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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DE PERNAMBUCO<<strong>br</strong> />
DEPARTAMENTO DE PESCA E AQÜICULTURA<<strong>br</strong> />
PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RECURSOS PESQUEIROS E AQÜICULTURA<<strong>br</strong> />
SÂMIA RÉGIA ROCHA MONTEIRO<<strong>br</strong> />
UTILIZAÇÃO DE SUBSTRATO ARTIFICIAL EM CULTIVO DO CAMARÃO<<strong>br</strong> />
Litopenaeus vannamei, EM ÁGUA OLIGOHALINA E MEIO HETEROTRÓFICO<<strong>br</strong> />
RECIFE<<strong>br</strong> />
AGOSTO, 2008
SÂMIA RÉGIA ROCHA MONTEIRO<<strong>br</strong> />
UTILIZAÇÃO DE SUBSTRATO ARTIFICIAL EM CULTIVO DO CAMARÃO<<strong>br</strong> />
Litopenaeus vannamei, EM ÁGUA OLIGOHALINA E MEIO HETEROTRÓFICO<<strong>br</strong> />
Dissertação apresentada ao Programa <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Pós-Graduação <strong>em</strong> Recursos Pesqueiros e<<strong>br</strong> />
Aqüicultura da Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Rural<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> Pernambuco, como parte <strong>do</strong>s requisitos<<strong>br</strong> />
necessários para a obtenção <strong>do</strong> grau <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Mestre <strong>em</strong> Recursos Pesqueiros e<<strong>br</strong> />
Aqüicultura.<<strong>br</strong> />
Orienta<strong>do</strong>r: Dr. Paulo <strong>de</strong> Paula Men<strong>de</strong>s,<<strong>br</strong> />
Depto. <strong>de</strong> Pesca e Aqüicultura/UFRPE.<<strong>br</strong> />
Recife<<strong>br</strong> />
Agosto, 2008
FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA<<strong>br</strong> />
M775u<<strong>br</strong> />
Monteiro, Sâmia Régia Rocha<<strong>br</strong> />
Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão<<strong>br</strong> />
Litopenaeus vannamei, <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina e meio heterotrófico /<<strong>br</strong> />
Sâmia Régia Rocha Monteiro. -- 2008.<<strong>br</strong> />
65 f. : il.<<strong>br</strong> />
Orienta<strong>do</strong>r : Paulo <strong>de</strong> Paula Men<strong>de</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
Dissertação (Mestra<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> Recursos Pesqueiros e Aqüicultu –<<strong>br</strong> />
ra) – Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Rural <strong>de</strong> Pernambuco. Departamento<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> Pesca e Aqüicultura.<<strong>br</strong> />
Inclui anexo e bibliografia.<<strong>br</strong> />
CDD 639. 543<<strong>br</strong> />
1. Litopenaeus vannamei<<strong>br</strong> />
2. Substrato<<strong>br</strong> />
3. Oligohalina<<strong>br</strong> />
4. Heterotrófico<<strong>br</strong> />
I Men<strong>de</strong>s, Paulo <strong>de</strong> Paula<<strong>br</strong> />
II. Título
Programa <strong>de</strong> Pós-Graduação <strong>em</strong> Recursos Pesqueiros e Aqüicultura<<strong>br</strong> />
Parecer da comissão examina<strong>do</strong>ra da <strong>de</strong>fesa <strong>de</strong> dissertação <strong>de</strong> mestra<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
SÂMIA RÉGIA ROCHA MONTEIRO<<strong>br</strong> />
“Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei, <strong>em</strong> água<<strong>br</strong> />
oligohalina e meio heterotrófico”<<strong>br</strong> />
A comissão examina<strong>do</strong>ra, composta pelos professores abaixo, sob a presidência <strong>do</strong> primeiro,<<strong>br</strong> />
consi<strong>de</strong>ra a candidata SÂMIA RÉGIA ROCHA MONTEIRO<<strong>br</strong> />
como APROVADA.<<strong>br</strong> />
Recife, 29 <strong>de</strong> agosto <strong>de</strong> 2008<<strong>br</strong> />
________________________________________________<<strong>br</strong> />
Prof. Dr. Paulo <strong>de</strong> Paula Men<strong>de</strong>s (UFRPE)<<strong>br</strong> />
Orienta<strong>do</strong>r<<strong>br</strong> />
________________________________________________<<strong>br</strong> />
Prof. Dr. André Fernan<strong>do</strong> Lavorante (UFRPE)<<strong>br</strong> />
M<strong>em</strong><strong>br</strong>o externo<<strong>br</strong> />
_______________________________________________<<strong>br</strong> />
Profª Dra. Emiko Shinozaki Men<strong>de</strong>s (UFRPE)<<strong>br</strong> />
M<strong>em</strong><strong>br</strong>o interno<<strong>br</strong> />
_______________________________________________<<strong>br</strong> />
Prof. Dr. Eu<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Souza Correia (UFRPE)<<strong>br</strong> />
M<strong>em</strong><strong>br</strong>o interno<<strong>br</strong> />
_______________________________________________<<strong>br</strong> />
Profª Dra. Roberta Borda Soares (UFRPE)<<strong>br</strong> />
Suplente
DEDICATÓRIA<<strong>br</strong> />
Dedico esse trabalho a minha mãe<<strong>br</strong> />
Regina, a meus irmãos Tiago e Sâmille e a<<strong>br</strong> />
minha avó Maria Stela, que mesmo com a<<strong>br</strong> />
distância me <strong>de</strong>ram confiança, apoio e amor.
AGRADECIMENTOS<<strong>br</strong> />
Primeiramente a Deus, por me dar saú<strong>de</strong>, paz e esperança recebida nos momentos<<strong>br</strong> />
difíceis.<<strong>br</strong> />
Ao Departamento <strong>de</strong> Pesca e Aqüicultura da UFRPE e, <strong>em</strong> especial, ao Programa <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Pós-Graduação <strong>em</strong> Recursos Pesqueiros e Aqüicultura e a Estação <strong>de</strong> Aqüicultura Continental<<strong>br</strong> />
Professor Johei Koike, <strong>em</strong> nome <strong>de</strong> to<strong>do</strong>s os professores e funcionários, por toda a infraestrutura<<strong>br</strong> />
disponibilizada. A agência Financia<strong>do</strong>ra <strong>de</strong> Estu<strong>do</strong>s e Projetos (FINEP), através da<<strong>br</strong> />
Re<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Carcinicultura <strong>do</strong> Nor<strong>de</strong>ste (RECARCINE), pelo apoio financeiro necessário para o<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>senvolvimento <strong>do</strong> referi<strong>do</strong> projeto.<<strong>br</strong> />
Ao orienta<strong>do</strong>r Prof. Dr. Paulo <strong>de</strong> Paula Men<strong>de</strong>s, por toda orientação, incentivo,<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>dicação e amiza<strong>de</strong>. Ao Laboratório <strong>de</strong> Carcinicultura - LaCar, <strong>em</strong> nome <strong>do</strong> seu coor<strong>de</strong>na<strong>do</strong>r<<strong>br</strong> />
Dr. Paulo <strong>de</strong> Paula Men<strong>de</strong>s, pela acolhida e oportunida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> pesquisa. Ao mesmo t<strong>em</strong>po a<<strong>br</strong> />
to<strong>do</strong>s que faz<strong>em</strong> esse laboratório: A Engenheira <strong>de</strong> Pesca Elaine Cristina e aos<<strong>br</strong> />
Engenheiran<strong>do</strong>s Cláudio Figueiroa e Karolline Correia pela amiza<strong>de</strong>, companheirismo e ajuda<<strong>br</strong> />
durante o perío<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> montag<strong>em</strong>, instalação e <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento experimental. E <strong>em</strong> especial<<strong>br</strong> />
aos Engenheiros <strong>de</strong> Pesca Dijaci Araújo e Yuri Vinícius pela excelente amiza<strong>de</strong>, conselhos<<strong>br</strong> />
da<strong>do</strong>s nas horas mais difíceis e afeição com a qual <strong>de</strong>dicaram-se ao experimento.<<strong>br</strong> />
Ao Laboratório <strong>de</strong> Sanida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> Animais Aquáticos – LASAq, <strong>em</strong> especial a Dra.<<strong>br</strong> />
Emiko Shinozaki Men<strong>de</strong>s e a Veterinária Joanna Doura<strong>do</strong>, por ter realiza<strong>do</strong> as análises<<strong>br</strong> />
bacteriológicas. Aos amigos e colegas <strong>de</strong> turma <strong>de</strong> mestra<strong>do</strong> 2006: Allan Inácio, Ana Cecília,<<strong>br</strong> />
Beatriz Regina, Danielle Lima, Danielli Matias, Diogo Bessa, Dráusio Pinheiro, Fernan<strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Kim, Irũ Menezes, Isabela Maria, José Carlos, Juliana Ferreira, Kátia Santos, Miguel Arcanjo,<<strong>br</strong> />
Mônica Maria, Renata Triane, Ugo Lima, Sandra Cristina, Verônica da Silva e Wanessa <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Melo, pela convivência durante o perío<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> mestra<strong>do</strong> e acima <strong>de</strong> tu<strong>do</strong> a amiza<strong>de</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
Aos meus amigos <strong>de</strong> hoje e s<strong>em</strong>pre: Aprigio Neto, Ariane Ximenes, Herlanete Brito,<<strong>br</strong> />
Lidiane Alencar, Magna Kelly, Maria Rosalina e Wanessa <strong>de</strong> Melo, pela ajuda nas horas mais<<strong>br</strong> />
difíceis, torcen<strong>do</strong> para que o objetivo fosse atingi<strong>do</strong>. Ao Biólogo Isaac Farias, por tu<strong>do</strong> que<<strong>br</strong> />
representa <strong>em</strong> minha vida, por toda a ajuda na hora <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>cidir qual caminho seguir, s<strong>em</strong>pre<<strong>br</strong> />
com paciência e amor.<<strong>br</strong> />
A to<strong>do</strong>s os familiares, <strong>em</strong> especial meus irmãos Sâmille e Tiago, meus pais Regina<<strong>br</strong> />
Lucia e Francisco Antônio, e à minha avó Maria Stela, aos amigos, colegas, companheiros <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
estu<strong>do</strong> e <strong>de</strong> trabalho que <strong>de</strong> alguma forma me <strong>de</strong>ram forças e ânimo para iniciar, manter e<<strong>br</strong> />
finalizar mais essa etapa da minha vida profissional.
RESUMO<<strong>br</strong> />
O uso <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais na aqüicultura v<strong>em</strong> sen<strong>do</strong> utiliza<strong>do</strong> para disponibilizar maior<<strong>br</strong> />
área <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> e alimento natural, melhoran<strong>do</strong> a qualida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> água e <strong>de</strong>s<strong>em</strong>penho <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão. Objetivan<strong>do</strong> maximizar a so<strong>br</strong>evivência, conversão alimentar e peso final <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei, quan<strong>do</strong> cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina (>0,5‰) e<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, foram avaliadas a influência da adição <strong>de</strong> telas como <strong>substrato</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>artificial</strong>. Pós-larvas com 10 dias (PL 10 ) foram aclimatadas <strong>de</strong> 34‰ para 0,5‰, durante um<<strong>br</strong> />
perío<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> 12 dias. Ao final <strong>do</strong> processo <strong>de</strong> aclimatação, as pós-larvas (PL 22 ) foram cultivadas<<strong>br</strong> />
até se obter o peso <strong>de</strong> 0,3+0,1g e, posteriormente, foram transferidas para 18 tanques <strong>de</strong> fi<strong>br</strong>a<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> vidro (800L <strong>de</strong> volume útil) e estocadas com 150 PL/tanque. A porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>substrato</strong> (PAS) foi representada por 100, 150, 200, 250 e 300% da área <strong>de</strong> fun<strong>do</strong> <strong>do</strong>s tanques<<strong>br</strong> />
(1,0 m 2 ), e o controle com “0” <strong>de</strong> PAS, analisadas <strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong>lineamento inteiramente casualiza<strong>do</strong>,<<strong>br</strong> />
com três repetições. Durante a fase <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, foi utilizada, nos 30 primeiros dias, ração com<<strong>br</strong> />
40% <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>br</strong>uta (PB) e nos 15 posteriores, com 35% PB, administrada diariamente às 8,<<strong>br</strong> />
12 e 17 horas. Ao final <strong>de</strong> 45 dias <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, a so<strong>br</strong>evivência variou <strong>de</strong> 45 a 84%, entre os<<strong>br</strong> />
tratamentos com 300% e 100% <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>, respectivamente. O peso final <strong>do</strong>s camarões,<<strong>br</strong> />
quan<strong>do</strong> relaciona<strong>do</strong> ao comprimento orbital e ao t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, não teve diferença<<strong>br</strong> />
estatística entre as PAS (P>0,05). Na relação entre comprimento com o t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, as<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS <strong>de</strong> 0, 200 e 250% diferenciaram <strong>de</strong> 300%. Conclui-se que o uso <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
favorece as variáveis ganho <strong>de</strong> peso, fator <strong>de</strong> conversão alimentar, taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento diária<<strong>br</strong> />
e so<strong>br</strong>evivência quan<strong>do</strong> se utiliza PAS entre 87,8 e 166,7%.
ABSTRACT<<strong>br</strong> />
The use of <strong>artificial</strong> substrates in aquaculture has been used to provi<strong>de</strong> the increase of culture<<strong>br</strong> />
area and natural food, improving the water quality of shrimp performance. In or<strong>de</strong>r to<<strong>br</strong> />
maximize the survival, feed conversion and final weight of marine shrimp Litopenaeus<<strong>br</strong> />
vannamei, cultured in oligohaline water (>0.5‰) and in heterotrophic syst<strong>em</strong>, were evaluated<<strong>br</strong> />
the effect of adding screens as <strong>artificial</strong> substrate. Post-larvae with 10 days (PL 10 ) were<<strong>br</strong> />
acclimated from 34‰ to 0.5‰, during 12 days. After of the acclimatization process, the postlarvae<<strong>br</strong> />
(PL 22 ) were reared to obtain 0.3±0.1g of weight and then they were transferred to 18<<strong>br</strong> />
fiberglass tanks (800 L of net volume) and stocked with 150 PL/tanque. The substrate<<strong>br</strong> />
percentage addition (SPA), represents 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300% of bottom area (1m 2 ) and<<strong>br</strong> />
the control “0” SPA, it was evaluated in completely ran<strong>do</strong>mized <strong>de</strong>sign, with three replicates.<<strong>br</strong> />
During the culture, were used a 40% cru<strong>de</strong> protein (CP) ration during the first 30 days, and<<strong>br</strong> />
another with 35% CP during the a 15 days, offered daily at 8, 12 and 17 hrs. After 45 days of<<strong>br</strong> />
culture the survival ranged from 45 to 84%, between treatments with 300% and 100% of<<strong>br</strong> />
substrate, respectively. The shrimp final weight, when related to the length orbit and the time<<strong>br</strong> />
of culture, did not present statistical difference between the SPA (P>0.05). In the ratio length<<strong>br</strong> />
and culture time, the treatment 300% was statistical different in the SPA-0, 200 and 250%. In<<strong>br</strong> />
conclusion, the use of <strong>artificial</strong> substrate increased the variables weight gain, feed conversion<<strong>br</strong> />
ratio, growth rate and survival when using SPA between 87.8 and 166.7%.
