gdÂ©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU gdÂ©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU nwUo ...

* nwUo _hmZJa joÌmH$[aVm gd©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU 

۞ 

nwUo _hmZJa joÌmH$[aVm gd©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU * 

gd©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU 

nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m 

* * 

1

nwUo _hmZJa joÌmH$[aVm 

gd©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU 

Ñï>rH$moZ, YmoaU d {e\$maer 

1.0 àñVmdZm 

ehamVrc dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoÀ`m àíZm§er OdiMm g§~§Y Agcoco {d{dY JQ> {d{dY 

_wX²>Úm§Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r d EH$m g_mZ ^y{_Ho$da òÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì Amco hmoVo. 

Am{U Ë`m§Zr H$mhr {e\$maer Ho$ë`m AgyZ, Ë`m§Mm ehamÀ`m {dH$mg `moOZoMm EH$ AË`mdí`H$ ^mJ 

åhUyZ ehamZo ñdrH$ma H$amdm, Aer Anojm Amho. 

ehamVrc dmhZm§Mo àXwfU d Ë`m§Mo nwÊ`mVrc ZmJ[aH$m§da hmoUmao J§^ra n[aUm_ `m§Mr XIc 

KoD$Z gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Z`wº$ Ho$coë`m n`m©daU àXwfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$aUmÀ`m (B. {n.{g. E.) ψ 

^waocmc g{_VrZo `m AmYrM dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mMo Ü`ò nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r 

Amamo½`m~m~VMr dmB©Q> pñWVr ZîQ> H$aÊ`mMo R>adyZ {ZX©oe {Xco AmhoV. `m AhdmcmVrc AZoH$ 

{e\$maer øm, `m {ZX}em§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUmè`m AmhoV. 

OJâmVrc AZoH$ joÌmVrc cmoH$ ehamÀ`m dmT>Ë`m dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm 

H$aÊ`mg§~§YrÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ {dMmagUr {df`r àíZ CnpñWV H$é cmJco AmhoV. AZoH$ AmKmS>çm§da 

dmhVwH$ YmoaUm§À`m gneoc Anèm§_wio ZmJarH$, ehao d Xoe `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m gÚpñW¨Vr_Üò H«$m§Vr 

KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg d Am_ycmJ« ZdrZ YmoaU pñdH$maÊ`mg ^mJ nS>co Amho. 

-------------------------------------------------------- 

Am{W©H$ H$m_m§Zm nmqR>~m XoUo ZmJar joÌm§Zm eŠ` ìhmdo åhUyZ _mc d H$_©Mmar CncãY H$éZ 

{Xco nm{hOo. VWm{n XwX¡dmZo _mc d H$_©Mmar `m§À`m AmoKmcm AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV Amho. 

Ë`m n¡H$s gdm©V à_wI g_ñ`m Imcrc à_mUo AmhoV. 

ZmoH$è`m, {ejU, _Zmoa§OZ d VËg_ H$m_o {_idUo ho A{YH$ doiImD$ ~ZV Mmcco Amho. 

cmoH$ dmhVwH$s_Üò AS>H$ë`m_wio H$moQ>çmdYr l_Vmgm§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoV Amho. `mMo _yi H$maU åhUOo 

ψ H¥$n`m n`m©daU àXwfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$aUmÀ`m ( B. {n.{g. E.) {ZX}em§À`m g§nyU© gwMr H$[aVm 

OmoS>nÌ - EH$ nhm 

2

_moQ>ma dmhZm§À`m g§»òV Pmcocr ñ\$moQ>H$ dmT>, VgoM CncãY hmoD$ eHo$c Aer añË`m§Mr OmJm Anwar 

AgUo ho Amho. CXmUmW© :- gamgar ^maVmÀ`m ghm à_wI _hmZJam§Mr cmoH$g§»`m 1981 Vo 2001 

`m Xaå`mZ 1.8 nQ>rZo dmT>cr AgyZ, Ë`mM H$mcmdYr_Üò _moQ>ma dmhZm§Mr g§»`m ghm nQ>rZo dmT>cr 

Amho. 

àdmg IM©, {deofV: Jar~m§À`m ~m~VrV dmT>cocm Amho. ~è`mM A§er `mMo H$maU åhUOo 

gm`H$c déZ OmUo Am{U nm`r MmcV OmUo `m§gma»`m ñdñVmVrc ñd`§M{cVoVa gmYZm§Mm dmna hm 

ñd`§M{cV dmhZm§Mo _mJm©déZ hmoV Agë`mZo AË`§V YmoH$mXm`H$ ~Zcocm Amho. AmUIr Ago H$s, 

cmoH$g§»òÀ`m dmT>r ~amo~aM eham§Mr dmT> AñVmì`ñV Pmcr Amho. d n«dmgmÀ`m dmT>coë`m 

A§Vam_wio ñd`§M{cVoVa dmhZm§Mm dmna AeŠ` Pmcm Amho. `m_wio Cn{O{dH$m H$aUo, {deofV: 

Jar~m§gmR>r IwnM H$R>rU Pmco Amho. 

eham_Üò àdmg H$aUo ho IynM OmoI_rMo ~Zco Amho. 1981 _Üò 1.6 cmI BVHo$ Agcoco 

AnKmVmMo à_mU 2001 _Üò 3.9 cmImnojm OmñV dmT>coco Amho. Ë`mM H$mcmdYr_Üò añVm 

AnKmVmV _¥Ë`w nmdcoë`m ì`º$s¨Mr g§»`m 28,400 déZ 80,000 BVH$s dmT>cr Amho. `m 

AnKmVm§_Üò _aU nmdcoë`m qH$dm OI_r Pmcoë`m cmoH$m§_Üò gm`H$cñdma, nmXMmar qH$dm 

añË`mda amhUmao cmoH$M A{YH$ hmoVo. `m_wio Jar~m§daM Ë`mMm OmñV J§^ra n[aUm_ Pmë`mMo nwÝhm 

EH$Xm {XgyZ òVo. 

_moQ>ma dmhZm§_Üò PnmQ>çmZo hmoUmè`m dmT>r_wio Vrd« ñdénmMo dm`w àXwfU XoIrc Pmco Amho. 

Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§À`m Amamo½`mda d Ë`m§À`m OrdZ_mZmda {dn[aV n[aUm_ Pmcm Amho. 

darc g_ñ`m§da Cnm``moOZm Ho$ë`mIoarO, gw_ma dmhVwH$ hr Am{W©H$ dmT>r_Üò _w»` 

AS>MU R>é eH$Vo, d OrdZ_mZ ImcmdÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>é eH$Vo. 

--- amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaU 

------------------------------------------------------------------- 

^maVm_Yrc / naXoemVrc dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm {Z`moOZH$mam§Zr H$mhr H$mimnwaVo 

g_ñ`mZwén Zì`mÑï>rH$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ago gm§{JVco Amho. `mH$S>o Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m 

XoemV ~è`mM A§er Xwc©j Pmco Agco, Var Ë`m§Mm Ho$di AZoH$ {dH${gV Xoem§VM Zmhr Va, H$mhr 

{dH$gZerc Xoem§Vhr pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm, Á`mMm n[aUm_ A{Ve` Mm§Jcm Pmcm. 

gZ 2007 `m dfu ZmJar {dH$mgmÀ`m dmQ>Mmcr _Üò nwUo eha ~aoMgo AmKmS>rda Amho. `m 

diUmda Amnë`m gmYZg§nÎmrÀ`m Jw§VdUwH$s~m~V KoVcoco {ZU©` ho ^{dî`mda _moR>çm à_mUmV 

n[aUm_ H$aUmao AgVrc, AmO Amåhr BVa g_mOmZo KoVcoc dmB©Q> {ZU©` Q>miÊ`mgmR>r d Mm§Jë`m 

^{dî`mgmR>r ~oSy>H$ CS>r _maÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrV AmhmoV. 

3

nwT>rc nmM XeH$m§Z§Va, nwUo ehamMr {ZpíMVM _hmZJam_Üò dmT> hmoUma AgyZ, Ë`mMo 

H$Xm{MV _moR>çm _oJmnm°{cg 1 _Üò énm§Va hmoB©c. Aer ñ\$moQ>H$ dmT> Pmcr Var gd© nwUoH$am§Zm Cƒ 

XOm©Mo amhUr_mZ Cn^moJVm Amco nm{hOo. Ë`m dmT>rgmR>r Amnë`mcm {Z`moOZ H$amd`mcm hdo. 

OoUoH$éZ eha Aem àH$mao V`ma Ho$co nm{hOo H$s, gd© ZmJ[aH$ eham_Üò amhÊ`mMm AmZ§X Cn^moJy 

eH$Vrc. 

nwÊ`mÀ`m {H«$`merc ZmJ[aH$m§Zr àñWm{nV pñWVrcm Zoh_rM AmìhmZ {Xco Amho. Am{U Ver 

{hH$_V Agë`m_wio, Á`mMm H$Yrhr {dMma Ho$cm ZìhVm Ë`mnojm A{YH$ Ë`m§Zr {_idco Amho. 

{Z`moOZH$V} d Ðï>o `mMo AmYma _m{hVrgh Agcoë`m d¡Y d dmOdr H$ënZm§Zm Aì`dmhm`© 

Ago co~c cmdyZ ~mOycm gmaVm òUma Zmhr. Zoh_rM _mohmV nmS>Umam H$_r YmoH$mXm`H$ Agcocm 

_mJ© Amnë`mcm OJÊ`mg A`mo½` ehamH$S>o KoD$Z OmB©c. VoWo Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d ì`mdhm[aH$ Ago 

AZoH$ AS>Wio AgVrc, na§Vy g~~r gm§JÊ`mEodOr {Z`moOZH$Ë`mªZr gË` n{apñWVrcm Vm|S> {Xco 

nm{hOo. d Ë`mdarc Cnm`m§da cj H|$ÐrV Ho$co nm{hOo. `mMmM AW© {ZíM`r AgUo Am{U H$mhr doim 

A{à` {ZU©` KoUo hm _mJ©M Amnë`mcm EH$m Mm§Jë`m ^{dî`mH$S>o ZoB©c. 

{Z`moOZH$V} d {ZU©` KoUmao `m§Zr, OoWo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm VmgZ Vmg _hm^`mZH$ dmhVwH$sÀ`m 

{di»`mV Wm§~mdo cmJVo, OoWo nm`r MmcUo qH$dm XwMmH$s MmcUo AeŠ` Amho. Am{U OoWo cmoH$m§Zm 

{dfmar dm`w nmgyZ ñdV:Mm ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wIdQ>m ( _mñH$ ) dmnaUo JaOoMo dmQ>Vo, Ago eha 

hmoD$ XoVm H$m_m Zò. Amncm dmagm åhUyZ H$m°{H«$Q>Mo O§Jc _mJo R>odÊ`mEodOr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmagm, 

B{Vhmg, gr_m{MÝho, {ZgJ©, ZÚm d Q>oH$S>çm `m§Mo OVZ Ho$co nm{hOo. lr_§V cmoH$ OoWo A{YH$ 

gwa{jV dmVmaUmV amhVmV d g§nÎmrÀ`m amet_Üò amhVmV, Va Jar~ cmoH$ X`Zr` n[apñWVrV 

amhVmV, Ago eha H$moUmcmhr ZH$mo Amho. 

dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoMo emó àËòH$ gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d n`m©daUr` àíZm§À`m 

_wimer Amho. àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$m§er Ë`mMm g§~§Y Amho. _J Ë`m ZmJ[aH$mMr OmV, n§W, g_mO, qcJ 

qH$dm d` H$mhrhr Agmo. eodQ>r ehamÀ`m ~m~VrVrc Ñï>rH$moZ hm dmhVwH$sMm àíZ Am{U Á`m 

nÜXVrZo Vmo gmoS>dcm OmVmo Ë`mÀ`mer WoQ> g§~§{YV Amho. 

1 ^maVr` ZmJar cmoH$g§»`m gZ 2001 _Yrc 285 Xecj nojm gZ 2051 _Üò 820 Xecj 

BVH$s dmT>Ê`mMr Anojm Amho.( ómoV-ar~o[aAmo, BE\$EZ, g§MmcH$, ZmJar ì`dñWmnZ d {dH$mg 

àm{YH$aU g§K ( Zmì`{dàmg§ ) ) 

4

2.0 Ñï>rH$moZ 

• gd© ZmJarH$m§gmR>r n`m©daUmZwHw$c, H$mQ>H$H$garMr, gwa{jV d gm_m{OH$Ñî`m pñdH$m`© 

Aem dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg H$aUo, Vr MmcdUo d Vr CncãY H$éZ XoUo. 

• nwUo ehamMr Aer EH$mpË_H$ ZmJar dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aUo d {VMo ì`dñWmnZ 

H$aUo, Á`m_wio nwÊ`mÀ`m a{hdmem§Zm gmoB©ñH$a, Amam_Xm`H$, nadS>Ê`mOmoJr, H$m`©j_, 

gwa{jV d n`m©daUmZwHy$c dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm CncãY hmoB©c, Á`m_wio ~g, _mcJmS>çm, 

nmXMmar, gm`H$cñdma d dmhVwH$sMr BVa gmYZo `m§À`mgh dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm JXr©_wº$ 

hmoB©c. 

• O{_Z dmnamMr n[aUm_H$maH$ nÜXVr, Amnë`m ehamMm g_Ý`m`r {dH$mg, Am{W©H$ 

~m~tMo A{^dY©Z, ehamVrc cmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmcm nmR>t~m Am{U Ë`m§Zm 

emídV _mJm©da ZoUo ho gd© `mV J¥hrV Yaco Amho. 

• Xwgè`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Pmco Va, OcX, Amam_Xm`H$, H$mQ>H$garMr d ImOJr dmhZ 

ñnYm©Ë_H$, gm_yhrH$ àdmg `§ÌUm ñWmnZ H$aUo, Or nwÊ`mÀ`m cmoH$m§À`m gd©M 

^mJm§À`m AJXr gÜ`mÀ`m ImOJr dmhZ _mcH$m§À`m gwÜXm àdmgmÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aoc. 

• JXuÀ`m doir añË`mdarc ImOJr dmhZm§Mr g§»`m H$_r H$aUo, Am{U nm`r MmcÊ`mMr 

j_Vm, gwa{jVVm, gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm d _Ü`_ gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm 

`m§gma»`m {d{dY à_wI ~m~t_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo `mZwgma Ñï>rH$moZ R>adUo Amdí`H$ 

Amho. nmXMmè`m§À`m gmoB©gw{dYm§_Üò dmT> H$aUo, Ë`mM à_mUo añË`m§Mr EHw$U cm§~r 

dmT>dUo, AnKmVmMo à_mU H$_r H$aUo Am{U àËòH$ EH$ cmI cmoH$g§»ògmR>r 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sMr / _Ü`_ gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sMr g§»`m dmT>dUo ho CÔrï> Agco 

nm{hOo. ( gr. Am`. Ama. Q>r. à_mUH$m§Zwgma Xa EH$ cmI cmoH$g§»òH$[aVm Amdí`H$ 

AgUmè`m g§»òV ~g CncãY H$éZ XoUo ho CÔrï> Agmdo ). 

5

----------------------------------------------------- 

amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo :- 

• Amnë`m eham§_Yrc _Ü`dVu ^mJmVM cmoH$ amhVmV ho _mÝ` H$aUo d gd© `moOZm Ë`m§À`m 

gm_mB©H$ \$m`ÚmgmR>r d H$ë`mUmgmR>r AgUo. 

• Amncr ehao OJmVrc gdm}Îm_ amhÊ`m`mo½` ehao ~ZdUo Am{U Ë`m eham§Zm 21 ì`m 

eVH$mVrc ^maVmÀ`m {dH$mgmMr eº$s AgUmar Am{W©H$ dmT>rMr B§{OZo ~ZdÊ`mg _XV 

H$aUo. 

• Or ehao ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ñWmZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo½` {R>H$mUr AmhoV, Am{U eham_Üò hmoUmè`m _w»` 

gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ H$m`©H«$_m§Zm nmR>t~m XoÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ {R>H$mUr AmhoV, Aem eham§Zm 

ì`dñWrV nUo ZmJar énmV {dH${gV H$aUo. 

CÔrîQ>o 

ZmoH$è`m, {ejU, _Zmoa§OZ Am{U Amnë`m eham§_Yrc Aem BVa JaOm ^mJdÊ`mgmR>r 

àdmg H$aUmè`m eha a{hdmí`m§À`m dmT>Ë`m g§»ògmR>r gwa{jV nadS>Ê`mOmo½`m OcX 

Amam_Xm`H$, âdemÀ`m Am{U à_m{UV àdmg_mJm©Mr ImÌr H$aUo ho `m YmoaUmMo CÔrï> Amho. d 

Vo gmÜ` H$aUogmR>r Imcrc à_mUo {Z`moOZ H$amdo cmJoc. 

• Z§Va H$aÊ`mnojm ZJa {Z`moOZ ñVamdaM _hÎdmMm àmMc ( n°am_rQ>a ) åhUyZ ZmJar dmhVwH$ 

ì`dñWoMm g_mdoe H$aUo. 

• OmJoMm `mo½` d {Z`moOZ ~ÜX dmna d dmhVwH$ {Z`moOZmcm àmoËgmhZ XoUo, OoUoH$éZ àdmgmMo 

A§Va H$_r hmoB©c Am{U CnOr{dHo$gmR>r, {ejUmgmR>r d BVa gm_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJdÊ`mgmR>r 

àdmg H$aUo gwH$a hmoB©c. {deofV: Jar~ cmoH$m§Zm àdmg H$aUo gmono hmoB©c. 

• CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm ~mOma_Üò VgoM CËnmXZmgmR>r g§~§{YV BVa {R>H$mUr OmÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m _mJmª_Üò 

dmT> H$aUo. 

• dmhZm§nojm nmXMmè`m§Zm añË`mMr OmñV OmJm CncãY H$éZ XoUo `mda â XoUo. 

• ImOJr _moQ>ma dmhZm§EodOr gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sÀ`m d B§YZM{cV ZgUmè`m dmhZ àH$mam§À`m 

dmnamcm CÎmoOZ XoUmè`m dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo. 

• dmhVwH$ godoÀ`m gd© MmcH$m§Zm dmhZ MmcdÊ`mg g_mZ g§Yr XoÊ`mgmR>r {d{Z`m_H$ H$m`©V§Ì 

ñWmnZ H$aUo. 

• dmhVwH$ ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm B§Q>o{cO§Q> dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm gwé H$aUo. 

• {d{Z`m_H$ d A§_c~OmdUr `§ÌUm§Mr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dUo. 

• añVm gwa{jVVm d d¡ÚH$s` godm VmËH$mi CncãY H$éZ XoUo. 

6

• dmhVwH$sÀ`m gd`r, CÎm_ A§_c~OmdUr, H$S>H$ à_mUHo$, Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm BË`mXr _Yrc 

~XcmìXmao àXyfUmMr nmVir H$_r H$aUo. 

