e progresul comportamentului diferitelor categorii de cheltuieli ...

3
$1$/,=$ &26785,/25 '( 352'8& ,(
5HGXFHUHD DEVROXW úL UHODWLY D FRVWXULORU GH SURGXF LH GH SULQFLSLX
SRDWH IL FRQFHSXW QXPDL DFROR XQGH H[LVW UH]HUYH vQ DFHVW VHQV Teoretic,
vQ RULFH vQWUHSULQGHUH H[LVW DVHPHQHD UH]HUYH GHWHUPLQDWH Ge progresul
FRQWLQXX DO IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH GH DSOLFDUHD vQ SUDFWLF D UH]XOWDWHORU
FHUFHW ULORU úWLLQ LILFH 3XQHUHD ORU vQ YDORDUH HVWH FRQGL LRQDW GH
FXQRDúWHUHD H[LVWHQ HL DFHVWRUD D GLPHQVLXQLL ORU úL GH DF LXQHD IDFWRUXOXL
uman pentru materialL]DUHD P VXULORU VWDELOLWH
&RQGXFHUHD SULQ FRVWXUL LPSOLF VWDELOLUHD XQRU FRVWXUL FRQVLGHUDWH
QRUPDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FULWHULXO SHUPDQHQW GH FRPSDUD LH D
comportamentului diferitelor categorii de cheltuieli.
&H UHSUH]LQW FRVWXULOH QRUPDOH " (VWH JUHX GH GDW R GHILQL LH VDX R
PRGDOLWDWH GH SUHVWDELOLUH 7HRULD úL SUDFWLFD PRQGLDO FRQVLGHU FD ILLQG
costuri normale:
¾ standardele de cheltuieli stabilite pe baza tehnologiilor de
IDEULFD LH FDUH DVLJXU RE LQHUHD SURGXVHORU OD SDUDPHWULL
SURLHFWD L
¾ nivelXO FHO PDL VF ]XW GH FKHOWXLHOL vQUHJLVWUDWH vQ UDPXUD GH
DFWLYLWDWH UHVSHFWLY
¾ FRVWXULOH FDUH DVLJXU XQ SURILW QHW DQXDO HFKLYDOHQW GREkQ]LL
DIHUHQWH FDSLWDOXOXL SURSULX ÌQ OHJ WXU FX DFHDVW SUREOHP vQ
OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VH GDX DQXPLWH P ULmi, ca de exemplu
12% din capitalul propriu.
,PSRUWDQW HVWH FD vQ ILHFDUH vQWUHSULQGHUH V H[LVWH XQ SURJUDP SODQ
DO FRVWXULORU FDUH V ILH vQ SHUPDQHQ DGDSWDW FRQGL LLORU FRQFUHWH DOH

PRPHQWXOXL FRQVWLWXLQG ED]D GH UDSRUWDUH SHQWUX UHDOL] ULOH ILHF rei
perioade.
ÌQ DERUGDUHD SUREOHPDWLFLL FRVWXULORU D ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL GH
FKHOWXLHOL WUHEXLH V VH SRUQHDVF GH OD IXQF LLOH SH FDUH DFHVWHD OH DX vQ
EXQD IXQF LRQDUH D ILUPHL 2ULFH VXSUD VDX VXEGLPHQVLRQDUH FUHHD]
GLVIXQF LRQDOLW L &D DWDUH D HFRQRPLVL QX vQWRWGHDXQD vQVHDPQ D QX
FKHOWXL VDX D QX FRQVXPD FHHD FH HVWH IRDUWH VLPSOX FL WUHEXLH SXV
SUREOHPD úL vQ VHQVXO XUP WRU FkW VH SLHUGH GDF QX VH FKHOWXLH OHX
etc.) în plus.
,QWHJUDW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF GH FRQGXFHUH WHPDWLFD cheltuielilor
GH SURGXF LH HVWH R SUREOHP LQWHUQ D ILHF UHL vQWUHSULQGHUL FDUH WUHEXLH V
ILH FLUFXPVFULV vQWU-un cadru legislativ general vizând aspecte
RUJDQL]DWRULFH DOH HYLGHQ HL SUHFXP úL QLYHOXUL QRUPDWH UHJOHPHQWDWH
pentru unele categorii de FKHOWXLHOL $úD GH H[HPSOX SULQ /HJHD
FRQWDELOLW LL 1U úL + * ;,, SULQ FDUH V-a aprobat
UHJXODPHQWXO GH DSOLFDUH D OHJLL úL SODQXO FRQWDELO JHQHUDO V-D SUHY ]XW
clasa 9 Conturi de gestiune.
Asemenea aspecte sunt elemente importante ale conducerii micro
sau macroeconomice prin intermediul pârghiilor economico-financiare.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF GH DQDOL] D FKHOWXLHOLORU
DFHDVWD WUHEXLH V ILH SULQ H[FHOHQ R FRPSRQHQW PDMRU D PDQDJHPHQWXOXL
intern al firmeL FDUH V DVLJXUH UHDOL]DUHD XQRU FRVWXUL FRPSHWLWLYH
0RGDOLW LOH GH UHDOL]DUH úL UHVSHFWLY GH RUJDQL]DUH D PXQFLL GH
DQDOL] D SUREOHPDWLFLL DERUGDWH VXQW GLIHULWH vQ UDSRUW GH VFRS úL VXELHFWXO
FDUH R UHDOL]HD]
&X WRDWH DFHVWHD H[LVW R PHWRGRORJLH GH DQDOL] D FKHOWXLHOLORU FDUH
RIHU XQ FDGUX JHQHUDO SRVLELO GH DGRSWDW GH F WUH XWLOL]DWRUL 3ULQFLSDOHOH
DVSHFWH FDUH VH DERUGHD] vQ FRQWLQXDUH VXQW
3.1 Analiza cheltuielilor aferente veniturilor întreprinderii
5HDOL]DUHD XQXL YHQLW úL UHVSHFWLY SURILW LPSOLF HIHFWXDUHD GH
FKHOWXLHOL ÌQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD ILQDQFLDU FKHOWXLHOLOH VH vQUHJLVWUHD] SH IHOXUL
GH FKHOWXLHOL GXS QDWXUD ORU úL VH JUXSHD] vQ
a) cheltuieli de exploatare – care cuprind categoriile de consumuri privind
realizarea RELHFWXOXL GH DFWLYLWDWH úL FHOH DIHUHQWH DFHVWRUD ([HPSOX
provizioanele pentru diverse cheltuieli);
b) cheltuieli financiare – FDUH LQFOXG SLHUGHULOH GH FUHDQ H OHJDWH

GH SDUWLFLSD LL GLQ YkQ]DUHD WLWOXULORU GH SODVDPHQW GREkQ]L HWF YL]HD]
activiWDWHD ILQDQFLDU vQ DIDUD H[SORDW ULL
F FKHOWXLHOL H[FHS LRQDOH – FDUH QX VXQW OHJDWH GH DFWLYLWDWHD FXUHQW
QRUPDO VH UHIHU OD GHVS JXELUL DPHQ]L SHQDOL] UL GRQD LL VXEYHQ LL HWF
(YLGHQ D DFHVWRU FKHOWXLHOL VH UHDOL]HD] FX DMXWRUXO FRQWXULORr din
grupa 6 – FRQWXUL GH FKHOWXLHOL FDUH VH GH]YROW SH DQDOLWLFH GH JUDGXO ,,,
úL ,9
9HQLWXULOH vQWUHSULQGHULL UHSUH]LQW VXPHOH vQFDVDWH VDX GH vQFDVDW vQ
FXUVXO H[HUFL LXOXL úL VH JUXSHD] vQ
a) venituri din exploatare în care se includ venituriOH UHDOL]DWH GLQ RSHUD LLOH
FDUH IRUPHD] RELHFWXO GH DFWLYLWDWH OD FDUH VH DGDXJ YHQLWXULOH GLQ
SURGXF LH VWRFDW úL LPRELOL]DW SUHFXP úL DOWH YHQLWXUL OHJDWH GH H[SORDWDUH
E YHQLWXUL ILQDQFLDUH vQ FDUH VH LQFOXG YHQLWXULOH GLQ SDUWLFLSD LL GLQ DOWe
LPRELOL] UL GLQ WLWOXUL GH SODVDPHQW HWF
F YHQLWXUL H[FHS LRQDOH GHVS JXELUL SHQDOLW L vQFDVDWH HWF
(YLGHQ D YHQLWXULORU VH UHDOL]HD] FX DMXWRUXO FRQWXULORU GLQ FODVD
7 – Conturi de venituri.
ÌQ JHQHUDO VH SRDWH IDFH R FRUHOD LH vQWUH YHQLWXUL úL FKHOWXLHOL vQ
VHQVXO F UHDOL]DUHD XQXL YHQLW SUHVXSXQH HIHFWXDUHD XQHL FKHOWXLHOL VDX
LQYHUV 'DU VXQW úL H[FHS LL $úD GH H[HPSOX FKHOWXLHOLOH ILQDQFLDUH GH
UHJXO QX JHQHUHD] YHQLWXUL LDU UHDOL]DUHD DFHVWRUD QX SUHVXSXQH FKHOWXLHOL
$FHOHDúL UHJXOL OH DX úL XQHOH FKHOWXLHOL úL YHQLWXUL H[FHS LRQDOH
$QDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH YHQLWXULORU YL]HD] HYROX LD ORU úL
IDFWRULL FDUH R GHWHUPLQ vQ YHGHUHD LGHQWLILF ULL SRVLELOLW LORU GH GLPLQXDUH
vQ VFRSXO VSRULULL UHQWDELOLW L ,QWHJUDW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF GH JHVWLXQH
DFHDVW DQDOL] UHSUH]LQW R SULP HWDS GH LQIRUPDUH DVXSUD GLQDPLFLL
FKHOWXLHOLORU ÌQ DFHVW VFRS VH XWLOL]HD] LQGLFDWRUXO Ä&KHOWXLHOL OD OHL
YHQLWXUL´ & FDUH VH GHWHUPLQ FD UDSRUW vQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH WRWDOH Σchi úL
venituri (ΣVi)
în care:
gi
C =
n
∑
i=
1
n
∑
i=
1
ch
V
i
i
⋅1000
sau
C =
∑
g
i
100
⋅ c
UHSUH]LQW VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU SH FDWHJRULL
ci = cheltuieli la 1000 lei venituri pe categorii de venituri.
i

'H DLFL UH]XOW F ID GH R ED] GH UHIHULQ PRGLILFDUHD QLYHOXOXL
cheltuieliORU OD OHL YHQLWXUL VH GDWRUHD] LQIOXHQ HL VWUXFWXULL YHQLWXULORU
úL D QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL SH FDWHJRULL GH YHQLWXUL
3HQWUX VHSDUDUHD FHORU GRX LQIOXHQ H HVWH QHFHVDU UHFDOFXODUHD
FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL vQ IXQF LH GH VWUXFWXUD QLYHOXOXL FRPSDUDW úL D UDWHORU
SH FDWHJRULL GH YHQLWXUL GLQ ED]D GH UHIHULQ
3HQWUX H[HPSOLILFDUH VH IRORVHVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH 7DEHOXO GDWH
H[WUDVH GLQ FRQWXO GH SURILW úL SLHUGHUH OD 6 & ; 6 $
Nr.
crt.
6SHFLILFD LH
Perioada
SUHFHGHQW
Pn-1
3HULRDGD FXUHQW
3UHY ]XW
P0
Tabelul 3.1
(mil. lei)
Realizat
1. Cheltuieli de exploatare 3000 3500 3800
2. Cheltuieli financiare 250 300 280
3. &KHOWXLHOL H[FHS LRQDOH 150 170 180
TOTAL cheltuieli 3400 3970 4260
4. Venituri din exploatare 3680 (92) 4218 (90) 4630 (94)
5. Venituri financiare 160 (4) 328 (7) 196 (4)
6. 9HQLWXUL H[FHS LRQDOH 160 (4) 141 (3) 99 (2)
TOTAL venituri 4000 4687 4925
7. Cheltuieli la 1000 lei venituri (lei)
a) de exploatare 815,22 829,72 820,73
b) financiare 1562,50 914,63 1428,56
F H[FHS LRQDOH 937,50 1205,67 1818,18
TOTAL 850,00 847,00 864,97
1RW FLIUHOH GLQ SDUDQWH] UHSUH]LQW VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU
ÌQ FD]XO GDW UH]XOW F ID GH UHDOL] ULOH SHULRDGHL SUHFHGHQWH VH
SUHYHGH R VSRULUH D HILFLHQ HL (respectiv, o diminuare a nivelului
cheltuielilor), înregistrându-VH vQ IDSW R VLWXD LH LQYHUV 6XE DVSHFW
metodologic, o asWIHO GH VWDUH VH H[SOLF DVWIH
0RGLILFDUH ID GH FULWHULXO GH FRPSDUD LH
P0 – Pn-1
P1 – P0
847 – 850 = -3,0 lei 864,97 – 847 = + 17,97 lei
P1

,QIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL YHQLWXULORU
0,90 × 815,22 = 733,70 0,94 × 829,77 = 779,98
0,07 × 1562,50 = 109,38 0,04 × 914,63 = 36,59
28,
12
0 , 03 × 937,
50 =
871,
2
24,
11
0 , 02 × 1205,
57 =
840,
68
871,2 – 850 = +21,20 lei; 840,68 – 847 = - 6,32 lei
3 ,QIOXHQ D QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL YHQLWXUL SH FDWHJRULL GH
venituri
847 −
871,
20
=
−
−
24,
20
3
, 0
lei
864,
97
−
840,
68
=
+
+
24,
29
17
, 97 lei
$FHVWH GDWH DWHVW IDSWXO F V-D DYXW vQ YHGHUH DPSOLILFDUHD HILFLHQ HL
cheltuielilor pe seama reducerii cheltuielilor pe categorii de venituri, care a
vQUHJLVWUDW vQV R HYROX LH LQYHUV ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU
FD IDFWRU GH LQIOXHQ GH SULQFLSLX WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW FD XQ IDFWRU GH
H[SOLFDUH D UH]XOWDWXOXL ILLQG R UH]XOWDQW D GLQDPLFLL YHQLWXULORU $FHasta nu
exclude posibilitatea folosirii acestui factor ca mijloc de realizare a unui
RELHFWLY GDF H[LVW FRQGL LL IDYRUL]DQWH
ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF WUHEXLH DYXWH vQ YHGHUH
• OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D LQIOD LHL FHHD FH SUHVXSXQH FRUHFWDUHD
bazei de compDUD LH FX XQ FRHILFLHQW FDUH V UHIOHFWH FRUHOD LD
GLQWUH FUHúWHUHD SUH XULORU WXWXURU FDWHJRULLORU GH UHVXUVH FX FDUH
VH DSURYL]LRQHD] vQWUHSULQGHUHD ,FKL úL GLQDPLFD SUH XULORU SH
VHDPD F URUD VH IRUPHD] YHQLWXULOH ,vi).
'DF ,FKL úL ,vi = 1 DWXQFL ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH YD IL
110
847 × = 887,
3lei.
105
(VWH HYLGHQW F ID GH DFHDVW ED] GH UDSRUWDUH UH]XOWDWXO RE LQXW
HVWH IDYRUDELO GDU HO WUHEXLH LQWHUSUHWDW vQ VHQVXO F V-DU IL RE LQXW GDF QX DU
IL LQWHUYHQLW PRGLILF ULOH GH SUH XUL independente de întreprindere.
• H[SOLFDUHD SH ILHFDUH FDWHJRULH GH YHQLWXUL D HYROX LHL HILFLHQ HL
vQ IXQF LH GH IDFWRULL VSHFLILFL FDUH R LQIOXHQ HD] PDL DOHV vQ
VLWXD LL FD FHD GLQ H[HPSOXO GDW vQ FDUH FKHOWXLHOLOH ILQDQFLDUH úL
FHOH H[FHS LRQDOH GHS úesF VXEVWDQ LDO YHQLWXULOH

0RGDOLW LOH GH DQDOL] YRU IL SUH]HQWDWH SH SDUFXUV
Modificarea nivelului cheltuielilor totale la 1000 lei venituri se
UHIOHFW vQ P ULPHD UH]XOWDWXOXL H[HUFL LXOXL vQDLQWH GH LPSR]LWDUH
(IHFWXO VH GHWHUPLQ FX DMXWRUXO UHOD LHL
∑ vi
− C1 0
1000
4925
1000
( − C ) = −(
864,
57 − 847)
= −88,
5 mil.
lei
FHHD FH vQVHDPQ R GLPLQXDUH D UH]XOWDWXOXL ID GH FHO SUHY ]XW SULQ EXJHWXO
GH YHQLWXUL úL FKHOWXLHOL (YLGHQW R DVHPHQHD LQIOXHQ QHIDYRUDELO SRDWH IL
FRPSHQVDW SULQ PDVD YHQLWXOXL FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R DOWHUQDWLY SHQWUu un
anumit orizont.
3.2 Analiza cheltuielilor de exploatare
&KHOWXLHOLOH GH H[SORDWDUH GH LQ SRQGHUHD FHD PDL PDUH HOH ILLQG vQ
OHJ WXU GLUHFW FX RELHFWXO GH DFWLYLWDWH DO vQWUHSULQGHULL FRQVWLWXLQG DVWIHO
GRPHQLXO SULQFLSDO vQ FDUH VH SRW LQL LD úL UHDOL]D FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH P VXUL
GH VSRULUH D HILFLHQ HL HFRQRPLFH
Cheltuielile de exploatare cuprind, potrivit prevederilor art. 96 din
5HJXODPHQWXO GH DSOLFDUH D /HJLL FRQWDELOLW LL XUP WRDUHOH HOHPHQWH
¾ cheltuieli privind consumurile de materii prime, materiale,
FRPEXVWLELO HQHUJLH úL HOHPHQWH DVLPLODWH
¾ FKHOWXLHOLOH FX OXFU ULOH úL VHUYLFLLOH SUHVWDWH GH WHU L FKLULL
ORFD LL GH JHVWLXQH DOWH FKHOWXLHOL
¾ FKHOWXLHOL FX LPSR]LWHOH úL WD[HOH VXSRUWDWH GH XQLWDWHD
SDWULPRQLDO
¾ cheltuieli cu personalul;
¾ alte cheltuieli de exploatare.
ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH VH IRORVHúWH QLYHOXO ORU OD
1000 lei venituri din exploatare, ca parte a întregului folosit anterior,
XUP ULQGX-VH GLQDPLFD úL PRGLILF ULOH LQWHUYHQLWH vQ VWUXFWXUD FKHOWXLHOilor.
Acest lucru este important atât pentru formarea imaginii asupra modului în
care s-D UHDOL]DW SURJUDPXO VWDELOLW úL vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD
FDWHJRULLORU GH FKHOWXLHOL FDUH QHFHVLW R DWHQ LH GHRVHELW GLQ SDUWHD
factorilor de decizie.
ÎntruckW GLQDPLFD HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH HVWH
FXQRVFXW GLQ SDUDJUDIXO DQWHULRU VH YD SUH]HQWD DQDOL]D VWUXFWXUDO vQ
IXQF LH GH QDWXUD FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL WRWDOH D H[HUFL LXOXL
ILQDQFLDU LQFOXVLY FRVWXO P UIXULORU YkQGXWH vQ FRUHOD LH FX YDORDUHD ORU

ÌQ DFHVW VFRS SH ED]D GDWHORU GLQ FRQWXO GH SURILW úL SLHUGHUH úL DOWH
VXUVH VH vQWRFPHúWH WDEHOXO XUP WRU WDEHOXO ):
Nr.
crt.
6SHFLILFD LH
1 &RVWXO P UIXULORU YkQGXWH
(ct. 607)
2 0DWHULL SULPH úL PDWHULDOH
consumabile (ct. 600 + 601)
3 &RPEXVWLELOL HQHUJLH úL DS
(ct. 605)
4 Alte cheltuieli
(ct. 602, 603, 604, 606,
608)
5 /XFU UL úL VHUYLFLL H[HFXWDWH
GH WHU L FW OD
ct. 621 la 628)
6 ,PSR]LWH WD[H úL Y UV PLQWH
Cheltuieli la 1000 lei venituri din
exploatare (lei
Perioada
SUHFHGHQW
3UHY ]XW Realizat
Tabelul 3.2
0RGLILF UL
col. 4
–
col. 2
col. 4
–
col. 3
- - - - -
427,49 449,889 444,55 +17,15 -5,32
86,82 86,54 85,37 -1,45 -1,17
28,86 28,63 27,58 -1,28 -1,05
11,07 8,30 12,48 +1,41 +4,18
asimilate (ct. 631 + 635)
8,09 8,80 11,90 +3,81 +3,10
7 Salarii personal (ct. 641) 178,76 181,20 165,40 -13,36 -15,80
8 $VLJXU UL úL SURWHF LH
VRFLDO FW
9 Alte cheltuieli de exploatare
(ct. 654 + 658)
10 $PRUWL] UL úL SURYL]LRDQH
55,41 43,15 51,22 -4,19 +8,07
1,10 - 1,23 +0,13 +1,23
(ct. 681)
17,62 23,23 21,00 +3,38 -2,23
TOTAL 815,22 829,72 820,73 +5,60 -8,99
'LQ GDWHOH DVWIHO VWUXFWXUDWH UH]XOW F ID GH SUHYHGHUHD GH FUHúWHUH
a cheltuielilor de exploatare la 1000 lei venituri, s-a realizat o reducere pe
WRWDO úL FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL ([FHS LH IDF XQHOH FKHOWXLHOL GDU QX DX
SRQGHUL vQVHPQDWH DOWH FKHOWXLHOL GH H[SORDWDUH DVLJXU UL úL SURWHF LH VRFLDO
etc.).
Într-R DVHPHQHD VLWXD LH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
metodologic, estH QHFHVDU V VH DQDOL]H]H ILHFDUH FKHOWXLDO LQGLIHUHQW GH
HYROX LD HL vQ VFRSXO LGHQWLILF ULL SRVLELOLW LORU GH UHGXFHUH PHWRGRORJLD YD
IL SUH]HQWDW vQ DOWH SDUDJUDIH
$QDOL]D HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH SRDWH IL HIHFWXDW vQ
raport de fRUPDUHD YHQLWXULORU úL QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU SH FDWHJRULL GH YHQLWXUL

