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GHIDURI DE PRACTICÅ MEDICALÅ<br />

STRATEGII DE CORECºIE A<br />

TULBURÅRILOR HIDROELECTROLITICE<br />

ÎN BOLILE DIAREICE CU DESHIDRATARE,<br />

ÎN PATOLOGIA PEDIATRICÅ<br />

Correction strategies of hyd<strong>ro</strong>elect<strong>ro</strong>lytic dysfunctions<br />

in diarrhea with <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>hydration, in pediatric pathology<br />

ªef Lucr. Dr. M. Craiu 1 , Asist. Univ. Dr. A.V. Cochino 1 , Dr. C. Olariu 2 ,<br />

P<strong>ro</strong>f. Dr. I. Gherghina 2<br />

1 Facultatea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Medicinå ¿i Farmacie „Ca<strong>ro</strong>l Davila“, Bucure¿ti<br />

2 Clinica II Pediatrie IOMC Alfred Rusescu, Bucure¿ti<br />

REZUMAT<br />

WHO <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cå strânge date referitoare la rata mortalitå¡ii cauzatå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gast<strong>ro</strong>enterita acutå la copii, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>treaga lume.<br />

În ultimele douå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cenii, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> România au apårut îmbunåtå¡iri semnificative <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tratamentul terapeutic al celor mai<br />

severe cazuri, cu o scå<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 10 ori a mortalitå¡ii cauzate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ¿ocul hipovolemic acut. Lucrarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> fa¡å<br />

abor<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>azå situa¡iile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> urgen¡å majorå legate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratarea acutå, conform ghidurilor oferite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> PALS ¿i<br />

RANP. Sunt discutate mecanismele patogenetice ale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii acute ¿i sunt prezentate corela¡iile clinice<br />

cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratarea hiponatremicå, izonatremicå ¿i hipernatremicå. Sunt prezentate pe scurt aspecte ale<br />

acci<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntelor vasculare, cantitatea ¿i natura flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor folosite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timpul dilatårii vasculare ¿i rata infuziunilor.<br />

Cuvinte cheie: copil, gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritå, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare, acci<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nt vascular<br />

ABSTRACT<br />

WHO data are still documenting high mortality rate due to acute gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritis in children, worldwi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>. In the<br />

last two <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>s in Romania there were significant imp<strong>ro</strong>vements in therapeutic management of the most<br />

severe cases, with a 10-fold <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>crease in mortality rate inflicted by acute hypovolemic shock. The present<br />

paper is a practical app<strong>ro</strong>ach of major emergencies related to acute <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>hydration, according to PALS (Pediatric<br />

Advanced Life Support) and RANP (Reanimation Avancee Neonatale et Pediatrique) gui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lines. Pathogenetic<br />

mechanisms of acute <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>hydration are discussed and clinical correlations are presented for hyponatremic,<br />

izonatremic and hypernatremic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>hydration. Vascular access aspects, amount and nature of fluids used<br />

during vascular expansion and infusion rates are briefly summarized.<br />

Key words: child, gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritis, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>hydration, vascular access<br />

INTRODUCERE<br />

Mortalitatea asociatå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii acute<br />

reprezintå, conform OMS, circa 15% dintre <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cesele<br />

copiilor cu vârsta sub 5 ani (1). Aceste <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cese<br />

constituie a 3-a cauzå, ca frecven¡å, dupå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cesele<br />

perinatale (23%) ¿i cele prin boli respiratorii (18%)<br />

(2). De¿i mortalitatea pediatricå prin complica¡ii<br />

ale BDA este <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> scå<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ultimele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, ea<br />

Adreså <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> corespon<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>n¡å:<br />

ªef Lucr. Dr. M. Craiu, Facultatea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Medicinå ¿i Farmacie „Ca<strong>ro</strong>l Davila“, Bd. E<strong>ro</strong>ilor Sanitari Nr. 8, Bucure¿ti<br />

REVISTA MEDICALÅ ROMÂNÅ – VOL. LVI, NR. 3, AN 2009 179<br />

2<br />

råmâne <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cå inacceptabil <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>altå (<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anii ’80 se<br />

estima o ratå a mortalitå¡ii prin BDA <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 5 milioane<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cese/an (18) iar un raport din 1992 documenteazå<br />

o ratå anualå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 3 milioane <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cese anual<br />

