2067-6-22 Bidhut. patrika - the NACEUN

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SWOTing Community Based 

Rural Electrification (CBRE) 

& The ROAD AHEAD 

-ABHISHEK ADHIKARY 

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808sf] Aoa:yf /fHon] gu/]sf] l:ytL emNsG5 . o:tf 

;jfnnfO{ ;xL t/Lsfn] ;+af]wg u/L sfo{qmdnfO{ 

Aoaxfl/s k|efjsf/L / b|'t agfpg ;fd'bflos 

laB'tLs/0f ;a} ;jfnnfO{ ;+af]wg ub}{ u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0f P]g, lgods lgsfosf] ?kdf u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0f af]8{ / u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos 

kg]{ >f]t Aoa:yfkg ug{ u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f sf]ifsf] 

:yfkgf cfhsf] t8\sf/f] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . o;af6 

u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f / laB't lat/0f Aoa:yfkgdf sfd 

ug]{ laB't pkef]Qmf zxsf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / 

sDkgLx? Pp6} sfg'g cGtu{t /xg] / lgodgdf 

Aoal:yt x'g]5 . 

ljhof bzdL tyf z'e 

lbkfjnL @)^& sf] kfjg 

cj;/df xfd|f ;d:t u|fxs, 

z'elrGts tyf ;d:t 

dxfg'efjx? k|lt xflb{s 

d+undo z'e–sfdgf 

JoQm ub{5f}+ 

;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb| 

lhNnf ;dGoj ;ldtL 

:of·hf 

ljB"t va/÷7

– ;'zLn kGt 

8÷ljB"t va/ 

ljB't cfof]hgfdf dfcf]jfbL lj/f]wsf] cfzo 

PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] 

lgdf{0fsf] ljleGg r/0fdf /x]sf 

!$ hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] 

;Demf}tf Joa:yfkLsf ;+;bjf6 

k'gM cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ atfPkl5 

g]kfnsf] hnljB't ljsf;sf 

If]qdf km]/L Ps k6s gofF 

t/u ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . lxpbsf] 

;dodf b}lgs !$ b]vL !* 

306f ;Dd ljB't cfk"tL{ s6f}lt -nf]8;]l8ª_ ef]uL 

/x]sf tdfd g]kfnLsf] Wofg kl5Nnf] 36gfn] lvr]sf] 

5 . oBkL ljafbf:kb ;Demf}tfsf sf/0f dfcf]jfbLn] tL 

cfof]hgfsf] la/f]w ug]{ atfpb} cfPsf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] 

k6s dflyNnf] s0ff{nL kl/of]hgfsf] dfcf]jfbLaf6 ;d]t 

:yflgo :t/d} lj/f]w ePsf] lyof] . 

c;f]h % df dfcf]jfbLn] ;+;bLo cg'df]bg ljkl/t 

s'g} ;Demf}tf gug{ / ljutdf ePsf /fi63ftL ;Demf}tf 

vf/]h geP To; la?4 cfjZos sbd 

rfNg afWo x'g] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 . 

o; 36gfnfO{ ;/sf/ u7g ug{ gkfPsf] 

emf]sdf dfcf]jfbLåf/f JoQm cfqmf]zsf] 

?kdf ef/tLo ;+rf/ dfWodx?n] kl/ 

eflift u/]sf 5g . ;]D6]Da/ @^ df ef/ 

tLo cu]|hL b}lgs lxGb':yfg 6fOD;n] 

n]v]sf] 5 ef/tLo nufgLdf aGg nfu]sf 

hnljB't cfof]hgfdf dfcf]jfbL 

cfqmd0f gofF ;dfrf/ xf]Og, kl5Nnf] 

k6s ef/tLo sDklg jf nufgL /x]sf 

!$ cfof]hgfdf dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0fsf] 

tf/f] agfPsf 5g . csf]{ ef/tLo 

cgnfOgn] n]v]sf] 5 ;/sf/ agfpggkfPsf] emf]sdf 

g]kfnsf dfcf]jfbLx? 8fa/ ax'/fli6«o sDklgkl5 

ef/tLo nuflgsf hnljB't cfof]hgfdf s]Gb|Lt 

ePsf 5g . 

dfcf]jfbLn] b]znfO Jofks, uDeL/ / bL3{sflng 

c;/ kg]{ s'g}klg ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] clgjfo{ ;+;bLo 

cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ s'/f cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . Pdfcf]jfbL 

phf{ ljefu k|d'v lnnfdl0f kf]v/]nåf/f hf/L lj1KtLdf 

elgPsf] 5– …slxaif{ otf b]z uDeL/ ;+qmd0fsflng 

ca:yfjf6 u'h|L/x]sf] df}sf 5f]Kb} ;+;bLo cg'df]bgsf] 

;Da}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO 5Ngsfnflu ablgot k"a{s 

k|rlnt sDklg P]gsf] b'?kof]u u/L ljleGg hnljB't 

cfof]hgfx? ljleGg ljb]zL ax'/fli6«o sDklg / ltgsf 

g]kfnl:yt Ph]06 sDklg;+u ;Demf}tf / s/f/ ug]{ sfo{ 

eO/x]sf] 5 . o;k|lt dfcf]jfbLsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f 

ePsf] 5 . /fi6«lxt ljkl/tsf o:tf sfo{ aGb gul/P 

o:tf /fi6«3flt gLlt of]hgf / sfo{x?sf lj?4 cfjZos 

sbd rfNg dfcf]jfbL afWo x'g]5 .Ú dfcf]jfbLsf] 

wlDso'Qm cf;osf] kqn] hn ljB't If]qdf 7'n} t/Ë 

k}bf u/]sf] 5 . 

at{dfg Pj+ eljiosf] cfGtl/s ljB't dfunfO{ 

Wofgdf /fVb} To; cg'?ksf] 7f]; sfo{of]hgf ;lxt 

hnljB't ljsf; ug]{ s'/f klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kfg'{kg]{ 

dfcf]jfbL ;]tLvf]nf ;]tLvf]nf ;]tLvf]nf egfO ;fgf ;fgf ;fgf 5 . pTkflbt hnljB't hnljB't ljB'tsf] s]Gb|, s]Gb|, s]Gb|, cfGtl/s :ofËhf 

:ofËhf ?kdf 

pRrtd pkof]u / vkt kZrft dfq /fli6«o lxtnfO{ 

;jf]{k/L /fvL plrt ahf/ d"No /fvL lgof{t ug'{kg]{ 

dfcf]jfbL lhls/ 5 . g]kfnsf hnljB't pTkfbs / 

dfcf]jfbLsf] k|wfg cGt/ la/f]w klg oxL xf] . dfcf]jfbL 

g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] bz aif{df !) xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't

pTkfbg ug]{ dxTjfsf+IfL of]hgf ;fj{hflgs ubf{sf] 

;do b]vL g} of] ljafb sfod 5 . dfcf]jfbL / sltko 

hn;|f]t ljbx? hnljB'tsf] ljsf; g]kfnsf] nf]8;]l88 

cGTosf nflu x'g'kg]{ atfp5g . t/ sltko cy{zf:qL 

/ gLlh If]qsf hnljB't pTkfbsx? eg] lgof{t ug]{ 

cfof]hgfdf klg nufgL ug{ ;lsg] atfp5g . vf;u/L 

ljB't lgof{t u/]/ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ;+ej 

ePsf] ljZjf; ug]]{x? ljb]zL nufgL stf{nfO{ cfsifL{t 

ug{ nufgL v'Nnf ug'{kg]{ atfp5g . 

dfcf]jfbLsf] lj/f]w 

d'VotM klZrd ;]tL, 

dflyNnf] s0ff{nL, c?0f 

t];|f] h:tf ef/tdf ljB't 

lgof{t ug]{ cfof]hgfdf 

nlIft b]lvPsf] 5 . 

o;sf/0f klg sltko ef/ 

tLo ;+rf/ dfWodn] 

dfcf]jfbL lj/f]wnfO 

/fhgLlt;+u t'ngf u/]/ 

x]/]sf 5g . kl5Nnf] 

k6ssf] lj/f]w g]kfndf 

;/sf/ u7gdf ef/tLo 

x:tIf]k ePsf] eGg] 

dfcf]jfbL egfO;+u} ePsf] 

5 . oBkL pko'Qm 

cfof]hgfx?df dfcf]jfbL 

lj/f]w PsfPs ePsf] eg] 

xf]Og . zflGt ;Demf}tf 

kZrft dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/df ;fd]n eP/ 

aflxl/Psf] ;dodf ljaflbt clwsfz+ k/Lof]hgfsf] 

;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . tTsflng dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/df 

k'g{cfudgsf] Pslbg cl3dfq ePsf] ;Demf}tfk|lt 

dfcf]jfbLn] Tolt v]/klg la/f]w hgfPsf] lyof] . 

dfcf]jfbL k|aQmf s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fn] @)^$ k'; $ df 

lj1KtL k|sflzt u/]/} ;Demf}tfk|lt la/f]w hgfPsf 

lyP . d'n's cGToGt hltn ;+qmd0fsfnLg ca:yfdf 

/x]sf] ca:yfdf ;ft bnsf] ;xdlt lagf cGtl/d 

s] xf] ;+;bLo cg'df]bg < 

PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL nufot sltko hn;|f]t ljbx? 

;+;bLo cg'df]bgsf] kIfdf 5g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f !@^ df ;GwL ;Demf}tfsf] ;+;bLo cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ 

Joa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6«nfO Jofks / uDeL/ jf 

bL3{sflng c;/ gkg]{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]u 

/ af8kmf8 ;DaGwL ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf ;GwL jf ;Demf}tf 

cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ;+;bsf] a}7sdf 

pkl:yt ;fwf/0f ax'dtjf6 cg'df]bg ug]{ k|fjwfg 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%^ df pNN]v 5 . @)$& 

;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf eg] wf/f !@^ df pQm k|fjwfg / 

x]sf] lyof] . PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL ;f]xL wf/f/nfO{ 

cfwf/ agfP/ ef/tdf ljh'nLlgof{t ug]{ cfof]hgfsf] 

;+;bLo cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ atfpb} cfPsf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntn] eg] ljB'tnfO a:t'sf] ?kdf kl/efifLt 

ub}{ ;+;bLo cg'df]bg ug'{ gkg]{ km};nf u/]sf] 5 . t/ 

;+ljwfg;efsf] /fli6«o lxt ;+/If0f ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] 

gofF ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdf clgjfo{ ;+;bLo 

cg'df]bgsf] Joa:yf ug'{kg]{ pNn]v 5 . 

Joa:yflksf ;+;bsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg ;ldltsf] 

lg0f{o ljkl/t pQm kl/of]hgf;+u ;DaGwLt sfd gug{ 

dx/fn] dfcf]jfbLsf tkm{jf6 cfu|x u/]sf lyP . 