ÌQ DFHVW VFRS GDWHOH QHFHVDUH VH SUH]LQW DVWIHO
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori
Perioada
SUHFHGHQW
Tabelul 3.3
(mil. lei)
3HULRDGD FXUHQW
3UHY ]XW Realizat
1 Venituri din exploatare, din care aferente: 3680 4218 4630
2 3URGXF LHL YkQGXWH 3386 (92) 4007 (95)
4375
(94,5)
3 3URGXF LHL VWRFDWH 184 (5) 42 (1) 162 (3,5)
4 3URGXF LHL LPRELOL]DWH 110 (3) 169 (4) 93 (2)
5 Cheltuieli din exploatare, din care aferente: 3000 3500 3800
6 3URGXF LHi vândute 2706 3289 3545
7 3URGXF LHL VWRFDWH 184 42 162
8 3URGXF LHL LPRELOL]DWH 110 169 93
9 Cheltuieli de exploatare la 1000 lei
venituri (lei) din care aferente:
815,22 829,72 820,73
10 3URGXF LHL YkQGXWH 799,17 820,81 810,29
11 $IHUHQWH SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH úL LPRELOL]DWH 1000 1000 1000
1RW : &LIUHOH GLQ SDUDQWH] UHSUH]LQW VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU vQ
procente.
ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH vQ IXQF LH GH FULWHULXO DPLQWLW
WUHEXLH V VH LQ VHDPD GH PRGXO GH IRUPDUH D YHQLWXULORU GLQ SURGXF LD
VWRFDW úL LPRELOL]DW UHVSHFWLY HYDOXDUHD vQ FRVWXUL FHHD FH FRQGXFH OD XQ
QLYHO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL ÌQ FRQVHFLQ R FUHúWHUH D SRQGHULL DFHVWRU
GRX HOHPHQWH DUH FD HIHFW GLPLQXDUHD HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH
Din puncW GH YHGHUH PHWRGRORJLF SHQWUX D GHOLPLWD LQIOXHQ D
VWUXFWXULL YHQLWXULORU GH FHD D QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL
YkQGXWH VH SURFHGHD] FD vQ FD]XO SUHFHGHQW UHVSHFWLY VH IDFH UHFDOFXODUHD
cheltuielilor la 1000 lei venituri de exploatare.
1. Modificarea cheltuielilor la 1000 lei venituri din exploatare (lei),
P0 – Pn-1
P1 – P0
829,72 – 815,22 = 14,50 lei 820,73 – 829,72 = -8,99 lei
,QIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL YHQLWXULORU GLQ H[SORDWDUH
0,95 × 799,17 = 759,21 0,945 × 820,81 = 775,67
50,
0
0 , 05 × 1000
809,
21
55,
0
0 , 055 × 1000
830,
67
809,21 – 815,22 = -6,01 lei 830,67 – 829,72 = +0,95 lei

,QIOXHQ D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL YHQLWXUL DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL
vândute
829,72 – 809,21 = +20,51 820,73 – 830,67 = -9,94
$QDOL]D GDWHORU HYLGHQ LD] IDSWXO F VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU FRUHFWHD]
vQ PLQXV VDX SOXV LQIOXHQ D H[HUFLWDW GH QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH
SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH HOHPHQWXO SULQFLSDO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU GH
exploatare.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH HYROX LD SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH úL LPRELOL]DWH WUHEXLH
V VH IDF GLVWLQF LH vQWUH YROXPXO IL]LF úL FRVWXO DIHUHQW vQWUXFkW DFHVWHD DX
VHPQLILFD LH FDX]H úL HIHFWH GLIHULWH $VWIHO FUHúWHUHD VDX VF GHUHD
SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH úL UHVSHFWLY LPRELOL]DWH FRPSDUDWLY FX UHDOL] ULOH
perioadHL DQWHULRDUH VDX FX SUHYHGHULOH SRDWH IL GHWHUPLQDW GH IDFWRUL
FRQMXQFWXUDOL DL SLH HL VDX GH DOW QDWXU VDX RS LXQH D FRQGXFHULL SHQWUX
realizarea unor obiective viitoare. Modificarea costurilor aferente este
GHWHUPLQDW GH IDFWRUL VSHFLILFL UHIOHFWkndu-VH FRUHVSXQ] WRU vQ UH]XOWDWXO
H[HUFL LXOXL $VHPHQHD DVSHFWH SRW IL VROX LRQDWH SULQ FRUHODUHD GDWHORU GLQ
FRQWDELOLWDWHD JHQHUDO ILQDQFLDU FX FHOH GLQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD GH JHVWLXQH
DQDOLWLF
$QDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHri
3RWULYLW UHJOHPHQW ULORU vQ YLJRDUH FLIUD GH DIDFHUL VH FDOFXOHD] SULQ
vQVXPDUHD YHQLWXULORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ OLYU ULOH GH EXQXUL H[HFXWDUHD GH OXFU UL
úL SUHVW ULOH GH VHUYLFLL úL DOWH YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH PDL SX LQ UDEDWXULOH úL
UHPL]HOH úL DOWH UHGXFHUL DFRUGDWH FOLHQ LORU $UWLFROXO GLQ 5HJXODPHQWXO
GH DSOLFDUH D /HJLL FRQWDELOLW LL
&D SULQFLSDO SDUWH FRPSRQHQW D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL YHQLWXUL
GLQ H[SORDWDUH FKHOWXLHOLOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL & SRW IL H[SULPDWH
cu ajutorul modelului:
∑ qc
C = ⋅1000
∑ qp
în care:
T FDQWLWDWHD YkQGXW
c = costul produselor
S SUH XO PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH H[FOXVLY 7 9 $

5HOD LD GH PDL VXV SRDWH IL VFULV úL DVWIHO
c
C = ∑ g ⋅ ⋅1000
p
în care:
⎛ qp ⎞
J VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH VWDELOLW YDORULF ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∑ qp ⎠
c
⋅1000 = nivelul cheltuielilor la 1000 lei pe produse
p
'H DLFL UH]XOW F IDFWRULL FDUH LQIOXHQ HD] FKHOWXLHOLOH OD OHL
FLIU GH DIDFHUL VXQW VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL SUH XO PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH úL costul
produselor.
([HPSOLILFDUHD
(tabelul 3.4):
PHWRGRORJLHL GH DQDOL] QHFHVLW XUP WRDUHOH GDWH
Tabelul 3.4
(mil. lei)
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori 3UHY ]XW Realizat
1 Cifra de afaceri ( ∑ qp )
4007 4375
2 Cheltuieli aferente cifrei de afaceri ( ∑ qc )
3289 3546
3 &LIUD GH DIDFHUL UHFDOFXODW ( ) q - 4500
4
∑ 1 0 p
Cheltuieli aferente
( ∑ 1 0 )
cifrei de afaceri recalculate
c q
- 3672
5 &KHOWXLHOL OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL OHL 820,81 810,51
ReducereD vQ FD]XO GDW DO QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU
de afaceri de –10,30 lei (810,51 – VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
D 6WUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH
∑ q1c0
∑ q0
p0
⋅1000
− ⋅1000
∑ q1p0
∑ q0
p0
sau C′
− C0
3672 3289
⋅ 1000 − ⋅1000
= 816 − 820,
81 = −4,
81lei
4500 4007
Interpretat metodologic, acest rezultat FX VHPQLILFD LH HFRQRPLF
SR]LWLY GH UHGXFHUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL HVWH XUPDUHD PRGLILF ULL
VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH vQ VHQVXO FUHúWHULL SRQGHULL SURGXVHORU FX R
UHQWDELOLWDWH SUHY ]XW PDL PDUH $úD GXS FXP V-a mai precizat, structura
proGXF LHL YkQGXWH SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW DWkW FD IDFWRU GH H[SOLFDUH

D UH]XOWDWXOXL FkW úL GH UHDOL]DUH D XQXL RELHFWLY SUHY ]XW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ vQ
DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF HVWH DEVROXW QHFHVDU V VH SUHFL]H]H FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH
s-DX SURGXV PRGLILF ULOH vQ VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH DYkQGX-se în
YHGHUH HIHFWHOH PXOWLSOH GLUHFWH úL LQGLUHFWH SH FDUH OH GHWHUPLQ
E 3UH XULORU PHGLL GH YkQ]DUH
∑
∑
q1c0
⋅1000
−
q p
1
1
∑ ∑
qc
1
0
q p
0
⋅1000
sau
3672 3672
⋅ 100 − ⋅1000
= 839,
31 −
4375 4500
C′′
− C
0
816,
00
= + 23,
31lei
6F GHUHD ID GH QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW D SUH XULORU PHGLL GH YkQ]DUH D
FRQGXV OD R FUHúWHUH D QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL FHHD
FH vQVHDPQ vQ XOWLP LQVWDQ VF GHUHD SURILWXOXL &D DWDUH DGRSWDUHD XQRU
GHFL]LL UHIHULWRDUH OD SROLWLFD GH SUH XUL WUHEXLH V VH ED]H]H SH DQDOL]D
tuturor cauzelor care DX GHWHUPLQDW PLúFDUHD vQ H[HPSOXO GDW D SUH XULORU
de vânzare.
ÌQ JHQHUDO VH SRDWH VSXQH F PRGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU GH YkQ]DUH HVWH
GHWHUPLQDW GH VFKLPEDUHD UDSRUWXOXL FHUHUH-RIHUW /D QLYHOXO ILHF UXL
SURGXF WRU úL UHVSHFWLY RIHUWDQW GH SURGXVH pot fi identificate unele cauze
FXP DU IL FDOLWDWHD SURGXVHORU LQFOXVLY SURGXVH GLIHUHQ LDWH SH FDOLW L
PDUFD GH IDEULF SURGXF LH VDX FRPHU VFKLPEDUHD GHVWLQD LHL SURGXVXOXL
LQWHUYHQ LD VWDWXOXL vQ FD]XO XQRU SURGXVH GH LPSRUWDQ QD LRQDO VDX
VWUDWHJLF DFRUGDUHD GH ERQLILFD LL VDX UHPL]H HWF
Cunoscându-se cauzele care au condus lD PRGLILFDUHD SUH XULORU
(±Δ3 VH SRDWH VWDELOL HIHFWXO DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU
GH DIDFHUL SH ED]D UHOD LHL
∑ q1c0
∑ q1c0
⋅1000
− ⋅1000
∑ q1p1
− ( ± ΔP)
∑ q1p0
PrHVXSXQkQG vQ H[HPSOXO GDW F vQWUHSULQGHUHD IDEULF SURGXVH
GLIHUHQ LDWH SH FDOLW L úL F vQ SHULRDGD DQDOL]DW SHQWUX VWLPXODUHD
vâQ] ULORU D DFRUGDW ERQLILFD LL vQ VXP WRWDO GH – PLO OHL LQIOXHQ D
FDOLW LL DVXSUD FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL VH GHWHUPLQ DVWIHO
3672
⋅1000
− 816 = 814,
91 − 816 = −1,
09 lei
4375 + 131
'HFL HIHFWXO FDOLW LL vPEXQ W LUHD DFHVWHLD FRQGXFH OD FUHúWHUHD
SUH XOXL GH YkQ]DUH úL LPSOLFLW OD VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL FX OHL OD OHL
FLIU GH DIDFHUL vQ WLPS FH DFRUGDUHD ERQLILFD LLORU V-a materializat într-o
diminuare a acesteia cu 24,40 lei (23,31 + 1,09).

c) Costurilor pe produse
∑ q1
c1
∑ q1c0
⋅1000
− ⋅1000
∑ q1p1
∑ q1p1
sau C1
− C′
′
3546 3672
⋅ 1000 − ⋅1000
= 810,
51 − 839,
31 = −28,
80 lei
4375 4375
5HGXFHUHD FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH D GHWHUPLQDW VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL
FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL
DLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH PHWRGRORJLF SHQWUX R HGLILFDUH FRPSOHW DVXSUD
VLWXD LHL HVWH QHFHVDU DQDOL]D HOHPHQWHORU GH FKHOWXLHOL úL D FDX]HORU FDUH DX
GHWHUPLQDW PRGLILFDUHD DFHVWRUD (VWH FXQRVFXW IDSWXO F SUH XO WXWXURU
categoriilor de resurse este o compoQHQW D FKHOWXLHOLORU FDUH VH SRDWH
PRGLILFD LQGHSHQGHQW GH DFWLYLWDWHD XQLW LORU sau vQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL VH
LPSXQH R VHSDUDUH D DFHVWHL LQIOXHQ H GH FRQWULEX LD SURSULH OD UH]XOWDWXO
RE LQXW
Metodologic, aceasta presupune:
ƒ determinarea soldului modiILF ULORU GH FKHOWXLHOL LQGHSHQGHQWH
de activitatea întreprinderii (±ΔFK 6 SUHVXSXQHP vQ H[HPSOXO
dat +22 mil. lei;
ƒ VWDELOLUHD QLYHOXOXL OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL
± Δch
+ 22
⋅1000
= ⋅1000
=
∑ q1p1
4375
+ 5,
03lei
ƒ FRUHFWDUHD LQIOXHQ HL FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH FX HIHFWXO
modifiF ULORU GH FKHOWXLHOL LQGHSHQGHQWH GH XQLWDWH
-28,80 – (+5,03) = -33,83 lei
,QIRUPD LLOH RE LQXWH vQ XUPD DFHVWHL PRGDOLW L GH DQDOL] SRW IL
YDORULILFDWH vQ VLWXD LL PXOWLSOH GLQ FDUH QX VH H[FOXG VWXGLLOH GH IH]DELOLWDWH
úL GH HYDOXDUH vQ FDUH SDUWHD GH GLDJQRVWLF DUH R LPSRUWDQ GHRVHELW
'DW ILLQG SR]L LD FKHOWXLHOLORU WRWDOH VDX DIHUHQWH FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL
vQ VLVWHPXO LQGLFDWRULORU GH DQDOL] HFRQRPLFR-ILQDQFLDU VH UHFRPDQG
FXDQWLILFDUHD HIHFWHORU PRGLILF ULL QLYHOXOXL OD OHL $VWIHO principalii
LQGLFDWRUL VLQWHWLFL vQ FDUH VH UHJ VHúWH LQIOXHQ D PRGLILF ULL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD
OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL VXQW
a) Suma profitului înainte de impozitare
− C1−C
0
∑ q1p1
( ) 1000
1RW : Rezultatul poate fi detaliat pe factori potrivit metodologiei
prezentate;

unde:
E (ILFLHQ D DFWLYHORU GH H[SORDWDUH $H
( − C )
− C1 0 ∑ q1p1
Ae1
F (ILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL DFWLYHORU IL[H YDORDUHD PHGLH DQXDO – Mf)
( − C )
− C1 0 ∑ q1p1
Mf1
G (ILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL FDSLWDOXULORU FDUH pot fi proprii, totale, sociale
–K);
( − C )
− C1 0 ∑ q1p1
K1
G (ILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL IRU HL GH PXQF SULQ SURILWXO PHGLX SH VDODULDW
−
( C − C )
1
∑ q1p1
0
1000
N1
N QXP UXO PHGLX GH VDODULD L
1
(ILFLHQ D FKHOWXLHOLORU DIHUHQWH FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL HVWH GH fapt o
UHIOHFWDUH D UH]XOWDWHORU FDUH VH RE LQ vQ VWDGLXO SURGXF LHL ÌQ FRQVHFLQ
DQDOL]D SRDWH IL GHSODVDW vQ DFHVW VHJPHQW DO FLUFXOD LHL FDSLWDOXOXL
folosindu-VH LQGLFDWRUXO ÄFKHOWXLHOL OD OHL SURGXF LH PDUI IDEULFDW ´
Aceasta presupune ca, vQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD GH JHVWLXQH V VH VWDELOHDVF
UH]XOWDWXO SRWHQ LDO DO H[SORDW ULL IRORVLQGX-VH FRQWXUL úL UH]XOWDWH DQDOLWLFH
DúD GXS FXP VH SUHFL]HD] vQ $UWLFROXO GLQ 5HJXODPHQWXO GH DSOLFDUH D
/HJLL &RQWDELOLW LL
ÌQ DVHPHQHD FRQGL LL PHWRGRORJLD GH DQDOL] SUH]HQWDW YL]HD]
SURGXF LD IDEULFDW vQ FXUVXO H[HUFL LXOXL GDWHOH QHFHVDUH ILLQG IXUQL]DWH GH
FRQWDELOLWDWHD GH JHVWLXQH JUXSD GLQ 3ODQXO GH FRQWXUL úL EXJHWXO GH
YHQLWXUL úL FKHOWXLHOL

8WLOLWDWHD SUDFWLF D XQHL DVHPHQHD DQDOL]H VH UHJ VHúWH vQ FDOFXOH
DEVROXW QHFHVDUH GH SUHYL]LRQDUH D FXDQWXPXOXL GH UHVXUVH PDWHULDOH úL
ILQDQFLDUH FDUH FRQGL LRQHD] vQGHSOLQLUHD RELHFWLYHORU VWDELOLWH
$QDOL]D FRPSDUDWLY D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL FX
cele aferente prodXF LHL IDEULFDWH SXQH vQ HYLGHQ PRGXO GH ILQDOL]DUH D
P VXULORU WHKQLFR-RUJDQL]DWRULFH DGRSWDWH vQ VWDGLXO SURGXF LHL SHQWUX
reducerea costurilor.
Pentru exemplificare se folosesc datele:
Tabelul 3.5
cheltuieli la 1000 lei
Nr.
crt.
FLIU GH DIDFHUL
SURGXF LH
IDEULFDW
1 0RGLILFDUH ID GH QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW -10,30 -7,40
2 ,QIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL -4,81 +3,80
3 ,QIOXHQ D SUH XOXL PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH +23,31 +18,60
4 ,QIOXHQ D FRVWXOXL -28,80 -29,80
ÌQ VLWXD LD GDW UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH vQ SURGXF LH SH linia reducerii
QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL VH UHIOHFW vQ WRWDOLWDWH vQ FHOH DIHUHQWH
FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL vQ FDUH VH UHJ VHVF úL HIHFWHOH PRGLILF ULORU LQWHUYHQLWH vQ
VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL VWRFDWH 'H DOWIHO DúD VH SRDWH H[SOLFD úL LQIOXHQ D
structurii de – OHL OD FLIUD GH DIDFHUL úL OHL OD SURGXF LD IDEULFDW
SUHFXP úL D FRVWXOXL
5HGXFHUHD SUH XOXL PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH GH SULQFLSLX VH FRQVWLWXLH vQWU-
XQ SXQFW VODE DO DFWLYLW LL ILUPHL GDF DFHDVWD QX D IRVW R RS LXQH SHQWUX
promovarea YkQ] ULORU (VWH HYLGHQW F vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF R DVHPHQHD
VLWXD LH WUHEXLH V ILH SUH]HQWDW vQ GHWDOLX
3.4 Analiza cheltuielilor variabile
ÌQ FDGUXO FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH SDUWHD YDULDELO UHVSHFWLY FHD
FDUH HVWH GHSHQGHQW GH YROXPXO GH DFWLYLWDWH HVWH SUHGRPLQDQW 7HRULD úL
SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF IRORVHVF QR LXQLOH GH GHSHQGHQ SURSRU LRQDO úL
QHSURSRU LRQDO VDX VWULFW úL UHVSHFWLY QRQ VWULFW SURSRU LRQDO ÌQ SULPXO FD]
VXPD FRVWXULORU YDULDELOH VH H[SULP SULQ UHOD LD D Â 4 XQde a = suma
costurilor variabile pe produs, ar Q = cantitatea, iar in cel de al doilea prin
IXQF LD I 4

2S LXQHD SHQWUX IRORVLUHD vQ DQDOL] úL UHVSHFWLY SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF
D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH SRDWH IL MXVWLILFDW SULQ
• elaborarea politicii vân] ULORU vQ IXQF LH úL GH JUDGXO GH
de:
UHQWDELOLWDWH úL vQ FRQVHFLQ GH FRQWULEX LD OD DFRSHULUHD
cheltuielilor comune;
• elaborarea bugetelor de costuri, necesare în buna gestionare a
tuturor categoriilor de resurse;
• VWDELOLUHD SROLWLFLL GH SURGXF LH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FDQWLWDWLY úL
al termenului de realizare;
• GHWHUPLQDUHD SUDJXOXL GH UHQWDELOLWDWH SUREOHP GHRVHELW GH
LPSRUWDQW vQ GLPHQVLRQDUHD XQRU DFWLYLW L úL FDWHJRULL GH
cheltuieli.
(YLGHQW SRW IL IRUPXODWH úL XQHOH UH]HUYH vQ DFHVW VHQV GHWHUPLQDWe
• LPSUHFL]LD VWDELOLULL YDULDELOLW LL GLIHULWHORU FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL
• SRVLELOLWDWHD GH SUHYL]LRQDUH SH WHUPHQ VFXUW úL OXQJ
• LPSDFWXO VLVWHPXOXL GH VDODUL]DUH DVXSUD FHORU GRX JUXSH GH
cheltuieli (variabile sau fixe).
Pentru activitatea practic DFHVWHD VXQW HOHPHQWH FDUH VH LDX vQ
FRQVLGHUDUH vQ DSUHFLHUHD XQRU UH]XOWDWH RE LQXWH vQWU-R SHULRDG H[SLUDW úL
IRUPXODUHD GHFL]LLORU GH FRUHF LH SHQWUX YLLWRU
$QDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH SRDWH DYHD vQ YHGHUH XUP WRDUHOH
probleme:
3.4.1 Anali]D GLQDPLFLL úL VWUXFWXULL FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH
OD OHL YHQLWXUL úL FD VXP WRWDO
,QGLYLGXDOL]DW FD SUREOHP VH vQVFULH vQ PRGDOLWDWHD JHQHUDO GH
DERUGDUH D vQWUHJXOXL UHVSHFWLY D WRWDOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU ÌQ FRQVHFLQ VH YD
XUP UL úL GLQDPLFD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH WRWDOH úL OD OHL YHQLWXUL SH ED]D
datelor dLQ WDEHOXO XUP WRU WDEHOXO ).