(19)). Actualmente sunt raportate, pe plan mondial,<br />

1,5 miliar<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> episoa<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritå anual,<br />

cu un numår ap<strong>ro</strong>ximativ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 1,5-2 milioane <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cese<br />

consemnate la copii cu vârsta sub 5 ani (22); <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

notat cå 35% dintre acestea, consemnate la sugar


180 REVISTA MEDICALÅ ROMÂNÅ – VOL. LVI, NR. 3, AN 2009<br />

¿i pre¿colar, sunt p<strong>ro</strong>duse <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> faza acutå a bolii, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

primele ore sau zile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> boalå (23).<br />

Valorile mortalitå¡ii sunt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pen<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> statusul<br />

sociocultural al popula¡iei respective ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nivelul<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltare al ¡årii analizate (15,16,17). Al¡i factori<br />

incrimina¡i sunt gradul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> educa¡ie maternå ¿i<br />

facilitatea accesului la serviciile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le (22).<br />

Primele eforturi structurate pentru combaterea<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii severe au vizat tratamentul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> holerå<br />

¿i au fost publicate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Lancet <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 1832 (24).<br />

În România, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>¿i a avut loc o reducere semnificativå<br />

a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ceselor prin diaree <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ultimele douå<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cå se mai <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>registreazå o cifrå importantå.<br />

Într-un studiu personal (3) am putut<br />

estima cå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cesele prin complica¡ii ale gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritelor<br />

reprezentau 39,65% din totalul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ceselor<br />

la pacien¡ii interna¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> clinicå, la sfâr¿itul<br />

anilor ’80 (dintr-un total <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 26,8 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cese/1000 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

pacien¡i interna¡i). Aceastå cifrå a scåzut foarte mult<br />

mai ales pe seama diminuårii numårului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cese<br />

la copiii spitaliza¡i (2,83 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cese/1000 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pacien¡i<br />

interna¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ultimii 6 ani <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> IOMC).<br />

EVALUAREA GRADULUI DE DESHIDRATARE LA<br />

COPIL<br />

Deshidratarea apare prin <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zechilibrul balan¡ei<br />

flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor din organismul copilului. În mod normal,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tractul digestiv al unui adult sånåtos sunt<br />

„manipula¡i“ 6,5 litri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pe zi. Ace¿tia<br />

p<strong>ro</strong>vin din aportul oral ¿i din secre¡iile diverselor<br />

structuri ale aparatului digestiv (salivå, suc gastric,<br />

bilå, sucuri intestinale). Volumul sca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la 1,5 litri<br />

ca urmare a p<strong>ro</strong>ceselor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> reabsorb¡ie, pânå la nivelul<br />

ileonului terminal ¿i apoi pânå la < 250 ml<br />

fluid eliminat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> scaun (25).<br />

Deshidratarea poate fi rezultatul unui aport<br />

insuficient <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> lichi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sau al unor pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ri crescute,<br />

pe cale oralå (vårsåturi, perspira¡ie insensibilå),<br />

intestinalå (diaree, sechestrare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tr-un<br />

intestin paretic), pe cale renalå (poliurie), pe cale<br />

cutanatå (transpira¡ii p<strong>ro</strong>fuze, arsuri) etc. Alte cauze<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> balan¡å hidricå negativå sunt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tâlnite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cazurile<br />

cu transport anormal la nivelul diverselor structuri<br />

epiteliale: se<strong>ro</strong>zite (ascitå, revårsat pleural sau<br />

pericardic), e<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>m intersti¡ial prin leziuni endoteliale<br />

(la pacien¡i cu sepsis sau cu intoxica¡ii severe).<br />

Deshidratårile acute pot fi clasificate dupå<br />

gradul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> severitate sau dupå impactul acestora<br />

asupra osmolaritå¡ii. Astfel, din punct <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re<br />

Tabel 1. Clasificarea diareilor dupå severitate – dupå Stone B. (4)<br />

practic, putem <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tâlni <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri u¿oare, medii<br />

sau severe (vezi tabelul 1) sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri cu<br />

osmolaritate micå, normalå sau crescutå. Folosind<br />

natremia ca o valoare orientativå pentru osmolaritate<br />

(presupunând cå nivelurile glicemice sunt<br />

normale putem ap<strong>ro</strong>xima nivelurile natremiei ca<br />

având o variabilitate similarå cu cea a osmolaritå¡ii)<br />

vom <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tâlni <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri hiponatremice, izonatremice<br />