Joa:yflksf ;+;bsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg ;ldltsf] 

@)^$ ;fpg ! df a;]sf] a}7sn] klZrd;]tL 

cfof]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf :d]s;+u ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ 

g]kfnn] pQm cfof]hgfjf6 kfpg] !) k|lt;t ljh'nL 

afktsf] /fhZj lng] egPsf]df !) k|lt;t ljh'nL g} 

lng]u/L ;Demf}tf ;+zf]wgug{ ;/sf/nfO lgb]{zg lbPsf] 

lyof] . ;f]lx lgof{0f dfkm{t ;ldltn] dflyNnf] s0ff{nL 

c?0f t];|f] / a'l9u08sL 

nufot cfof]hgf 

/fhgLlts ;xdlt 

u/L ;Demf}tfug{ lgb]{zg 

lbPsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLn] 

vf;u/L ef/tdf ljh'nL 

lgof{tfsfnflu k|:tfljt 

cfof]hgfx? tTsfn 

:ylutug{ cfu|x u/]sf] 

5 . lgof{t of]Uo 

cfof]hgfjf6 tNnf] tl6o 

nfe / l;+rfOsf] 

s'/f p7fPsf] 5 . 

dfcf]jfbLn] dxfsfnL 

;GwL tyf kZr]Zj/ 

cfof]hgf cGt/ut 

dxfsfnL gbL PsLs[t 

ljsf; ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf 

/fli6o lxt ljkl/t ePsf] 

bfjL ;lxt oyfl:ytLdf ;+rfng ug{ ;xdt gePsf] 

;d]t hgfPsf] 5 . oBkL @)^% df ePsf] ef/t 

e|d0fsf qmddf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn 

k|r08n] dxfsfnL ljsf; ;xdlt hgfPsf lyP . 

dfcf]jfbL phf{ ljefu k|d'v kf]v/]nn] eg] d'n'ssf] 

tTsfnLg cfa:ostf / k|fyldstfdf g/x]sf] g]kfnsf] 

/fli6«o lxt / ;'/Iff ljkl/t x'g]u/L k|:tfljt ;Ktsf]zL 

pRr jfw / dxfsfnL PsLs[t ljsf; kl/of]hgf :ylut 

ug'{kg]{ atfp5g . 

ljB"t va/÷9

dfcf]jfbL sbdk|lt ;/sf/, u}/ dfcf]jfbL bn / 

lghL If]q ;+zsLt ag]sf 5g . ;/sf/n] hnljB't 

cfof]hgfx? / nufgLsf] ;'/Iffaf/] uDeL/ /x]sf]n] s'g}klg 

k|s[ltsf cleJolQm / lqmofsnfkaf6 ljrlnt gx'g 

k|j4{sx? ;dIf cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . gLlh If]qn] dfcf]jfbL 

lj/f]wn] b]zdf aGb} u/]sf] 

nuflgsf] jftfa/0f 

layf]lng] k|ltlqmof lbPsf] 

5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ pmhf{ 

dGqfnon] eg] dflyNnf] 

s0ff{nL, c?0f t]>f], 

d:of{ª\bL, a'9L u08sL, 

tfdfsf]zL– # P, lnv', 

s0ff{nL km"nsf]6 

nufotfsf !$ j6f ljB't cfof]hgfx? aGg glbg] eGg] 

dfcf]jfbL egfOk|lt uDeL/ r;f] hgfPsf] 5 . dGqfnosf 

k|jQmf cg'k pkfWofon] c;f]h * df Ps lj1KtL 

k|sflzt u/]/ klZrd ;]tL hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfsf] 

…cfof]hgf ;Demf}tfÚ sf] Dofb 

yk x'g] ;dodf Joj:yflksf 

;+;bsf] k|fs[lts >f]t tyf 

;fwg ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg 

cg'?k Dofb yk ePsf] 

atfPsf 5g . dflyNnf] s0ff{nL 

tyf c?0f t]>f] hnljB't 

cfof]hgfx? /fHonfO{ clws 

k|ltkmn lbg] sDkgL v'Nnf 

k|lt:kwf{ dfkm{t\ rog ul/Psf] 

10 10÷ljB"t 10 va/ 

hgcfGbf]ng–@ kZrft hnljB't If]qdf lghL If]qsf] 

knfpFbf] rf;f]nfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg g]kfn ;/sf/k|of;/t 

/x]sf] / xfnsf lbgdf s]xL ;kmntf k|fKt x'Fb} uPsf] 5, 

phf{ dGqfnon] dfcf]jfbLsf] lj/f]w unt} lj1KtL 

k|sfl;t u/]/ eg]sf] 5–…/fi6«sf] clwstd lxt cg'?k 

nf]8;]l8Ë nf]8;]l8Ë nf]8;]l8Ë nf]8;]l8Ë nf]8;]l8Ë cGTosfnflu cGTosfnflu cGTosfnflu cGTosfnflu cGTosfnflu ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't pTkfbg pTkfbg pTkfbg pTkfbg pTkfbg ug'{kg]{ ug'{kg]{ ug'{kg]{ ug'{kg]{ ug'{kg]{ eGg] eGg] eGg] eGg] eGg] / plrt nfe k|fKt ug]{ 

dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL egfO egfO egfO egfO egfO ;xL ;xL ;xL ;xL ;xL ePklg ePklg ePklg ePklg ePklg ;a} ;a} ;a} ;a} ;a} cfof]hgfsf] cfof]hgfsf] cfof]hgfsf] cfof]hgfsf] cfof]hgfsf] u/L k|a4{g ul/Psf 

lj/f]w lj/f]w lj/f]w lj/f]w lj/f]w ug]{ ug]{ ug]{ ug]{ ug]{ dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL lg0f{onfO lg0f{onfO lg0f{onfO lg0f{onfO lg0f{onfO ;xL ;xL ;xL ;xL ;xL eGg eGg eGg eGg eGg sbfkL sbfkL sbfkL sbfkL sbfkL cfof]hgfx?sf] ;Gbe{df 

;lsb}g ;lsb}g ;lsb}g ;lsb}g ;lsb}g . . . . . ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;nfO{ /fhgLlts /fhgLlts /fhgLlts /fhgLlts /fhgLlts bfpk]rsf] bfpk]rsf] bfpk]rsf] bfpk]rsf] bfpk]rsf] laifo laifo laifo laifo laifo /fhg}lts p2]Zoaf6 k|]l/ 

agfOPdf agfOPdf agfOPdf agfOPdf agfOPdf d'n'ssf] d'n'ssf] d'n'ssf] d'n'ssf] d'n'ssf] cfyL{s cfyL{s cfyL{s cfyL{s cfyL{s ;fdflhs ;fdflhs ;fdflhs ;fdflhs ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] t jfwf–cj/f]w, 8/–qfz 

laifo laifo laifo laifo laifo cf]em]ndf cf]em]ndf cf]em]ndf cf]em]ndf cf]em]ndf kg{ kg{ kg{ kg{ kg{ ;S5 ;S5 ;S5 ;S5 ;S5 . . . . . dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL dfcf]jfbL :jodn] :jodn] :jodn] :jodn] :jodn] bz bz bz bz bz km}nfpg] k|sf/sf 36gf 

aif{df aif{df aif{df aif{df aif{df !) !) !) !) !) xhf/ xhf/ xhf/ xhf/ xhf/ d]ufjf6 d]ufjf6 d]ufjf6 d]ufjf6 d]ufjf6 ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't pTkfbgsf] pTkfbgsf] pTkfbgsf] pTkfbgsf] pTkfbgsf] gf/f gf/f gf/f gf/f gf/f lbg] lbg] lbg] lbg] lbg] / / / / / qmdn] hnljB't 

cfsf]{tkm{ cfsf]{tkm{ cfsf]{tkm{ cfsf]{tkm{ cfsf]{tkm{ ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't ljB't cfof]hgf cfof]hgf cfof]hgf cfof]hgf cfof]hgf lgdf{0fdf lgdf{0fdf lgdf{0fdf lgdf{0fdf lgdf{0fdf ca/f]w ca/f]w ca/f]w ca/f]w ca/f]w ;[hgf ;[hgf ;[hgf ;[hgf ;[hgf cfof]hgfx?sf] ljsf;df 

ug'{n] ug'{n] ug'{n] ug'{n] ug'{n] p;nfO p;nfO p;nfO p;nfO p;nfO ljsf; ljsf; ljsf; ljsf; ljsf; lj/f]wLsf] lj/f]wLsf] lj/f]wLsf] lj/f]wLsf] lj/f]wLsf] ljNnf ljNnf ljNnf ljNnf ljNnf nfUg nfUg nfUg nfUg nfUg ;S5 ;S5 ;S5 ;S5 ;S5 . . . . . k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ / / 

bfjL ;lxt lj/f]w gug{ pgn] cfu|x u/]sf 5g . 

dGqfnon] k|rlnt P]g lgod cg';f/ k|lqmof k'/f 

u/L hnljB't ljsf; gLltn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] gLlt cg';f/ 

hnljB't If]qdf cfGtl/s tyf afXo lghL If]qsf] 

nufgL k|f]T;fxg u/L b]zdf ljB't ;:tf] / ;'ne 

tl/sfn] cfk"lt{ u/L art x'g] ljB't lgof{t u/L cfly{s 

pGglt ug]{ p2]Zon] klxnf b/vf:t k]z ug]{n] 

sf/afxLdf klxnf] k|fyldstf kfpg] u/L ljgf e]befj 

cg'dlt kqx? k|bfg ul/Psf] :ki6ub}{ dfcf]jfbL 

lj/f]wnfO cf}lrToxLg eg]sf] 5 . …b]zdf ePsf] 

vf]kf;L vf]kf;L hnljB't hnljB't s]Gb|, s]Gb|, kgf}tL kgf}tL sfe|] 

sfe|] 

fHon] cjnDag u/]sf] gLltdf o:tf lqmofsnfkn] uDeL/ 

gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ ePsf]n] o:tf sfo{ tTsfn} aGb 

ug{;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts bn, ;+:yf tyf cfof]hgf If]qsf 

gful/s ;a}df cg'/f]w ub{5 .Ú 

b]zsf] k|d'v /fhgLlts 

bn dfcf]jfbLsf] kl5Nnf] 

lg0f{on] hnljB't If]qdf km]/L 

Pp6f cGof}ntf ;[hgf 

u/]sf] 5 . :jb]zL nf]8;]l8Ë 

cGTosfnflu ljB't pTkfbg 

ug'{kg]{ eGg] dfcf]jfbL egfO 

;xL ePklg ;a} cfof]hgfsf] 

lj/f]w ug]{ dfcf]jfbL lg0f{onfO 

;xL eGg sbfkL ;lsb}g . 

ljB't ljsf;nfO{ /fhgLlts bfpk]rsf] laifo 

agfOPdf d'n'ssf] cfyL{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] laifo 

cf]em]ndf kg{ ;S5 . dfcf]jfbL :jodn] bz aif{df 

!) xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf] gf/f lbg] / 

cfsf]{tkm{ ljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0fdf ca/f]w ;[hgf 

ug'{n] p;nfO ljsf; lj/f]wLsf] ljNnf nfUg ;S5 . 

dfcf]jfbLn] pko'Qm lg0f{o ;dod} k'g{ljrf/ ug'{ 

h?/L 5 . sltko ljafbf:kb ;Demf}tfnfO cfk;L 

;dembf/Ldf ;Rrfpg ;lsg] cGo lasNkdf hfg' 

dfcf]jfbLsf nflu ;d]t >]ois/ x'g]5 .