Perioada
3HULRDGD FXUHQW
Tabelul 3.6
(mil. lei)
%
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori
SUHFHGHQW
Pn-1
3UHY ]XW
P0
Realizat
P1
⎛ P ⎞
⎜ 1
⎟
⎝ P0
⎠
1
Cheltuieli
variabile
de exploatare
1987 2386 2546 106,70
2
Cheltuieli variabile
cifrei de afaceri
aferente
1896 2324 2516 108,26
3
Cheltuieli variabile aferente
cifrei de afaceri recalculate
1904 × 2495 ×
4 Venituri din exploatare 3680 4218 4630 109,77
5 Cifra de afaceri 3385 4007 4375 109,18
6 &LIUD GH DIDFHUL UHFDOFXODW 3300 × 4500 ×
7
Cheltuieli variabile la 1000 lei
venituri din exploatare (lei)
540 565,67 550 97,22
8
Cheltuieli variabile la 1000 lei
560 580 575 99,14
FLIU GH DIDFHUL
8UP ULQG HYROX LD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHi venituri din
H[SORDWDUH úL UHVSHFWLY FLIU GH DIDFHUL ID GH UHDOL] ULOH DQXOXL SUHFHGHQW úL
SUHYHGHUL DFHDVWD HVWH GLIHULW $VWIHO V-D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D QLYHOXOXL
FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL VLWXD LH vQUHJLVWUDW QXPDL OD FKHOWXLHOL GH
exploatare. Într-XQ DVHPHQHD FD] vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF GH DQDOL] WUHEXLH
V VH PRWLYH]H úL H[SOLFH WRDWH HOHPHQWHOH DYXWH vQ YHGHUH SUHFXP úL FHOH
FDUH DX DS UXW SH SDUFXUV
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VWUXFWXUD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH FD VXP WRWDO úL
lD OHL DFHDVWD SRDWH YL]D QDWXUD FKHOWXLHOLORU úL VDX ORFXO GH IRUPDUH
(centre de responsabilitate), iar în cadrul acestora pe produse. O asemenea
DQDOL] HVWH QHFHVDU vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX ORFDOL]DUHD P VXULORU GH UHGXFHUH D
costurilor.
3.4.2 Anali]D IDFWRULDO D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH
'LDJQRVWLFXO FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH SUH]LQW LPSRUWDQ GHRVHELW vQ
DFWLYLWDWHD GH FRQGXFHUH SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD vQFDGU ULL vQWU-un nivel de
UHQWDELOLWDWH FDUH V SHUPLW SUDFWLFDUHD XQRU SUH XUL PHQLWH V FRQGXF la
PHQ LQHUHD úL HYHQWXDO FUHúWHUHD FRWHL GH SLD
$QDOL]D IDFWRULDO SRDWH DYHD FD RELHFW QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH

la 1000 lei venituri din exploatare (Cve), nivelul cheltuielilor variabile la
OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL &Y SUHFXP úL vQV úL VXPD DEVROXW D FKHOWXLHOLORU
YDULDELOH DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL IDEULFDWH Σqcv).
În primul caz, poate fi folosit modelul
∑ gi cvi
Cve = ,
100
unde:
gi = structura veniturilor;
cvi = cheltuielile la 1000 lei venituri pe categorii de venituri.
Metodologia GH VWDELOLUH D FHORU GRX LQIOXHQ H HVWH VLPLODU FHOHL
prezentate în analiza cheltuielilor totale la 1000 lei venituri.
În cel de-al doilea caz se are în vedere modelul:
∑ qcv
Cv = ⋅1000,
∑ qp
în care:
cv = costul variabil pe unitate de produs vândut.
0RGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL ID GH
QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW vQ H[HPSOXO GDW GH – OHL VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
- VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH
∑
∑
q cv
1 0
⋅1000
− Cv0
q1p0
sau C′ v0
− Cv0
2495
= ⋅1000
− 580 =
4500
- SUH XOXL PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH H[FOXVLY 7 9 $
∑
∑
q cv
1
q p
1
1
0
⋅1000
−
∑
∑
q cv
1
q p
1
0
0
554,
40 − 580 = −25,
6lei
2495 2495
⋅1000
= ⋅1000
− ⋅1000
=
4375 4500
= 570,
29 − 554,
40 = + 15,
89lei
sau C´´v0 - C´v0
- costul variabil pe unitate de produs
∑ q1cv0
Cv1 − ⋅1000
= 575 − 570,
29 = + 4,
71lei
q p
sau Cv1
− Cv
∑
1
1
1RW : $VSHFWHOH PHWRGRORJLFH UHIHULWRDUH OD LQIOXHQ D IDFWRULORU
LQGHSHQGHQ L GH DFWLYLWDWHD XQLW LL VXQW YDODELOH úL DLFL FX PHQ LXQHD F VH
UHIHU QXPDL OD FKHOWXLHOLOH YDULDELOH
5H]XOW vQ H[HPSOXO GDW F UHGXFHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD
OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL V-a realizat exclusiv pe seama structurii proGXF LHL
0

YkQGXWH FHHD FH HYLGHQW DUH R VHPQLILFD LH SR]LWLY GDW ILLQG RQRUDUHD
FHUHULL SHQWUX SURGXVHOH UHVSHFWLYH 'DU vQ SHUVSHFWLY QX WUHEXLH QHJOLMDWH
SURGXVHOH FX FKHOWXLHOL YDULDELOH PDL PDUL SHQWUX D QX SLHUGH SLD D FL
GLPSRWULY WUHEXLH DF LRQDW SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD FRVWXULORU SH VHDPD
cheltuielilor variabile pe unitate de produs.
Nr.
crt.
ÌQ DFHVW PRPHQW VH SRDWH IDFH DQDOL]D FRPSDUDWLY D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD
OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL FX FHOH YDULDELOH $VWIHO
Indicatori
1 0RGLILFDUHD ID GH QLYHOXO
SUHY ]XW OHL GLQ FDUH GDWRULW
LQIOXHQ HL
Cheltuieli la 1000 lei
FLIU GH DIDFHUL
Tabelul 3.7
Cheltuieli variabile
OD OHL FLIU GH
afaceri
-10,17 -5,0 lei
2 6WUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH -4,76 -25,6
3 3UH XOXL PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH +23,31 +15,89
4 Costului pe produs, respectiv
costului variabil
-28,72 +4,71
6WXGLXO DFHVWRU GDWH FRPSOHWHD] WDEORXO UHIHULWRU OD VLWXD LD
cheltuielilor aferente cifrei de afaceri, putându-se formula atât punctele forte
UH]XOWDWH SR]LWLYH FkW úL FHOH VODbe (rezultate negative).
&D SXQFWH IRUWH SRW IL PHQ LRQDWH
ƒ VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL DWkW
SH VHDPD FHORU YDULDELOH FkW úL IL[H
ƒ FUHúWHUHD YkQ] ULORU OD SURGXVHOH FX UHQWDELOLWDWH SRWHQ LDO
VXSHULRDU
ƒ UHGXFHUHD ID GH QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW D FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH GDU
numai pe seama cheltuielilor fixe.
&D SXQFWH VODEH VH UHPDUF
ƒ VF GHUHD SUH XOXL GH YkQ]DUH WUHEXLH LGHQWLILFDWH FDX]HOH
ƒ FUHúWHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH SH XQLWDWH GH SURGXV
ÌQ IXQF LH GH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH VH VWDELOHúWH FDGUXO GH DF LXQH SHQWUX
SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VXPD DEVROXW D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH DIHUHQWH
FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL VDX SURGXF LHL IDEULFDWH SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW SH ED]D PDL
PXOWRU PRGHOH IXQF LH GH FRQGL LLOH FRQFUHWH din unitate. Astfel, la nivelul

vQWUHJLL SURGXF LL IDEULFDWH VH SRDWH IRORVL PRGHOXO
1
Chv = Of ⋅ Cv ,
1000
în care:
Chv = VXPD DEVROXW D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL IDEULFDWH
Qf = SURGXF LD PDUI IDEULFDW H[SULPDW vQ SUH GH YkQ]are (unitatea
WUHEXLH V IRORVHDVF FRQWXUL GH YHQLWXUL vQ JUXSD VDX V VH
VWDELOHDVF H[WUDFRQWDELO
Cv = QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL SURGXF LH IDEULFDW
(s-D PHQ LQXW VLPEROL]DUHD SHQWUX VLPSOLILFDUH
0RGLILFDUHD ID GH R ED] GH UDSRUWDUH QRWDW FX Δchv), se
H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
1) volumului de activitate
Cv0
Qf1
Qf0
−
( ) 1000
QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL SURGXF LH IDEULFDW
Qf1
1000
( Cv − Cv )
GLQ FDUH GDWRULW PRGLILF ULL
1
0
a) structurii SURGXF LHL PDUI IDEULFDW
Qf1
( C′
v0
− Cv0
)
1000
E SUH XOXL PHGLX GH YkQ]DUH IRORVLW vQ HYDOXDUHD SURGXF LHL
Qf1
( C ′′ v0
− C′
v0
)
1000
c) cheltuielii variabile pe unitate de produs
Qf1
( Cv1
− C ′′ v0
)
1000
8Q DVHPHQHD PRGHO GH DQDOL] HVWH XWLO vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF SHQWUX
HVWLPDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH RSHUD LXQH QHFHVDU vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD
UH]XOWDWXOXL EUXW DO H[SORDW ULL
ÌQ FD]XO SURGXF LHL RPRJHQH SHQWUX WRDW SURGXF LD IDEULFDW VDX OD
nivelul unui centru de cheltuieli, se poate utiliza modelul Chv = Σqcv,
unde:
q = SURGXF LD IDEULFDW
cv = costul variabil pe produs

3RWULYLW DFHVWXL PRGHO IDFWRULL GLUHF L GH LQIOXHQ VXQW FDQWLWDWHD GH
SURGXF LH VWUXFWXUD IL]LF úL FRVWXO YDULDELO SH XQLWDWH GH SURGXV
Pentru exemplificare sunt necesarH XUP WRDUHOH GDWH WDEHOXO ):
Tabelul 3.8
Produs um ¢¡¤£¦¥ §©¨
¢¡¤£¦¥ §¨ ¢¡¤£¦¥ §©¨
Nr.
crt.
Cantitatea
Realizat
Cheltuieli variabile
Pe produs Total – mii lei
Realizat
Realizat
1 A t0 1000 1200 4000 4500 4000 5400
2 B t0 2000 1900 10000 9000 20000 17100
3 C t0 2500 2500 5000 5000 12500 12500
TOTAL t0 5500 5600 6636 6250 36500 35000
Δchv = 35000 – 36500 = -1500 mii lei,
GLQ FDUH GDWRULW LQIOXHQ HL
D SURGXF LHL
( q cv )
Q1 ⋅ cv0
− ∑ 0 0 = 5600 × 6636 − 36500 = + 662 mii lei
⎛ Q1
⎞
sau
⎜ − 1 × Chv0
Q ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
E VWUXFWXULL SURGXF iei
∑
( q cv ) − Q cv = ( 1200 × 4 + 1900 × 10 + 2500 × 5)
1
1
1
0
36300 − 37162 = −862
mii lei
c) costurilor variabile pe produse
∑ q1cv1 − ∑ q1cv0
= 35000 − 36300 = −1300
mii
( ) ( ) lei
− 5600 × 6636 =
$FHDVW PHWRGRORJLH GH DQDOL] HVWH XWLO DWkW vQ H[SOLFDUHD XQHL
VLWXD LL GDWH FkW vQ VSHFLDO vQ RSHUD LXQHD GH EXJHWDUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU SH
centre de responsabilitate.
(VWLPDUHD HYROX LHL SUREDELOH D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH
ÌQ SURFHVXO GH FRQGXFHUH D vQWUHSULQGHULL HVWLPDUHD HYROX LHL
FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH WRWDOH VDX úL OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL SRDWH
interveni:
¾ vQ FD]XO SUHYL]LRQ ULL DFWLYLW LL SULQ EXJHWXO GH YHQLWXUL úL
FKHOWXLHOLOH GH OD R SHULRDG OD DOWD
¾ în studiile de fezabilitate (întocmite în scopuri diferite) pentru
GHWHUPLQDUHD UH]XOWDWXOXL H[SORDW ULL

¾ vQ RSHUD LXQL GH HYDOXDUH HFRQRPLF D vQWUHSULQGHULL
¾ vQ VLWXD LLOH GH DQJDMDUH SH Sarcursul anului a unor comenzi ale
EHQHILFLDULORU GDF H[LVW UH]HUY GH FDSDFLWDWH GH SURGXF LH
¾ SHQWUX DGRSWDUHD XQRU P VXUL GH vQFDGUDUH vQ FXUVXO H[HUFL LXOXL
vQ QLYHOXULOH SUHVWDELOLWH VDX LPSXVH GH DQXPLWH FRQGL LL
obiective.
6LWXD LLOH SUH]HQWDWH nu sunt limitative, ci explicative, activitatea
vQWUHSULQGHULL ILLQG VXILFLHQW GH GLYHUVLILFDW
&D PRGDOLW L SUDFWLFH GH VROX LRQDUH SRW IL PHQ LRQDWH
¾ HVWLPDUHD SH ED]D QLYHOXOXL OD VDX OHL FLIU GH
afaceri, având în vedere caracterul lor conVWDQW GDF VH HOLPLQ
factorul dimensional (este procedeul cel mai frecvent utilizat).
Deci
Chv′ = CA′
⋅ Cv0
1
( ) 1000
1RW : Chv´ = cheltuielile variabile previzionate; CA´ = cifra de
DIDFHUL SUHYL]LRQDW VDX 4I SURGXF LD PDUI &Y0 = nivelul cheltuielilor
YDULDELOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL UHDOL]DW
Exemplu 6H HVWLPHD] F vQ SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH FLIUD GH DIDFHUL YD
FUHúWH FX
CA´ = 4375 mil. × 1,10 = 4812,5 mil. lei
Chv´ = 4812,5 × 0,55 = 2646,9 mil. lei
ÌQ FD] GH LQIOD LH OXDW vQ FDOFXOXO FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL VH DGPLWH F úL
FKHOWXLHOLOH VH PRGLILF vQ DFHHDúL SURSRU LH 'DF LQIOD LD DIHFWHD] QLYHOXO
GH UHQWDELOLWDWH DWXQFL VXPD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH WUHEXLH FRUHFWDW FX
UDSRUWXO GLQWUH LQGLFHOH PHGLX DO SUH XULORU GH FXPS UDUH ,c úL FHO DO
SUH XULORU GH YkQ]DUH ,p 'DF , 02 , 1
Ic
= suma cheltuielilor variabile va fi
Ip
circa: 2700 mil. lei (2646 × 1,02).
6XPD DVWIHO VWDELOLW HVWH DIHUHQW FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL FDUH HVWH GLIHULW
Qf
GH SURGXF LD IDEULFDW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ VH face corectarea cu raportul .
CA
'DF DFHVW UDSRUW HVWH GH DWXQFL FKHOWXLHOLOH YDULDELOH DIHUHQWH
SURGXF LHL IDEULFDWH YRU IL GH PLO OHL × 0,95).
'DU VSRULUHD SURGXF LHL QX VH YD UHDOL]D SURSRU LRQDO OD WRDWH
produselH FHHD FH FRQGXFH OD PRGLILF UL vQ VWUXFWXUD DFHVWHLD IDSW

FH LQIOXHQ HD] FKHOWXLHOLOH YDULDELOH ÌQ FRQVHFLQ HVWH QHFHVDU
UHFDOFXODUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL SURGXF LH vQ IXQF LH GH
VWUXFWXUD SUHYL]LRQDW J úL FKHOWXLHOLOH OD lei pe produse realizate în
SHULRDGD SUHFHGHQW &L0).
Cv′ = ∑ g′
⋅ Ci0
1
Nr.
crt.
Produs
( ) 100
6WUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL
g 0
g´
Cheltuieli la 1000
lei
pe produse (Ci0)
Tabelul 3.9
Cheltuieli
recalculate
4 = 2 × 3
0 1 2 3 ( ) 100
1 A 20 22 510 112,2
2 B 25 1 500 75,0
3 C 15 15 600 90,0
4 D 40 48 545 261,6
TOTAL 100 100 550 538,8
ÌQWUXFkW VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL V-a modificat în favoarea produselor cu
FKHOWXLHOLOH PDL PLFL úL VXPD WRWDO YD IL VXE QLYHOXO FHOHL VWDELOLWH DQWHULRU
ceea ce va PLFúRUD HIRUWXO XQLW LL
(VWLPDUHD FX DMXWRUXO IXQF LHL OLQHDUH \ D E[ vQ FDUH \ VXPD
DEVROXW D FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH LDU [ FLIUD GH DIDFHUL 3HQWUX
exemplificare sunt necesare datele din WDEHOXO XUP WRU WDEHOXO ):
Perioada
Cheltuieli
variabile (y)
mil. lei
Cifra de
afaceri (x)
mil. lei
xy
x 2
1
Tabelul 3.10
y = a + bx
1 931,7 1552,8 1446744 2411188 889,8
2 1200,2 2034,2 2441040 4137970 1165,6
3 1484,2 2603,8 3864560 6779774 1492,0
4 1895,6 3385 6416606 11458225 1940,0
5 2515,6 4375 11005750 19140625 2506,9
n 8027,3 13950,8 25174700 43927782 X
∑ x = na + b∑
x
2
∑ xy
= ax + b∑
x

de unde:
a
=
2
∑ y ⋅ ∑ x − ∑ x∑
=
2 2
n∑
x − ( ∑ x)
352608,
306 − 351207
219444,
29
xy 8,
027 × 43927,
782 −13,
9508 × 25,
1747
=
=
5 × 43927,
782 −194,
62
, 205
n∑
xy − ∑ x∑
y 5 ×
b =
=
2 2
n∑
x − ( ∑ x)
1401,
101
= =
219444,
29
25174,
7
−
0,
00638
13,
9508
219444,
29
×
8,
0273
=
0,
53
'DF FLIUD GH DIDFHUL VH HVWLPHD] OD PLO OHL VXPD FKHOWXLHOLORU
variabile va fi: 0,00638 + 5000 × PLO OHL FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW
OHL OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL
(VWLPDUHD SH ED] GH FDOFXOH DQDOLWLFH SH FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL úL
UHVSHFWLY SURGXVH vQ IXQF LH GH HOHPHQWHOH QHFHVDUH úL FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH
cunoscute.
$QDOL]D UHIOHFW ULL QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL
asupra principalilor indicatori economico-financiari
ÌQ SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF HVWH QHFHVDU V ILH DQDOL]DWH HIHFWHOH SURGXVH
VDX HVWLPDWH DOH PRGLILF ULL QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL
YHQLWXUL UHVSHFWLY FLIU GH DIDFHUL
3ULQFLSDOLL LQGLFDWRUL vQ FDUH VH UHIOHFW HIHFWHOH PHQ LRQDWH VXQW
5H]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL
−
Ve
1
( Cv1
Cv0
)
1000
−
5DWD UH]XOWDWXOXL H[SORDW ULL
−
( Cv − )
1 0 Cv
(ILFLHQ D DFWLYHORU GH H[SORDWDUH $H
−
( Cv − Cv )
1 0 Ve1
Ae1
(ILFLHQ D PLMORDFHORU IL[H
−
( Cv − Cv )
1 0 Ve1
Mf1

(ILFLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL
( Cv − Cv )
1
−
1000
K1
Profitul brut pe salariat
Ve
( ) 1
Cv1 − Cv0
−
1000
N1
0
Ve
3.5 Analiza cheltuielilor fixe
1
&KHOWXLHOLOH IL[H VDX FRQVWDQWH SULQ GHILQL LH FRQVWLWXLH R SUHPLV úL
R FRQVHFLQ D GHVI úXU ULL XQHL DQXPLWH DFWLYLW L $FHDVWD vQVHDPQ F
unele cheltuieli nu sunt în GHSHQGHQ SURSRU LRQDO VDX QHSURSRU LRQDO FX
SURGXF LD VDX YkQ] ULOH FL vQ DQXPLWH OLPLWH HOH U PkQ IL[H VDX
independente. Un exemplu îl constituie cheltuielile cu amortizarea care, la
XQ QLYHO GDW GH GRWDUH WHKQLF QX VH PRGLILF GHúL SULQ PDL Euna folosire a
XWLODMHORU VH SRDWH RE LQH R SURGXF LH VXSOLPHQWDU 'DU RGDW FX VSRULUHD
FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH úL UHVSHFWLY FRPHUFLDOL]DUH VH PRGLILF DWkW
SURGXF LD FkW úL FKHOWXLHOLOH FX DPRUWL]DUHD 6XQW DOWH FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL
indispensabile DFWLYLW LL vQWUHSULQGHULL DO F URU YROXP HVWH LQGHSHQGHQW GH
FHO DO SURGXF LHL FXP DU IL FKHOWXLHOLOH JHQHUDOH GH DGPLQLVWUD LH úL
conducere.
5DSRUWXO GLQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH IL[H úL YDULDELOH FDUDFWHUL]HD] vQ
activitatea SUDFWLF DúD-QXPLWD VWUXFWXU GH H[SORDWDUH úL VHUYHúWH OD DQDOL]D
ULVFXOXL RSHUD LRQDO FD R FRPSRQHQW D ULVFXOXL JOREDO DO ILUPHL )LUPHOH FDUH
DX FKHOWXLHOL PDUL GH UHJLH SHQWUX D IXQF LRQD WUHEXLH V SUDFWLFH SUH XUL
PDUL GDF SLD D úL FRQFXUHQ D SHUPLW DFHVW OXFUX VDX úL V UHDOL]Hze un
YROXP PDL PDUH GH SURGXF LH
Analiza cheltuielilor fixe nu constituie un scop în sine ci este
VXERUGRQDW XQXL RELHFWLY UHVSHFWLY VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL DFHVWRUD ÌQ
FRQVHFLQ SUREOHPDWLFD WUHEXLH V ILH DVWIHO VWUXFWXUDW vQFkW V RIHUH VROX LL
meWRGRORJLFH QHFHVDUH DVLJXU ULL ED]HL GH LQIRUPDUH FRPSOHWH DVXSUD
VLWXD LHL H[LVWHQWH vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX SHQWUX D SXWHD DGRSWD GHFL]LLOH
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH

Principalele probleme ale analizei cheltuielilor fixe sunt:
$QDOL]D GLQDPLFLL úL VWUXFWXULL Fheltuielilor fixe
6WXGLHUHD GLQDPLFLL FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H HVWH QHFHVDU SHQWUX D FXQRDúWH
HYROX LD vQ UDSRUW FX FLIUD GH DIDFHUL VDX FX SURGXF LD IDEULFDW ÌQ IXQF LH GH
VLWXD LD GDW ID GH HYROX LD QRUPDO úL UHDOLW LOH GLQ DOWH XQLW L VLPLODUH vQ
P VXUD vQ FDUH DFHVWHD SRW IL FXQRVFXWH VH DGRSW P VXULOH
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
3HQWUX R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO V-DX H[WUDV XUP toarele date: (din
tabelul 3.11)
Perioada
Cheltuieli fixe
(mil. lei)
&LIU GH DIDFHUL
(mil. lei)
mil. lei % mil. lei %
Tabelul 3.11
Ponderea cheltuielilor
fixe
în totalul cheltuielilor
(%)
1 590 100,0 1553 100 32,0
2 796 134,9 2034 131,0 35,3%
3 876 110,0 2604 128,0 34,5
4 878 100,2 3385 130,0 25,4
5 1140 129,8 4375 129,0 32,2
'LQ DQDOL]D GDWHORU UH]XOW FRPSRUWDPHQWXO FDracteristic al
FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H vQ UDSRUW GH FLIUD GH DIDFHUL UHVSHFWLY H[LVWHQ D XQRU
VDOWXUL DWXQFL FkQG LQWHUYLQ PRGLILF UL LPSRUWDQWH vQ YROXPXO GH DFWLYLWDWH D
firmei.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VWUXFWXUD GH H[SORDWDUH VDX RSHUD LRQDO DFHDVWD
nu preziQW YDULD LL vQVHPQDWH HD vQVFULLQGX-se în limitele caracteristice
GRPHQLXOXL vQ FDUH DFWLYHD] ILUPD HVWH R DILUPD LH SH ED]D XQRU GDWH
SUHVXSXVH D IL FXQRVFXWH 'DF VLWXD LD GLQ XQLWDWH SUH]LQW DEDWHUL
VHPQLILFDWLYH ID D GH DOWH vQWUHSULQGHUL VLPLODUH HVWH QHFHVDU V VH
VWDELOHDVF HIHFWHOH SH FDUH OH JHQHUHD] úL P VXULOH FDUH VH LPSXQ
(WDSD XUP WRDUH vQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H R FRQVWLWXLH DQDOL]D
structurii acestora, pe categorii de cheltuieli (natura lor), respectiv
DPRUWL] UL VDODULL PDWeriale etc., centre de responsabilitate (localizare în
VSD LX VDX IXQF LXQL SURGXF LH FRPHUFLDOL]DUH DGPLQLVWUD LH )LHFDUH
FULWHULX GH JUXSDUH DUH R DQXPLW VHPQLILFD LH vQ VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL
cheltuielilor fixe.

