´ FHA 0QFdNB^AKG>FIMQPDcQXQNAKCaT? ;T^EFHG<br />
CAKJ>c}L@MQ´³QFdC`PDX^^EFH^-A^MQPKCEFdNFHGICEX}FHJTMO=@PDF»ADCCEX\GTAK^ECAJ>c;TAK^a\Ca>F L@MQ´³QFdC^PDX^EC<br />
RvXQN|G>FdCEFH´<br />
XJTcQFH^ECADXJ4MQJ@G ±`ADNFHPDFH^^}CENMQJT^?\A^^ADXJ FdNNXQNµ^ 2 :FICEX‹´<br />
MQAKG>ºMIaTM10QFVLTNXQLX^EFHG MIa>FH;>NA^ECAK´bAJ Å"!žCEXGTAK^´ NAK?\AKJ@MOCEFŠ´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ†PDX^^EFH^¯RvNX?<br />
±`ADNFHPDFH^^`PKX^^EFH^¯MOCCa>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2 ¹|a@AK^|a>FH;>NµAK^ECAK´ A^;T^FHG =[º Ca>F}´d;>NNFHJWC^´µa>FH?VF}MOC<br />
Ca>F|NFH´ FHA 0QFdN FHJTG\CEXŠGTAK^CAKJ>c;TAK^aŠPDX^^EFH^§GT;>F-CEXŠ´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJnMQJTGV±`AKNFHPDFH^^ˆFdNNXQN^ 2 ¹|a>F<br />
a>FH;>NµAK^ECAK´ ;T^EFH^ Ca>FIAKJ]CEFdN MONNA 0OMQP CA?VFH^ XQR`L@MQ´³QFdC^\MOCVCa>FnNFH´ FHA 0QFdNVCEX GTAK^CAKJ>c;TAK^a<br />
´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ¥PDX^^FH^|MQJTG±`AKNFHPDFH^^´a@MQJTJ>FHPªPDX^^EFH^ 2<br />
FHJTMONAKX–MQ^n^a>Xk±J4AKJ - ADc;TNF À 2Å–AKJ ±`aTA´aLMQ´³QFdC^ -O¼`Å MQJTG *<br />
=XJ@^AKG>FdNBM–^´<br />
Mn^X;>N´ FVMQJTGŽXJTPDº LMQ´³QFdC^"-}MQJTG *nMONNA 0QF}MOC Ca>F}NFH´ FHA 0QFdN<br />
MONF}CENMQJT^?\ADCECEFHGŽR_NX?<br />
PDX^C©GT;>F1CEX`±`AKNFHPDFH^^©´aTMQJTJTFHPFdNNXQNµ^ 2 ¹`a>F§NFH´ FHA 0QFdNž´ X?VL;>CEFH^ CaTF1AKJWCEFdN <br />
±`a>FdNFHMQ^YÅ`AK^<br />
MONNA 0sMQP@CAK?VF¯=FdC£±1FdFHJ -¯MQJTG *ŠMQJTG ´ X?\L@;>CEFH^Ca>F»M 0QFdNMOcQF AJ]CEFdN LMQ´³QFdC|^EFdL@MONµMOCADXJ<br />
RvXQNžFHMQ´a\XQRCa>F-PDX^ECžLMQ´³QFdC^ 2 · R@CaTA^žPKADFH^Y±`ADCaTAJbCa>F-NµMQJ>cQF-XQR ¡ £¢ ¡¤ ¦¦¥¨§ <br />
Å £© ¡¥ ¦¥ ¨ £ ¡ £¢ ¡¤ ¦¦¥¨§¥! Å £© £¥ ¦¥ ¨ £ ! Ca>FHJICa>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN<br />
MQ^^;@?VFH^-CaTMOC¯MQPKP¦Ca>F LMQ´³QFdC^±1FdNF PDX^EC|GT;TF»CEXB±`ADNFHPDFH^^-´a@MQJTJ>FHP¦FdNNXQN^-XQCa>FdN±AK^EF<br />
ADC-MQ^^;@?VFH^CaTMOC-Ca>F Ca>Fdº ±1FdNF PKX^EC-GT;>F CEX\´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ 2 · JnCaTA^´dMQ^FQ¼@MQ^-Ca>F»AKJWCEFdN <br />
MONNA 0sMQPCAK?VF=FdC£±1FdFHJ -MQJTG*<br />
AK^\Å b¼±`a>FdNF 3A^}Ca>F M 0QFdNMOcQF L@MQ´³QFdCn^A©¨dFQ¼Ca>F<br />
NFH´ FHA 0QFdN¯´ XJT´dPK;TGTFH^CaTMOC`ADC|AK^`PDX^EC|GT;>F»CEXB±`ADNFHPDFH^^´µaTMQJTJ>FHPªFdNNXQN^ 2<br />
ÅsÀ
XQNFHMQ´a NFH´ FHA 0QFHG LMQ´³QFdC . *£<br />
-<br />
^EFHZ § LT³[C¢¡ ^EFHZ[J>X a@ADca>FH^EC<br />
©<br />
©<br />
XQNFHMQ´a R_FdFHG>=MQ´³AKJWCEFdN 0sMQPªF :[L@AKNF F 0QFHJ]C<br />
-<br />
<br />
©<br />
!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
NFH´ 0 PKMQ^ECELT³[CECAK?VF §<br />
´d;>NNFHJWC CA?VF ) / <br />
AJ]CEFdNMONNA 0OMQP CAK?VF §<br />
NFH´ 0 PKMQ^ECEL@³WCECAK?\F LTNF 0 PKMQ^CELT³WCECA?VF <br />
L@NF 0 PKMQ^ECELT³[CECAK?VF §<br />
NFH´ 0 PKMQ^ECEL@³WCECAK?\F <br />
PKX^^ §<br />
aTAKca>FH^EC ^FHZ! F :F 0F¯MO=X70QF»a>FH;>NAK^CAK´-MQJTGB´ X?\L@;>CEFH^1Ca>FRvNMQ´ CADXJ XQR¦Ca>FCEXQCMQP<br />
¹|aTF`NFH´<br />
CEX¯J>FdC ±XQN³b´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJ}GT;>NAKJTc-CaTMOC©RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³bAKJWCEFdN 0OMQP]MQJTGŠNFdLXQNC^<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^žPDX^EC©G@;>F<br />
CaTF¯^ECENFHMQ?\AKJ>c ^EFdN 0QFdN 2 ¹-±X}?VFdCENAK´d^MONF ;T^EFHG CEXŠF 0OMQPK;TMOCEF Ca>F GTAK^´ NµAK?\AKJTMOCAJ>c<br />
ADC1CEX<br />
MO=@AKPADC º†XQRCaTAK^}a>FH;>NA^ECAK´? %¯´d´d;>NMQ´ º XQR´ XJ>cQFH^ECAKXJ PDX^^VGTAK^´ NAK?\AKJ@MOCADXJ"!$#<br />