¿i hipernatremice.<br />

Deshidratårile hiper-, hipo- sau izonatremice<br />

pot îmbråca diferite gra<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> severitate. La acela¿i<br />

grad <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> severitate al <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii simptomatologia<br />

este variabilå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tipul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii,<br />

având expresie clinicå total diferitå la <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårile<br />

cu hiponatremie severå fa¡å <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cele cu hipernatremie<br />

importantå.<br />

În <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårile izonatremice, natremia are<br />

varia¡ii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tre 130-150 mEq/L, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cele hiponatremice<br />

valorile natremiei sunt sub 130 mEq/L<br />

iar <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cele hipernatremice peste 150 mEq/L.<br />

Deshidratårile izonatremice reprezintå circa 80%<br />

din totalul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårilor la copil, celelalte tipuri<br />

apårând <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> p<strong>ro</strong>por¡ii ap<strong>ro</strong>ximativ egale, cu varia¡ii<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tre 5-10% dintre cazurile citate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> literaturå.<br />

Tipul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare este <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pen<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> natura<br />

flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor pierdute <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cadrul p<strong>ro</strong>cesului patologic. O<br />

pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re rapidå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> izotone, cu o cantitate<br />

p<strong>ro</strong>por¡ionalå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå ¿i elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i, va <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>termina o<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare izotonå, cu impact similar asupra<br />

spa¡iului lichidian intra- ¿i extravascular. În cazul<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårilor hiponatremice se pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> o cantitate<br />

relativ mai mare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sodiu comparativ cu pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå, astfel <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cât apare hiponatremie la nivelul<br />

flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor circulante. Din cauza hipotoniei acestor<br />

flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> circulante, apa va avea tendin¡a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> a trece <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

mod pasiv cåtre spa¡iul extravascular, agravând<br />

hipovolemia existentå. În cazul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårilor hipernatremice,<br />

apare un fenomen invers, cu pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea<br />

unei cantitå¡i relativ mai mari <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå, comparativ cu<br />

pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sodiu, astfel <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cât apare hipernatremie.<br />

Din aceastå cauzå, apa va avea tendin¡a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> a trece<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mod pasiv cåtre spa¡iul intravascular, temporizând<br />

apari¡ia semnelor clinice <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> colaps circulator.<br />

Cunoa¿terea tipului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare este esen-<br />

¡ialå pentru a putea minimaliza riscurile asociate<br />

reexpansionårii volemice.<br />

În situa¡iile cu hiponatremie, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>seori asociate<br />

cu semne grave <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> suferin¡å neu<strong>ro</strong>logicå (convulsii<br />

recurente), dacå se p<strong>ro</strong>duce o corec¡ie prea<br />

rapidå a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ficitului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sodiu (mai rapid <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cât 2


REVISTA MEDICALÅ ROMÂNÅ – VOL. LVI, NR. 3, AN 2009<br />

mEq/L/orå) vor apårea sechele neu<strong>ro</strong>logice pe termen<br />

lung, ca urmare a mielinolizei pontine (5). Viteza i<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>alå<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> corec¡ie a unei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri hiponatremice severe<br />

este <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ap<strong>ro</strong>ximativ 10 mEq/L/24 ore (6).<br />

În situa¡iile cu hipernatremie apare un p<strong>ro</strong>ces<br />

pasiv <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> transport al apei intracelulare cåtre intersti¡iu<br />

¿i cåtre spa¡iul intravascular. Råspunsul<br />

celular la acest „furt“ activ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå este sinteza unor<br />

molecule osmotic active (osmoli idiogenici) ce au<br />

tendin¡a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>-a echilibra balan¡a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, neutralizând<br />

efluxul masiv <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå din celulå. Un<br />

exemplu similar, ca mecanism <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> compensare a<br />

stårii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> hipe<strong>ro</strong>smolaritate, este consemnat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cazul<br />

sintezei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> osmoli cerebrali la pacien¡ii cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare<br />

severå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cadrul comei diabetice hipe<strong>ro</strong>smolare<br />

(7). Dacå acest tip <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mecanism compensator<br />

este ignorat ¿i se realizeazå o expansionare<br />

volemicå rapidå, va apårea e<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>m cerebral<br />

cu risc letal. Pentru a scå<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>a riscul acestui tip <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

complica¡ie este necesarå o corec¡ie lentå a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii<br />

hipernatremice, pe durata a 48 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ore (8).<br />