SUMÁRIO<<strong>br</strong> />
Resumo<<strong>br</strong> />
Abstract<<strong>br</strong> />
Lista <strong>de</strong> tabelas<<strong>br</strong> />
Lista <strong>de</strong> figuras<<strong>br</strong> />
1. INTRODUÇÃO --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11<<strong>br</strong> />
2. REVISÃO DE LITERATURA -------------------------------------------------------------------- 13<<strong>br</strong> />
2.1. Aqüicultura e carcinicultura ----------------------------------------------------------------- 13<<strong>br</strong> />
2.2. Litopenaeus vannamei e seu <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>em</strong> água <strong>de</strong> baixa salinida<strong>de</strong> ---------------------- 14<<strong>br</strong> />
2.3. Sist<strong>em</strong>a heterotrófico -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16<<strong>br</strong> />
2.4. Flocos bacterianos ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18<<strong>br</strong> />
2.5. Substratos artificiais --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20<<strong>br</strong> />
3. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO – Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão marinho<<strong>br</strong> />
Litopenaeus vannamei <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina e meio heterotrófico--------------------------------- 22<<strong>br</strong> />
RESUMO -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24<<strong>br</strong> />
INTRODUÇÃO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26<<strong>br</strong> />
MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28<<strong>br</strong> />
RESULTADOS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33<<strong>br</strong> />
DISCUSSÃO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35<<strong>br</strong> />
CONCLUSÃO --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39<<strong>br</strong> />
AGRADECIMENTOS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39<<strong>br</strong> />
REFERÊNCIAS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40<<strong>br</strong> />
ANEXOS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46<<strong>br</strong> />
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 50<<strong>br</strong> />
5. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ------------------------------------------------------------- 51<<strong>br</strong> />
6. ANEXO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55<<strong>br</strong> />
6.1. Normas da revista ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
LISTA DE TABELAS<<strong>br</strong> />
Tabela 1- Variáveis <strong>de</strong> qualida<strong>de</strong> da água <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei quan<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> águas<<strong>br</strong> />
oligohalinas e meio heterotrófico (médias ± erro padrão, amplitu<strong>de</strong> entre<<strong>br</strong> />
parênteses) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46<<strong>br</strong> />
Tabela 2 - Relação <strong>do</strong> peso com o comprimento <strong>do</strong> camarão L. vannamei <strong>em</strong> meio<<strong>br</strong> />
heterotrófico durante 45 dias <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> ------------------------------------------------- 46<<strong>br</strong> />
Tabela 3 - Relação <strong>do</strong> peso <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão L. vannamei <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
meio heterotrófico durante 45 dias <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> ------------------------------------------ 47<<strong>br</strong> />
Tabela 4 - Relação <strong>do</strong> comprimento <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão L.<<strong>br</strong> />
vannamei <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico durante 45 dias <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> ------------------------- 47
LISTA DE FIGURAS<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 1- Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> no ganho <strong>de</strong> peso <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias ----------- 47<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 2- Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> na so<strong>br</strong>evivência <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias ----------- 48<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 3- Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> no fator <strong>de</strong> conversão<<strong>br</strong> />
alimentar <strong>do</strong> camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante<<strong>br</strong> />
45 dias --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 4- Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> na taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias ------------ 49<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 5- Desenvolvimento das bactérias heterotróficas e autotróficas nas águas <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei --------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
MONTEIRO, S. R. R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei...<<strong>br</strong> />
1. INTRODUÇÃO<<strong>br</strong> />
A aqüicultura v<strong>em</strong> assumin<strong>do</strong> uma importância cada vez maior <strong>em</strong> to<strong>do</strong> o mun<strong>do</strong>, por<<strong>br</strong> />
ser uma ativida<strong>de</strong> econômica, altamente relevante e, principalmente, por representar uma<<strong>br</strong> />
alternativa para mitigar a so<strong>br</strong>eexplotação das espécies <strong>do</strong>s recursos naturais aquáticos.<<strong>br</strong> />
Em 2006, a produção aqüícola ultrapassou 66 milhões <strong>de</strong> toneladas atingin<strong>do</strong> um valor<<strong>br</strong> />
superior a US$ 86 bilhões (FAO, 2008). No Brasil, o <strong>cultivo</strong> experimental <strong>do</strong> Litopenaeus<<strong>br</strong> />
vannamei iniciou na década <strong>de</strong> 70, mas só a partir <strong>de</strong> 1996 esse agronegócio foi consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
tecnicamente viável pelo setor priva<strong>do</strong> e teve seu crescimento <strong>de</strong> forma exponencial.<<strong>br</strong> />
O L. vannamei suporta rápidas e gran<strong>de</strong>s flutuações <strong>de</strong> salinida<strong>de</strong> e, <strong>em</strong> várias partes<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong> mun<strong>do</strong>, po<strong>de</strong> ser encontra<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> águas hipersalinas (> 40º/ oo (partes por mil)) e até mesmo<<strong>br</strong> />
oligohalinas (0,5 – 3,0º/ oo ). Devi<strong>do</strong> a essa gran<strong>de</strong> capacida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> adaptação é uma espécie<<strong>br</strong> />
reconhecida como potente osmorregula<strong>do</strong>ra (VALENÇA, 2001) sen<strong>do</strong>, portanto, classificada<<strong>br</strong> />
como eurihalina.<<strong>br</strong> />
Alguns esta<strong>do</strong>s <strong>br</strong>asileiros apresentam dificulda<strong>de</strong>s <strong>em</strong> expandir a carcinicultura<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>vi<strong>do</strong> a algumas restrições como preservação das áreas <strong>de</strong> manguezais, pequenos perímetros<<strong>br</strong> />
costeiros e alto custo das áreas litorâneas. Desta forma, como estratégia para a expansão <strong>de</strong>sse<<strong>br</strong> />
agronegócio ter-se-ia a utilização <strong>de</strong> águas interioranas, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> as classificadas como <strong>do</strong>ce<<strong>br</strong> />
(
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 12<<strong>br</strong> />
Carbono/Nitrogênio (C/N). Essas bactérias são responsáveis pela redução <strong>do</strong>s compostos<<strong>br</strong> />
orgânicos da água gera<strong>do</strong>s pelas excretas e so<strong>br</strong>as <strong>de</strong> ração <strong>do</strong>s camarões, além <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
possibilitar<strong>em</strong> regimes <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> s<strong>em</strong> troca <strong>de</strong> água, apesar das altas <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> estocag<strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
utilizadas (>150 camarões/m 2 ).<<strong>br</strong> />
Nos sist<strong>em</strong>as com altas <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> estocag<strong>em</strong>, os <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais são<<strong>br</strong> />
utiliza<strong>do</strong>s como forma <strong>de</strong> aumentar a área útil <strong>do</strong>s viveiros, disponibilizan<strong>do</strong> acomodação<<strong>br</strong> />
para os camarões (MODESTO e MAIA, 2004; MOSS e MOSS, 2004), como <strong>substrato</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
adicional para bactérias nitrificantes (MOSS e MOSS, 2004) e colonização com microbiota<<strong>br</strong> />
natural, o que po<strong>de</strong> aumentar a disponibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> alimento natural, fornecen<strong>do</strong> uma dieta<<strong>br</strong> />
a<strong>de</strong>quada ao camarão (STUART et al., 2005).<<strong>br</strong> />
Apesar <strong>do</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina ser uma realida<strong>de</strong> <strong>em</strong> algumas<<strong>br</strong> />
fazendas, pouco se conhece das técnicas a ser<strong>em</strong> a<strong>do</strong>tadas, nos <strong>cultivo</strong>s <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>ssa espécie <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina e com a utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais. Desta forma,<<strong>br</strong> />
objetivou-se avaliar a influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (0, 100, 150, 200, 250<<strong>br</strong> />
e 300% <strong>de</strong> aumento da área útil <strong>do</strong> tanque) na so<strong>br</strong>evivência, fator <strong>de</strong> conversão alimentar e<<strong>br</strong> />
peso final <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 13<<strong>br</strong> />
2. REVISAO DE LITERATURA<<strong>br</strong> />
2.1. Aqüicultura e carcinicultura<<strong>br</strong> />
A importância da aqüicultura como ativida<strong>de</strong> produtora <strong>de</strong> alimentos, especialmente<<strong>br</strong> />
com a finalida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> suprir o déficit da pesca extrativa, confirma um crescimento contínuo nos<<strong>br</strong> />
últimos anos (MAGALHÃES, 2004). Em 2006, a produção <strong>de</strong> organismos aquáticos<<strong>br</strong> />
ultrapassou 66 milhões <strong>de</strong> toneladas, atingin<strong>do</strong> um valor superior a US$ 86 bilhões, segun<strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
da<strong>do</strong>s publica<strong>do</strong>s pela Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2008). A atual taxa <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
crescimento da aqüicultura mundial, para esses últimos 10 anos, foi <strong>de</strong> 3 milhões <strong>de</strong> toneladas<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> pesca<strong>do</strong>/ano. No Brasil, essa taxa foi <strong>de</strong> 18,40 mil toneladas (FAO, 2008).<<strong>br</strong> />
Em termos mundiais, a carcinicultura marinha é a ativida<strong>de</strong> da aqüicultura que mais<<strong>br</strong> />
t<strong>em</strong> se <strong>de</strong>senvolvi<strong>do</strong>, com uma produção que atingiu 3,16 milhões <strong>de</strong> toneladas no ano <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
2006, correspon<strong>de</strong>n<strong>do</strong> a um incr<strong>em</strong>ento <strong>de</strong> 16,5% <strong>em</strong> relação a 2005 (FAO, 2008). Países da<<strong>br</strong> />
Ásia, América Latina e recent<strong>em</strong>ente da África vêm contribuin<strong>do</strong> para o crescimento <strong>do</strong> setor.<<strong>br</strong> />
No Brasil, a carcinicultura é representada pelo <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> camarões peneí<strong>de</strong>os<<strong>br</strong> />
(STREIT et al., 2002). O <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> camarões marinhos <strong>em</strong> escala comercial no Brasil teve<<strong>br</strong> />
início na década <strong>de</strong> 70, com a introdução da espécie exótica Marsupenaeus japonicus e,<<strong>br</strong> />
posteriormente, o <strong>cultivo</strong> das espécies nativas Farfantepenaeus <strong>br</strong>asiliensis, Farfantepenaeus<<strong>br</strong> />
subtilis e Litopenaeus schmitti. Contu<strong>do</strong>, apenas na década <strong>de</strong> 90 utilizan<strong>do</strong>-se a espécie<<strong>br</strong> />
exótica L. vannamei, a indústria <strong>br</strong>asileira começou a ter representativida<strong>de</strong> na produção<<strong>br</strong> />
mundial <strong>de</strong> crustáceos (BARBIERI Jr. e OSTRENSKY NETO, 2002).<<strong>br</strong> />
A a<strong>do</strong>ção <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei como espécie alvo da carcinicultura <strong>br</strong>asileira foi <strong>de</strong>corrente<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong> seu alto grau <strong>de</strong> rusticida<strong>de</strong>, rentabilida<strong>de</strong>, crescimento, conversão alimentar e gran<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
aceitação no merca<strong>do</strong> internacional que, alia<strong>do</strong>s às condições edafo-climáticas das diversas<<strong>br</strong> />
macro-regiões <strong>do</strong> Brasil e, <strong>de</strong> forma especial da Região Nor<strong>de</strong>ste, possibilitaram o<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>senvolvimento <strong>do</strong> setor (ANDREATTA e BELTRAME, 2004).
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 14<<strong>br</strong> />
O recor<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> produção foi <strong>em</strong> 2003, chegan<strong>do</strong> a 90.190 toneladas e uma produtivida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
média <strong>de</strong> 6.084 kg/ha/ano, <strong>de</strong>stacan<strong>do</strong>-se como a maior entre os países produtores (ROCHA,<<strong>br</strong> />
2005). No entanto, a partir <strong>de</strong> 2004 a ativida<strong>de</strong> enfrentou probl<strong>em</strong>as <strong>de</strong> enfermida<strong>de</strong>s que<<strong>br</strong> />
afetaram seu <strong>de</strong>s<strong>em</strong>penho, provocan<strong>do</strong> uma redução <strong>de</strong> aproximadamente 30% nos valores<<strong>br</strong> />
produzi<strong>do</strong>s entre 2003 e 2005. Segun<strong>do</strong> a FAO (2008), a produção chegou <strong>em</strong> 2005 a 63.134<<strong>br</strong> />
toneladas, ten<strong>do</strong> um pequeno aumento <strong>em</strong> 2006, chegan<strong>do</strong> a 65.000 toneladas.<<strong>br</strong> />
2.2. Litopenaeus vannamei e seu <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>em</strong> água <strong>de</strong> baixa salinida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
A espécie L. vannamei não ocorre naturalmente na costa <strong>br</strong>asileira, é restrita ao<<strong>br</strong> />
Oceano Pacífico e sua distribuição vai <strong>do</strong> México (Província <strong>de</strong> Sonora) ao Peru (Sul <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Tumbes) (BENZIE, 2000 e GUSMÃO, 2001 apud FREITAS, 2003). Com a evolução <strong>do</strong> L.<<strong>br</strong> />
vannamei no Equa<strong>do</strong>r, o Brasil a<strong>do</strong>tou a espécie nos anos 90 e a carcinicultura chegou a um<<strong>br</strong> />
bom estágio <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento no país. Em pouco t<strong>em</strong>po, o camarão <strong>br</strong>anco <strong>do</strong> Pacífico (L.<<strong>br</strong> />
vannamei) <strong>de</strong>stacou-se <strong>de</strong>vi<strong>do</strong> a sua capacida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> adaptação às mais variadas condições <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>cultivo</strong>, altas taxas <strong>de</strong> crescimento e so<strong>br</strong>evivência, boa produtivida<strong>de</strong> e gran<strong>de</strong> aceitação no<<strong>br</strong> />
merca<strong>do</strong>, transforman<strong>do</strong>-se na principal espécie cultivada comercialmente no país<<strong>br</strong> />
(BARBIERI Jr. e OSTRENSKY NETO, 2002).<<strong>br</strong> />
Os potenciais impactos ambientais negativos <strong>de</strong> fazendas comerciais <strong>de</strong> camarão <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
zonas costeiras estuarinas têm gera<strong>do</strong> vários <strong>de</strong>bates nestes últimos anos. A aqüicultura<<strong>br</strong> />
usan<strong>do</strong> água <strong>de</strong> baixa salinida<strong>de</strong>, mostrou-se como uma vantajosa solução para o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
várias espécies e servin<strong>do</strong> como alternativa à aqüicultura tradicional costeira (GONZÁLEZ-<<strong>br</strong> />
FÉLIX et al., 2007).<<strong>br</strong> />
O L. vannamei já nasce com uma tolerância à salinida<strong>de</strong> da água (NUNES, 2001).<<strong>br</strong> />
Essa espécie é encontrada <strong>em</strong> águas com salinida<strong>de</strong> entre 1,0 a 40‰ (DAVIS, et al. 2004).<<strong>br</strong> />
Apesar <strong>de</strong> alguns camarões peneí<strong>de</strong>os ser<strong>em</strong> classifica<strong>do</strong>s como estenohalinos, suportan<strong>do</strong>
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 15<<strong>br</strong> />
apenas uma estreita faixa <strong>de</strong> variação na salinida<strong>de</strong>, outras espécies como o L. vannamei e o<<strong>br</strong> />
Penaeus mono<strong>do</strong>n, são consi<strong>de</strong>radas eurihalinas, toleran<strong>do</strong> rápidas e amplas flutuações na<<strong>br</strong> />
salinida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> até 10‰ (NUNES, 2001). O L. vannamei por ser uma espécie eurihalina, vive<<strong>br</strong> />
b<strong>em</strong> <strong>em</strong> salinida<strong>de</strong>s que variam <strong>de</strong> 5 a 55‰ (ANDRADE et al., 1999). Embora uma espécie<<strong>br</strong> />
possa ser encontrada <strong>em</strong> salinida<strong>de</strong> extr<strong>em</strong>amente baixa ou alta, não significa que possa<<strong>br</strong> />
atingir máximo crescimento e so<strong>br</strong>evivência <strong>em</strong> tais ambientes (LARAMORE et al., 2001).<<strong>br</strong> />
Diversos autores já aclimataram o L. vannamei para a água <strong>do</strong>ce, na fase equivalente<<strong>br</strong> />
ao berçário e obtiveram excelentes resulta<strong>do</strong>s (ALBUQUERQUE, 2005; OLIVEIRA, 2004).<<strong>br</strong> />
Segun<strong>do</strong> McGraw et al. (2002) a capacida<strong>de</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão <strong>de</strong> tolerar mudanças na salinida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
parece ser influenciada pela ida<strong>de</strong>, espécie e fatores ambientais. Para aclimatar <strong>em</strong> salinida<strong>de</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
menores que 4‰, necessita-se um perío<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> 24 a 48h, a fim <strong>de</strong> evitar a mortalida<strong>de</strong> por<<strong>br</strong> />
estresse <strong>de</strong> aclimatação, que po<strong>de</strong> acontecer <strong>em</strong> até <strong>do</strong>is dias após o processo, levan<strong>do</strong> a<<strong>br</strong> />
confundir a causa da morte (DAVIS et al., 2004). Tamoyo (1998) aclimatou, com sucesso,<<strong>br</strong> />
pós-larvas (PL) <strong>de</strong>sse camarão para o <strong>cultivo</strong> com salinida<strong>de</strong> zero. Men<strong>de</strong>s et al. (2006)<<strong>br</strong> />
adaptaram juvenis da espécie <strong>em</strong> água <strong>do</strong>ce, obten<strong>do</strong> taxa <strong>de</strong> so<strong>br</strong>evivência equivalente a<<strong>br</strong> />