MQJTG<br />
%¯´d´d;>NMQ´ ºIXQRˆ±`ADNFHPDFH^^PKX^^|GTAK^´ NAK?\AKJ@MOCADXJ%!<br />
2 ¹|a>FH^FbMONF G>FdU@JTFHGMQ^|Ca>F NµMOCADXVXQR<br />
!&#<br />
? ¤;@?b=FdN-XQRˆ±`ADNFHPKFH^^PDX^^EFH^|GTFdCEFH´ CEFHG¥CEX<br />
Ca>F»CEXQCMQPYJW;T?Š=FdN-XQR©±ADNFHPDFH^^-PKX^^EFH^<br />
? ¤;@?b=FdN-XQRž´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ PDX^^EFH^`G>FdCEFH´ CEFHG CEX<br />
Ca>F»CEXQCMQPYJW;T?Š=FdN-XQRY´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ¥PKX^^EFH^<br />
%¯^^;T?\AJ>c-dÁQÁ<br />
MQ´d´d;>NµMQ´ º4XQR Ca>F†MO=X10QF†a[;>FdNAK^CAKÓ¼-CaTAK^I^´µa>FH?VFŽ±`AKPKP´dMQ;T^EF Ca>F<br />
^EFHJTGTFdN CEX¥MQGTMOLTCbCEX XJTPDº ´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ–AKJ†Ca>F J>FdC ±XQN³†´ X?VL@PDFdCEFHPKºŽAKJ@G>FdLFHJTG>FHJWC¯XQR<br />
Ca>F}±`ADNFHPDFH^^¯´aTMQJTJTFHPžPDX^^EFH^ 2 FHJT´ FQ¼©;TJTG>FdN ^;T´µa†´ XJTGTADCADXJ@^d¼CaTF LFdNRvXQN?\MQJ@´ F XQR<br />
CaTAK^-^´a>FH?VFŠ´dMQJ¥^EFdN 0QFŠMQ^`MQJ ;>L@LFdN =X;@JTGBRvXQN|F 0OMQPK;>CAKJTc XQCaTFdN^´µa>FH?VFH^ 2<br />
Å ¦
MQA? XQRž´d;>NNFHJWC|^´aTFH?VFŠAK^CEX LTNX70[AKGTF MQJ>XQCa>FdN|FHJTG" FHJTG ^ECMOCAK^CAK´dMQP¦L@MONMQ?\FdCEFdN<br />
¹|a>F<br />
^EFHJTG>FdN-^EXVCa@MOCAKCG>X[FH^-J>XQC-^EXPDFHPKºBG>FdLFHJTG XJ CaTF PKX^^NMOCEF»NFdLXQNCEFHGn=Wº Ca>F<br />
CEXVCa>F<br />
FHA 0QFdNR_XQǸ NMOCEFb´ XJWCENXP 2 NFH´<br />
- ADc;>NFÀ 2 * ^a>X ±`^1Ca>F cQFHJ>FdNMQPL@MOCECEFdNJT^XQRªNFH^ELXJT^EF`CA?VFMQJTGnCa>NX;>ca>L@;>C XQR©M<br />
=F`LX^AKCA 0QF 2 ¹|aTAK^žL@NF 0QFHJ]C^Ca>F¯^EFHJTG>FdNRvNX? GTFH´ NFHMQ^AKJ>cŠCa>F`X;TCEL@;>C<br />
G>FHPKMkºV±`AKPKP@J>XQC<br />
ÅQÃ<br />
Throughput<br />
Load<br />
Round Trip<br />
Delay<br />
Load<br />
ADc;TNF À 2 * ? ¤FdC ±XQN³LFdNR_XQNµ?\MQJT´ F MQ^|MVRS;TJT´ CAKXJIXQRˆPKXMQG<br />
-<br />
¡ ¥ §¦ ¡ ¤!#" ¥¡¥ § ¡ ! ¡¡ £¢ § § ! ¥¤§¦¥ ¡ <br />
¤#¡<br />
´ X?VL@;TCEFdN¯J>FdC£±1XQN³ MQ^M Rv;@JT´ CADXJXQR§ADC^PDXMQG 2 %¯^`CaTFŠPDXMQG AKJT´ NFHMQ^EFH^H¼@Ca>NX;Tca>L@;>C<br />
AKJT´ NFHMQ^EFH^»MQJTG†MORvCEFdNbADC»NFHMQ´µa>FH^»Ca>F\J>FdC£±1XQN³Ž´dMOL@MQ´dAKC ºQ¼ˆADC»^ECEXQL@^ AKJ@´ NFHMQ^AKJ>c 2 ·£R1Ca>F<br />
PDXMQGVAK^ˆAKJ@´ NFHMQ^EFHG}MQJ]º RS;>NCa>FdNH¼OCa>F-Z[;>FH;>FH^žMOCžCa>F-AKJWCEFdN?VFHG@AKMOCEFNX;>CEFdN^ž^ECMONCž=@;TAKPKG"<br />
AKJ>c>¼NFH^;TPKCAKJ>c\AKJLMQ´³QFdC^ =FHAKJ>cBGTNXQLTLFHG 2 :F PDXMQG‹MQJTG‹XJT´ FBCaTFBZW;TFH;>FH^b^ECMONC =@;TAKPGTAKJ>cI;>Lª¼©Ca>F\NFH^ELXJT^FVCAK?VF<br />
AKJT´ NFHMQ^EF`PKAKJTFHMONPDºŠ;@J]CAKPTU@JTMQPKPDºQ¼WMQ^ Ca>F¯ZW;TFH;>F`^ECMONC^1X10QFdN ¨TXk±`AJ>c>¼WCaTF`NFH^ELXJT^F-CAK?VF<br />
AKJT´ NFHMQ^EFH^bG>NµMQ^ECAK´dMQPKPDº 2 ¹|a>F\´d;>NNFHJ]Cb^´a>FH?VFnAK^»=@MQ^FHG†XJ Ca>FBXQ=@^EFdN 0OMOCADXJ Ca@MOCbAKJ<br />
Ca>F ¨dXJ>F CEXVCa>F¯NADcaWCXQRªCa>F»´dPKAB)<br />
AJ - ADc;>NFÀ 2 *[¼@MQ^Ca>F Ca>NX;>ca>L@;>CG>FH´ NFHMQ^FH^d¼>Ca>F<br />
NFH^ELXJT^F CA?VF\AKJT´ NFHMQ^FH^ 2 :[X>¼ GT;TNAKJ>cI´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJª¼ Ca>FdNF\A^ MILX^ADCA 0QFV´ XQNNFHPMOCADXJ<br />
=FdC ±FdFHJICa>F G>FHPKMHº ´d;>N 0QF»MQJTG Ca>F L@MQ´³QFdC|PDX^^1´d;>N 0QF À! 2 ¹|a>FMO=X70QF¯NFH^;TPDCAK^;T^EFHG<br />
=[º Ca>F\^FHJTG>FdN GT;>NµAKJ>cnNMOCEF\´ XJ]CENXP AKJ MQGTGTAKCADXJŽCEX Ca>FVL@MQ´³QFdCŠPDX^^ NµMOCEF\NFdLXQNCEFHG<br />
=[º Ca>FbNFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2<br />
¢(a>FHJ>F 0QFdNŠL@MQ´³QFdC^ MONF\PDX^EC G@;>F}CEX ±`ADNFHPKFH^^ ´aTMQJTJTFHPˆFdNNXQN^ MQJ@G Ca>F\J>FdC ±XQN³<br />
