Probleme de diagnostic în tumorile abdominale - medica.ro
Probleme de diagnostic în tumorile abdominale - medica.ro
Probleme de diagnostic în tumorile abdominale - medica.ro
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8<br />
CAZURI<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ<br />
CLINICE<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>P<strong>ro</strong>bleme</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tumorile</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>abdominale</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
Dr. MADÅLINA OLIMID,<br />
Medic Rezi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nt anul III MF, Bucure¿ti<br />
Dr. GABRIELA OPROIU, Medic Primar Pediatrie,<br />
IOMC „Alfred Rusescu“, Bucure¿ti<br />
Conf. Dr. I. BISCA, Medic Primar Chirurgie Pediatricå,<br />
Spitalul Clinic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Urgen¡å „Grigore Alexandrescu“<br />
Dr. LAURA NICULESCU, Medic Rezi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nt Chirurgie Pediatricå,<br />
Spitalul Clinic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Urgen¡å „Grigore Alexandrescu“<br />
Dr. M. ANDRIESCU, Medic Rezi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nt anul V,<br />
Spitalul Clinic Urgen¡å „Grigore Alexandrescu“<br />
Prezentåm cazul unui båiat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vårtså <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 5 ani ¿i 7 luni, din<br />
mediul urban, internat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Clinica <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Pediatrie a IOMC „Alfred<br />
Rusescu“, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ianuarie 2006, FO.: 417, pentru: febrå ¿i disfagie.<br />
Istoric: amintim <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>butul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> urmå cu 7 zile<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la data internårii: febrå, cefalee, stare<br />
generalå alteratå, vårsåturi, dureri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>abdominale</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>,<br />
pentru care se prezintå la MF. Urmeazå<br />
tratamentul recomandat (antibiotic,<br />
antiinflamator), <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>så evolu¡ia este nefavorabilå,<br />
cu persisten¡a febrei mari ceea ce impune internare<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> spital.<br />
Din antece<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntele personale fiziologice<br />
re¡inem:<br />
• Este primul copil, nåscut din sarcinå cu<br />
evolu¡ie normalå, dar nedispensarizatå;<br />
• Na¿tere eutocicå, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prezenta¡ie cranianå,<br />
la maternitatea ju<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>¡eanå;<br />
• Fårå semne <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> suferin¡å fetalå (nu este<br />
cunoscut scorul Apgar);<br />
• Greutatea la na¿tere G = 3200 g;<br />
• Alimentat natural 5 luni, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>¡årcat la 8 luni;<br />
a fost diversificat corect la 5 luni;<br />
• Curba pon<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ralå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> dinamicå a fost bunå;<br />
G la 1 an-10 kg, G la 2 ani-13 kg, G la 5<br />
ani-21 kg;<br />
• Dezvoltare psihicå ¿i neu<strong>ro</strong>logicå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> limitele<br />
vârstei, merge la 1 an, integrarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> colectivitate<br />
bunå;<br />
• P<strong>ro</strong>filaxia rahitismului efectuatå par¡ial corect<br />
pânå la 1 an;<br />
• Vaccinåri fåcute conform calendarului specific.<br />
Antece<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntele personale patologice ne atrag<br />
aten¡ia asupra:<br />
• Amigdalitelor pultacee repetate, 5-6 episoa<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
pe an, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la vårsta 2 ani.<br />
Antece<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntele heredocolaterale sunt fårå<br />
importan¡å:<br />
• Mama – 32 ani, IG, IP, afirmativ sånåtoaså;<br />
• Tata – 30 ani, afirmativ sånåtos;<br />
• Bunicii – sånåto¿i;<br />
• Neagå tuberculoza, luesul ¿i alte boli c<strong>ro</strong>nice.<br />
Examenul clinic la internare evi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>n¡iazå:<br />
• Båiat, 5 ani ¿i 7 luni, G = 21kg, T = 123<br />
cm;<br />
• Afebril;<br />
40<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ – VOL. I, NR. 1-2, AN 2006
PROBLEME DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN TUMORILE ABDOMINALE<br />
• Stare generalå bunå;<br />
• Tegumente ¿i mucoase – mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rat pali<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>,<br />