77,74 e 98,04%.<<strong>br</strong> />
Segun<strong>do</strong> Saoud et al. (2003), pós-larvas <strong>de</strong> peneí<strong>de</strong>os não são tolerantes a gran<strong>de</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
flutuações <strong>de</strong> salinida<strong>de</strong> quan<strong>do</strong> muito jovens e parec<strong>em</strong> per<strong>de</strong>r a tolerância quan<strong>do</strong> juvenis.<<strong>br</strong> />
Segun<strong>do</strong> o mesmo autor, PL 15 e PL 20 <strong>de</strong> L. vannamei toleraram águas <strong>de</strong> baixa salinida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
melhor <strong>do</strong> que PL 10 . Em geral, PL 10 po<strong>de</strong> ser aclimatada a 4‰ com boa so<strong>br</strong>evivência. No<<strong>br</strong> />
entanto, somente pós-larvas com mais <strong>de</strong> 15 dias (PL 15 ) po<strong>de</strong>m ser aclimatadas a menores<<strong>br</strong> />
salinida<strong>de</strong>s (DAVIS et al., 2004).<<strong>br</strong> />
Ao contrário da água <strong>do</strong> mar, as constituições iônicas da água <strong>do</strong>ce variam<<strong>br</strong> />
consi<strong>de</strong>ravelmente. Enquanto algumas águas po<strong>de</strong>m ser apropriadas para o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão, algumas po<strong>de</strong>m comprometer a so<strong>br</strong>evivência ou crescimento (SAOUD et al.,
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 16<<strong>br</strong> />
2003). Segun<strong>do</strong> Davis et al. (2004), a água é consi<strong>de</strong>rada a<strong>de</strong>quada para o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarões se a salinida<strong>de</strong> for acima <strong>de</strong> 0,5‰, os níveis <strong>de</strong> Na + , K + , Cl -<<strong>br</strong> />
for<strong>em</strong> s<strong>em</strong>elhantes aos<<strong>br</strong> />
níveis da água salgada diluída para a mesma salinida<strong>de</strong>, se tiver<strong>em</strong> uma elevada concentração<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> Ca 2+ e se a alcalinida<strong>de</strong> for superior a 75 mg/L 1 <strong>de</strong> CaCO 3 .<<strong>br</strong> />
2.3. Sist<strong>em</strong>a heterotrófico<<strong>br</strong> />
Segun<strong>do</strong> Silva e Souza (1998), organismos heterotróficos são aqueles que não<<strong>br</strong> />
possu<strong>em</strong> a capacida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> sintetizar seu próprio alimento, ou seja, necessitam da presença <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
matéria orgânica para sua nutrição. Segun<strong>do</strong> Michaud et al. (2006) a população bacteriana<<strong>br</strong> />
heterotrófica é suspeita <strong>de</strong> ter um efeito positivo contra bactérias patogênicas.<<strong>br</strong> />
Os <strong>cultivo</strong>s super-intensivos <strong>de</strong> organismos aquáticos, s<strong>em</strong> renovação <strong>de</strong> água e com<<strong>br</strong> />
biota pre<strong>do</strong>minant<strong>em</strong>ente aeróbica e heterotrófica (ou <strong>em</strong> inglês, Zero Exchange, Aerobic,<<strong>br</strong> />
Heterotrophic Culture Syst<strong>em</strong>s - ZEAH) vêm surgin<strong>do</strong> como um novo paradigma na<<strong>br</strong> />
aqüicultura mundial (EMERENCIANO et al., 2007). Sist<strong>em</strong>as com baixa troca <strong>de</strong> água não só<<strong>br</strong> />
irão reduzir os custos com utilização <strong>de</strong> água e <strong>de</strong> bombeamento, como também reduzir os<<strong>br</strong> />
custos com alimentação, já que a produtivida<strong>de</strong> natural é alta (GONZÁLEZ-FÉLIX et al.,<<strong>br</strong> />
2007).<<strong>br</strong> />
O <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> camarões <strong>em</strong> sist<strong>em</strong>as heterotróficos, super-intensivo e utilizan<strong>do</strong> troca<<strong>br</strong> />
zero <strong>de</strong> água já foi relata<strong>do</strong> por alguns autores. Alguns pesquisa<strong>do</strong>res têm estimula<strong>do</strong> o uso<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>ste tipo <strong>de</strong> sist<strong>em</strong>a fecha<strong>do</strong>, principalmente induzin<strong>do</strong> a produção <strong>de</strong> camarões <strong>em</strong> meios<<strong>br</strong> />
heterotróficos, como forma <strong>de</strong> obter altas produtivida<strong>de</strong>s (MOSS, 2002; BURFORD et al.,<<strong>br</strong> />
2003; BURFORD et al., 2004; WASIELESKY et al., 2006b).<<strong>br</strong> />
Em 2005, experimentos comerciais foram inicia<strong>do</strong>s para validar o sist<strong>em</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> engorda super-intensivo a<strong>do</strong>ta<strong>do</strong> por alguns países, como Belize e Tailândia. Este sist<strong>em</strong>a<<strong>br</strong> />
po<strong>de</strong> ser opera<strong>do</strong> sob altas <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong>s (>150 camarões/m 2 ), viveiros revesti<strong>do</strong>s (manta <strong>de</strong>
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 17<<strong>br</strong> />
PVC), uso <strong>de</strong> aeração e renovação zero <strong>de</strong> água, po<strong>de</strong>n<strong>do</strong> gerar produtivida<strong>de</strong>s superiores a<<strong>br</strong> />
18t/ha/ciclo (NUNES, 2005).<<strong>br</strong> />
Segun<strong>do</strong> McIntosh (2001), <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> estocag<strong>em</strong> inferiores a 100 camarões/m 2 não<<strong>br</strong> />
favorec<strong>em</strong> as condições heterotróficas, sugerin<strong>do</strong> que <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong>s mais altas po<strong>de</strong>m acelerar o<<strong>br</strong> />
processo <strong>de</strong> estabilização bacteriana. Para estimular a formação <strong>do</strong> meio heterotrófico, o<<strong>br</strong> />
ambiente <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong>ve ser fort<strong>em</strong>ente oxigena<strong>do</strong> e fertiliza<strong>do</strong> com fontes ricas <strong>em</strong> carbono,<<strong>br</strong> />
como por ex<strong>em</strong>plo, o melaço <strong>de</strong> cana-<strong>de</strong>-açúcar (WASIELESKY, 2006b). Atualmente o<<strong>br</strong> />
melaço v<strong>em</strong> sen<strong>do</strong> utiliza<strong>do</strong> como promotor <strong>de</strong> crescimento bacteriano <strong>em</strong> viveiros <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> camarão no Brasil e no mun<strong>do</strong>. No entanto, sua eficiência é ainda muito pouco conhecida<<strong>br</strong> />
(WASIELESKY et al., 2006b).<<strong>br</strong> />
No meio heterotrófico utiliza-se uma relação carbono/nitrogênio (C/N) entre 14 e 30/1<<strong>br</strong> />
para que ocorra a formação <strong>do</strong> floco bacteriano (WASIELESKY, 2006b). Para obter esta<<strong>br</strong> />
relação faz-se necessário adicionar à água <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> um fertilizante orgânico como, por<<strong>br</strong> />
ex<strong>em</strong>plo, o melaço <strong>de</strong> cana-<strong>de</strong>-açúcar, que t<strong>em</strong> a capacida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> elevar esta relação. O uso <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
fertilizantes inorgânicos (Nitrogênio-N e Fósforo-P) promove o incr<strong>em</strong>ento das algas e os<<strong>br</strong> />
fertilizantes orgânicos supl<strong>em</strong>entam as fontes <strong>de</strong> carbono, benefician<strong>do</strong> o crescimento <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
bactérias e organismos bentônicos e também estimulan<strong>do</strong> o crescimento <strong>do</strong> fitoplâncton<<strong>br</strong> />
(BOYD, 1982; 2001).<<strong>br</strong> />
Em estu<strong>do</strong> so<strong>br</strong>e multi-espécies no biofilme (OHASHI et al. apud ZHU e CHEN,<<strong>br</strong> />
2001) relataram que a porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> amônia e nitrito diminuíram com o aumento da relação<<strong>br</strong> />
(C/N) e as bactérias heterotróficas se tornaram mais <strong>do</strong>minantes <strong>em</strong> relações mais elevadas.<<strong>br</strong> />
Em altas relações <strong>de</strong> C/N, bactérias heterotróficas po<strong>de</strong>m competir pelo oxigênio disponível e<<strong>br</strong> />
espaço no biofilme. Somente quan<strong>do</strong> esta relação é relativamente baixa as bactérias<<strong>br</strong> />
autotróficas são capazes <strong>de</strong> competir com bactérias heterotróficas. Contu<strong>do</strong>, a baixa relação
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 18<<strong>br</strong> />
C/N afetan<strong>do</strong> a taxa <strong>de</strong> nitrificação, varia entre sist<strong>em</strong>as e está relacionada a características <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
carbono orgânico disponível (MICHAUD et al., 2006).<<strong>br</strong> />
De acor<strong>do</strong> com Wasielesky et al. (2006a), o pH abaixo <strong>de</strong> 7,0 afeta o crescimento <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
L. vannamei <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico. Para manter níveis ótimos <strong>de</strong> pH para o <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> bactérias <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> intensivos <strong>de</strong> camarão <strong>em</strong> água com baixa salinida<strong>de</strong>, geralmente é<<strong>br</strong> />
necessário aplicar tampões alcalinos, tais como bicarbonato <strong>de</strong> sódio, carbonato <strong>de</strong> cálcio,<<strong>br</strong> />
hidróxi<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> cálcio e hidróxi<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> sódio (BOLETIN NICOVITA, acesso <strong>em</strong> 2008).<<strong>br</strong> />
As bactérias redutoras <strong>de</strong> matéria orgânica são eficientes <strong>de</strong>compositoras <strong>em</strong> níveis<<strong>br</strong> />
curtos <strong>de</strong> pH, sen<strong>do</strong> ótimo entre 7,0 e 8,0, entretanto não são eficientes <strong>em</strong> níveis maiores. Em<<strong>br</strong> />
pH abaixo <strong>de</strong> 6,8, as bactérias nitrificantes são inibidas e não r<strong>em</strong>ov<strong>em</strong> os <strong>de</strong>jetos<<strong>br</strong> />
nitrogena<strong>do</strong>s (BOLETIN NICOVITA, acesso <strong>em</strong> 2008). A <strong>de</strong>snitrificação heterotrófica<<strong>br</strong> />
influencia positivamente o pH da água (BOLEY et al., 2000).<<strong>br</strong> />
2.4. Flocos bacterianos<<strong>br</strong> />
De acor<strong>do</strong> com a teoria <strong>do</strong> esqueleto filamentoso (JENKINS et al., 1993) os flocos são<<strong>br</strong> />
forma<strong>do</strong>s por bactérias filamentosas que irão gerar sua estrutura e pelas bactérias zoogleais, as<<strong>br</strong> />
quais são produtoras <strong>de</strong> exopolímeros que serv<strong>em</strong> para uní-las, forman<strong>do</strong> o floco bacteriano.<<strong>br</strong> />
Os flocos ou agrega<strong>do</strong>s microbianos são uma mistura complexa composta por bactérias,<<strong>br</strong> />
protozoários (BRATVOLD e BROWDY, 2001; EMERENCIANO et al., 2007), algas, fungos,<<strong>br</strong> />
rotíferos, n<strong>em</strong>atói<strong>de</strong>s (BRATVOLD e BROWDY, 2001), microalgas, fezes, exoesqueletos,<<strong>br</strong> />
restos <strong>de</strong> organismos mortos, inverte<strong>br</strong>a<strong>do</strong>s, entre outros (EMERENCIANO et al., 2007).<<strong>br</strong> />
Utilizan<strong>do</strong> um correto dimensionamento da aeração, visan<strong>do</strong> a ressuspensão <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
material particula<strong>do</strong>, macro agrega<strong>do</strong>s ou “flocos” são forma<strong>do</strong>s durante o ciclo <strong>de</strong> produção.<<strong>br</strong> />
Uma vez forma<strong>do</strong>s, serv<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> supl<strong>em</strong>ento alimentar aos animais e assimilam compostos<<strong>br</strong> />
nitrogena<strong>do</strong>s presentes na água, portanto, geran<strong>do</strong> condições para a mesma ser reutilizada por
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 19<<strong>br</strong> />
diversos ciclos (EMERENCIANO et al., 2007). Wasielesky et al. (2006b) afirmaram que os<<strong>br</strong> />
microrganismos presentes no floco assimilam os compostos nitrogena<strong>do</strong>s origina<strong>do</strong>s <strong>do</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
restos <strong>de</strong> alimento <strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong>composição e das excretas <strong>do</strong>s animais, as quais são a principal fonte<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> nitrogênio para a formação <strong>do</strong>s flocos.<<strong>br</strong> />
A proteína (biomassa microbiana) obtida com a conversão <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>tritos orgânicos é<<strong>br</strong> />
consumida regularmente pelos camarões durante o <strong>cultivo</strong> (BARBIERI Jr. e OSTRENSKY<<strong>br</strong> />
NETO, 2002; CUZON, 2004). A retenção <strong>de</strong> proteína pelos animais é <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> um<<strong>br</strong> />
número <strong>de</strong> fatores, incluin<strong>do</strong> a ingestão <strong>de</strong> alimentos, nível <strong>de</strong> proteína nos alimentos, balanço<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> aminoáci<strong>do</strong>s, b<strong>em</strong> como os fatores ambientais (GONZÁLEZ-FÉLIX et al., 2007). Além <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
proteína, os flocos contêm um número importante <strong>de</strong> macro (cálcio, fósforo, potássio e<<strong>br</strong> />
magnésio) e micro-nutrientes (co<strong>br</strong>e, ferro, manganês e zinco), assim como amino-áci<strong>do</strong>s e<<strong>br</strong> />
áci<strong>do</strong>s graxos (MOSS et al., 2006).<<strong>br</strong> />
A formação <strong>do</strong> biofilme bacteriano, <strong>em</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>, po<strong>de</strong> ser uma importante estratégia<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> baixo custo para impulsionar a produção <strong>de</strong> peixes (RAMESH et al., 1999) e também <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarões, visto que mais <strong>de</strong> 29% <strong>do</strong> alimento consumi<strong>do</strong> pelo L. vannamei po<strong>de</strong> ser<<strong>br</strong> />
origina<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> flocos bacterianos conti<strong>do</strong>s no meio heterotrófico (BURFORD et al., 2004).<<strong>br</strong> />
Assim, o <strong>cultivo</strong> super-intensivo, <strong>de</strong>sta espécie, <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, <strong>em</strong> que a proteína<<strong>br</strong> />
microbiana efetivamente consumida reduz a <strong>de</strong>manda <strong>de</strong> proteína na ração, melhora<<strong>br</strong> />
significativamente as taxas <strong>de</strong> conversão alimentar, reduzin<strong>do</strong> os custos com rações<<strong>br</strong> />
(WASIELESKY et al., 2006b).<<strong>br</strong> />
Normalmente, não mais <strong>do</strong> que 25 a 30% <strong>de</strong> nitrogênio e fósforo aplica<strong>do</strong>s nos<<strong>br</strong> />
viveiros via fertilizantes e ração é recuperada no peixe ou camarão (BOYD, 2003). Burford et<<strong>br</strong> />
al. (2004) afirmaram que entre 18 e 29% <strong>do</strong> nitrogênio consumi<strong>do</strong> pelo L. vannamei po<strong>de</strong> ser<<strong>br</strong> />
origina<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> flocos bacterianos conti<strong>do</strong>s no meio heterotrófico, enquanto McIntosh (2000)<<strong>br</strong> />
reporta níveis <strong>de</strong> retenção <strong>de</strong> até 37%.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 20<<strong>br</strong> />
Wasielesky et al. (2006a) avaliaram o efeito da produtivida<strong>de</strong> natural <strong>em</strong> meio<<strong>br</strong> />
heterotrófico, durante o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> L. vannamei, ten<strong>do</strong> como resulta<strong>do</strong> a influência positiva <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
meio so<strong>br</strong>e o ganho <strong>de</strong> peso, consumo <strong>de</strong> ração, crescimento, conversão alimentar e<<strong>br</strong> />
so<strong>br</strong>evivência. Em meio heterotrófico com 300 cam/m 2 , a taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento foi <strong>de</strong> 47%<<strong>br</strong> />
maior que o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio com água clara, mostran<strong>do</strong> a contribuição <strong>de</strong> flocos<<strong>br</strong> />
microbianos.<<strong>br</strong> />
Burford et al. (2004) ao analisar<strong>em</strong> a utilização da matéria floculada para nutrição <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão, no sist<strong>em</strong>a super-intensivo, obtiveram taxa <strong>de</strong> so<strong>br</strong>evivência entre 91 e 99%.<<strong>br</strong> />
Burford et al. (2003) utilizaram cinco tanques com altas <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong>s (120 cam/m 2 ) s<strong>em</strong> troca<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> água e com aeração durante três s<strong>em</strong>anas, ten<strong>do</strong> como resulta<strong>do</strong> altas concentrações <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
nutrientes, os quais promoveram o crescimento <strong>de</strong> bactérias, fitoplâncton (principalmente<<strong>br</strong> />
flagela<strong>do</strong>s autotróficos) e protozoário. Cerca <strong>de</strong> 40% das bactérias foram associadas com<<strong>br</strong> />
matéria floculada.<<strong>br</strong> />
2.5. Substratos artificiais<<strong>br</strong> />
A utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais na carcinicultura t<strong>em</strong> como objetivo proporcionar:<<strong>br</strong> />
(1) maior área útil no viveiro, diminuin<strong>do</strong> as perdas por canibalismo e disponibilizan<strong>do</strong> uma<<strong>br</strong> />
maior superfície para o crescimento das algas periféricas (MODESTO e MAIA, 2004); (2)<<strong>br</strong> />
acomodação para os camarões (MODESTO e MAIA, 2004; MOSS e MOSS, 2004); (3)<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>substrato</strong> adicional para bactérias nitrificantes (MOSS e MOSS, 2004); e (4) colonização com<<strong>br</strong> />
biota natural, o que po<strong>de</strong> aumentar a disponibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> alimento natural fornecen<strong>do</strong> uma<<strong>br</strong> />
dieta a<strong>de</strong>quada ao camarão (STUART et al., 2005).<<strong>br</strong> />
Ressalta-se que os <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais nada mais são <strong>do</strong> que uma cortina ou mantas<<strong>br</strong> />
colocadas no interior <strong>do</strong> viveiro, <strong>em</strong> posição que não dificulte o manejo (BARBIERI Jr. e<<strong>br</strong> />
OSTRENSKY NETO, 2002). O biofilme a<strong>de</strong>ri<strong>do</strong> às telas po<strong>de</strong> ser <strong>de</strong>fini<strong>do</strong> como um
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 21<<strong>br</strong> />
consórcio microbiano associa<strong>do</strong> à substâncias poliméricas extracelulares anexa<strong>do</strong> a<<strong>br</strong> />
superfícies submersas (THOMPSON et al. 2002).<<strong>br</strong> />
Carvalho et al. (2004) ao comparar<strong>em</strong> a utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> com <strong>substrato</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
natural, verificaram que o <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> também foi apropria<strong>do</strong> para a colonização por<<strong>br</strong> />