AK^|JTXQC´ XJ>cQFH^ECEFHGª¼Ca>X;Tca Ca>F RvNMQ´ CADXJ¥XQRˆL@MQ´³QFdC PDX^^AKJT´ NFHMQ^EFH^H¼TCa>FbLMQ´³QFdC G>FHPKMHº<br />
±`AKPP©NFH?\MQAKJ†J>FHMONPKºŽ´ XJT^CMQJ]C 2 FHJT´ FQ¼YCa>F\´ XQNNFHPKMOCADXJ†XQRL@MQ´³QFdCŠPDX^^bMQJTG†L@MQ´³QFdC
©<br />
©<br />
0OMQP PKX^^! § PDX^^ AKJWCEFdN<br />
;TP PDX^^! § PDX^^ ´d;T?<br />
XQNFHMQ´a R_FdFHG>=MQ´³AKJWCEFdN 0sMQPF :NAKJTc–FHMQ´µa RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³©AKJWCEFdN 0OMQP¿¼¯Ca>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN ´ X?\L@;>CEFH^Ca>F†´ XQNNFHPKMOCADXJ©XQR Ca>F<br />
><br />
CADXJ–XQR-L@MQ´³QFdC^VPDX^EC 2 · CŠMQPK^EX NFdLXQNC^ CaTF ´ XQNNFHPMOCADXJ<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC}GTFHPKMHº†±`AKCa†Ca>FBRvNMQ´<br />
X[F¡ B´dADFHJWCY=FH^AG>FH^ªCa>F-;T^;TMQP ¯XW:bL@MONµMQ?VFdCEFdN^ˆPKAD³QFL@MQ´³QFdC§PKX^^ NµMOCEFQ¼]M 0QFdNMOcQFG>FHPKMHº<br />
´<br />
<br />
NFHMQ^EFH^VCa>FX;TCEL@;>C}NMOCEFXJTPDº–±`a>FHJ Ca>F PDX^^}NMOCEF AK^<br />
¹|a>F^EFHJTGTFdN}GTFH´<br />
ÅÂ<br />
J>FdC ±XQN³AK^|J>XQC|´ XJTcQFH^ECEFHG 2<br />
NMOCEFbG@;>F»CEX\±`ADNFHPDFH^^-´a@MQJTJ>FHPFdNNXQNµ^-±`a>FHJCaTF<br />
9 Yj * uvw@ml _i r<br />
njWqj$j[l<br />
XQNFHMQ´a NFH´ FHA 0QFHGL@MQ´³QFdC-. *£<br />
-<br />
^EFHZ § LT³WC¢¡ ^EFHZWJTX a@ADca>FH^EC<br />
NFH´ 0 PKMQ^ECELT³[CECAK?VF §<br />
´d;>NNFHJWC CAK?\F ) / <br />
LMQ´³QFdC G>FHPKMkº § NFH´ 0 PKMQ^ECEL@³WCECAK?\F LT³[C¢¡ CAK?VFH^ECMQ?\L ) / <br />
GTFHPKMHº MONNMHº´ X;TJWC ! §<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC G>FHPKMkº <br />
PKX^^ §<br />
aTAKca>FH^EC ^FHZ! F :
CEXPDFdNMO=PDFŠPDX^^PKA?\ADC`MQJTG Ca>F}´ XQNNFHPKMOCAKXJŽA^`LX^ADCA 0QF 2 · R§Ca>F}PDX^^<br />
cQNFHMOCEFdN»CaTMQJŽCa>F<br />
AK^cQNFHMOCEFdNCaTMQJICa>F CEXPDFdNMO=PDF»PDX^^-PKAK?BADC1MQJTGnCa>F ´ XQNNFHPKMOCADXJAK^J>FdcMOCA 0QF»Ca>FHJ<br />
NMOCEF<br />
´ XJT´dPK;TGTFH^ CaTMOC»Ca>F\PDX^^»A^»GT;>F}CEX±`ADNFHPKFH^^ ´aTMQJTJTFHPˆFdNNXQN^»MQJTG ³QFdFdL^<br />
Ca>F\^EFHJ@G>FdN<br />
Ca>F X;>CEL@;>C NµMOCEF ´ XJT^ECMQJWC 2 · RCaTF PDX^^ NMOCEFnA^ PDFH^^bCaTMQJ Ca>F CEXPDFdNMO=@PKFBPKAK?\AKCd¼ªCa>F<br />
NMOCEFb´ XJWCENXP©MQPDcQXQNADCaT? A^|MQPKPDX ±1FHGCEX AKJT´ NFHMQ^EF»CaTF X;>CEL@;>C-NµMOCEF 2<br />
¹|a@AK^´aTMOLTCEFdNF :[LPKMQAKJ>FHGICa>F ^º[^ECEFH?"?VX[GTFHP±`aTAK´µaI±MQ^MQ^^;T?VFHGI±aTAKPDF ^EXP 0c<br />
Ca>F|L@NXQ=@PDFH? MQJTGVL@NFH^EFHJWCEFHGVCa>F|C£±1Xb^´a>FH?VFH^ ±`aTAK´µa}±1FdNF|LTNXQLX^EFHGVAKJVGTFdCMQAKP 2 ¹|a>F<br />
J>F :FnMO=X70QF<br />
^´µa>FH?VFH^ 2<br />
Å
?VX[G@;TPDF»PKAD=TNµMONADFH^ 2 ^EFdC;>L<br />
MQJTGIN;TJMV^A?Š;TPMOCADXJJ>FdC ±XQN³¼@M\;T^FdN|^a>X;TPKGn±|NµADCEF MQJ ¤ ¹|´dP¦^´ NADLTC<br />
¹©XB^EFdC;>L<br />
¡£¢¥¤§¦©¨<br />
# -* ¤ /) $©1!8, 5 ¡ ¢ "& -* 9,8$(2 ) , <br />
£ 32 ¤ /ž$(2<br />
NµAD=FH^ˆCa>F`^AK? ;TPKMOCAKXJ}F :[LFdNAK?\FHJ]C^ˆCaTMOC1±1FdNF`´ XJTGT;T´ CEFHGBCEXbF 0OMQP <br />
¹|aTA^ž´aTMOLTCEFdNG>FH^´<br />
LFdNR_XQNµ?\MQJT´ FbXQR1Ca>F}^´a>FH?\FH^ LTNXQLX^EFHG¥AJ :[FH´ CAKXJ À 2Å 2 · C MQPK^EXnLTNFH^EFHJWC^<br />
;TMOCEF}Ca>F<br />
NFH^;TPDC^XQRYCa>FH^EFb^AK?Š;@PKMOCADXJT^ 2<br />
Ca>F<br />
¡ ¢(¨}¤¥¤ ¤ˆ£(` ¡%¨Šµ‚3€¨¥ ¦¤9¨ ¢<br />
¹|a>F1^´a>FH?\FH^ ±FdNF F 0OMQPK;TMOCEFHG ;T^AJ>c-M`J>FdC£±1XQN³Š^AK? ;TPKMOCADXJ CEX[XP]´dMQPKPKFHG" ¡¥£¨§ ) 0QFdN^ADXJ<br />
Å 2 - = OM /1RvNX? $ =4½FdN³QFHPKFdº - *"! 2 0¡<br />
AK^MQJIF 0QFHJWC|G>NA 0QFHJ XQ=EFH´ C-XQNADFHJWCEFHGI^AK? ;TPKMOCEXQN<br />
±|NAKCECEFHJbAKJ = !£!<br />