;|f]tdfly ;d'bfosf] clwsf/M nf]stGqsf] cfwf/ 

!= d'n's olta]nf /fHok'g;{+/rgfsf] u+eL/ ax;df 5 . 

dlxnfsf] b[li6n] lkt[;QfTds, blntsf] lx;fan] …j|fXd0fjfbLÚ, 

s0ff{nLsf] cfFvfsf sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t, cflbjf;L–hghfltsf] 

a'emfOdf …v;–cfo{ jr{:jsf]Ú, cGo wdf{jnDjLsf gh/df 

lxGb'jfbL / dw];L hgtfn] …kxf8kIfLoÚ 7fGg] u/]sf] 

/fHo;+/rgfsf sf/0f cem} klg hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fsf] 

dgdf …b]z xfd|f] xf] t/ /fHo xfd|f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}gÚ eGg] 

u'gf;f] ljBdfg 5 . o:tf u'gf;fdf sltko clt/~hgf eP 

klg xfd|f] /fHosf] jt{dfg ;+/rgf lje]bsf/L, cGofok"0f{ / 

ljifd /x]sf] tYo eg] ljjfb/lxt 5 . o;nfO{ nf]stflGqs 

9Ën] k'glgdf{0f gu/Lsg gofF g]kfnsf] ;kgf ;fy{s x'g 

;Sb}g . /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgflagf kl/jt{gsf] nfe 

hgtf;dIf k'Ug klg ;Sb}g / pgLx¿sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf 

Jojxfl/s¿kdf :yflkt klg x'g ;Sb}g . oxL ;RrfOnfO{ 

jf]w u/]/ g} /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfsf] laifonfO{ gofF ;+ljwfg 

lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v sfo{;"rL agfpg] ;xdlt ePsf] xf] . 

@= /fHok'g;{+/rgfnfO{ gofF ;+ljwfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ cGt/j:t' 

agfpg' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf cfd ;xdlt eP klg o;nfO{ a'‰g] 

laifodf eg] /fhgLlts bn, gLltlgdf{tf, clwsf/sdL{ / 

;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf cu'jfsfaLrdf Jofks leGgtf 5 . 

a'emfOsf] oxL leGgtf / sltko cfu|x, c:ki6tf / ;ª\sL0f{ 

;f]rsf sf/0f /fHok'g;{+/rgfsf] ax;df ljrng / e|flGt 

klg b]lvPsf] 5 . …/fHoÚ s] xf] < o;sf cjoj, ;ª\36s 

cª\u / ;+/rgfx¿ s] s] x'g\ < o;sf] …k'g;+{/rgfÚ eGgfn] s] 

a'lemG5– o;nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] Wj:t u/]/ z"Goaf6 lgdf{0f ug]{ < 

cyjf o;sf s]xL cfj/0fx¿sf] km]/abn ug]{ < ls o;sf] 

¿kfGt/0f ug]{ < /fHok'g;+{/rgfsf cfwf/ / k|s[of s] x'g\ < 

oL laifodf u+eL/ / ;fy{s 5nkmn gu/L / :ki6 

;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; gu/L ul/g] /fHok'g;{+/rgfsf] jx; 

cw'/f] / cwsNrf] x'g hfG5 . 

#= cr]n rln/x]sf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL jx; d"ntM 

/fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds ;+/rgfnfO{ abn]/ ;ª\3Lo 

9fFrfdf o;nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ s'/fdf s]lGb|t 5 . sltj6f 

;ª\3Lo OsfO -k|b]z cyjf k|fGt_ agfpg], ltgLx¿sf] 

gfdfª\sg / ;Ldfª\sg s;/L ug]{ Pj+ To:tf OsfOx¿df 

s'g} hflt ljz]ifnfO{ /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/ lbg] ls glbg] 

h:tf k|Zgdf tftf] 5nkmn rln/x]sf] 5 . cjZo klg 

ef}uf]lns k'g;+{/rgf dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf], t/ of] dfq} 

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;du|tf xf]Og . /fHo eg]sf] cfly{s 

cfwf/dfly v8f ePsf] To:tf] 

clw;+/rgf xf], h;leq /fHo 

;~rfngsf] d'Vo sfg'gL cfwf/ 

;+ljwfg, To;n] lglb{i6 u/]]sf] 

/fHosf] 9fFrf, zf;g k|0ffnL, 

lgjf{rg k4lt, /fHosf ljleGg 

k|bLk 1jfnL 

cËx¿aLrsf] cGt;{DaGw, zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ;'/Iff cËx¿ 

tyf /fHosf cfly{s–;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts gLltx¿ k5{g\ . 

/fHo PsfTds x'g] ls ;ª\3Lo x'g] eGg] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ xf], 

t/ To;leq dflysf ;a} ljifox¿ ;d]l6Pgg\ eg] hgtfsf 

cfsfª\Iffsf] ;+jf]wg x'g ;Sb}g . t/ of] ;du| jx;df g t 

/fHosf ;fdflhs–cfly{s–;f+:s[lts gLltx¿ jx;sf] s]Gb|df 

5g\, g :yfgLo txdf cyf{t\ ;d'bfosf] txdf hgtfnfO{ 

clwsf/;DkGg agfpg] s'/fd} ;d'lrt Wofg k'u]sf] 5 . 

$= xfd|f] h:tf] jx'hftLo, jx'eflifs, jx';f+:s[lts, jx'wfld{s 

/ ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhdf ;ª\3fTds 9fFrf a9L pko'Qm x'g] 

s'/fdf zª\sf 5}g . ;dfhsf] ljljwtfnfO{ /fHosf] 

clw;+/rgfdf ;Gt'lnt 9Ën] k|ltljlDjt ug{sf nflu of] g} 

;a}eGbf pko'Qm ljlw xf] . vf; u/L hftLo, eflifs / 

;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] k|ZgnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ / /fHonfO{ 

hgtfsf] cfFug;Dd} k'¥ofpg ;ª\3Lotf k|efjsf/L dfWod 

x'g ;S5 . t/ ;ª\3Lotf ;a} /f]usf] /fdjf0f cf}iflw xf] eGg] 

a'‰g' / ;ª\3LotfnfO{ Pp6f s]Gb|df s]xL clehftx¿sf] 

xftdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts ljz]ifflwsf/nfO{ !@÷!$ j6f k|b]zsf 

hftLo÷If]qLo clehftx¿sf] xftdf k'glj{t/0f ug]{ cy{df 

u|x0f ug'{ e|fGt b[li6sf]0f xf] . /fHosf cGo k|Zgdf df}gtf 

;fw]/ d'n'ssf] gS;fnfO{ ;ª\3Lo /]vfn] sf]g]{ s'/fn] dfq} 

nf]stGqsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sb}g . ;ª\3Lotfn] tNnf] txdf 

/x]sf hgtfnfO{ ;fFrf] cy{df clwsf/;DkGg / ;fj{ef}d 

agfpg ;Sof] eg] dfq}, gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|s[ofdf 

pgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf :yflkt ug{ ;Sof] eg] dfq} / 

o;n] ;a} vfnsf ljz]ifflwsf/x¿sf] cGTo ub}{ hgtfnfO{ 

;fFrf] cy{df ;dGofo lbg ;Sof] eg] dfq} ;ª\3Lotfsf] cy{ 

x'G5 . ;}lgs tfgfzfxLd'lg lklN;g jfWo kfls:tfgL hgtfsf] 

lglDt ToxfFsf] ;ª\3Lotfsf] s] cy{ 5 / < 

%= g]kfnL ;dfhdf vfln ;+/rgfut of 7f8f] -Vertical_ 

lje]bdfq 5}g, oxfF juL{o of txut -Horizental_ lje]b 

klg u+eL/ ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . cyf{t\ juL{o zf]if0f dfq 5}g, 

oxfF hftLo, If]qLo of ;f+:s[lts zf]if0f klg plQs} ulx/f] 

ljB"t va/÷11 11

5 . o'/f]k]nL ;dfhsf] ;fk]Iftfdf g]kfnL ;dfh c;fWo} 

c;dfg, ljljwtfk"0f{ / hl6n 5, h;sf] ;dfwfg dfS;{jfbL 

k':tssf p4/0fsf cfwf/df xf]Og, …7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; 

ljZn]if0fÚ sf cfwf/df dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;dfhsf] 

juL{o ljZn]if0f ub}{ >dhLjL ju{sf] kIfdf nuftf/ ;ª\3if{ 

ub}{ cfPsf g]kfnL sDo'lgi6x¿n] ;dfhsf] hftLo, If]qLo / 

;f+:s[lts lje]bsf] af/]df eg] kof{Kt cWoog, ljZn]if0f ug]{ 

/ o;sf] cu'jfO ug{ ;s]gg\ . juL{o lje]bdfq} b]Vg] t/ 

hftLo÷eflifs÷;f+:s[lts lje]bnfO{ gb]Vg] of juL{o ;d:ofsf] 

;dfwfgn] ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ :jtM ;dfKt kf5{ eGg] 

pgLx¿sf] ljZn]if0f q'l6k"0f{ 7xl/of] . cfh hftLo÷If]qLo 

cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ;ª\sL0f{ hfltjfbLx¿sf] xftdf k'Ug] / 

To;n] unt lbzf lng] vt/f klg pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ;du| 

/fli6«o lxtnfO{ j]jf:tf ub}{ / juL{o b[li6sf]0fnfO{ pk]Iff 

ub}{ p7fOPsf] hftLo d'2fn] cfh ;dfhsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ 

g/fd|f] u/L xNnfOlbPsf] 5 . 