macroinverte<strong>br</strong>a<strong>do</strong>s, ten<strong>do</strong> similarida<strong>de</strong> na estrutura da comunida<strong>de</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
Os organismos presentes nos <strong>substrato</strong>s aceleram a <strong>de</strong>composição da matéria orgânica<<strong>br</strong> />
presente na água e r<strong>em</strong>ov<strong>em</strong> os metabólitos tóxicos (amônia, nitrito, gás carbônico) existentes<<strong>br</strong> />
no meio, garantin<strong>do</strong> melhor qualida<strong>de</strong> da água e reduzin<strong>do</strong> a necessida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> renovação<<strong>br</strong> />
(BARBIERI Jr. e OSTRENSKY NETO, 2002). Segun<strong>do</strong> Ballester et al. (2004), o biofilme<<strong>br</strong> />
a<strong>de</strong>ri<strong>do</strong> aos <strong>substrato</strong>s, utiliza<strong>do</strong>s <strong>em</strong> seu experimento, era forma<strong>do</strong> por bactérias<<strong>br</strong> />
heterotróficas, cianobactérias filamentosas, cilia<strong>do</strong>s, n<strong>em</strong>ató<strong>de</strong>os e diatomáceas. Estes autores<<strong>br</strong> />
observaram que os camarões tiveram maior crescimento e maior so<strong>br</strong>evivência quan<strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
cultiva<strong>do</strong>s na presença <strong>de</strong>stes <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais, <strong>de</strong>monstran<strong>do</strong> que a utilização <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais po<strong>de</strong> diminuir os efeitos negativos causa<strong>do</strong>s pelo aumento da <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> estocag<strong>em</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
Segun<strong>do</strong> Moss e Moss (2004), a <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong> ser aumentada s<strong>em</strong> comprometer<<strong>br</strong> />
significativamente o crescimento <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei quan<strong>do</strong> é utiliza<strong>do</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>. Os<<strong>br</strong> />
mesmos autores verificaram um aumento significativo no crescimento e/ou so<strong>br</strong>evivência <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarões juvenis <strong>de</strong> L. vannamei através da adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> durante a produção<<strong>br</strong> />
intensiva. Sen<strong>do</strong> assim, o <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> <strong>em</strong> sist<strong>em</strong>as berçário, po<strong>de</strong> ser utiliza<strong>do</strong> para<<strong>br</strong> />
mitigar os potenciais efeitos negativos da alta <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> so<strong>br</strong>e o crescimento <strong>de</strong> L. vannamei.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 22<<strong>br</strong> />
3. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO<<strong>br</strong> />
Parte <strong>do</strong>s resulta<strong>do</strong>s obti<strong>do</strong>s durante o trabalho experimental <strong>de</strong>ssa dissertação é<<strong>br</strong> />
apresentada no artigo intitula<strong>do</strong> “UTILIZAÇÃO DE SUBSTRATO ARTIFICIAL EM<<strong>br</strong> />
CULTIVOS DO CAMARÃO MARINHO Litopenaeus vannamei, EM ÁGUA<<strong>br</strong> />
OLIGOHALINA E MEIO HETEROTRÓFICO” (manuscrito), que se encontra anexa<strong>do</strong>.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 23<<strong>br</strong> />
MANUSCRITO<<strong>br</strong> />
“UTILIZAÇÃO DE SUBSTRATO ARTIFICIAL EM CULTIVOS DO CAMARÃO<<strong>br</strong> />
MARINHO Litopenaeus vannamei, EM ÁGUA OLIGOHALINA E MEIO<<strong>br</strong> />
HETEROTRÓFICO”<<strong>br</strong> />
Manuscrito a ser submeti<strong>do</strong> à revista<<strong>br</strong> />
Aquaculture ISSN: 0044-8486
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Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>s <strong>do</strong> camarão marinho Litopenaeus<<strong>br</strong> />
vannamei, <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina e meio heterotrófico<<strong>br</strong> />
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Sâmia Régia Rocha Monteiro 1,2* ; Yuri Vinicius <strong>de</strong> Andra<strong>de</strong> Lopes 2 ; Dijaci Araújo<<strong>br</strong> />
Ferreira 1,2 ; Paulo <strong>de</strong> Paula Men<strong>de</strong>s 1,2 ; Emiko Shinozaki Men<strong>de</strong>s 3<<strong>br</strong> />
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1 Programa <strong>de</strong> Pós-graduação <strong>em</strong> Recursos Pesqueiros e Aqüicultura; 2 Deptartamento <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Pesca e Aqüicultura; 3 Departamento <strong>de</strong> Medicina Veterinária, Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral<<strong>br</strong> />
Rural <strong>de</strong> Pernambuco Av. Dom Manuel <strong>de</strong> Me<strong>de</strong>iros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900,<<strong>br</strong> />
Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. *Autor para correspondência. Tel: 081-3320-6507. E-mail:<<strong>br</strong> />
samiarrm@gmail.com<<strong>br</strong> />
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RESUMO<<strong>br</strong> />
Embora a utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais seja uma técnica utilizada <strong>em</strong> várias<<strong>br</strong> />
carciniculturas <strong>do</strong> mun<strong>do</strong>, estu<strong>do</strong>s compl<strong>em</strong>entares são necessários para validar sua<<strong>br</strong> />
eficiência nos novos sist<strong>em</strong>as <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se a<<strong>br</strong> />
porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS), <strong>em</strong> relação ao aumento da área útil <strong>do</strong> fun<strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong>s tanques <strong>de</strong> 0 (controle), 100, 150, 200, 250 e 300% no <strong>cultivo</strong> heterotrófico <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei, <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina. As PAS foram avaliadas<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong>lineamento inteiramente casualiza<strong>do</strong> com três repetições. Pós-larvas com 10 dias<<strong>br</strong> />
(PL 10 ) foram aclimatadas à água oligohalina com 0,5 ‰ (partes por mil) e ao final <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
processo (PL 22 ) foram cultivadas até atingir<strong>em</strong> o peso <strong>de</strong> 0,3+0,1g. Posteriormente,<<strong>br</strong> />
foram estocadas <strong>em</strong> 18 tanques <strong>de</strong> fi<strong>br</strong>a <strong>de</strong> vidro (1,0 m 2 e 800 L <strong>de</strong> volume útil) a 150<<strong>br</strong> />
PL tanque -1 . Ao final <strong>de</strong> 45 dias <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> observou-se que a maior so<strong>br</strong>evivência<<strong>br</strong> />
(84%) e a menor (45%) ocorreram nos tratamentos com PAS <strong>de</strong> 100 e 300%,
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respectivamente. Ao relacionar o peso final <strong>do</strong>s camarões com o comprimento orbital e<<strong>br</strong> />
o t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, verificou-se que não houve diferença estatística entre as PAS<<strong>br</strong> />
(P>0,05). As relações entre os comprimentos e os t<strong>em</strong>pos <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> com as PAS <strong>de</strong> 0,<<strong>br</strong> />
200 e 250% diferenciaram <strong>de</strong> 300%. Concluiu-se que o uso <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
favorece os parâmetros zootécnicos (fator <strong>de</strong> conversão alimentar, taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento<<strong>br</strong> />
diária, ganho <strong>de</strong> peso e so<strong>br</strong>evivência) <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei ao utilizar<strong>em</strong> as porcentagens <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> entre 88 e 167%.<<strong>br</strong> />
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Palavras chave: Substrato, oligohalina, heterotrófico, Litopenaeus vannamei.<<strong>br</strong> />
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INTRODUÇÃO<<strong>br</strong> />
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A produção <strong>de</strong> organismos aquáticos <strong>em</strong> 2006, ultrapassou 66 milhões <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
toneladas e atingiu valores superiores a US$ 86 bilhões, segun<strong>do</strong> da<strong>do</strong>s publica<strong>do</strong>s pela<<strong>br</strong> />
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2008). Desse total, 6,3% foram gera<strong>do</strong>s nos<<strong>br</strong> />
estuários, 44,8% nas águas interioranas e 48,9% nas águas salgadas. A aqüicultura, <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
águas interioranas t<strong>em</strong> se revela<strong>do</strong> como uma vantajosa solução para o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> várias<<strong>br</strong> />
espécies além <strong>de</strong> servir como alternativa a aqüicultura tradicional costeira (González-<<strong>br</strong> />
Félix et al., 2007). Entre os vários setores da aqüicultura <strong>de</strong>staca-se o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarões, seja <strong>de</strong> ambiente marinho ou <strong>de</strong> águas interiores.<<strong>br</strong> />
Das espécies utilizadas <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, o camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei<<strong>br</strong> />
t<strong>em</strong> se <strong>de</strong>staca<strong>do</strong> mundialmente ao ser produzi<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> to<strong>do</strong>s os ambientes e li<strong>de</strong>rar a<<strong>br</strong> />
produção com 67,77% <strong>do</strong>s peneí<strong>de</strong>os cultiva<strong>do</strong>s. Essa espécie já nasce com tolerância à<<strong>br</strong> />
salinida<strong>de</strong> da água (Nunes, 2001) e são encontra<strong>do</strong>s <strong>em</strong> águas <strong>de</strong> 1,0 a 40,0 ‰ (Davis,<<strong>br</strong> />
et al. 2004). Apesar <strong>de</strong> alguns camarões peneí<strong>de</strong>os ser<strong>em</strong> classifica<strong>do</strong>s como<<strong>br</strong> />
estenohalinos, por suportar<strong>em</strong> apenas uma estreita faixa <strong>de</strong> variação da salinida<strong>de</strong>, as<<strong>br</strong> />
espécies L. vannamei e Penaeus mono<strong>do</strong>n são classificadas como eurihalinas, por<<strong>br</strong> />
tolerar<strong>em</strong> rápidas e gran<strong>de</strong>s flutuações da salinida<strong>de</strong> (Nunes, 2001).<<strong>br</strong> />
Os potenciais impactos negativos das fazendas comerciais <strong>de</strong> camarão que são<<strong>br</strong> />
alocadas nas zonas costeiras, têm gera<strong>do</strong> muitos <strong>de</strong>bates nestes últimos anos e como<<strong>br</strong> />
alternativa <strong>de</strong> mitigar esses probl<strong>em</strong>as, os <strong>cultivo</strong>s super-intensivos, s<strong>em</strong> renovação <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
água e com biota pre<strong>do</strong>minant<strong>em</strong>ente aeróbica e heterotrófica (ou Zero Exchange,<<strong>br</strong> />
Aerobic, Heterotrophic Culture Syst<strong>em</strong>s-“ZEAH”) vêm surgin<strong>do</strong> como um novo<<strong>br</strong> />
paradigma na aqüicultura mundial (Emerenciano et al., 2007). Sist<strong>em</strong>as com baixa troca<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> água não só reduz<strong>em</strong> os custos <strong>do</strong> uso da água e <strong>de</strong> bombeamento, como também
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reduz<strong>em</strong> os custos com alimentação, já que a produtivida<strong>de</strong> natural é alta (González-<<strong>br</strong> />
Félix et al., 2007).<<strong>br</strong> />
Para estimular a formação <strong>do</strong> meio heterotrófico, o ambiente <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong>ve ser<<strong>br</strong> />
fort<strong>em</strong>ente oxigena<strong>do</strong> e fertiliza<strong>do</strong> com fontes ricas <strong>em</strong> carbono, como ex<strong>em</strong>plo, o<<strong>br</strong> />
melaço <strong>de</strong> cana-<strong>de</strong>-açúcar (Wasielesky, 2006). Através <strong>de</strong> um correto dimensionamento<<strong>br</strong> />
da aeração, visan<strong>do</strong> a ressuspensão <strong>do</strong> material particula<strong>do</strong>, macro-agrega<strong>do</strong>s ou flocos<<strong>br</strong> />
são estimula<strong>do</strong>s a formação durante o ciclo <strong>de</strong> produção, sen<strong>do</strong> forma<strong>do</strong>s <strong>de</strong> microalgas,<<strong>br</strong> />
fezes, exoesqueletos, bactérias, entre outros. Uma vez forma<strong>do</strong>s, serv<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> supl<strong>em</strong>ento<<strong>br</strong> />
alimentar aos animais (Emerenciano et al., 2007). Barbieri Jr. e Ostrensky Neto (2002)<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>stacam ainda que os organismos presentes nos <strong>substrato</strong>s aceleram a <strong>de</strong>composição da<<strong>br</strong> />
matéria orgânica presente na água e r<strong>em</strong>ov<strong>em</strong> os metabólitos tóxicos (amônia, nitrito,<<strong>br</strong> />
gás carbônico) existentes no meio, garantin<strong>do</strong> melhor qualida<strong>de</strong> da água e reduzin<strong>do</strong> a<<strong>br</strong> />
necessida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> renovação. Ressalta-se que a proteína efetivamente consumida através<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong> floco reduz a <strong>de</strong>manda <strong>de</strong> proteína da ração, potencializan<strong>do</strong> a conversão alimentar<<strong>br</strong> />
(Wasielesky et al., 2006).<<strong>br</strong> />
Nos sist<strong>em</strong>as super-intensivos os <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais são utiliza<strong>do</strong>s como forma<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> aumentar a área útil <strong>do</strong>s viveiros, disponibilizar acomodações para os camarões,<<strong>br</strong> />
favorecer <strong>substrato</strong>s adicionais para bactérias nitrificantes (Moss e Moss, 2004) e<<strong>br</strong> />
aumentar a superfície para colonização da biota natural, po<strong>de</strong>n<strong>do</strong> aumentar a<<strong>br</strong> />
disponibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>do</strong> alimento natural e fornecer uma dieta a<strong>de</strong>quada ao camarão (Stuart et<<strong>br</strong> />
al., 2005).<<strong>br</strong> />
Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>s <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina e <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico.<<strong>br</strong> />
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100
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MATERIAL E MÉTODOS<<strong>br</strong> />
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Cultivos experimentais <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei foram realiza<strong>do</strong>s na Estação <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Aqüicultura Continental Professor Johei Koike da Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Rural <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Pernambuco, no perío<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> janeiro a a<strong>br</strong>il <strong>de</strong> 2008. Foram realiza<strong>do</strong>s <strong>em</strong> duas etapas,<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>em</strong> que a primeira foi <strong>de</strong>stinada ao processo <strong>de</strong> aclimatação e a segunda a fase <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
engorda.<<strong>br</strong> />
Na fase <strong>de</strong> aclimatação, pós-larvas (PL) <strong>do</strong> camarão L. vannamei foram<<strong>br</strong> />
adquiridas <strong>de</strong> uma larvicultura comercial, com 10 dias (PL 10 ). Após sua aquisição,<<strong>br</strong> />
foram transportadas <strong>em</strong> sacos plásticos, para o laboratório e acomodadas <strong>em</strong> um tanque<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> 1000 L on<strong>de</strong> ocorreu o processo <strong>de</strong> aclimatação. As pós-larvas foram estocadas à<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> 10 PL L -1 e no primeiro dia não se alterou a salinida<strong>de</strong> da água (34 ‰).<<strong>br</strong> />
Do segun<strong>do</strong> ao décimo segun<strong>do</strong> dia a salinida<strong>de</strong> foi reduzida diariamente até se obter<<strong>br</strong> />
0,5 ‰. O volume inicial da água <strong>do</strong> tanque <strong>de</strong> aclimatação foi <strong>de</strong> 100 L e para redução<<strong>br</strong> />
da salinida<strong>de</strong> inicial, adicionou-se água <strong>do</strong>ce diariamente, o equivalente a 100% <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
volume existente. Após o preenchimento <strong>do</strong> volume total (800 L), retirou-se<<strong>br</strong> />
diariamente 50% <strong>de</strong>sse volume, com reposição com água <strong>do</strong>ce.<<strong>br</strong> />
Durante o processo <strong>de</strong> aclimatação, foram administradas biomassa <strong>de</strong> artêmia e<<strong>br</strong> />
ração com 40% <strong>de</strong> proteína <strong>br</strong>uta (PB). A biomassa e a ração foram ofertadas<<strong>br</strong> />
alternadamente seis vezes ao dia com intervalos <strong>de</strong> duas horas, com início às 8 e<<strong>br</strong> />
término às 18 h. Diariamente foram monitora<strong>do</strong>s o nível da água, a salinida<strong>de</strong>, o<<strong>br</strong> />
oxigênio dissolvi<strong>do</strong> (OD), o pH e a t<strong>em</strong>peratura.<<strong>br</strong> />
Ao término da primeira etapa, os camarões foram cultiva<strong>do</strong>s até se obter<<strong>br</strong> />
indivíduos com 0,3+0,1 g, sen<strong>do</strong> posteriormente transferi<strong>do</strong>s para os tanques<<strong>br</strong> />
experimentais (18 tanques <strong>de</strong> 1000 L). Cada tanque foi abasteci<strong>do</strong> com 800 L <strong>de</strong> água,
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filtrada <strong>em</strong> malha <strong>de</strong> 185 µm e salinida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> 0,5 ‰. O sist<strong>em</strong>a <strong>de</strong> aeração da unida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
experimental foi realiza<strong>do</strong> por compressores radiais e, <strong>em</strong> cada tanque, utilizaram-se 5<<strong>br</strong> />
pontos <strong>de</strong> saída <strong>de</strong> ar com pedra porosa. As pós-larvas foram estocadas à <strong>de</strong>nsida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
150 PL m -2 e cultivadas durante 45 dias.<<strong>br</strong> />
Os <strong>substrato</strong>s consistiram <strong>de</strong> telas <strong>de</strong> polietileno com malha <strong>de</strong> 1,0 mm e<<strong>br</strong> />
dimensões <strong>de</strong> 0,63 m x 0,40 m. As telas foram fixadas na posição vertical, distanciadas<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> 10 cm <strong>do</strong> fun<strong>do</strong> <strong>do</strong> tanque e para sua fixação foram utiliza<strong>do</strong>s quatro tijolos maciços.<<strong>br</strong> />
A área <strong>de</strong> fun<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> cada tanque foi <strong>de</strong> 1,0 m 2 , portanto foram adicionadas 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 e<<strong>br</strong> />
6 telas que representaram, respectivamente, a porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS)<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> 0, 100, 150, 200, 250 e 300%. Para cada tela foi consi<strong>de</strong>rada uma adição <strong>de</strong> área <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