¼s±`ADCaŠMQJ ¤ ¹`´dP]AKJWCEFdNLTNFdCEFdNˆMQ^YM`RvNXJWC FHJTG 2 ·£CYAK?VL@PKFH?VFHJ]C^©J>FdC ±XQN³<br />
LTNXQCEX 4 ¼CENM B´ ^EX;>N´ F =FHaTM 0FdCd¼<br />
¢†Fd= FdC´ 2¼2 · J–^AK?VL@PKF ±XQNGT^H¼ ¡<br />
A^bMQJ XQ="¸FH´ C XQNAKFHJ]CEFHG ¹|´dP AJ]CEFdNL@NFdCEFdN CaTMOC aTMQ^<br />
MB^AK?Š;@PKMOCADXJF 0QFHJWC¯^´a>FHGT;@PDFdǸ MQJTG J>FdC ±XQN³¥´ X?VLXJ>FHJWC|XQ=EFH´ C PKAD=TNMONµADFH^d¼>J>FdC ±XQN³<br />
CaTMOC»^EFdC^ ;>LŽCa>FVJ>FdC ±XQN³ CEXQLXPKXQcQº¥;T^AKJTcBCa>F}J>FdC ±XQN³ XQ=¸FH´ C^»MQJ@GŽAJTADCAKMOCEFH^Ca>F<br />
F 0QFHJWC`^´aTFHGT;TPDFdN 2 ¹|aTF ^´ NADLTCMQPK^EXVCEFHPKP^1CaTF»CENM B´»^EX;>Nµ´ FH^±`a>FHJICEX\^ECMONC|MQJ@G^ECEXQL<br />
CENMQJT^?\ADCECAKJ>c L@MQ´³QFdC^BCaTNX;>ca Ca>FF 0QFHJWC ^´µa>FHGT;TPKFdN 2 ¡ LTNXF XQN ?VXQNF<br />
CEF :C-U@PDFH^Ca@MOC`´ XJ]CMQAJ G>FdCMQAKPDFHG^AK?Š;@PKMOCADXJIGTMOCM 2 ¹`a>F»GTMOCM\´dMQJ =F<br />
;T^EFHG RvXQNV^AK? ;TPKMOCADXJ–MQJTMQPDºC CEX†MŽcQNMOL@aTA´dMQP1^A?Š;TPMOCADXJ–G@AK^EL@PKMkº<br />
CEX[XPª´dMQPKPDFHG ¤FdC ±XQN³
- AKc;>NF ¦ 2 - ?:>AK?Š;@PKMOCADXJ ¾ XFHP<br />
- ADc;>NF ¦ 2 -IG>FdL@AK´ C^ Ca>FnCEXQLXPDXQcQº–;@^EFHG‹RvXQNV^AK? ;TPKMOCADXJ 2 ¹|a>FdNFnMONF Å¥U.:Nµ´ F ±ADCa AGTPDF CAK?\F}MQJ@G¥=@;@^Eº CAK?VF F : 4 %cQFHJ]CAK^|;T^EFHGICEX ´dMONNºICaTAK^CENM ´ 2<br />
GTAK^CENAD=@;>CEFHG<br />
±FdFHJ¥CaTFb½MQ^EFV:F ¤XFH^ *BMQJTG ÀnAK^-±`ADNFHPDFH^^ 2 ¹|a>F<br />
¹|aTFbPKAKJ>³n=FdC<br />
±FdFHJ CaTFH^EFŠ^ECMOCEFH^XNMOCFHMQ´aŽL@MQ´³QFdC AKJT^CMQJ]C 2 ¹|a>F»L@MQ´³QFdCFdNNXQN<br />
CENMQJT^ADCADXJ=FdC<br />
*OÁ<br />
MPEG<br />
Traffic<br />
RTP<br />
Agent<br />
1<br />
BW1, D1<br />
BW4, D4<br />
3<br />
Mobile Host<br />
RTP<br />
Agent<br />
R<br />
BW3, D3<br />
BS<br />
BW2, D2<br />
BW4, D4<br />
2 4<br />
CBR<br />
Cross Traffic<br />
Sink<br />
Mobile Host<br />
¡£¢ ¨Šµ‚3€¨¥¯ «V¤¤¥<br />
MQJTG½MQ^EF :X^EC^-±`a@AK´aMONF ´ XJ@J>FH´ CEFHGCa>NX;TcaMV²|X;>CEFdN <br />
) # / 2 ¹|a>F PKAKJ>³Ž=FdC ±FdFHJ ¤X[GTF -BMQJTG‹² a@MQ^bM =MQJTG>±`AKGTCa XQR¡ £¢¥¤bMQJ@G‹M<br />
J>XF<br />
¤ 2 :³FHADNb=@MQJTG<br />
LTNXQLMOcMOCADXJ‹G>FHPMHºŽXQR§¦<br />
±`AKGTCa MQJTG–LTNXQL@MOcMOCADXJ G>FHPKMkº[^ AKJ‹Ca>FBUTc;TNF 2 ¹|a>FdNFnAK^bMQJ ¾ 4 8 5 0FdX CENµM B´<br />
^EX;>Nµ´ F MOC ¤XF - 2 ¹|aTAK^±MQ^-^AK? ;TPKMOCEFHGI;T^AKJTc ¾ 4 8 5<br />
B´ CENMQ´ F»U@PDFH^cQFHJ>FdNµMOCEFHG CENµM<br />
2 %¯JŽ²Y¹ 4 ´ XJ@J>FH´ CADXJ AK^`?BMQG>Fb=FdC ±FdFHJ Ca>F ²Y¹ 4 %cQFHJWC MOC ¤X[G>F -<br />
RvNX?3?\X10c\CaTAK^H¼>Ca>F ¾ 4 8 5 GTMOCMBA^|^EFHJWC`CEX ¤X[GTF* 2<br />
MQJTGCaTFŠ²ˆ¹<br />
XQNŠFHMQ^EF\XQRAK?VL@PDFH?\FHJ]CMOCADXJª¼¦Ca>F\^´aTFH?VFH^»±FdNF\CEFH^ECEFHG‹±`ADCa %`· ¾ > NMOCEF\´ XJ]CENXP<br />
-<br />
MOCžCa>F|^EFHJTG>FdNˆ±`AKCa ¤ § ÅOÁ `MQJTG ¢ § À 2 ½;>Cd¼CaTFL@NXQLX^EFHG}^´a>FH?\FH^<br />
MQPDcQXQNAKCaT?<br />
cQFHJ>FdNMQPA©¨dFBCEXŽMQJ]º PDX^^»=@MQ^EFHG–NMOCEF ´ XJWCENXPMQPDcQXQNADCa@? ±`ADCa ?BAKJ>XQNb?VXF ²ˆ¹ 4 ^EFHJTGTFdNnMQJTG'NFH´ FHA 0QFdN MOcQFHJ]C^ILFdNADXF<br />
´ XJTJ>FH´ CAKXJn^aTMONFH^Ca>F PKAKJ>³}±`ADCa Ca>F ´ NX^^CENM B´¯±`a@AK´anAK^1cQFHJ>FdNMOCEFHGI=[º\Ca>F<br />
4 ²ˆ¹<br />
£ . ¥ MOcQFHJWC 2 ¹`a>FbCENM ´ ¨TX ±`^R_NX? =½² MOC¡¤X[GTF ÅBCEX:³nMOC ¤X[G>FŠÀ 2<br />
§©¨<br />
±`ADNFHPDFH^^¯´aTMQJTJTFHPˆ±MQ^»?VXFHPDFHG ;T^AKJ>c MIC£±1X ^CMOCEF ¾ MON³QX70†?VX[GTFHP©CEX ´dMOL@C;>NF}Ca>F<br />
=@;>Nµ^EC ºJTMOC;>NF XQRžCa>FbLMQ´³QFdC FdNNXQN^ 2 ¹`a>Fb?VXFHP MQ^¯^a>X ±`J¥AJ - ADc;>NF ¦ 2Å aTMQ^C ±X<br />