curate;<br />
• Ganglioni superficiali – nepalpabili;<br />
• ºesut celular subcutanat – normal reprezentat<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> toate segmentele;<br />
• Sistem muscular – normoton, normokinetic;<br />
• Sistem osteoarticular – normal, articula¡ii<br />
mobile la mi¿cåri pasive ¿i active;<br />
• Aparat respirator – nu tu¿e¿te, nu este<br />
dispneic, CRS-permeabile, MV-normal<br />
transmis, sonoritate pulmonarå normalå;<br />
• Aparat cardiovascular – cord <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> limite<br />
normale, ¿oc apexian spa¡iul V i.c. stg. pe<br />
linia medio-clavicularå, AV = 80/min, RS,<br />
zgomote cardiace bine båtute, fårå sufluri,<br />
extremitå¡i cal<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>, artere periferice palpabile<br />
pulsatile, TA = normalå;<br />
• Aparat digestiv – apetit capricios, diminuat.<br />
Scaun normal. Faringe hiperemic, intens,<br />
difuz. Amigdale hipert<strong>ro</strong>fiate, criptice, cu focare<br />
pultacee bilaterale. Denti¡ie completå, fårå carii.<br />
Ficat limita superioarå sp.V ic drept la limita<br />
inferioarå 2 cm sub rebord, diametru cranio-caudal<br />
9 cm, consisten¡å normalå, nedure<strong>ro</strong>s. Splina<br />
nepalpabilå.<br />
În flancul drept se palpeazå o forma¡iune<br />
<strong>ro</strong>tundå, cu contact lombar, durå, cu o suprafa¡å<br />
discret boselatå, ne<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>på¿ind linia medianå,<br />
distinctå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ficat.<br />
• Aparat u<strong>ro</strong>-genital: mic¡iuni cu urini normal<br />
colorate, organe genitale normal<br />
conformate;<br />
• SNC: reflectivitate, sensibilitate, mobilitate –<br />
normale. Fårå semne <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> irita¡ie meningeanå.<br />
Organe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sim¡ clinic normale: ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>,<br />
au<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>.<br />
Astfel, examenul clinic efectuat complet la<br />
internare ne atrage aten¡ia asupra:<br />
– palorii tegumentare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> intensitate mo<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ratå;<br />
– amigdalelor mårite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> volum, criptice cu<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pozite pultacee bilaterale ¿i, mai ales,<br />
asupra tumorii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>abdominale</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> situatå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
flancul drept cu contact lombar, distinctå<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ficat, ¿i care nu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>på¿e¿te linia medianå.<br />
Toate aceste elemente sunt <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperite <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
contextul unei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zvoltåri statu<strong>ro</strong>-pon<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>rale<br />
normale (G = 21 kg, T = 123 cm).<br />
Din acest moment, acest simptom trece pe<br />
primul plan <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prezentarea noastrå.<br />
În aceastå etapa clinicå s-au conturat mai<br />
multe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>e diferen¡iale, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>så ne oprim<br />
asupra celor semnificative:<br />
• Nef<strong>ro</strong>blastom<br />
• Neu<strong>ro</strong>blastom<br />
• Alte tumori primare cu sediul renal<br />
• Metastaze cu sediul renal<br />
• Alte tumori Ret<strong>ro</strong>peritoneale: .<br />
– Teratom<br />
– Feoc<strong>ro</strong>mocitom<br />
– Miosarcom<br />
– Hamartom <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tesut conjunctiv<br />
– Displazia Multichistica Renalå<br />
• Boala polichistica renalå<br />
• Hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>zele – congenitale<br />
– dobândite<br />
Este important så subliniem faptul cå la copilul<br />
examinat nu s-au <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperit alte semne clinice<br />
asociate precum:<br />
• Hipospasdias<br />
• Criptorhidie<br />
• Intersexualitate<br />
• Polachiurie, disurie<br />
• HTA<br />
Începem <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ul diferen¡ial cu:<br />
Tumora Wilms (nef<strong>ro</strong>blastomul), fiind cea<br />
mai frecventå tumorå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vârsta pediatricå ¿i care<br />
se manifestå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> obicei cu:<br />
• HTA, ITU, hematurie;<br />
• Anomalii genitourinare: hipospadias, criptorhidie;<br />
• Anomalii musculo – scheletale.<br />
De asemenea, Tumora Wilms poate fi componenta<br />