$QDOL]D IDFWRULDO D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H OD OHL FLIU
de afaceri
'DW ILLQG FDUDFWHUXO UHODWLY FRQVWDQW DO DFHVWRU FKHOWXLHOL HILFLHQ D ORU
SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW SULQ QLYHOXO ORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL &I IRORVLQG
modelul:
F
Cf = ⋅1000
CA
în care:
F = suma absolXW D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H
CA = FLIUD GH DIDFHUL VLPEROL]DW úL SULQ Σqp).
([HPSOLILFDUHD PHWRGRORJLHL GH DQDOL] QHFHVLW XUP WRDUHOH GDWH
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori 3UHY ]XW
Tabelul 3.12
(mil. lei)
Realizat
1 Suma cheltuielilor fixe 965 1140
2 Cifra de afaceri 4007 4375
3 &LIUD GH DIDFHUL UHFDOFXODW X 4500
4 &KHOWXLHOL IL[H OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL – lei - 240,83 260,5
)D GH SUHYHGHUL VH vQUHJLVWUHD] R PDMRUDUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H
QLYHOXO ORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL FUHVFkQG FX Oei (260,57 –
240,83).
8Q DVHPHQHD UH]XOWDW DIHFWHD] UHQWDELOLWDWHD JHQHUDO D ILUPHL FX
WRDWH FRQVHFLQ HOH FDUH GHFXUJ
$QDOL]D IDFWRULDO SHUPLWH HYLGHQ LHUHD SULQFLSDOHORU GLUHF LL vQ FDUH
WUHEXLH V VH DF LRQH]H ÌQ FRQVHFLQ PRGLILFDUHD QLYHOXOXL cheltuielilor
IL[H OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL Δ&I VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
1. Cifrei de afaceri
F0
F0
965 965
1000 − 1000 = 1000 − 1000 =
CA CA 4375 4007
1
GLQ FDUH GDWRULW
0
= 220,57–240,83 = – 20,26 lei
D SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH

∑
F0
q p
1
0
F0
965 965
1000 − 1000 = 1000 − 1000
CA 4500 4007
= 214,44 – 240,83 = – 26,39 lei
E SUH XULORU PHGLL GH YkQ]DUH
F0
1000 −
CA
1
∑
F0
q p
1
0
0
965
1000 = 1000
4375
= 220,57 – 214,44 = + 6,13 lei
2. Sumei cheltuielilor fixe
F1
F0
1000 − 1000 = 260,
57 − 220,
57
CA1
CA1
−
965
1000 =
1500
=
= + 40lei
ÌQ FD]XO ILUPHL DQDOL]DWH FUHúWHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H OD OHL ID
GH SUHYHGHUL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH FXDQWXPXO ORU FDUH D DYXW R HYROX LH
VXSHULRDU FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL OD FDUH DX FRQWULEXLW úL SUH XULOH GH YkQ]DUH
Din punct de vedere metodologic, trebuie identificate cauzele care au
determinat amplificarea sumei cheltuielilor fixe, de principiu, cu titlu de
H[HPSOX DFHVWHD YL]HD]
• VFKLPE UL vQ VLVWHPXO GH DPRUWL]DUH D DFWLYHORU IL[H
• VFKLPE UL vQ VLVWHPXO GH VDODUL]DUH SUHFXP úL FUHúWHUHD VDODULLORU
GHWHUPLQDW GH UDWD LQIOD LHL
• FUHúWHUHD FRQVXPXOXL úL SUH XULORU HOHPHQWHORU PDWHULDOH FDUH
JHQHUHD] FKeltuielile fixe, în raport de factorii specifici care le
GHWHUPLQ
3.5.3 Estimarea nivelului probabil al cheltuielilor fixe
$FWLYLWDWHD FXUHQW GH JHVWLXQH D SDWULPRQLXOXL XQHL vQWUHSULQGHUL
LPSOLF úL SUREOHPD SUHYL]LRQ ULL WHQGLQ HL GH HYROX LH D Fheltuielilor fixe ca
VXP WRWDO úL QLYHO OD VDX OHL YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH FLIU GH
DIDFHUL HWF 0RPHQWHOH vQ FDUH WUHEXLH V VH UHDOL]H]H DVHPHQHD RSHUD LXQL
VXQW QXPHURDVH úL LPSRUWDQWH vQ DFHODúL WLPS SHQWUX YLDELOLWDWHD XQLW LL
Pe terPHQ VFXUW GH H[HPSOX GH OD XQ DQ OD DOWXO VXPD WRWDO D
FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H ) VH FRQVLGHU FRQVWDQW GDF QX LQWHUYLQ PRGLILF UL
LPSRUWDQWH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD XQLW LL
Deci, nivelul probabil (F´)=F0, respectiv cel realizat în perioada
FXUHQW 6XPD VH FRUHFWHD] FX HIHFWHOH JHQHUDWH GH GHFL]LLOH DGRSWDWH
SHQWUX SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH

De exemplu:
• VH SUHFRQL]HD] DFKL]L LRQDUHD XQRU QRL PDúLQL úL XWLODMH ILH
SHQWUX vQORFXLUHD FHORU YHFKL ILH SHQWUX H[WLQGHUHD FDSDFLW LL GH
SURGXF LH HIHFWXO VH UHIOHFW vQ FKHOWXLHOLOH FX DPRUWL]DUHD úL DOWH
FKHOWXLHOL GH vQWUH LQHUH úL UHSDUD LH
• VH PDMRUHD] VDODULLOH SHUVRQDOXOXL DGPLQLVWUDWLY úL GH FRQGXFHUH
VDX D XQHL S U L SHQWUX VWLPXODUHD XQRU GRPHQLL
• VH UHRUJDQL]HD] DQXPLWH DFWLYLW L GH SUH]HQWDUH UHFODP
îQWUH LQHUH úL UHSDUD LL HWF
ÌQ ILHFDUH FD] VH LPSXQH HVWLPDUHD HIRUWXULORU úL D HIHFWHORU SHQWUX D
YHGHD FRQVHFLQ HOH GHFL]LLORU DGRSWDWH
&D QLYHO OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL VDX YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH
respectiv totale), cheltuielile pot fi estimDWH SH ED]D UHOD LHL
1
Cf
′ = Cf 0 ⋅ ,
Iq
unde:
Iq = indicele cifrei de afaceri sau a veniturilor
Exemplu:
3HULRDGD FXUHQW
1. Cifra de afaceri – mil. lei 4375
2. Cheltuieli fixe – mil. lei 1140
3. Cheltuieli fixe la 1000 lei 260,57
'DF SHQWUX SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH VH SUHYHGH R FLIU GH DIDFHUL GH
PLO OHL GHFL R FUHúWHUH GH
1
C f ′ = 260,
57 × =
1,
1428
228,
01
2 DOW PRGDOLWDWH GH HVWLPDUH D QLYHOXOXL SUREDELO GH FKHOWXLHOL OD
OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL HVWH DFHHD FDUH VH ED]HD] SH FRUHOD LD GLQWUH FLIUD
GH DIDFHUL FD YDULDELO LQGHSHQGHQW [ úL QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H OD
IXQF LD
OHL FD YDULDELO GHSHQGHQW \ IRORVLQG
b
y = a + .
x
lei

Pentru exemplificare se folosesc datele din WDEHOXO XUP WRU
(tabelul 3.13):
Perioada
y
lei
cifra de
afaceri
miliarde
lei
x 2
1
x
1
2
x
y
x
Tabelul 3.13
y = a +
1 379,89 1,6 2,56 0,625 0,391 237,43 407,74
2 382,11 2,0 4,00 0,500 0,250 191,06 364,77
3 380,57 2,6 6,76 0,385 0,148 146,37 286,63
4 259,27 3,4 11,56 0,294 0,086 76,26 293,98
5 260,59 4,4 19,36 0,227 0,052 59,23 270,99
n 1662,43 14,0 44,24 2,031 0,927 710,35 x
(FXD LD SUHVXSXQH VLVWHPXO
1
∑ y = na + b∑
x
∑ ∑ ∑ ⎟ y 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= a + b ⎜
x x 2
⎝ x ⎠
de unde:
1 1 y
∑ y × ∑ − ∑ × ∑
2
x x x 1662,
43×
0,
927 − 2,
031×
710,
35
a =
=
=
2
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
5 × 0,
927 − 2,
032
n∑
− ⎜∑
⎟
2
x ⎝ x ⎠
1541,
073 −1442,
721 98,
352
=
= = 192,
85
4,
635 − 4,
125 0,
51
y 1
n∑
− ∑ y × ∑
x x 5 × 710,
35 −1662,
43 × 2,
031
b =
=
=
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
0,
51
n∑
− ⎜∑
⎟
2
x ⎝ x ⎠
3551,
75 − 3376,
395
=
= 343,
83
0,
51
343,
83
'DF [ PLO OHL y =
192,
85 + = 261,
62 lei
5
b
x

(VWLPDUHD VLQWHWLF D FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFeri
6WDELOLUHD QLYHOXOXL SUREDELO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH
DIDFHUL VDX SURGXF LH IDEULFDW FRQVWLWXLH XQ LPSHUDWLY DO FRQGXFHULL SULQ
FRVWXUL vQ YHGHUHD SUHYHQLULL ULVFXOXL GH H[SORDWDUH VDX RSHUD LRQDO
Pe baza calculelor analitice pentUX FHOH GRX FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL –
YDULDELOH úL IL[H – VH GHWHUPLQ QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH
afaceri, respectiv, C = Cv´ + Cf´.
C
Raportul 100
C0
OHL FLIU GH DIDFeri (Ic
′ 1 - UHSUH]LQW LQGLFHOH QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU OD
FDUH SRDWH IL GHWHUPLQDW SH ED]D UHOD LHL
⎛ 1
Ic
= g⎜
⎜
⎝
ICA
⎞
−1⎟
+ 1
⎟
⎠
g = ponderea cheltuielilor fixe în totalul cheltuielilor
Exemplu:
1. &LIUD GH DIDFHUL GLQ SHULRDGD FXUHQW 4375 mil. lei
2. Suma cheltuielilor variabile 2516
3. Suma cheltuielilor fixe 1140
4. Total cheltuieli 3656
5. Nivelul cheltuielilor la 1000 lei 835,59
6. Ponderea cheltuielilor fixe în totalul 31,19%
cheltuielilor
7. &LIUD GH DIDFHUL SURSXV 5000 mil. lei
8. Indicele cifrei de afaceri 114,29%
⎛ 1 ⎞
Ic = 0,
3119⎜
−1⎟
= 0,
961sau
96,
10%
⎝1,
1429 ⎠
C´ = 835,59 × 0,961 = 803,0 lei
'HFL vQ FRQGL LLOH VSRULULL FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL GDU D PHQ LQHULL VWUXFWXULL
GH H[SORDWDUH VH HVWLPHD] DFHVW QLYHO DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH
DIDFHUL FDUH GDF VH UHDOL]HD] YD FRQGXFH OD RE LQHUHD HIHFWHlor pe care le
JHQHUHD]
ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF vQ FD]XO VWDELOLULL XQXL RELHFWLY UHVSHFWLY XQ
QLYHO GDW DO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL GDF H[LVW FDSDFLWDWHD
1 © © ¦ ¤©©© ©
C0 © © ¦©

GH SURGXF LH úL FHUHUH VROYDELO SRDWH IL SXV SUREOHPD HVWLP ULL FLIUHL de
DIDFHUL FDUH V DVLJXUH UHDOL]DUHD DFHVWXLD 3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH IRORVHúWH UHOD LD
g
⎛ 1
ICA
= , ICA
se deduce din formula IC
= g
IC
+ g −1
⎜
⎝ ICA
⎞
−1
⎟ + 1;
⎠
g
−
ICA
g
+ IC
= −g
+ 1(
−1)
;
ICA
g
− IC
= g −1;
ICA
= .
IC
+ g −1
3H ED]D GDWHORU GLQ H[HPSOXO SUHFHGHQW VH SUHVXSXQH F VH VWDELOHúWH
ca obiectiv, C´ = 800 lei, deci
800
IC = = 0,
95741
835,
59
0,
3119
ICA =
= 1,
1581sau115,
81%
0,
95741 + 0,
3119 −1
FHHD FH vQVHDPQ F FLIUD GH DIDFHUL SHQWUX SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH WUHEXLH V ILH
de 5067 mil. lei (4375 × 1,1581).
2 DOW VLWXD LH SRDWH IL DFHHD vQ FDUH HVWH QHFHVDU DGRSWDUHD XQRr
P VXUL GH FRUHF LH într-R DQXPLW SHULRDG SHQWUX vQFDGUDUHD vQWU-un nivel
dat al cheltuielilor la 1000 lei, la finele perioadei.
Exemplu:
3HQWUX DQXO vQ FXUV SULQ EXJHWXO GH YHQLWXUL úL FKHOWXLHOL V-a stabilit
un nivel al cheltuielilor la 1000 lei de 800 lei cifra de afaceri de 5000 mil.
lei. La finele semestrului I, cifra de afaceri este de 2000 mil. lei cu cheltuieli
GH OHL OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL &DUH WUHEXLH V ILH QLYHOXO PD[LP DO
cheltuielilor la 1000 lei în semestrul II ? În acest scop, se are în vedere
UHOD LD
în care:
∑ gt ⋅ Ct
C = ,
100
JW VWUXFWXUD YkQ] ULORU SH VXEGLYL]LXQL GH WLPS vQ FD]XO dat pe FHOH GRX
semestre),
iar
&W QLYHOXO FKHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL DIHUHQWH SHULRDGHL FHHD FH vQVHDPQ F
C = g I · C I + g II · C II ,
de unde:
I I
II C − g C 800 −
C =
=
II
g
0,
6
( 820 × 0,
4)
=
786,
67 lei

1RW :
2000
0, 4 = ; 0,
6 = 1−
04
5000
$FHDVWD vQVHDPQ F vQ VHPHVWUXO ,, DFWLYLWDWHD WUHEXLH LQXW VXE
FRQWURO SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD P VXULORU DGRSWDWH vQ YHGHUHD vQFDGU ULL vQ DFHVW
obiectiv.
3H DFHDVW ED] SRW IL FRQVWUXLWH VFHQDULL vQ GRX LSRWH]H GH ED]
Prima FLIUD GH DIDFHUL DQXDO GH PLO OHL QX SRDWH IL GHS úLW
GDWRULW OLSVHL GH FHUHUH úL UHVXUVH PDWHULDOH
A doua QX H[LVW UHVWULF LL PHQ LRQDWH
În fiecare caz în parte sunt mai multe variante, care pot fi avute în
vedere de conducerea firmei.
$QDOL]D ULVFXOXL GH H[SORDWDUH VDX RSHUD LRQDO
5LVFXO GH H[SORDWDUH FRQVW vQ SRVLELOLWDWHD H[LVWHQW GH D QX VH
UHFXSHUD WRWDOLWDWHD FKHOWXLHOLORU HIHFWXDWH $QDOL]D VH ED]HD] SH VWUXFWXUD
de exploDWDUH D vQWUHSULQGHULL FDUDFWHUL]DW vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH SULQ
FKHOWXLHOL IL[H úL YDULDELOH
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ SHQWUX HYLWDUHD ULVFXOXL WUHEXLH V VH GHWHUPLQH JUDGXO
PLQLP GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH 6H SRUQHúWH GH OD HFXD LD
CA – (Chv + F) = 0
Chv = CA × Cv
CA (1 – Cv) – F = 0,
de unde:
F
CA =
1 − Cv
UHOD LD
*UDGXO GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH . VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ
CA
K =
Qmax.
1RW : ÌQ ORF GH &$ SRDWH IL IRORVLW SURGXF LD PDUI IDEULFDW
K =
F
( 1 − Cv)
Qmax.
/D DFHVW QLYHO DO JUDGXOXL GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH
SURILWXO ÌQWUXFkW RULFH DFWLYLWDWH WUHEXLH V ILH JHQHUDWRDUH GH SURILW

P ULPHD DFHVWXLD HVWH R DOW SUREOHP DWXQFL
K =
F + RE
( 1 − Cv)
Qmax.
unde:
RE = rezXOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL
'LQ DFHDVW UHOD LH 5( >4max.K(1 – G)] – F
Exemplu:
1. Cifra de afaceri
mil. lei
4375
2. Cheltuieli variabile 2516
3. Cheltuieli fixe 1140
4. Total cheltuieli 3656
5. &DSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH 4max.) 6000
1140
K =
=
6000
( 1 − 0,
575)
0,
45sau
45%
3HQWUX D HYLWD ULVFXO GH H[SORDWDUH HVWH QHFHVDU FUHúWHUHD JUDGXOXL GH
IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH respectiv, GHS úLUHD SUDJXOXL GH
UHQWDELOLWDWH UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ FLIUD GH DIDFHUL PLQLP GH PLO OHL
(6000 × 0,45), sau, la cifra GH DIDFHUL UHDOL]DW GH PLO OHL SUDJXO GH
UHQWDELOLWDWH HVWH GHS úLW FX FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW R PDUM VXILFLHQW FDUH
face inoperant riscul de exploatare.
unde:
Qmin
6H SRDWH FDOFXOD LQWHUYDOXO GH VLJXUDQ ,s
⎛ Qmin
⎞
Is
= ⎜1
− ⎟100, ⎝ CA ⎠
SH ED]D UHOD LHL
SURGXF LD DIHUHQW SUDJXOXL GH UHQWDELOLWDWH × 0,45).
ÌQ H[HPSOXO GDW VLWXD LD VH SUH]LQW DVWIHO
⎛ 2700 ⎞
Is = ⎜1
− ⎟100
=
⎝ 4375 ⎠
38,
29%
$YkQG vQ YHGHUH UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL GH PLO OHL
1140 + 719
k =
=
6000
( 1 − 0,
575)
0,
729sau
72,
9%
ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF VH SRW IRUPXOD GLIHULWH LSRWH]H vQ IXQF LH GH
OLPLWHOH GH YDULD LH D HOHPHQWHORU GH FDOFXO UHVSHFWLY

• FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH
• FLIUD GH DIDFHUL SUHFRQL]DW VH DX vQ YHGHUH FRQWUDFWHOH vQFKHLDWH
comenzi etc.);
• FKHOWXLHOL YDULDELOH úL IL[H SUHYL]LELOH FX OXDUHa în considerare a
HYROX LHL SUH XULORU úL HIHFWHORU LQIOD LHL PDMRUDUHD VDODULLORU
Cu ajutorul modelelor prezentate pot fi efectuate o serie de calcule,
fie de fundamentare a unor decizii, fie de evaluare a efectelor rezultate din
DSOLFDUHD ORU $úD de exemplu, se poate stabili care va fi suma profitului
GDF JUDGXO GH XWLOL]DUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH FUHúWH FX Ä;´ SURFHQWH
$VWIHO GDF VH DGPLWH XQ JUDG GH XWLOL]DUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH
GH DWXQFL UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL YD IL
RE = [6000 × 0,8 (1 – 0,575)] – 1140 = 900 mil. lei
3UREOHPD SRDWH IL SXV úL vQ VHQVXO HVWLP ULL QLYHOXOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU
YDULDELOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL SHQWUX FD vQ FRQGL LLOH XQXL JUDG GH
XWLOL]DUH D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH úL D XQHL VXPH D FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H V VH
RE LQ XQ DQXPLW SURILW ÌQ DFHVW VFRS VH IRORVHúWH UHOD LD
F + RE
Cv
= 1 −
QmaxK
'DF VH HVWLPHD] XQ SURILW vQ VXP GH PLO OHL DWXQFL
Cv = 1 −
1140 + 850
6000 × 0,
729
=
0,
545lei
2 GDW VWDELOLW DFHVW QLYHO PD[LP DO FKHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH la 1000 lei
FLIU GH DIDFHUL HVWH QHFHVDU HODERUDUHD SURJUDPHORU GH P VXUL FDUH V
asigure încadrarea în acest nivel.
ÌQ HODERUDUHD DFHVWRU SURJUDPH WUHEXLH V VH LQ VHDPD úL GH
HYROX LD SUHYL]LELO D SUH XULORU
Astfel, în calcularea indicilor chelWXLHOLORU úL SUH XULORU WUHEXLH V VH
LQ VHDPD GH SRQGHUHD HOHPHQWHORU UHVSHFWLY SURGXVHORU OD FDUH LQWHUYLQ
PRGLILF UL úL nivelul acestora.
ÌQ GLDJQRVWLFXO ILUPHL úL HYDOXDUHD DFHVWHLD VH IRORVHúWH úL
coeficientul de efect de levier de exploatare (coeficientul de pârghie de
exploatare – . VWDELOLW SH ED]D UHOD LHL
în care:
ΔRE
CA
K1
= ×
RE ΔCA
RE = UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL
CA = FLIUD GH DIDFHUL VDX SURGXF LD IDEULFDW vQ DFHVW FD] úL UH]XOWDWXO
H[SORDW ULL HVWH DIHUHQW DFHVWHLD

Exemplu (în mil. lei):
6RFLHWDWHD FRPHUFLDO
A B
1. Cifra de afaceri din perioada
- SUHFHGHQW 4207 4200
- FXUHQW 4375 4300
2. 5H]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL GLQ SHULRDGD
- SUHFHGHQW 790 792
- FXUHQW 830 800
3. Cheltuieli variabile în perioada
- precHGHQW 2532 2215
- FXUHQW 2660 2200
4. Cheltuieli fixe în perioada
- SUHFHGHQW 885 1193
- FXUHQW 885 1300
5. Profitul net în perioada
- SUHFHGHQW 395 300
- FXUHQW 457 305
830 − 790 4207
K1A = ×
= 1,
27
790 4375 − 4207
800 − 792 4200
K1B = ×
= 0,
42
792 4300 − 4200
5H]XOW F vQ FD]XO $ R FUHúWHUH D FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL GH GHWHUPLQ
un spor de profit de 1,27%, iar în cazul B numai de 0,42%, ceea ce
vQVHDPQ R GLPLQXDUH D HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU GH H[SORDWDUH 'HFL
FRHILFLHQWXO WUHEXLH V DLE WHQGLQ D GH FUHúWHUH
'DF VH are în vedere structura de exploatare, respectiv raportul
GLQWUH FKHOWXLHOLOH YDULDELOH úL IL[H FRHILFLHQWXO GH SkUJKLH GH H[SORDWDUH
SRDWH IL FDOFXODW úL SH ED]D UHOD LHL
CA − chv Marja bruta
K 1 =
=
F Cheltuieli fixe