0,5 m 2 (2 la<strong>do</strong>s x 0,63m x 0,40m). O experimento foi conduzi<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong>lineamento<<strong>br</strong> />
inteiramente casualiza<strong>do</strong> com seis tratamentos (PAS) e três repetições.<<strong>br</strong> />
Durante a fase experimental utilizou-se uma dieta à base <strong>de</strong> ração peletizada<<strong>br</strong> />
comercial, com 40% PB, durante os primeiros 30 dias. Posteriormente, utilizou-se ração<<strong>br</strong> />
com 35% PB, que foram ministradas às 8 h, 12 h e 17 h, <strong>em</strong> um come<strong>do</strong>uro com 14 cm<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> diâmetro. O volume <strong>de</strong> ração ministra<strong>do</strong>, diariamente, foi ajusta<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> acor<strong>do</strong> com a<<strong>br</strong> />
so<strong>br</strong>a da ração ofertada no dia anterior, as quais foram retiradas, secas <strong>em</strong> estufa e<<strong>br</strong> />
quantificadas.<<strong>br</strong> />
Realizou-se fertilização <strong>em</strong> to<strong>do</strong>s os tanques, cinco dias antes <strong>do</strong> povoamento,<<strong>br</strong> />
utilizan<strong>do</strong>-se fertilizantes comerciais, nas proporções <strong>de</strong> 2,0 mg L -1 <strong>de</strong> nitrogênio, 0,2<<strong>br</strong> />
mg L -1 <strong>de</strong> fósforo e 1,0 mg L -1 <strong>de</strong> silício, conforme recomenda<strong>do</strong> por Samocha et al.<<strong>br</strong> />
(2007).<<strong>br</strong> />
Durante o <strong>cultivo</strong> não foi realizada troca <strong>de</strong> água, apenas reposição <strong>de</strong>vi<strong>do</strong> às<<strong>br</strong> />
perdas por evaporação. Em se tratan<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> um sist<strong>em</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina,<<strong>br</strong> />
foi realiza<strong>do</strong>, quinzenalmente, o monitoramento da alcalinida<strong>de</strong> (Felfoldy, 1987),
30<<strong>br</strong> />
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175<<strong>br</strong> />
dureza total (Felfoldy, 1987), as concentrações <strong>de</strong> amônia, nitrito e nitrato foram<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>terminadas por colorimetria utilizan<strong>do</strong> kits <strong>de</strong> reagente Policontrol. A transparência<<strong>br</strong> />
foi monitorada diariamente às 12 h, utilizan<strong>do</strong> disco <strong>de</strong> Secchi. S<strong>em</strong>analmente, foi<<strong>br</strong> />
efetuada análise bacteriológica da água <strong>de</strong> to<strong>do</strong>s os tanques, concernente a contag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
bactérias autotróficas e heterotróficas e coliformes totais.<<strong>br</strong> />
Como aporte <strong>de</strong> carbono foi utiliza<strong>do</strong> melaço <strong>de</strong> cana-<strong>de</strong>-açúcar e as quantida<strong>de</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
adicionadas foram calculadas com base na relação <strong>de</strong> 20/1 <strong>de</strong> C/N. A quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
melaço (∆ Melaço ) necessária para aten<strong>de</strong>r essa <strong>de</strong>manda foi estimada com base na<<strong>br</strong> />
quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> nitrogênio da ração, convertida <strong>em</strong> amônia (∆N) e no conteú<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
carbono <strong>do</strong> melaço (%C), <strong>de</strong> acor<strong>do</strong> com equações adaptadas <strong>de</strong> Avnimelech (1999)<<strong>br</strong> />
Hari et al. (2004, 2006) e Samocha et al. (2007), conforme a equação 1.<<strong>br</strong> />
∆ Melaço = [∆N . (C/N)] . %C -1 (Eq. 1)<<strong>br</strong> />
Assumiu-se que o fluxo <strong>de</strong> amônia na água, diretamente da excreção ou<<strong>br</strong> />
indiretamente da <strong>de</strong>gradação microbiana <strong>do</strong>s resíduos <strong>de</strong> nitrogênio orgânico, foi <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
aproximadamente 50% <strong>do</strong> nitrogênio da ração (Avnimelech, 1999), como apresenta<strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
na equação 2.<<strong>br</strong> />
∆N = Q Ração . %N Ração . %N Excreção (Eq. 2)<<strong>br</strong> />
Em que: Q Ração - quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> ração ofertada diariamente; %N Ração - quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
nitrogênio inseri<strong>do</strong> no sist<strong>em</strong>a (% Proteína Bruta . 6,25 -1 ) e %N Excreção – quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
nitrogênio excreta<strong>do</strong> no sist<strong>em</strong>a.<<strong>br</strong> />
O percentual <strong>de</strong> carbono (% C) no melaço foi estima<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> cerca <strong>de</strong> 30% <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
relação à matéria seca. Portanto, ao utilizar ração comercial conten<strong>do</strong> 35% <strong>de</strong> proteína<<strong>br</strong> />
(5,6% N) e que 50% <strong>do</strong> nitrogênio da ração são excreta<strong>do</strong>s (%N Excreção ), obteve-se a<<strong>br</strong> />
equação 3.<<strong>br</strong> />
∆ Melaço = [(Q Ração . %N Ração . %N Excreção ) . (C/N)] . %C -1
31<<strong>br</strong> />
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∆ Melaço = [(Q Ração . 0,056 . 0,5) . (C/N)] . 0,30 -1<<strong>br</strong> />
∆ Melaço = Q Ração . 0,0933 . (C/N) (Eq. 3)<<strong>br</strong> />
Quinzenalmente, foram realizadas biometrias para monitorar o crescimento <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
comprimento (cm) e peso (g) <strong>do</strong>s camarões. Para a realização das biometrias, foram<<strong>br</strong> />
coleta<strong>do</strong>s 10% <strong>de</strong> camarões <strong>de</strong> cada tanque, os quais foram medi<strong>do</strong>s, com precisão <strong>de</strong> +<<strong>br</strong> />
1,0 mm, da ponta <strong>do</strong> telson até o pedúnculo ocular (comprimento orbital), pesa<strong>do</strong>s <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
balança eletrônica (+0,01g) e analisa<strong>do</strong>s quanto aos <strong>de</strong>mais da<strong>do</strong>s zootécnicos (repleção<<strong>br</strong> />
intestinal, necrose e muda). Após avaliação, os camarões foram repostos aos seus<<strong>br</strong> />
respectivos tanques. Ao término <strong>do</strong> experimento, realizou-se a <strong>de</strong>spesca e,<<strong>br</strong> />
paralelamente, a biometria final e a análise <strong>de</strong> so<strong>br</strong>evivência.<<strong>br</strong> />
Para avaliar o fator <strong>de</strong> condição <strong>do</strong>s camarões, quan<strong>do</strong> cultiva<strong>do</strong>s com diferentes<<strong>br</strong> />
quantida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s, utilizou-se a relação peso <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> comprimento (Eq. 4).<<strong>br</strong> />
Com base no parâmetro <strong>de</strong> crescimento da equação, utilizou-se os critérios<<strong>br</strong> />
recomenda<strong>do</strong>s por King (1995) para classificar se a relação foi alométrica ou não.<<strong>br</strong> />
190<<strong>br</strong> />
W<<strong>br</strong> />
= φ<<strong>br</strong> />
(Eq. 4)<<strong>br</strong> />
θ<<strong>br</strong> />
i<<strong>br</strong> />
L i<<strong>br</strong> />
191<<strong>br</strong> />
192<<strong>br</strong> />
Em que: W - Peso, θ e Ø - parâmetros <strong>de</strong> crescimento, L – comprimento, i – i-ésima<<strong>br</strong> />
observação.<<strong>br</strong> />
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198<<strong>br</strong> />
Para avaliar a taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento diária (β 1 ) <strong>do</strong>s camarões utilizou-se a relação<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong> comprimento <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> (Eq. 5).<<strong>br</strong> />
L i = β 0 + β 1 T i (Eq. 5)<<strong>br</strong> />
Em que: L - comprimento, β 0 e β 1 – parâmetros <strong>do</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>lo, T – t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, i – i-<<strong>br</strong> />
ésima observação.<<strong>br</strong> />
199
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Para avaliar o crescimento <strong>em</strong> peso <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> utilizou-se o<<strong>br</strong> />
seguinte mo<strong>de</strong>lo mat<strong>em</strong>ático apresenta<strong>do</strong> na (Eq.6).<<strong>br</strong> />
β 1 T<<strong>br</strong> />
W i<<strong>br</strong> />
i<<strong>br</strong> />
= β0e<<strong>br</strong> />
(Eq. 6)<<strong>br</strong> />
Em que: W – Peso, β 0 e β 1 – parâmetros <strong>do</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>lo, T – t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>, e – Base <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
logaritmo neperiano e i – i-ésima observação.<<strong>br</strong> />
A taxa <strong>de</strong> so<strong>br</strong>evivência (TS) foi obtida pelo quociente entre o número <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarões ao final <strong>do</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> (N F ) e o número <strong>de</strong> camarões estoca<strong>do</strong>s (N 0 ), expressan<strong>do</strong>se<<strong>br</strong> />
da forma representada na equação 7.<<strong>br</strong> />
TS = (N F / N 0 )100 (Eq. 7)<<strong>br</strong> />
Para comparar os mo<strong>de</strong>los <strong>de</strong> so<strong>br</strong>evivência, foi utilizada a análise <strong>de</strong> variância<<strong>br</strong> />
(ANOVA), associa<strong>do</strong> ao teste <strong>de</strong> comparação <strong>de</strong> médias (Teste <strong>de</strong> Tukey), ao nível <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
significância <strong>de</strong> 5%. Para estimar os parâmetros <strong>do</strong>s mo<strong>de</strong>los <strong>de</strong>fini<strong>do</strong>s nas equações 4,<<strong>br</strong> />
5 e 6, utilizou-se o méto<strong>do</strong> <strong>do</strong>s mínimos quadra<strong>do</strong>s. A comparação <strong>do</strong>s parâmetros <strong>do</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
mo<strong>de</strong>los foi feita com base na estatística “W” <strong>de</strong>finida <strong>em</strong> Men<strong>de</strong>s (1999), apresentada<<strong>br</strong> />
na equação 8.<<strong>br</strong> />
W<<strong>br</strong> />
1 2<<strong>br</strong> />
(1,2) 1 2 1<<strong>br</strong> />
(1) 1<<strong>br</strong> />
−<<strong>br</strong> />
2<<strong>br</strong> />
(2) 2<<strong>br</strong> />
= (n + n )Ln[SQres /(n + n ) ] − n Ln(SQres / n ) n Ln(SQres / n ) (Eq. 8)<<strong>br</strong> />
Em que: W - estatística a ser comparada com a distribuição <strong>de</strong> χ 2 (p-2;α%), sen<strong>do</strong> “p” o<<strong>br</strong> />
número <strong>de</strong> parâmetros <strong>do</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>lo; n 1 e n 2 - número <strong>de</strong> pontos das retas 1 e 2; SQ res(1,2) -<<strong>br</strong> />
soma <strong>de</strong> quadra<strong>do</strong>s <strong>do</strong> resíduo das retas 1 e 2, quan<strong>do</strong> juntas; SQ res(1) , SQ res(2) - soma <strong>do</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
quadra<strong>do</strong>s <strong>do</strong> resíduo das retas 1 e 2, respectivamente.<<strong>br</strong> />
To<strong>do</strong>s os cálculos foram realiza<strong>do</strong>s utilizan<strong>do</strong>-se o programa computacional<<strong>br</strong> />
SysEapro (V.1).<<strong>br</strong> />
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RESULTADOS<<strong>br</strong> />
Ao cultivar o camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei durante 45 dias <strong>em</strong> água<<strong>br</strong> />
oligohalina e meio heterotrófico, verificou-se que a t<strong>em</strong>peratura, salinida<strong>de</strong> e<<strong>br</strong> />
transparência, diferenciaram significativamente (P
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maximização <strong>de</strong>ssas variáveis entre o intervalo <strong>de</strong> PAS avaliada. Os mo<strong>de</strong>los<<strong>br</strong> />
estatísticos foram ajusta<strong>do</strong>s com níveis <strong>de</strong> probabilida<strong>de</strong> “P(F)” que variaram
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282<<strong>br</strong> />
a taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento diário. Ao relacionar essas taxas com a porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>substrato</strong>, po<strong>de</strong>-se estimar o valor (PAS=166,7%) que maximizou a taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento<<strong>br</strong> />
diário (Figura 4 e Tabela 4).<<strong>br</strong> />
A contag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> bactérias heterotróficas e autotróficas, cinco dias antes <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
povoamento foi <strong>de</strong> até 1 UFC mL -1 (unida<strong>de</strong> forma<strong>do</strong>ra <strong>de</strong> colônia mL -1 ). Com o<<strong>br</strong> />
acréscimo diário <strong>de</strong> melaço no sist<strong>em</strong>a, foi verifica<strong>do</strong> um aumento na quantida<strong>de</strong> total<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong> bactérias heterotróficas durante o <strong>cultivo</strong> (Figura 5). Observou-se que a partir <strong>do</strong> 10º<<strong>br</strong> />
dia <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> a população <strong>de</strong> bactérias autotróficas manteve-se estável até o final <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>cultivo</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
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DISCUSSÃO<<strong>br</strong> />
Segun<strong>do</strong> Wyban (1995), o camarão L. vannamei po<strong>de</strong> ser cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
t<strong>em</strong>peraturas entre 23 e 30 ºC, no entanto 27 ºC é consi<strong>de</strong>rada a t<strong>em</strong>peratura ótima para<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> camarões com peso inferior a 5,0 g (Ponce-Palafox et al., 1997), estan<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
acor<strong>do</strong> com os valores encontra<strong>do</strong>s no presente estu<strong>do</strong>. Consi<strong>de</strong>ran<strong>do</strong> que os valores <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
t<strong>em</strong>peratura durante toda a fase experimental estiveram <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>ssa faixa po<strong>de</strong>-se<<strong>br</strong> />
admitir que mesmo haven<strong>do</strong> diferença entre t<strong>em</strong>peraturas nos tratamentos, não po<strong>de</strong> ser<<strong>br</strong> />
consi<strong>de</strong>rada relevante.<<strong>br</strong> />
Os níveis <strong>de</strong> oxigênio dissolvi<strong>do</strong> (OD) e pH, <strong>de</strong> acor<strong>do</strong> com os critérios <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
McGraw et al. (2001), foram consi<strong>de</strong>ra<strong>do</strong>s a<strong>de</strong>qua<strong>do</strong>s ao <strong>cultivo</strong> da espécie. Wyk et al.<<strong>br</strong> />
(1999) relataram que o nível ótimo <strong>de</strong> OD para o <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> organismos aquáticos,<<strong>br</strong> />
incluin<strong>do</strong>-se camarões, <strong>de</strong>ve ser manti<strong>do</strong> acima <strong>de</strong> 5 mg L -1 . Cohen et al. (2005)<<strong>br</strong> />
cultivan<strong>do</strong> juvenis <strong>de</strong> L. vannamei, com poucas trocas <strong>de</strong> água, obtiveram pH entre 6,7<<strong>br</strong> />
e 8,5 e OD entre 2,1 e 8,3 mg L -1 , portanto, abaixo <strong>do</strong> verifica<strong>do</strong> neste experimento, no<<strong>br</strong> />
qual o mínimo <strong>de</strong>tecta<strong>do</strong> foi <strong>de</strong> 4,8 mg L -1 (Tabela 1). Os níveis <strong>de</strong> alcalinida<strong>de</strong>, mesmo
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com as calagens s<strong>em</strong>anais, estiveram abaixo <strong>do</strong> recomenda<strong>do</strong> por McNevin et al. (2004)<<strong>br</strong> />
e Davis et al. (2004) que é <strong>de</strong> 75 mg L -1 e por Wyk et al. (1999), que citaram valores<<strong>br</strong> />
maiores que 100 mg L -1 durante to<strong>do</strong> o <strong>cultivo</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
O aumento da transparência, com o aumento da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> área <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>substrato</strong> foi relacionada à redução na circulação <strong>de</strong> água provocada pelo aumento na<<strong>br</strong> />
quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s, que funcionaram como uma barreira física <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>do</strong> tanque, o<<strong>br</strong> />
que ocasionou a <strong>de</strong>cantação <strong>do</strong> material flocula<strong>do</strong>. Sugere-se também que o floco<<strong>br</strong> />
bacteriano <strong>em</strong> suspensão a<strong>de</strong>riu-se ao <strong>substrato</strong>, reduzin<strong>do</strong> assim sua presença na coluna<<strong>br</strong> />
d’água e, conseqüent<strong>em</strong>ente, aumentan<strong>do</strong> a transparência. Burford et al. (2003)<<strong>br</strong> />
afirmaram que mais <strong>de</strong> 50% das bactérias estão livres na coluna d’água e o restante<<strong>br</strong> />
associa<strong>do</strong> com <strong>de</strong>tritos na forma <strong>de</strong> material flocula<strong>do</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
O aumento na quantida<strong>de</strong> total <strong>de</strong> bactérias heterotróficas, <strong>em</strong> relação às<<strong>br</strong> />
autotróficas, provavelmente foi conseqüência <strong>do</strong> acréscimo <strong>de</strong> carbono adiciona<strong>do</strong> via o<<strong>br</strong> />
melaço <strong>de</strong> cana-<strong>de</strong>-açúcar, resulta<strong>do</strong>s similares foram encontra<strong>do</strong>s por Hari et al. (2004,<<strong>br</strong> />
2006). Mesmo com a adição <strong>de</strong> melaço no sist<strong>em</strong>a, houve elevação <strong>do</strong> teor <strong>de</strong> amônia,<<strong>br</strong> />
divergin<strong>do</strong> <strong>do</strong>s resulta<strong>do</strong>s encontra<strong>do</strong>s por Hari et al. (2006) e Avnimelech (1999), <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
que a quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> amônia total foi reduzida com o acréscimo <strong>de</strong> carbono no sist<strong>em</strong>a.<<strong>br</strong> />
Samocha et al. (2007) relataram que os baixos níveis <strong>de</strong> amônia e nitrito<<strong>br</strong> />
sugeriram que a adição <strong>de</strong> carbono, na forma <strong>de</strong> melaço, é um efetivo instrumento no<<strong>br</strong> />
controle <strong>de</strong>ssa forma <strong>de</strong> nitrogênio. Thompson et al. (2002) afirmaram que o biofilme<<strong>br</strong> />
melhora a qualida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> água <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>s com níveis mais altos <strong>de</strong> salinida<strong>de</strong>, porém<<strong>br</strong> />
neste caso, como a salinida<strong>de</strong> é baixa (0,5 ‰), po<strong>de</strong>-se não ter consegui<strong>do</strong> este efeito. O<<strong>br</strong> />
aumento da amônia é concordante com o relata<strong>do</strong> por Gonzálex-Félix (2007) o qual cita<<strong>br</strong> />
que sist<strong>em</strong>as fecha<strong>do</strong>s, com baixa salinida<strong>de</strong>, são particularmente susceptíveis ao<<strong>br</strong> />
acúmulo <strong>de</strong> nitrogênio.