a unor sind<strong>ro</strong>ame distincte, precum Sdr<br />
Wagr, alåturi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>târziere mentalå, aniridie sau<br />
Sdr. Denys- Drash, alåturi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ambiguitate sexualå.<br />
Neu<strong>ro</strong>blastomul, care are evolu¡ie asimptomaticå<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lungatå ¿i este <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperit ca urmare<br />
a unei forma¡iuni tumorale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> dimensiuni mari<br />
care <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cele mai multe ori <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>på¿este linia medianå.<br />
Amintim câteva simptome prezente <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
tabloul clinic al neu<strong>ro</strong>blastomului:<br />
• Anorexie, scå<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re pon<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ralå, paloare;<br />
• Tulburåri sfincteriene;<br />
• Semne secundare secre¡iei crescute <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
catecolamine;<br />
• Dureri osoase intense (metastaze osoase),<br />
Neu<strong>ro</strong>blastomul este extreme <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> invaziv<br />
¿i are ¿i alte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>terminåri secundare (metastaze<br />
pulmonare ¿i hepatice).<br />
Displazia Multichisticå Renalå (MDK) are<br />
ca modalitate obi¿nuitå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prezentare o forma-<br />
¡iune tumoralå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flancuri (unilateralå) ¿i se <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>so-<br />
¡e¿te <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>:<br />
• e¿ecul cre¿terii<br />
• ITU<br />
• HTA<br />
• Hematurie.<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ – VOL. I, NR. 1-2, AN 2006 41
PROBLEME DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN TUMORILE ABDOMINALE<br />
Figura 1<br />
Figura 2<br />
Figura 3.<br />
Radiografia<br />
renalå simplå<br />
Se poate asocia cu alte anomalii congenitale:<br />
– genito-urinare<br />
– gastointestinale<br />
– musculo-scheletale<br />
– neu<strong>ro</strong>logice<br />
Când este bilateralå, aceastå afec¡iune nu<br />
poate fi compatibilå cu via¡a.<br />
Boala polichisticå renalå are transmitere<br />
autozomal recesivå (ARPDK) ¿i autozomal dominantå<br />
(ADPDK).<br />
• Forma infantilå cu transmitere autozomal<br />
recesivå este mai agresivå ¿i conduce la<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ces <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prima <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cadå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> via¡å. Este bilateralå,<br />
iar la copilul mare poate asocia<br />
afectare hepaticå.<br />
Hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>za se manifestå prin:<br />
• Mårirea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> volum a rinichilor, ca urmare<br />
a dilatårii sistemului pielo-caliceal <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
diferite gra<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> I-IV (totalå).<br />
• Nu reprezintå o boalå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sine, ci un simptom<br />
sau o consecin¡å a unui numår mare<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> boli.<br />
Paleta largå a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>elor diferen¡iale impune<br />
abordarea imagisticå ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> laborator:<br />
• Sumar ¿i sediment urinar<br />
• U<strong>ro</strong>culturi<br />
• Reactan¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> fazå acutå – <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> limite normale<br />
• Semne <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> reten¡ie azotatå – absente.<br />
Am continuat explorarea paraclinicå ¿i imagisticå.<br />
Ecografia este principala metodå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> evaluare<br />
a parenchimului renal (<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>¿i are <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>zavantajul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
a nu ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>a convenabil ureterul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cât <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> por¡iunea<br />
ret<strong>ro</strong>vezicalå ¿i ret<strong>ro</strong>renalå). La o prima interpretare<br />
ne sugereazå dilatarea semnificativå a bazinetului<br />
renal <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> comunicare cu alte 3 imagini<br />
satelite, care sunt calicele ¿i ele imens dilatate,<br />