ÌQ H[HPSOXO GDW YDORULOH FRHILFLHQWXOXL VXQW XUP Woarele:
Coeficientul pârghiei de exploatare în perioada
A B
- SUHFHGHQW 4207 − 2532
= 1,
89
885
4200 − 2215
= 1,
66
1193
- FXUHQW 4375 − 2660
= 1,
94
885
4330 − 2200
= 1,
62
1300
(YROX LD FRHILFLHQWXOXL FRQILUP FHOH PHQ LRQDWH DQWHULRU vQ DPEHOH
FD]XUL PDUMD EUXW &$ – &KY DFRSHU FKHOWXLHOLOH IL[H GDU vQ SURSRU LH
GLIHULW FX VHPQLILFD LD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH ULVFXO GH
H[SORDWDUH 6LWXD LD GHYLQH FULWLF SH P VXU FH YDORDUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL VH
DSURSLH GH QLYHO OD FDUH ILUPD VH DIO OD SUDJXO GH UHQWDELOLWDWH
&RQWLQXDUHD DFWLYLW LL vQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL OD VRFLHWDWHD FRPHUFLDO % QX
SHUPLWH UHFXSHUDUHD IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH FRQVXPD L úL vQ FRQVHFLQ VXQW
nHFHVDUH VXUVH GH ILQDQ DUH 1HUHVWLWXLUHD DFHVWRUD OD WHUPHQHOH VWDELOLWH YD
avea ca efect falimentul firmei.
3HQWUX DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF HVWH LPSRUWDQW GLPHQVLRQDUHD UD LRQDO D
FKHOWXLHOLORU IL[H vQWUXFkW R PDMRUDUH D DFHVWRUD LPSOLF XQ FRHILFLHQW DO
F UXL QLYHO V ILH VXILFLHQW GH DFRSHULWRU vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VLJXUDQ D
H[SORDW ULL
3.8 Modele GH DQDOL] D SULQFLSDOHORU FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL
&KHOWXLHOLOH GH SURGXF LH SRW IL VWUXFWXUDWH vQ IXQF LH GH GLIHULWH
FULWHULL ILHFDUH DYkQG VHPQLILFD LD VSHFLILF vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF GH
JHVWLXQH $VWIHO GXS QDWXUD ORU GLVWLQJHP FKHOWXLHOL PDWHULDOH VDODULDOH
ILQDQFLDUH vQ IXQF LH GH PRGXO GH LQGLYLGXDOL]DUH SH SURGXVH VH IRUPHD]
JUXSD FKHOWXLHOLORU GLUHFWH úL LQGLUHFWH vQ UDSRUW GH IXQF LLOH întreprinderii, ca
FHQWUH GH UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH VH LQGLYLGXDOL]HD] FKHOWXLHOLOH DIHUHQWH IXQF LXQLL
GH FHUFHWDUH GH]YROWDUH SURGXF LH SHUVRQDO FRPHUFLDO ILQDQFLDU-FRQWDELO
YL]HD]
,QGLIHUHQW GH PRGDOLWDWHD GH JUXSDUH PHWRGRORJLD GH DQDOL]
¾ caracWHUL]DUHD VLWXD LHL OD XQ PRPHQW GDW vQ UDSRUW GH DQXPLWH
criterii, ceea ce presupune:
• DQDOL]D HYROX LHL GLQDPLFLL
• DQDOL]D VWUXFWXUDO

• DQDOL]D IDFWRULDO
• HYDOXDUHD WHQGLQ HL ORU vQ IXQF LH GH IDFWRULL VSHFLILFL FDUH OH
JHQHUHD] IDSW FH SUHVXSXQH FRnstituirea de modele
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH 2 DVHPHQHD SUREOHP SUH]LQW LPSRUWDQ
SUDFWLF vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GH HODERUDUH D EXJHWHORU GH YHQLWXUL úL
FKHOWXLHOL SUHFXP úL vQ LQHUHD VXE FRQWURO D HYROX LHL
costurilor pe centre de responsabilitate.
Întrucât, din SXQFW GH YHGHUH PHWRGRORJLF H[LVW HOHPHQWH FRPXQH
DFHVWHD YRU IL H[HPSOLILFDWH SH DQXPLWH FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL I U D IL
RPLVH DVSHFWHOH SDUWLFXODUH ÌQ FRQVHFLQ SUREOHPDWLFD DQDOL]HL SRDWH IL
XUP WRDUHD
3.8.1 Analiza cheltuielilor materiale
&KHOWXLHOLOH PDWHULDOH GH LQ R SRQGHUH PDL PDUH VDX PDL PLF vQ
IXQF LH GH SURILOXO GH DFWLYLWDWH DO vQWUHSULQGHULL (OH UHSUH]LQW H[SUHVLD
YDORULF D FRQVXPXULORU GH UHVXUVH PDWHULDOH úL D SUHVW ULORU GH VHUYLFLL GH
F WUH WHU L úL VH FRPSXQ GLQ
¾ materii prime, materiale;
¾ FRPEXVWLELO HQHUJLH DS
¾ amortizare;
¾ obiecte de inventar;
¾ OXFU UL úL VHUYLFLL SUHVWDWH GH WHU L
¾ alte cheltuieli materiale.
ÌQ FRQWDELOLWDWHD ILQDQFLDU DFHVWH FKHOWXLHOL VXQW HYLGHQ LDWH vQ
conturile din clasa 6 – conturi de cheltuieli, iar în contabilitatea de gestiune
vQ FRQWXULOH GH FDOFXOD LH FW – 925).
$úD GXS FXP V-D DU WDW vQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH GLVWLQJHP
$QDOL]D VLWXD LHL JHQHUDOH D FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH
Ca prim aspect al analizei cheltuielilor materiale se are în vedere
IRUPDUHD XQHL LPDJLQL GH DQVDPEOX DVXSUD HYROX LHL DFHVWRUD SH ED]D
LQGLFHOXL FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH ,FKP WRWDOL]DWRU úL SH SULQFLSDOHOH
FRPSRQHQWH DOH SRQGHULL ORU vQ WRWDO FRVWXUL JP úL D QLYHOXOXL OD OHL
veniWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH UHVSHFWLY FLIU GH DIDFHUL &P
Datele necesare sunt redate îQ WDEHOXO XUP WRU WDEHOXO )

Nr.
crt.
Perioada
Tabelul 3.14
(mil. lei)
%
&XUHQW P1
Pn−1
P 1
P0
6SHFLILFD LH 3UHFHGHQW
(Pn-1) 3UHY ]XW Realizat
1 Cheltuieli materiale
DIHUHQWH H[SORDW ULL
(mil. lei)
2 din care aferente cifrei
de afaceri
3 Ponderea cheltuielilor
materiale în total
costuri (%)
4 Nivelul cheltuielilor
materiale la 1000 lei
venituri-lei
5 din care aferente cifrei
de afaceri
2282 2489 2704 118,5 108,6
2092 2344 2546 121,7 108,6
76,1 71,1 71,1 93,4 100
620 590 584 94,2 99,0
618 585 582 94,2 99,5
Cercetarea datelor din acest tabel permite formularea unor concluzii
úL DQXPH
• Cheltuielile materiale aferente exSORDW ULL úL UHVSHFWLY FLIUHL GH
afaceri se înscriu într-R HYROX LH FUHVF WRDUH DWkW vQ UDSRUW GH UHDOL] ULOH
DQWHULRDUH FkW úL SUHYHGHUL vQ FDUH ULWPXO ORU GH FUHúWHUH HVWH LQIHULRU FHOXL DO
veniturilor, fapt dovedit de indicele cheltuielilor la 1000 venituri, care este

0RGHOHOH GH DQDOL] IDFWRULDO D FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH
Cheltuielile materiale aIHUHQWH H[SORDW ULL SRW IL DQDOL]DWH FD QLYHO OD
1000 lei venituri (Cm) pe baza modelului:
giCmi
Cm ,
100
∑
=
unde:
gi = structura veniturilor;
Cmi = cheltuielile materiale la 1000 lei pe categorii de venituri, care
UHSUH]LQW úL IDFWRUL GLUHF L GH LQIOXHQ
(YLGHQ LHUHD PRGLILF ULORU LQWHUYHQLWH vQ VWUXFWXUD YHQLWXULORU HVWH
QHFHVDU SHQWUX DSUHFLHUHD FRUHFW D VLWXD LHL GDW ILLQG PRGXO GH IRUPDUH D
YHQLWXULORU GLQ SURGXF LD VWRFDW úL LPRELOL]DW
0HWRGRORJLD GH GHWHUPLQDUH D FHORU GRX LQIOXHQ H HVWH VLPLODU FX
FHD SUH]HQWDW vQ SDUDJUDIHOH DQWHULRDUH
&KHOWXLHOLOH PDWHULDOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL &P FDUH
FRQVWLWXLH SDUWHD SUHSRQGHUHQW D YHQLWXULORU GLQ H[SORDWDUH VH DQDOL]HD] FX
ajutorul modelului:
∑ q ⋅ cm
Cm = 1000,
∑ qp
unde:
cm = cheltuieli materiale pe produse.
3H DFHDVW ED] SRW IL FRQVWUXLWH úL DSOLFDWH GLIHULWH VLVWHPH
IDFWRULDOH $VWIHO XQ SULP VLVWHP DUH vQ FRPSRQHQ FD IDFWRUL GLUHF L
¾ VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH IDEULFDWH
¾ SUH XULOH PHGLL GH YkQ]DUH
¾ cheltuielile materiale pe unitate de produs.
([SOLFDUHD úL DSOLFDUHD PHWRGRORJLHL LPSOLF XUP WRDUHOH LQIRUPD LL
(Tabelul 3.15).
Tabelul 3.15
(mil. lei)
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori 3UHY ]XW Realizat
1 Cheltuieli materiale aferente cifrei de afaceri 2344 2546
2 Cheltuieli materiale aferente cifrei de afaceri, recalculate X 2450
3 Cifra de afaceri 4007 4375
4 &LIUD GH DIDFHUL UHFDOFXODW X 4500
5 &KHOWXLHOL PDWHULDOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL - lei 585 582

1RW : Pentru recalcularea cheltuielilor materiale, o solu LH R SRDWH
constitui corectarea cheltuielilor materiale realizate cu indicele mediu al
SUH XULORU PDWHULDOHORU ,p úL UHVSHFWLY DO FRQVXPXULORU VSHFLILFH ,cs).
∑ q1cm1
∑ q 1cm0
=
Ip′
× Ics
0RGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL (ΔCm)
de –3 lei (582 – VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
a) structurii cifrei de afaceri
∑q1cm0 ∑q
0cm0
2450 2344
1000 − 1000 = 1000 − 1000 =
q p
q p 4500 4007
∑
1
0
∑
= 544,4 – 585 = – 40,6 lei
E SUH XULORU PHGLL GH YkQ]DUH
0
0
∑q1cm0 ∑q1cm0
2450
1000 − 1000 = 1000 − 544,
4 =
q p
q p 4375
∑
1
1
∑
1
0
= 560 – 544,4 = + 15,6 lei
c) cheltuielile materiale pe produse
∑ q1cm1
∑ q1cm0
1000 − 1000 = 582 − 560 = + 22,
0 lei
∑ q1p1
∑ q1p1
$QDOL]D IDFWRULDO SXQH vQ HYLGHQ IDSWXO F UHGXFHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU
materiale la 1000 lei s-a realizat exclusiv pe seama structurii cifrei de
DIDFHUL vQ FDGUXO F UHLD V-D P ULW SRQGHUHD SURGXVHORU FX PDQRSHU PDL
mare, în WLPS FH FKHOWXLHOLOH PDWHULDOH SH SURGXVH DX FUHVFXW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ
într-R DVHPHQHD VLWXD LH VH LPSXQH VWDELOLUHD FDX]HORU FDUH DX GHWHUPLQDW-o
úL DGRSWDUHD P VXULORU FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
3.8.1.3 Analiza cheltuielilor cu materialele
ÌQ FRPSRQHQ D FKHOWXielilor materiale, cele care privesc materiile
SULPH úL PDWHULDOHOH FRQVXPDELOH vQ JHQHUDO GH LQ SRQGHUHD FHD PDL
LPSRUWDQW UHSUH]HQWkQG DVWIHO SULQFLSDOXO GRPHQLX vQ FDUH VH SRDWH DF LRQD
SHQWUX VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL DFWLYLW LL
Analiza acestor cheltuieli se poate face pe baza indicatorului sintetic,
FKHOWXLHOLOH FX PDWHULDOHOH OD OHL YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH UHVSHFWLY FLIU
de afaceri, folosindu-se modelele prezentate anterior.
*HVWLRQDUHD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH D UHVXUVHORU PDWHULDOH LPSXQH

efectuarHD GH DQDOL]H RSHUDWLYH SH IHOXUL úL UHVSHFWLY JUXSH GH PDWHULDOH SH
produse sau locuri consumatoare de materiale. Astfel, pentru un material,
VXPD WRWDO D FRQVXPXOXL FKP VH H[SULP SULQ UHOD LD FKP T × cs × p´,
în care:
q = SURGXF LD IDEULFDW
cs = consumul specific
p´ = SUH XO GH LQFOXGHUH vQ FRVWXUL
LQIOXHQ D
5H]XOW F DEDWHUHD ID GH R ED] GH FRPSDUD LH VH H[SOLF SULQ
¾ SURGXF LHL IDEULFDWH HFDUWXO GH DFWLYLWDWH T1 – q0)cs0 × p´0,
¾ consumului specific q1(cs1 – cs0)xp´0,
¾ SUH XOXL PHGLX GH includere în costuri q1 × cs1(p´1 - p´0).
7UHEXLH UHPDUFDW IDSWXO F SUH XO PHGLX GH LQFOXGHUH vQ FRVWXUL GLIHU
vQ IXQF LH GH PHWRGD GH HYDOXDUH IRORVLW UHVSHFWLY ÄFRVWXO PHGLX
SRQGHUDW´ PHWRGD ÄSULPHL LQWU UL-SULPHL LHúLUL´ VDX D PHWRGHL ÄXOWLPHL
iQWU UL-SULPHL LHúLUL´
ÌQ FD]XO PDWHULDOHORU RPRJHQH YDORDUHD WRWDO D FRQVXPXOXL Σchm)
VH H[SULP SULQ UHOD LD Σchm = Σ(Ct × p´),
unde:
&W FDQWLWDWHD FRQVXPDW GLQWU-un material (q × cs)
&D XUPDUH IDFWRULL FDUH GHWHUPLQ PRGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU
materiale sunt:
ƒ FDQWLWDWHD FRQVXPDW
( ∑ Ct 1 − ∑ Ct 0 ) × p′
0
ƒ structura materialelor consumate
( Ct 1 × p′
0 ) − ( Ct1)
p′
0
∑ ∑
ƒ SUH XO PDWHULDOHORU
∑( Ct 1 × p1′
) −∑
( Ct1
× p′
0)
8Q DVHPHQHD PRGHO GH DQDOL] HVWH QHFHVDU SHQWUX DSUHFLHUHD
FRUHFW D HYROX LHL FKHOWXLHlilor cu materialele pe centre de responsabilitate
RELHFWLYH GH FRQVWUXF LL FDWHJRULL GH OXFU UL HWF

Exemplu:
Tabelul 3.16
Denumire
normat realizat
material tone SUH Total tone SUH Total Recalculat
lei mii lei
lei mii lei col 4 u 2
A 100 57000 57000 95 57500 5460 5420
B 100 54000 54000 125 53900 6740 6750
TOTAL 200 55500 11100 220 X 12200 12170
GDWRULW
0RGLILFDUHD WRWDO HVWH GH PLL OHL – 11100) din care
ƒ FDQWLW LL FRQVXPDWH
(220 – 200) × 55500 = + 11100 mii lei
ƒ structurii materialelor consumate
12170 – (220 × 55500) = -40 mii lei
ƒ SUH XOXL PDWHULDOHORU
12200 – 12170 = +30 mii lei
ÌQWUXFkW GHS úLUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU HVWH GHWHUPLQDW DSURDSH vQ
H[FOXVLYLWDWH GH FDQWLWDWHD FRQVXPDW HVWH QHFHVDU V VH VWDELOHDVF FkW GLQ
DFHDVWD VH GDWRUHD] SURGXF LHL úL FkW FRQVXPXOXL VSHFLILF SHQWUX D VH SXWHD
OXD GH F WUH IDFWRULL GH U VSXQGHUH P VXULOH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
&X WLWOX GH H[HPSOX VH SUH]LQW XQ PRGHO GH DQDOL] D FKHOWXLHOLORU
cu materialele, practicat în întreprinderile franceze (Tabelul 3.17)

- Elemente
Nr. de
produse
fabricate
în perioada
Cantitatea
de
materiale
pe produs
Kg
Cantitatea
¤
pe
Kg F
materialelor
consumate
Valorile
compa-
rabile
300 P1 6 1800 6 20400 6
SUHY ]XWH 400 P2 4 1600
- Elemente
constatate
- Modificare
$QDOL]D PRGLILF ULL WRWDOH
WRWDO
- Cost
constant
Costul
prestabilit la
consumul
realizat
Costul
prestabilit la
consumul
SUHY ]XW
aferent
SURGXF LHL
realizate
330 P1 3700 5,5 20350 5,5
420 P2
3700 × 5,5 = 20350
3700 × 6 = 22200
330 6 1980
1680
420 4 3660 × 6 = 21960
&RVW SUHY ]XW OD FRQVXP 20400
WRWDO SUHY ]XW
Modificare
WRWDO
- 50
Modificarea
SUH XOXL – 1850 F
Modificarea
FDQWLW LL
FRQVXPDW
+ 240 F
Modificarea
volumului de
activitate +1560F
- 50 F
Tabelul 3.17
(materialul X)
¤
- favorabile
+ nefavorabile
Favorabile
privind
SUH XO
F
Modificarea
materialelor
consumate
- 1610 F
ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU FX PDWHULDOHOH R SUREOHP GHRVHELW GH
LPSRUWDQW R SUH]LQW HYDOXDUHD P VXULORU WHKQLFR-organizatorice de
UHGXFHUH D DFHVWRUD 7UHEXLH I FXW SUHFL]DUHD F GLPHQVLRQDUHD UD LRQDO
HILFLHQW D FRQVXPXULORU VSHFLILFH HVWH vQ SULPXO UkQG R SUREOHP WHKQLF GH
SURLHFWDUH úL H[HFX LH D SURGXVXOXi.
$FHDVWD QX H[FOXGH vQV LPSRUWDQ D EXQHL JHVWLRQ UL D UHVXUVHORU
PDWHULDOH LQFOXVLY GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO DVLJXU ULL LQWHJULW LL
patrimoniului.

3UDFWLFD HFRQRPLF RIHU R PXOWLWXGLQH GH SRVLELOLW L GH LQWHUYHQ LH
SHQWUX D PLFúRUD FRQVXPXULOH I U a afecta competitivitatea produselor.
3.8.1.4 Analiza cheltuielilor cu amortizarea
&KHOWXLHOLOH FX DPRUWL]DUHD DYkQG XQ FDUDFWHU FRQYHQ LRQDO FRQVWDQW
vQ OLPLWHOH SUHFL]DWH VH DQDOL]HD] FD QLYHO OD OHL YHQLWXUL GLQ
H[SORDWDUH VDX FLIU GH DIaceri (Ca) pe baza modelului:
A
Ca = 1000,
CA
în care:
$ VXPD DQXDO D DPRUWL] ULL LQFOXV vQ FRVWXUL
A ⎛ M A
Dar,
f ⎞
1000 =
1000,
CA ⎜ ×
Ca M ⎟
⎝ f ⎠
unde:
Mf raportul ,
CA
=
MF
FDUDFWHUL]HD] HILFLHQ D XWLOL] ULL DFWLYHORU IL[H
A FRWD PHGLH GH DPRUWL]DUH FD vQ FDUH VH VLQWHWL]HD] VWUXFWXUD SH
FDWHJRULL GH DFWLYH IL[H FRWHOH GH DPRUWL]DUH SH ILHFDUH FDWHJRULH LQIOXHQ DWH
úL GH VLVWHPXO GH DPRUWL]DUH SUDFWLFDW
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ PRGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU FX DPRUWL]DUHD OD Oei
FLIU GH DIDFHUL Δ&D HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH
ƒ randamentul activelor fixe
⎛ Mf
Mf
⎞
⎜ 1 0
− ⎟ca
⋅1000
⎜ CA1
CA ⎟
⎝
0 ⎠
ƒ cota medie de amortizare
Mf0
( ca1
−
ca 0 ) ⋅100
CA1