• à_m{UV ZmJar dmhVwH$sgmR>r `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm( g§»`mË_H$ d _Zwî`~i ) j_Vm 

{Z_m©U H$aUo d _m{hVr ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUm ñWmnZ H$aUo, Or {Z`moOZH$ma, g§emoYH$, {ejH$, 

{dÚmWr© BË`mXr gma»`m gd©ZmJar dmhVwH$ ì`mdgmq`H$m§À`m JaOm nyU© H$aoc. 

• H$_rV H$_r à_mUmV àXþfU H$aUmè`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamcm MmcZm XoUo. 

• ZmJar dmhVwH$ `§ÌUo_Yrc Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r O{_Z hmM _mJ© / gmYZ Amho Ago g_OyZ Ë`mVyZ 

A{^Zd `§ÌUoìXmao {dÎm C^maUo. 

• ImOJr joÌm§Zm OoWo Ë`m§Mr VmH$X \$m`Xoera R>é eHo$c, Aem H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò gh^mJr H$éZ 

KoUo. 

• à_m{UV ZmJar dmhVwH$ ì`dñWo_Üò g§^mì` Cnm`moOZm§Mo JwUY_© XmI{dUmao nWXeu àH$ën 

hmVr KoUo. 

`mìXmao gmÜ` H$amd`mMo Amho. 

. . .. . . . . . (am. Zm. dm.Ymo. ) amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaU. 

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3.0 g_ñòMr ì`m»`m :- 

ehamMr J{Vj_Vm H$_r H$_r hmoV OmUo hr nwUo ehamMr àË`j g_ñ`m Amho. 2 

gÜ`m àËòH$mcm dmhZm§Mr JXu, gVV dmT>Umam àdmgmMm doi, Jm|YimMr d AnKm§Vm§Zm {Z_§ÌU 

XoUmar dmhVwH$sMr pñWVr, dmhVwH$sMo gmYZ H$moUVohr Agmo, hdoMr T>mgicocr JwUdÎmm, 

ZmJ[aH$m§À`m Amamo½`mcm {Z_m©U Pmcocm YmoH$m, _moH$ir _¡XmZo d h[aV nQ²>Q>o `m§gmaIr ehamMr \w$ß\w$go 

Zï> hmoUo, `mgma»`m g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV Amho. 

ehamVrc dmhZm§À`m g§»òVrc ñ\$moQ>H$ ñ 

dmT> ho `mMo _w»` H$maU Amho 3 . 

2 nwUo ehamcm ôQ> XoUmar Odi Odi àËòH$ ì`º$s hr ehamÀ`m PnmQ>çmZo èhmg hmoUmè`m 

dmhVwH$ pñWVr{df`r qMVm ì`º$ H$aVo. 

3 gZ 1960 nmgyZ nwÊ`mMr cmoH$g§»`m 4 nQ>rZo ( Mm¡nQ> ) dmT>cr Amho. `mM H$mcmdYrV 

añË`m§Zdarc dmhZo 87 nQ>rZo dmT>cr AmhoV. nwÊ`mVrc ( cmoH$g§»`m 30 cmI ) añË`m§da _w§~B© 

nojmhr ( cmoH$g§»`m 1.2 H$moQ>r, dmhZo 11.2 cmI ) A{YH$ dmhZo ( 13 cmI ) AmhoV. nwÊ`m_Üò 

Xadfu EH$ cmImhÿZ A{YH$ dmhZm§Mr gVV â nS>Vo ( _w§~B© AmH$S>odmar _w§~B© dmhVwH$ {Z`§ÌU 

emIm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ( S>ãë`w. S>ãë`w. S>ãë`w Q´>°{\$H$ nmo{cg _w§~B©. Am°J© ) 

7

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ImOJr _moQ>ma dmhZo dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aUo. 

JXuÀ`m doir ImOJr _moQ>ma dmhZm§À`m ( Vr ~miJÊ`mÀ`m Zìho ) dmnamg namd¥Îm H$aUmè`m 

Cnm``moOZm `m gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§À`m dmnamcm àmoËgmhZ XoUmè`m Cnm``moOZm§À`m ~amo~arZo Ho$ë`m 

nm{hOoV. åhUyZ H|$Ð emgZmZo _moQ>ma dmhZm§Mm dmna H$_r hmoB©c Aem Cnm``moOZm§Mm A§JrH$ma 

H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xco nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r B§YZmdarc H$a dmT>{dUo, nm{Hª$JgmR>r A{YH$ \$s 

AmH$aUo, nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJoMr CncãYVm H$_r H$aUo, gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§À`m VwcZoV ImOJr dmhZmZo 

àdmgmg OmñV doi cmJUo BË`mXr gma»`m Cnm``moOZm H$amì`m cmJVrc. ehamÀ`m A{YH$ JXuÀ`m 

^mJm_Üò ZmJarH$ ImOJr _moQ>ma dmhZ KoD$Z Joë`mg {deof H$a AmH$méZ JXuÀ`m {R>H$mUr A{YH$ 

H$a `moOZoÀ`m dmnamg XoIrc àmoËgmhZ XoVm òB©c. H$m`m©c`mV qH$dm emioV OmUo `m§gma»`m X¢Z{XZ 

àdmgmgmR>r ZmJ[aH$m§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§Mm qH$dm B§YZM{cV ZgUmè`m dmhZm§Mm dmna H$amdm. 

Am{U ImOJr dmhZo gwÅ>rÀ`m {Xder H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ghcrnwaVr Am{U _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r qH$dm ghO 

{\$aÊ`mgmR>rM dmnacr OmVrc `m nwaVmM Ë`m§Mm dmna _`m©XrV Agmdm. naXoem_Üò èñdr R>acocr 

dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm eham_Üò gwé H$aÊ`mnydu H$miOrnyd©H$ Vnmgcr nmhrOo. 

. . . . . . . . . .. ( am.Zm. dm. Ymo. ) amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaU. 

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nwUo eham_Üò Joë`m 5 dfm©V dmhZm§Mr Pmcocr dmT> - ómoV : nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Mm 

n`m©daU{df`H$ pñWVr Ahdmc 2006-07 

07 

Vº$m -1 : df©dma g§»`m 

df© XwMmH$s VrZMmH$s JmS>r ~g Q´>H$ BVa EHw$U 

2000 609497 58574 97279 8084 55800 1375 830609 

2001 665232 61776 106183 8212 59465 1406 902274 

2002 723247 65450 117659 7829 60935 1433 976553 

2003 788191 67945 129059 7994 62729 1461 1057379 

2004 864738 70095 143107 8716 64130 1470 1152256 

2005 922674 70241 161020 10020 59336 1503 1224794 

2006 1017753 57384 185140 10011 24969 22111 1317368 

2007 1123898 58916 210818 10273 17566 23893 1445364 

8

Vº$m -2 EH$ cmI cmoH$m§_mJrc dmhZo 

df© cmoH$g§»`m XwMmH$s VrZMmH$s JmS>r ~g Q´>H$ BVa EHw$U 

2001 2538473 24010 2307 3832 318 2198 54 32721 

2005 3006036 28767 2332 4761 290 2133 49 38331 

2001 

nmgyZ 

Q>¸o$dmarV 

dmT> 

51.4 19.9 65.5 23.9 6.3 9.3 47.5 

Q>rn :- : 

EH$ cmI cmoH$m§_mJo Ho$di XwMmH$s d _moQ>ma JmS>çm§_Üò ârd dmT> Pmcr Amho. 

n`m©`r àdmgmÀ`m gmYZm§Mm åhUOoM gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§Mm A^md qH$dm H$_r A§VamgmR>r 

MmcV qH$dm gm`H$cZo OmUo Q>miUo, `m_wio hr n[a{ñWVr CX²^dcr Amho. 

CcQ>, añË`m§darc gVV dmT>Umè`m dmhZm§À`m g§»ò_wio àXyfU dmT>V Amho d dmhVwH$sÀ`m 

H$m|S>r_wio dmhVwH$s~m~VMr {Zamem dmT>V Amho. Am{U åhUyZ {Z`_m§Mo C„§KZ H$aÊ`mV dmT> Pmcr 

Amho. 

4. Cnm` `moOZo H$[aVm AmamIS>m 

mIS>m 

ho ñnï>M Amho H$s, n«dmgmR>r ImOJr ñd`§M{cV dmhZm§Mm gVV dmT>Umam dmna hm Cnm` 

H$Yrhr èñdr hmoUma Zmhr. 

dmhZ aMZm 

9

V e h ic le C o m p o s itio n 

T w o W h e e le r s 

T h r e e W h e e le rs 

C a rs 

B u s e s 

T ru c k s 

1 3 % 

1 % 5 % 

6 % 

7 5 % 

åhUyZ nwÊ`mÀ`m añË`mdrc dmhZm§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoB©c, Ë`mM ~amo~a OmJ{VH$ XO}Mo 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ Omio {Z_m©U H$éZ Ë`mìXmao g_mOmVrc gd© KQ>H$m§gmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§Mr 

CncãYVm gwa{jVVm d n`m©daUm{df`H$ pñWVr gwYmaoc Aem {d{dY YmoaUm§Mm pñdH$ma H$aUo 

Amdí`H$ Amho.dmhVwH$ d O{_Z dmnamMo àËòH$ YmoaU `m _wio VËd gm§^miyZ AmIco Omdo Aer 

{e\$mag H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. 

nwUo eha ho cmoH$-ñZohr Agmdo, dmhZ-ñZohr Zmhr. 

_mJ©Xe©H$ VËËdo :- 

: 

EH$ :- dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm `§ÌUo~Ôc {dmMma H$aVmZm, cmoH$m§À`m J{Vj_Vo {df`r 

àdmgmMr ghOVm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 

XmoZ :- gmd©O{ZH$ OmJm gd© cmoH$m§À`m g_mZ dmnamgmR>r Amho. 

VrZ :- ehamMr dmT> hr {Q>H$mD$ nÜXVrZo hmoB©c Agm AmJ«h Yamdm dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm hr 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoÀ`m ^modVrM ~m§Ycr Omdr. A{YH$m{YH$ cmoH$m§Zm A{YH$m{YH$ 

H$m`©j_ nÜXVrZo na§Vy H$_rV H$_r dmhZm§ìXmao àdmg H$aVm òB©c Agm Ñï>rH$moZ Agmdm. 

MmcUo d gm`H$c MmcdUo `mgma»`m BVa n`m©daU ñZohr gmYZm§Zm A{YH$ ng§Vr XoÊ`mV 

`mdr. 

Mma :- dmhVwH$sÀ`m àËòH$ gmYZmZo Ë`mMr IarIwar àË`j d AàË`j Aer ( Ë`mÀ`m 

n`m©daUmdr` n[aUm_mgmaIr ) qH$_V MwH$dmdr, eodQ>r eha gwa{jV Agco nm{hOo. Ë`mM 

10

~amo~a ehamÀ`m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r àdmg H$aUo gmoB©Mo Agmdo. 

nmM :- nwUo ehamMr EH$mpË_H$ g§Vw{cV dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm qH$dm gd©H$f dmhVwH$ `moOZm 

Agmdr. EH$mpË_H$ `mMm AW© , dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm `moOZoMr, gd©gmYmaUnUo 

{dH$mg `moOZoMm qH$dm eha {dH$mg `moOZoMm g_mdoe AgUmè`m O{_Z dmna `moOZo~amo~a 

gm§JS> KmcUo. 

EH$mpË_H$ `mVyZ Agmhr AW© Üd{ZV hmoVmo H$s, Vr g§nyU© ehamMm ( g_J«nUo ) {dMma H$éZ 

AmIcr Omdr Am{U Z§Va Ë`mV ~marH$ gmarH$ Vnerc âco OmdoV. `moOZo_Üò ehamÀ`m Aën 

_wXVr, _Ü`_ _wXVr d XrK© _wXVrÀ`m JaOm§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mV `mdm. hr `moOZm nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m, 

qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m Am{U IS>H$s d nwUo H°$ÝQ>mo_oÝQ> ~moS>© `m§Mm g_mdoe AgUmè`m nwUo 

_hmZJa {d^mJmcm cmJy ìhmdr. ømMo H$maU `m {d^mJm§VyZ d `m {d^mJm§H$S>o Oo A§VJ©V [aË`m 

OmoS>coco AmhoV, dmhVwH$sMm AmoK gVV Mmcy AgVmo. CXmUmW©, H$maImZo ho _w»`Îdo qnnarqMMdS>_hmZJanm{cH$m 

{d^mJm_Üò EH$dQ>coco AgyZ Ë`mVrc H$m_Jma _mÌ _moR>çm à_mUmV BVa 

VrZ {d^m§Jm_Üò amhVmV. nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m d nwUo H°$ÝQ>m°Z_|Q> ~moS>© `m {d^mJm§_Üò e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm 

A{YH$ AmhoV. d åhUyZ BVa VrZ {d^mJm§VyZ òWo dmhZo òVmV. ì`mnmaY§Úm§Mo _w»` H|$Ð nwUo eha 

Amho. VWm{n àËòH$ {d^mJmMo Amnmnco CÚmoJ joÌ AmhoM. eodQ>r dmhVwH$sMr {d{dY gmYZo 

àË`j[aË`m d Am{W©H$[aË`m EH$g§K EH$mpË_H$ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho 

ghm :- dmhVwH$ser g§~§{YV gd© KQ>H$m§Mm dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm `moOZo_Üò g_mdoe Agmdm. 

nmo{cg Am{U BVa VmVS>rÀ`m d¡ÚH$s` godm d A{¾em_H$ {d^mJ ho `m `moOZoMm g{H«$` 

^mJ AgmdoV. emar[aH$ ÑîQ>çm An§J ì`º$s, Áòð> ZmJarH$ d chmZ _wco `m§À`m JaOm§gwÜXm 

{dMmamV KoVë`m Omì`mV. _{hcm§À`m àdmgmMm XoIrc {deof {dMma dmhVwH$ YmoaUm_Üò 

H$aÊ`mV `mdm 4 . 

`mMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMm Ho$di EH$M _mJ© Amho Vmo åhUOo _m{hVrda AmYm[aV ( gd}jU ) n«ñVmd 

V`ma H$aUo, Á`m§Mo Z§Va {dícofU H$aÊ`mV òB©c {e\$maetgh AgUmar H$m`©nÜXVr emór` 

VÎdm§daM AmYm[aV Agmdr. Xwgè`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Pmco Va gm_whrH$ àdmg `§ÌUoÀ`m {ZdS>r_Üò 

nyd© eŠ`Vm Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ Am{W©H$ eŠ`Vm§Mm g_mdoe Agmdm Am{U `m gm_yhrH$ àdmg `§ÌUoMr 

4 

_{hcm§Odi ñdV:Mo ImOJr dmhZ Zgë`m_wio Ë`m OmñV H$éZ gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§Mm Cn`moJ 

H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m àdmgmÀ`m JaOmhr JwVmJw§VrÀ`m AgVmV. _{hcm§À`m àdmgmMm {dMma H$aVmZm 

gwa{jVVoMo àíZ A{YH$ _hÎdmMo R>aVmV. 

11

{ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Z§Va {VMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r àH$ën AhdmcmMo Vnerc XoÊ`mV 

`mdoV. Ë`mà_mUo àËòH$ gm_yhrH$ àdmg `§ÌUm àH$ënmMm EH$ ì`dñWmnZ g„mJma Agmdm. `m 

à{H«$òV _moR>çm à_mUmV OZVocm gh^mJr H$éZ ¿`mdo, Am{U hr à{H«$`m gdmªgmR>r Iwcr d nmaXe©H$ 

Agmdr. 

`m nÜXVrV KoVcoco {ZU©` ho XrK©H$mimgmR>r n[aUm_mH$maH$ Ë`mM~amo~a H$m`©j_ Am{U 

H$mQ>H$garMo AgVrc. 

darc YmoaUm ~m~VÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$VÎdm§À`m n[aUm_H$maH$ A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r g_mOmÀ`m 

gd© Wam§VyZ cmoH$ à{V{ZYtH$Sy>Z d A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z ~m§{YcH$s d nmR>t~m {_iÊ`mMr AmnUm§g JaO 

Amho. AÝ`Wm hm H$R>rU àíZ AZwÎm[aV amhrc. 

5. {e\$maer 

{MañWm`r Aem dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm YmoaUm_Üò AZoH$ KQ>H$ A§V^y©V AmhoV. 

Ë`mVrc àËòH$mMm ñdV§ÌnUo {dMma H$aVmZm, Ë`mVyZ A§{V_V: EH$ gd©H$f `moOZm V`ma Pmcr 

nm{hOo. 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ 

dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm YmoaUmMr gwÌo 

gd§ g_md{e ÏìQ>rH$m{Z odMmamV K{Vm, gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ ê`dïWm hrM eham¾`m dmhVwH$ 

Ym{aUm¾`m H|$Î ïWmZr Agmd`mcm hdr. H{$di gÚ`mMr dmhVwH$ ê`dïWm gwYmaU{ [wa{g{ Zmhr Va Vr 

Am_ycmJ© ]XcU{ Amdë`H$ Amh{. O{U{ H$çZ eham¾`m dV§_mZH$mocZ d ôdì` H$mocZ dmhVwH$ 

JaOm¥Mr [yV§Vm hm{B§c. 

------------------------------------------------------------------- 

ImOJr dmhZm¥[{jm gmd§OoZH$ dmhZ{ aïÉ`mdarc H$_r OmJm dm[aVmV AmoU ÞoV Þdmgr - 

H$_r ÞXyfU H$aVmV , h{ gdm¨Zm Mm¥Jc{M _mohV Amh{. ãhUyZ gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ h{ dmhVwH$sM{ AoYH$ 

Þ_moUV ïdç[ Amh{. 

.. . .( am. Zm. dm. Ym{. ) amí«>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ Ym{aU 

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gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ `¥ÊU{Mr BVa gmYU{gwÚXm oZpëMVM odMmamV ½`md`mg hdrV É`m¥Mm odMma 

H$aVmZm Imcrc _wÒ{ _hÌdmM{ d VmVS>rM{ Amh{V :- 

12

H$ :- gÚ`mMm ]g ê`dïWm§_Ú`{ gwYmaUm H$aÈ`mgmR>r H$mhr _hÌdmM{ H£$Vr H$m`§H©$_ [wT>rcÞ_mU{ 

Amh{V:- 

EH$ :- [wU{ _hmZJa [nadhZ d q[[ar-qMMdS> _hmZJa [nadhZ `m¥M{ [wU{ _hmZJa [nadhZ 

_hm_¥Si _Ú`{ odocZrH$aU H$aÈ`mMr ÞoH©$`m nyU© Pmcr Amho. AmVm nwUo _hmZJa n[adhZ _hm_§S>I 

{c{_Q>oS> hr g§ñWm [wU{ _hmZJa od^mJm¾`m gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$sg¥]¥Yr¾`m JaOm¥Mr Þ^mar AgUma 

Amho. 