parenchim, complet at<strong>ro</strong>fiat (figura 1) împins la<br />
periferia rinichiului, ureter drept nevizualizabil.<br />
În concluzie:<br />
– Hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>za gigantå gr.IV, RD;<br />
– RS hipert<strong>ro</strong>fiat compensator; (figura 2)<br />
– Se ridicå suspiciunea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> stenozå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> jonc-<br />
¡iune pielo-ureteralå.<br />
Ecografia repetatå ne aratå, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plus, modificåri<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tip chistic ale parenchimului renal drept.<br />
Se continuå investiga¡iile cu Rg renalå simplå<br />
(figura 3), care este utilå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> completarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ului<br />
¿i care dove<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>¿te absen¡a calcificårilor renale<br />
(prezente <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tumorile</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> amintite mai sus sau a<br />
calculilor radioopaci prezen¡i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> boala calculoaså).<br />
U<strong>ro</strong>grafia intravenoaså. Dupå injectarea<br />
substan¡ei <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> contrast s-au efectuat clisee precoce<br />
la 3“, 5“, ¿i clisee tardive la 30“, 1 h ¿i 2 h.<br />
Imaginea u<strong>ro</strong>graficå ne aratå absen¡a secre¡iei<br />
¿i excre¡iei la nivelul RD, RS hipert<strong>ro</strong>fiat compensator<br />
(figura 4).<br />
42<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ – VOL. I, NR. 1-2, AN 2006
PROBLEME DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN TUMORILE ABDOMINALE<br />
În concluzie, rezultatul u<strong>ro</strong>grafiei i.v este:<br />
RD mut u<strong>ro</strong>grafic – afunc¡ional.<br />
RS hipert<strong>ro</strong>fiat compensator.<br />
Reamintim ne aflam <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> fa¡a unui båiat complet<br />
asimptomatic pânå la 5 ani ¿i 7 luni, cu cre¿-<br />
tere statu<strong>ro</strong>-pon<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ralå bunå, fårå elemente clinice<br />
¿i paraclinice suportive pentru ITU sau IRC.<br />
Concluzii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> etapå<br />
Investiga¡iile efectuate pânå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acest moment<br />
ne-au ajutat så sus¡inem <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ul diferen¡ial<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> contextual clinic (asimptomatic) ¿i anamnestic<br />
(fårå predispozi¡ie familialå). Astfel:<br />
• Ecografia a exclus MDK, ca urmare a prezen¡ei<br />
comunicårii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tre bazinet ¿i forma¡iunile<br />
satelite chistice ¿i boala polichisticå<br />
renalå – rinichi contralateral ¿i ficat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> aspect<br />
normal.<br />
• Rg. renala simplå, u<strong>ro</strong>grafia i.v., alåturi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
ecografie au eliminat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tumorile</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> enun¡ate<br />
mai sus, precum ¿i litiaza renalå.<br />
Diagnosticul pozitiv se <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>dreaptå spre Hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>za<br />
gigantå RD.<br />
Discu¡ii<br />
Privind la cele argumentate pânå acum ne<br />
punem <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>trebarea: Hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>za gigantå a RD<br />
este congenitalå sau dobânditå ¿i prin ce mecanism<br />
s-a p<strong>ro</strong>dus?<br />
Neavând elemente clinice, anamnestice ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
laborator pentru a råspun<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> la aceastå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>trebare<br />
copilul a fost transferat la Clinica <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> U<strong>ro</strong>logie a<br />
Spitalului Clinic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Urgen¡å „Grigore Alexandrescu“<br />
cu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ul:<br />
Hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>za gigantå gr. IV, RD ¿i având ca<br />
boli asociate:<br />
– Anemie hipoc<strong>ro</strong>må, mic<strong>ro</strong>citarå<br />
Hb = 10,1g/dl, Ht = 30,6%, MCV = 73,7 fl,<br />
MCHC = 33,0g/dl,<br />
– Amigdalita pultacee<br />
Echipa <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> chirurgi care a preluat cazul a stabilit<br />
indica¡ia operatorie.<br />
Se practicå interven¡ia chirurgicalå care aratå<br />
¿i surpriza prezentårii: rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå.<br />