Uneori, când nu ¿tim greutatea anterioarå episodului<br />

acut sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acele cazuri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> care nu putem<br />

måsura natremia <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp util, se poate face evaluarea<br />

severitå¡ii gradului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare pe baza<br />

unor criterii clinice (vezi tabelul 2). În general,<br />

pacien¡ii cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare izo- sau hipertonå aratå<br />

clinic „mai råu“ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cât cei cu o <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare hiponatremicå<br />

echivalentå ca magnitudine. Semnele<br />

clasice <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare, cu afectarea pliului cutanat,<br />

a turgorului, a umiditå¡ii diverselor mucoase,<br />

sunt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> intensitate mult mai mare la sugarii cu natremie<br />

normalå sau crescutå (vezi fig. 1).<br />

De mare gravitate sunt unele semne clinice care<br />

sunt relativ rar <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tâlnite la ora actualå: <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>primarea<br />

fontanelei anterioare ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cålecarea suturilor cra-<br />

181<br />

niene la sugar (vezi fig. 2.) ¿i prezen¡a pliului cutanat<br />

persistent (apect <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cârpå umedå „stoarså“)<br />

(vezi fig. 3)<br />

Figura 1. Sugar cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare izonatremicå severå.<br />

Se remarcå aspectul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mucoase uscate (buze<br />

„pråjite“) ¿i enoftalmia (ochii „<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cercåna¡i“).<br />

PRINCIPII DE CORECºIE A TULBURÅRILOR<br />

HIDRO-ELECTROLITICE ÎN GASTROENTERITE<br />

Acest articol dore¿te så abor<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ze doar principiile<br />

terapeutice ale rehidratårii copilului cu gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritå<br />

Figura 2. Sugar cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare izonatremicå severå.<br />

Se remarcå aspectul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>primare marcatå a<br />

fontanelei anterioare (fontanela anterioarå „<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>fundatå“)<br />

¿i enoftalmia (ochii „<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cercåna¡i“).<br />

Tabelul 2. Evaluarea gradului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratere acutå folosind criterii clinice –<br />

adaptat dupå Steiner MJ (9)<br />

SEMN/SIMPTOM SDA UŞOARĂ SDA MEDIE SDA SEVERĂ<br />

Stare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> conştienţă Treaz Letargic Comatos<br />

TRC* 2 - 3 secun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 3-4 secun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> >4, extremităţi reci<br />

Mucoase normale Uscate „Prăjite“, fisurate<br />

Lacrimi prezente Reduse absente<br />

AV** Normală/uşor Crescută Foarte<br />

crescută<br />

crescută/scăzută<br />

FR* Normală Crescută Foarte<br />

crescută/polipnee<br />

TA* Normală Normală Scăzută<br />

Puls Normal Slab palpabil Foarte slab/absent<br />

Pliu cutanat Normal Leneş Persistent<br />

Fontanelă Normală Discret<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>primată<br />

Sever <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>primată<br />

Ochi Normali Încercănaţi Înfundaţi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> orbite<br />

Diureză Normală Oligurie Oligurie/anurie<br />

* TRC – timp <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> reumplere capilarå; ** AV – alurå ventricularå; *** FR – frecven¡å respiratorie;<br />

**** TA – tensiune arterialå


182 REVISTA MEDICALÅ ROMÂNÅ – VOL. LVI, NR. 3, AN 2009<br />

Figura 3. Sugar cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare izonatremicå severå.<br />

Se remarcå aspectul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pliu cutanat abdominal<br />

persistent.<br />

acutå ¿i se va referi doar la combaterea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tulburårilor</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

hid<strong>ro</strong>-elect<strong>ro</strong>litice. Nu vor fi discutate aspecte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

dieteticå pediaticå ¿i nici elemente privind sind<strong>ro</strong>amele<br />

post-enteritice (intoleran¡å secundarå la<br />

lactozå, sind<strong>ro</strong>amele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> malabsorb¡ie, tulburårile<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cre¿tere ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltare secundare).<br />

Principiul major ce trebuie så guverneze resuscitarea<br />

volemicå a oricårui copil, indiferent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

gradul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> severitate al acesteia, este men¡inerea<br />

unui pat vascular plin, euvolemia fiind ¡inta terapeuticå<br />

centralå. Nimic nu este mai important <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cât<br />

refacerea volumului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sânge circulant normal!<br />