^= t/ cfh Oltxf;sf] ckJofVof, ;RrfOsf] e|i6Ls/0f / 

sltko unt lgisif{sf cfwf/df ;dfhnfO{ unt lbzflt/ 

8f]¥ofpg] k|oTg klg b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf lglDt 

sltko JolQmx¿ …g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljut @$) aif{b]lv 

rln/x]sf] zf]if0f / lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{Ú ts{ u5{g\ . dfgf}+ 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0feGbf cufl8 g]kfn …/fd/fHoÚ lyof], ToxfF 

juL{o of ;fdflhs pTkL8g s]xL klg lyPg . To;} u/L 

sltko hftLo cfGbf]ngsf cu'jfx¿ g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fnfO{ 

tTsfnLg P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf 7fGb}gg\, o;nfO{ 

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] …;fdGtL /fHo lj:tf/Ú sf] ¿kdf cfnf]rgf 

u5{g\ / To; k|s[ofdf s'g} hflt ljz]ifn] csf]{ hflt ljz]ifnfO{ 

g/;+xf/ u/]sf] ¿kdf clt/l~ht l6Kk0fL u5{g\ . lgZro g}, 

/fHo lj:tf/df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] /fHo lj:tf/sf] cfsfª\Iff 

lyof] g} . o;sf ;fy} To; bf}/fgdf sltko 7fpFdf Hofblt 

ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg OGsf/ ug{ ldNb}g . t/ olQs} cfwf/df 

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fnfO{ unt 7x¥ofpg', To;eGbf cufl8 

;a} hfltn] k"/f clwsf/ kfPsf lyP / To;kl5 dfq} 

pgLx¿dfly Hofblt ;'? eof] eGg] cy{ nufpg' / k'/fg} 

afO;] rf}la;] /fHolt/ kms{g] vfnsf] ts{ ug'{ Oltxf;dflysf] 

Joª\Uo dfq} xf] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 

cfjZostf lyof] / To; sfnv08df g]kfn Ps ;an 

/fi6« aGg g;s]sf] eP xfdL plxNo} O:6 Ol08of sDkgL 

dftxtsf] s'g} …l/of;tÚ sf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] :jtGq x}l;ot 

u'dfP/ gfd]6 eO;s]sf x'GYof}+ . lgZro g}, Tolta]nf g]kfnL 

df6f]sf] PsLs/0f eof], dgsf] PsLs/0f x'g afFsL g} 

lyof] . k5fl8sf zf;sx¿n], ljz]if u/L /f0ffx¿ / /fhf 

12 12÷ljB"t 12 va/ 

dx]Gb|n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtfnfO{ gfd]6 ub}{ …Ps efiff, 

Ps e]ifÚ sf] gfddf, /fHosf] lxGb's/0fsf] gfddf, /fhtGq, 

PsfTds zf;g k4lt / lglZrt ju{sf] ;f+:s[lts jr{:jsf] 

cfwf/df g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ …Ps¿kLs/0fÚ ug]{ w[i6tf u/] . 

o;sf] lj/f]w ul/g} k5{ / ;dfhsf] ljljwnfO{ /fHodf 

k|ltljlDjt u/fpg} k5{ . t/ olQs} cfwf/df g]kfnL 

Oltxf;nfO{ g} unt 7x¥ofpg] s'/f :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g . 

&= To;/L g}, afx'g– If]qL– 7s'/L of kxf8df a:g]x¿ ;a} 

pTkL8s / pgLx¿ g} g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;d:ofsf d'Vo 

sf/s eGg] h:tf] u/L x'g] u/]sf ljZn]if0f / k|rf/ klg ;xL 

xf]Ogg\ . lgZro g}, PsLs/0fkl5sf] nfdf] ;do ltg} hfltsf 

JolQmx¿ zf;g ;~rfngsf d'Vo 7fpFdf k'u] . pgLx¿n] 

cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ g} …/fli6«o ;+:s[ltÚ sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ 

k|oTg klg u/] . o; bf}/fgdf sltko hftLo of eflifs 

;d'bfosf klxrfg gfd]6 eP, cf]em]ndf k/] . of] ;RrfOnfO{ 

cfTd;ft ug}{k5{ . t/ cfh;Ddsf] g]kfnL /fHo …hftLo 

/fHoÚ rflxF lyPg eGg] oyfy{nfO{ klg xfdLn] b]Vg}k5{ . To;f] 

x'Fbf] xf] t, …ds}sf] v]tLÚ sf n]vs ;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/L 

dfl/g] lyPgg\ . 7s'/L bz/y rGb ;lxb aGg' kg]{ lyPg, 

6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{ of /fdxl/ zdf{n] ;j{:jx/0f;lxtsf] h]n 

;hfo ef]Ug' kg]{ lyPg . ;ft;fnsf] qmflGtdf /f0ffx¿af6 

yL/ad dNn dfl/g' kg]{ lyPg, ;q ;fnkl5 /fdgfy bxfn, 

s[i0f s'OFs]n, SofK6]g o1axfb'/ yfkf of Clif b]jsf]6f 

…cfhfbÚ sf] xTof x'g] lyPg . To;}n] clxn];Ddsf] /fHonfO{ 

s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf] /fHosf]¿kdf ljZn]if0f ub}{ To;sf] 

ljsNkdf csf]{ …hftLo /fHoÚ sf] k}/jL ug'{ Oltxf;nfO{ 

ckJofVof ug'{ xf], jt{dfgnfO{ ;ª\s6u|:t / eljionfO{ 

cGwsf/df ws]Ng' xf] . 

*= o'=Pg=l8=kL=åf/f k|sflzt g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; 

k|ltj]bg–@))( n] s]xL gofF / dxTjk"0f{ tYox¿ ;fj{hlgs 

u/]sf] 5 . o;n] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5– g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fnfO{ 

unt 7x¥ofpg], dw];df …cfGtl/s cf}klgj]zLs/0fÚ 

ul/Psf] 7fGg] / dw]; / dw];LnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;jf{lws pTkLl8t 

If]q dfGg] dw];L g]tfx¿sf] bfaL ;xL xf]Og . a? o;sf 

ljkl/t dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf dw];s} j|fXd0f, If]qL / 

sfo:yx¿ ;aeGbf dfly /x]sf 5g\ eg] dw];sf blnt tyf 

d'l:ndx¿ ;a}eGbf k'R5f/df /x]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L …zf;s 

/ pTkL8sÚ sf ¿kdf cf/f]lkt a|fXd0f / If]qL÷7s'/Lsf] 

jr{:j /x]sf] s0ff{nL / ;'b"/ klZrd kxf8 dfgjLo / ef}lts 

b[li6n] ;jf{lws 7luPsf] 5 . cflbjf;L–hghfltx¿sf] cj:yf 

klg Psgf;sf] 5}g . tL dWo] sltko t'ngfTds ¿kdf 

dfly 5g\ eg] sltkosf] cj:yf bogLo 5 . To;}n] clxn]

ax;df rn]sf] h:tf] …dw];Ú, …cflbjf;L–hghfltÚ of …j|fXd0f– 

If]qLÚ eGg] ;Unf] kbfjlnn] ;d:ofsf] ;xL lrq0f / ;dfwfg 

ug{ ;Sb}g . juL{o b[li6n] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]lhPg eg] 

dw];sf] gfddf pg} clehftjuL{o, ;De|fGt / 

hldGbf/x¿n] To;} u/L nfe p7fpg] 5g\, h;/L lxhf] 

k~rfot of k|hftflGqs sfndf pgLx¿n] ;Qfsf] nfe 

p7fpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . lagf juL{o ljZn]if0f …j|fXd0f– 

If]qL–7s'/LÚ sf] cGw lj/f]w ug]{ xf] eg] tL afx'g, If]qL of 

7s'/L klg cfqmd0fsf] lzsf/ x'g]5g\, hf] lxhf]sf lbgdf 

klg ef/tsf uNnL–uNnLdf efF8f dfem\g ljjz lyP of 

b]z}leq sxfnLnfUbf] lhGbuL lhpg jfWo lyP . To;}n] 

ljz'4 hftLo of If]qLo b[li6sf]0fn] s'g} hflt of ;d'bfo 

ljz]ifsf] lj/f]w ug'{ xfgLsf/s x'g]5 . 

(= hftLo, eflifs of ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] k|Zg cjZo klg 

dxTjk"0f{ 5, t/ of] kof{Kt 5}g / o;n] ;a} ;d:ofsf] 

;dfwfg lbFb}g . lxGb' / d'l:nd klxrfgsf] ;ª\3if{df ef/t 

/ kfls:tfgsf] ljefhg eof], t/ b'a}}sf ;d:of cfh klg 

p:t} 5g\ . Tolt dfq geP/ klxn] d'l:nd klxrfgsf ;fy 

ljefhg ePsf] kfls:tfg kl5 eflifs d'2fdf cfP/ ljefhg 

eof] / aª\unfb]zsf] lgdf{0f eof] . t/ v'b aª\unfb]zdf 

hftLo, eflifs / wfld{s klxrfgsf d'2f cem} 6'lª\uPsf 

5}gg\ . gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cdTo{ ;]gn] eg] em}+ dflg;sf 

ax'klxrfg -Multiple Identity_ x'G5g\ . To;}n] Pp6f 

klxrfgsf] nflu n8\bf csf{sf] klxrfgnfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{ of 

;du| /fli6«o klxrfgnfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{ s'/f q'l6k"0f{ x'G5 . 

clxn] p7]sf hftLo÷If]qLo d'2fn] klxrfgsf] k|ZgnfO{ t 

Psxb;Dd ;+jf]wg unf{, t/ o;n] Psflt/ /fli6«o klxrfgnfO{ 

vl08t ug]{ vt/f 5 eg] csf]{lt/ o;n] tTtt\ hflt of 

;d'bfosf s]xL 6f7faf7fnfO{ nfeflGjt ub}{ ax';ª\VosnfO{ 

pk]Iff ug]{ vt/f klg ljBdfg 5 . ;du| ;fdflhs–cfly{s 

ljsf; x'g ;s]g eg] klxrfgsf] k|Zgn] dfq} hgtfnfO{ 

;Gt'i6 ug{ ;Sg] 5}g . 

!)= hftLo klxrfg / hftLo /fHosf k|ZgnfO{ 5\of;ld; 

kf/]/ x]g]{ klg k|j[lQ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . cem sltko JolQmdf 

t lglZrt ;ª\3Lo OsfO vf; hftLo of eflifs ;d'bfosf] 

nflu dfq} xf] / ToxfF a:g] cGo ;d'bfon] ToxfF jr{:jdf / 

x]sf] ;d'bfosf] k|e'Tj / ljz]ifflwsf/ :jLsf/]/ a:g'k5{ 

cGoyf Tof] 7fpF 5f8]/ k'Vof}{nL ynf]df kmls{g' k5{ eGg] 

cfu|x b]vf k/]sf] 5, h'g unt / xfgLsf/s cfu|x xf] . 

xfdLn] hftLo, eflifs / ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] dfunfO{ 

;+jf]wg ug}{+k5{, t/ To:tf] klxrfg ;lxtsf OsfOx¿ klg 

jx'hftLo / jx'eflifs g} x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fdf :ki6 x'g'k5{ . 

csf]{ zJbdf eGbf tL OsfOx¿ …ldgL g]kfnÚsf] ¿kdf / 

xg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] ljlzi6tfdf lglZrt ;d'bfosf] jx'dt 

;lxtsf /fhgLlts OsfO :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgf 

w]/} sd 5 . s'g} hflt ljz]ifnfO{ …/fhgLlts cu|flwsf/Ú sf] 

gfddf ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg] s'/fn] ;dfhdf km]l/ c;xhtf / 

tgfj l;h{g fug{ ;S5 . To:tf] l:yltn] jx'dtdf /x]sf] cGo 

kIfnfO{ lgoGq0f of lje]b ug]{ cj:yf k}bf ug{ ;S5 / 

o;n] ;fdflhs åGå / tgfj ;[hgf ug]{ cj:yf pTkGg ug{ 

;S5 . o; laifodf xf]l;of/L cfjZos 5 . 