GLQ FDUH LQIOXHQ D
• structurii pe categorii de active fixe
Mf1
( ca′
− ca 0 ) ⋅1000
CA1
unde:
ca´ = cota meGLH UHFDOFXODW vQ IXQF LH GH VWUXFWXUD HIHFWLY D PLMORDFHORU
IL[H FDOFXODW SH ED]D YDORULORU PHGLL EUXWH úL FRWHOH GH DPRUWL]DUH SH
categorii de active fixe;
• cotele de amortizare pe categorii de active fixe
Mf1
( ca1
− ca′
) ⋅1000
CA1
Metodologia prezenWDW HVWH XWLO vQ GLDJQRVWLFXO VRFLHW LL vQ
H[SOLFDUHD XQHL VLWXD LL GDWH vQ UDSRUW GH XQ FULWHULX FRQVLGHUDW (VWH HYLGHQW
IDSWXO F vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF vQ FRQGL LLOH VSRULULL vQ]HVWU ULL WHKQLFH PDL
EXQD IRORVLUH D DFWLYHORU IL[H UHSUH]LQW IDFtorul principal de reducere a
FKHOWXLHOLORU FX DPRUWL]DUHD SH SURGXVH úL UHVSHFWLY OD OHL FLIU GH
afaceri.
ÌQ IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW L DQDOL]D SRDWH IL H[WLQV OD QLYHOXO GLIHULWHORU
FDWHJRULL GH DFWLYH IL[H SHQWUX D HYLGHQ LD LQIOXHQ D SH FDUH R DUe gradul de
folosire al acestora asupra cheltuielilor cu amortizarea. Metodologia se
ED]HD] SH IDSWXO F VXPD DPRUWL] ULL OXQDU DQXDO HVWH FRQVWDQW úL R
VSRULUH D UDQGDPHQWXOXL DFWLYHORU IL[H FRQGXFH OD UHGXFHUHD DPRUWL] ULL SH
produs sau lucrare.
3.9 Analiza cheltuielilor cu personalul
$QDOL]D VLWXD LHL JHQHUDOH D FKHOWXLHOLORU FX SHUVRQDOXO
ÌQ FDGUXO DFHVWHL HWDSH VH XUP UHúWH FXQRDúWHUHD HYROX LHL úL
WHQGLQ HL XQRU DVHPHQHD FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL vQ UDSRUW úL GH DF LXQHD XQRU
factori conjuncturali, folosindu-se ca indicatori ponderea în totalul
FKHOWXLHOLORU úL QLYHOXO OD OHL YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH UHVSHFWLY FLIU GH
afaceri.
&kW SULYHúWH VWUXFWXUDUHa cheltuielilor cu personalul, aceasta poate

avea în vedere mai multe criterii, cum ar fi:
XUP ULW
¾ elementele componente, salariile tarifare, respectiv, negociate,
VSRUXUL DFRUGDWH SH FDWHJRULL SUHPLL WD[H GH SURWHF LH VRFLDO
LPSR]LWH HWF SUH]LQW LPSRUWDQ vQ GHOLPLWDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU
care sunt reglementate prin acte normative úL DVXSUD F URUD ILUPD
QX SRDWH DF LRQD
¾ FDWHJRULLOH GH SHUVRQDO PXQFLWRUL LQJLQHUL HFRQRPLúWL HWF VXQW
XWLOH SHQWUX PDUFDUHD PXWD LLORU FDUH V-au produs în structura
SHUVRQDOXOXL SHQWUX HYHQWXDOHOH FRPSDUD LL FX ILUPH VLPLODUH
¾ formele de salarizarH SUDFWLFDWH SHQWUX D FDUDFWHUL]D HILFLHQ D
acestora;
¾ vQ UDSRUW GH PRGXO GH LQFOXGHUH vQ FRVWXUL HVWH QHFHVDU vQ
ORFDOL]DUHD UH]HUYHORU H[LVWHQWH SHQWUX VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL
cheltuielilor cu salariile.
)LHFDUH GLQ DFHVWH JUXS UL úL DOWHOH VXQW XWLOL]DWH vQ IXQF LH GH VFRSXO
$QDOL]D HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU FX VDODULLOH
(ILFLHQ D FKHOWXLHOLORU VDODULDOH SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW FX DMXWRUXO
indicatorilor:
¾ cheltuieli salariale la 1000 lei venituri din exploatare;
¾ cheltuieli salariale la 1000 OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL
¾ FKHOWXLHOL VDODULDOH OD OHL YDORDUH DG XJDW
ÌQ WRDWH FHOH WUHL VLWXD LL SRW IL XWLOL]DWH vQ DQDOL] DWkW PRGHOHOH GH
FRUHOD LH FkW úL FHOH PXOWiplicative. Astfel, în cazul cheltuielilor salariale la
1000 lei venituri din explRDWDUH &V PRGHOXO GH FRUHOD LH HVWH
Fs
Cs = 1000,
Ve
unde:
Fs = fondul de salarii (inclusiv elementele aferente)
'HFL PRGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU VDODULDOH ID GH R ED] GH FRPSDUD LH
&V VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
• sumei veniturilor
⎛ Fs Fs0
⎞
⎜ −
1000
Ve1
Ve ⎟
⎝
0 ⎠
Cs
Iv
0 sau 0 −
e
Cs
0
,

unde:
Ive = indicele veniturilor
• sumei cheltuielilor salariale
⎛ Fs1
Fs0
⎞
⎜ − ⋅1000
sau
Ve1
Ve ⎟
⎝
1 ⎠
Cs0
Cs1
− ,
Ive
(YLGHQW ILLQG XQ PRGHO GH FRUHOD LH VXPD YHQLWXULORU WUHEXLH V
vQUHJLVWUH]H XQ ULWP GH FUHúWHUH VXSHULRU FKHOWXLHOLORU VDODULDOH
Ca model mulWLSOLFDWLY SRDWH IL IRORVLW XUP WRUXO
⎛ N Fs ⎞
Cs = ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ ⋅1000,
⎝ Ve N ⎠
în care:
N = QXP UXO GH VDODULD L
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ Δ&V VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
¾ QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L OD OHX YHQLWXUL IRUP LQYHUV GH
H[SULPDUH D SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL
⎛ N1
Fs0
⎞
⎜ ⋅ ⋅1000
− Cs0
Ve1
N ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
¾ FKHOWXLHOLOH PHGLL SH R SHUVRDQ
⎛ N1
Fs0
⎞
Cs1
−
⎜ ⋅ ⋅1000
Ve1
N ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
ùL DFHVW PRGHO SXQH vQ HYLGHQ FRUHOD LD GLQWUH FUHúWHUHD
SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL úL D VDODULXOXL PHGLX FRUHOD LH DEVROXW QHFHVDU SHQWUX
VSRULUHD HILFLHQ HL FKHOWXLHOLORU VDODULDOH
1RW : 0HWRGRORJLD SUH]HQWDW VH DSOLF VLPLODU úL vQ FD]XO FHORUODO L
LQGLFDWRUL FX GHRVHELUHD F VXPD YHQLWXULORU GLQ H[SORDWDUH VH YD vQORFXL FX
FLIUD GH DIDFHUL UHVSHFWLY YDORDUHD DG XJDW DYkQGX-se în vedere
VHPQLILFD LD DFHVWRUD
7HRULD úL SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF UHFRPDQG SHQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD
VLWXD LHL FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH GLQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLW LL úL D VDODULXOXL PHGLX
FRHILFLHQWXO FRUHOD LHL .U H[SULPDW SULQ UHOD LLOH
Is −100
Kr ,
Iw −100
Is
sau Kr =
.
Iw
= VH DSOLF GH UHJXO GDF DPELL LQGLFL VXQW !

Pentru exemplificare, se folosesc GDWHOH XUP WRDUH WDEHOXO ):
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori
P0
Pn
−1
Pn
Pn−1
Tabelul 3.18
P n
P0
1 Indicele salariului mediu 100 105 110,96
2 Indicele SURGXFWLYLW LL
(calculul pe baza cifrei de afaceri)
3 &RHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH
FLIU GH DIDFHUL
106 105,7 99,72
Is −100
Iw −100
0,6667 0,8772 X
Is
Iw
0,9811 0,9934 X
4 Indicele cheltuielilor cu personalul la 1000 lei
98,11 99,34 101,24
'DWHOH SUH]HQWDWH DUDW F V-D UHVSHFWDW GH SULQFLSLX FRUHOD LD
necesDU GDU QX OD QLYHOXO SUHY ]XW FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRUHOD LH V-a majorat),
FHHD FH DUH FD HIHFW FUHúWHUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU FX VDODULLOH OD OHL YHQituri cu
1,24%.
În raport de productivitatea muncii realizate, cu respectarea
FRUHOD LHL SUHY ]XWH LQGLFHOH VDODULXOXL PHGLX VH GHWHUPLQ SH ED]D UHOD LHL
Is = [(Iw – 1)Kr0] + 1 sau Is = Iw · Kr0
este calculat Kr0 (ca raporW DO VSRUXULORU VDX FD SURSRU LH
Aplicând formula a doua Is = 1,057 × 0,9811 = 1,037022.
vQ IXQF LH GH PRGXO vQ FDUH
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ LQGLFHOH VDODULXOXL PHGLX ID GH SUHYHGHUL WUHEXLH V
1,
037022
fie
1,
04
0,
9972,
fi condus OD vQFDGUDUHD vQ QLYHOXO SUHY
lei venituri din exploatare.
]XW DO FKHOWXLHOLORU FX VDODULLOH OD
= DGLF HJDO FX FHO DO SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL FHHD FH DU
ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD XQHL VRFLHW L FRPHUFLDOH vQ OHJ WXU FX VDODULLOH SRW V
DSDU R PXOWLWXGLQH GH DVSHFWH FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH VROX LRQDWH FRUHVSXQ] WRU
pHQWUX D GLPLQXD SLHUGHULOH GHWHUPLQDWH GH FRQIOLFWHOH GH PXQF ÌQWU-un
DVHPHQHD FRQWH[W SRDWH IL vQVFULV úL SUREOHPD QHJRFLHULL VDODULLORU VDX úL
VDWLVIDFHULL XQRU UHYHQGLF UL VDODULDOH 3UDFWLF HVWH QHFHVDU VWDELOLUHD XQHL
OLPLWH PD[LPH GH FUHúWHUH D salariilor.

Exemplu:
1. Cifra de afaceri 4000 mil. lei
2. Cheltuieli aferente 3200 mil. lei
GLQ FDUH VDODULL úL HOHPHQWHOH DIHUHQWH )V 900 mil. lei
4. Restul cheltuielilor (M) 2300 mil. lei
5H]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL 5( 800 mil. lei
6. Capital propriu 2500 mil. lei
7. Profit net 375 mil. lei
0DMRUDUHD VDODULLORU SRDWH IL ÄDFRSHULW ´ GH UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL FHHD FH YD
FRQGXFH OD GLPLQXDUHD SURILWXOXL QHW FX FRQVHFLQ HOH FDUH GHFXUJ GH DLFL VDX
QHJRFLHUHD SUH XULORU GH YkQ]DUH SHQWUX PHQ LQHUHD SURILWXOXL
ÌQ SULPD LSRWH] OLPLWD PD[LP GH PDMRUDUH D VDODULLORU R FRQVWLWXLH
UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL FHHD FH vQ SURFHQWH vQVHDPQ
RE
⋅ 100
Fs
respectiv,
800
⋅100
= 88,
89%.
900
$FHVW OXFUX VH YHULILFD SULQ UHOD LD
⎛ RE ⎞
M + Fs⎜1
+ ⎟
⎝ Fs ⎠ 2300 + 900 × 1,
8889
=
= 1
CA
4000
'DF VDODULLOH VH PDMRUHD] FX UH]XOWDWXO H[SORDW ULL VH
PLFúRUHD] FX PLO OHL × 3HQWUX D VH PHQ LQH DFHODúL UH]XOWDW
DO H[SORDW ULL FLIUD GH DIDFHUL WUHEXLH V FUHDVF FX XQ DQXPLW SURFHQW
GHWHUPLQDW GH FRWD GH PDMRUDUH D VDODULLORU úL SRQGHUHD DFHVtora în cifra de
900
afaceri. În cazul dat 0 , 20 × = 0,
045 sau 4,
5%.
4000
6SRULUHD FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL FX UHSUH]LQW PLO OHL
HFKLYDOHQWXO PDMRU ULL VDODULLORU ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL QX VH PRGLILF UH]Xltatul
H[SORDW ULL úL SURILWXO QHW FDUH LQWHUHVHD] SH Sroprietarii capitalului.
În ipoteza stabilirii unui prag minim de rentabilitate, de exemplu,
ID GH FDSLWDOXO SURSULX OLPLWD PD[LP GH PDMRUDUH D VDODULLORU YD IL
2300 + 900
4000
⎛ 800 − 250 ⎞
⎜ ⎟100 = 61%
⎝ 900 ⎠
ÌQORFXLQG vQ UHOD LD SUHFHGHQW UH]XOW :
( 1 + 0,
61)
=
0,
93725,
GHFL XQ FRHILFLHQW VXEXQLWDU FHHD FH DUDW

F XQLWDWHD HVWH UHQWDELO – 0,93725) = 250 mil. lei.
$XWRFRQWUROXO XWLOL] ULL IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL
,QGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD GH SURSULHWDWH ILUPD WUHEXLH V H[HUFLWH XQ
autocontrol asupra PRGXOXL vQ FDUH HYROXHD] FKHOWXLHOLOH FX PDQRSHUD FHHD
FH SUDFWLF vQVHDPQ vQFDGUDUHD vQ DQXPLWH OLPLWH SUHVWDELOLWH VDX
UHFRQVLGHUDWH DVWIHO vQFkW V VH DVLJXUH UHDOL]DUHD LQGLFDWRULORU GH HILFLHQ
SUHY ]X L
Ca limite prestabilite „pot fi consideUDWH QRUPHOH´ GH PXQF vQ
YLJRDUH OD GDWD UHVSHFWLY SUHFXP úL IRQGXO GH VDODULL SUHY ]XW SODQLILFDW
OD QLYHOXO ILUPHL úL VXEXQLW LORU RUJDQL]DWRULFH 3UDFWLF DFHDVWD vQVHDPQ F
OXQDU WULPHVWULDO úL OD ILQHOH DQXOXL RGDW FX vQWRFPirea statelor GH SODW V
VH IDF FRPSDUD LH FX IRQGXO planificat 2 , stabilindu-VH DVWIHO DúD-numita
PRGLILFDUH DEVROXW ΔFs).
ΔFs = Fs1 – Fs0 = - HFRQRPLH DEVROXW GHS úLUH DEVROXW
Exemplu:
Cazul (mil. lei)
A B
1. Fond de salarii efectiv 2560 2734
2. Fond salarii planificat 2579 2579
'LIHUHQ – 2) -19 +155
$GPL kQG F GUHSWXULOH GLQ VWDWHOH GH VDODULL VXQW FDOFXODWH vQ UDSRUW
GH PXQFD SUHVWDW vQ SULPD VLWXD LH FD]XO $ FRQVLGHU P F IDFWRULL GH
GHFL]LH DL XQLW LL SRW V RUGRQDQ H]H HIHFWXDUHD SO LL
ÌQ VLWXD LD GHS úLULL DEVROXWH FD]XO % HVWH QHFHVDU UHFRQVLGHUDUHD
OLPLWHL LQL LDOH SULQ UHFDOFXODUHD DFHVWHLD
2 DVHPHQHD UHFDOFXODUH HVWH MXVWLILFDW SULQ DFHHD F vQWUH YROXPXO
GH DFWLYLWDWH DO vQWUHSULQGHULL úL GLQDPLFD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL H[LVW R
OHJ WXU GLUHFW vQ HOHDV XQHRUL úL FD R FRUHOD LH GH SURSRU LRQDOLWDWH
3UREOHPD FDUH VH SXQH HVWH RS LXQHD SHQWUX FULWHULLOH vQ IXQF LH GH
FDUH SRDWH IL I FXW UHFDOFXODUHD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL 'H SULQFLSLX
2 © ¤© ©¤ ¢¢ ©¤ ¦¤©© ¦
¤©©

FRQVLGHU P F WUHEXLH V VH IRORVHDVF DFHO LQGLFDWRU vQ FDUH VH UHJ VHúWH
vQWUHJXO FRQVXP GH PXQF YLH FX DFRSHULUH PDWHULDO SURGXVH OXFU UL
executate, servicii etc., respectiv, veniturile din exploatare.
5H]XOWDWXO FRPSDUD LHL GLQWUH IRQGXO GH VDODULL VWDELOLW )V1
reFDOFXODW )U SRDUW GHQXPLUHD GH PRGLILFDUH UHODWLY
unde:
Fs1 – Fr = -HFRQRPLH UHODWLY GHS úLUH UHODWLY
)RQGXO GH VDODULL UHFDOFXODW VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD SH ED]D UHOD LLORU
Fs0
⋅ Iq
I) Fr = ,
100
venituri din exploatare realizate
Iq = YHQLWXUL GLQ H[SORDWDUH SUHY ]XWH
úL FHO
LQkQG VHDPD GH IDSWXO F úL FKHOWXLHOLOH FX VDODULLOH VH SRW vPS U L vQ
YDULDELOH úL IL[H VH SRDWH IRORVL úL UHOD LD
unde:
Fv0
⋅ Iq
II) Fr = + Fc1,
100
Fv0 PDQRSHUD YDULDELO GH UHJXO GLUHFW
Fc1 = Fondul de salarii constant (fix) efectiv
ÌQ VLWXD LD LQGH[ ULL VDODULLORU UH]XOWDWXO RE LQXW VH FRUHFWHD] FX
coeficientul K luat în calcul la stabilirea drepturilor individuale în perioada
UHVSHFWLY
1RW 5HFDOFXODUHD VH IDFH SH ED]D GDWHORU FXPulate, de la începutul
SHULRDGHL 2S LXQHD SHQWUX R YDULDQW VDX DOWD HVWH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQGL LLOH GH
VDODUL]DUH VWDELOLWH FX IRUPD LLOH GH PXQF
Exemplu:
Cazul (mil. lei)
A B
1. Fond de salarii efectiv 2737 2737
2. din care: - variabile 2350 2350
3. - fixe 387 387
4. Fond de salarii planificat 2579 2579
5. din care: - variabile 2230 2230
6. Venituri din exploatare planificate 45400 45400
7. Venituri din exploatare realizate 48940 43500

8. Indicele de realizare a veniturilor (%) 107,8 96,12
9. Fond de salarii recalculat
(rd. 4 × rd. 8)
2780 2479
0RGLILFDUH UHODWLY
(rd. 1 – rd. 9)
11. Fond de salarii recalculat (II)
(rd. 5 × rd. 8 + rd. 3)
12. ModificarH UHODWLY
(rd. 1 – rd. 11)
-43 +258
2791 2530
-54 +207
5H]XOW F vQ FD]XO $ vQ DPEHOH VLWXD LL V-D RE LQXW R HFRQRPLH
UHODWLY FDUH HVWH XQ HIHFW DO UHVSHFW ULL FRUHOD LHL GLQWUH FUHúWHUHD
SURGXFWLYLW LL úL D VDODULXOXL PHGLX ÌQ FD]XO % VLWXD LD HVWH LQYHUV
&H IDFH FRQGXFHUHD XQLW LL " ÌQ DPEHOH FD]XUL VWDWHOH GH SODW
vQVXPHD] PLO OHL
Pentru cazul A:
VDODULD LORU
Pentru cazul B:
ÌQWUHSULQGHUHD VROLFLW E QFLL HOLEHUDUHD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL
UHVSHFWLY úL RQRUHD] GUHSWXULOH LQGLYLGXDOH $U H[LVWD úL
SRVLELOLWDWHD V ILH VROLFLWDW IRQGXO UHFDOFXODW úL GDF QX DX
LQWHUYHQLW PRGLILF UL GHRVHELWH vQ FRQGL LLOH GH PXQF HFRQRPLD
UHODWLY SRDWH IL UHSDUWL]DW VDODULD LORU vQ IXQF LH GH FRQWULEX LD
DGXV OD UHDOL]DUHD SURJUDPXOXL GH SURGXF LH 'DF DX LQWHUYHQLW
DQXPLWH FRQGL LL QRL PHFDQL]DUHD XQRU RSHUD LL WHKQRORJLL QRL
HWF FDUH DX IDYRUL]DW FUHúWHUHD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL FD HIHFW DO
DFWLYLW LL vQWUHSULQGHULL HFRQRPLD VH FRUHFWHD] FX LQIOD LD
DFHVWRUD XUPkQG FD QXPDL GLIHUHQ D V ILH UHSDUWL]DW
'DF QX VXQW FRQGL LL RELHFWLYH GHRVHELWH VXPD VROLFLWDW GH
E QFLL YD IL WRW OD QLYHOXO IRQGXOXL UHFDOFXODW LDU GHS úLUHD
UHODWLY YD IL VXSRUWDW GH VXEXQLW LOH FDUH QX úL-au realizat
SURJUDPXO GH SURGXF LH VWDELOLW
1RW : &RQVLGHU P F UHFDOFXODUHD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL WUHEXLH V ILH R
SUREOHP H[FOXVLY D XQLW LL FKLDU GDF VH VROLFLW XQ vPSUXPXW EDQFD
WUHEXLH V XUP UHDVF GRDU UHDOL]DUHD FRQGL LLORU VWDELOLWH FX GHELWRUXO
pentru rambursarea creditelor la termenul stabilit.

Un alt aspect al autocontrolului fondului de salarii, în special în
XQLW LOH GH FRQVWUXF LL VH UHIHU OD VWDELOLUHD GUHSWXULORU LQGLYLGXDOH vQ
IXQF LH GH YROXPXO GH OXFU UL H[HFXWDWH úL LPSOLFLW DO WLPSXOXL OXFUDW
(YLGHQW U VSXQGHUHD GLUHFW UHYLQH úHILORU GH HFKLSH PDLúWULORU úL
FRQGXF WRULORU GH úDQWLHUH SHQWUX PRGXO vQ FDUH VH HIHFWXHD] SRQWDMHOH
'LVSHUVDUHD vQ WHULWRULX D RELHFWLYHORU GH FRQVWUXF LH vQJUHXQHD] H[HUFLWDUHD
XQXL FRQWURO GLUHFW OD WRDWH SXQFWHOH GH OXFUX GH F WUH FRQGXF WRULL DFWLYLW LL
ILQDQFLDUH D ILUPHL 'H DFHHD HVWH QHFHVDU V VH IRORVHDVF DQXPLWH FRUHOD LL
GLQWUH GLIHUL L LQGLFDWRUL SHQWUX D SXWHD GHSLVWD HYHQWXDOHOH DEDWHUL vQ FHHD FH
SULYHúWH VXSUDHYDOXDUHD XQRU GUHSWXUL $VWIHO H[HFXWDUHD XQHL OXFU UL SH
OkQJ PDQRSHU LPSOLF úL XQ FRQVXP GH PDWHULDOH 'HFL GDF OD XQ
RELHFWLY GH FRQVWUXF LL VH FRQVWDW GLVFUHSDQ H vQWUH DFHVWH FDWHJRULL GH
FKHOWXLHOL vQVHDPQ F HVWH QHFHVDU R DQDOL] vQ GHWDOLX SHQWUX FODULILFDUHD
VLWXD LHL
ÌQ DFHODúL FRQWH[W VH vQVFULH úL XUP ULUHD HYROX LHL FKLULHL SHQWUX
XWLODMHOH GH FRQVWUXF LL GH H[HPSOX PDFDUDOH WXUQ vQ IXQF LXQH OD XQ
RELHFWLY FKHOWXLHOLOH SHQWUX EHWRDQH úDSH úL PRUWDUH FX OXDUHD vQ
FRQVLGHUDUH D VWDGLXOXL IL]LF GH H[HFX LH D OXFU ULORU (YROX LD DFHVWRU
cheltuieli poaWH SXQH vQ HYLGHQ DQXPLWH HOHPHQWH FDUH V FRQGXF OD
FRQFOX]LD F PDQRSHUD vQUHJLVWUDW QX VH MXVWLILF vQ WRWDOLWDWH
ÌQ LSRWH]D F DSDU DVHPHQHD VLWXD LL FRQGXFHUHD XQLW LL WUHEXLH V
DF LRQH]H SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO RUJDQLVPHORU LQWHUQH GH VSHFLDOLWDWH pentru
UHFXSHUDUHD VXPHORU DFRUGDWH QHMXVWLILFDW úL VDQF LRQDUHD vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX
QRUPHOH vQ YLJRDUH D FHORU YLQRYD L
3.10 Analiza cheltuielilor cu dobânzile
3HQWUX ILQDQ DUHD DFWLYLW LL GH SURGXF LH úL LQYHVWL LL XQLW LOH SRW
DSHOD úL OD vPSUXPXWXUL EDQFDUH SXUW WRDUH GH GREkQ]L ,QGLIHUHQW GDF
DFHVWHD VH LQFOXG VDX QX vQ FRVWXUL vQ XOWLP LQVWDQ DIHFWHD] SURILWXO QHW
DO ILUPHL ÌQ SUHYL]LRQDUHD QHFHVDUXOXL GH IRQGXUL SHQWUX R DQXPLW SHULRDG
SULQ EXJHWXO GH YHQLWXUL GDF HVWH FD]XO VH VWDELOHúWH úL QHFHVDUXO GH FUHGLWH
UHVSHFWLY GREkQGD DIHUHQW SULQ DFWH QRUPDWLYH VH SRW SUHYHGHD FDWHJRULL
GH FUHGLWH FDUH VH GLIHUHQ LD] SULQ SURFHQWXO GH GREkQG vQ DFHODúL WLPS
SHQWUX GLVSRQLELOLW LOH SURSULL S VWUDWH OD EDQF VH vQFDVHD] XQ procent de
GREkQG
ÌQ DQDOL]D FKHOWXLHOLORU FX GREkQ]LOH VH XUP UHúWH HYROX LD DFHVWRUD
FRPSDUDWLY FX SHULRDGD DQWHULRDU SUHFXP úL ID GH SUHYHGHUL

explicându-VH PRGLILFDUHD ORU SULQ SULVPD IDFWRULORU FDUH OH GHWHUPLQ
Obiectul analizei îl poate FRQVWLWXL DWkW VXPD DEVROXW 6G FkW úL QLYHOXO ORU
OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL &G
ÌQ SULPXO FD] VH IRORVHúWH PRGHOXO
Ki × d
Sd = ,
100
unde:
Ki = capitalul împrumutat;
d = SURFHQWXO PHGLX GH GREkQG
3HQWUX FUHGLWHOH DIHUHQWH DFWLYLW LL GH H[SORDWDUH VXPD GREkQ]LL
SRDWH IL H[SULPDW SULQ UHOD LD
Sm ⋅ K ⋅ d
Sd = ,
2
100
unde:
Sm = soldul mediu al activelor circulante;
K = FRWD SURFHQWXDO GH SDUWLFLSDUH D FUHGLWXOXL OD ILQDQ DUHD DFWLYHORU
d
circulante;
= procentul mediu de dobânG
&D QLYHO OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL FKHOWXLHOLOH FX GREkQ]LOH VH
DQDOL]HD] FX DMXWRUXO UHOD LHL
1
Cd = Dz ⋅ K ⋅ d
T ⋅10
unde:
T = perioada (360 zile);
Dz = YLWH]D GH URWD LH D DFWLYHORU FLUFXODQWH
)RUPXOD DQWHULRDU UH]XOW GLQ
1
100
2
CA
⋅ Dz ⋅ K ⋅ d
T
⋅1000
CA
0RGLILFDUHD VXPHL DEVROXWH D GREkQ]LL VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
ƒ activelor circulante
1
( Sm1
−
Sm0
) K
2
0 ⋅ d0
100