Xm{Z :- odocZ Pmc{é`m g¥ïWm¥M{ ê`dïWm[Z dmhVwH$ go_VrêXma{ H$aÈ`mV `md{. Mm¥Jé`m 

ê`dïWm[ZmMr gwoZpëMVr H$aÈ`mgmR>r Aem dmhVwH$ go_VrH$S>{ [wa{g{ ÞmoYH$ma oZohV H{$c{ nm[hOoV. 

VrZ :- gÚ`m Agc{é`m ]gJmS>åm¥¾`m Vmà`m_Ú`{ dmT> H$aU{ ö¥mMm A AoYH$ ]g 5 , Mm¥Jé`m ]g d 

gwoïWVrV R>{dc{é`m ]g Wm¥á`mgmR>r _mJ§Xe§H$ IyUm Agc{c{ \$cH$ gwoïWVrV R>{dc{cr ]g ïWmZH{$, 

`mgma¹`m Þdmem¥¾`m gm{`r¾`m Jm{í>r gwYmaÈ`mg ÞmYmÛ` X{U{, hr CoÒí>{ gmÚ` H$aVmZm `{Uma{ AS>Wi{ 

em{YyZ H$mT>U{ d É`mda C[m` `m{OZm H$aU{. 

Mma :- ZdrZ gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ ê`dïWm g¥ïW{Mr j_Vm dmT>odU{ `m_wi{ H$_§Mmæ`m¥Zm Mm¥Jc{ 

ÞoejU d Mm¥Jc{ ê`dïWm[Z o_i{c. É`m¾`m [oaUm_r É`m¥Mr j_Vm É`mM]am{]a É`m¥M{ _Zm{Y`§ 

dmT>{c hm EH$ gVV MmcUmam H$m`§H©$_ Ag{c. Vm{ gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ ê`dïWm g¥ñWo¾`m 

H$m`§ÞUmcrMmM EH$ ^mJ Ag{c AmoU g¥ïWoMm _hÌdmMm ^mJ ãhUyZ É`m¾`mH$S>{ [mohc{ OmB§c. Vm{ 

dnaî> ê`dïWm[ZmImc¾`m dŸò¸$H$ _Ou¾`m AoYZ Zg{c. 

[mM :- Þdmem¥Zm C^{ amhÈ`mg [admZJr Zgc{é`m ( Zm{ ïQ>®ÛS>r ) ]g dmVmZwHy$crV ]g, OcX ]g 

BÉ`mXr gma¹`m ododY ÞH$ma¾`m ]g g{dm¥Mm g_md{e Agc{cr l{Ur[ÚXVr gwç H$amdr. Aem ÞH$ma{ 

5 gr. Am. Ama. Q>r. Zr Aer oe\$mag H{$cr Amh{ H$s, ehamVrc Xa EH$ cmI cm{H$g¥¹ògm 

ogmR>r 

oH$_mZ 40 ]g Amdë`H$ Amh{V. VWm[r gr. Am`. Ama. Q>r. Zr Ag{hr gm¥oJVc{ Amh{ H$s, hr Iar 

AmH$S>{dmar Zmhr. AmoU É`m¾`m H$j{Vrc OwÛ`m eham¥¾`m ]am{]a [wU{ _hmZJa od^mJm¥¾`m JaOm¥Zwgma 

`m Þ_mUm_Ú`{ ]Xc hm{B§c. h{ Þ_mU Odi Odi 55 BVH{$ Agmdo. CXmhaUmW§ oX„r_Ú`{ Xa EH$ 

cmI cm{H$g¥¹`{H$naVm 100 ]g C[cáY Amh{V. [a¥Vy VargwÚXm gmd§OoZH$ dmhZ{ A[war Amh{V. 

30 cmI BVH$s cm{H$g¥¹`m Agc{é`m [wU{ _hmZJa[mocH{$ H$naVm 1,650 ]gMr JaO Amh{. [wU{ 

_hmZJaod^mJ, [rE_Q>rgr H$naVm Amdë`H$ AgUmar g¥¹`m H$mT>md`mg [mohO{. 

13

g¥[yU§ ÞdmgmgmR>r gdcVrM{ Xa `{Vrc. É`m_wi{ Jm{im H$aÈ`mV `{Umæ`m aH$_{_Ú`{ dmT> hm{B§c. g¥[yU§ 

ÞdmgmgmR>r EH$M oVH$sQ> X{dyZ É`mêXma{ ]g ]XcU{ gm{[{ hm{B§c. 

ghm :- [wU{ _hmZJa [nadhZ _hm_¥S>imMr AmnW§H$ oïWVr gwYmaÈ`mgmR>r Om{_mZ{ [mR>[wamdm H{$cm 

[mohO{ `m_Ú`{ gmd§OoZH$ dmhZm¥Z êòVna¸$ AÛ` dmhZm¥H$Sy>Z [moH¨$J ewéH$ d dmhZ H$a `mgmR>r 

dgyc H{$c{cr a$_ É`mMÞ_mU{ OmohamVr / OmohamV \$cH$m¥darc dmT>rd _hgyc Vg{M ]g Wm¥]{ d 

]g AmJma `{ XwH$mZ{ gwç H$çZ É`mêXma{ ÞÉ`j oZYr O_dU{ `mMm g_md{e Ag{c amOH$s` X]md d 

^©í>mMma Q>miÈ`mgmR>r [maXe§H$Vm d Iwc{ ê`dhma AgU{ Amdë`H$ Amh{. 

gmV :- emñewÚX d _mohVr da AmYmnaV _mJ§ gwgyÊrH$aU 

AmR> :- emñewÚX d _mohVr da AmYmnaV Xa gwgyÊrH$aU 

I :- : ]gda AmYmnaV Agc{é`m gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ `¥ÊU{¾`m [wT>rc Q>ÝÝ`mH$S>{ dmQ>Mmc gwç H$aU{ 

[wU{ _hmZJa [nadhZ g{d{¾`m ]g¾`m Vmà`mVrc gwYmaU{_wi{ ( dmhZ g¥¹`m d dmhZm¥Mm XOm§ 

`m Xm{Ûhr Ïí>rZ{ ) gÚ`m¾`m Þdmem¥¾`m ÞdmgmMm d{i dmM{c. Þdmg Amam_Xm`r hm{B§c d É`m¥Zm 

]gg{d{Mr ImÊr dmQy> cmJ{c. `m_wi{ [©dmg H$aUmæ`m¥Mm d [©dmg Z H$aUmæ`m¥Mm X{Irc Ym{H$m H$_r 

hm{B§c AmoU gd§gmYmaU[U{ oVMr AmOMr Iam] ÞoV_m ]Xé`mÈ`mg _XV hm{B§c ãhUyZ `m C[m` 

`m{OZm VmVS>rZ{ hmVr K{U{ Amdë`H$ Amh{. 

VWm[r ImOJr dmhZm¥H$Sy>Z gmd§OoZH$ dmhZm¥H$S>{ OmïV Þ_mUmV cm{H$ dimd{V h{ CpÒí> _ZmV R>{dyZ 

V`ma H{$c{é`m [yU§[U{ ZdrZ `¥ÊU{oedm` h{ gmÚ` hm{Uma Zmhr. h{ OmUyZ K{U{ _hÌdmM{ Amh{. 

[aX{emVrc eham¥_Ú`{ H$m`m§pÛdV H{$c{cr Aer EH$ `m{OZm ãhUO{ AoVOcX ]g dmhVwH$ 

g{dm ( ]r. Ama. Q>r. ) hr EH$ ïdV¥Ê `¥ÊUm AgyZ oV¾`m aMZ{_Ú`{ [mXMmar d gm`H$c ïdmam¥Mmhr 

g_md{e Amh{. gJ÷`mV _hÌdmM{ ãhUO{ Þdmem¥¾`m ÞÉ`{H$ dJm§cm AJXr ïdV:M{ dmhZ 

AgUmæ`m¥Zm gwÚXm VrM{ AmH$f§U dmQ>{c Aem naVrZ{ oVMr aMZm d ]m¥YUr H{$cr Amh{. ïdV:M{ dmhZ 

dm[aÈ`mgmR>r AmH$f§H$ [`m§` X{dyZ aïÉ`mdarc H$m|S>r H$_r H$aÈ`mMr VrMr j_Vm Amh{. 

]r. Ama. Q>r. [ÚXV gÚ`m ehamVrc EH$m _mJm§da 6 H$m`m§pÛdV H{$cr Amh{. 

6 hS>[ga -ïdmaJ{Q> 

ïdmaJ{Q>- H$mÊO _mJ§ 

14

]r. Ama. Q>r. [ÚXVrMr A¥_c]OmdUr hr Iw[ Jw¥Vm¥JwVrMr Amh{. [wdm§Zw^dmMm A^md 

odMmamV K{dyZ ododY g¥ïWm¥¾`m j_V{Mr V[mgUr H$amd`mg hdr. É`m¥Zm j_Vm oZ_m§U H$aÈ`mgmR>r 

[wa{gm d{i d gmYZ{ oXcr [mohO{V. AmoU `moedm` ImOJr gmd§OoZH$ ^mJrXmarhr odMmamV 

½`md`mg hdr. hr `¥ÊUm gwç H$aÈ`m[ydu Vr¾`m A¥_c]OmdUrMm g¥[yU§ AmamIS>m odH$ogV H{$cm 

[mohO{. 

AnW§H$ $ oïWVr d AW§gmö odf`H$ ÞëZ :- 

: 

OJmVrc Odi Odi ÞÉ`{H$ gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ g{d{cm ghmä` X{È`mV `{V{. H{$di ]gM{ ^mS>{ 

gm_mÛ` _mUgmcm [adS>Uma{ Agmd{ ãhUyZ ghmä` X{ÈämmV `{V{ Agohr Zmhr. Va gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ 

ê`dïWm Mm¥Jcr Agé`mg g¥[yU§ ehamcm É`mMm \$m`Xm hm{Vm{. h{ gd§_mÛ` Amh{. ImOJr ïd`¥MocV 

dmhZm¥Zm ghmä` o_iV Zmhr, Aer gd§gmYmaU g_OyV Amh{. d Vr Im{Q>r Amh{. 

dmïVodH$ [mhVm ImOJr ïd`¥MocV dmhZYmaH$ É`m¥¾`m dmhZ dm[amMr [yU§ qH$_V X{VM ZmhrV 

_m{Q>ma JmS°`m d XwMmH$s dmhZ{ aïÉ`mMm d [moH¨$JMm gdm§V OmïV ohïgm dm[aVmV ÞXyfUmgmR>r X{Irc 

V{ O]m]Xma Amh{V. ^maVm gma¹`m X{em_Ú`{ V{ gwÚXm Aghmo`V ( gdcVr¾`m XamVrc) B¥YZ 

dm[aVmV Oa EImØmZ{ ImOJr dmhZ dm[amMr Iar qH$_V H$mT>cr AmoU Vr dmhZ _mcH$m¥H$Sy>Z dgyc 

H$amd`mMr R>adcr Va ImOJr dmhZ dm[aU{ Iy[M _hmJS>{ R>a{c AmoU ãhUyZ AZmH$f§H$ R>a{c. 

gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$ hr Z{h_rM Jna]m¥¾`m ÞdmgmgmR>r Agé`mM{ _mZc{ OmV{ AmoU ãhUyZ 

É`mZwgmaM oVMr AmIUr H$aÈ`mV `{V{ ]æ`mM d{im am¿` emgZ ^mS>{ R>adV{. O{ ÞÉ`jmV ÞMmcZ 

IMm§er o_iV{ OwiV{ ZgV{. eha `m{OZmH$ma d AoYH$mar `m¥Zr gmd§OoZH$ ]g dmhVwH$sM{ \$m`X{ 

AoYH$ ê`m[H$ g¥X^m¨V [mhU{ JaO{M{ Amh{. ImOJr dmhZYmaH$m¥Zm o_iUma{ AÞÉ`j ghmä` hiy hiy 

H$mTy>Z ½`md`mMr JaO Amh{. eha AZwXmZmI{arO ImOJr ïd`¥MocV dmhZYmaH$m¥H$Sy>Z aïV{ 

dm[amgmR>r B¥YZ dm[amgmR>r [moH¨$JgmR>r d ÞXyfUmgmR>r dgyc H{$c{cm [Ÿgm o_iÈ`mgmR>r gmd§OoZH$ 

dmhVwH$ ê`dïWm X{Irc ÞÉ`j cm^Xm`H$ Agcr [mohO{. 

EH$XmH$m cm{H$m¥Zr dmhZmV J¥VdUyH$ H{$cr H$s, H$a d [moH¨$JewéH$ cmXyZ oVMm dm[a _hmJS>m 

H{$é`mI{arO Vr dm[aÈ`m[mgyZ É`m¥Zm [amd£Ìm H$aU{ H$R>rU Amh{. 

EH$XmM K{Vé`m OmUmæ`m AmH$mam[{jm {OVH$m dmna {VVH$mMm OmñV ewëH$ Aer `moOZm 

Ho$ë`mg cm{H$m¥Zm ImOJr dmhZ dm[aÈ`m[mgyZ OmïV [naUm_H$maH$naÉ`m [amd£Ìm H$aVm `{B§c. dmhZ 

15

oH$Vr _Ÿc Mmcdc{ É`mda AmYmnaV od_m hÝV{ d H$a AmH$maU{ `m gma¹`m OmïV VH§$g¥JV [ÚXVr 

dmof§H$ H$a+ ( EH$XmM H$a âÈ`mE{dOr ) d [moH¨$J AmH$ma ( Om{ ï[í>[U{ OmïV g_Û`m`r Amh{. 

dma¥dma dmhZ dm[aUma{ OmïV H$a X{Vrc ) `mgma¹`m AoYH$ gwc^ `m{OZm¥Mr A¥_c]OmdUr H$aU{ 

ghO eµ` Amh{. ImOJr dmhZm¥darc H$a gÚ`m am¿` emgZmH$S>{ O_m hm{Vm{. Va aïÉ`m¥¾`m 

X{I^mcrMm ^ma _hmZJa[mocH{$da [S>Vm{. gmd§OoZH$ dmhVwH$sMm dm[a H$aUma{ Þdmgr H$a X{VmV ho 

MwH$sMo AgyZ, É`m gwYmam`cm [mohO{V Ag{ gwModc{ Amh{ H$s, am¿` emgZmZ{ H$a aMZ{da godïVa 

Aâ`mg H$amdm, Om{ H$XmoMV ôdì`mV odMmamV K{È`mV `{B§c. 

odMmamV K{È`mgmaIm AmUIr EH$ _wÒm Agm Amh{ H$s, am¿` emgZ gÚ`m ododY H$am¥¾`m ( 

am¿` AoY^ma odoH©$ / _yé` doY§V H$a d CÉ[mXZ ewéH$ ) ç[mZ{ [{Q«>m{oc`_ CÉ[mXZm¥¾`m qH$_VrVyZ 

55.8 Q>{$ BVH$s a$_ H$mTy>Z K{V{, _m³Ê hm ^ma K{Vc{é`m ZJa[mocH$m¥Zm H$mhrM X{V Zmhr ZmJnaH$m¥da 

AmUIr ^ma Q>mH$È`mE{dOr `m [Ÿem¥Mm H$mhr ohïgm _hmZJa[mH{$cm X{dyZ Q>mH$U{ am¿` emgZmH$[aVm 

g¥_Og[UmM{ R>a{c. É`mÞ_mU{ dmhVwH$ [m{ocgm¥¾`m A¥VJ§V `¥ÊUm _O]yV H$aÈ`mgmR>r nmo{cgm§Zr 

X§S>mË_H$ H$madmB©VyZ {_idcocm n¡gm nmo{cgm§gmR>rM dm[aÈ`mMr JaO Amh{. H£$[`m [{Q«>m{oc`_ 

qH$_Vr¾`m V[oecmgmR>r 

Om{S>[Ê VrZ [hm. 

ho {ZX}{ecoë`m gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUm§Mm ^mJ ~Zcm nm{hOo. OoUo H$éZ gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZmcm 

dmhVwH$sMo A{YH$ ng§VrMo dmhZ åhUyZ A{YH¥$V[aË`m _mÝ`Vm {_ioc Am{U amhÊ`m`mo½` ehamH$[aVm 

Ho$di EH$_od XrK©H$mcrZ Cnm` Agoc. D$O}Mr ~MV H$aUmar, n`m©daUñZohr Am{U H$m`©j_ 

AgUmar gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm hdr `m H$[aVm à`ËZ H$am`cm hdoV. 

16

~g Am{U ñdV§Ì _mJ© :- 

: 

AmO ñd`§M{cV ( qH$dm XwMmH$s ) dmhZo S>moù`mg_moa R>oD$Z añË`m§Mr AmIUr H$aÊ`mV òVo, 

Ë`m§Mm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mV òVmo, d Vo ~m§Yco OmVmV. nmXMmar, gm`H$c ñdma d gmd©O{ZH$ 

dmhVwH$sMm dmna H$aUmao ZmJ[aH$ `m§gma»`m BVam§Mm Ë`m_Üò nwaogm {dMma Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. ImOJr 

ñd`§M{cV dmhZm§À`m JaOm nwè`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio, _moH$ù`m OmJm BË`mXtMm 

PnmQ>çmZo èhmg hmoV Amho. 

Á`m dmhZ àH$mamZo àdmg Ho$cm OmVmo Vmo dmhZm§Mm àH$ma 

( XoemVrc ~hþVm§er BVa eham§à_mUoM ) nwÊ`m_Üò gdm©{YH$ àdmg AOwZhr nm`r OmUo, gm`H$c 

Am{U ~g `mìXmao Ho$cm OmVmo. D$Om© ~MV d à{V àdmgr H$_r àXyfU H$aUmao `m gmaIo dmhZm§Mo 

\$m`Xo gdmªZm Mm§Jco _m{hV AmhoV. `m gd© Jmoï>r {dMmamV KoVm, `m dmhZm§Zm añË`mda Zoh_rM 

àmWå`H«$_mZo OmJm {_imd`mg hdr Aer Amåhr {e\$mag H$aVmo. ñdV§Ì _mJ© Agcocr ~g nÜXVr 

Amam_, doJ gwa{jVVm Am{U {dídgZr`Vm `m gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sÀ`m gd© Bï> _mJÊ`m nyU© H$aoc, 

gd©gmYmaUnUo Ago åhQ>co OmVo H$s, {d{eï> añVo, {deofV: ehamÀ`m _Ü` ^mJmVrc añVo ho ñdV§Ì 

~g _mJm© H$[aVm IynM Aé§X AmhoV. CncãY Agcoë`m _`m©XrVañË`mÀ`m OmJoMm A{YH$ 

17

H$m`©j_nUo dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo OmñVrV OmñV ( dmhVwH$ H|$Ðr ) dmhZo MmcdÊ`m EodOr OmñVrV 

OmñV cmoH$m§Zm H$gm àdmg H$aVm òB©c ( JVr H|$ÐrV ) `mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co nm{hOo. åhUyZ Aé§X 

añË`m§da gwÜXm 

1) nwaoem nmXMmar _mJmªMr ( \w$Q>nmW ) VaVyX Ho$cr nm[hOo 

2) gm`H$c _mJmªMr VaVyX Ho$cr nm[hOo 

3) ~g _mJmªMr VaVyX Ho$cr nm[hOo 

`mMr ImÌr Ho$cr nm{hOo. 

nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo nmXMmar _mJ©, gm`H$c _mJ©, ~g _mJ© d B§YZM{cV dmhZm§Mm _mJ© 

`m§Mm {_iyZ ~Zcocm añVm Aer añË`mMr ì`m»`m Ho$cr nm{hOo. Am{U `m {d{Z{X©ï> _mJmª{edm` 

H$moUVmhr añVm ~m§YVm H$m_m Zò. Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg ImOJr dmhZm§Mr dmhVwH$ n`m©`r _mJmªda 

didmdr Am{U añË`mdarc nm{Hª$J H$[aVm {Z~ªY KmcmdoV. 