Se efectueazå nefrectomie renalå dreaptå,<br />
asociatå cu rezec¡ie istmicå (figurile 5,6) ¿i<br />
renorafie stângå (figura 7).<br />
S-a påtruns extraperitoneal <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> loja renalå, cu<br />
inten¡ii conservatoare. Conservatorismul extrem<br />
este justificat datoritå capacitå¡ii crescute <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
regenerare a rinichiului la copil, precum ¿i datoritå<br />
posibilitå¡ii apari¡iei contralaterale a hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>zei.<br />
În cazul nostru, absen¡a parenchimului<br />
RD a impus nefrectomia unilateralå.<br />
Figura 5<br />
Figura 4<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ – VOL. I, NR. 1-2, AN 2006 43
PROBLEME DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN TUMORILE ABDOMINALE<br />
Figura 6. Imaginea rinichiului drept mårit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> volum, ca o imenså<br />
pungå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> lichid, cu pere¡ii sub¡iri, translucizi. Se observå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
partea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> jos a imaginii ureterul drept care trece anterior <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> istm.<br />
Figura 7. Se observå istmul dupå rezec¡ie.<br />
Figura 8. Imaginea u<strong>ro</strong>graficå ¿i schi¡a anatomicå a rinichiului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
potcoavå. Axele renale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå sunt inversate<br />
fa¡å <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> normal (5).<br />
Discu¡ii<br />
Diagnosticul antenatal ar fi avut o importan¡å<br />
covâr¿itoare <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> acest caz, a¿a cum consemneazå<br />
¿i Al. Pesamosca <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> literatura <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> specialitate;<br />
ecografiile antenatale au <strong>ro</strong>lul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperi<br />
aceste <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>fecte <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> morfologie renalå ce pot fi<br />
corectate chirurgical <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp util, cu efectuarea<br />
pieloplastiei, metoda ce permite påstrarea<br />
parenchimului func¡ional renal.<br />
Particular cazului: evolu¡ia postnefrectomie<br />
dreaptå a fost favorabilå, fårå complica¡ii postoperatorii.<br />
De ce rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> obicei vizualizat<br />
ecografic ¿i u<strong>ro</strong>logic, nu a fost <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>at anteoperator?<br />
Råspunsuri posibile<br />
În cazul nostru nu a fost respectat criteriul<br />
axelor inversate, cu ajutorul cåruia se <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>heazå<br />
cu u¿urin¡å rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå pe u<strong>ro</strong>grafia<br />
i.v. Axele rinichilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå nu respectå<br />
liniile mu¿chilor psoas, ci le <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>cruci¿eazå, fiind<br />
direc¡ionate divergent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sus, convergent <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> jos<br />
(figura 8).<br />
CT cu substan¡a <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> contrast ar fi fåcut posibilå<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperirea rinichiului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>oarece<br />
aceastå metodå poate face diferen¡a dintre istmul<br />
parenchimatos ¿i cel fib<strong>ro</strong>s, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> asemenea, poate<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>fini gradul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> mal<strong>ro</strong>ta¡ie a rinichilor ¿i poate<br />
ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>a modificåri parenchimatoase renale (cicatrici<br />
renale).<br />
A doua surprizå vine din partea rezultatului<br />
anatomo-patologic care evi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>n¡iazå – leziuni <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
pielonefritå c<strong>ro</strong>nicå alåturi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> transformare chisticå<br />
a parenchimului.<br />
N.B. Reamintim faptul cå anamnestic nu au<br />
existat semne sugestive <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ITU!<br />
Nu au fost <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperite elemente <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tumorå<br />
malignå la examinarea piesei anatomice.<br />
Intrå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> discu¡ie o diseminare hematogenå la<br />