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Poucos estu<strong>do</strong>s foram realiza<strong>do</strong>s no senti<strong>do</strong> <strong>de</strong> avaliar o <strong>de</strong>s<strong>em</strong>penho das<<strong>br</strong> />
bactérias heterotróficas e autotróficas <strong>em</strong> águas com baixa salinida<strong>de</strong>. Possivelmente, a<<strong>br</strong> />
baixa salinida<strong>de</strong>, utilizada no presente trabalho, afetou as interações entre os organismos<<strong>br</strong> />
presentes no sist<strong>em</strong>a, prejudican<strong>do</strong> a minimização <strong>de</strong> nitrogênio.<<strong>br</strong> />
Apesar <strong>do</strong>s altos teores da amônia, o teor <strong>de</strong> nitrito, que também é tóxico para o<<strong>br</strong> />
camarão, manteve-se <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>do</strong>s níveis normais (
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Verificou-se que o aumento da adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> favoreceu significativamente<<strong>br</strong> />
o ganho <strong>de</strong> peso (P
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o fator <strong>de</strong> condição <strong>do</strong> Penaeus <strong>br</strong>asiliensis, captura<strong>do</strong>s <strong>em</strong> ambiente natural, obtiveram<<strong>br</strong> />
coeficientes <strong>de</strong> crescimento menores que 3,00. Silva e Men<strong>de</strong>s (2006) utilizan<strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
artêmia adulta como dieta para pós-lavas <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei na fase berçário, encontraram<<strong>br</strong> />
um θ igual a 2,90. Os resulta<strong>do</strong>s obti<strong>do</strong>s para camarões peneí<strong>do</strong>s por diversos autores<<strong>br</strong> />
apontam para uma tendência <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>senvolvimento alométrico negativo como sen<strong>do</strong> o<<strong>br</strong> />
mais comum, corroboran<strong>do</strong> os da<strong>do</strong>s obti<strong>do</strong>s no presente trabalho (Tabela 2).<<strong>br</strong> />
Os resulta<strong>do</strong>s encontra<strong>do</strong>s na relação comprimento <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong> L. vannamei estão <strong>de</strong> acor<strong>do</strong> com os relatos <strong>de</strong> Otoshi et al. (2006), os quais verificaram<<strong>br</strong> />
que o comprimento <strong>de</strong> juvenis <strong>de</strong> L. vannamei <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po foi maior <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>s<<strong>br</strong> />
com <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais. Os resulta<strong>do</strong>s encontra<strong>do</strong>s na relação peso <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei estão s<strong>em</strong>elhantes aos obti<strong>do</strong>s por Ballester et al.<<strong>br</strong> />
(2003), os quais verificaram um aumento no peso <strong>do</strong>s camarões com o acréscimo <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
panagens <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> gaiolas no <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>de</strong> F. paulensis <strong>em</strong> sist<strong>em</strong>as <strong>de</strong> berçário.<<strong>br</strong> />
386<<strong>br</strong> />
387<<strong>br</strong> />
388<<strong>br</strong> />
389<<strong>br</strong> />
390<<strong>br</strong> />
391<<strong>br</strong> />
CONCLUSÃO<<strong>br</strong> />
É possível cultivar o Litopenaeus vannamei <strong>em</strong> água oligohalina e <strong>em</strong> meio<<strong>br</strong> />
heterotrófico. A adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong> na faixa <strong>de</strong> 87,8 a 166,7% influencia<<strong>br</strong> />
positivamente a so<strong>br</strong>evivência, o crescimento diário (cm dia -1 ), o ganho <strong>de</strong> peso e o<<strong>br</strong> />
fator <strong>de</strong> conversão alimentar.<<strong>br</strong> />
392<<strong>br</strong> />
393<<strong>br</strong> />
394<<strong>br</strong> />
395<<strong>br</strong> />
396<<strong>br</strong> />
397<<strong>br</strong> />
AGRADECIMENTOS<<strong>br</strong> />
A Financia<strong>do</strong>ra <strong>de</strong> Estu<strong>do</strong>s e Projetos (FINEP), através da Re<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Carcinicultura <strong>do</strong> Nor<strong>de</strong>ste (RECARCINE) pelo apoio financeiro. A Universida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Rural <strong>de</strong> Pernambuco, por disponibilizar toda a infra-estrutura necessária ao<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>senvolvimento <strong>do</strong> presente trabalho.
40<<strong>br</strong> />
398<<strong>br</strong> />
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529<<strong>br</strong> />
530<<strong>br</strong> />
531<<strong>br</strong> />
532<<strong>br</strong> />
533<<strong>br</strong> />
534<<strong>br</strong> />
535<<strong>br</strong> />
536<<strong>br</strong> />
537<<strong>br</strong> />
538<<strong>br</strong> />
539<<strong>br</strong> />
540<<strong>br</strong> />
541<<strong>br</strong> />
542<<strong>br</strong> />
543<<strong>br</strong> />
544
46<<strong>br</strong> />
545<<strong>br</strong> />
546<<strong>br</strong> />
547<<strong>br</strong> />
548<<strong>br</strong> />
549<<strong>br</strong> />
Tabela 1-Variáveis <strong>de</strong> qualida<strong>de</strong> da água <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei quan<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> águas oligohalinas e meio heterotrófico<<strong>br</strong> />
(média ± erro padrão, amplitu<strong>de</strong> entre parênteses).<<strong>br</strong> />
Variáveis Porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS) %<<strong>br</strong> />
pH 7,41+0,03a 1<<strong>br</strong> />
T<strong>em</strong>peratura (ºC)<<strong>br</strong> />
OD 3 (mg L -1 )<<strong>br</strong> />
Salinida<strong>de</strong> (‰) 4<<strong>br</strong> />
Transparência<<strong>br</strong> />
(cm)<<strong>br</strong> />
Alcalinida<strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Total<<strong>br</strong> />
(mg L -1 CaCO 3 )<<strong>br</strong> />
Dureza Total<<strong>br</strong> />
(mg L -1 CaCO 3 )<<strong>br</strong> />
Amônia<<strong>br</strong> />
(mg L -1 NH 3 )<<strong>br</strong> />
Nitrito<<strong>br</strong> />
(mg L -1 NO 2- 2 )<<strong>br</strong> />
Nitrato 2<<strong>br</strong> />
(mg L -1 NO - 3 )<<strong>br</strong> />
0 100 150 200 250 300<<strong>br</strong> />
(6,83-7,98)<<strong>br</strong> />
27,35+0,05ab<<strong>br</strong> />
(25,50-29,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
6,61+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(4,80-7,70)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,52+0,00c<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,40-0,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
28,26+1,79a<<strong>br</strong> />
(13-67)<<strong>br</strong> />
31,50+2,50a<<strong>br</strong> />
(24,00-34,00)<<strong>br</strong> />
153,40+4,90a<<strong>br</strong> />
(142,7-66,5)<<strong>br</strong> />
1,27+0,48a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,40-3,16)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,10+0,05a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,00-0,17)<<strong>br</strong> />
7,40+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(6,83-7,99)<<strong>br</strong> />
27,40+0,06ab<<strong>br</strong> />
(25,30-29,80)<<strong>br</strong> />
6,62+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(5,30-7,90)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,50+0,00ab<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,40-0,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
33,49+2,15a<<strong>br</strong> />
(13-67)<<strong>br</strong> />
29,50+3,86a<<strong>br</strong> />
(18,00-34,00)<<strong>br</strong> />
149,75+1,41a<<strong>br</strong> />
(147,2-152,2)<<strong>br</strong> />
1,02+0,22a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,39-1,71)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,16+0,07a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,03-0,27)<<strong>br</strong> />
7,37+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(6,85-7,85)<<strong>br</strong> />
27,47+0,05bc<<strong>br</strong> />
(25,30-29,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
6,61+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(5,00-7,90)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,50+0,00a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,40-0,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
35,66+2,25a<<strong>br</strong> />
(14-67)<<strong>br</strong> />
30,50+3,59a<<strong>br</strong> />
(20,00-36,00)<<strong>br</strong> />
147,42+3,37a<<strong>br</strong> />
(137,9-152,2)<<strong>br</strong> />
1,33+0,31a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,46-2,29)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,43+0,06a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,31-0,49)<<strong>br</strong> />
7,40+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(6,88-7,95)<<strong>br</strong> />
27,60+0,05c<<strong>br</strong> />
(25,60-29,80)<<strong>br</strong> />
6,62+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(5,20-8,10)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,52+0,00c<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,40-0,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
31,77+2,11a<<strong>br</strong> />
(14-67)<<strong>br</strong> />
34,80+2,87a<<strong>br</strong> />
(26,00-44,00)<<strong>br</strong> />
157,96+11,13a<<strong>br</strong> />
(133,2-200,0)<<strong>br</strong> />
1,33+0,31a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,53-2,19)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,22+0,09a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,08-0,48)<<strong>br</strong> />
7,36+0,04a<<strong>br</strong> />
(6,88+7,87)<<strong>br</strong> />
27,46+0,06abc<<strong>br</strong> />
(25,40-29,40)<<strong>br</strong> />
6,61+0,04a<<strong>br</strong> />
(5,60-7,80)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,51+0,00bc<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,40-0,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
36,97+3,09a<<strong>br</strong> />
(14-67)<<strong>br</strong> />
28,00+4,00a<<strong>br</strong> />
(20,00-32,00)<<strong>br</strong> />
150,60+1,60a<<strong>br</strong> />
(147,4-152,2)<<strong>br</strong> />
1,54+0,85a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,51-4,09)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,21+0,14a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,00-0,49)<<strong>br</strong> />
7,43+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(6,88-7,93)<<strong>br</strong> />
27,30+0,05a<<strong>br</strong> />
(25,20-29,40)<<strong>br</strong> />
6,71+0,03a<<strong>br</strong> />
(5,40-7,90)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,50+0,00a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,40-0,60)<<strong>br</strong> />
51,56+2,45b<<strong>br</strong> />
(14-67)<<strong>br</strong> />
31,00+3,00a<<strong>br</strong> />
(22,00-34,00)<<strong>br</strong> />
148,62+3,57a<<strong>br</strong> />
(137,9-152,2)<<strong>br</strong> />
1,05+0,21a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,54-1,83)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,29+0,10a<<strong>br</strong> />
(0,15-0,49)<<strong>br</strong> />
1,23 1,02 1,08 1,27 0,85 1,53<<strong>br</strong> />
1 - Letras diferentes, na mesma linha, diferenciam significativamente o parâmetro entre as PAS (P 0,05), utilizan<strong>do</strong> a estatística W.<<strong>br</strong> />
557<<strong>br</strong> />
558<<strong>br</strong> />
559
47<<strong>br</strong> />
560<<strong>br</strong> />
561<<strong>br</strong> />
562<<strong>br</strong> />
563<<strong>br</strong> />
564<<strong>br</strong> />
565<<strong>br</strong> />
566<<strong>br</strong> />
567<<strong>br</strong> />
568<<strong>br</strong> />
569<<strong>br</strong> />
570<<strong>br</strong> />
571<<strong>br</strong> />
572<<strong>br</strong> />
573<<strong>br</strong> />
574<<strong>br</strong> />
575<<strong>br</strong> />
Tabela 3 – Relação <strong>do</strong> peso <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão L. vannamei <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS (%) Mo<strong>de</strong>lo R 2 (%) 1 F 2 Prob (F) 3<<strong>br</strong> />
0 W=0,2678 e 0,0490 T a 4 90,70 97,51 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
100 W=0,2565 e 0,0506 T a 94,37 167,67 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
150 W=0,2780 e 0,0509 T a 95,73 224,41 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
200 W=0,2466 e 0,0530 T a 96,45 271,40 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
250 W=0,2642 e 0,0511 T a 97,38 223,39 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
300 W=0,2886 e 0,0456 T a 87,92 72,81 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS - Porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> Adição <strong>de</strong> Substrato; W – peso (g); T – t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>; 1 -<<strong>br</strong> />
Coeficiente <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminação; 2 - Estatística <strong>de</strong> Sne<strong>de</strong>cor; 3 - Probabilida<strong>de</strong> da estatística<<strong>br</strong> />
“F”; 4 - Letras iguais entre mo<strong>de</strong>los não diferencia a porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>substrato</strong> (P > 0,05), utilizan<strong>do</strong> a estatística W.<<strong>br</strong> />
Tabela 4 - Relação <strong>do</strong> comprimento <strong>em</strong> função <strong>do</strong> t<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão L.<<strong>br</strong> />
vannamei <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS (%) Mo<strong>de</strong>lo R 2 (%) 1 F 2 Prob (F) 3<<strong>br</strong> />
0 L=2,4221+0,0950T a 4 98,13 523,62 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
100 L=2,3013+0,0995T ab 96,28 258,53 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
150 L=2,4047+0,0984T ab 95,73 223,94 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
200 L=2,2751+0,1053T a 97,51 391,95 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
250 L=2,3856+0,0968T a 97,68 252,24 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
300 L=2,5197+0,0925T b 85,71 59,97 0,0000<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS - Porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> Adição <strong>de</strong> Substrato; L – comprimento (cm); T- t<strong>em</strong>po (dias); 1<<strong>br</strong> />
- Coeficiente <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminação; 2 - Estatística <strong>de</strong> Sne<strong>de</strong>cor; 3 - Probabilida<strong>de</strong> da<<strong>br</strong> />
estatística “F”; 4 - Letras diferentes entre mo<strong>de</strong>los diferenciam a porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (P < 0,05), utilizan<strong>do</strong> a estatística W.<<strong>br</strong> />
Ganho <strong>de</strong> peso (g)<<strong>br</strong> />
2,8<<strong>br</strong> />
2,6<<strong>br</strong> />
2,4<<strong>br</strong> />
2,2<<strong>br</strong> />
2,0<<strong>br</strong> />
1,8<<strong>br</strong> />
GP = -3E-05PAS 2 + 0,008PAS + 1,8898<<strong>br</strong> />
R 2 = 0,6733<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS Maximiza = 133,3%<<strong>br</strong> />
576<<strong>br</strong> />
1,6<<strong>br</strong> />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<<strong>br</strong> />
Porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS)<<strong>br</strong> />
577<<strong>br</strong> />
578<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 1 – Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> no ganho <strong>de</strong> peso <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias.