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EH$mpË_H$ gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm 

gd© eham§_Üò doJdoJù`m àdmgm§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _m{J©H$m nm[hOoV. Am{U åhUyZ Ë`m 

_m{J©H$m§À`m gmR>r Á`m H$mhr Amdí`H$ Jmoï>r AmhoV Ë`m§Zm AZwén Aem V§ÌkmZmMr JaO Amho. 

`mgmR>r Aem `§ÌUoMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUmè`m {Za{Zamù`m àdV©H$m§Mr Zoh_rM Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. 

VWm{n Mm§Jcr gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm åhUOo AerEH$M `§ÌUm åhUyZ dmnaH$Ë`mªH$Sy>Z dmnacr 

OmVo.nm[hOo. Am{U {OÀ`m_wio XmoZ {R>H$mUm§Xaå`mZ Ë`mà_mUo doJdoJù`m àdV©H$m§Zr ì`dñWmnZ 

Ho$coë`m `§ÌUm Xaå`mZ XoIrc EH$g§K àdmg hmoVmo. ~g ~XcÊ`mMr gw{dYm Mm§Jcr Agoc Va ~g 

~XcyZ àdmg H$aUo eŠ` Amho. Am{U Aem gd© `§ÌUm§_YyZ H$amd`mÀ`m àdmggmR>r àdmem§Zm EH$M 

{V{H$Q> dmnaUo eŠ` hmoB©c. `m H$[aVm g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mgmR>r EH$mM A{^H$aUmZr O~m~Xmar KoUo 

Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sÀ`m {Z`moOZmV d ì`dñWmnZm_Üò gm_m{`H$ Ñï>rH$moZ 

amhrc. 

åhUyZ Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm gdªH$f dmhVwH$ AmamIS>çmMr gm_w{hH$ 

àdmg `§ÌUoÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm Agcm V[ahr _hmZJa {d^mJmH$[aVm EH$M `§ÌUoMr Amdí`H$Vm 

Amho. g§nyU© `§ÌUoH$arVm AgUmè`m Aem ÑîQ>rH$moUm_Üò gd© CÔo{eV {Z`mo{OV _m{J©H$m Xe©{dUmè`m 

_mJmªÀ`m ZH$mem§Mm Am{U Ë`mg§~§{YV gm_y{hH$ dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm§Mm g_mdoe Agoc. Ë`m_mZmZo chmZ 

AgUmao gm_y{hH$ àdmg `§ÌUm àH$ën 7 `m§À`mìXmao H$m`mªpÝdV H$éZ {dH${gV H$aUmam H«$§m{VH$mar 

7 

(~g a°{nS> Q´>mpÝPQ> ßc°qZJ JmB©S> , Am{W©H$ ghH$ma d {dH$mg g§K _§Ìmc` \o$S>ac {_{ZñQ´>r O_©Zr) 

18

Ñï>rH$moZ nwÊ`mÀ`m Am§V[aH$ {dH$mgmH$[aVm `mo½` Amho. na§Vy gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`ñWoÀ`m {damoYmV 

AgUmè`m Mma MmH$s d XwMmH$s ñdmam§À`m JQ>m§da X~md AmUUmam Amho. 

Ë`mZwgma H|$Ð gaH$maMr Aer Anojm Agoc H$s, gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWo_Yrc Jw§VdUyH$ 

hr Aem `§ÌUm ~è`mn¡H$s EH$mpË_H$ AmhoV. Am{U àdmem§Zm gcJ àdmg H$aVm òB©c Aem àH$mao 

AmhoV. g_pÝdV d EH$mpË_H$ gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`ñWm hr gdmªZm CncãY hmoV Amho. `mMr ImÌr 

H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m g_w{MV àm{YH$aUm§da / g§ñWm§da gaH$maMo {dÎmr` ghmæ` ho g§^mì` 

Agoc. 

. . . . (am. Zm. dm. Ymo. ) amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaU. 

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nXnW d gm`H$c _mJmªMo Omio :- 

: 

AOwZhr ehamVrc EHw$U dmhVwH$sn¡H$s 55 Q>¸o$ dmhVwH$ hr MmcV qH$dm gm`H$c ìXmao hmoVo. 

dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`ñWm YmoaUmMm hm ~hþYm gdm©V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. Am{U Ë`mÀ`mH$S>oM 

gJù`mV OmñV Xwc©j hmoVo. nmXMmar d gm`H$cñdma `m§Zm H$_rVH$_r añË`m§Mr JaO AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r 

H$m±{H«$Q>À`m añË`m§Mr qH$dm CÈ>mUnycmMr JaO ZgVo. gÜ`mVar `m XmoZ nÜXVtMm dmna àm_w»`mZo {ZåZ 

Am{W©H$ JQ>mVrc cmoH$ H$aVmV ho cjmV KoVm Amnco amï´>r` {ZVrÎd åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m _wc^yV JaOm nyU© 

H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. MmcUo d gm`H$c MmcUdo ho Ho$di àXwfUm _wº$, n`m©daUmZwHy$c d 

Amamo½`Xm`r Zmhr Va nwÊ`mMo ñdmñW-H$mar hdm_mZ Am{U AmQ>monera AmH$ma `m_wiohr ho XmoZ dmhZ 

àH$ma ì`mnH$ à_mUmda Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm `mo½` AmhoV. nwUo ho EHo$H$mir ( gm`H$ctMo eha ) 

hmoVoM `mV AmíM`© Zmhr. 

åhUyZ dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm YmoaUmMo C{Ôï> ho nwT>rc XmoÝhr Jm|ï>rMr nyV©Vm H$aUmao 

Agco nm{hOo. :- 

1) nmXMmar d gm`H$cñdma `m§À`mH$[aVm MmcUo d gm`H$c MmcdUo gwa{jV d gmoB©Mo Agco 

nm{hOo Am{U 

2) A{YH$m{YH$ cmoH$m§Zm ( Ë`m§Mr ñd`§M{cV dmhZo dmnaÊ`mEodOr ) MmcÊ`mg Am{U / qH$dm 

gm`H$c MmcdÊ`mg CÎmoOZ XoUo. 

19

nXnW :- 

: 

nXnW qH$dm nmXMmar _mJ© ho R>am{dH$ XOm©Mo AgUo JaOoMo AmhoV. nmXMmè`m§Zm gcJ, 

gmoB©ñH$a d Ama_Xm`r _mJ© CncãY H$éZ XoUo ho _yi C{Ôï> Amho. åhUOoM nXnW ho nwaogo é§X AI§S> 

qH$dm H$_rV H$_r ì`dpñWV ò-Om H$aVm òÊ`mOmoJo Am{U AS>Wio {da{hV AgmdoV. Vo Vgo 

Zgë`m_wio, nmXMmè`m§gmR>r Va YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVoM {edm` dmhVwH$scmhr AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. 

EhamMo nXnW añË`mMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` A§J AgmdoV. Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. 

`mV nwT>rc ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 

1) gd© añV`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOycm PmS>m§À`m aofoV nXnW AgUo A{Zdm`©. 

2) añË`m§Mr é§Xr {H$Vrhr Agccr Var {H$_mZ é§XrMo nXnW AgUo ( nXnW Agcoco Aé§X añVo 

dmhZm§H$[aVm Z¡g{J©H$ AS>Wim R>aVmV Am{U cmoH$m§Zm añË`mdéZ MmcÊ`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm 

H$aVmV ). 

3) (añË`mÀ`m nmVirnmgyZ) H$_mc/ à_mU C§Mr. 

4) aMZm hr nwT>rc à_mUo Agoc :- 

H$) \o$ardmco ho añË`mMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ amhVrc ho _mÝ` H$éZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r ñnï>nUo AmIyZ 

{Xcoë`m joÌm§_Üò Ë`m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoUo . 

I) ~g Wm§~o, Q>nmc noQ>çm, {dOoMr d XyaÜdZrMr ImoH$s, añË`mÀ`m nmQ>çm d {dOoÀ`m 

{Xì`m§Mo Im§~ Am{U BVa Cn`wº$ Jmoï>r `m§Mr OmJm {ZpíMV H$aUo OoUH$éZ nmXMmè`m§Zm 

Ë`mÀ`m nmgyZ AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr. 

J) An§J ì`º$s¨Zm Ë`m§Mr MmH$mMr IwMu dmnaVm òB©c `m Ñï>rZo ghO gwc^ Aer aMZm 

AgUo. 

K) nXnW gcJ AgUo , àdoe _mJm©À`m {R>H$mUr gcJ nXnW H$éZ ho gmÜ` H$aVm òB©c. 

ñd`§M{cV dmhZo nXnWmdéZ Joë`mg Vo J{VamoYH$ åhUyZhr H$m_ H$aVrc. 

5) XoI^mc d ñdÀN>VoMo doinÌH$. 

6) R>am{dH$ A§Vamda H$Mè`mÀ`m noQ>çm R>odUo. 

7) gd© _w»` Mm¡H$mV Am{U A{V ahXmarÀ`m joÌm§_Üò `mo½` aMZoMo nmXMmar nyc qH$dm ^w`mar 

_mJ© Ë`mn¡H$s ^w`mar _mJmªZm OmñV ng§Vr XoÊ`mV `mdr. Am{U 

8) nXnWmda dmhZo C^r H$aUo ( qH$dm MmcdUo ), XJS>_mVrMm {T>Jmam qH$dm ~m§YH$m_ gm{hË` 

Q>mH$Uo, Om{hamV \$cH$ cmdUo BË`mXr ìXmao A{VH«$_U H$aUmè`m§{déÜX H$R>moa H$madmB©. 

20

hr _mZHo$ ñnï>nUo à{gÜX H$éZ Ë`mìXmao nXnW ~m§YÊ`mVrc AS>MU Xya H$aÊ`mV òB©c Am{U 

Oa Ë`m§Mo C„§KZ PmcoM Va Vo {XgyZ òB©c. nmXMmè`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo h¸$ gm§{JVco nm{hOoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm 

Vo ~OmdVm òVrc. 

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gd©àW_ gm`H$cñdma d nmXMmar `m§À`m H$[aVm ñdV§Ì _mJm©À`m ~m§YH$m_mg àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z 

Ë`mìXmao gm`H$cñdma Am{U nmXMmar `m§À`m gwa{jVVoer g§~§{YV ~m~tMr nyV©Vm Ho$cr nm{hOo. 

doJdoJù`m doJmZo YmdUmè`m dmhZm§Mo dJr©H$aU Ho$ë`mg dmhVwH$sMm AmoK gwYmaÊ`mg dmhVwH$sMm 

gamgar doJ dmT>Ê`mg Am{U doJ dmT>{dë`m_wio Ë`mVyZ hmoUmao àXwfU H$_r H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c. 

AemàH$mao doJio Ho$coco _mJ© ho EZ. E_. Q>r. ( B§{OZ Zgcoco dmhZ ) Mm dmna H$éZ g§nyU© n«dmg 

H$aUo eŠ` hmoÊ`mR>r ehamÀ`m Y_Ý`m Agcoë`m _mJmªda Ho$di Cn`moJr nS>Vrc Ago Zmhr Va à_wI 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZ ñWmZ§H$m§da nmohmoMUo gwc^ hmoB©c. nmqH©$JÀ`m OmJoda Agcoco Ago ñdV§Ì gm`H$c 

nm[Hª$J ì`dñWm Ho$ë`mg gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZo dmnaÊ`mg Vo Cn`wº$ H$aVrc. 

. . . . . . . . (am. Zm. dm.Ymo. ) amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaU. 

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gm`H$c _mJm©Mo Omio :- 

: 

nXnWmÀ`m VèhoMr _mZHo$ Ë`mà_mUo Ë`m§Mr aMZm gm`H$c _mJmªZm XoIrc cmJy ìhmdr. gm`H$c 

_mJmªH$[aVm OmñVrMo H$mhr _wÔo nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV. 

1) BVa dmhZm§Mo A{VH«$_U Q>miÊ`mgmR>r gm`H$c _mJ© ho àË`jmV ñdV§Ì AgmdoV ( nmH©$ ) 

Cä`m Ho$coë`m _moQ>ma JmS>çm§À`m cJV Agcoë`m gm`H$c _mJm©_wio gm`H$cñdmam§Zm _moR>m 

YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo, åhUyZ eŠ`Vmoda Vo Q>mimdoV. 

2) gm`H$c _mJmªgmR>r _moR>o d OdiMo _mJ© AgmdoV ( AÝ` dmhZm§gmR>r EHo$ar dmhVwH$ 

AgUmè`m añË`m§da gm`H$crgmR>r Xwhoar dmhVwH$ H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr Agmdr. \$º$ 

gm`H$crgmR>r OdiMo _mJ© AgmdoV BË`mXr ). 

3) ~g ñWmZHo$, _w»` ~g Wm§~o, aoëdo ñWmZHo$ d JXuMr {R>H$mUo `m§gma»`m dmhZ ~XcÊ`mÀ`m 

{R>H$mUr gm`H$c gwa{jVnUo C^r H$éZ R>odVm `mdr. 

An§J ì`º$s¨H$[aVm AgUmè`m VaVwXt {edm` BVam§Zm XoIrc gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§_YyZ gm`H$c 

ZoÊ`mMr nadmZJr Agoc Aem VèhoZo Ë`m§Mr aMZm Ho$cocr Agmdr. Ago Ho$ë`m_wio gmd©O{ZH$ 

dmhZm§Zr àdmg H$aUmè`m àdmem§_Üò ârd dmT> hmoB©c Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo àdmem§Zm ImOJr dmhZ 

dmnaÊ`mEodOr Mm§Jcm n`m©` {_ioc. 

21

dm{UÁ` {dH$mg d dmhVwH$sdarc n[aUm_ 

gÜ`m eham_Üò dm{UÁ`$ {dH$mgmMm ( AdmT>ì` em°qnJ _m°ëg gmaIm ) nya Amcm Amho. 

`m_wio {deofV: JXuÀ`m doir dmhVwH$sV _moR>r â nS>Vo Ho$di dmhZo Cô H$aÊ`mH$[aVm {H$_mZ OmJm 

CncãY H$aUo EdT>oM nwaogo R>aUma Zmhr. _w»` añË`mnmgyZ d _w»` añË`mda dmhZm§Mr ò-Om 

H$aÊ`m_wiohr dmhVwH$sg Jw§VmJ§wwV {Z_m©U hmoB©c. d BVa dmhVwH$sda Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoB©c. AemàH$mao 

dmT>cocr dmhVwH$ d Jm|Yi `m§_wio gwa{jVVm d gwa{jVVog§~§Yr Jmoï>tZm YmoH$m nmohMy eH$Vmo. `mH$[aVm 

O~m~Xma Agcoë`m `§ÌUm§Zm ( CXmhaUmW© nmo{cg) {Z`moOZ Q>ßß`m_Üò \$maM H$_r _hÎd AgVo. 

Aem gd© dm{UpÁ`H$ {dH$mgmMm dmhVwH$sda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_mMm Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr hmoÊ`mnydr© 

qH$dm B_maVrcm nadmZJr XoÊ`mnydr© nmo{cgm§gh {d{dY `§ÌUm§Zr Aä`mg H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. 8 

_ëQ>rßcoŠg d em°qnJ H$m°åßcoŠg `m§Zm dmhZVimÀ`m OmJoH$[aVm Iwcm MQ>B©joÌ {ZX}em§H$ 

AgVmo. `m ~m§YH$m_mH$[aVm nwîH$i IM© hmoVmo. H$moR>ohr {dZm_yë` dmhZo C^r H$aÊ`mMr gmo` AgUo 

( Am¡Úm{JH$ OmJo_Üò Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m H$_©Mmè`m§H$[aVm Agcoë`m dmhZVimgh ) ho Mm§Jë`m 

dmhVwH$ ì`dñWmnZmM`m VÎdm§À`m {déÜX Amho. Am{U Ë`mg àmoËgmhZ XoD$ Zò, dmhZVimÀ`m 

OmJoÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mÀ`m _mcH$m§Zr IM© Ho$coë`m aH$_oMr ânmB© H$aVm§Zm dmhZVim§À`m OmJoÀ`m 

XoI^mcr H$[aVm nm{Hª$J ewëH$mVrc Aën a¸$_ _mcH$m§H$[aVm gmoSy>Z XoD$Z em°qnJ _m°c d _ëQ>rßcoŠg 

`m§À`mH$Sy>Z nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo O~aXñV Q>¸o$dmar KoVcr nm{hOo. åhUyZ R>am{dH$ doio_Üò 

~m§YH$m_m§À`m d XoI^mcrÀ`m IMm©À`m dgwcrH$[aVm Am{U AmVrc d ~mhoarc `m XmoÝhr {R>H$mUÀ`m 

dmhZVi ewëH$m_Üò `mo½` Vmo nañnag§~§Y Agë`mMr ImÌr H$aUæmH$[aVm dmhVi ( nm{Hª$J ) 

ewëH$m_ÜòM A§VJ©V `§ÌUm Agmdr. 

dmhZ_wº$ joÌ / dm°H$s¨J ßcmPm 

{Zdmgr d ì`mnmar Aer XmoÝhr joÌo AgUmè`m ehamVrc gdm©V XmQ> cmoH$dñVrÀ`m ^mJm_Üò 

dmhVwH$sMm VmU O~aXñV dmT>Vmo Amho. `m ^mJmVrc añVo AmUIr é§X H$aUo AeŠ` Amho. `m 

joÌmVrc a{hdmem§Mr pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mà_mUo `m ^mJmVrc ì`mnmè`m§_Üò nwÝhm M¡VÝ` 

AmUÊ`mgmR>r, dmhVwº$ joÌ V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m `moOZoMm, J§^ranUo {dMma H$amd`mg hdm. hr 

H$ënZm BVaÌ èñdr R>acr Amho. Aem `moOZm§~m~V ì`mdgm{`H$ gme§H$ Agco Var, Á`m Á`m 

8 

goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJm©darc B§Q>aZ°eZc H$ÝìhoÝeZ g|Q>a , _ëQ>rßcoŠg d _m°ëg hr _w»` CXmhaUo 

AmhoV. 