nivel renal <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cursul episoa<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>lor febrile recurente,<br />
dar neavând date cu care så <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>monstråm acest<br />
mecanism el råmâne doar o ipoteza, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>oarece<br />
copilul nu a fost niciodatå consultat complet <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
cursul acestor episoa<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>. Ceea ce este sigur, la<br />
examenul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> urinå efectuat <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> clinica noastrå nu<br />
s-au <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperit elemente care så sus¡inå<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pielonefritå c<strong>ro</strong>nicå.<br />
Evolu¡ia<br />
• Din momentul internårii pânå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> prezent<br />
a fost bunå, dupå nefrectomie unilateralå<br />
practicatå.<br />
• În viitor:<br />
– Depin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> men¡inerea nealteratå a<br />
func¡iei RS (care pânå la momentul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperirii a sus¡inut <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>treaga func¡ie<br />
44<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ – VOL. I, NR. 1-2, AN 2006
PROBLEME DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN TUMORILE ABDOMINALE<br />
renalå). Existå riscul grefårii ITU pe rinichiul<br />
unic. De aceea, vor fi tratate corect<br />
¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp util toate episoa<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>le infec-<br />
¡ioase survenite, evitându-se diseminarea<br />
hematogenå ori ascen<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>ntå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
cåile urinare ale germenilor.<br />
– Se vor evita substan¡ele cu poten¡ial toxic<br />
renal.<br />
– Se va evita, traumatismul pe rinichiul<br />
unic func¡ional. Copilul nu va practica<br />
sporturi agresive ce îi pot pune <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pericol<br />
rinichiul unic.<br />
Orice agresiune asupra rinichiului unic cu consecin¡e<br />
ireversibile poate face din copil un candidat<br />
la IRC. Urmarea instalårii IRC ar fi dializa c<strong>ro</strong>nicå<br />
sau transplantul renal.<br />
– Copilul va consuma 2 l lichi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>/zi ¿i va påstra<br />
un regim p<strong>ro</strong>teic <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> limitele admise vârstei<br />
lui.<br />
– Va evita expunerea la frig ¿i umezealå.<br />
– Copilul ¿i familia copilului vor fi informa¡i<br />
cu privire la modificarea regimului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> via¡å<br />
dupå interven¡ia chirurgicalå.<br />
Se impune cont<strong>ro</strong>lul func¡iei renale periodic<br />
¿i ori <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> câte ori situa¡ia o cere (infec¡ii intercurente,<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>medica</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>mente cu poten¡ial toxic renal, substan¡e<br />
toxice), precum ¿i cont<strong>ro</strong>l imagistic, prin<br />
ecografie abdominalå. Se vor recomanda scintigrafia<br />
renalå ori CT abdominal numai <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cåtre<br />
medicii speciali¿ti, <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tr-un context clinic care obligå<br />
efectuarea lor.<br />
P<strong>ro</strong>gnostic<br />
• Ap<strong>ro</strong>piat: bun;<br />
• În<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pårtat: <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> func¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> men¡inerea func-<br />
¡iei renale <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> parametri optimi, printr-o<br />
conduitå corectå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> via¡å ¿i evitarea factorilor<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> risc (toxice renali, trumatogeni, infec¡ii<br />
etc.)<br />
Un rinichi unic normal indicå o duratå medie<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> via¡å normalå. (1)<br />
Complica¡ii<br />
• Care ¡in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> boalå: ITU, IRC, HTA, boala<br />
calculoaså, riscul traumatismelor.<br />
• Care ¡in <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> bolnav: sunt privite din prisma<br />
multiplelor angine acute, ¿tiind afinitatea<br />
streptococului pentru glomerulul renal (momentan<br />
ASLO-negativ, dar <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp va apare<br />
p<strong>ro</strong>babil necesitatea amigdalectomie).<br />
Orice infec¡ie va fi optim sanc¡ionatå prin<br />