Dezechilibrele ionice trebuie corectate ulterior,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cele mai multe ori ob¡inerea unei homeostazii<br />

elect<strong>ro</strong>litice putând fi atinså la 24-48 ore <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la<br />

ini¡ierea terapiei. O corec¡ie mai rapidå nu este<br />

recomandatå, aceasta putând fi chiar periculoaså,<br />

cu sechele pe termen lung (6,8).<br />

Pentru formele u¿oare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare ar fi<br />

i<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>alå rehidratarea pe cale oralå, chiar la acei pacien¡i<br />

care prezintå ¿i vårsåturi (29). Eficien¡a rehidratårii<br />

orale nu este inferioarå celei pe cale<br />

parenteralå, chiar ¿i la copii cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> intensitate<br />

medie, 90% dintre ace¿tia putând fi rehidrata¡i<br />

pe cale oralå (29,32).<br />

Solu¡iile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rehidratare oralå reprezintå p<strong>ro</strong>babil<br />

cea mai mare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>soperire <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lå, alåturi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> antibiotice,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> secolul XX. Numårul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> bolnavi având<br />

afec¡iuni extrem <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> grave, poten¡ial letale, ¿i care<br />

au supravie¡uit ca urmare a folosirii solu¡iilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

rehidratare, este enorm. Primele studii care au<br />

dovedit folosirea eficientå a SRO (solu¡ii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rehidratare<br />

oralå) au fost publicate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anii ’60-’70, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

cursul ultimei mari epiemii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> holerå (26,27,28).<br />

Eficacitatea SRO a impus inclu<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea acestora <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

toate ghiduile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> practicå ce vizau tratamentul<br />

gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritelor (ale OMS, ale Aca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>miei Americane<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Pediatrie AAP, ale Societå¡ii Eu<strong>ro</strong>pene<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gast<strong>ro</strong>ente<strong>ro</strong>logie ¿i Hepatologie Pediatricå<br />

ESPAGHAN)(29,30,31).<br />

Folosirea SRO este utilå ¿i la copii cu diaree<br />

fårå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare evi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntå, la ace¿tia fiind folosit<br />

fluidul pentru a combate pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rile lichidiene ulterioare<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ceperii terapiei. Vor fi administra¡i 10 ml/<br />

kg/scaun emis (29).<br />

Tehnica rehidratårii orale cu SRO la pacien¡ii<br />

cu vårsåturi este relativ laborioaså, durând foarte<br />

mult timp ¿i punând la grea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cercare råbdarea<br />

celui care o realizeazå. Ea poate fi utilizatå la domiciliu<br />

sau la acei pacien¡i la care familia este<br />

instruitå ¿i cooperantå, participand activ la manevre:<br />

la fiecare 1-2 minute sunt administra¡i câte<br />

5 ml SRO (o linguri¡å). Astfel ar putea fi dat un<br />

volum <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 150-300 ml/orå (30). Tot la acest grup<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pacien¡i (cu vårsåturi) unii autori recomandå<br />

administrarea flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor pe calea unei son<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nazogastrice<br />

(NG) (30), <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>¿i aspectul este foarte cont<strong>ro</strong>versat.<br />

Nu existå un cont<strong>ro</strong>l bun al umplerii<br />

gastrice ¿i nici al presiunii intragastrice, dacå flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le<br />

sunt administrate cu seringa. Pentru a diminua<br />

riscurile asociate manevrei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rehidratare pe calea<br />

unei son<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> NG, ar putea fi utilizatå tehnica <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

gavaj gravita¡ional, adicå flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le vor fi turnate<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tr-o seringå fårå piston, ata¿atå la sonda NG.<br />

Flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le vor intra lent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stomac, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> concordan¡å<br />

cu presiunea intragastricå (30). La pacien¡ii comato¿i<br />

sau la cei cu ileus tehnica gavajului pe<br />

sonda NG este contraindicatå.<br />

La copiii cu diaree ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare u¿oarå se<br />

vor administra 50 ml/kg SRO <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 3-4 ore, la ace¿tia<br />

fiind adåugat fluidul din pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rile lichidiene<br />

ulterioare (ongoing fluid-loss) <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ceperii terapiei.<br />

Vor fi administra¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plus 10 ml/kg/scaun emis<br />

(29). Cel mai rar va fi reevaluat pacientul la 2 ore<br />

interval, pentru a putea calcula „ongoing fluidloss“.<br />

La copiii cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare medie se vor<br />

administra 100 ml/kg SRO <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 3-4 ore, la ace¿tia<br />

fiind adåugat fluidul din pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rile lichidiene ulterioare<br />