48<<strong>br</strong> />
579<<strong>br</strong> />
580<<strong>br</strong> />
581<<strong>br</strong> />
603<<strong>br</strong> />
604<<strong>br</strong> />
605<<strong>br</strong> />
606<<strong>br</strong> />
607<<strong>br</strong> />
608<<strong>br</strong> />
609<<strong>br</strong> />
610<<strong>br</strong> />
611<<strong>br</strong> />
612<<strong>br</strong> />
613<<strong>br</strong> />
614<<strong>br</strong> />
615<<strong>br</strong> />
616<<strong>br</strong> />
617<<strong>br</strong> />
618<<strong>br</strong> />
619<<strong>br</strong> />
620<<strong>br</strong> />
582<<strong>br</strong> />
583<<strong>br</strong> />
90<<strong>br</strong> />
584<<strong>br</strong> />
85<<strong>br</strong> />
585<<strong>br</strong> />
80<<strong>br</strong> />
586<<strong>br</strong> />
587<<strong>br</strong> />
75<<strong>br</strong> />
588<<strong>br</strong> />
70<<strong>br</strong> />
589<<strong>br</strong> />
65<<strong>br</strong> />
590<<strong>br</strong> />
So<strong>br</strong>evivência= -0,0006PAS 2 + 0,1053PAS + 73,017<<strong>br</strong> />
591<<strong>br</strong> />
60<<strong>br</strong> />
592<<strong>br</strong> />
R 2 = 0,5689<<strong>br</strong> />
55<<strong>br</strong> />
593<<strong>br</strong> />
594<<strong>br</strong> />
50<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS Maximiza = 87,8%<<strong>br</strong> />
595<<strong>br</strong> />
45<<strong>br</strong> />
596<<strong>br</strong> />
40<<strong>br</strong> />
597<<strong>br</strong> />
598<<strong>br</strong> />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<<strong>br</strong> />
599<<strong>br</strong> />
Porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS)<<strong>br</strong> />
600<<strong>br</strong> />
601<<strong>br</strong> />
602<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 2 – Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> na so<strong>br</strong>evivência <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias.<<strong>br</strong> />
So<strong>br</strong>evivência (%)<<strong>br</strong> />
Fator <strong>de</strong> conversão alimentar (FCA<<strong>br</strong> />
2,40<<strong>br</strong> />
2,20<<strong>br</strong> />
2,00<<strong>br</strong> />
1,80<<strong>br</strong> />
1,60<<strong>br</strong> />
1,40<<strong>br</strong> />
1,20<<strong>br</strong> />
FCA = 2E-05PAS 2 - 0,005PAS + 1,7706<<strong>br</strong> />
R 2 = 0,8945<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS Minima = 125%<<strong>br</strong> />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<<strong>br</strong> />
Porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS)<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 3 – Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> no fator <strong>de</strong> conversão<<strong>br</strong> />
alimentar <strong>do</strong> camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico,<<strong>br</strong> />
durante 45 dias.
49<<strong>br</strong> />
621<<strong>br</strong> />
622<<strong>br</strong> />
623<<strong>br</strong> />
624<<strong>br</strong> />
625<<strong>br</strong> />
626<<strong>br</strong> />
627<<strong>br</strong> />
628<<strong>br</strong> />
629<<strong>br</strong> />
630<<strong>br</strong> />
Taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento diária (cm/dia)<<strong>br</strong> />
0,106<<strong>br</strong> />
0,104<<strong>br</strong> />
0,102<<strong>br</strong> />
0,100<<strong>br</strong> />
0,098<<strong>br</strong> />
0,096<<strong>br</strong> />
0,094<<strong>br</strong> />
TCD= -3E-07PAS 2 + 1E-04PAS + 0,0943<<strong>br</strong> />
R 2 = 0,6210<<strong>br</strong> />
0,092<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS Maximiza = 166,7%<<strong>br</strong> />
0,090<<strong>br</strong> />
0 50 100 150 200 250 300<<strong>br</strong> />
Porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS)<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 4 – Influência da porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> na taxa <strong>de</strong> crescimento <strong>do</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
camarão L. vannamei cultiva<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> meio heterotrófico, durante 45 dias.<<strong>br</strong> />
Ln (UFC ml<<strong>br</strong> />
-1 )<<strong>br</strong> />
30<<strong>br</strong> />
25<<strong>br</strong> />
20<<strong>br</strong> />
15<<strong>br</strong> />
10<<strong>br</strong> />
5<<strong>br</strong> />
Heterotrófico<<strong>br</strong> />
Autotrófico<<strong>br</strong> />
631<<strong>br</strong> />
632<<strong>br</strong> />
633<<strong>br</strong> />
0<<strong>br</strong> />
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45<<strong>br</strong> />
T<strong>em</strong>po <strong>de</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> (dias)<<strong>br</strong> />
Figura 5 - Desenvolvimento das bactérias heterotróficas e autotróficas nas águas <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> L. vannamei.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 50<<strong>br</strong> />
4. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS<<strong>br</strong> />
A utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais na carcinicultura t<strong>em</strong> como objetivo proporcionar uma<<strong>br</strong> />
colonização com biota natural, o que po<strong>de</strong> aumentar a disponibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> alimento natural<<strong>br</strong> />
para o camarão. Ao cultivar o Litopenaeus vannamei <strong>em</strong> água olighoalina e <strong>em</strong> meio<<strong>br</strong> />
heterotrófico, utilizan<strong>do</strong> porcentag<strong>em</strong> <strong>de</strong> adição <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> (PAS), po<strong>de</strong>-se concluir que<<strong>br</strong> />
PAS na faixa <strong>de</strong> 87,8 a 166,7% maximiza a so<strong>br</strong>evivência, crescimento diário e ganho <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
peso, e minimiza o fator <strong>de</strong> conversão alimentar. Um maior número <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong>s artificiais<<strong>br</strong> />
po<strong>de</strong> dificultar a circulação da água, sen<strong>do</strong> necessário um melhor dimensionamento e arranjo<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong> sist<strong>em</strong>a <strong>de</strong> aeração, o que acarretará um maior custo para implantação <strong>do</strong> sist<strong>em</strong>a. Os<<strong>br</strong> />
sist<strong>em</strong>as heterotróficos, com e s<strong>em</strong> o uso <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, necessitam <strong>de</strong> um sist<strong>em</strong>a <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
aeração bastante eficiente, para manter o floco bacteriano <strong>em</strong> suspensão na coluna d’água,<<strong>br</strong> />
evitan<strong>do</strong> uma elevada transparência da água.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 51<<strong>br</strong> />
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MENDES, P. P.; ALBUQUERQUE, M. L. L. T.; QUEIROZ, D. M.; SANTOS, B. L. S.;<<strong>br</strong> />
LIMA, A. C.; LOPES, Y. V. A. Aclimatação <strong>do</strong> camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei<<strong>br</strong> />
(Boone, 1931) à água <strong>do</strong>ce com diferentes estratégias <strong>de</strong> alimentação e calag<strong>em</strong>. Acta Sci.<<strong>br</strong> />
Anim. Sci. Maringá, v. 28, n. 1, p. 89-95, 2006.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 53<<strong>br</strong> />
MCGRAWD W. J.; DAVIS D. A., TEICHERT-CODDINGTAONDN D.; ROUSE B.<<strong>br</strong> />
Acclimation of Litopenaeus vannamei Postlarvae to Low Salinity: Influence of Age, Salinity<<strong>br</strong> />
Endpoint, and Rate of Salinity Reduction. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. v. 33,<<strong>br</strong> />
n. 1, p 78-84, 2002.<<strong>br</strong> />
McINTOSH, P.R. Changing paradigms in shrimp farming: IV. Low protein feeds and feeding<<strong>br</strong> />
strategies. Global Aquaculture Advocate, v. 3, p. 44–50, 2000.<<strong>br</strong> />
McINTOSH, P.R. Changing paradigms in shrimp farming: V. Establishment of heterotrophic<<strong>br</strong> />
bacterial communities. Global Aquaculture Advocate, v. 4, p. 44–50, 2001.<<strong>br</strong> />
MICHAUD, L.; BLANCHETON, J.P.; BRUNI, V.; PIEDRAHITA, R. Effect of particulate<<strong>br</strong> />
organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological<<strong>br</strong> />
filters. Aquacultural Engineering, v. 34, p. 224–233, 2006.<<strong>br</strong> />
MODESTO, G. A. & MAIA, E. P. Cultivo <strong>de</strong> Litopenaeus vannamei (BOONE, 1931) <strong>em</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Viveiros Berçário Intensivo, XIII Simpósio Brasileiro <strong>de</strong> Aqüicultura SIMBRAq, 2004,<<strong>br</strong> />
Anais, p. 88-94.<<strong>br</strong> />
MOSS, S. M. Dietery Inportance of microbes and <strong>de</strong>tritus in penaeid shrimp aquaculture. In:<<strong>br</strong> />
LEE, C. S.; O`BRYEN, P. (Eds.). Microbial Aprproaches to Aquatic Nutrition within<<strong>br</strong> />
Environmentally Sound Aquaculture Porduction Syst<strong>em</strong>s. World Aquaculture Socyety, Baton<<strong>br</strong> />
Rouge, USA, p. 1-18. 2002.<<strong>br</strong> />
MOSS, K. R. K. AND MOSS S. M. Effects of Artificial Substrate and Stocking Density on<<strong>br</strong> />
the Nursery Production of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the<<strong>br</strong> />
World Aquaculture Society. v. 35, n. 4, 2004.<<strong>br</strong> />
MOSS, S. M.; FORSTER, I. P.; TACON, A. G. J. Sparing effect of pond water on vitamins in<<strong>br</strong> />
shrimp diets. Aquaculture, v. 258, p. 388–395, 2006.<<strong>br</strong> />
NUNES, A. J. P. O Cultivo <strong>do</strong> Camarão Litopenaeus vannamei <strong>em</strong> Águas Oligohalinas.<<strong>br</strong> />
Panorama da Aqüicultura. Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro. Julho/Agosto p.15-23. 2001.<<strong>br</strong> />
NUNES, A.J.P. Um ano <strong>de</strong> mudanças, perdas e ganhos. Panorama da Aqüicultura. Rio <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Janeiro. v. 15, n. 92, p. 26. 2005.<<strong>br</strong> />
OLIVEIRA, L.C.B. Aclimatação <strong>de</strong> pós-larvas <strong>de</strong> Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) à<<strong>br</strong> />
água <strong>do</strong>ce: Fase Berçário. (Monografia para obtenção <strong>de</strong> grau no curso <strong>de</strong> Engenharia <strong>de</strong><<strong>br</strong> />
Pesca). Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Rural <strong>de</strong> Pernambuco, Recife. 2004. 31p.<<strong>br</strong> />
RAMESH M.R., SHANKAR K.M.; MOHAN C.V.; VARGHESE T.J. Comparison of three<<strong>br</strong> />
plant substrates for enhancing carp growth through bacterial biofilm. Aquacultural<<strong>br</strong> />
Engineering, v. 19, p. 119–131, 1999.<<strong>br</strong> />
ROCHA, I. P. Impactos sócio-econômicos e ambientais da carcinicultura <strong>br</strong>asileira: mitos e<<strong>br</strong> />
verda<strong>de</strong>s. Revista da ABCC, Recife, v. 7, n. 4, p. 37-42, 2005.<<strong>br</strong> />
SAOUD, I. P.; DAVIS, D. A.; ROUSE, D. B. Suitability studies of inland well waters for<<strong>br</strong> />
Litopenaeus vannamei culture. Aquaculture, v.217, p. 373–383, 2003.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 54<<strong>br</strong> />
SILVA, A. L. N.; SOUZA, R. A. L. Glossário <strong>de</strong> aqüicultura. Recife: UFRPE, Imprensa<<strong>br</strong> />
Universitária, 1998. 97 p.<<strong>br</strong> />
STREIT, D. P.; LUPCHINSKI, E.; MOREIRA, H. L. M. Perspectivas atuais da<<strong>br</strong> />
aqüicultura marinha no Brasil. Revista Acadêmica Multidisciplinar Urutágua. Maringá,<<strong>br</strong> />
PR. Ano 1 – n. 04, Maio <strong>de</strong> 2002. Disponível <strong>em</strong>: www.u<strong>em</strong>.<strong>br</strong>/~urutagua/.<<strong>br</strong> />
STUART, J. A.; MELONY J. S.; PETER, J. C.; GREG, J. C. Response of juvenile <strong>br</strong>own<<strong>br</strong> />
tiger shrimp (Penaeus esculentus) to intensive culture conditions in a flow through tank<<strong>br</strong> />
syst<strong>em</strong> with three-dimensional <strong>artificial</strong> substrate. Aquaculture, v. 246, p. 231– 238, 2005.<<strong>br</strong> />
TAMOYO, B. P. M. A. Carcinicultura <strong>em</strong> água <strong>do</strong>ce uma alternativa comparada. Panorama<<strong>br</strong> />
Aquícola, México, v.3, p. 32, 1998.<<strong>br</strong> />
THOMPSON, F. L.; ABREU, P. C.; WASIELESKY, W. Importance of biofilm for water<<strong>br</strong> />
quality and nourishment in intensive shrimp culture. Aquaculture, v. 203, p. 263–278, 2002.<<strong>br</strong> />
VALENÇA, A. R. Aclimatação <strong>de</strong> pós-larvas <strong>de</strong> Litopenaeus vannamei à água <strong>do</strong>ce.<<strong>br</strong> />
Dissertação (Mestra<strong>do</strong> <strong>em</strong> Biologia Animal) – Universida<strong>de</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ral <strong>de</strong> Pernambuco, Recife.<<strong>br</strong> />
2001. 51p.<<strong>br</strong> />
WASIELESKY, W. JR.; ATWOOD, H.; AL STOKES AND BROWDY, C. L. Effect of<<strong>br</strong> />
natural production in a zero exchange suspen<strong>de</strong>d microbial floc based super-intensive culture<<strong>br</strong> />
syst<strong>em</strong> for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, v. 258, p. 396-403. 2006a.<<strong>br</strong> />
WASIELESKY, W.; EMERENCIANO, M.; BALLESTER, E.; SOARES,R.; CAVALLI, R;<<strong>br</strong> />
ABREU, P. C. Cultivos <strong>em</strong> Meios com Flocos microbianos: um novo caminho a ser<<strong>br</strong> />
percorri<strong>do</strong>. Panorama da Aqüicultura, Rio <strong>de</strong> Janeiro. v. 16, n. 96, p. 14-23. 2006b<<strong>br</strong> />
ZHU S., CHEN S. Effects of organic carbon on nitrification rate in fixed film biofilters.<<strong>br</strong> />
Aquacultural Engineering, v. 25, p. 1–11, 2001.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 55<<strong>br</strong> />
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Gui<strong>de</strong> for Authors<<strong>br</strong> />
Submission of manuscripts<<strong>br</strong> />
Types of contribution<<strong>br</strong> />
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MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 56<<strong>br</strong> />
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Papers for consi<strong>de</strong>ration should be submitted via the website mentioned above to the<<strong>br</strong> />
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Nutrition:<<strong>br</strong> />
R. P. Wilson<<strong>br</strong> />
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B.Costa-Pierce<<strong>br</strong> />
Physiology and En<strong>do</strong>crinology:<<strong>br</strong> />
E.M. Donaldson<<strong>br</strong> />
Diseases:<<strong>br</strong> />
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Genetics: G. Hulata<<strong>br</strong> />
English language
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 57<<strong>br</strong> />
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Format requir<strong>em</strong>ents for accepted articles<<strong>br</strong> />
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MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 58<<strong>br</strong> />
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Abstracts<<strong>br</strong> />
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Keywords<<strong>br</strong> />
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Ab<strong>br</strong>eviations<<strong>br</strong> />
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MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 59<<strong>br</strong> />
Tables<<strong>br</strong> />
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Large tables should be avoi<strong>de</strong>d. Reversing columns and rows will often reduce the<<strong>br</strong> />
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Formulae Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible. In principle,<<strong>br</strong> />
variables are to be presented in italics. Use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line, e.g.,<<strong>br</strong> />
X/Y<<strong>br</strong> />
Powers of e are often more conveniently <strong>de</strong>noted by exp. Number consecutively any<<strong>br</strong> />
equations that have to be displayed separate from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).<<strong>br</strong> />
Give the meaning of all symbols immediately after the equation in which they are first used.<<strong>br</strong> />
In ch<strong>em</strong>ical formulae, valence of ions should be given as, e.g. Ca 2+ and not Ca ++ . Isotope<<strong>br</strong> />
numbers should prece<strong>de</strong> the symbols, e.g., 18 O. The repeated writing of ch<strong>em</strong>ical formulae in<<strong>br</strong> />
the text is to be avoi<strong>de</strong>d where reasonably possible; instead, the name of the compound should<<strong>br</strong> />
be given in full. Exceptions may be ma<strong>de</strong> in the case of a very long name occurring very<<strong>br</strong> />
frequently or in the case of a compound being <strong>de</strong>scribed as the end product of a gravimetric<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>termination (e.g., phosphate as P 2 O 5 ).<<strong>br</strong> />
Footnotes<<strong>br</strong> />
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number th<strong>em</strong> consecutively throughout the article, using<<strong>br</strong> />
superscript Arabic numbers. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this<<strong>br</strong> />
feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text<<strong>br</strong> />
and present the footnotes th<strong>em</strong>selves on a separate sheet at the end of the article. Do not<<strong>br</strong> />
inclu<strong>de</strong> footnotes in the Reference list.<<strong>br</strong> />
Preparation of electronic illustrations<<strong>br</strong> />
General<<strong>br</strong> />
1. Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.<<strong>br</strong> />
2. Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.<<strong>br</strong> />
3. Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times,<<strong>br</strong> />
Symbol.<<strong>br</strong> />
4. Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.<<strong>br</strong> />
5. Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 60<<strong>br</strong> />
6. Provi<strong>de</strong> all illustrations as separate files.<<strong>br</strong> />
7. Provi<strong>de</strong> captions to illustrations separately.<<strong>br</strong> />
8. Produce images near to the <strong>de</strong>sired size of the printed version.<<strong>br</strong> />
A <strong>de</strong>tailed gui<strong>de</strong> on electronic artwork is available on our website:<<strong>br</strong> />
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Some excerpts from the <strong>de</strong>tailed<<strong>br</strong> />
information are given here.<<strong>br</strong> />
Formats<<strong>br</strong> />
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as"<<strong>br</strong> />
or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requir<strong>em</strong>ents for<<strong>br</strong> />
line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):<<strong>br</strong> />
EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".<<strong>br</strong> />
TIFF: Colour or greyscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.<<strong>br</strong> />
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi<<strong>br</strong> />
TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is<<strong>br</strong> />
required.<<strong>br</strong> />
DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office<<strong>br</strong> />
applications please supply "as is".<<strong>br</strong> />
Please <strong>do</strong> not:<<strong>br</strong> />
1. <strong>em</strong>bed graphics in your word processor (spreadsheet, presentation) <strong>do</strong>cument;<<strong>br</strong> />
2. supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the<<strong>br</strong> />
resolution is too low;<<strong>br</strong> />
3. supply files that are too low in resolution;<<strong>br</strong> />
4. submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.<<strong>br</strong> />