!!= g]kfn cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf] /fHo xf] . oxfF !) nfv eGbf 

a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf ;d"x ^ j6f, % nfv b]lv !) nfv 

;Ddsf ;d"x % j6f, Ps nfv b]lv % nfv ;Ddsf ;d"x 

@) j6f 5g\ . ! nfv eGbf sd / %) xhf/ eGbf a9L 

hg;ª\Vof ePsf] ;d"x !^ j6f / krf; xhf/ eGbf sd x'g] 

%# j6f ;d"x 5g\ . csf]{ 9Ën] x]bf{ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] ! 

k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g] ;d"xx¿ !* 5g\, h;dWo] cflbjf;L– 

hghflt & j6f 5g\ . hftLo of cflbjf;L klxrfg gePsf 

;d'bfosf] lglDt cnu OsfO v8f ug]{ k|Zg Psflt/ hl6n 

/ ljjfbf:kb 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ! k|ltzteGbf sd hg;ª\Vofsf 

*) eGbf a9L ;d"xsf] klxrfg / k|ltlglwTj s;/L u/fpg] 

eGg] k|Zg klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . hftLo klxrfg ;lxtsf /fHo 

lgdf{0f ;'? ug]{ xf] eg] sltj6f OsfO agfpg] / cToGt 

cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfon] bfjf ug]{ cnu OsfOsf] k|ZgnfO{ 

s;/L ;+jf]wg ug]{ < Psflt/ ;a} hfltn] cfkm\gf] klxrfgsf] 

vf]hL ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / csf{lt/ Joj:yfkg g} 

ug{ g;lsg] u/L x'g ;Sg] OsfO lj:tf/sf] cGToxLg 

z[ª\vnfnfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg] k|Zg dfly u+eL/ 

5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg' h?/L 5 . 

!@= /fHosf cËdf Gofof]lrt ;xeflutfn] gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ 

:yfgdf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt u/fpF5 / pgLx¿ / 

fhgLlts¿kn] ;an aG5g\ . /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt 

lagf nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ;+ej 5}g . t/ olQ 

dfq} kof{Kt 5}g . ha;Dd hgtfsf] cfly{s clwsf/ ;'lglZrt 

x'Fb}g / pgLx¿ cfly{s ¿kn] ;DkGg x'Fb}gg\, ta;Dd pgLx¿ 

;an aGg ;Sb}gg\ / pgLx¿n] ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf /fhgLlts 

clwsf/ klg pkof]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] ;fdflhs–cfly{s– 

;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . o;sf nflu ;fdGtL 

e":jfldTjsf] cGTo / j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/sf] k|efjsf/L 

sfof{Gjog ub}{ e"ldxLgx¿nfO{ hldgsf] dflns agfpg' 

k5{ . /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / cf}Bf]uLs/0fnfO{ tLj|tf 

lbb} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ / k|ultzLn s/ 

k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog ub}{ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] 

ljB"t va/÷13 13

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . o;} ;Gbe{df ;|f]tdfly 

;d'bfosf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ hgtfnfO{ cfly{s¿kn] 

;an agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . 

!%= cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k/Dk/f /xFb} cfPsf] / To;af6 

lglZrt ju{n] ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly jr{:j sfod ub}{ cfPsf] 

x'gfn] g]kfndf cem} klg :yfgLo tx;Dd clwsf/ ljs]lGb|t 

ug]{, ;d'bfonfO{ alnof] agfpg] Pj+ ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly 

pgLx¿sf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/fdf g]kfnsf] zf;s 

ju{ ;ª\sL0f{ b]lvFb} cfPsf] 5 . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] of] gofF 

jx;df klg ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/f Psbd} 

cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . cflv/ lsg rfxFb}gg\ zf;sx¿ 

;d'bfonfO{ clwsf/;DkGg agfpg < lsgeg] clwsf/ hlt 

s]lGb|t u¥of], Tolt g} cfˆgf] jr{:j, x}sd / To;afkt k|fKt 

x'g] cg'lrt nfenfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ ;lsG5 . clwsf/ hlt 

s]lGb|t u¥of], hgtfnfO{ TolQ g} cfkm"k|lt cfl>t, d'vfk]IfL 

/ lgl/x agfpg ;lsG5 . lgl/x hgtfdfly cfˆg} k|e'Tj 

:yflkt ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly kx'Fr / :jfldTj 

;'lglZrt ePsf ;d'bfo ;r]t, hfu?s / s[ofzLn x'G5g\ 

/ pgLx¿ u'0f bf]ifsf] cfwf/df zf;g Joj:yfsf] d"Nofª\sg 

ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . cnf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ 

kl/jt{g ug{ pgLx¿ ;S5g\ . To;}n] zf;sx¿ hgtfnfO{ 

/fhgLlts clwsf/ lbg hlQ clgR5's x'G5g\, Tolt g} / 

cem To;eGbf a9L pgLx¿ hgtfnfO{ ;fwg / ;|f]tdfly 

clwsf/ / kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cg'bf/ x'G5g\ . 

;dfhsf] of] ;fdGtL lrGtg / ;+:sf/sf] k|efj, b'ef{Uoj;, 

xfd|f /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿df klg k/]sf] 5 . cf}krfl/s¿kdf 

nf]stGqsf] ehg ufP/ slxNo} gyfSg] / …hgtfÚ zJbsf] 

pRrf/0f lbgdf ;of}+ k6s ug]{ sltko /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ 

klg ha hgtfnfO{ ;fFRr} clwsf/ lbg] If0f cfpF5, cg]sf}+ 

axfgfafhL ub}{ clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] kIfdf pFleG5g\ . 

To;}n] ;|f]tdfly ;d'bfosf] clwsf/sf] k|Zg vfln cfly{s 

k|Zg dfq} xf]Og, of] ;fFrf] cy{df nf]stGq :yflkt ug]{ ls 

gug]{ eGg] k|Zg xf] / of] /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] lgi7fsf] 

clUgk/LIff klg xf] . 

!^= g]kfnn] ;|f]tdfly ;d'bfosf] clwsf/sf] s]xL ;kmn 

pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos jg To;sf] 

pTs[i6 b[i6fGt xf] . ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fn] klg 

ljut s]xL aif{sf] 5f]6f] ;dod} ufpF–ufpFdf lah'nL k'¥ofpg, 

;d'bfonfO{ ;s[o agfpg / r'xfj6 /f]Sb} /fh:j clej[l4 

ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . l;rfO kl/of]hgfx¿ 

cyf{t\ hnpkef]Qmfx¿sf ;d'bfon] klg pNn]Vo e"ldsf 

14 14÷ljB"t 14 va/ 

v]n]sf 5g\ . s]xL c:ki6tf, e|d / låljwfsf aLrdf klg 

;d'bfon] ;~rfng u/]sf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿n] pTs[i6 

glthf Nofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . ;d'bfodfly ljZjf; ug]{ 

xf] eg], pgLx¿nfO{ clwsf/ / sQ{Jo b'a} s'/fn] ;';lHht 

ug]{ xf] eg] ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] lbuf] kl/rfng / pkof]usf] 

If]qdf pgLx¿n] pTs[i6 glthf Nofpg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] 

Jojxfl/s kl/If0f eOg};s]sf] 5 . t/ ;fob ;d'bfo alnof] 

aGb} u/]sf], pgLx¿df hfu/0f / bafasf/L Ifdtf clej[l4 

x'Fb} u/]sf] / To:tf ;fwg / ;|f]tdfly sltko …7fn'Ú x¿sf] 

jr{:j ;dfKt x'Fb} u/]sf] b]v]/ xf]nf, kl5Nnf] ;do ;d'bfosf 

clwsf/ s6f}tL ug{] z[ª\vnf ;'? x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos 

jgdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿sf] clwsf/ s6f}tL ug{ th'{df x'Fb} 

u/]sf] jg P]gsf] ;+zf]wg, 5'§} P]gdfkm{t\ ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f 

ljB'tLs/0fsf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ aiff}{+b]lv pkef]Qmfx¿n] 

p7fpFb} cfPsf] dfunfO{ phf{ dGqfno / ljB't k|flws/0fn] 

u/]sf] OGsf/L, ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0fsf If]qdf s6f}tL ub}{ 

nluPsf] ah]6 / l;rfOsf] If]qdf klg ;d'bfonfO{ alnof] 

agfpg ul/Fb} cfPsf] cfgfsfgL o;sf b[i6fGt x'g\ . o; 

;Gbe{df ;|f]tdfly ;d'bfosf] clwsf/sf nflu n8\b} cfPsf 

;a} ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿n] km]l/ Psk6s ;zQm hgbafasf] 

cleofg ;~rfng ug'{ / gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgdf tL 

clwsf/x¿sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu vabf{/L ug'{ cfjZos 5 . 

!&= gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgdf ;|f]tdfly ;d'bfosf] clwsf/nfO{ 

k|Tofe"t ug]{ k|ofz ul/Psf] 5 . t/ s]xL c:ki6tf, s]xL 

ljjfb / s]xL e|dn] o;nfO{ cK7\of/f]df kf/]sf 5g\ . …cfO=Pn= 

cf]= cle;GwL !^(Ú sf] xjfnf lbFb} sltko clwsf/sdL{ / 

/fhgLlts bn;d]t ;|f]tdfly …cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cu|flwsf/ 

Ú sf] kIfdf ts{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 

pQm cle;GwLsf] kfngf x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf s'g} låljwf x'g 

;Sb}g . o; cGtu{t k"0f{¿kn] hª\undf cfl>t /fp6] / 

s';'08f hflt / kfgLdfly cfl>t dfemL of af]6] h:tf 

hfltsf] hLjgsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{, k"j{;"lrt clwsf/sf] 

k|Tofe"lt ug]{ / ;DalGwt ;|f]taf6 k|fKt nfedf To;dfly 

cfl>t ;d'bfosf] xs ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/fdf s'g} låljwf x'g 

;Sb}g . t/ k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly ;d'bfosf] xf]Og, 

s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf] cu|flwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ eGg] ts{ 

klg Gofof]lrt x'g ;Sb}g . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] agf}6 ldl>t 

k|s[ltsf] 5 / ;|f]tdfly klg s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf] xf]Og, cfd 

;d'bfos} kx'Fr / clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;Sbf dfq} cfd 

hgtfnfO{ ;an agfpg ;lsG5 . …;d'bfoÚ ls …cflbjf;LÚ 

eGg] ljjfbn] nf]stGqnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;Sb}g . 