22

{R>H$mUr gw{Z`mo{OV dmhZ_wº$ joÌ Amho Ë`m {R>H$mUr gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ {XgyZ Amco AmhoV. Am{U 

Ë`m_wio _¥Vàm` ì`mnmar joÌm§Mm dma§dma H$m`mH$ën Pmcm Amho. 

H$. Ho$di nmXMmè`m§gmR>r joÌ. 

I. gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§H$[aVm {deof {dMma H$éZ dmhZ_wº$ joÌo. 9 

`m§gmaIo AZoH$ n`m©` CncãY AmhoV. Ë`mMm Amdí`H$ _yc^yV Jmoï> åhUyZ dmna H$aÊ`mV 

`mdm. hr joÌo H$_r JXuÀ`m doir {Z`{_V qH$dm ì`mnmar dmhVwH$scm Iwcr R>odVm òVrc. `m 

àH$maÀ`m joÌm§Mr è{ñdVm hr _w»`V: Ë`mMo {Z`moOZ d A§_c~OmdUr `mda Adc§~yZ AgVo. 

Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. H$s, Aem àH$maÀ`m `moOZm cmoH$gh^mJmVyZ d _yc^yV ~m~r 

Am{U nwaoer _m{hVr d `mo½` {dûcofU `m§À`m AmYmao H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV. `m à`moJmda H$miOrnyd©H$ 

~maH$mB©Zo cj R>odmdo. d nwÊ`mÀ`m OwÝ`m / XmQ>r Pmcoë`m ^mJm_Üò Ë`mM àH$maMr joÌo V`ma 

H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Aem à`moJmMm dmna H$amdm. 

5.7 AàH$Q> _mJUr d dmhVwH$ _mJUr ì`dñWmnZ ( dm. _. ì`. ) Cnm` `moOZm 

OgrOer AW©ì`dñWm ââmQ>rcm òVo VgVgo, cmoH$ A{YH$ g§nÞ hmoVrc. d gmh{OH$M 

dmhVwH$sH$[aVm ImOJr dmhZm§H$S>o diVrc. 

Ago J¥hrV Yaco Amho. H$s, `m gd© dmhZm§H$[aVm Amdí`H$ AgUmao añVo d dmhZo A^r H$aÊ`mH$[aVm 

( nm{Hª$J ) OmJm CncãY H$éZ Am{U Ë`m_Üò dmT> H$éZ `m dmhZm§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dë`m OmVmV. 

`mMr ImµÌr H$aUo ho eha `§ÌUoMo H$V©ì` Amho. dmhVwH$ d dmhVwH$ ì`dñWodarc Z{dZ {dMma àdmh 

`m XmoÝhr J¥{hVH$m§~m~V àíZ {Z_m©U H$aVmo. 

Amnë`mH$S>rc eham§Mr cmoH$g§»`m d à{V ì`º$s _mcH$sMo dmhZ `m XmoÝhr_Üò \$ma 

PnmQ>çmZo dmT> hmoV Amho. {dH${gV Xoem§Vrc eham§_Üò Ago hmoV Zmhr. 10 `m AàH$Q> _mJUrMm 

AW©M Agm Amho. H$s, hr AdmT>ì` dmT>Vr _mJUr `mo½` à_mUmV nwar H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho eha nm`m^yV 

gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$é eH$Uma Zmhr. ehamÀ`m AW©g§H$ënmMm OmñVrV OmñV ^mJ añVo ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r d 

9 

( àXwfU{dahrV ~gog qH$dm dmhZ_wŠV joÌm§H$[aVm {dÚwV (BcoŠQ´>rH$) qH$dm g§H$[aV (hm`~«rS> ) 

dmhZo `mo½` R>é eH$Vrc. qH$dm {deof àH$maÀ`m Q´>m°cr `m§gma»`m ) 

10 

Aä`mg (CXmhaUmW© h°ZgoZ, _mH©$ 1995 Sy>. Ý`w. hm`doZ OZaoQ> Q´>°{\$H$ 

) Ago Xe©{dVmo H$s, 

añË`mÀ`m _¡cm§_Yrc àËòH$s 1 Q>¸$m dmT>r_wio 5 dfmª_Üò dmhZ ahXmar_Üò 0.9 Q>¸o$ dmT> hmoVo. 

OdiOdi gd© Ano{jV \$m`Xo {_iV ZmhrV. ^maVmVrc eham§_Üò Ë`m§À`m AàH$Q> _mJÊ`m§_wio hm 

n[aUm_ A{YH$ OmUdVmo. 

23

Ë`m§À`m XwéñVrgmR>r IM© Ho$cm Var dmhZm§Mr dmT>Vr g§»`m Aem dmT>rd nm`m^yV gw{dYm§nmgyZ 

{_iUmè`m H$moUË`mhr \$m`Úm§Zm VmËH$mi _mJo Q>mHo$c 11 . `mMmM AW©, AmH$f©H$ Cnm` `moOZm 

ñdrH$maUo Am{U OoUoH$éZ XwMmH$s dmhZm§À`m dmnamg An[ahm`©nUo CÎmoOZ {_ioc qH$dm Vr dmhZo 

dmnaUo gwc^ hmoB©c. Ago Ho$di XwMmH$s dmhZm§gmR>rMo _mJ© `m§gma»`m Cnm``moOZm OmUrdnyd©H$ 

Q>mimì`mV. dmhVwH$ H$m|S>r hr JXuÀ`m doir AgUmar g_ñ`m Amho. ho cjmV R>odyZ OmñVrV OmñV 

cmoH$m§Zm H$_rV H$_r dmhZm§_Üò dmhVyH$ H$aUo hoM YmoaU Agy eHo$c. 

6 nm{Hª$J YmoaU 

6.1 AmÎmmH$[aVm d ^{dî`H$mimH$[aVm {Z`moOZ 

ehamVrc dmhZm§Mr g§»`m dmT>ë`m_wio nm{Hª$JMm àíZ hm gmd©O{ZH$ ÑîQ>çm CnÐd R>é 

eHo$c. BVa nmXMmè`m§gmR>r Agcocr gd© CncãY OmJm {Ji§H¥$V H$éZ Ë`mM~amo~a gd© CncãY 

_moH$ù`m OmJoMo nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJo_Üò énm§Va H$amdo Aer _mJUr Ho$ë`m OmVrc. `m KmVH$ àdmhmMr 

AJmoXaM gwédmV Pmcr Amho. nm{Hª$JgmR>r VaVyX hm Amncm h¸$ Amho. hr _mZ{gH$Vm ~Xcm`cm 

nm{hOo. nm{Hª$JMr OmJm hr AË`§V _m¡ë`dmZ ~m~ Amho. Am{U H$moUË`mhr a{hdmí`mcm {VMm \w$H$Q> 

dmna H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ Zmhr. gX¡d dmT>Umè`m dmhZm§À`m g§»ò~amo~a gVV ~XcUmao à{V{H«$`mË_H$ 

nm{Hª$J YmoaU AgÊ`mnojm YmoaUm_ÜòM nm{Hª$JMr JaO H$_r H$er hmoB©c ho nm{hco nm{hOo. 

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nm[Hª$J 

nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJoMr CncãYVm _`m©XrV H$aUo d O~aXñV nm{Hª$J \$s AmH$maUo ho XmoZ Cnm` 

ImOJr _moQ>ma dmhZm§Mm dmna H$_r H$aÊ`mMr gmYZo åhUyZ dmnaco nm{hOoV. gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZo Am{U 

_moQ>matì`{V[aº$ BVa gmYZo `m§À`mH$[aVm Agcoë`m nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJm dmQ>nm_Üò àmYmÝ` XoD$Z 

Ë`mM~amo~a Aem OmJonmgyZ H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ò-Om H$aÊ`mg gwc^ _mJ© AgUo `mìXmao dmhVwH$ 

ì`ñWoÀ`m dmnamg CÎmoOZ {_ioc. gm`H$c dmnaUmè`m§H$[aVm gmo`. gmoB©ñH$a AXcm~Xcrgh nm{Hª$J 

d ~g hm AmUIr EH$ \$m`ÚmMm Cnm` hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mM~amo~a nm{Hª$J \$s, Or Aem nm{Hª$JH$[aVm 

dmnacoë`m O{_ZrÀ`m Am{W©H$ IM© dgyc H$aVo, {VÀ`m loUr~ÜX à_mUmMm A§JrH$ma Ho$cm nm{hOo 

JXuÀ`m doir ehamÀ`m _Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr OmÊ`mH$[aVm cmoH$m§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm§Mm dmna H$amdm 

`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Mo _Z didUo Am{U Aem ehamÀ`m _Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr OmÊ`mgmR>r _moQ>ma dmhZm§Mm 

dmna H$_r H$amdm hmM `mMm CÔoe Amho. 

. . . . . . . .( am. Zm. dm.Ymo .) amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaU. 

11 

OJm_Üò H$moR>ohr añVo / _hm_mJ© dmT>dyZ dmhVwH$ H$m|S>rMr g_ñ`m gwQ>cocr Zmhr. A_o[aHo$_Üò 

añVo qH$dm _hm_mJm©da àM§S> IM© H$éZ gwÜXm _mJrc 20 dfm©_Üò àdmgmÀ`m doio_Üò 25 Q>¸o$ dmT> 

Pmcr Amho. ( ómoV: Q>oŠgmg Q´>mÝgnmoQ>}eZ BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>, A~©Z _mo{~{cQ>r ñQ>S>r 2005 ) åhUyZ 

añË`mda òUmè`m dmhZm§À`m g§»òda _`m©Xm KmcÊ`mgmR>r _mJ© H$mT>Uo, ho H${R>U Amho. 

24

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6.1 C{ÔîQ>o d nm`m^yV aMZm :- 

: 

nm{Hª$JÀ`m YmoaUmMr C{ÔîQ>o Imcrcà_mUo AgVrc 

H$. nm{Hª$JÀ`m {dÚ_mZ JaOm nyU© H$aUo. 

nwUo _hmZJa {d^mJmV 12 nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m, qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m, nwUo H°$ÝQ>mo_oÝQ> 

~moS>© d IS>H$s H°$ÝQ>mo_oÝQ> ~moS>© `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. gÜ`m 19 cmIm§nojm OmñV dmhZo AmhoV. Am{U 

Ë`m_Üò àËòH$ dfu ñWyc_mZmZo 10 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr dmT> hmoVo. ehamÀ`m A{YH$ XmQ>r Agcoë`m ^mJmV `m 

dmhZm§À`m nm{Hª$JH$[aVm OmJoMr g_ñ`m AmhoM. {edm` dmhZm§À`m Ad¡Y d Ag_§Og nm{Hª$_wio :- 

1) dmhVwH$sMm doJ H$_r hmoVmo. 

2) AnKmVm§Zm {Z_§ÌU {_iVo. 

3) gm`H$cñdma d nmXMmè`mH$[aVm Agcoë`m OmJoda A{VH«$_U hmoVo. 

_m`m©{XV OmJo_Üò nm{Hª$J H$aUo Am{U CncãY Agcocr OmJm A{YH$ H$m`©j_VoZo dmnaUo. 

`mMr nm{Hª$J YmoaUmZo ImÌr H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. 

I. dmhVwH$ _mJUr ì`dñWmnZ H$m`©nÜXVrà_mUo H¥$Vr H$aUo :- 

: 

nm{Hª$J ho EH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ dmhVwH$ _mJUr ì`dñWmnZ gmYZ Amho ho g_OyZ KoUo AË`§V 

_hÎdmMo Amho. dmhVwH$sÀ`m ñdénmV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUUo {Z`moOZH$Ë`mªZm gmono hmoVo d dmhVwH$ 

Am{U dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm ( Q´>°{\$H$ A°ÝS> Q´>mÝgnmoQ>© ) Ñï>rH$moZmMr XyaJm_r C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mg _XV 

hmoVo. A§{V_V: nwUo _hmZJa {d^mJmH$[aVm g§`wº$ nm{Hª$J YmoaUmMr OmñV Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ë`m_wio 

MmahràemgH$s` {d^mJ ho, Ë`m Mmahr {d^mJm§H$S>y>Z òUmè`m d OmUmè`m gVVÀ`m dmhVwH$s_wio 

A§VJ©V[aË`m OmoS>coco AgVrc. 

6.2 nm{Hª$J YmoaU V`ma H$aUo 

12 

( nw. _. {d ) nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m, qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m, nwUo H°$ÝQ>mo_oÝQ> ~moS>© d IS>H$s 

H°$ÝQ>mo_oÝQ> ~moS>© `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 

25

nwUo _hmZJa {d^mJmH$[aVm gdªH$f nm{Hª$J YmoaU V`ma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm {e\$mag Ho$cocr 

_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo nwT>rc à_mUo AmhoV. 

• _m{hVrda AmYm[aV d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr AZwgaë`mZ§Va {d{eï> Cnm``moOZm ñdrH$maÊ`mV 

`mì`mV. 

• JXuÀ`m {d^mJm§_Üò {deofV: dmhVwH$sÀ`m JXuÀ`m doir XwMmH$s / MmaMmH$s dmhZm§À`m 

{H$Vr \o$è`m hmoVmV ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r gd}jU H$aUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho. 

• nm{Hª$JÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r nm{Hª$JMr OmJm d Ë`m _mJm©darc dmhVwH$sMr KZVm `m§Mm g§~§Y 

OmoS>Uo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mH$[aVm añË`m§À`m dmnamMm àmYmÝ`H«$_ R>admdm cmJoc. añË`m§Mm 

àmYmÝ`H«$_ AMyH$nUo R>adVmZm dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZmMm n«H$ma Am{U nwUo _hmZJa 

{d^mJmVrc àËòH$ añË`mda hmoUmè`m \o$è`m `m§À`m AmYmao {_iUmar dmhVwH$sÀ`m 

KZVog§~§YrMr _m{hVr Amdí`H$ Amho. `m _m{hVrMo g§H$cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co 

nm{hOoV. 

• dmhVwH$sÀ`m nÜXVr Am{U nm{Hª$JÀ`m Amdí`H$Vm Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m d ~Xcë`m AmhoV. `mo½` 

CÎma {_iÊ`mgmR>r g§JUH$mìXmam à{V_mZH$aU d én~Xc H$aÊ`mMr ( H$m°åß`wQ>a {gå`wcoeZ 

) Amdí`H$Vm Amho. 

• _m°ëg / _pëQ>ßcoŠg _Yrc nm{Hª$JH$[aVm {dH$mg AmamIS>çm_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí`H$ 

Amho. 

• YmoaUm_Üò {d{eï> joÌm_Yrc _m°ëg / _pëQ>ßcoŠg / hm°Q>oëg `m§À`mg§»òH$aVm à_mUHo$ 

AgÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Aem B_maVtH$[aVm nm{Hª$JMr à_mUHo$ ñdV§ÌnUo V`ma 

H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. 

( H¥$n`m darc n[aÀN>oX 5.1.3 XoIrc nhmdm.) 

nm{Hª$J YmoaUm_Üò cmoH$m§À`m {d{eï> JaOm XoIrc cjmV KoVë`m nm{hOoV. 

26

6.4 dmhVwH$ _mJUr ì`dñWmnZ Cnm``moOZm 13 

CncãY nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJoMr H$_VaVm Am{U Ë`mgmR>r _moOmdr cmJUmar qH$_V, `m XmoZ ~m~r 

cmoH$m§Zm n`m©`r dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZmMm {dMma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm àd¥Îm H$aUmè`m AmhoV. àdmgmÀ`m eodQ>r 

gmoB©ñH$a {R>H$mUr dmhZ Cô H$aÊ`mda {Z~ªY KmVë`mg Ë`mMm dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§da O~aXñV 

n[aUm_ hmoB©c. 

añË`mdarc d añË`m~mhoaMr ( ñdV§Ì ) nm{Hª$JMr OmJm hr gmYmaUnUo H$_r Agë`m_wio 

OmñV nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJoH$[aVm Agcoë`m _mJÊ`m nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mEodOr ehamZo 

nm{Hª$JH$[aVm _`m©{XV OmJm R>adyZ {Xcr nm{hOo. OoUH$éZ WoQ> {Z`mo{OV {R>H$mUmn`ªV OmVm òB©c. 

dmhVwH$sÀ`m àdmhmcm H$_rVH$_r Y¸$m nmohmoMoc Aem [aVrZo nm{Hª$JMr OmJm (añË`mda d ñdV§Ì ) 

{ZdS>cr nm{hOo. `m_wio Aem ~m~VrV XoIrc gd©{R>H$mUr nm{Hª$J CncãY Zgoc Am{U cmoH$m§Zm 

nm`r qH$dm dmhVwH$sÀ`m Xwgè`m gmYZm§Zr Amncm àdmg nyU© H$amdm cmJoc. {d{eï> JaOm AgUmè`m 

cmoH$m§Mm AWm©VM `mo½` {dMma H$am`cm hdm. 

Xwgè`m ~mOycm ~g _mJm©H$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r gmono d gmoB©ñH$a hmoB©c, Aer _moH$ir OmJm Agcr 

nm{hOo. ( dmhZo C^r H$am {Z ~gZo àdmg H$am ) (nmH©$ A°ÝS> amBS> ) `m_wio àdmem§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ 

dmhZm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {_ioc. AemàH$mao àdmem§_Üò dmT> hmoB©c d ImOJr dmhZm§Mr 

dmhVwH$ H$_r hmoB©c. ( gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ joÌm_Üò dmT> hmoB©c). 

Á`m eham§_Üò dmhVwH$sÀ`m \o$è`m§Mm _moR>m {hñgm gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoìXmao hmoVmo, Vmo 

AmXe© nÜXVrZo hmVmimd`mMm AgVmo Ë`meham§_Üò gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sÀ`m Omù`m§_YyZ am{hcocr 

_moH$ir OmJm âÊ`mgmR>r dmhVwH$sMr _Ü`_ gmYZo ( Am°Q>mo [ajm, Q>°Šgr BË`mXr ) _hÎdmMr R>aVmV. 

gÜ`m Aem dmhZ§mgmR>r H$moUVrhr OmJm R>adyZ {Xcocr Zmhr. Am{U Vr dmhZo añË`mdaM C^r AgVmV 

qH$dm àdmem§gmR>r W§m~VmV Am{U dmhVwH$scm gdm©V _moR>m AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aVmV Aem ~m~VrV 

XoIrc Ë`m§À`m dmnamgmR>r _yë`dmZ Aer nm{Hª$JMr OmJm, {deofV: ~g ñWmZHo$ ( ImOJr d 

gmd©O{ZH$ Aem XmoÝhr ) Am{U aoëdo ñWmZHo$ `m§gma»`m dmhZ ~XcÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr, doJir amIyZ 

R>odcr nm{hOo. _mJUr ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm ñdV§ÌnUo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. 