Captions<<strong>br</strong> />
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the<<strong>br</strong> />
figure. A caption should comprise a <strong>br</strong>ief title (not on the figure itself) and a <strong>de</strong>scription of the<<strong>br</strong> />
illustration. Keep text in the illustrations th<strong>em</strong>selves to a minimum but explain all symbols<<strong>br</strong> />
and ab<strong>br</strong>eviations used.<<strong>br</strong> />
Line drawings<<strong>br</strong> />
The lettering and symbols, as well as other <strong>de</strong>tails, should have proportionate dimensions, so<<strong>br</strong> />
as not to become illegible or unclear after possible reduction; in general, the figures should be<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>signed for a reduction factor of two to three. The <strong>de</strong>gree of reduction will be <strong>de</strong>termined by<<strong>br</strong> />
the Publisher. Illustrations will not be enlarged. Consi<strong>de</strong>r the page format of the journal when<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>de</strong>signing the illustrations. Do not use any type of shading on computer-generated<<strong>br</strong> />
illustrations.<<strong>br</strong> />
Photographs (halftones)<<strong>br</strong> />
R<strong>em</strong>ove non-essential areas of a photograph. Do not mount photographs unless they form part<<strong>br</strong> />
of a composite figure (plate). Where necessary, insert a scale bar in the illustration (not below<<strong>br</strong> />
it), as opposed to giving a magnification factor in the caption.<<strong>br</strong> />
Colour illustrations<<strong>br</strong> />
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files)<<strong>br</strong> />
and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable<<strong>br</strong> />
colour figures, then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge that these figures will appear
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 61<<strong>br</strong> />
in colour on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these<<strong>br</strong> />
illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print,<<strong>br</strong> />
you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted<<strong>br</strong> />
article. Please indicate your preference for colour in print or on the Web only. For further<<strong>br</strong> />
information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see<<strong>br</strong> />
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.<<strong>br</strong> />
Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures<<strong>br</strong> />
to "grey scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in<<strong>br</strong> />
addition usable black and white versions of all the colour illustrations. As only one figure<<strong>br</strong> />
caption may be used for both colour and black and white versions of figures, please ensure<<strong>br</strong> />
that the figure captions are meaningful for both versions, if applicable.<<strong>br</strong> />
Use of the Digital Object I<strong>de</strong>ntifier<<strong>br</strong> />
The digital object i<strong>de</strong>ntifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic <strong>do</strong>cuments. The<<strong>br</strong> />
DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a <strong>do</strong>cument by<<strong>br</strong> />
the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes.<<strong>br</strong> />
Therefore, it is an i<strong>de</strong>al medium for citing a <strong>do</strong>cument, particularly "Articles in press" because<<strong>br</strong> />
they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a<<strong>br</strong> />
DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a <strong>do</strong>cument in the journal Physics Letters B):<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong>i:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071<<strong>br</strong> />
When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to <strong>do</strong>cuments on the web, they are<<strong>br</strong> />
guaranteed never to change. However, please check the DOI very carefully as an error in a<<strong>br</strong> />
letter or number will result in a <strong>de</strong>ad link.<<strong>br</strong> />
Nomenclature<<strong>br</strong> />
1. Authors and editors are, by general agre<strong>em</strong>ent, obliged to accept the rules governing<<strong>br</strong> />
biological nomenclature, as laid <strong>do</strong>wn in the International Co<strong>de</strong> of Botanical Nomenclature,<<strong>br</strong> />
the International Co<strong>de</strong> of Nomenclature of Bacteria, and the International Co<strong>de</strong> of Zoological<<strong>br</strong> />
Nomenclature.<<strong>br</strong> />
2. All biotica (crops, plants, insects, birds, mammals, etc.) should be i<strong>de</strong>ntified by their<<strong>br</strong> />
scientific names when the English term is first used, with the exception of common <strong>do</strong>mestic<<strong>br</strong> />
animals.<<strong>br</strong> />
3. All bioci<strong>de</strong>s and other organic compounds must be i<strong>de</strong>ntified by their Geneva names when<<strong>br</strong> />
first used in the text. Active ingredients of all formulations should be likewise i<strong>de</strong>ntified.<<strong>br</strong> />
4. For ch<strong>em</strong>ical nomenclature, the conventions of the International Union of Pure and Applied<<strong>br</strong> />
Ch<strong>em</strong>istry and the official recommendations of the IUPAC IUB Combined Commission on<<strong>br</strong> />
Bioch<strong>em</strong>ical Nomenclature should be followed.<<strong>br</strong> />
Suppl<strong>em</strong>entary data<<strong>br</strong> />
Preparation of suppl<strong>em</strong>entary data. Elsevier accepts electronic suppl<strong>em</strong>entary material to<<strong>br</strong> />
support and enhance your scientific research. Suppl<strong>em</strong>entary files offer the author additional<<strong>br</strong> />
possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution<<strong>br</strong> />
images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Suppl<strong>em</strong>entary files supplied will be<<strong>br</strong> />
published online alongsi<strong>de</strong> the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products,<<strong>br</strong> />
including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. In or<strong>de</strong>r to ensure that your<<strong>br</strong> />
submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provi<strong>de</strong>d in one of our<<strong>br</strong> />
recommen<strong>de</strong>d file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 62<<strong>br</strong> />
with the article and supply a concise and <strong>de</strong>scriptive caption for each file. For more <strong>de</strong>tailed<<strong>br</strong> />
instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at<<strong>br</strong> />
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.<<strong>br</strong> />
After acceptance<<strong>br</strong> />
Proofs<<strong>br</strong> />
One set of proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as given on the title page of the<<strong>br</strong> />
manuscript. Only typesetter's errors may be corrected; no changes in, or additions to, the<<strong>br</strong> />
edited manuscript will be allowed.<<strong>br</strong> />
Reprints<<strong>br</strong> />
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provi<strong>de</strong>d with a PDF file of the article via e-mail<<strong>br</strong> />
or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the<<strong>br</strong> />
published article and inclu<strong>de</strong>s a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer<<strong>br</strong> />
outlining the terms and conditions of use<<strong>br</strong> />
Additional offprints can be or<strong>de</strong>red on are print or<strong>de</strong>r form, which is inclu<strong>de</strong>d with the proofs.<<strong>br</strong> />
UNESCO coupons are acceptable in payment of extra offprints.<<strong>br</strong> />
Author's Discount<<strong>br</strong> />
There is a 30% discount on all Elsevier book publications. An or<strong>de</strong>r form will be sent together<<strong>br</strong> />
with the proofs.<<strong>br</strong> />
Author Services<<strong>br</strong> />
Authors can also keep a track on the progress of their accepted article, and set up e-mail alerts<<strong>br</strong> />
informing th<strong>em</strong> of changes to their manuscript's status, by using the "Track a Paper" feature<<strong>br</strong> />
of Elsevier's Author Gateway.<<strong>br</strong> />
Aquaculture has no page charges.<<strong>br</strong> />
Illustrations<<strong>br</strong> />
1. All illustrations (line drawings and photographs) should be submitted separately,<<strong>br</strong> />
unmounted and not fol<strong>de</strong>d.<<strong>br</strong> />
2. Illustrations should be numbered according to their sequence in the text. References should<<strong>br</strong> />
ma<strong>de</strong> in the text to each illustration.<<strong>br</strong> />
3. Each illustration should be i<strong>de</strong>ntified on the reverse si<strong>de</strong> (or – in the case of line drawings –<<strong>br</strong> />
on the lower front si<strong>de</strong>) by its number and the name of the author. An indication of the top of<<strong>br</strong> />
the illustrations is required in photographs of profiles, thin sections, and other cases where<<strong>br</strong> />
<strong>do</strong>ubt can arise.<<strong>br</strong> />
4. Illustrations should be <strong>de</strong>signed with the format of the page of the journal in mind.<<strong>br</strong> />
Illustrations should be of such a size as to allow a reduction of 50%.<<strong>br</strong> />
5. Lettering should be clear and large enough to allow a reduction of 50% without becoming<<strong>br</strong> />
illegible. The lettering should be in English. Use the same kind of lettering throughout and<<strong>br</strong> />
follow the style of the journal.<<strong>br</strong> />
6. If a scale should be given, use bar scales on all illustrations instead of numerical scales that<<strong>br</strong> />
must be changed with reduction.<<strong>br</strong> />
7. Each illustration should have a caption. The captions to all illustrations should be typed on<<strong>br</strong> />
a separate sheet of the manuscript.<<strong>br</strong> />
8. Explanations should be given in the typewritten legend. Drawn text in the illustrations<<strong>br</strong> />
should be kept to a minimum.
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 63<<strong>br</strong> />
9. Photographs are only acceptable if they have good contrast and intensity. Sharp and glossy<<strong>br</strong> />
copies are required. Reproductions of photographs already printed cannot be accepted.<<strong>br</strong> />
10. Colour illustrations can be inclu<strong>de</strong>d if the cost of their reproduction is paid for by the<<strong>br</strong> />
author. For <strong>de</strong>tails of the costs involved, please contact the publisher at: nlinfof@elsevier.com.<<strong>br</strong> />
Colour illustrations<<strong>br</strong> />
Submit colour illustrations as original photographs, high-quality computer prints or<<strong>br</strong> />
transparencies, close to the size expected in publication, or as 35 mm sli<strong>de</strong>s. Polaroid colour<<strong>br</strong> />
prints are not suitable. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures<<strong>br</strong> />
then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on<<strong>br</strong> />
the web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations<<strong>br</strong> />
are reproduced in colour in the printed version.<<strong>br</strong> />
For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from<<strong>br</strong> />
Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. For further information on the preparation of<<strong>br</strong> />
electronic artwork, please see http://authors.elsevier.com/artwork.<<strong>br</strong> />
Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures<<strong>br</strong> />
to ?grey scale? (for the printed version should you opt to not pay for colour in print) please<<strong>br</strong> />
submit in addition usable black and white prints corresponding to all the colour illustrations.<<strong>br</strong> />
As only one figure caption may be used for both colour and black and white versions of<<strong>br</strong> />
figures, please ensure that the figure captions are meaningful for both versions, if applicable.<<strong>br</strong> />
References<<strong>br</strong> />
1. All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the<<strong>br</strong> />
text of the manuscript. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling<<strong>br</strong> />
of author's names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list.<<strong>br</strong> />
2. In the text refer to the author's name (without initial) and year of publication, followed – if<<strong>br</strong> />
necessary – by a short reference to appropriate pages. Examples: “Since Peterson (1993) has<<strong>br</strong> />
shown that...” “This is in agre<strong>em</strong>ent with results obtained later (Kramer, 1994, pp. 12–16)”.<<strong>br</strong> />
3. If reference is ma<strong>de</strong> in the text to a publication written by more than two authors the name<<strong>br</strong> />
of the first author should be used followed by “et al.”. This indication, however, should never<<strong>br</strong> />
be used in the list of references. In this list names of first author and all co-authors should be<<strong>br</strong> />
mentioned.<<strong>br</strong> />
4. References cited together in the text should be arranged chronologically. The list of<<strong>br</strong> />
references should be arranged alphabetically by authors' names,and chronologically per<<strong>br</strong> />
author. If an author's name in the list is also mentioned with co-authors the following or<strong>de</strong>r<<strong>br</strong> />
should be used: publications of the single author, arranged according to publication dates –<<strong>br</strong> />
publications of the same author with one co-author – publications of the author with more<<strong>br</strong> />
than one co-author. Publications by the same author(s) in the same year should be listed as<<strong>br</strong> />
1994a, 1994b, etc.<<strong>br</strong> />
5. Use the following syst<strong>em</strong> for arranging your references:<<strong>br</strong> />
a. For periodicals<<strong>br</strong> />
Dame, R., Libes, S., 1993. Oyster reefs and nutrient retention in tidal creeks. J. Exp. Mar.<<strong>br</strong> />
Biol. Ecol. 171, 251–258.<<strong>br</strong> />
b. For edited symposia, special issues, etc. published in a periodical<<strong>br</strong> />
Benzie, J.A.H., Ballment, E., Frusher, S., 1993. Genetic structure of Penaeus mono<strong>do</strong>n in<<strong>br</strong> />
Australia: concordant results from mtDNA and allozymes. In: Gall, G.A.E., Chen, H. (Eds.),<<strong>br</strong> />
Genetics in Aquaculture IV. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, 29 April-3<<strong>br</strong> />
May 1991, Wuhan, China. Aquaculture 111, 89–93.<<strong>br</strong> />
c. For books
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 64<<strong>br</strong> />
Gaugh, Jr., H.G., 1992. Statistical Analysis of Regional Yield Trials. Elsevier, Amsterdam,<<strong>br</strong> />
278 pp.<<strong>br</strong> />
d. For multi-author books<<strong>br</strong> />
Shigueno, K., 1992. Shrimp culture industry in Japan. In: Fast, A.W., Lester, L.J. (Eds.),<<strong>br</strong> />
Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 641–652.<<strong>br</strong> />
6. Titles of periodicals mentioned in the list of references should be ab<strong>br</strong>eviated following<<strong>br</strong> />
ISO 4 standard. The ISSN word ab<strong>br</strong>eviations, for example, can be found at<<strong>br</strong> />
http://www.issn.org/Istwa.html.<<strong>br</strong> />
7. In the case of publications in any language other than English, the original title is to be<<strong>br</strong> />
retained. However, the titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should be transliterated,<<strong>br</strong> />
and a notation such as “(in Russian)” or “(in Greek, with English abstract)” should be ad<strong>de</strong>d.<<strong>br</strong> />
8. Papers accepted for publication but not yet published should be referred to as “in press”.<<strong>br</strong> />
9. References concerning unpublished data and “personal communications” should not be<<strong>br</strong> />
cited in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text.<<strong>br</strong> />
Formulae<<strong>br</strong> />
1. Formulae should be typewritten, if possible. Leave ample space around the formulae.<<strong>br</strong> />
2. Subscripts and superscripts should be clear.<<strong>br</strong> />
3. Greek letters and other non-Latin or handwritten symbols should be explained in the<<strong>br</strong> />
margin where they are first used. Take special care to show clearly the difference between<<strong>br</strong> />
zero (0) and the letter O, and between one (1) and the letter l.<<strong>br</strong> />
4. Give the meaning of all symbols immediately after the equation in which they are first<<strong>br</strong> />
used.<<strong>br</strong> />
5. For simple fractions use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line.<<strong>br</strong> />
6. Equations should be numbered serially at the right-hand si<strong>de</strong> in parentheses. In general only<<strong>br</strong> />
equations explicitly referred to in the text need be numbered.<<strong>br</strong> />
7. The use of fractional powers instead of root signs is recommen<strong>de</strong>d. Also powers of e are<<strong>br</strong> />
often more conveniently <strong>de</strong>noted by exp.<<strong>br</strong> />
8. Levels of statistical significance which can be mentioned without further explanation are *<<strong>br</strong> />
P
MONTEIRO, S.R.R. Utilização <strong>de</strong> <strong>substrato</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>, <strong>em</strong> <strong>cultivo</strong> <strong>do</strong> camarão Litopenaeus vannamei... 65<<strong>br</strong> />
Copyright<<strong>br</strong> />
1. An author, when quoting from someone else's work or when consi<strong>de</strong>ring reproducing an<<strong>br</strong> />
illustration or table from a book or journal article, should make sure that he is not infringing a<<strong>br</strong> />
copyright.<<strong>br</strong> />
2. Although in general an author may quote from other published works, he should obtain<<strong>br</strong> />
permission from the hol<strong>de</strong>r of the copyright if he wishes to make substantial extracts or to<<strong>br</strong> />
reproduce tables,plates, or other illustrations. If the copyright-hol<strong>de</strong>r is not the author of the<<strong>br</strong> />
quoted or reproduced material, it is recommen<strong>de</strong>d that the permission of the author should<<strong>br</strong> />
also be sought.<<strong>br</strong> />
3. Material in unpublished letters and manuscripts is also protected and must not be published<<strong>br</strong> />
unless permission has been obtained.<<strong>br</strong> />
4. A suitable acknowledg<strong>em</strong>ent of any borrowed material must always be ma<strong>de</strong>.<<strong>br</strong> />
Proofs<<strong>br</strong> />
One set of proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as given on the title page of the<<strong>br</strong> />
manuscript. Only typesetter's errors may be corrected; no changes in, or additions to, the<<strong>br</strong> />
edited manuscript will be allowed.<<strong>br</strong> />
Offprints<<strong>br</strong> />
1. Twenty-five offprints will be supplied free of charge.<<strong>br</strong> />
2. Additional offprints can be or<strong>de</strong>red on an offprint or<strong>de</strong>r form, which is inclu<strong>de</strong>d with the<<strong>br</strong> />
proofs.<<strong>br</strong> />
3. UNESCO coupons are acceptable in payment of extra offprints.<<strong>br</strong> />
Author Services<<strong>br</strong> />
Authors can also keep a track on the progress of their accepted article, and set up e-mail alerts<<strong>br</strong> />
informing th<strong>em</strong> of changes to their manuscript's status, by using the "Track a Paper" feature<<strong>br</strong> />
of Elsevier http://authors.elsevier.com.