***

–Hof]lt –Hof]lt aflgof“ 

aflgof“ 

-dxf;lrj pkef]Qmf lxt /fli6«o d~r_ 

xfn} ef/tsf] ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0f sfg"gsf] k|of]u ub}{ 

ToxfFsf] cbfntn] ljB't rf]/Lsf] s;'/ nufO{ rf]/Ldf 

;+nUg elg cf/f]lkt k|ltjfbL pk/ bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf 

cbfntn] s'g} hdfgL glng], w/f}6L glng] s]jn y'gfdf 

/flv d'2fsf] k'k{If ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 

5 . ljB't rf]/Lsf] 

sf/0fn] ubf{ dx;'n 

e'Qmfg ug]{ 

pkef]Qmfn] ljB't 

gkfpg] / rf]/L 

ug]{sf] ljB'tsf] 

dxz'n ef/ ;d]t 

e'Qmfg ug]{ 

pkef]Qmfn] ltg'{kg]{ 

clwsf/ lnO{ ul/ 

Psf] pNn]lvt 

km};nfsf] Aofks 

rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . o; 

km};nfaf6 blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;a}eGbf a9L ljB't rf]/L 

x'g] b]zsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] ef/tdf ca rf]/L lgoGq0f 

x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . 

g]kfndf klg ;fd'bflos ljB't pkef]Qmfn] ;+rfng u/]sf ] 

ljB't ;+/rgf afx]s k|flws/0fn] ljt/0f u/]sf] 

;+/rgfdf ljB't r'xfj6df @^=%* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . 

g]kfndf ljb't rf]/L ljB'tdf sd{rf/Lsf] ldn]dtf] ljgf 

;Dej 5}g . sd{rf/Ln] ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ ljB't 

rf]/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO /x]sf 5g\ t/ ljB't rf]/Ldf 

;a}eGbf a9L elg b]vfOPsf If]qsf sfof{nodf s'g}klg 

sd{rf/L ;?jf eO{ hfg dl/xQ] ug]{ u/]sf] u'gf;f] 5 . 

laB't rf]/Lsf s]lx r'gf}tLx? 

ljB't x'lsË u/L rf]/L ug]{ s;'/bf/n] u/]sf] elgP klg, 

;a}eGbf a9L dfqf / kl/0ffdsf] rf]/L pBf]u, 

snsf/vfgf / k|lti7fgaf6 x'g] u/]sf]n] 7"nfnfO{ r}g 

;fgfnfO{ P]g x'g uPsf] eGg] klg ;'lgG5 t/ 7"nf / 

;fgf dfqf / kl/0ffdsf ;a} k|sf/sf rf]/L ug]{{ ljB't 

rf]/x? x'g\ . oL JolQmsf sf/0fn] Psflt/ cJoj:yf 

b08lxgtf dfq} a9]sf] 5}g, g]kfndf h] u/]klg s]lx x'Fb}g 

eGg] ;Gb]z k|jfx 

eO{/x]sf] 5 . 

rf]/L sfo{nfO{ 

b'?T;fxg ug'{ / 

o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ 

;fdflhs tyf 

cfly{s ck/fwsf] 

?kdf ;a}n] u|x0f 

u/L ;fdflhs 

alxisf/ ug'{ 

;a}sf] bfloTj 

ePsf] 5 . 

lrtjgsf] Ps 3/df laB't rf]/L u/]sf] b[Zo 

k|flws/0fn] 

clxn]klg ljB't vl/b ;Demf}tf ubf{ sfg"gsf clwgdf 

/xL u/s]f kfOb}g . o:tf] ;Demf}Tffn] sfo{sf/L lg0f{osf] 

cfwf/df u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfot x'g] ljB't 

vl/bsf] gfddf cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df eg] s'g} lglZrt 

zt{ / dfkb08 ljgf g} slxn] kfj/ PS;r]Ghsf] 

b/df ? ^=#( / kfj/ 6«]lgªsf] gfddf 

? !)=&# k|lt o"lg6 r'xfj6 ;d]tsf] b/df vl/b u/]sf] 

kfOG5 . o;}u/L :jb]zL JolQm;Fu klg To;}u/L vl/b 

u/]sf] kfOG5 . oxL sfo{sf/L lg0f{oaf6 k|flws/0f 

leqsf] c:yfoL sd{rf/LtGqn] ljB't vl/b cg'lrt 

?kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf] u'gf;f] cfPsf] / vl/b b/s} 

sf/0fn] k|flws/0fsf] v'b gf]S;fgLsf] ef/ a9L/x]sf] 

ljB"t va/÷15 15

kfOPsf]n] o;nfO{ ljB't P]g @)$( sf] bkmf $) 

adf]lhd ljB't vl/b lgodfjnL hf/L u/L vl/b zt{, 

dfkb08 / b/ gtf]s];Dd o;af6 k|flws/0fnfO{ 

kl//x]sf] ljlQo gf]S;fgLaf6 pGd'QmL kfpg] b]lvb}g\ . 

xf] g]kfndf ljB't ;]jf pkef]Qmf aLr k'¥ofpg] / 

;]jfsf] pTkfbg, k|zf/0f / ljt/0fsf] ;/sf/L bfloTj 

af]s]sf] k|flws/0fdf ;+lrt ljlQo gf]S;fgL !! ca{ 

eGbf a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 . ut / o; cf=a= sf] v'b 

3f6f klg # ca{ eGbf a9L/x]sf] kfOG5 .g]kfndf clxn] 

klg ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0f P]g @)%* hf/L ePsf] 5, t/ 

;f] P]gsf] sfof{Gjog k"0f{ ?kdf ePsf] 5}g . ;f] P]gsf] 

bkmf & n] b]xfosf] sfd u/]df uDeL/ ck/fw eg]sf] 5 . 

-!_ s'g}klg JolQmn] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] s'g} sfo{ u/]df 

ljB't\ rf]/Lsf] s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg]5 . 

-s_ phf{dfks oGqdfkm{t afx]s ljB't\sf] cGo 

nfOgaf6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf ljB't\sf] 

nfOg tfg]df jf h8fg u/]df, 

-v_ ljt/ssf] :jLs[ltljgf ;8s aQL jf cGo 

k|of]hgsf] nflu ljB't\sf\ nfOgaf6 ljB't\sf] 

nfOg tfg]df jf h8fg u/]df, 

-u_ pmhf{dfks oGqdfkm{t 3/ jf ejgdf ljB'tsf] 

cfk"lt{ ug{ lgwf{l/t k|ljlwafx]ssf] cGo k|ljlw 

ckgfPdf, 

-3_ Pp6f pmhf{dfks oGqsf] kf]nl/6L pN6f] kf/L 

To;af6 km]h / csf]{ pmhf{dfks oGq jf 

cy{af6 Go'6«n nfOg lnPdf, 

-ª_ pmhf{dfks oGqdf s'g} kbfy{ 3';fPdf jf cGo 

s'g} tl/sfaf6 pmhf{dfks oGqsf] l8:ssf] 

;fdfGo kl/rfngdf cj/f]w v8f u/]df, 

-r_ 6ld{gn lnª\s vf]n]df, 

-5_ ljt/ssf] tkm{af6 pmhf{dfks oGqdf nufOPsf] 

16 16÷ljB"t 16 va/ 

6ld{gn jf 6]i6 l;n tf]8]df, gf;]df, lauf/]df 

jf gSsnL 6ld{gn 6]i6 l;n k|of]u u/]df, 

-h_ pmhf{dfks oGq tf]8L, gf;L, lauf/L jf cGo 

s'g} lsl;dn] Iflt k'¥ofPdf jf ;fdfGo 

kl/rfng x'g g;Sg] u/L c;Ifd agfPdf, 

-em_ pmhf{dfks oGq /fVg] afs;sf] l;n gePsf] 

jf eP tfklg ljt/ssf] 5fk gnfu]sf] jf 

ljt/ssf] afx]s c? s;}sf] 5fk nufPsf] jf 

To:tf] l;n lauf/]df, 

-`_ ;L=6L= jf kL=6L= jf b'a}sf] l;n lau|]sf], kf]nfl/6L 

pN6f] jf km/s ePsf] jf sg]S;g 5'§ofOPsf], 

-6_ v08 -s_ b]lv -`_ ;Dd plNnlvt cj:yfdf afx]s 

ljB't\ zlQmsf] rf]/L ug]{ cGo s'g} tl/sf ckgfPsf] . 

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s;'/sf] 

cg';Gwfg tyf txlssftsf] l;nl;nfdf k|fljlws 

hfFra'em x'Fbf u|fxs jf pkef]Qmfsf] tkm{af6 geO{ cGo 

s'g} k|fljlws sf/0f jf eljtJoaf6 pmhf{dfks oGq 

lalu|Psf] b]lvPdf s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g . 

plNnlvt s;'/ u/]df tLg txsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf 

u/]sf] 5 . klxnf] k|flws/0fn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ltf]Sg] 

/ 

;f] cg';Gwfg clws[tn] ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf tof/ u/L / 

xfgLsf] d'Nof+sg ug'{kg]{ To;/L u/]sf] xfgL gf]S;fgL / 

tf]s]sf] Ifltk"lt{ s;'/ ug]{ JolQmn] a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf 

u/]sf] 5 . k|flws/0faf6 vl6 hfg] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L 

clwsf+z sd{rf/L x'g] / sd{rf/Lx? hf]lvd df]Ng 

grfxg] k|j[lQsf b]lvPsf x'Fbf rf]/L lgoGq0f sfg"gn] 

sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] z'? txaf6 g} k|efljt tyf 

c;'/lIft x'g] k|s[ltsf] cg';Gwfg clws[tn] Ifltk"lt{ 

xfgL cflb tf]Sg] Joj:yf cGo sfg"gdf gePsf]n] klg 

/ sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s'g} s;'/sf] 

cg';Gwfg ug]{n], d'2f bfo/ / d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f jf

g]kfn g]kfn ljB't ljB't k|flws/0f k|flws/0f k|flws/0f ;nf{xL ;nf{xL zfvfn] zfvfn] ljB't ljB't rf]/Ldf rf]/Ldf k|of]u k|of]u k|of]u ePsf ePsf ;fdfu|L ;fdfu|L hkmt hkmt u/]sf] u/]sf] u/]sf] b[Zo 

b[Zo 

lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ :jLsfo{ dfGg g;lsg] x'Fbf olxF 

cfwf/df klg ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0fdf afwf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . 

rf]/L lgoGq0fsf nflu /flvPsf] csf]{ Joj:yf cg';Gwfg 

clwsf/L lbPsf] lg0f{o pk/ k|flws/0fdf k'g/fjnf]sg 

ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . t/ k|flws/0f ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo 

ePsf]n] o:tf] lgsfon] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ tyf k|flws/0fsf] 

xfnsf] ;+/rgf cg';f/ phf{dGqL cWoIf / sfo{sf/L 

lgb]{zs dGqL kl/ifb\n] dgf]gog ug]{ / cGo ;b:o 

/fhg}lts lgo'QmL tyf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L ePsf]n] To:tf] 

;+/rgfaf6 ljB't rf]/Lsf] lgoGq0f / lgodgsf] ck]Iff 

ug{ ;lsb}+g . 

t]>f] txdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / k|flws/0fnfO{ lrQ 

a'emfpg g;s]sf] ljB't rf]/Lsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ 

dfq cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] lhNnf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ 

ug]{ xfnsf] Joj:yfn] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] 

ubf{ ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0f xf]Og, k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] kfOG5 . 

ljB't rf]/L h:tf] uDeL/ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s 

ck/fwnfO{ ;/sf/jfbL eO ;f]em} cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg' 

kg]{ / ljB't k|flws/0fn] sfo{of]hgf k]z ug{ nufO{ rf]/L 

lgoGq0f ug{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ / sd{rf/Lsf] 