ƒ cotei de participare a creditului
1
Sm1(
K1
− K 0 ) d
2
0
100
ƒ SURFHQWXOXL PHGLX GH GREkQG
1
Sm
2 1 ⋅ K1
100
( d − d )
Care este semniILFD LD LQIOXHQ HORU UHVSHFWLYH?
1
0
0DMRUDUHD DFWLYHORU FLUFXODQWH HVWH MXVWLILFDW QXPDL GDF HVWH
XUPDUHD FUHúWHULL SURGXF LHL vQ FRQGL LLOH PHQ LQHULL YLWH]HL GH URWD LH
SUHY ]XW ÌQ FD] FRQWUDU vQVHDPQ R LPRELOL]DUH GH IRQGXUL úL vQ FRQVHFLQ
vPSUXPXWXUL VXSOLPHQWDUH SXUW WRDUH GH GREkQG PDMRUDW úL GH FRWD GH
participare a creditului.
0RGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXOXL GH GREkQG SRDWH IL H[SOLFDW SULQ
ƒ VFKLPE UL vQ VWUXFWXUD FUHGLWHORU GDF SURFHQWXO HVWH GLIHUHQ LDW
astfel;
ƒ schimbarea proFHQWXOXL GH GREkQG SULQ UHJOHPHQW UL OHJDOH
inclusiv indexarea acesteia.
&D QLYHO PHGLX OD OHL SURGXF LH FKHOWXLHOLOH FX GREkQ]LOH VH
DQDOL]HD] SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO IDFWRULORU
9LWH]D GH URWD LH D DFWLYHORU FLUFXODQWH
1
T ⋅10
2. Cota de participare a creditului
1
⋅ Dz1
K1
− K 0 ⋅ d
T ⋅10
( Dz1
− Dz0
) ⋅ K 0 ⋅ d0
( ) 0
3URFHQWXO PHGLX GH GREkQG
1
⋅ Dz1
⋅ K1
T ⋅10
( d − d )
1
0RGHOXO SUH]HQWDW SXQH vQ HYLGHQ LPSRUWDQ D GHRVHELW SH FDUH R
DUH DFFHOHUDUHD YLWH]HL GH URWD LH vQ GLPLQXDUHD HIHFWXOXL SH FDUH-l are
FRQWUDFWDUHD GH vPSUXPXWXUL PDL DOHV vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH GREkQGD DUH XQ
nivel ridicat.
0

3.11 Analiza costului pe produse
ÌQFDGUDUHD vQ DF LXQHD DPSO GH VSRULUH FRQWLQX D UHQWDELOLW Li,
analiza costului pe produs constituie etapa de început care precede punerea
în aplicare a P VXULORU WHKQLFR-RUJDQL]DWRULFH PHQLWH V FRQGXF OD
economisirea resurselor consumate.
2UJDQL]DUHD úL GHVI úXUDUHD SUDFWLFLL GH DQDOL] D FRVWXULORU SH
SURGXVH HVWH FRQGL LRQDW GH PRGXO GH RUJDQL]DUH D HYLGHQ HL FKHOWXielilor
GH SURGXF LH úL FDOFXO DO SUH XOXL GH FRVW SUHFXP úL GH FDUDFWHUXO SURGXF LHL
úL JUDGXO GH FRPSOH[LWDWH DO DFHVWXLD
$QDOL]D FRVWXOXL SH SURGXV XUP UHúWH DEDWHUHD DFHVWXLD ID GH XQ
anumit criteriu (costul planificat, normat, sau din anul precedent),
FDWHJRULLOH GH FKHOWXLHOL DUWLFROH GH FDOFXOD LH HOHPHQWH SULPDUH SH VHDPD
F URUD V-DX SURGXV PRGLILF UL SUHFXP úL IDFWRULL FDUH DX GHWHUPLQDW DEDWHULOH
respective.
2 LPSRUWDQ GHRVHELW R SUH]LQW LGHQWLILFDUHD UH]HUYHORU H[LVWHQWH
care pot fL PRELOL]DWH vQ SURFHVXO GH H[HFX LH D SURGXVXOXL SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD
FRQWLQX D FRVWXOXL úL PHQ LQHULL VDX FKLDU vPEXQ W LULL FDOLW LL SURGXVXOXL
D ILDELOLW LL DFHVWXLD
2UJDQL]DUHD PXQFLL GH DQDOL] D FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH LPSOLF
SDUFXUJHUHD XUP WRDUHlor etape:
a) 6WDELOLUHD SURGXVHORU FDUH XUPHD] D IL VXSXVH DQDOL]HL 'H
UHJXO VXQW FHUFHWDWH FX SULRULWDWH SURGXVHOH OD FDUH V-DX GHS úLW
FRVWXULOH DQWHFDOFXODWH VDX QRUPDWH $FHDVWD QX H[FOXGH úL
produsele la care s-DX RE LQXW HFRQRPLL SHQWUX D JHQHUDOL]a
H[SHULHQ D SR]LWLY
b) ([SOLFDUHD PRGLILF ULL FRVWXOXL SH ILHFDUH SURGXV SULQ SULVPD
categoriilor de cheltuieli (articole sau elemente), stabilindu-se
FRQWULEX LD DEVROXW úL SURFHQWXDO D ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL OD
PRGLILFDUHD WRWDO D FRVWXOXL SH SURGXV
c) AnalL]D HOHPHQWHORU GH FKHOWXLHOL SULQ SULVPD IDFWRULORU GLUHF L úL
LQGLUHF L GH LQIOXHQ $VWIHO PRGLILFDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU FX
materiile prime, materialele directe (ΔFKP VH H[SOLF SULQ
,QIOXHQ D FRQVXPXULORU VSHFLILFH FV
( cs 1 − cs0
) p′
0
2 ,QIOXHQ D SUH XOXL PDWHULDOHORU S
( p′
− p )
cs 1 1 ′ 0

Cheltuielile cu salariile directe sunt dependente de timpul de
PXQF FRQVXPDW SH XQLWDWH GH SURGXV W úL salariul mediu pe unitate de
timp (sh).
Deci, ΔFKU VH H[SOLF SULQ LQIOXHQ D
unde:
ƒ timpXOXL GH PXQF
Chs
0
( t1 − t 0 ) sh 0 sau − Chs0
,Z LQGLFHOH SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL HVWH FDOFXODW SH ED]D UHOD LHL
Iw
ƒ salariul mediu orar
Chs0
t1(
sh1
− sh 0 ) sau Chs1
−
Iw
Cheltuielile indirecte (chi), fiind reparWL]DWH SH ED] GH FKHL GH
reparti LH VH YRU DQDOL]D SULQ SULVPD PRGLILF ULL
q
unde:
1
Iq =
q0
ƒ YROXPXOXL SURGXF LHL LQIOXHQ D F UXLD VH GHWHUPLQ SH ED]D
UHOD LHL
Chi0 − Chi
Iq
0
ƒ sumei absolute a cheltuielilor indirecte:
Chi0
Chi1
Iq
−
1RW ÌQ FD]XO FkQG FRPSDUD LD VH IDFH FX FRVWXO QRUPDW vQ WRDWH
UHOD LLOH FRVWXO DQWHFDOFXODW VH YD vQORFXL FX QLYHOXO QRUPDW
,GHQWLILFDUHD XQRU QRL UH]HUYH GH UHGXFHUH D FRVWXULORU WUHEXLH I FXW
vQ OHJ WXU FX SRQGHUHD GLIHULWHORU FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL úL GH GHSHQGHQ D
ORU ID GH YROXPXO SURGXF LHL $VWIHO SHQWUX FKHOWXLHOLOH IL[H SH XQLWDWH GH
SURGXV GHFL YDULDELOH vQ VXP DEVROXW PDWHULL SULPH VDODULL GLUHFWH HVWH
QHFHVDU R DQDOL] WHKQLFR-HFRQRPLF D WXWXURU FDWHJRULLORU GH FRQVXPXUL ÌQ
ceea ce prLYHúWH FKHOWXLHOLOH LQGLUHFWH FDUH vQ JHQHUDO VXQW YDULDELOH SH
XQLWDWH GH SURGXV SRW IL PLFúRUDWH SULQ RSWLPL]DUHD YROXPXOXL GH SURGXF LH
HYLGHQW WUHEXLH V VH LQ VHDPD GH H[LVWHQ D UHVXUVHORU PDWHULDOH
FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH úL SRVLELOLW LOH GH desfacere).
ÌQ WHRULD úL SUDFWLFD HFRQRPLF SRDWH IL SXV SUREOHPD LQIOXHQ HL
YDULD LHL YROXPXOXL GH DFWLYLWDWH JUDG GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL DVXSUD
t 0
t1

costului unitar.
3HQWUX D vQ HOHJH DFHVW PHFDQLVP VH DUH vQ YHGHUH XUP WRDUHD
VLWXD LH
1. volumul QRUPDO GH DFWLYLWDWH FDUH DVLJXU R IRORVLUH UD LRQDO
D FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH – EXF L
2. cheltuieli fixe – 30000 mii lei;
3. cheltuieli variabile
(20000 × 4000) = 80000 mii lei;
4. cheltuieli totale (2 + 3) = 110000 mii lei;
5. cost pe unitate lei (4 : 1) = 27500 lei.
6H SUHVXSXQH F GDWRULW UHGXFHULL FHUHULL VH PLFúRUHD] YROXPXO GH
DFWLYLWDWH OD EXF ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL FRVWXO SH EXFDW YD IL
30000
20000 + =
3500
28571 lei
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ HIHFWXO VF GHULL YROXPXOXL GH DFWLYLWate este 28571 –
27500 = 1071 lei
este:
'DF SUH XO GH YkQ]DUH HVWH HVWLPDW OD OHL UH]XOWDWXO VFRQWDW
a) vQ FD]XO DFWLYLW LL QRUPDOH
(50000 – 27500) 4000 = 90000 mii lei
b) vQ FD]XO VXEDFWLYLW LL
(50000 – 28571) 3500 = 75002 mii lei
c) efHFWXO VXEDFWLYLW LL E – a) = -14998 mii lei
3.12 Analiza costului produselor comparabile
Produsele comparabile sunt acele produse care s-au fabricat în cadrul
XQLW LL úL vQ SHULRDGD DQWHULRDU FHOHL SHQWUX FDUH VH IDFH DQDOL]D 7HRULD úL
practica eFRQRPLF HYLGHQ LD] WRW PDL SUHJQDQW QHFHVLWDWHD XUP ULULL
HYROX LHL XQRU IHQRPHQH HFRQRPLFH úL vQ UDSRUW FX UHDOL] ULOH SHULRDGHL
precedente. Într-R DVHPHQHD VLWXD LH VH DIO úL FKHOWXLHOLOH DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL
FRPSDUDELOH SHQWUX FDUH VH FRQVLGHU F HVWH DEVROXW QHFHVDU V VH
VWDELOHDVF XQ FRVW DQWHFDOFXODW SODQLILFDW SURJUDPDW FDUH YD IL VLPEROL]DW
în continuare cu Cp), întrucât:
¾ WUHEXLH V ILH OXDWH vQ FRQVLGHUDUH QRLOH FRQGL LL vQ FDUH VH
GHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHD HYROX LD SUH XULORU GH FXPS UDUH a
salariilor, sistemul de impozitare);

¾ HVWH QHFHVDU V VH VWDELOHDVF ED]D GH FRQWURO D FKHOWXLHOLORU
pe centre generatoare;
¾ VH LPSXQH XQ FRQWURO DVXSUD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]
SURJUDPHOH VWDELOLWH SHQWUX SHULRDGD GH JHVWLXQH OXDW vQ
considerare.
3HQWUX HYROX LD FRVWXULORU DIHUHQWH SURGXVHORU FRPSDUDELOH VH YD
IRORVL PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW 0 úL SURFHQWXDO 0 D FRVWXOXL FDUH DUH XQ
QLYHO SUHY ]XW S úL XQXO UHDOL]DW
Astfel, pentru un produs:
Mp = cp – c0 în care: c0 = costul perioadei
precedente
M1 = c1 – c0
cp
c0
cp
M p % 100 sau 1 100
c0
c ⎟
0
⎟
− ⎛ ⎞
=
⎜
−
⎝ ⎠
c1
c0
c1
M1%
100 sau 1 100
c0
c ⎟
0
⎟
− ⎛ ⎞
=
⎜ −
⎝ ⎠
'DF UH]XOWDWXO DUH VHPQXO PLQXV - vQVHDPQ R UHGXFHUH D FRVWXOXL
DEVROXW VDX SURFHQWXDO ID GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW LDU GDF HVWH VHPQXO
VHPQLILF R PDMRUDUH
Pe baza daWHORU GLQ WDEHOXO UH]XOW F FHOH WUHL SURGXVH IRORVLWH
SHQWUX H[HPSOLILFDUH SUH]LQW VLWXD LL GLIHULWH
Astfel:
produsul A: s-D SUHY ]XW R PDMRUDUH D FRVWXOXL ID GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW úL V-a
UHDOL]DW R FUHúWHUH PDL PDUH
produsul B: s-D SUHY ]XW R UHGXFHUH UHDOL]DW vQWU-R SURSRU LH PDL PDUH
produsul C: s-D SUHY ]XW R UHGXFHUH úL V-D UHDOL]DW R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXOXL
ÌQ WRDWH FD]XULOH PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW úL SURFHQWXDO UHDOL]DW ID
GH DFHHD SUHY ]XW HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH YDULD LD FRVWXOXL HIHFWLY ID GH FHO
SUHY ]XW
¾ PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW F1 – cp;
¾ PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO
Astfel, pentru produsul A:
c1
− cp
100.
c0
ƒ PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW – 1250 = +1900 lei
c1 – cp = 71900 – 70000 = +1900 lei

Nr.
crt
.
ƒ PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO
Produs
c1
− cp
71900 − 70000
=
100 = + 2,
76%
c0
68750
Cost pe unitate de produs (lei
Pr.
(c0)
¤©
(cp)
realizat
(c1)
Modificare
¦©
(cp –c0)
(lei)
realizat
(c1-c0)
Tabelul 3.19
©
(%)
⎛ cp
⎞
⎜ 1⎟
⎜
− 100
c ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
realizat
⎛ c1
⎞
⎜ − 1 100
c ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
1 A 68750 70000 71900 +1250 +3150 +1,82 +4,58
2 B 113000 105860 103750 -7140 -9250 -6,32 -8,19
3 C 789488 780000 802000 -9488 +12512 -1,20 +1,58
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SUDFWLF HVWH QHFHVDU V ILH VWDbilit efectul
PRGLILF ULL FRVWXULORU SHQWUX vQWUHDJD SURGXF LH FRPSDUDELO SHQWUX D IL
corelat cu venitul aferent acesteia, atât în faza de elaborare a bugetului de
YHQLWXUL úL FKHOWXLHOL FkW úL FHD GH H[HFX LH
Deci:
( c c )
∑ M p = ∑ q p p − 0
( c c )
∑ M 1 = ∑ q1
1 − 0
q pc
p
M p %
1 100
q pc
⎟
0
⎟
⎛ ∑ ⎞
= ⎜ −
⎜
⎝ ∑ ⎠
q1c1
M1%
1 100
q1c
⎟
0
⎟
⎛ ∑ ⎞
=
⎜ −
⎝ ∑ ⎠
3H ED]D FRVWXULORU SH SURGXVH GLQ WDEHOXO úL D FDQWLW LL
SUHY ]XWH úL UHDOL]DWH VH VWDELOHVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH VLQWHWLFH
3URGXF LD FRPSDUDELO SUHY ]XW H[SULPDW vQ
ƒ cost din anul precedent:
Σqpc0 = 25500 mil. lei
ƒ FRVW SUHY ]XW
Σqpcp = 25810 mil. lei
3URGXF LD FRPSDUDELO UHDOL]DW H[SULPDW vQ
ƒ costul din anul precedent:
Σq1c0 = 26430 mil. lei
ƒ FRVW SUHY ]XW
Σq1cp = 26034 mil. lei

ƒ cost realizat:
Σq1c1 = 26266 mil. lei
'LQ GDWHOH PHQ LRQDWH UH]XOW
ƒ PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW SUHY ]XW
ΣMp = 25810 – 25500 = +310 mil. lei
ƒ PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO SUHY ]XW
%
M p
⎛ 25810 ⎞
= ⎜ −1⎟100
= + 1,
22%
⎝ 25500 ⎠
ƒ PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW UHDOL]DW
ΣM1 = 26266 – 26430 = -164 mil. lei
ƒ modificarea procHQWXDO UHDOL]DW
%
M p
⎛ 26266 ⎞
= ⎜ −1⎟100
= −0,
62%
⎝ 26430 ⎠
ÌQ VLWXD LD GDW V-D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXULORU FX PLO OHL
UHVSHFWLY úL V-a realizat o reducere de –164 mil. lei, respectiv –
$FHVWH UH]XOWDWH WUHEXLH V ILH DQDOL]DWH SULQ SULVPD IDFWorilor care le
GHWHUPLQ IDSW FH LPSOLF R WUDWDUH VHSDUDW D ORU
$QDOL]D PRGLILF ULL SURFHQWXDOH PHGLL D FRVWXOXL SURGXVHORU
comparabile )LLQG R P ULPH PHGLH PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO HVWH HIHFWXO D
GRL IDFWRUL UHVSHFWLY VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL J úL PRGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO SH
fiecare produs (m%).
Deci:
∑g p ⋅ mp
%
Mp
% =
,
100
∑g1 ⋅ m1%
M1%
=
100
iar
3HQWUX D SXWHD VWDELOL LQIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL HVWH QHFHVDU UHFDOFXODUHD
PRGLILF ULL SURFHQWXDOH vQ IXQF LH GH VWUXFWXUD HIHFWLY D SURGXF LHL úL
moGLILFDUHD SURFHQWXDO SH SURGXVH SUHY ]XW UHVSHFWLY
FHHD FH HFKLYDOHD] FX
∑g1 mp
%
M %
100
⋅ ′
=
⎛ ∑
q1c
p ⎞
⎜
26034
1⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎜
− 100 = ⎜ −1⎟100
= −1,
50%
q1c
⎟
⎝ ∑ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 26430 ⎠

din care:
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ
( + 1,
22)
= 1,
84%
Δ M% = −0,
62 − −
LQIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL –1,50 – 1,22 = -2,72%
LQIOXHQ D FRVWXULORU SH SURGXse –0,62 –(-1,50) = +0,88%
'DF vQ DQVDPEOXO SURGXVHORU FRPSDUDELOH UH]XOW R UHGXFHUH D
FRVWXULORU FD HIHFW DO VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL OD QLYHOXO SURGXVHORU VH
vQUHJLVWUHD] R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXULORU 'HFL vQ VSDWHOH XQXL UH]XOWDW DSDUHQW
pozitiv, se ascund rezultate negative.
$QDOL]D PRGLILF ULL DEVROXWH D FRVWXULORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL
comparabile. ÌQ FDGUXO PRGLILF ULL DEVROXWH LQWHUYLQH úL YROXPXO SURGXF LHL
FD IDFWRU GLPHQVLRQDO &D DWDUH PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW D FRVWXULORU HVWH
LQIOXHQ DW GH YROXPXO SURGXF LHL VWUXFWXUD DFHVWHLD úL FRVWXO SH SURGXVH ÌQ
exemplul dat:
din care:
ΔM = -164 – (+310) = -474 mil. lei
ƒ IQIOXHQ D YROXPXOXL SURGXF LHL
∑ ∑
q c
q
1
p
c
0
0
26430
=
25500
( ∑q
pcp
−∑ qpc0
) − ( ∑q
pcp
−∑
qpc0
)
( 25810 − 25500)
− ( 25810 − 25500)
= + 321−
( + 310)
= + 11 mil.
lei
ƒ ,QIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL
∑ q1c0
( ∑ c − ∑ q c ) − ( ∑ q c − ∑ q c )
q1 p 1 0
p p p 0
∑ q pc
0
( 26034 − 26430)
− ( + 321)
= −717
mil.
lei
ƒ ,QIOXHQ D FRVWXOXL
∑ q1 c1
− ∑ q1cp
= 26266 − 26034 = + 232 mil.
lei
ÌQ FD]XO PRGLILF ULL DEVROXWH VWUXFWXUD SURGXF LHL FRQVWLWXLH IDFWRUXO
FDUH D FRQGXV vQ ILQDO OD UHDOL]DUHD HFRQRPLLORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL
FRPSDUDELOH ÌQ DFWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF WUHEXLH V VH LGHQWLILFH FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH
s-a modificat structuUD vQ FRUHOD LH GLUHFW FX VDWLVIDFHUHD REOLJD LLORU
DVXPDWH SULQ FRQWUDFWH úL UHDOL]DUHD YHQLWXULORU SUHY ]XWH 'H DVHPHQHD VH
LGHQWLILF SURGXVHOH OD FDUH DX FUHVFXW FRVWXULOH FDX]HOH FDUH OH-au
GHWHUPLQDW vQ YHGHUHD IRUPXO ULL P VXULORU FDUH VH LPSXQ a fi luate pentru
SHULRDGD XUP WRDUH
=
=

−
−
În exemplul dat, s-D DYXW vQ YHGHUH XUP WRDUHD VLWXD LH
M1%
− ( Mp
% ) = −
∑ M1
−∑
Mp
= −
$FHDVWD vQVHDPQ F V-D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D
FRVWXOXL ID GH DQXO SUHFHGHQW úL V-a realizat o
UHGXFHUH DWkW vQ VXP DEVROXW FkW úL procentual.
3RW IL vQWkOQLWH úL DOWH FD]XUL FXP DU IL
M1%
− M p % = +
∑ M1
− ∑ M p = +
M1%
− M p % = +
∑ M1
− ∑ M p = −
− M1%
− M p % = −
− ∑ M1
− ∑ M p = +
− M % − M % = −
−
1
∑ M1
−∑
Mp
= −
M1%
−
p
( M p % )
= −
− ∑ M1%
− ∑ M p % = +
M1%
− M p % = +
− ∑ M1
− ∑ M p = −
5H]XOW F V-D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXULORU
DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL FRPSDUDELO FDUH V-a realizat
într-R SURSRU LH PDL PDUH
Prevederile sunt similare cazului anterior, cu
GHRVHELUHD F vQ P ULPL DEVROXWH FUHúWHUHD D
IRVW PDL PLF GDWRULW QHUHDOL] ULL SURGXF LHL
SUHY ]XWH
S-D SUHY ]XW R FUHúWHUH GH FRVWXUL GDU V-a
realizat într-R SURSRU LH PDL PLF vQ FRQGL LLOH
GHS úLULL SURGXF LHL SUHY ]XWH
S-D SUHY ]XW R UHGXFHUH D FRVWXULORU úL V-a
UHDOL]DW vQ SURSRU LH PDL PDUH
Se prevede reducerea costului, care se
UHDOL]HD] QXPDL SURFHQWXDO 1HUHDOL]DUHD vQ
VXP DEVROXW VH GDWRUHD] RE LQHULL XQHL
SURGXF LL VXE FHD SUHY ]XW
6LPLODU VLWXD LHL SUHFHGHQWH vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH
prevederile, dar s-D UHDOL]DW R FUHúWHUH D
SURGXF LHL FDUH D DQLKLODW LQIOXHQ D
QHIDYRUDELO D VWUXFWXULL úL FRVWXOXL
În ca]XO vQWUHSULQGHULORU GH FRQVWUXF LL VH XWLOL]HD] DFHHDúL
PHWRGRORJLH FX GHRVHELUHD F VH DUH vQ YHGHUH vQWUHDJD SURGXF LH LDU FRVWXO
GLQ SHULRDGD SUHFHGHQW HVWH vQORFXLW FX costul de deviz.