antibioticoterapie. Urmårirea atentå a pacientului<br />
îi va asigura acestuia siguran¡a sånåtå¡ii.<br />
Particular cazului<br />
• Din punct <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re pediatric, copilului<br />
adus pentru o intercurentå la examenul clinic<br />
complet i se <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperå o afec¡iune gravå.<br />
• Din punct <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> ve<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>re u<strong>ro</strong>logic s-a intervenit<br />
chirurgical pentru RD afunc¡ional; se<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> plus rinichi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå,<br />
ne<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>diagnostic</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>at anteoperator.<br />
Date din literaturå<br />
Rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå (Horseshoe Kidney):<br />
• Cea mai comunå dintre anomaliile <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
fusiune renalå.<br />
• Rezultå prin fuziunea celor doi rinichi prin<br />
polii inferiori (90% dintre cazuri);<br />
• Este o varietate <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rinichi ectopic;<br />
• Are douå variante anatomice:<br />
– simetricå (Midline fusion)<br />
– asimetricå (L-shaped)<br />
Abid Irshad, Associate P<strong>ro</strong>fessor, Departament of<br />
Radiology, octombrie 2005<br />
Etiologia<br />
Au fost p<strong>ro</strong>puse douå teorii cu privire la embriogenezå:<br />
• Teoria clasicå: Istmul fib<strong>ro</strong>s rezultå prin<br />
fuziunea mecanicå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cursul embriogenezei.<br />
• Teoria evenimentului teratogenic: Istmul<br />
parenchimatos este rezultatul evenimentului<br />
teratogenic (migrarea anormalå a<br />
celulelor nef<strong>ro</strong>genice) – ceea ce explicå ¿i<br />
inci<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>n¡a mare a anomaliilor congenitale<br />
¿i neoplaziilor (Tumora Wilms, Tumori<br />
carcinoi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>. (4)<br />
Fiziopatologia<br />
• Rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå este predispus la o<br />
inci<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>n¡å mare a bolilor renale comparativ<br />
cu rinichiul normal, ca urmare a:<br />
– anomaliilor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> vasculariza¡ie;<br />
– prezen¡a istmului;<br />
– implantarea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>altå a ureterelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pelvisul<br />
renal (4).<br />
Obstruc¡ia <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> jonc¡iune pielo-ureterale:<br />
• Se asociazå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 35% dintre cazuri cu rinichiul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå, se datoreazå:<br />
– implantårii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>alte a ureterelor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> pelvisul<br />
renal;<br />
– c<strong>ro</strong>sei ureterelor pe <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>asupra istmului;<br />
– orientarea calicelor spre anterior.<br />
Toate acestea contribuie la <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>greunarea drenajului,<br />
cu constituirea stazei, apoi a hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>zei<br />
¿i distrugerea p<strong>ro</strong>gresivå a parenchimului renal<br />
pânå la at<strong>ro</strong>fie (4).<br />
Boala calculoaså <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå<br />
• Se asociazå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 20-60% dintre cazuri.<br />
Cauzele formårii calculilor:<br />
• staza – consecin¡å a obstruc¡iei sau hid<strong>ro</strong>nef<strong>ro</strong>zei,<br />
¿i<br />
• factorii metabolici coezisten¡i (4).<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ – VOL. I, NR. 1-2, AN 2006 45
PROBLEME DE DIAGNOSTIC ÎN TUMORILE ABDOMINALE<br />
Infec¡ii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Tract Urinar (ITU) <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
potcoavå<br />
• Se asociazå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> 27-41% din cazuri:<br />
• Cauze:<br />
– staza urinarå;<br />
– calculi renali;<br />
– ascensiunea infec¡iei prin Reflux Vezico-<br />
Ureteral (4).<br />
Leziuni maligne <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå<br />
Apar ca urmare a evenimentului teratogenic.<br />
Ele pot fi:<br />
– Tumora Wilms<br />
– Tumori neu<strong>ro</strong>epiteliale<br />
– Tumori rabdoi<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
– Sarcomul cu celule clare (4,6).<br />
Manifeståri clinice<br />