;xof]un] pBf]u k|lti7fg / snsf/vfgfdf ePsf] 

rf]/LnfO{ lgoGq0f glbg] xf] eg] ljB'tdf ufpFn] dfq 

eg]/ zx/ tyf 7"nfa8fx? ;fw' eO/xg] vt/fsf] 

ljBdfgtf eO/xG5 . 

blIf0f Pl;ofdf ljB't rf]/LnfO{ ;fdflhs / cfly{s 

ck/fw dflg s8f sfg'g hf/L eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if 

u/L pkef]Qmf ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ 

rf]/L lj?4 cleofg ug{ lhDdf lbPsf] b]lvG5, t/ 

;/sf/n] k|flws/0fn] o:tf] sfo{ ug{ s;}nfO{ lhDdf 

lbPsf] kfOb}g . To;}n] clxn] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfn] lhDdf 

lnPsf] 7fpFdf ljB't rf]/L gx'g] ljB't k|flws/0fn] 

lhDdf lnPsf] 7fpFdf p;s} sd{rf/Lsf] ldn]dtf]df 

ljB't rf]/Ln] ;w} lg/Gt/tf kfO/xg] x'Fbf o;tkm{ 

;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofg lbg' h?/L b]lvG5 . 

ljB"t va/÷17 17

gf/fo0f gf/fo0f k|;fb k|;fb 1jfnL 

1jfnL 

18 18÷ljB"t 18 va/ 

u|fdL0f ljsf;df laB'tLs/0fsf] dxTj 

g]kfndf sl/a $! 

nfv 3/w'/Ldf dflg;x? 

a;f]af; ub{5g\ . To];dWo] 

em08} @% nfv 3/w'/L 

u|fdL0f If]qdf kb{5 . xfn 

;Dd g]kfndf sl/a !& nfv %) xhf/ 3/w'/Ldf a:g] 

g]kfnLn] lah'nLsf] ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf5g . To;dWo] 

u|fdL0f If]qdf sl/a $ nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dfq lah'nLsf] 

;]jf lnO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ dfq x]b{f 

em08} *$ k|ltzt u|fdL0f al:tsf dflg;x? lah'nLaf6 

al~rt 5g\ . cem}klg u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f lasf;sf] 

nflu 7f]; lglt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . 

k|fs[lts >f]tsf] lx;fan] ;DkGGf xfd|f] b]z 

g]kfndf ^ xhf/ eGbf al9 gbLgfnfx?5g\ . tL 

gbLgfnfx?af6 cfly{s ?kn] $# xhf/ d]ufjf6 lah'nL 

pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ca:yf 5 . g]kfndf ePsf] 

ckf/ hn>f]tsf] ;xL pkof]u u/]df o;sf] b'O{ u'0ff;Dd 

;lhn} laB't pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . g]kfndf 

ePsf] ;fwg / >f]tnfO{ pkof]u ub{} ufpsf] lasf;sf] 

nflu laB'tLs/0f ug{] of]hgf vf;} ag]sf] 5}g . ;fy} 

u|fdL0f laB'ts/0f sfo{qmd ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfdf 

k/]sf] 5}g . laqmd ;Dat !(^* ;fnsf] /f0ffsflng 

;doaf6 z'? ePsf] laB't pTkfbgsf] ;do cfh !)) 

aif{ k'lu ;Sbfklg pTkfbgdf vf;} k|utL ePsf] 5}g . 

g]kfndf of]hgfx? w]/} ag]sf5g\ t/ of]hgfn] nIf 

xfl;n ug{ ;ls/x]sf]] 5}g . xfn;Dd bzf} k~ralif{o 

of]hgfsf] sfo{fGjog kl5 ltgaif{] cGt/Ld of]hgf 

rfn' cj:yfdf 5 t/ s'g} k~rjlif{o of]hgfx? 

;Gtf]ifhgs nIfdf k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ . of] cjlwdf 

u|fdL0f If]qdf laB't ;]jf k'Ug' t stf xf] stf cem} 

g]kfnL hgtfn] u|fdL0f If]qdf s]lx jif{ ;xh} laB't 

k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . g]kfndf @))& ;fndf 

/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ k|hftGq cfPkl5 la=;+=@)!@ 

;fn ;Dd laB't pTkfbgsf] #$ aif{sf] cjlwdf hDdf 

!=! d]ufjf6 laB't pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . h'g ;dodf 

hgtfsf ;'lawfsf nflu lasf;sf] s'/f ;/sf/sf] 

k|fyldstfdf g} kb{}gYof] . k|hftGq k|flKt kZrft 

cGt/Ld ;dodf @)!# b]lv @)!* ;DDfsf] k|yd 

kGralif{o of]hgfdf @) d]ufjf6 laB't pTkfbg ug{] 

nIf /flvof] t/ klxnf] uf;d} 9'Ëf eg]em} ;f] cjlwdf 

! k|ltzt klg nIf k'/fx'g ;s]g . ;fy} ;f]lx cjlwd} 

/fhfaf6 k|hftGqdfly x:tIf]k u/L @)!& ;fndf 

k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] z"?cft eof] . To;kl5 k~rfotL 

Joj:yfsf] ;/sf/n] @)!(b]lv @)@@ ;DDfsf] bf]>f] 

kGralif{o of]hgfsf] nIf @@ d]ufjf6 ePsf]df @=$ 

d]ufjf6 ,@)@# b]lv @)@& ;Ddsf] t]>f] kGralif{o 

of]hgfsf] nIf ^) d]ufjf6 ePsf]df )=@ d]ufjf6, 

@)@* b]lv @)#@ ;Ddsf] rf}yf] kGr alif{o of]hgfsf] 

nIf $)=# d]ufjf6 ePsf]df !! d]ufjf6,@)## b]lv@)#& 

;Ddsf] kfrf} kGr alif{o of]hgfsf] nIf %( d]ufjf6 

ePsf]df !% d]ufjf6,@)#* b]lv @)$@ ;Ddsf] 5}7fF} 

kGralif{o of]hgfsf] nIf !$% d]ufjf6 ePsf]df &%=^ 

d]ufjf6, @)$# b]lv @)$& ;DDfsf] ;ftf} kGralif{o 

of]hgfsf] nIf !)& d]ufjf6 ePsf]df !)=! d]ufjf6 

dfq laB't pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ax'blno 

k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfkgfkl5 @)$( b]lv @)%$ ;fn 

;Ddsf] cf7f} kGralif{o of]hgfsf] nIf #@)=# d]ufjf6 

laB't pTkfbg ug{] elgPsf]df @)=^ d]ufjf6, @)%% 

b]lv @)%( ;fn ;Ddsf] gjf} KfGralif{o of]hgfdf 

laB't pTkfbgsf] nIf %*) d]ufjf6 ePs]fdf g]kfnsf] 

;a}eGbf 7'nf] sfln uG8ls P hnlaB't k/Lof]hgfn]

!$$ d]ufjf6 laB't pTkfbg ub{f @^)=@ d]ufjf6 

laB't pTkfbg ul/ kGralif{o of]hgfdf eg] nIfsf] 

glhs k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . b]zdf ;/sf/sf] cl:y/tf ,:yflgo 

hgk|ltglwlalxg cj:yfdf @)^) b]lv @)^$ ;fn 

;DDfsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bzf} kGralif{o ofhgfsf] nIf 

#!% d]ufjf6 ePsf]df $!=@ d]ufjf6 / u0ftGq kl5 

@)^% b]lv @)^& ;Ddsf] qLalif{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf 

@!!% d]ufjf6 laB't pTkfbg ug{] nIf /x]sf]df &) 

d]ufjf6 dfq laB't 

pTkfbg ePsf]5 . 

o;/L /f0ff ;/sf/, 

k|hftGq, kGrfotL 

Joj:yf , ax'blno 

k|hftGq, /fhfsf] 

k|ToIf zf;gsfn, 

nf]stfGqLs sfn / 

clxn]sf] u0ftfGqLs 

Joj:yfdf ;/sf/n] /fv]sf] nIf s'g} Joj:yfdf klg 

k'/fx'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] of]hgf aGg'eGbf klg 

ag]sf of]hgfx?n] slt nIf xfl;n ug{ ;s] jf 

;s]gg\ < nIf xfl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s]xf] < 

;ldIff x'g cfjZos 5 . la= ;+= !(^* ;fnaf6 z'? 

ul/Psf] laB'tsf] pTkfbg !)) aif{sf] calwdf k'u 

gk'u &)) d]ufjf6 laB't zlQmsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 

elgPtf klg s'n Ifdtfsf] &) k|lt;t dfq laB't 

pTkfbg ePsf]5 . h;sf sf/0f g]kfnL hgtfn] nfdf] 

nf]8;]l8ªsf] df/ v]Kg' k/]sf]5 . k|fs[lts >f]t cGtu{t 

hn>f]tdf ;DkGg b]z g]kfndf hn>f]tsf] plrt 

Joj:yfkg gx'g' / u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f ;/sf/sf] 

k|fyldstfdf gkg{'n] klg g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]q lasf;df 

kl5 k/]sf] xf] . ;/sf/n] laifo la1sf] ;xof]udf ldx]gt 

u/]/ of]hgf agfp5 t/ of]hgfsf] nIfnfO{ dflysf] 

tYof+s cg';f/ slxn] klg k'/f u/]sf] kfOb}g h;sf 

sf/0f u|fdL0f If]qsf] lasf; sNkgfdf dfq l;ldt 

ePsf]5 . g]kfn ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ufp g} ufpn] 

el/Psf] b]z xf] . ufpsf] lasf; lagf ;du| g]kfnsf] 

lasf; x'g ;Sb}g To;}n] ufpsf] lasf; ug{sf] nflu 

u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f g} lasf;sf] ;a}eGbf alnof] 

cf}hf/ xf] . h'g 7f‘pdf lah'nL k'U5 Tof] 7f‘pdf lah'nL 

;+u} w]/} lasf;sf cfwf/x? tof/ x'G5g\ ;fy} y'k|} 

lasf;sf ;Defagfx? ;+u} hfG5g . o;sf/0f klg 

u|fdL0f If]qsf] 

lasf;sf] nflu 

;/sf/n] u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0fnfO{ 

k|fyldstf lbO{ 

sfo{qmd agfpg' 

kb{5 . 