3.13 Analiza costului marginal
ÌQ XQLW LOH GLQ VHFWRUXO SULPDU VH UHFRPDQG IRORVLUHD vQ DQDOL] úL D
costurilor marginale, care pot servi ca orientare în decizii privind folosirea
FDSDFLW LL GH SURGXF LH úL vQ FHOHODOWH XQLW L
&RVWXO PDUJLQDO GXS FXP VH úWLH HVWH FRVWXO XQHL XQLW L
DGL LRQDOH GH SURGXs.
Nivelul costului marginal comparat cu cel mediu (deci al întregului
volum al produsului) permite aprecierea punctului în care întreprinderea (cu
OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D vQF UF ULL FDSDFLW LL vúL GHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHD FX
costurile cele mai mici.
Un DVHPHQHD JUDG GH vQF UFDUH D FDSDFLW LL LQGLF DSURSLHUHD FHD
PDL PDUH D FRVWXOXL PDUJLQDO GH FRVWXO PHGLX úL HFKLYDOHD] FX HFKLOLEUXO
relativ.
Acceptarea zonei de degresie (când ambele costuri scad) sau zonei
GH SURJUHVLH FkQG FRVWXO PDUJLQDO GHS úHúWH FRVWXO PHGLX VH MXVWLILF
numai pe baza altor variabile ale deciziei.
Nr.
crt.
3HQWUX H[HPSOLILFDUH VH IRORVHVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH
Indicatori P 0 P 1
Tabelul 3.20
1 3URGXF LD WRWDO vQ WRQH 150000 200000
2 &KHOWXLHOL WRWDOH GH SURGXF LH PLO 75000 103000
lei)
3 &RVW PHGLX PLL OHL WRQ 500 515
4 3UH GH YkQ]DUH PLL OHL 540 540
5 Profitul unitar (mii lei) 40 25
6 Profitul total (mil. lei) 6000 5000
5H]XOW F ID GH ED]D GH FRPSDUD LH V-D vQUHJLVWUDW R GHS úLUH D
costului mediu cu 15 mii lHL (YLGHQW H[SOLFD LD R FRQVWLWXLH VSRULUHD
cheltuielilor totale într-XQ ULWP PDL PDUH GHFkW FHO DO YROXPXOXL SURGXF LHL
Costul marginal (CM), potrivit literaturii de specialitate 3 VH RE LQH
SH ED]D UHOD LHL
Ch − Ch
q − q
103000 − 75000
=
200000 −150000
1 0
= 560 mii lei WRQ
1 0
Comparativ FX FRVWXO PHGLX SUHY ]XW FRVWXO PDUJLQDO HVWH PDL
3 *K &kUVWHD & 2SUHD &DOFXOD LD FRVWXULORU ('3 %XFXUHúWL SDJ

PDUH IDSW FH D GHWHUPLQDW R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXOXL mediu efectiv cu 15 mii
OHL WRQ , ceea ce s-a reflectat în mod negativ atât asupra profitului unitar cât
úL WRWDO GHFL vQ FD]XO GH ID RELHFWLYXO SULRULWDr l-D FRQVWLWXLW RE LQHUHD XQHL
SURGXF LL VXSOLPHQWDUH
$FWLYLWDWHD SUDFWLF GH DQDOL] úL LPSOLFLW GH FRQGXFHUH FHUH
VROX LRQDUHD XQRU SUREOHPH FXP DU IL GH H[HPSOX GHWHUPLQDUHD QLYHOXOXL
PD[LP vQ FDUH SOXVXO GH SURGXF LH QHFHVLW FKHOWXLHOL VXSOLPHntare sporite
SHQWUX FD XQLWDWHD V UHDOL]H]H SURILWXO SUHY ]XW VDX SURILWXO V ILH HJDO FX
]HUR DGLF SXQFWXO GH HFKLOLEUX
3HQWUX FD 3 FRVWXO PDUJLQDO PD[LP HVWH GDW GH UHOD LD
q p1
− q0c0
200000×
540 −150000×
500
=
q − q 200000 −150000
1 =
1
0
660
mii lei
'HFL SkQ OD DFHVW QLYHO DO FRVWXOXL marginal, întreprinderea este
UHQWDELO GDF UHDOL]HD] SURGXF LD GH WRQH
5HDOL]DUHD LQWHJUDO D SURILWXOXL SUHY ]XW SUHVXSXQH RE LQHUHD
SURGXF LHL VXSOLPHQWDUH FX XQ FRVW LQIHULRU FHOXL VWDELOLW DQWHULRU FRVW FDUH VH
GHWHUPLQ SH ED]D UHOD LHL
( q c + P ) 200000×
540 − ( 150000×
500 + 6000)
q p1
− 0 0
q − q
1 0
=
1
0
=
200000 −150000
WRQ
540
mii lei
5H]XOW F SHQWUX D VH UHDOL]D SURILWXO SUHY ]XW FRVWXO PDUJLQDO
WUHEXLH V ILH LQIHULRU SUH XOXL GH YkQ]DUH
&XQRDúWHUHD DFHVWRU HOHPHQWH SUH]LQW R GHRVHELW XWLOLWDWH SUDFWLF
în determinarea unor bugete de cheltuieli SH ORFXUL GH SURGXF LH SUHFXP úL
XUP ULUHD PRGXOXL GH vQFDGUDUH vQ QLYHOXO PD[LP DO FKHOWXLHOLORU GH
SURGXF LH DVWIHO vQFkW SURGXF LD VXSOLPHQWDU RE LQXW V QX FRQGXF OD
intrarea în zona pierderilor.
$F LXQHD GH UHGXFHUH D FRVWXULORU WUHEXLH vQFDGUDW vQWU-R DQXPLW
PHWRGRORJLH SHQWUX D L VH DVLJXUD ULJRDUHD úWLLQ LILF LPSXV GH VHPQLILFD LD
economico-VRFLDO D HFRQRPLVLULL WXWXURU FDWHJRULLORU GH UHVXUVH
ÌQ DFHVW VHQV SRW H[LVWD XUP WRDUHOH PRGDOLW L GH DF LXQH
ÌQ FRQGL LLOH XQXL SUH GH Yknzare dat VH VWDELOHúWH GUHSW RELHFWLY
R UHQWDELOLWDWH SURSXV D IL UHDOL]DW IDSW FH LPSXQH GHWHUPLQDUHD QRXOXL
nivel al costului pe produs.
3HQWUX DFHDVWD VH SRUQHúWH GH OD UHOD LD
p −
x
=
x
R,
WRQ

unde:
p = SUH XO GH YkQ]DUH
R = rata renWDELOLW LL
x = nivelul costului pe produs care va fi notat în continuare cu „c”.
p
3H ED]D UHOD LHL SUHFHGHQWH x =
1 + R
'DF GH H[HPSOX XQ SURGXV DUH XUP WRDUHD VLWXD LH
- SUH XO GH YkQ]DUH OHL WRQ
- FRVW GH SURGXF LH 400000 leL WRQ
- beneficiu 40000 lei
- rentabilitate 10%
3HQWUX FD QLYHOXO UHQWDELOLW LL V ILH PLQLP FRVWXO SURGXVXOXL
⎛ 440000 ⎞
392857⎜ ⎟
⎝1
+ 0,
12 ⎠
VH HVWLPHD] OD .
UHOD LD
)D GH FRVWXO H[LVWHQW VH SRDWH VWDELOL úL LQGLFHOH FRVWXOXL IRORVLQG
P
Ic =
1 + R
⋅100
=
c0
P
⋅1000
=
0
( 1 + R)
c ( 1 + 0,
12)
440000
=
400000
0,
9821
FHHD FH vQVHDPQ R UHGXFHUH GH – 'HFL SHQWUX D RE LQH R
rentabilitate de 12% se impune o reducere a costului cu 1,79%.
ÌQ FRQWLQXDUH WUHEXLH SUHFL]DWH F LOH SULQ FDUH VH SRDWH UHDOL]D R
DVHPHQHD UHGXFHUH ùL DLFL SRW IL PDL PXOWH VROX LL FD GH H[HPSOX
GHWHUPLQDUHD FRWHL GH UHGXFHUH FDUH VH SRDWH RE LQH SH VHDPD FKHOWXLHOLORU
FRQYHQ LRQDOH-FRQVWDQWH SULQ PDMRUDUHD SURGXF LHL GDF H[LVW FDSDFLWDWHD
gf0
−
Ig
GLVSRQLELO IRORVLQGX-VH UHOD LD gf .
unde:
gf0 = ponderea cheltuielilor fixe în costul produsului din perioada de
UHIHULQ
Iq = LQGLFHOH SURGXF LHL IL]LFH SRVLELO GH UHDOL]DW
$VWIHO GDF JI0 = 30%, iar Iq = 10%, atunci reducerea costului pe
⎛ 30 ⎞
seama cheltuielilor fixe va fi de 1, 43%
⎜ − 30⎟
FHHD
⎝1,
05 ⎠
FH vQVHDPQ F
UHVWXO FKHOWXLHOLORU FHOH YDULDELOH WUHEXLH V DVLJXUH GLIHUHQ D SkQ OD
0
IDSW FH LPSXQH DQDOL]D GHWDOLDW D ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL

ÌQ DFHDVW HWDS WUHEXLH V VH DQDOL]H]H FRQVXPXULOH GH PDWHULDOH úL
manoper GLUHFW vQ YHGHUHD J VLULL VROX LLORU QHFHVDUH SHQWUX vQFDGUDUHD vQ
UHGXFHUHD VWDELOLW
ÌQ LSRWH]D F UHVWULF LLOH PHQ LRQDWH DQWHULRU QX SHUPLW VSRULUHD
SURGXF LHL IL]LFH DWXQFL vQWUHDJD UHGXFHUH WUHEXLH V ILH DVLJXUDW QXPDL SH
seama cheltuielilRU YDULDELOH &RQVLGHU P F GH UHJXO DFFHQWXO SULQFLSDO
trebuie pus tocmai pe aceste cheltuieli care la foarte multe produse din toate
UDPXULOH GH LQ R SRQGHUH LPSRUWDQW
1X VH VWDELOHúWH XQ DQXPH QLYHO DO UHQWDELOLW LL FL vQ FRQGL LLOH
SUH XOXL GH YkQ]DUH VH XUP UHúWH UHDOL]DUHD XQHL UHGXFHUL SRVLELOH D FRVWXOXL
$FHDVW PRGDOLWDWH SUHVXSXQH DQDOL]D ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL GH FKHOWXLHOL
stabilindu-se rezervele interne care pot fi mobilizate. Astfel, în cazul
FKHOWXLHOLORU FX PDWHULDOHOH GLUHFWH úL PDWHULLOH SULPH WUHEXLH DQDOL]DW
HYROX LD FRQVXPXULORU VSHFLILFH D WHKQRORJLHL GH IDEULFD LH úL HYHQWXDOD
posibilitate de înlocuire a unor materiale.
3H DFHDVW ED] VH GHWHUPLQ VXPD HFRQRPLLORU OD PDWHULDOHOH GLUHFWH
úL PDWHULLOH SULPH (P SH XQLWDWH GH SURGXV $SOLFkQG UHOD LD
VH RE LQH FRQWULEX LD DFHVWRU FKHOWXLHOL OD UHGXFHUHD FRVWXOXL
Em gmo1
100
⋅ 4 ,
3HQWUX FKHOWXLHOLOH FX VDODULLOH GLUHFWH VH DUH vQ YHGHUH FRUHOD LD GLQWUH
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL H[SULPDW SULQ WLPSXO FRQVXPDW úL VDODULul mediu
orar.
5HGXFHUHD FRVWXOXL FD HIHFW DO UHVSHFW ULL FRUHOD LHL VH GHWHUPLQ FX
⎛ Is ⎞
DMXWRUXO UHOD LHL ⎜ − 1⎟gr0
,
⎝ Iw ⎠
unde:
Ir = indicele salariilor directe;
Iw = LQGLFHOH SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL
gr0 = ponderea cheltuielilor cu salariile directe în costul produsului.
'DF H[LVW SRVLELOLW L GH VSRULUH D SURGXF LHL FD vQ FD]XO
SUHFHGHQW VH GHWHUPLQ FRQWULEX LD FKHOWXLHOLORU LQGLUHFWH OD UHGXFHUHD
costului.
3ULQ vQVXPDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU VH RE LQH WRWDOXO UHGXFHULL FRVWXOXL
produsului respectLY úL QRXO QLYHO GH UHQWDELOLWDWH
Atât într-XQ FD] FkW úL vQ DOWXO FHOH SUH]HQWDWH FRQVWLWXLH GRDU XQ
FDGUX GH DF LXQH XUPkQG FD SULQ UHDOL]DUHD P VXULORU WHKQLFR-organizatorice
4 ¤©¤ ¦ © ¤ © ¤© © ©

V VH DWLQJ RELHFWLYHOH SUHFL]DWH SHQWUX R DQXPLW SHULRDG OD QLYHOXO
fiHF UXL SURGXV LDU SULQ FXPXODUH SHQWUX vQWUHDJD SURGXF LH PDUI IDEULFDW
0 VXUD vQ FDUH DFHDVW UHQWDELOLWDWH SRWHQ LDO VH YD PDWHULDOL]D
GHSLQGH GH QLYHOXO FDOLW LL SURGXF LHL úL GH FRQFRUGDQ D FX FHUHUHD SHQWUX
produsele respective.
ÌQ ED]D UHOD LLORU SUH]HQWDWH SRW IL IRUPXODWH U VSXQVXUL OD XQHOH
SUREOHPH FDUH YL]HD] HYROX LD SUH XOXL GH YkQ]DUH vQ IXQF LH GH FRVWXUL úL
QLYHOXO UDWHL UHQWDELOLW LL $VWIHO GDF VH DGPLWH R FXQRDúWHUH D FRVWXULORU
FX XQ DQXPLW SURFHQW GDWRULW XQRU IDFWRUL LQGHSHQGHQ L GH vQWUHSULQGHUH
SHQWUX D VH PHQ LQH QLYHOXO UHQWDELOLW LL FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH SUH XO GH
vânzare ?
ÌQ DFHVW VFRS VH IRORVHúWH UHOD LD
a) p = c0 (1 + R) sau b) p = c´0 (1 + R) ·Ic.
6H DGPLWH R FUHúWHUH D FRVWXOXL FX 3HQWUX D VH PHQ LQH UDWD
UHQWDELOLW LL GH SUH XO GH YkQ]DUH WUHEXLH V ILH GH OHL DúD FXP
UH]XOW GLQ FDOFXOXO
c = 400000 × 1,05 = 420000 lei
p = 420000 (1 + 0,10) = 462000 lei
sau
p = 400000 (1 + 0,10) × 1,05 = 462000 lei
ÌQ IXQF LH GH HYROX LD UDSRUWXOXL GLQWUH FHUHUH úL RIHUW GHSLQGH
UHDOL]DUHD QRXOXL SUH

$SOLFD LL úL vQWUHE UL
1. 6 VH UHDOL]H]H DQDOL]D IDFWRULDO D Ä&KHOWXLHOLORU OD OHL &$´
úL V VH VWDELOHDVF HIHFWHOH DVXSUD PRGLILF ULL SULQFLSDOLORU LQGLFDWRUL
economico-finanFLDUL 6 VH LQWHUSUHWH]H UH]XOWDWHOH
Nr.
crt.
1
Indicatori
Cifra de afaceri
Simbol
Σqp
P0 10800
- mil lei -
P1 12700
2 Cheltuieli aferente cifrei de afaceri Σqc 8600 9900
3 Profit aferent cifrei de afaceri Pr 2200 2800
4 Active de exploatare AE 15500 17400
5 Active fixe MF 8900 9200
6 Capital propriu Kp 16000 16500
7 1XP U GH VDODULD L SHUVRDQH N 220 215
8 &KHOWXLHOL OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL (lei) C 796,3 779,5
¤ ¦ ¦¤
costurilor.
Ip = 121%, Ic = 117% unde Ip c este indicele
2. 6 VH LQWHUSUHWH]H FD]XO
ICA = 110% în
CA = cifra de afaceri
care,
ICh = 108%
ICh 109%
v
Ch = cheltuieli totale aferente cifrei de
afaceri
= Chv = cheltuieli variabile aferente cifrei
de afaceri
3. 6 VH GHWHUPLQH LQIOXHQ D VWUXFWXULL SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH DVXSUD
Ä&KHOWXLHOLORU YDULDELOH OD OHL FLIU GH DIDFHUL´ úL V VH LQWHUSUHWH]H
FD]XO LQIOXHQ HL FX VHPQXO Ä – ”.
4. 6 VH LQWHUSUHWH]H FD]XO
ICA = 108% unde CF = suma cheltuielilor fixe
ICF = 102% q = YROXPXO SURGXF LHL YkQGXWH
Iq = 107%
5. Ce este risFXO GH H[SORDWDUH RSHUD LRQDO ?
6. $QDOL]D IDFWRULDO D Ä&KHOWXLHOLORU FX DPRUWL]DUHD OD OHL FLIU
de afaceri” (Ca).
- mil lei -
¦
¦ ©¦¤ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori Simbol P0 P1
1 Cifra de afaceri CA 10500 11400
2 Suma cheltuielilor cu amortizarea A 420 399
3 Valoarea medie a mijloacelor fixe MF 4200 3562,5
4
5
categorii de active fixe (%)
ca
ca
10 11,2
rec
-
10,75
6 Cheltuieli cu amortizarea la 1000 lei CA (lei) Ca 40 35

7. 6 VH LQWHUSUHWH]H FD]XO
ICA = 112% unde
W SURGXFWLYLWDWHD DQXDO D PXQFLL
I = 109%
Wa
I = 107%
Sa
a
S a = salariul mediu anual
8. $QDOL]D IDFWRULDO D Ä&KHOWXLHOLORU FX GREkQ]LOH OD OHL &$´
,QWHUSUHWDUH HFRQRPLF
Nr.
crt.
Indicatori Simbol P0 P1
- mil lei -
1 Cifra de afaceri CA 40500 44000
2 Active circulante AC 1687,5 1711,11
3 9LWH]D GH URWD LH D DFWLYHORU FLUFXODQWH ]LOH Dz 15 14
4 Valoarea creditului împrumutat Ki 506,25 581,78
5 Ponderea creditelor în total active circulante
(%)
K 30 34
6 Procentul (rata) mediu al dobânzii (%) d 40 37,5
7 Cheltuieli cu dobânzile Sd 202,5 218,17
T = 360 zile
9. 6 VH LQWHUSUHWH]H FD]XO
ICA = 108% în care Ch = suma cheltuielilor totale
I Ch = 109%
v
ICh = 107%
I Ch = 101%
Chd = suma cheltuielilor cu dobânzile
Chv = suma cheltuielilor variabile
Fs = fondul de salarii
d
IFs = 109% :D SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH DQXDO
IWa = 105% CA = cifra de afaceri
10. $QDOL]D FRVWXULORU DIHUHQWH SURGXF LHL PDUI FRPSDUDELO
PRGLILFDUH DEVROXW úL SURFHQWXDO ,QWHUSUHWDUH HFRQRPLF
Nr.
crt.
mil lei
Indicatori Simbol Programat Realizat
1 3URGXF LD PDUI FRPSDUDELO HYDOXDW vQ
costurile perioadei curente
2 3URGXF LD PDUI FRPSDUDELO HYDOXDW vQ
costurile perioadei precedente
3 Volumul efectiv DO SURGXF LHL PDUI
FRPSDUDELOH H[SULPDWH vQ FRVWXUL SUHY ]XWH
Σqc 7500 8200
Σqc0 7600 8450
Σq1cp - 8380