^ECMOCEFH^d¼[M¯cQXWXFHJ¥Ca>FŠ´µaTMQJTJ>FHP©AK^`AJ Ca>FŠcQXWXFHJ Ca>F ´aTMQJ@J>FHP AK^AKJ<br />
Ca>FI=@MQG ^ECMOCEF 2 ¼ ¤ ¼ ¤ ¼ ¤¤ MONFCa>F^ECMOCEFCENMQJT^AKCADXJ‹L@NXQ=@MO=@AKPADCADFH^ 2 ¹|a>F
ADc;>NF ¦ 2Å ?1¹-±X ^ECMOCEF ¾ MON³QX70 ´aTMQJTJTFHPª?VXFHP<br />
-<br />
±`AKPKP(0OMONºŽMQ´d´ XQNµGTAKJ>cICEXCa>F 0OMQPK;>FH^ XQRCa>F}CENMQJT^AKCADXJŽLTNXQ=@MO=@APKADCADFH^ 2 - XQN<br />
^ECMOCAK^CAK´d^<br />
¤ <br />
¤¤¤£¥ ¤<br />
¢<br />
Á © +,+OÁ£+ Á ©ÁQÁ£+$-<br />
Á ©Á ¦ ÅQÃ Á<br />
§¡<br />
+sÀW À¦£¥ ©<br />
«\ \¦ž¦¯} ¤9¨<br />
¡¡<br />
CAKXJ F :F}CEXICa>F¥£ }´dPKMQ^^ PKAD=TNµMONºICEX AK?VL@PDF <br />
¹|aTA^^EFH´<br />
%LTL@PAK´dMOCADXJ PDF 0QFHP©X;>CEL@;TC`NMOCEF}´ XJ]CENXP©MOC¯Ca>FŠ^FHJTG>FdN ;T^AKJ>c\MQJŽMOLTL@PAK´dMOCADXJ<br />
¥<br />
0QFHP¦L@MQ´³QFdC¯=@; )FdN ) ·¸?VL@PDFH?VFHJWCEFHG ;T^AKJ>cVZW;TFH;>FH^ / 2<br />
PKF<br />
P01<br />
P00<br />
0 1<br />
P11<br />
P10<br />
CaTAK^`^AK? ;TPKMOCADXJ¦¼>CaTF R_XPPDXk±`AJ>c 0sMQP;>FH^|±FdNFbMQ^^;T?VFHG ±aTAK´a¥´ XQNNFH^ELXJTGCEXnM\^PDX ±<br />
X;@J]CEFdNFHG ±ADCa M ±MQPD³[AJ>cn^LFdFHG 2 %¯^ ^ECMOCEFHG†AKJ<br />
RSMQGTAKJ>cn´aTMQJTJTFHP©±aTAK´aŽ?\Mkº¥=FbFHJT´<br />
-HÅ"! ¼1CaTAK^}´ XQNNFH^ELXJTG@^bCEX MQJ M10QFdNMOcQF =@;>Nµ^EC PKFHJ>cQCa XQR - + L@MQ´³QFdC^BMQJTG MŽL@MQ´³QFdC<br />
<br />
FdNNXQǸ NMOCEF XQRžÁ 2 - ÀW + 2<br />
© §¡ ¢<br />
X?VLXJ>FHJ]C^|R_XQNCa>F ^AK? ;TPKMOCADXJ 2<br />
?VFHJWC|Ca>F»NFHZ[;TADNFHG´<br />
MQPDNFHMQG>º aTMQ^BMQJ4AK?VLPDFH?VFHJWCMOCADXJ XQR»²Y¹ 4 MQJTG4²Y¹ = 4 %cQFHJ]C 2 ¹|aTF ²Y¹ 4<br />
£<br />
;T^EC©A?VL@PDFH?VFHJWC^¦Ca>F=@MQ^A´§UTFHPKG@^ AKJbCa>F1²ˆ¹ 4 L@MQ´³QFdCž^ECEN;T´ C;>NF1PKAD³QF^EFHZ[;>FHJT´ F<br />
%cQFHJ]C<br />
J[;T?b=FdN^bMQJTG‹^EºNXJTA©ḦMOCAKXJ ^EX;>N´ FnAKG>FHJWCADUTFdN 2 ¹|a>FB²ˆ¹ = 4<br />
A?VL@PDFH?VFHJWC^ MOcQFHJWC<br />
RvFdFHG>=@MQ´³?VFH´a@MQJTAK^? ±`aTAK´µaAK^VNFH^CENAK´ CEFHGCEX–?\AKJTAK?BMQPR_FHMOC;>NFH^ 2 :¼M‹J>Fd±<br />
Ca>F<br />
²ˆ¹ 4 MOcQFHJWC ´dMQPKPDFHG?+ ¢ ¡ 46©¤ £`±MQ^»AK?\L@PDFH?VFHJWCEFHG 2 ¹|a>F"+ ¢ ¡ 46©¤ £aTMQ^<br />
RvXPKPDX ±`AKJ>c RvFHMOC;>NFH^ Ca>F<br />
4 FdNAKX[GTA´-CENMQJT^?BAK^^ADXJ\XQRª²Y¹ = 4 ^EFHJTG>FdNMQJTGBNFH´ FHA 0QFdN1NFdLXQNC^ ±`AKCa\Ca>FC º[L@A <br />
¥<br />
PAD³QF§RvNMQ´ CADXJ XQRFHPKMHº»^AJT´ F§PKMQ^EC ^FHJTG>FdN<br />
´dMQP]R_FdFHGT=@MQ´³»L@MONµMQ?VFdCEFdN^<br />
2¼@±`aTA´aMONF NFHZW;TAKNFHGnR_XQNCa>F ´d;>NNFHJWC|^AK? ;TPKMOCAKXJ 2<br />
NFdLXQNC-FdC´<br />
*$-
·¸JWCEFdcQNMOCADXJIXQRªNMOCEF»´ XJWCENXPMQPDcQXQNADCa@? AKJWCEX Ca>F»²Y¹ 4 %cQFHJWC|AKJBM}^;T´µaIMb±MHº<br />
¥<br />
MOLTL@PKAK´dMOCAKXJICENM B´»RvXQǸ MQGTMOLTCMOCAKXJ 2<br />
Ca@MOC`ADC-LTNX70[AG>FH^R_FdFHGT=@MQ´³CEX\CaTF<br />
%g?VXQNF GTFdCMQAKPDFHG²ˆ¹ 4 L@MQ´³QFdC^ECENµ;T´ C;>NF ±`ADCaIU@FHPKGT^PKAD³QF CAK?VFH^CMQ?VLª¼>L@MQ´³QFdC<br />
¥<br />
FdC´ 2¼±`aTAK´µaMONFb;T^FdRv;TPAKJ^AK?Š;@PKMOCAKJ>cV? ;TPDCAK?VFHG@AKMŠMOL@L@PKAK´dMOCADXJ@^ 2<br />
C£ºWLF<br />
±X 0QFdN^AKXJT^¦XQRFdN¦CEX`A?VL@PDFH?VFHJWCCa>F§C£±1X`^XPK;>CADXJ»^´µa>FH?VFH^d¼OMQJ>XQCa>FdN©C<br />
NFHMOCEFHG 2<br />
%cQFHJ]C±1FdNFŠ´<br />
AKJ Ca>F £ -PKAK=TNMONº»MONFCa>F-RvXPKPDX ±`AKJ>c §7£ .¡ H¼<br />
¹|aTF?BMQAKJbUPDFH^Y±`aTAK´µaŠ±FdNF-?VXFH^´ NAD=FH^Ca>F ^AK? ;TPKMOCAKXJ?VFdCa>XXPDXQcQºIMQJTGLTNFH^FHJ]C^-CaTF NFH^;TPKC^ 2<br />
¹|aTA^-^EFH´<br />
ADc;TNF ¦ 2 *n^a>X ±`^Ca>FŠNFH^;TPDC^`XQR§Ca>F}MO=X70QFŠF :Xn?VXFbcQNµMOL@a ^a>Xk±`^Ca>F F 0QXPK;>CADXJ XQR ?\M :>AK? ;T?<br />
FHADCa>FdN¯Ca>F}^EFHJTG>FdN¯XQN¯Ca>FŠNFH´<br />