13 nm[Hª$JMr A{V[aº$ ì`dñWm hr JmS>çm§H$[aVm \${Q>©{cQ>r S´>J gmaIr Amho. {X hm` H$m°ñQ> Am°\$ \«$s 

nm{Hª$J -S>oìhrS> ewn, `y. gr. Ec. E. 

27

6.5 {Z`§{ÌV nm{Hª$J joÌo ( {Z. nm. joo. ) 

{Z`§{ÌV nm{Hª$J joÌm§_mJrc H$ënZm hr ~hþAm`m_r Amho. OoWo OoWo nm{Hª$JMr OmJm CncãY 

Amho VoWo VoWo {VMm OmñVrV OmñV Cn`moJ hmoB©c Agm à`ËZ hmoVmo. {Z:ewëH$ d A_`m©{XV nm{Hª$J 

H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJoMm Xwén`moJ ~§X Ho$cm nm{hOo.Aem joÌm§V nm{Hª$Jda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo 

XmoZ _mJ© AmhoV ewëH$ AmH$maUo d doioMr _`m©Xm KmcUo ( qH$dm XmoÝhr EH${ÌV H$aUo ) CncãY 

OmJoMo `mo½` dmQ>n H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Am{U _hgyc dmT>dÊ`mEodOr C^r Ho$cocr dmhZo OmñVrV OmñV 

doJmZo hc{dcr OmVmV `mMr ImÌr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm dmhVwH$ ì`dñWmnZoÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ nm{Hª$J ewëH$ 

AmH$maco nm{hOo 14 . VgoM nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJoMm A{YH$ H$mimH$[aVm dmna H$aUmè`m§Zm nm{Hª$JÀ`m 

ewëH$mV gyQ> XoUo ho MwH$sMo Amho. 

nm{Hª$JMm OmñV VmU AgUmè`m {R>H$mUr {d{dY dmnaH$Vm© JQ>m§À`m `mo½` _mJÊ`m nyU© 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z`§{ÌV nm{Hª$J joÌmMr _XV hmoVo IaoXrgmR>r qH$dm ZwgVoM {\$aÊ`mgmR>r dmhZo añË`mda 

C^r H$aUmao cmoH$ Am{U VoWrc a{hdmgr Am{U /qH$dm XwH$mZXma `m§Mr dmhZo `m§À`m_Üò g§Kf© 

{Z_m©U hmoVmo. {deofV: Ë`m {R>H$mUr {Z`§{ÌV nm{Hª$J joÌmMm Mm§Jcm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. OmñV doiogmR>r 

añË`mda dmhZo C^r Ho$ë`m_wio añË`mda dmhVwH$sMm Imoi§~m Pmë`mg {Z`§{ÌV nm{Hª$J joÌo hm CÎm_ 

Cnm` Amho. EImÚm ^mJm_Üò gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm Mm§Jcr godm XoV Agoc Va {Z`§{ÌV 

nm{Hª$J joÌo dmhVwH$ _`m©{XV R>odVrc qH$dm añË`mdarc nm{Hª$J_Üò KQ> hmoÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aVrc. 

6.6 ~hþ_Ocr nm{Hª$J d ~m§Ym, dmnam d hñVm§V[aV H$am `m nÜXVrZo ( ~rAmoQ>r ) {dÎm ì`dñWm 

nm{Hª$JÀ`m OmJoMm {deofV: ehamVrc JXuÀ`m ^mJm_Üò AgUmè`m qMVmOZH$ VwQ>dS>çmda 

A{cH$S>oM ~hþ_Ocr nm{Hª$J gw{dYoMm Cnm` àñVm{dV H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. `m àñVmdmÀ`m g§X^mªV 

Ago AZoH$ àíZ AmhoV. Á`m§Mm H$miOrnyd©H$ {dMma H$amd`mg hdm. 

AZwko` MQ>B©joÌ {ZX}em§H$ ( E\$EgAm` ) XoD$Z /dmT>>dyZ gd©gmYmaUnUo ~hþ_Ocr 

nm{Hª$Jcm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV òVo. hm dmT>rd MQ>B©joÌ {ZX}em§H$ O_rZ _mcH$mcm Ë`mM {R>H$mUr ì`mnar 

{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Xcm OmVmo. qH$dm Q>rS>rAma åhUyZ {Xcm OmVmo. òWo nwÝhm _m°ëg d _pëQ>oßcoŠg 

òWrc nm{Hª$Jà_mUo VrM VÎdo cmJy hmoVrc. ( H¥$n`m darc n[aÀN>oX 5.1.3. nhm ) 

14 

nm{Hª$J ewëH$ d{hdmQ>rÀ`m XamÀ`m 85 Q>¸o$ `m à_mUmV Agmdo, hm nm{Hª$J ì`dñWmnZmVrc 

gd©gmYmaUnUo dmnacm OmUmam ì`dhm`© {ZH$f Amho. 

28

Ë`mM {R>H$mUr ì`mnmar {dH$mgmcm nadmZJr {Xë`mg , `m ì`mnar dmnam_wioM nm{Hª$JÀ`m 

A{YH$ OmJoMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoVo. Aem VèhoZo nm{Hª$JH$[aVm OmJm CncãY H$éZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Agcocm 

àñVm{dV Cnm` H$Yrhr gmÜ` hmoUma Zmhr. hm AZw^d _w§~B©V `m AmYr Amcocm Amho. 

XmQ>r Agcoë`m joÌmÀ`m ~mhoa Q>rS>rAma dmnacm Var Ë`mV {H$Zmar joÌm_Üò O{_ZtMm dmna 

~XcÊ`mMo Amho. åhUyZM hm n`m©` H$miOrnyd©H$ dmnacm nm{hOo. Ho$di nm{Hª$JgmR>r Aem 

~m§YH$m_m§Mm {dH$mgM A{YH$ `mo½` Amho. VWm{n nm{Hª$JMo ewëH$ IwnM OmñV R>odco VaM Ho$di ho 

ì`mnmarÑîQ>çm dmT>Umao Agoc, `m_wio AmnmoAmnM Aem ~m§YH$m_m§À`m OdinmgÀ`m añË`mdarc 

nm{Hª$JH$[aVmMo Xa, Vo OmñV AgUo Amdí`H$ Agë`m_wio R>adVm òVrc. åhUyZ ~hþ_Ocr 

nm{Hª$JH$[aVm añË`mdarc nm{Hª$J _`m©{XV AgUo, añË`mdarc nm{Hª$J H$[aVm doioMo ~§YZ AgUo d 

OmñV Xa AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ho Cnm` cmXë`m{edm` ~hþ_Ocr nm{Hª$J ho añË`mdarc dmhZm§Mr 

H$m|S>r H$_r H$aÊ`mV Anèr R>aoc Am{U hm Cnm` {Zî\$i R>aoc. 

6.7 nm{Hª$JMr à_mUHo$ :- 

: 

a{hdmí`m§H$[aVm nm{Hª$J 

{dH$mg {Z`§ÌU {Z`_m§Mm, _w»`V: {Zdmgr B_maVt_Yrc nm{H©$JÀ`m OmJoÀ`m g§~§YmV, ^§J 

hmoV Amho. Ago {XgyZ Amco Amho H$s, nm{Hª$JgmR>r ~m§Ycoë`m ViKamMo ì`mnmar dmnamgmR>r énm§Va 

Ho$co OmVo. `mMm n[aUm_ añË`mdarc nm{Hª$J_Üò Oo {Z:ewëH$ AgVo Jm|Yi {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mV hmoVmo. 

500 _rQ>aÀ`m AmVrc a{hdmgrM Ho$di añË`mdarc nm{Hª$JH$[aVm nmÌ AgmdoV. a{hdmer Ë`m§À`m 

KamOdirc añVm åhUOo Ë`m§Mr ImOJr _mc_Îmm Agë`mgmaIo dmJVmV Am{U XrK©H$mimgmR>r 

Amncr dmhZo VoWoM C^r H$aVmV. 

{Zdmgr nm{Hª$J ì`dñWoMr AZoH$ _mZHo$ hr gm_mÝ`nUo MQ>B©joÌ {ZX}em§H$mer (E\$EgAm` ) 

g§~§{YV AgVmV. nm{Hª$JMr _mZHo$ hr ImOJr dmhZm§À`m dmnamg {deofV: Xwgè`m qH$dm A{YH$ 

dmhZm§À`m IaoXrgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUmar ZgmdrV. åhUyZ EH$m {Zdmgr KamH$[aVm {H$_mZ d H$_mc 

Aem XomÝhr nm{Hª$JH$[aVm AQ>r KmcUo Amdí`H$ Amho. a{hdmgr, àËòH$ {ZdmgmH$[aVm EH$m nm{Hª$J 

na{_Q>cm h¸$Xma Agmdm. Vo {ZdmgmÀ`m n[agam_Yrc joÌm_Üò añË`mdarc nm{Hª$JH$[aVm d¡Y 

Agoc. na{_Q>H$[aVm \$s, {Zdmgr joÌmMm AmH$ma Am{U {Z~ªYmH$[aVm nm{Hª$JÀ`m doim `m gmaIm 

Vnerc hm, g{dñVa Aä`mg Ë`mà_mUo ñWm{ZH$ ZmJ[aH$m§er MMm©H$éZ Ë`m AmYmao {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV 

`mdm. _pëQ>ßcoŠg, _m°ëg , hm°Q>oëg d BVa {d{dY dmna `m§À`mH$[aVm nm{Hª$J à_mUHo$, hr g{dñVa 

joÌr` Aä`mgmÀ`m AmYmao {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV `mdrV. 

29

6.7.1.1 A§_c~OmdUr 

gd© {e\$maer d Cnm``moOZm `m§Mr H$mQ>oH$moa A§_c~OmdUr Pmcr Zmhr Va Ë`m [ZaW©H$ 

R>aVrc. ho añË`mdarc nm{Hª$JÀ`m ~m~VrV _w»`V: ~g _mJm©da AË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m_wio 

añË`m§Mm dmna H$aUmè`m BVam§da B§YZM{cV dmhZm§À`m nm{Hª$JMm n[aUm_ H$_r hmoB©c. 

nXnWmda JmS>çm Cä`m H$aUo `mgma»`m J§^ra ñdénmÀ`m {Z`_^§JmH$[aVm XoIrc H$R>moa 

{ejm. 15 gwadmVrc nm{Hª$JÀ`m {Z`_m§Mr H$R>moa A§_c~OmdUr Ho$ë`m_wio cmoH$m§À`m amofmcm Vm|S> Úmdo 

cmJÊ`mMm g§^d Amho. EH$mXm H$m cmoH${ejU _mo{h_o_m\©$V nm{Hª$J hm A{YH$ma Zmhr ho ñnï> Ho$co 

Am{U nmo{cgm§_m\©$VM Ë`mMr H$R>moanUo A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr ( Am{U nm{Hª$J Z`§ÌUm_wio nmXMmar d 

gm`H$cñdma `m§À`mgh ~hþg§»` ZmJarH$m§Zm Mm§Jë`m gw{dYm {_iVrc ). H$s, H$mcm§VamZo cmoH$m§À`m 

{dMmagaUr_Üò ~Xc KSy>Z òÊ`mMr Anojm Amho. `mgmR>r {Z`{_V , {Z:nj d `mo½` à{gÜXr 

{Xcoë`m nmo{cg H$madmB©Mr JaO Amho. 

6.7.1.2 CÈ>mUnyc ( âcmÀmoìha ) 

OJâmV CÈ>mUnycm§À`m XrK©H$mcrZ Cn`wº$Vo{df`r J§^ra àíZ {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. H$mhr 

eham§V Va ~m§Ycoco CÈ>mUnyc VmoSy>Z A{YH$ cmoH$g§dmXr 16 _w§~B©Vrc CÈ>mUnycm§H$[aVm Q>mQ>m 

H$ÝgëQ>ÝgrZo Ho$coë`m Aä`mdéZ Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, ~hþg§»` CÈ>mUnycm§VyZ Jw§VdUwH$snojm H$_r 

naVmdm {_iVmo Amho 17 . nwUo ehamH$[aVm gr. Am`. Ama. Q>r. Zo Ho$coë`m Aä`mdéZhr hoM gy{MV 

15 

g§X^© {dÚ_mZ nXnW qH$dm Zì`mZo ~m§Ycoco nXnW A{VH«$_UmnmgyZ Xoa R>odUo `mH$[aVm Ho$cocr 

1996 Mr `m{MH$m H«$. 210 _Üò _w§~B© Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcocm Ý`m`{ZU©` H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. 

nXnWmda JmS>çm Cä`m Ho$ë`m_wio nmXMmè`m§Zm nXnWmdéZ MmcUo J¡agmoB©Mo hmoVo d Vo MmcÊ`mgmR>r 

añË`mMm dmna H$aVmV Ë`m_wio dmhVwH$sÀ`m àdmhmda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. 

16 

CXmhaUmW© ZXr PmH$cocm CÈ>mUnyc H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r goD$c , X{jU H$moar`m _Yrc 

{MA°Jo{MAm°Z [añQ>moAaoeZ àH$ën n`m©` emoYco OmV AmhoV. 

17 

Am{W©H$ {dícofUmdéZ Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, Ho$di EH$ ( Oo. Oo. hm°pñnQ>c H$«m°\$S>© _mH}$Q> ) 

CS²>mUnyc dJiVm ~mH$s gd©CÈ>mUnyc VmoQ>çmV AmhoV. ( é. 50 H$moQ>rnmgyZ Vo 300 H$moQ>r 

én`m§n`ªV) 

30

hmoVo. àË`jmV CÈ>mUnycm_wio nmXMmar , gm`H$cñdma d eha ~g `m§Zm 18 OoWo OmñVrV OmñV 

dmhVwH$ gm`H$c, ~g `m dmhZ àH$mamZo hmoVo, Ë`m ehamVrc Aem àH$maMo àH$ën ho gm_m{OH$ 

Ý`m`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ZdmXmñnX R>aVmV 19 . Oa ehamMr EHw$U Ñï>r hr gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWo_Üò 

gwYmaUm H$éZ Am{U ( nm`r MmcUo/ gm`H$c MmcUdo `m ) n[adhZmÀ`m emœV àH$mam§Zm àmoËgmhZ 

XoD$Z Ë`mìXmao dmhZm§Mr dmhVwH$ H$_r H$aUo hr Agoc Va YmoaU åhUyZ CÈ>mnyc {ddmXmñnX AmhoV. 

^maV gaH$maZo Ë`m§À`m nÌ H«$. Ho$ -14012/101(38) EZ`wAmaE_-1 {X. 5 _mM© 2007 

AÝdò Aem gyMZm {Xë`m AmhoV H$s, àËòH$ añVm qH$dm CÈ>mUnyc hm nmXMmar d B§YZ_wº$ 

dmhZm§gmR>r Agmdm. nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo ^maV gaH$maÀ`m `m gyMZm§Mo nmcZ H$amdo.CÈ>mUnycmMo 

XrK©H$mcrZ \$m`Xo ho, ImOJr dmhZm§À`m dmnamg ^mJ nmS>Ê`mH$[aVm Ë`mÀ`m ~amo~arZo Ho$coë`m 

à`ËZm§{edm` AënH$mcrZ AgVrc. 

CÈ>mUnyc ho â^¸$_ _m{hVr d {dícofU `mda AmYm[aV AgVrc. VaM AË`§V d¡{eîQ>ç 

nyU© n[apñWVrV \$m`ÚmMo R>é eH$VmV. Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV òV Amho H$s, 

1) n`m©`r Cnm` {dMmamV ¿`mdoV. ( CXm. amoQ>ar nÜXVrZo Xw^mOH$ qH$dm J«oS> Xw^mOH ). 

2) àH$ënmMo \$m`Xo g§»`mË_H$ ÑîQ>çm ñnï>nUo {ZpíMV H$amdoV. 

3) CÈ>mUnycm§Mr ì`dhm`©Vm {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zo_cocr EOÝgr H§$ÌmQ>Xmamnojm doJir Agmdr. 

4) CÈ>mUnyc ~m§YÊ`mMo {ZH$f ñnï>nUo R>admdoV d Omhra H$amdoV. 

5) ^{dîH$mimH$[aVm AZw^d åhUyZ S>È>mUnycmÀ`m Cnm`mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r 

~m§YH$m_ nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va gd}jU H$aUo gº$sMo Agmdo. 

H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV ImOJr dmhZm§Mm dmna H$_r H$aUo d gd©g_mdoeH$ dmhVwH$ `§ÌUoMm 

(~gÀ`m ) dmnamg n«moËgmhZ XoUo Ago Oa EHw$U YmoaU Agoc Va Ago H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV 

ImOJr dmhZ§Mm dmna H$aUo d gd©g_mdoeH$ dmhVwH$ `§ÌUoÀ`m ( ~gÀ`m ) dmnamg àmoËgmhZ 

XoUo Ago Oa EHw$U YmoaU Agoc Va nwUo _hmZJa n[adhZ _hm_§S>i {c{_Q>oS> godo_Üò gwYmaUm 

H$aUo, Vr dmT>{dUo d Vr ~iH$Q> H$aUo `mg àmYmÝ` {Xco nm{hOo. Am{U Ë`mdoir ImOJr 

dmhZm§Mm dmna OmñVrV OmñV _hmJS>m ~Zcm nm{hOo. `m_wio nwUo _hmZJa n[adhZ _hm_§S>i 

18 

S>m°. nr. Or. nmQ>UH$a, Q>r. Amo. Am`. 27 _mM© 2002 ( \°$Ýgr âcmÀmoìha S>moÝQ> ~o{Z\$sQ> 

_moQ>a{gñQ> ) VcmXy CÈ>mUnycm§nmgyZ _moQ>ma MmcH$m§Zm \$m`Xm hmoV Zmhr. AS>Wim hmoVmo. Am{U 

Ë`mnmgyZ Ho$di _moQ>maMmcH$m§Mm ( XwMmH$s d MmaMmH$s ) \$m`Xm hmoVmo. 

19 

B§YZM{cV XwMmH$s d MmaMmH$s dmhZm§Mm nwÊ`mÀ`m dmhVwH$scm EHw$U dmQ>m Ho$di 18 Q>¸o$ Amho 

31

{c{_Q>oS> godoÀ`m dmnamg àmoËgmhZ {_ioc. Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a ImOJr dmhZo dmnaÊ`mnmgyZ cmoH$ 

namd¥Îm hmoVrc. 