(29).<br />

Pentru a putea realiza expansionarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp<br />

util a patului vascular la pacien¡ii afla¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> situa¡ie<br />

criticå este necesarå ob¡inerea unei cåi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acces<br />

vascular <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> bunå calitate.<br />

Tentativele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ob¡inere a unei cåi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acces pe<br />

calea unei vene periferice ar trebui limitate la trei<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cercåri sau la maximum 90 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> secun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, la pacien¡ii<br />

afla¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> situa¡ie criticå (10). Orice prelungire<br />

a duratei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> care se ob¡ine accesul vascular comp<strong>ro</strong>mite<br />

¿ansele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> resuscitare volemicå reu¿itå.<br />

Dacå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> intervalul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 90 <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> secun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nu se ob¡ine<br />

acces vascular ¿i pacientul se aflå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ¿oc <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>compensat<br />

(semne clinice <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> hipoperfuzie perifericå<br />

¿i tensiune arterialå scåzutå) se va <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cerca ob¡inerea<br />

unui acces vascular pe cale intraosoaså (IO).<br />

Acesta este indicat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> primul rând la pacien¡ii afla¡i


REVISTA MEDICALÅ ROMÂNÅ – VOL. LVI, NR. 3, AN 2009<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stare criticå, atunci când abordarea ini¡ialå<br />

i<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntificå un pacient aflat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stop cardiorespirator.<br />

Abordul IO are 83% ¿anse <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> reu¿itå, prin compara¡ie<br />

cu numai 17% <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cazul tentativelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acces<br />

vascular cu ajutorul unei branule, tentative efectuate<br />

la nivelul unei vene periferice, la un copil<br />

aflat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stop cardiorespirator (11).<br />

Dupå ob¡inerea unei cåi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acces eficiente, pacientului<br />

cu semne <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ¿oc i se vor administra solu¡ii<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cristaloizi pe cale intravenoaså. Solu¡iile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

elec¡ie pentru umplerea patului vascular, la un<br />

pacient cu hipovolemie, sunt serul fiziologic – SF<br />

(NaCl solu¡ie 0,9%) sau solu¡ia <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Ringer lactat –<br />

RL. Nu se vor administra <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> scopul umplerii patului<br />

vascular solu¡ii glucozate, indiferent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> nivelul<br />

glicemiei sau <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> concentra¡ia acestor solu¡ii!<br />

Volumul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> fluid folosit pentru corec¡ia rapidå<br />

a volemiei este <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 20 ml/kg. Aceastå cantitate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

solu¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> SF sau RL, numitå „bolus“ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> literatura<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lå anglo-saxonå, va fi administratå cât mai<br />

rapid, cu ajutorul unui injectomat sau direct cu<br />

ajutorul unei seringi (12). Durata maximå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> care este imperios necesar så administråm<br />

bolusul este o orå (30). Pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ar putea<br />

så nu fie compensatå doar prin administrarea unui<br />

singur bolus <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, motiv pentru care este,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>seori, necesarå repetarea manevrei. Dacå administrarea<br />

unui al doilea bolus nu restabile¿te<br />

volemia ¿i se men¡in semnele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare<br />

severå, va fi necesarå administrarea unui coloid,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> speran¡a cå acesta va avea o remanen¡å crescutå<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> spa¡iul intravascular, ob¡inându-se refacerea volemiei<br />

circulante. Pot fi folosite solu¡ii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> albuminå<br />

5%, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>xtran sau oligomeri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> glucozå, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cantitate<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 10 ml/kg.<br />

Volumul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ¿i cantitatea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i<br />

pierdu¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cursul unei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri acute severe<br />

sunt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pen<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mecanismele generatoare ale<br />

acestor pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ri, variind consi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rabil <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

cauzå – vezi tabelul 3.<br />

Pentru a putea calcula <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ficitele <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå ¿i elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cazul unei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratåri severe, este necesar<br />

så cunoa¿tem compozi¡ia normalå a flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor<br />

183<br />

intracelulare ¿i extracelulare, respectiv coeficien¡ii<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> distribu¡ie ai principalilor elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i – vezi tabelele<br />

4 ¿i 5.<br />

De obicei se folose¿te formula:<br />

mEq necesari = (CD – CP) x fD x G<br />

CD reprezintå concentra¡ia doritå a fi atinså <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

urma corec¡iei, CP reprezintå concentra¡ia plasmaticå<br />

actualå, anterioarå corec¡iei, fD este factorul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

distribu¡ie (vezi tabelul 4) iar G este greutatea copilului<br />

anterioarå îmbolnåvirii, exprimatå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> kilograme.<br />