1/3 dintre cazuri – asimptomatici, Rinichiul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Potcoavå fiind <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperit <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tâmplåtor <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> cursul<br />
unei examinåri radiologice sau examinårii fizice,<br />
printr-o maså abdominalå.<br />
Simptome<br />
• datorate: obstruc¡iei, calculilor, infec¡iilor<br />
urinare.<br />
• pot fi vagi – dureri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> flanc, dureri <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>abdominale</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>,<br />
grea¡å, vårsåturi, distensie abdominalå<br />
luând alura unei boli gast<strong>ro</strong>-intestinale<br />
¿i Semnul Rosving care cuprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> –<br />
durere abdominalå, grea¡å, vårsåturå,<br />
hiperextensie a coloanei vertebrale (3,4).<br />
Anomalii genito-urinare asociate cu rinchiul<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå (4):<br />
• refluxul vezico-ureteral (50%);<br />
• duplica¡ia ureterului (10%);<br />
• hypospadias ¿i testicul necoborât (4%<br />
dintre båie¡i);<br />
• ureter bicornut, vagin septat (7% dintre feti¡e)<br />
(4).<br />
Alte anomalii extrarenale asociate:<br />
• cardiovasculare: <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>fect <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> sept ventricular<br />
(DSV);<br />
• Gast<strong>ro</strong>intestinale – malforma¡ii anorectele<br />
(imperfora¡ie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anus) – diverticulul<br />
Meckel;<br />
• neu<strong>ro</strong>logice: (alte anomalii <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> tub neural),<br />
mielomeningocel;<br />
• musculo-scheletale: hemivertebra ¿i scoliozå;<br />
• anomalii c<strong>ro</strong>mozomiale: sdr.Turner, Trisosomia<br />
18;<br />
• boala polichisticå renalå (ADPKD).<br />
Existå ¿i entitatea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rinichi <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå izolatå<br />
(lipsitå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> asocierea altor anomalii) cu evolu¡ie<br />
asimptomaticå ¿i <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperire <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>tâmplåtoare<br />
(3,4).<br />
• Prezen¡a rinichiului <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå – forma<br />
izolatå indicå o duratå medie <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> via¡å normalå<br />
(nu afecteazå supravie¡uirea). (3)<br />
• Morbiditatea ¿i mortalitatea <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pind <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> anomaliile<br />
asociate ¿i nu <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå<br />
(3).<br />
• Câteva anomalii nu sunt compatibile cu<br />
via¡a, rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>scoperindu-se<br />
la autopsie (3,4).<br />
• Rinichiul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> potcoavå nu complicå sarcina<br />
(4). <br />
CONCLUZII<br />
• O sarcinå urmåritå, examene ecografice antenatale,<br />
examenul clinic complet al copilului ar fi condus la<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>pistarea precoce a malforma¡iei, supravegherea ei<br />
corectå ¿i un tratament chirurgical conservator.<br />
• Urmårirea presupune bilan¡ul clinic ¿i paraclinic periodic<br />
care va surprin<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> din timp apari¡ia complica-<br />
¡iilor ¿i le va trata <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> timp util.<br />
• Educarea copilului ¿i a familiei lui, v-a adapta copilul<br />
la un regim <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> via¡å rigu<strong>ro</strong>s cu un singur rinichi, lipsit<br />
<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> inci<st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng>nte nedorite. <br />
BIBLIOGRAFIE:<br />
1. Eugen Pascal Ciofu, Carmen Ciofu –<br />
Esen¡ialul <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>în</st<strong>ro</strong>ng> Pediatrie, Editura<br />
Amaltea<br />
2. Al. Pesamosca, Tereza Monica<br />
Trancioveanu, S. Ionescu, S. Tarlea,<br />
M.Galinescu – art. „Stenoza <st<strong>ro</strong>ng>de</st<strong>ro</strong>ng><br />
jonctiune pielo-ureteralå – experien¡a<br />
clinicå“ – noiembrie 2002<br />
3. Abid Irshad, Asisistant P<strong>ro</strong>fessor,<br />
Department of Radiology, Medical<br />
University of South Ca<strong>ro</strong>lina – art.<br />
„Horseshoe Kidney“, octombrie 2005<br />
4. Robert C Allen, Jr, MD, Cief, Clinical<br />
Instructor, Departament of Surgery,<br />
Division of U<strong>ro</strong>logy, Madigan Army<br />
Medical Center – art. „Horseshoe<br />
Kidney“ – februarie 2006<br />
5. David A. Hatch, M.D – art.<br />
„Horseshoe Kidney“ – 1996<br />
6. http://www.emedicine.com/<br />
46<br />
PRACTICA MEDICALÅ – VOL. I, NR. 1-2, AN 2006