PKX^^`NµMOCEFŠNFdLXQNCEFHG =[º Ca>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2 ¹|a>F UTc;>NF<br />
X;>CEL@;TC`NMOCEF}XQRžCa>F}^EFHJTG>FdN¯CEXnCa>F<br />
© + © ¡»MQPKcQXQNADCaT? ±MQ^-AK?VL@PDFH?\FHJ]CEFHGnMOCCa>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN-FHJTG 2 ¹|aTF ^FHJTG>FdNAK^^EFdFHJMQ^<br />
GTAK^´ NA?\AKJTMOCEF ´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ MQJTG±`AKNFHPDFH^^PDX^^FH^-±`ADCaICa>FbR_XPKPKXk±`AKJTc}MQ´d´d;TNMQ´ º<br />
MO=@PDF»CEX<br />
# § + ©À]Å !<br />
!<br />
Qà ©§OÁ §<br />
ADc;TNF ¦ 2§¦ ^a>X ±`^ Ca>FnNFH^;@PDC^»XQR|Ca>F F :[LFdNA?VFHJ]Cb±`a>FHJ CaTF +-©/. ¥¨§¤£ ¥¨§7§ ©B>£8¥¨<br />
-<br />
<br />
§¤£ .¡ :BMQJ@GFŠU@N^EC¯F :[LFdNAK?\FHJ]Cd¼Ca>F}J>FdC ±XQN³ A^¯^FdC AJ MQJ ;TJT´ XJTcQFH^ECEFHG ^ECMOCEF\^EXnCaTMOC<br />
Ca>FXJTPKº–PDX^^FH^}±`aTAK´µa X[´d´d;>N MONF GT;>FICEX†±`ADNFHPDFH^^V´a@MQJTJ>FHPFdNNXQNµ^ 2<br />
%¯´d´ XQNGTAJ>cPDºQ¼<br />
Ca>F =@MQJTG>±AKG>Ca¥MQJ@G¥LTNXQL@MOcMOCADXJ G>FHPKMkº XQR Ca>F}PKAKJT³[^aTM 0QF}=FdFHJ AKJTADCAKMQPA©¨dFHGCEXICa>F<br />
RvXPKPDXk±AKJ>c 0sMQP;>FH^ 2<br />
¤ § £¢<br />
¢ § - ¦ ¤ § ¦<br />
¢ § Å <br />
£¢<br />
§ Å ¦ à ¦¥£ § -dÁ <br />
£¢¤£<br />
£¢§¦ § ÃsÀ ¦¨¦ § - <br />
´dPDFHMONPKº ^a>Xk±^CaTFŠNMOCEF ¨@;@´ C;TMOCADXJT^¯´dMQ;T^EFHGŽ=[ºCa>FŠ±ADNFHPDFH^^¯´a@MQJTJ>FHP©FdNNXQN^ 2 - ADc <br />
;>NF ¦ 2Àn^a>X ±`^|Ca>F ´ XJ@GTADCADXJ MORvCEFdǸ CaTF LTNXQLX^EFHG + © . ¥¨§¤£© 021 ¥¨645©7¡¤£¥><br />
¥*¡(¡©7¡<br />
MQGTMOLTCAJ>c XJTPDº CEXŠ´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJnPDX^^EFH^ 2 ¹|aTF|a>FH;>NAK^CAK´-G>FH^´ NAK=FHGVAJ :[FH´ CADXJBÀ 2Å 2 -`±MQ^<br />
=©© ¥*¡(¡¨ ©B>1 © + ^´µa>FH?VF ±MQ^¯AK?VL@PKFH?VFHJ]CEFHG¥MOC`Ca>FŠNFH´ FHA 0QFdN»MQJTG<br />
£©;£<br />
2 ·£C ´dMQJ XQ=@^EFdN 0QFHG–CaTMOC}GT;>NAKJTc=@MQG–´µaTMQJTJ>FHP´ XJTGTAKCADXJT^d¼©Ca>Fn^FHJTG>FdN<br />
^EFHJTGTFdNbFHJTGT^<br />
NFHMQ^EFVADC ^ NµMOCEFV=@;>C¯³QFdFdL@^ Ca>F}NMOCEF\´ XJT^ECMQJWC 2 ¹`aTAK^LTNF 0QFHJWC^»Ca>FVG>F <br />
G>X[FH^»J>XQC»G>FH´<br />
´ NFHMQ^EF1AKJ Ca>F Z[;TMQPKADC£ºXQR 0FdX|G>FHPKA 0QFdNFHG CEX|Ca>F ;@^EFdNªGT;>NAJ>c=@MQG»´aTMQJ@J>FHP´ XJTGTAKCADXJT^ 2<br />
*QÅ
- AKc;>NF ¦ 2 * ? ¤¯NµADcAKJTMQPª:FH?VF ¢(ADCa>X;>C ¾ XNF ¦ 2À.? ¢'ADCa¥² ¤ = #–¾ X[G@ADU@´dMOCADXJ<br />
120<br />
Congestion Losses<br />
Max Rate<br />
Loss Rate<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<br />
Report Number<br />
250<br />
Congestion Losses<br />
Max Rate<br />
Loss Rate<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<br />
Report Number<br />
*,*
ADc;>NF ¦ 2§¦ ? ¢'AKCa²¨= #> ¾ X[GTAKU@´dMOCADXJ<br />
-<br />
Ca>F¥^FH´ XJTG F :F JTFdC ±XQN³AK^V´ XJ>cQFH^ECEFHG¥=[º AJ]CENXcŽ´ NX^^<br />
·¸J<br />
;TPKMOCAKXJ LMONMQ?VFdCEFdN^MONFbMQ^|RvXPKPDX ±`^<br />
^AK?<br />
¤ § ¢<br />
¢ § -HÅ ¦ ¤ § ¦<br />
¢ § Å <br />
¢<br />
NFHMQ^FH^GTNMQ^ECAK´dMQPKPKº 2 ¹`a>FMQ´d´d;>NµMQ´ ºBXQRªCa>F a>FH;>NµAK^ECAK´|AJBCaTA^ F :FH´<br />
§ à ©§ ¦¡<br />
!&#<br />
!<br />
+ ©ÁOÀ §<br />
GTFH´ NFHMQ^EFŠAJICa>FbMQ´d´d;>NMQ´ º¦!$#‹±MQ^¯GT;>F»CEX\Ca>FŠG>FH´ NFHMQ^EF AKJICa>F NMOCAKX\XQRˆ±`ADNFHG<br />
¹|a>F<br />
<br />
180<br />
160<br />
Congestion Losses<br />
Loss Rate<br />
Max Rate<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<br />
Report Number<br />
CENM B´}RvNX? MQJ>XQCaTFdN § ©¨ © £ . ¥<br />
^X;>N´ FV±`aTA´a ^EFHJTGT^ =;>N^EC^¯XQR1G@MOCMIXJT´ F\AKJ†M<br />
U.:F § ©¨ © £ . ¥^EX;>N´ F}^EFHJTG@^GTMOCMnMOC¯Ca>FŠNµMOCEF XQR *QÅ 2 ¹|a>F<br />