6.7.1.3 _moH$ù`m OmJm§darc A{VH«$_U 

_moH$ù`m OmJm d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio hr Mm§Jë`m OrdZ_mZm§H$[aVm _hÎdmMr AmhoV. `m OmJm 

d ñWio Zï> hmoVrc Ago dmQ>ë`mg Ago H$moUVohr àñVmd _mÝ` H$aVm H$m_m Zò. _moH$ù`m OmJm d 

Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio `m§Mo _wë` Zoh_rM ZJÊ` AgVo. Ë`m_wio ehamÀ`m A{V VmËH$mi JaOm§ nwT>o Ë`m 

OmJm d ñWio nQ>H$Z Zm{her hmoVmV. OmñV H$éZ {ZåZ Am{W©H$ dJm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm {dlm§VrgmR>r d 

_Zmoa§OZmH$[aVm gmd©O{ZH$ _moH$ù`m OmJm§Mr JaO AgVo. H$maU ImOJr _moH$ù`m OmJm§H$S>o Ë`m§Zm 

OmVm òV Zmhr.Vo OmñV lr_§V cmoH$ H$é eH$VmV. ho gd© OJâ _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. åhUyZ 

gmd©O{ZH$ _moH$ù`m OmJm§_Üò lr_§V eham§Mo cmS> nwadÊ`mMr M¡Z åhUyZ Z nmhVm gm_m{OH$ JaO 

åhUyZ nm{hco nm{hOo. VgoM \o$ardmë`m§gmR>r doJio YmoaU V`ma H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. 

7.1 ñH$m` ~g, Q´>m_ d _oQ´>moH$[aVm àñVmd : ~hþ-à{V_mZr Ñï>roH$moZ 

nwUo ehamgmR>r ñdñV, cd{MH$ Am{U A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r gwc^ Cnm` åhUyZ ho YmoaU ~r. 

Ama. Q>r. cm `mo½` åhUV Amho. _mÌ dmhVwH${df`H$ Aä`mgmZo Ë`mMr ImÌr Ho$cr Agcr nm{hOo 

Ë`mM~amo~a BVa gm_y{hH$ dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm§Mr XoIrc {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. gd}jUm§Mo n[aUm_ 

Am{U g§nyU© `§ÌUm Ñï>rH$moZ `m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV Aä`mg `m§À`m AmYmao {ZdS>cocr gm_y{hH$ 

dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm hr Ë`m _mJm©À`m JaOm§er Am{U nwîH$iem BVa Vm§{ÌH$ d Am{W©H$ ~m~tgh Ë`m 

^yàXoemÀ`m àË`j AmamIS>çmer gwg§JV Agmdr. (darc n[aÀN>oX 5.1.1.3 ) H$moUË`mhr 

àH$ënmMr gwédmV H$aÊ`mnydu nyd© eŠ`Vm, Vm§{ÌH$ Am{W©H$ eŠ`Vm§Mm Aä`mg , Vm§{ÌH$ Am{W©H$ 

eŠ`Vm Ahdmc, g{dñVa àH$ën Ahdmc d cmoH$m§Mm {dñV¥V gh^mJ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. (darc 

n[aÀN>oX 4.1 H¥$n`m nhmdm). 

7.1.1.1 ñH$m` ~g 

AmYw{ZH$, ñdñV, n`m©daUmZwHy$c, âdemMr Am{U EH$X_ ZdrZ na§Vy Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm gmonr 

Aer ñH$m` ~g _oQ´>mo hr aoëdoda AmYm[aV ^{dî`H$mcrZ ZmJar gm_y{hH$ àdmg `§ÌUm åhUyZ H$moH$U 

aoëdoZr {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho. aoëdo _§Ìmc`m_m\©$V A§VJ©V AgUmè`m H$moH$U aoëdo _hm_§S>i _`m©XrV 

( H$mo. ao. _. _. ) , ^maV gaH$maMm CnH«$_ `m§Zr ñH$m` ~g _oQ´>mo {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho. hr `§ÌUm 

32

AmdmO {da{hV d àXyfU_wº$ AgyZ à{V Vmg à{V {Xem 18,000 àdmgr dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mMr {VMr 

j_Vm Amho. VgoM à{V Vmg à{V {Xem 81,000 àdmgr dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>{dVm òdy eH$Vo. 

`m `§ÌUoMm Vm§{ÌH$-Am{W©H$ eŠ`Vm R>iH$nUo {ZXe©Zmg AmUUmam g{dñVa àH$ën Ahdmc nwUo 

ehamH$[aVm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. `m Ahdmcm_Üò 21.2 {H$_r Mm añVm àñVm{dV hmoVm. 

emgZ / aoëdo _§Ìmc` `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m g_memoYZmZ§Va gm_y{hH$ àdmg `§ÌUocm 

n`m©` åhUyZ ñH$m` ~g _oQ´>moMm {dMma H$aVm òB©c. 

1. Q´>m_ / Ec. Ama. Q>r. 

Q 

Ec. Ama. Q>r. Mr AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>ço AgyZ Ë`m_wio Vr gm_y{hH$$ àdmg `§ÌUocm Mm§Jcr OmoS> R>é 

eH$Vo. Vr EHw$U gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm Omù`m_Üò `mo½àrË`m ~gUmar Amho.AZoH$ ehamVyZ 

Q´>m_ ~§X Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmVm Ë`m AË`mYw{ZH$ d ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m AmYmao nwZamJ_Z H$arV AmhoV. Ec. 

Ama. Q>r. àXwfU{da{hV gm_y{hH$ àdmg `§ÌUm åhUyZ n`m©daUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$m`Xoera R>aV AgVmZmM 

{VMr g§aMZmË_H$ qH$_V OmñV Amho. nwUo _hmZJa joÌmH$[aVm ~¥hV `moOZm V`ma Ho$ë`mZ§VaM Ho$di, 

Ë`mVrc Ec. Ama. Q>r. Mr ^w{_H$m ñnï> H$éZ Am{U ñdV§Ì _§S>imH$Sy>Z gd© eŠ`meŠ`Vm§Mm g{dñVa 

Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§VaM hm Cnm` àñVm{dV H$aVm òB©c. 

2. _oQ´>mo 

O{_ZrnmgyZ C§MmdéZ qH$dm O{_ZrImcyZ OmUmar _oQ´>mo dmhVwH$ hr OJmVrc ~hþVoH$ gd© 

_hmZJam§_Üò A{ñVËdmV Amho. Am{U ^maVmVrc H$mhr eham§_Üò XoIrc Vr Amho. Vr 

gd©gmYmaUnUo A{Ve` doJdmZ d OmñV dhZj_Vm ( à{V Vmg à{V {XeoZo 40,000 hÿZ A{YH$ 

àdmgr ) AgUmar `§ÌUm Amho. åhUyZ nwÊ`m_Üò {deofV: EH$Va Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~t_wio qH$dm dmhVwH$sÀ`m 

dmT>Ë`m _mJUr_wio Á`m _mJm©§da ~r. Ama. Q>r. Mmc{dUo eŠ` Zmhr, Aem {R>H$mUr _oQ´>mo {H$VnV 

ì`dhm`© Amho. `mMm nydm©ä`mg H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. _oQ´>moMm IM© {H$cmo_rQ>a 90-200 H$moQ>r 

énò BVH$m hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ^{dî`m_Üò H$Yrhr `m `moOZoMm {dMma H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg Ë`mH$[aVm Iyn 

AmYrnmgyZ eha {Z`moOZ H$amdo cmJoc. Cƒ KZVoMo dmhVwH$ _mJ© ho O{_Z dmna YmoaUmer WoQ> 

OmoS>coco Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m n[aUm_r Ago _mJ© V`ma H$aUo ( qH$dm Z H$aUo ) `mda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm 

òB©c. nwT>rc H$mimV nwUo ehamMr ( àË`jmV ) H$emarVrZo dmT> hmoB©c hm AË`§V _hÎdmMm _wÔm 

Amho. Am{U ZJaaMZmH$mam§Zr `mda à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mnojm YmoaUmìXmao Ë`mda à^md nmS>mdm. 

8.1 n`m©`r B§YZo 

33

8.2 g§nr{S>V Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y ( gr. EZ. Or. ) 

àXwfU H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gr. EZ. Or. Mm {X„rVrc à`moJ AË`§V èñdr R>acm Amho. 

nwÊ`mVhr Vgo H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm Mmcy Amho. nwUo ehamVrc gr. EZ. Or. Mr àË`j CncãYVm CaU- 

XhoZ nmB©n cmB©Z nyU© hmoÊ`mda Adc§~yZ Amho. VWmnr nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$cm `m ZdrZ B§YZmMm 

dmna gwé H$aÊ`mgmR>r d¡Ym{ZH$ , àemgH$s` d Am{W©H$ ~m~tH$[aVm `moOZm H$aVm òB©c. Am{U Ë`m§Zm 

Vr `moOZm amï´>r` YmoaUmZwgmaM V`ma H$amdr cmJoc. `moOZo_Üò nwT>rc Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe Agmdm. 

1) ehamH$[aVm âU H|$ÐmMr ( {\$ctJ ñQ>oeZ ) g§»`m, ñWmZ d àH$ma 20 `mgmR>r dmhZm§Mr 

g§»`m, ehamVrc {dVaU `§ÌUm d Ë`m§À`m JXuÀ`m doioVrc JaOm `m§darc _m{hVrMr 

Amdí`H$Vm Agoc. Ooìhm gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ `w{ZQ>o hr gr. EZ. Or. Mr nmB©n cmB©Z ehamV 

KmcÊ`mg gwédmV H$aoc Ë`mAmYrnmgyZ _hmnm{cH$m Ë`mV gh^mJr Agmdr. hr gr. EZ. Or. 

H|$Ðo _moR>çm _moH$ù`m OmJo_Üò C^maUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ dmhZo AZoH$ 

{R>H$mUm§hÿZ EH$mM doir B§YZ KoD$ eH$Vrc. gr. EZ. Or. Mr ghO CncãYVm hm dmXmMm 

_wÔm hmoD$ eH$Vrc, , Omo n`m©á d nyd©{Z`moOZ H$éZ Q>miVm òB©c. 

2) dmhZm§Mm B§YZ àH$ma ~XcÊ`mH$[aVm YmoaUm_Üò B§YZmMm àH$ma ~XcUo A{Zdm`© Agoc. 

Am{U Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo H$amd`mMo Agoc Va Ë`mH$[aVm doimnµÌH$. 

3) CnKmV Q>miÊ`mgmR>r gr. EZ. Or. dmhZm§_Üò dmnamd`mÀ`m Añgc {gc|S>a {H$Q>Mr d 

gwQ²>Q>çm ^mJm§À`m CncãYVoMr ImÌr H$aUo. 

4) gr. EZ. Or. {H$Q> ~g{dUo, Ë`mMr MmMUr KoUo , BË`mXtH$[aVm gw`mo½` {Z`_ / à_mUHo$ 

R>adyZ XoUo. 

5) Aem àH$maÀ`m ~XcmgmR>r OZ OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm d Ë`m§À`m ñdrH$m`©VogmR>r YmoaU `m 

~Xcmcm {X„r_Üò gwédmVrcm Pmcocm {damoY hiyhiy _mdicm `mMm Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`mVyZ 

`mo½` YS>m KoVcm nm{hOo. 

6) B§YZ ~Xcmcm MmcZm XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ d BVa àmoËgmhZo hr {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m 

qH$_VrÀ`m AmYmao R>a{dcr nm{hOoV. Am{U `mgmR>r Am{W©H$ VaVyX Ho$cr nm{hOo. 

hdoVrc àXyfU H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r gr. EZ. Or. Mo _hÎd ZmH$maVm òUma Zgoc Var, ho cjmV 

KoVco nm{hOo H$s, ~hþVm§er dm`y àXyfU ho XwMmH$s d _moQ>maJmS>çm_wioM {Z_m©U hmoVo. VWmnr chmZ 

dmhZm§VyZ hmoUmao H$m~©Z _moZm°ŠgmB©S>Mo CËgO©Z d OS> dmhZm§VyZ hmoUmao Eg.nr. E_. Mo CËgO©Z 

~è`mM à_mUmV H$_r hmoB©c. nwUo ehamH$[aVm hdoMr àV gwYmaÊ`mMm EH$_od _mJ© åhUOo gwédmVrcm 

~g godogma»`m Cƒ j_VoÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoMm n`m©` XoD$Z Ë`mìXmao XwMmH$s d 

20 

gr. EZ. Or. âU H|$Ðo _Xa, Am°Z cmB©Z , S>m°Q>a-~wñQ>a `m àH$maMr AgVrc. 

34

MmaMmH$s dmhZm§Mm dmna H$_r H$aUo. nwUo _hmZJa n[adhZ _hm_§S>i {c{_Q>oS> cm Cƒ j_VoÀ`m 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ `§ÌUoÀ`m ñVamn`ªV AmUÊ`mgmR>r {VMr j_Vr d H$m`©j_Vm `m XmoÝhr gwYmaUm 

H$aÊ`mda â {Xcm nm{hOo. 

8.2.1.1 Ðdén B§YZ dm`y ( Ec. nr. Or ) 

ehamVrc Ec. nr. Or. Mr CncãYVm H$_r Agë`m_wio AmVmn`ªV Ë`mMr _mJUr H$_r 

Pmcocr Amho. nwUo ehamV 40,000 hÿZ A{YH$ Am°Q>mo[ajm AmhoV. Am{U Ë`m `m ñdÀN> OimD$ 

B§YZmda ~Xcë`mg hdoMr àV gwYmaoc. nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo AÝ` `§ÌUogmo~V nwT>rc Jmoï>r Ho$ë`mg 

ho gmÜ` hmoB©c. 

1) AZwXmZ nwa{dUo. 

2) gd© {R>H$mUr Ec. nr. Or. CncãY H$éZ XoUo. 

3) ~Xcm~mVMr H$mJXnÌo / à{H«$`m `mVrc AS>MUr H$_r H$aUo. 

4) Añgc Ec. nr. Or. {H$Q> _m\$H$ XamZo CncãY H$éZ XoUo. 

5) Ec. nr. Or. {H$Q> ~g{dUo, Ë`mMr MmMUr KoUo BË`mXtH$[aVm gw`mo½` {Z`_ / à_mUHo$ 

R>a{dUo. 

nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo Am°Q>mo [ajm B§{OZMo Ec. nr. Or. _¿ò énm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r [ajm§Zm àËòH$s 

é. 2500 /- BVHo$ àmoËgmhZ AZwXmZ XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho. ^waocmc g{_VrZo {Xcoë`m 

{ZX}eH$m§Zwgma ^{dî`m_Üò Ec. nr. Or. H|$Ðm§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mV òB©c. òWo nwÝhm nwUo 

_hmZJanm{cHo$Zo amï´>r` YmoaU AZwgaco nm{hOo. 

9. Cn_mJ© 

nwUo eha ho _w§~B©, H$moëhmnya, ~§Jiya, Jmodm, gmocmnya, ZJa `m _hÎdmÀ`m eham§Zm OmoS>coco 

Amho. Cn_mJ© Zgë`m_wio Am§Vaeha dmhZm§Mr dmhVwH$ eham_YyZM hmoVo. à_wI _hm_mJ© 

añË`m§H$[aVm ehamÀ`m ~mhoarc ^mJmVyZ EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>Umao Cn_mJ© AgUo _hÎdmMo Amho. ~§Jiya- 

_w§~B© añË`mcm OmoS>Umè`m X{jU-npíM_ Cn_mJm©_wio, gmVmam añË`mdarc _hm_mJ© dmhZm§Mr g§»`m 

IynM H$_r Pmcr Amho. BVa _mJmªer OmoS>Ê`mH$[aVm Aem A{YH$ Cn_mJmªMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. 

35

------------------------------------------------------------------- 

_mcdmhVwH$ 

OgOgo ehamVrc Am{W©H$ ì`dhma dmT>Vrc Am{U ehamMr cmoH$g§»`m dmT>oc VgVer 

_mcdmhVwH$sV _moR>r dmT> hmoB©c. cmoH$m§À`m Amamo½`mÀ`m d Ë`m§Zr hmVr KoVcocr Am{W©H$ H$m_o 

dmT>Ê`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo hr dmhVwH$ doioda d gwa{jVnUo hmoUo H$R>rU Amho. VWmnr, dmhVwH$ `§ÌUoÀ`m 

_`m©XrV j_Vo~amo~aM, _mcdmhVwH$ d àdmgr dmhVwH$ BVH$s S>i_irV Pmcocr Amho H$s, 

dmhVwH$sÀ`m A§VJ©V `§ÌUoMm `mo½` dmna hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>ràdmem§Mr JXuMr doi gmoSy>Z BVa doir 

_mcmMr dmhVwH$ H$aUo hm Cnm` Amho. 

~è`mMem eham§Zr _mc dmhVwH$sgmR>r amÌr CeramMr doi amIyZ R>odcr Amho. d OS> dmhZm§Zm 

{Xdgm eham_Üò àdoe H$aÊ`mda {Z~ªY KmVco AmhoV. AmUIr Ago H$s, AZoH$ ehamV Cn_mJ© 

AgyZ Ë`m_wio ehamVrc dmhVwH$ gwairV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. d ehamVrc dmhVwH$s_Üò _mc 

dmhVwH$sMr â nS>V Zmhr. `m àWm Mm§Jë`m AgyZ gd© eham§_Üò Ë`m§Zm CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mV `mdo. `m 

à`moOZmH$[aVm, ZdrZ d dY©Zj_ Aem gmd©O{ZH$-ImOJr ^mJrXmar_YyZ Cn_mJ© ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r 

eham§Zm CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mV `mdo. Ë`mà_mUo eha gr_oÀ`m ~mhoa OS> dmhZo C^r H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Q´>H$ 

Q>{_©Zc-gma»`m gw{dYm§gmR>r XoIrc gmd©O{ZH$-ImOJr ^mJrXma_m\©$V CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mV `mdo. amï´>r` 

eha ZdrH$aU _§S>imImcr Aem gw{dYm§H$[aVmMo àñVmd {dMmamV KoÊ`mV òVrc. 

. . . . . . . .. .amï´>r` ZmJar dmhVwH$ YmoaU ( am. Zm. dm. Ymo. ) 

------------------------------------------------------------------- 

10. nmo{cgm§Mr ^y{_H$m 

H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMo ( dmhVwH$ser g§~§YrV Agë`m_wio ) 21 Odi Odi 

AeŠ`àm` Agcoco H$m_ gÜ`m nmo{cg `§ÌUocm H$amdo cmJVo. ho ZmH$maVm òV Zmhr. añË`mdarc 

dmhVwH$ nmo{cgmcm A{VVmU ghZ H$amdm cmJVmo. B§YZmÀ`m Ywam_wio Ë`mÀ`m Amamo½`mcm YmoH$m 

{Z_m©U hmoVmo. dmhVwH$sMm VmU d dmhVwH$sÀ`m Jm|Yim_wio Ë`m§Zm d¡\$ë` òVo. Ë`mÀ`m n[aUm_r 

dmhVwH$rV ~o{eñV {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio n[apñWVr A{YH$ {~H$Q> hmoVo. eha {dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY 

MMmª_Üò ^mJ KoÊ`mgmR>r nmo{cg ImË`mMm EH$ A{YH$mar à{V{Z`wº$ H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Á`m_wio 

Ë`m§Mr ^w{_H$m d {e\$maer gmVË`mZo {_iV amhVrc. dmhVwH$ d n[adhZ àíZm§Mr d {dH$mg 

{Z`moOZmgmR>r g§~§{YV gd© {ZU©` KoVmZm nmo{cg à{V{ZYr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 

11.0 {e\$maer 

21 

gÜ`m nmo{cgm§H$S>o 467 H$_©Mmar AmhoV. Am{U ehamÀ`m JaOm hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r hr H$_©Mmarg§»`m 

IynM H$_r Amho. (ómoV : nmo{cg( dmhVwH$ ) {d^mJ ) 

36

gÚ: pñWVrV dmhVwH$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc {e\$mae 

$maer r nmo{cgm§Zm ghmæ`^yV R>é 

eH$Vrc. 