Tabelul 4. Factorul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> distribu¡ie folosit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> calculul<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ficitelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i – dupå Stone B (4).<br />

Tabelul 5. Compozi¡ia flui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor corporeale (intra- ¿i<br />

extracelulare) – dupå Stone B (4).<br />

INTRACELULAR EXTRACELULAR<br />

(mEq/L)<br />

(mEq/L)<br />

SODIU 20 133-145<br />

POTASIU 150 3-5<br />

CLOR – 98-110<br />

BICARBONAT 10 20-25<br />

FOSFAT 110-115 5<br />

PROTEINE 75 10<br />

Unii autori includ <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> abordarea terapeuticå<br />

ini¡ialå a copilului cu BDA ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>mentele ce<br />

modificå motilitatea gast<strong>ro</strong>-intestinalå (29,30).<br />

Conform consensului grupului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> exper¡i ai Aca<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>miei<br />

Americane <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Pediatrie (AAP) nu ar trebui<br />

folosite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>mente cu ac¡iune antiperistalticå la<br />

copilul mic, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>oarece riscurile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>på¿esc poten-<br />

¡ialele beneficii. Astfel, AAP nu recomandå folosirea<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rutinå a loperamidului, opioizilor ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rivatelor<br />

acestora, anticolinergicelor, absorbantelor<br />

sau a bismutului salicilic (30).<br />

AFECºIUNE APÅ (ml/kg) Na + (mEq/kg) K + (mEq/kg) Cl- Tabelul 3. Pier<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> apå ¿i elect<strong>ro</strong>li¡i, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cauzå – dupå Hellerstein S<br />

(13)<br />

(mEq/kg)<br />

BDA cu SDA<br />

hiponatremicå<br />

100-120 10-15 8-15 10-12<br />

BDA cu SDA<br />

izotonicå<br />

100-120 8-10 8-10 8-10<br />

BDA cu SDA<br />

hipernatremicå<br />

100-120 2-4 0-6 0-3<br />

Stenozå<br />

piloricå<br />

100-120 8-10 10-12 10-12<br />

Cetoacidozå<br />

diabeticå<br />

100 8 6-10 6


184 REVISTA MEDICALÅ ROMÂNÅ – VOL. LVI, NR. 3, AN 2009<br />

CONTROVERSE<br />

Analiza documentelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le ale pacien¡ilor<br />

cu gast<strong>ro</strong>enteritå severå transfera¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> IOMC aratå<br />

faptul cå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> obicei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> România, ace¿tia primesc,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cursul abordårii ini¡iale cu antibiotice, corticoste<strong>ro</strong>izi<br />

¿i bicarbonat.<br />

Acestå abordare practicå ar trebui så disparå<br />

treptat, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>oarece nu existå dovezi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sprijinul ei.<br />

În anumite circumstan¡e, o astfel <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tentativå terapeuticå<br />

poate avea efecte catast<strong>ro</strong>fale asupra<br />

pacientului, putând genera complica¡ii amenin¡åtoare<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> via¡å sau chiar <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ces. Astfel, administrarea<br />

ira¡ionalå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> antibiotice, la to¡i pacien¡ii<br />

cu BDA afla¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> situa¡ie gravå ar putea precipita<br />

apari¡ia unui sind<strong>ro</strong>m Gasser (sind<strong>ro</strong>m hemoliticuremic),<br />

prin eliberarea masivå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> endotoxine (14).<br />

Antibioterapia nu constituie o urgen¡å majorå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

BDA ¿i ar trebui rezervatå pacien¡ilor cu gast<strong>ro</strong>enterite<br />

suspectate pe criterii clinice (scaune cu<br />

mucus, pu<strong>ro</strong>i sau sânge, la un pacient febril, cu<br />

aspect general „toxic“) sau dovedite ca fiind bacteriene<br />

(prin cop<strong>ro</strong>culturå ¿i cop<strong>ro</strong>citogramå).<br />

Administrarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> bicarbonat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sodiu, fårå documentarea<br />

unei acidoze metabolice, refractarå la<br />

expansionarea volemicå eficace ar putea p<strong>ro</strong>duce<br />

complica¡ii cu risc letal (prin hipercapnie, hipernatremie,<br />

hipe<strong>ro</strong>smolaritate).<br />

BIBLIOGRAFIE<br />

1. Murray CJL, Lopez AD – The global bur<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>n of disease: a<br />

comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability f<strong>ro</strong>m diseases,<br />

injury and risk factors <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 1990 and p<strong>ro</strong>jected to 2020 Geneva, WHO,<br />