£ § OÁ ¦¥£ § -dÁ <br />
¢<br />
§ ÃsÀ ¦¨¦ § - <br />
¢¤¦<br />
ADc;>NF ¦ 2Ã ^a>Xk±^»Ca>FVNFH^;@PDC^ XQRCa>F\MO=X10QF\F :X ?\X[GTAKU@´dMOCADXJ AKJ<br />
-<br />
Ca>F ^EFHJTG>FdǸ XQN|Ca>F NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2<br />
FHADCa>FdǸ<br />
ADc;>NF ¦ 2»^a>Xk±^ˆCa>F-LFdNR_XQNµ?\MQJT´ F-MOR_CEFdN Ca>F + © I?VXFNFH^;TPDC^<br />
-<br />
´dPDFHMONPKºŠ^a>X ±CaTMOCžCa>F?VX[G@ADUTFHG ^´a>FH?\F|XJTPDºŠNFH^ELXJTGT^YCEXb´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJV±`a>FdNF|MQ^žCa>F<br />
XQNADcAJTMQP>^´aTFH?VF|CENADFH^ˆCEXŠNFH^ELXJTG CEXbMQPKPTCa>F|PDX^^EFH^ 2 > ;>F`CEX CaTAK^d¼QCaTF`^EFHJTG>FdNžX;TCEL@;>C<br />
CEX ±`ADNFHPDFH^^§=@MQJTGT±`AKG>CaVMOCCa>F¯=@MQ^EF ^ECMOCADXJIJ>XF 2 ¹|aTA^žNFH^;TPKC^1AKJ PDFH^^ =@; )FdNAKJ>c XQR<br />
L@MQ´³QFdC^ MOC Ca>FŠ=MQ^EF ^ECMOCADXJ J>XF ±`aTAK´µa ´dMQ;T^FH^CaTF a>FH;TNAK^ECAK´ CEXnRSMQAKP 2- ADc;>NF ¦ 2 <br />
^a>X ±`^-Ca>FbLFdNR_XQN?BMQJT´ F»MOR_CEFdNCa>F + AK?VL@PDFH?\FHJ]CMOCADXJ 2<br />
*sÀ
- AKc;>NF ¦ 2à ? ¤¯NµADcAKJTMQPª:FH?VF ¢(ADCa>X;>C ¾ XNF ¦ 2 ? ¢'ADCa¥² ¤ = #–¾ X[G@ADU@´dMOCADXJ<br />
* ¦<br />
120<br />
Congestion Losses<br />
Max Rate<br />
Loss Rate<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<br />
Report Number<br />
120<br />
Congestion Losses<br />
Max Rate<br />
Loss Rate<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<br />
Report Number
ADc;>NF ¦ 2 ? ¢'AKCa²¨= #> ¾ X[GTAKU@´dMOCADXJ<br />
-<br />
M†G>FdCMQAPDFHG X10QFdN 0F ^A?Š;TPMOCADXJ‹FHJ 0F C ±XŽL@NXQLX^EFHG‹^´µa>FH?VFH^ 2<br />
· CŠMQPK^EX LTNFH^EFHJWCEFHG Ca>F<br />
NFH^;@PDC^žXQ=TCMQAKJTFHG 2 ¹`a>F`J>F :FH^žCaTF|NFdLXQNC§±`AKCa}LXAJ]CEFdN^§CEXbRS;>C;>NF<br />
±XQN³ 2<br />
*QÃ
¡7£¦£© 2<br />
¡£¢¥¤§¦©¨<br />
!8, / ¤ 2¥1!7,<br />
XQR±`ADNFHPKFH^^žaTMQJTG aTFHPKG}G>F 0[A´ FH^ž±`ADCaV? ;TPDCAK?\FHGTAKM ´dMOL@MO=@AKPADC º AKJTGTA <br />
¹|a>F-L@NXPKADRvFdNMOCADXJ<br />
CENFHJ@G CEX ±MONµGT^|a>FdCEFdNXQcQFHJTFHADC ºIAKJ Ca>F»J>FdC ±XQN³I´ XJTJ>FH´ CAKJ>c Ca>F»^ECENFHMQ?BAKJ>c<br />
´dMOCEFH^-Ca>F<br />
0QFdN|MQJ@GICa>F»´dPKADFHJWC 2 ²|XQ=@;T^C1NMOCEF ´ XJWCENXP¦^´µa>FH?VFH^-±aTAK´anCMO³QF AKJWCEXVMQ´d´ X;TJWC|Ca>F<br />
^EFdN<br />
aTADcaŽFdNNXQN»NMOCEF\GT;>F}CEXCa>FVLTNFH^EFHJT´ F}XQR1±ADNFHPDFH^^ ´µaTMQJTJ>FHPˆMONFVNFHZ[;TADNFHG CEX GTFHPKA 0QFdN<br />
cQX[X[G XW:nCEX\Ca>Fb´dPADFHJ]C^ 2<br />
·¸J CaTA^`´ XJWCEF :[Cd¼¦±FŠaTM10QF}LTNXQLX^EFHGC£±1X^´µa>FH?VFH^R_XQN MQGTMOLTCAKJTcBCa>F PDX^^|=MQ^EFHG<br />
NMOCEF-´ XJWCENXPFH?\FH^©CEX»a>FdCEFdNXQcQFHJ>FdX;T^ˆ±`ADNFHG' ±`ADNFHPKFH^^¦FHJ 0[ADNXJT?VFHJWC^ 2 ¹`a>F NFH^;TPDC^<br />
^a>X ±9M–^ADcJTAKU@´dMQJ]CBLFdNR_XQN?BMQJT´ F¥AK?VL@NX10QFH?VFHJWCB±a>FHJ4´ X?VLMONFHGCEX Ca>F¥XQNµADcAKJTMQP<br />
^´µa>FH?VFH^ 2 ¢(aTAKPDFBCa>FBXQNAKcAKJTMQPž^´µa>FH?VFI^; )FdN^ ±`aTFHJ>F 0QFdNbCa>Fn´aTMQJ@J>FHP AK^ŠAKJ M =@MQG<br />
^ECMOCEFQ¼Ca>FbMO=X10QFb^´a>FH?VFH^`CENºnCEX\NFH^ELXJTGIXJTPKº CEXB´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ 2<br />
¡ ¡ V€Š€}¦¤ ¤ ¡<br />
¾ X[G>FHP =@MQ^EFHG ^´a>FH?VFH^¯PKAD³QFŠ¹ - ²¨= ;T^EF 81ZW;@MOCADXJ¥Å 2 - CEXnMQG;T^EC|Ca>FHAKN|X;>CEL@;>C`NMOCEF 2<br />
·¸J¥M\±ADNFHG' ±`AKNFHPDFH^^a>FdCEFdNXQcQFHJTFdX;T^ J>FdC ±XQN³¼Ca>F PDX^^-F 0QFHJWC¯NMOCEF<br />
?\MHº JTXQC`=FbM<br />
cQX[X[GnL@MONMQ?\FdCEFdN-CEX\;T^EF¯R_XQNCa>F NFHMQ^EXJ@^´dAKCEFHGAKJI:XJ>F¯LX^^AD=@PDF<br />