• H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dUo, _Zwî`~i ( nmo{cgm§Mr g§»`m ) dmT>{dUo. Ë`m§Zm à{ejU XoUo, dmhVwH$ 

{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r AË`mYw{ZH$ \$moQ>mo pìhS>rAmo H°$_oam d BVa gmYZo KoUo. 

• Mm§Jë`m dmhVwH$ ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm A{YH$ma XoUo. 

• _w»` Mm¡H$m§_Üò H°$_oao ~g{dUo. 

nwaoem {ZYr {edm` `m§n¡H$s H$mhrhr eŠ` Zmhr Am{U ehamZo Ë`mcm àmYmÝ` Úmdo. 

12. g_mamon 

ehamH$[aVm EH$mpË_H$ d XrK©H$mi {Q>Hy$ eH$Umar gdªH$f dmhVwH$ `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 

Am{U d¡`{º$H$ Cnm` R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r nmaXeu à{H«$òMo _hÎd doJio gm§JÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. 

àËòH$ Cnm``moOZocm _m{hVrMm d Ë`m joÌmVrc Vk AgUmè`m ñdV§Ì g„mJmam§Zr Ho$coë`m 

{dícofUmMm AmYma AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. _J Vo VwQ>H$ VwQ>H$ dmQ>co Var haH$V Zmhr. na§Vy ñdV§Ì 

dmhVwH$ {Z`moOZ _§S>i ( `w{ZQ> ) {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ago _§S>i eham§À`m dmhVwH$ 

d n[adhZ {df`H$ JaOm§Mo gdªH$f arVrZo {Z`moOZ H$aoc. Aem _§S>imZo AmYw{ZH$ {Z`moOZ V§Ì, 

g§JUH$ à{V_mZH$aU ( H$m°åß`wQ>a _m°S>oqcJ ), gmYZo `m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$éZ d ñdV:Mm H$ma^ma 

ì`dgm{`H$ VÎdm§da Mmcdmdm. 

nwUo _hmZJa {d^mJmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U g_J« H¥$Vr AmamIS>m ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B© 

_hmZJa añVo {dH$mg àm{YH$aUmÀ`m YVuda nwUo _hmZJa {d^mJmH$[aVm A{Ve` Hw$ec dmhVwH$ 

Vkm§Mo nwUo _hmZJa {d^mJ {dH$mg àm{YH$aU ( nw. _. {d. {d. àm. ) {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdo. Agmhr 

EH$ n`m©` Amho. 

ho YmoaU åhUOo nwUo ehamV OmJ{OH$ XOm©Mo gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U 

H$aÊ`mH$[aVm _moR>o AmìhmZM Amho. `m EH$m YmoaUm_wio dmhVwH$sÀ`m _moR>çm à_mUmVrc d gVV 

dmT>Umè`m JaOm nyU© hmoVrc. ho YmoaU åhUOo nwUo _hmZJa {d^mJmVrc gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm 

gwYmaÊ`mMr d Ë`mV dmT> H$aÊ`mMr gwédmV Amho. Á`m_wio AZoH$ gH$mamË_H$ ~Xc KSy>Z òVrc. `m 

YmoaUm_wio Ho$di {ZåZV_² gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ ñVamVrc cmoH$m§ZmM \$m`Xm hmoB©c Ago Zmhr. Va 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWocm ^¸$_ AmYma {_ioc d Ë`m_wio EH$sH$aU _hmZJa dmhVwH$ 

37

àm{YH$mamÀ`m (E. _. dm. àm. ) _m\©$V ^{dî`H$mim_Üò dmhZàH$mam§_Üò {dñVma H$aVm òB©c. 

AOyZhr nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m, doJmZo {dH${gV hmoUmè`m ehamÀ`m _mJÊ`m nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r 

à`ËZerc Amho. ^{dî`mV nwUo ehamcm àJ{Verc åhUyZ {dH${gV hmoÊ`mgmR>r Zdm {dMma d 

A_ycmJ« n[adV©ZmMr JaO Amho. 

38

n[a{eï>o 

n[a{eï> EH$ :- 

: 

nwUo d qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m joÌm§_Üò gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ `§ÌUm d n[adhZ 

gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r ^yaocmc g{_Vr, n`m©daU àXyfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$maUmZo gm§{JVcoco {ZX©oeH$ VÎdo.:- 

1) ZJa{dH$mg {d^mJ, _hmamï´> emgZ `m§Zr nwUo d qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m n[adhZ 

CnH«$_ `m§À`m {dcrZrH$aUmMm {ZU©` Ëd[aV ¿`mdm. d XmoZ AmR>dS>çm§À`m AmV Vr à{H«$`m 

nyU© H$amdr. 

2) nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo 31 _mM© 2006 nydu 150 ~gog ^mS>çmZo ¿`mì`mV d 200 ZdrZ 

~gog {dH$V ¿`mì`mV. VgoM eŠ` Agë`mg Ë`m{edm` AmUIr 150 ~gog ^mS>çmZo 

KoÊ`mgmR>r nmdco Q>mH$mdrV. 

3) nwUo d qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m§Zr {_iyZ dmS>©ñVamda ZmJ[aH$m§er {dMma{d{Z_` H$éZ 

3 _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV EH$ gdªH$f gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ YmoaU V`ma H$amdo. 

4) gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sdarc àdmgr H$a H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mH$[aVm dmhVwH$ Am`wº$ AWm}nm` 

H$aVrc. n`m©daU àXyfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$aUmcm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$rdarc hm 

^ma C{MV Zmhr. Am{U Ë`m§Zr Ago Z_yX Ho$co Amho H$s, ImOJr dmhZm§À`m VwcZoV 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sdarc Am{W©H$ ^ma hm g_à_mUmV Zmhr. Am{U Ë`m_wio ehamVrc 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmcm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. ImOJr dmhZm§À`m gVV 

dmT>Umè`m `m dmhVwH$s_wio ehamVrc dm`y àXyfUm_Üò dmT> hmoVo. n`m©daU àXyfU {Z`§ÌU 

àm{YH$aU Ago gwM{dVo H$s, ImOJr dmhZm§darc H$amV dmT> H$éZ _hgwcrVrc VmoQ>m H$_r 

H$aÊ`mV `mdm. ImOJr dmhZm§darc hm H$a EH$X_ âÊ`mnojm dm{fªH$ H$a Agmdm. dmhVwH$ 

{d^mJmZo `m {ZX}eH$ VÎdm§~m~VMm Amncm Ahdmc àm{YH$mamÀ`m nwT>rc ~¡R>H$sVrc 

AmT>mì`mH$[aVm VrZ _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV n`m©daU àXyfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$maUmH$S>o gmXa H$amdm. 

5) nwUo d qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m§Zr nm{Hª$J~m~VMo EH$ gd©g_mdoeH$ YmoaU V`ma 

H$amdo. Am{U YmoaUmMm n{hcm _gwXm 3 _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV V`ma H$éZ ZmJ[aH$m§À`m 

gyM§Zm§gmR>r Iwcm H$amdm. A§{V_ YmoaU 6 _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r V`ma R>odmdo. 

6) nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$cm XwMmH$s dmhZm§da nm{Hª$J ewëH$ Z AmH$maÊ`mÀ`m {ZX}em§Mm nwZ{d©Mma 

H$aÊ`mV gm§{JVco Amho. n`m©daU àXyfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$maUmZo Ago gwM{dco Amho H$s, 

eham_Üò XwMmH$s¨Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho. `m dñVwpñWVr_wio _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo {VÀ`m 

{ZU©`mMm nwZ{d©Mma H$amdm. Am{U Ë`m§Zr Agohr gwM{dco Amho H$s, _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo XwMmH$s 

39

d Mma MmH$s nm{Hª$J ewëH$m_Üò nwaogm \$aH$ R>odmdm. OoUoH$éZ Ë`mV g_mZVm AmUVm òB©c. 

Am{U ehamVrc VwcZoZo H$_r lr_§V AgUmè`m§darc AmoPo H$_r hmoB©c. 

7) nwUo d qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m§Zr OZVo~amo~a {dMma{d{Z_` H$éZ eham§_Üò 

dmhZ_wº$ joÌo R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r 3 _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV `moOZm V`ma H$amdr. 

8) n`m©daU àXyfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$maUmcm gmXa H$amd`mÀ`m nm{Hª$~m~VÀ`m `moOZo_Üò, Zì`mZo 

~m§Yë`m OmUmè`m J¥hàH$ënm§_Üò dmhZm§H$[aVm VaVyX H$amd`mÀ`m gw{dYm§Mm XoIrc 

AmamIS>m Agmdm. Ë`m_wio dmhZo gmd©O{ZH$ añË`m§da C^r H$amdr cmJUma ZmhrV. 

9) nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m d qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m `m§Zr àm`mo{JH$ VÎdmda Ho$di eha 

~ggmR>rM H$mhr à_wI añË`m§da ~g _m{J©H$m H$éZ `moOZoMr dY©Zj_Vm Vnmgmdr, d Ë`mMm 

Ahdmc n`m©daU àXyfU {Z`§ÌU àm{YH$maUmcm H$idmdm. àm[YH$aUmZo {ZX}ecoë`m gdªH$f 

gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ YmoaUmMm XoIrc hm ^mJ Agmdm. nwUo _hmZJanm{cHo$Zo `mnyduM V`ma 

Ho$coë`m `moOZo~amo~a gdªH$f gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ YmoaUmMr gm§JS> Kmcmdr. 

10) nwUo d qnnar-qMMdS> _hmZJanm{cH$m joÌm§_Yrc CÈ>mUnycm§Mo ~m§YH$m_ ho XoIrc `m 

eham§H$[aVm V`ma H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ YmoaUmMm ^mJ Agmdm. 

n[a{eï> XmoZ 

_mJrc nmM dfm©V ~Xcocr nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m n[adhZ ì`dñWoMr pñWVr - nwUo 

_hmZJanm{cH$m n[adhZ ì`dñWoÀ`m AmH$S>odmarZwgma 

2000- 

01 

nwUo 

_hmZJanm{cH$m 

n[adhZmVrc 

JwVdUyH$ 

~gog 

CncãY 

Agcoë`m 

godm 

JXu àdmg^mS>o dmhZm§Mr pñWVr 

XaamoOMo XaamoOMo {_iH$V / {~KmS> Xa {H$cmo_rQ>a 

{H$cmo_rQ>a àdmgr àdmgr /{H$cmo_rQ>a / {_Q>a 

824 160498 419141 5.73 0.78 3.42 

40

2004- 

05 

~Xc 

Q>¸o$dmar 

856 161932 625248 5.24 1.19 3.29 

1 Q>¸$m 33 Q>¸o$ 34 Q>¸o$ - 4 Q>¸o$ 

{ZîH$f© :- 

: 

1) ~gogÀ`m g§»òV nwaer dmT> Pmcocr Zmhr. 

2) nwUo _hmZJanm{cH$m n[adhZ ì`dñWoÀ`m X¡{ZH$ {H$cmo_rQ>aZwgma àdmgmÀ`m A§Vam_Üò dmT> 

Zmhr. 

3) ~gÀ`m gamgar AmH$mam_Üò qH$dm àdmem§À`m gamgar n«dmg A§Vam_Üò H$mhrhr ~Xc Pmcm 

Zmhr. Ago J¥hrV Yaë`mg àdmem§À`m g§»òV 33 Q>¸o$ BVŠ`m Pmcoë`m dmT>rdéZ ~g_Yrc 

JXu dmT>ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. 

4) à{V àdmgr {_iH$V \$maer dmT>cr Zmhr. ( dmñV{dH$ KQ> Pmcr Amho). `mdéZ 

àdmg^mS>çm_Üò ârd ~Xc Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òV Zmhr. 

5) ~g ~§X nS>Ê`mMm Xa dmT>V Amho. Ë`mà_mUo B§YZ AH$m`©j_Vm `mdéZ dmhZo OwZr Pmë`mMo 

{XgyZ òVo. 

n[a{eï> VrZ 

_moQ>ma pñn[aQ> d hm`ñnrS> {S>goc `m§Mr _w§~B©Vrc {H$aH$moi {dH«$s qH$_V 

_moQ>ma pñn[aQ> énò / Hm`ñnrS> {S>goc énò 

{H$cmo_rQ>a 

/{H$cmo_rQ>a 

Mmcy ~{h: gmR>dU ( H$a§Q> EŠg 20385.15 21608.67 

ñQ>moAaoO ) qH$_V 

amÁ` A{Y^ma 1135.00 436.00 

BVa KQ>H$ (71.32 ) 21.27 

EHw$U 21448.83 22065.94 

CËnmXZ ewëH$ 14715.54 4711.38 

nmoMdUr AmH$ma 44.00 44.00 

41

XanÌH$ 36208.36 26821.12 

{dH«$sH$a/_yë`d{Y©V H$a 11138.34 7509.91 

~rOH$ qH$_V 47346.71 34331.03 

{dH«o$Vm H${_eZ 1024.00 600.00 

à{V {H$cmo_rQ>a {H$aH$moi {dH«$s 48370.71 34931.03 

qH$_V 

{H$aH$moi {dH«$s qH$_V 

( é. à{V {cQ>a ) 

48.38 34.94 

ómoV : qhXwñWmZ noQ´>mo{cA_ _hm_§S>i 

g§kmdcr 

gm. à. `. 

( E_. Q>r. Eg. ) - gm_y{hH$ n«dmg `§ÌUo_Üò OmñVrV OmñV àdmem§Zm godm nwa{dÊ`mè`m `§ÌUoMm 

g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem `§ÌUo_Üò ~gda AmYm[aV `§ÌUm d aoëdoda AmYm[aV 

`§ÌUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 

O. ~. dm. 

( ~r. Ama. Q>r. ) - OcX ~g dmhVwH$, gm_y{hH$ àdmg `§ÌUoda AmYm[aV ~g Á`m_Üò àË`jmV 

ñdV§Ì, Ho$di ~ggmR>rM Agcoco _mJ© `m§MmM g_mdoe ZgyZ nmXMmar d 

gm`H$cñdma `m§À`mH$[aVm XoIrc ñdV§Ì _mJ© AgVrc. `m_Üò {VH$sQ> 

H$mT>Ê`mMr CËH¥$ï> ì`dñWm Agoc. Am{U àdmem§Zm OcX JVrZo ~g_Üò 

MT>Ê`m CVaÊ`mgmR>r {deof ~g d ~gWm§~o XoIrc AgVrc. 

cm. ao. Q´>m§ 

( Ec. Ama. Q>r. ) - cmB©Q> aoc Q´>m§{PQ> {dÚwV aoëdoda AmYm[aV V§ÌkmZ EH$ ñdV§Ì aoëdo JmS>r åhUyZ 

qH$dm AZoH$ S>ã`m§Mr chmZ JmS>r åhUyZ MmcUmar daÀ`m ~mOycm {dÚwV 

OmoS>Ê`m Agcocr ^y-n¥ð> nmVirdéZ MmcUmar JmS>r, Q´>m_ `§ÌUoMm XoIrc 

Ec. Ama. Q>r. MmM EH$ àH$ma åhUyZ {dMma H$aÊ`mV òB©c. _mÌ hr dmhZo 

AmH$mamZo chmZ AgVrc Am{U dmhZm§À`m BVa àH$mam§~amo~aM Vr dmhZo XoIrc 

añË`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVrc. Q´>måg øm Ec. Ama. Q>r. gma»`mM AgVrc. 

g§. Z¡. dm. 

( gr. EZ. Or. ) - g§nrS>rV Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y, Ðdén B§YZmÀ`m VwcZoV Z¡g{J©H$ dm`wMr D$Om© KZVm 

H$_r AgVo. Am{U åhUyZ ñd`§M{cV dmhZm§_Üò Ë`mMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo 

42

Ë`mg AZwén H$aÊ`mH$[aVm 200 {H$cmoJ«°_ / g|{Q>_rQ>a BVH$m Xm~ XoD$Z Ë`mMo 

g§nrS>Z H$aÊ`mV òVo. 

Ð. no. dm. 

( Ec. nr. Or. ) - Ð{dV àoQ´>mo{cA_ dm`y H$_r àXwfUH$mar em°Q>© MoZ hm`S´>moH$m~©Z B§YZ. 

V. H$. Ð. 

( Eg. nr. E_. ) - ( {Zc§{~V ) Va§JVo H$Ur` Ðì` AË`§V gyú_ Aem KZénm_Üò qH$dm 

Ðdénm_Üò {d^mJco Jococo Ðì`, Oo ÁdcZ à{H«$òVyZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_m§_wio 

qH$dm Z¡g{J©H$ ómoVm§_YyZ hdo_Üò {dIwwaÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. œmgmoÀN>dmgmìXmao 

ho H$U earamV Joë`mda Amnë`m \w$ß\w$gmÀ`m D$VtZm {MH$Qy>Z ~gVmV d Ë`m_wio 

\w$ß\w$gmcm ZwH$gmZ nmohMVo, Am{U œgZ{df`H$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. 

H$Ur` Ðì` 10 

( nr. E_. 10 ) - YZ qH$dm Ðd ñdénmVrc H$Ur` Ðì`mMo n[a_mU g^modVmcÀ`m hdo_Üò 

( EamoS>m`Z°{_H$ S>m`_rQ>a ) Va§JUmao qH$dm g^modVmcÀ`m hdoÀ`m Z_wÝ`mVrc 10 

_m`H«$m°Ýg Am{U Ë`mnojm H$_r nr. E_. 10 À`m chmZ H$Um§_wio \w$ß\w$gmÀ`m 

AmVrc ^mJmcm {N>Ðo nS>VmV. d Ë`m_wio chmZ _wco d ûdgZmMo {dH$ma AgUmar 

cmoH$ `m§gma»`m g§doXZerc OZVoda Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. 

X. Vm. X. {X. ì` - X. Vm. X. {XeoZo OmUmè`m ì`º$s - gm_w{hH$ àdmg `§ÌUoMr j_Vm 

_moOÊ`mH$[aVm dmnaÊ`mV òVo. 

43

gdÂ©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU gdÂ©H$f dmhVwH$ YmoaU nwUo ...

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