1996<br />

2. *** - The World’s Forgotten Children. <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> site-ul http://www.who.int/<br />

ceh/publications/01mortality.pdf, accesat 12.03.2009<br />

3. Craiu M, Iordåchescu M, Cochino AV, Avram P, Anca AI –<br />

Intraosseous infussion, valulable tool for pediatric resuscitation. <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

site-ul http://www.kenes.com/espid2008/, (26 th Eu<strong>ro</strong>pean Society of<br />

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Annual Meeting, Graz, 2008), accesat<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 10.03.2009.<br />

4. Stone B – Fluids and Elect<strong>ro</strong>lytes <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> The Harriet Lane Handbook.<br />

Editors Robertson J, Shilokofski N, 17 th edition, 2005, Ed Elsevier<br />

Mosby, pag 285<br />

5. Gocht A, Colmant HJ – Central pontine and extrapontine<br />

myelinolysis: a report of 58 cases. Clin. Neu<strong>ro</strong>pathol. 1987;6 (6):<br />

262–70.<br />

6. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Norenberg MD – Rapid correction<br />

of hyponatremia causes <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>myelination: relation to central pontine<br />

myelinolysis. Science. 1981;211(4486):1068-70.<br />

7. Chiasson JL, Aris-Jilwan N, Belanger R, et al – Diagnosis and<br />

treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic<br />

hype<strong>ro</strong>smolar state. CMAJ 2003;168(7):859-66.<br />

8. Gottschalk ME, Ros SP, Zeller WP – The emergency<br />

management of hyperglycemic-hype<strong>ro</strong>smolar nonketotic coma in the<br />

pediatric patient. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12(1):48-51.<br />

În concluzie, la pacien¡ii cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare severå<br />

ar trebui urma¡i o serie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pa¿i bine <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>fini¡i, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />

func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> natura <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vârsta ¿i comorbiditå¡ile<br />

pacientului.<br />

MESAJ PRACTIC<br />

1. Primul obiectiv al tratamentului la pacien¡ii<br />

cu BDA ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratare severå este refacerea<br />

volemiei.<br />

2. Normalizarea volemiei poate fi realizatå pe<br />

cale oralå cu SRO sau pe cale intravenoaså<br />

cu solu¡ii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cristaloizi, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> gravitatea<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>shidratårii, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> toleran¡a digestivå<br />

a copilului ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> starea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> con¿tien¡å a acestuia.<br />

3. Nu vor fi folosite solu¡iile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> glucozå (indiferent<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> concentra¡ia lor!) pentru refacerea<br />

volemiei. La pacien¡ii cu hipoglicemie,<br />

aceasta va fi corectatå ulterior refacerii volemiei,<br />

pe o altå cale venoaså.<br />

4. Folosirea antibioticelor ¿i a bicarbonatului<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sodiu ar trebui rezervatå unor cazuri speciale,<br />

<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> majoritatea ente<strong>ro</strong>colitelor acute ele<br />

fiind contraindicate.<br />

9. Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS – Is this child <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>hydrated?<br />

JAMA. 2004;291(22):2746-54.<br />

10. Biarent D, Bingham R et al – Eu<strong>ro</strong>pean Resuscitation Council<br />

Gui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lines for Resuscitation 2005. Section 6. Paediatric Life<br />

Support. Resuscitation 2005; 67S1:S97-S133.<br />

11. LaRocco BG, Wang HE – Intraosseous Infussion. Prehosp Emerg<br />

Care 2003;7(2): 3-14<br />

12. *** - American Heart Association Gui<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lines for Cardiopulmonary<br />

Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 11. Pediatric<br />

Basic Life Support. Circulation. 2005; 112: IV 156 – IV 166.<br />

13. Hellerstein S – Fluids and elect<strong>ro</strong>lytes: clinical aspects. Pediatr Rev<br />

1993; 14(3):103-115.<br />

14. Ahn CK, Holt NJ, Tarr PI – Shiga-toxin p<strong>ro</strong>ducing Escherichia coli<br />

and the hemolytic uremic synd<strong>ro</strong>me: what have we learned <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> the<br />

past 25 years? Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009;634:1-17.<br />

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2000. Bull World Health Organ 2003;81:197—204.<br />

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