GTADNFH´ CADXJŽXQR1RS;>C;>NF ±XQN³ŽA^CEX AKJ 0QFH^CADcMOCEF\MOLTLTNXQL@NAKMOCEF}Rv;@JT´ CADXJT^¯CEXNFdL@PMQ´ F\PDX^^<br />
F 0QFHJWCŠNMOCEF 2 ¹`a>FB^EFHJTGTFdNb?\MO³QFH^ AKJTG>FdLFHJTG>FHJWC»MQGTMOLTCMOCADXJ–G>FH´dAK^AKXJT^»MOCŠGTA^´ NFdCEF<br />
AKJWCEFdN 0OMQPK^¯XQR1CAK?\F 2 · C ±`AKPKP©=F}aTFHPDLTRS;TP©G@;>NAKJ>cnMQGTMOLTCMOCADXJ†AKR Ca>FV^EFHJTGTFdN ?\MQAKJWCMQAKJT^<br />
· RŠCaTF J>FdC ±XQN³©±MQ^ J>XQC¥´ XJ>cQFH^CEFHG AKJ(Ca>F‹LTNF 0F<br />
´a@MQJT´ FH^|RvXQN|Ca>FbPKX^^NMOCEF CEX\=FH´ X?VF 0QFdNºna@ADcaAKJICa>FbA?\?VFHGTAKMOCEF»AKJWCEFdN 0OMQP¦AK^¨0QFdNº<br />
PDFH^^ 2 :£©<br />
MOC|Ca>FŠ^EFHJTG>FdN 2<br />
*Â
MQAKG>ºM 2 > AK^´ NAK?\AKJ@MOCAKJ>c-´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJ PDX^^FH^ªRvNX? ±`AKNFHPDFH^^¦PDX^^EFH^<br />
2<br />
AKJWCEFdN MONNA 0OMQP¯CAK?VFH^MOCCa>F†NFH´ FHA 0QFdN 2¥ £ £ £ 01¨! . ¥*¡( ! ¡ £¥ §©©<br />
;@^AKJ>c<br />
! ¢ 2(> MO=T=X;T^ 2 %¯JTMQPDºFHPKMkº =MQ^EFHG‹´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJ M 0QXAKGTMQJ@´ FnMQPDcQXQNµADCaT? 2<br />
¦<br />
¢ §¥; 0£ ¥ ¡ ¥ ¢ ¥¨;@ ¥¨CB4> ¢ ©¤§ @¤¥>§(!"¨7© ©;£ ¥¨§ 54Q¼- +,+QÅ 2<br />
¥<br />
© + ¢ 2 · JWCEFdNJ>FdC 8 J>cAKJTFdFdNAKJ>c}¹©MQ^³ - XQN´ FQ¼%LTN - +,+ 2<br />
+ ! 2Ä MQ´ XQ=@^EXJ 2 :FdNµAK´³ 2 + ¢ ¡ § ¨ ¡. ¥¨§¤£ ¢ § ¥>£¦¥;(¥¨5@¥¨§<br />
<br />
©¨ £ !&© ¡ ..2(>£¥> ¡ 2 · JWCEFdNJ>FdC 81J>cAKJ>FdFdNµAKJ>c}¹©MQ^E³ - XQNµ´ FQ¼ Ä MQJ - +,+Qà 2<br />
+<br />
-dÁ"! ° FHADCa ¢ 2 ²`X^^ Ä MQ?VFH^ - 2° ;>NX^F 2 ¥>! . £©§ ©£ ¥¨§ 54 ¡ ¥(. £ ¥ <br />
<br />
..§ ¥; ¡ ©>£ §( 54,£ © ¥ £©¤§7 ©£ 2 %GTG@AK^EXJ£¢†FH^PDFdºQ¼ÅOÁQÁQÁ 2<br />
¡<br />
* <br />
¢¡ /-1! . &©) ¢ ¡ ¡<br />
- ! 81PKMQJ %¯?\ADNk¼ž:[CEF 0QF ¾ ´1=MQJTJ>FQ¼§MQJTG ;@A¤£a@MQJ>c 2 %J MOLTL@PAK´dMOCADXJ PDF 0QFHP 0FdX<br />
<br />
2¦¥ ¢ § ¥; ¡ 2£ !&©¨8¨§© > ¡ §> ¡¤(¥ ¡ ¼- +,+ ¦ 2<br />
cMOCEFd±MHº<br />
Å !V: 2 ½AKM¨1MQJTG ¤<br />
+ 8¤6>§*¡¥¨ ¡ ¼Nº[^EX^CEX?VF ½XPDXQC MQJTGŽ¹|aTADFdNNºn¹Y;>NPKFdCECA 2 %<br />
NMOCEFV´ XJWCENXPˆ?VFH´aTMQJ@AK^?<br />
0FdX AKJ Ca>FAKJ]CEFdNµJ>FdC 2 ·¸J ¥ ¡ © © © ¼[L@MOcQFH^ -HÅ$-HÃ -HÅQÅ,*[¼(- +,+sÀ 2<br />
RvXQN§L@MQ´³QFdC<br />
> 2 =-aTAK; MQJTG ² 2Ä MQAKJ 2 %¯JTMQPDºF AKJT´ NFHMQ^EF MQJTGG>FH´ NFHMQ^EF¥MQPDcQXQNAKCaT?\^<br />
À!<br />
XJ>cQFH^ECADXJnM 0QXAKG@MQJT´ F¯AJB´ X?VL@;TCEFdN1J>FdC£±1XQN³! . £©§ ©;£ £<br />
RvXQN´<br />
¥>§¡ ¨ ¥ 01*¡7£©! ¡µ¼ Ä ;TJ>FQ¼9- + ,+ 2<br />
<br />
!V: 2- PDXkºc\Ca>F ;T^EF XQRžFHJ@G FHJTG ´ XJ>cQFH^CADXJ ´ XJWCENXPYAKJ<br />
Ã<br />
2¥ £ £ £ § ¨ ¡;£8¥¨ ¡ ¥@ ©;£ ¥¨§* 64Q¼ XP 2  ?À ¦ ]ÀWÂOÅ[¼ %¯;>c - +,+,+ 2<br />
CaTFAKJWCEFdNJ>FdC<br />
 !V:>MQPKPDº - PDXkºNM 4 MQG@a]ºQFQ¼[MQJTG Ä XQNc ¢(AKGT?VFdN 2 81ZW;@MOCADXJ<br />
=MQ^EFHG¥´ XJTcQFH^ECADXJ©´ XJWCENXP¯R_XQN;TJTA´dMQ^EC MOLTLPKAK´dMOCADXJT^ 2<br />
· J ¥! © §#"""O¼<br />
* ¦ Ã[¼ª:[CEX[´³[aTXPK?¼:[±FHG>FHJ¦¼0%¯;>c;>FH^EC`ÅOÁQÁQÁ 2<br />
LMOcQFH^|À<br />
! ² 2&# MQJTL@aTADFdN 2 :FQ¼ £ !&© £§©¨! 54 ¢ § ¥>£¦¥;(¥¨
±`AKNFHPDFH^^´a@MQJ>FdFHPK^ 2 ¥ £ £ £ § ¨ ¡;£8¥¨ ¡¥¨ § ¤ £ ¡<br />
RvXQN¨0FdXVCENMQJT^LXQNCX70QFdǸ<br />
01*¡7£©¤! ¡ @¥¨§ ¢8©¥ ©¤5¥¨:¥4>1O¼ XP 2 -,-O¼ ¾ MHº¥ÅOÁQÁ.- 2<br />
><br />
-,- ! ²`F ḦM ²|F MQADFQ¼ ¾ MON³ MQJTGTPDFdºQ¼MQJTG > Fd=XQNµMQa 8 ^ECENAJ 2 ² % 4 ? %J FHJTG" CEX FHJTG<br />
<br />
=@MQ^EFHGI´ XJ>cQFH^ECADXJn´ XJWCENXP?VFH´aTMQJ@AK^? RvXQNNFHMQPDCAK?VF^ECENFHMQ?\^AKJ\CaTFAKJWCEFdN <br />
NµMOCEF<br />
2 · J ¥ ¡ © © © ¼@LMOcQFH^ - *,*Â - *sÀ ¦ ¼3- +,+,+ 2<br />
JTFdC<br />
-HÅ ! ¾ AKJ>c ¹`AKJ>c :