;/sf/n] u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0f jf ;du| 

laB't Jojzfo ;~rfng g]kfn laB't k|flws/0f dfkm{t 

ub{} cfPsf]5 . g]kfn laB't k|flws/0f Ps Jofkf/Ls 

;+:yf ePsf]n] x/]s sfo{qmdnfO k|flws/0fn] gfkmf 

3f6fsf] ?kdf x]/L sfo{qmdsf] th{'df ub{5 . u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0f gfkmf gcfpg] sfo{qmd ePsf]n] u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0f g]kfn laB't k|flws/0fsf] k|fyldstfdf kg{]] 

s'/} ePg . h;sf sf/0f u|fdL0f If]q lasf;sf lx;fan] 

k5f8L k/]sf] xf] . u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g] g]kfnL hgtfsf] 

cfwf/e't lasf;df Wofg lbg] bfloTj ;/sf/sf] x'g] 

x'bf u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] 7f]; sbd 

rfNg clgafo{ 5 . olx sfo{qmdsf] sbd :j?k g]kfndf 

;/sf/n] u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f sfo{qmdsf nflu hg 

;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f 

sfo{qmd z'? u/]sf]5 . xfn;Dd ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 

ltg c/j krf; s/f]8 eGbf al9 /sd lalgof]hg 

ePsf] 5 eg] pkef]Qmfsf] tkm{af6 ;Q/L s/f]8 eGbf 

ljB"t va/÷19 19

al9 /sd nufgL ePsf]5 . g]kfndf u|fdL0f 

laBtLs/0fsf] lasf;nfO{ x]b{f @)^) ;fnaf6 z'? ePsf] 

sfo{qmd xfn;Ddsf] u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0fsf] ;a}eGbf 

7'nf] pknlAw ;lxtsf] sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmdaf6 

$^ lhNnfsf ! nfv &) xhf/ pkef]Qmfn] ;fd'bflos 

laB'tsf] ;'lawf k|fKt ul/;s]sf5g\ eg] lgd{f0f sfo{ 

eO/x]sf ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;DkGg kl5 of] aif{ dfq} yk 

lt; xhf/ 3/df laB't ;'lawf k'lu sl/a b'O{nfv 

pkef]Qmfn] ;fd'bflos laB'tsf] ;]jf lng]5g\ . 

laB't Ps e/kb{f]{ phf{sf] >f]t ePtfklg >f]tsf] plrt 

Joj:yfkg gx'bf phf{ vl/bdf aflif{s klr; c/a 

eGbf al9 /sd lab]l;g] u/]sf]5 . k/Dk/fut >f]taf6 

cToflws phf{sf] vkt x'g] / k]6«f]lnod kbfy{af6 x'g] 

phf{ vktsf cltl/Qm @ k|lt;t klg laB'taf6 phf{ 

vkt ePsf] 5}g . g]kfnaf6 ph{fsf] vl/bdf lab]lzg] 

u/]sf] /sdnfO{ :jb]zd} kl/rfng ug{ laB't pTkfbgdf 

a[l4u/L phf{sf] vktdf laB'tnfO{ k|of]u ug{' lgtfGt 

cfjZos ePsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 lab]l;g] d'b|f / lab]l;g] 

hgzlQmnfO{ olx b]zsf] laB't lasf;df k|of]u ug{] 

jftfj/0f agfPdf /f]huf/L tyf g]kfnsf] cy{tGq alnof] 

x'g] / k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ nufot ef/taf6 dx+uf] lah'nL 

lsg]/ g]kfndf lat/0f ub{f k|flws/0fdf x'g] 3f6fnfO{ 

klg Go'lgs/0f ug{'sf ;fy} u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0fsf] klg 

lasf; ug{ ;lsG5 . 

;fd'bflos u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0f sfo{qmdaf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf 

laB't la:tf/ ePkl5 rf}tkmL{ lasf;sf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] 

5 . h;af6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs , z}IfLs / jftfj/0fLo 

;'wf/df 7'nf] k|efj k/]sf]5 . laB't la:tf/ ePsf] 

If]qdf lah'nL, pHofnf], lg/f]lutf, ;'v, ;dodf art 

ePsf]5 . laleGg pks/0fsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]5 h:t} 

s'6fgL lk;fgL, 3Ff;sf6\g] d]l;g, kfgL tfGg] d6/, 

kmf]g, kmf]6f]slk, ˆofS;, sDKo'6/, Od]n OG6/g]6 ;d]tsf] 

kx'r, laZj b'lgofsf] af/]df 3/d} a;]/ hfgsf/L, 

20 20÷ljB"t 20 va/ 

ultlzn ;dfh, b|'tultdf lasf; a;fO{ ;/fO{df 

Go'lgs/0f h:tf ;fdflhs lasf; ePsf5g . 

o;}u/L Jojzflos s[lif k|0ffnL , sRrf kbfy{df 

cfwf/Lt Jojzfo, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/, 3/]n' pBf]u 

wGbfdf ef/L a[l4, laleGg cfo cfh{gsf pkfosf] 

vf]lh, :jb]zL phf{ pkof]u, lab]l;g] d'b|f ;l~rt, laleGg 

Onf]S6«f]lgs tyf On]S6Lsn k;n cflbdf a[l4eO{ cfly{s 

lasf; ePsf]5 . o:t} n]vk9 ug{ pHofnf], ;kmf 

jftfj/0f, On]S6«f]lgs pks/0faf6 lzIffcfh{g ,;'rgf 

k|0ffnLsf] lasf;, k|flalws lzIffdf hf]8 h:tf y'k|} 

z}IfLs lasf;x? ePsf5g\ . jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf jg 

lasf;, cfunfuL Go'lgs/0f, xl/ofnL / k|sf]k lgoGq0f, 

;/;kmfO{ , zfGt ,sd k|b'if0f x'bf jftfj/0fdf k|ToIf 

k|efj k/]sf]5 . o;/L b]z lasf;sf] d]?b08 ;fdflhs, 

cfly{s, z}IfLs / jftfj/0fLo lasf;sf] nflu Ps dfq 

e/kbf{] dfWod u|fdL0f laB'tLs/0fePsf]5 . u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ Aojl:yt u/L k|fyldstfsf;fy 

laB'tLs/0f ug{ ;/sf/ tyf ;Dj4 kIfsf] Wofg hfg 

lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . 

ljB't art – /fli6«o cfjZostf 

ljB't ljB't art art ug'{ ug'{ ljB't ljB't pTkfbg pTkfbg 

pTkfbg 

ug'{ ug'{ ;/x ;/x xf] xf] . 

. 

ljB't ljB't rf]/L rf]/L ug'{ ug'{ ug'{ sfg"gL sfg"gL sfg"gL tyf 

tyf 

;fdflhs ;fdflhs ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw xf] xf] . 

. 

ljB't ljB't ljB't rf]/L rf]/L rf]/L lgoGq0fdf lgoGq0fdf g]kfn 

g]kfn 

ljB't ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ k|flws/0fnfO{ ;xof]u ;xof]u u/f}+ u/f}+ u/f}+ . 

. 

ljB't ljB't rf]/L rf]/L ug]{nfO{ ug]{nfO{ ;fdflhs 

;fdflhs 

jlx:sf/ jlx:sf/ u/f}+ u/f}+ . 

. 

ljB't ljB't rf]/Lsf] rf]/Lsf] ;"rgf ;"rgf lbg]nfO{ 

lbg]nfO{ 

k'/:sf/sf] k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf Joj:yf 5 5 . 

.

SWOTing Community Based Rural Electrification (CBRE) 

& The ROAD AHEAD 

ABHISHEK ADHIKARY* 

abhishekadhikary@hotmail.com 

Rural electrification is 

the basis to realize rural 

modernization. By 

promoting rural 

electrification we can 

stimulate agricultural 

production; experience 

rural economic boom 

which yields in better 

living condition of the 

rural population. This 

also helps in reducing the adverse consequences of 

rural-urban migration enabling improved literacy rates 

and promotes ‘political stability’. In addition, electricity 

can be used not only for lighting and household 

purposes, but also for mechanization of many farming 

operations & establishment of small cottage industries 

which allows for greater productivity at reduced cost. 

Moreover, significant improvement in Human 

Development Index(HDI) can be achieved with 

marginal increase in electricity use.1 

In Nepal, although the pace of rural electrification 

has been constrained by limited financial and 

technical resources, it alone can’t be held responsible. 

The prevailing top down supply driven rural 

electrification with more emphasis on generation and 

transmission, concentrated to distribute power in 

densely populated areas than supply electricity to 

maximum number of rural population in remote areas 

where load is scarcely located has led to 

underutilization of large asset of the nation – the 

rural manpower. 

In order to cope with this problem, the concept 

of community based rural electrification(CBRE) 

came into existence. In, CBRE with communities 

being involved, the consumers will have a sense of 

ownership as the cost of project is financed by both 

the government and the community. In addition, this 

program follows a bottom up approach, where all 

the decisions are taken by community members in a 

democratic way, which is considered to be one of 

the fundamental reasons behind the apparent success 

of this approach of rural electrification in some 

developing countries. 

Fig: SWOT Analysis 

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method 

used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, 

Opportunities, and Threats involved. The technique 

is credited to Albert Humphrey. The SWOT analysis 

of CBRE is presented below:- 

Strengths 2 

1. Voluntary and Open Membership 

Cooperatives are voluntary organizations, open 

to all persons able to use their services and willing 

to accept the responsibilities of membership, 

without gender, social, racial, political or religious 

discrimination. 

2. Democratic Member Control 

Cooperatives are democratic organizations 

controlled by their members, who actively 

participate in setting their policies and making 

decisions. The elected representatives are 

accountable to the membership. Also, members 

have equal voting rights (one member, one vote). 

3. Member Economic Participation Members 

contribute equitably to, and democratically 

control, the capital of their cooperative, which 

helps in generating sense of ownership among 

members and collection of due bills in time. 

4. Autonomy and Independence Cooperatives are 

autonomous, self-help organizations controlled by 

their members. If they enter into agreements with 

other organizations, including governments, or raise 

capital from external sources, they do so on terms 

that ensure democratic control by their members 

and maintain their cooperative autonomy. 

1 Multi-Generation Concentrating Solar-Hydrogen Power System for Sustainable Rural Development – paper by Anjane 

Krothapalli & Brenton Greska of Sustainable Energy Science & Engineering Center, Florida State University 

2 Rochdale Principles(1966) 

ljB"t va/÷21 21 21

5. Education, Training and Information Cooperatives 

provide education and training to their members, 

elected representatives, managers and 

employees so they can contribute effectively to 

the development of their cooperatives. 

6. Cooperation among Cooperatives Cooperatives 

serve their members most effectively and 

strengthen the cooperative movement by 

working together through local, national, regional 

and international structures; this helps in creating 

synergy for a common cause. 

7. Concern for Community While focusing on 

member needs, cooperatives work for the 

sustainable development of their communities 

through policies accepted by their members; this 

aids in united approach to loss reduction. 

Weaknesses:- 

1. The 20 percent of total estimate to be financed 

by the cooperative is beyond reach of some 

cooperatives. 

2. With lack of basic infrastructures like road; 

which disables them of access to the nearby 

market; the program is not financially viable for 

many rural population who opt to form 

cooperatives for the service. 

3. Per capita consumption of consumers is very low as 

most of the consumers are the ones who consume 

the minimum allocated energy of 20 Kwh per month. 

Opportunities:- 

1. Rural economy is brought to the mainstream 

economy CBRE gives opportunity for largely 

underutilized rural economy to be part of the 

mainstream economy of the nation, thus helping in 

enhancement of economic condition of the country. 

2. More than half the population of Nepal with virtually 

no access to electricity With more than half the 

population without access to electricity, CBRE has 

a great opportunity to explore rural market. 

3. Eagerness on part of prospective consumers 

With urban migration, rural population have been 

exposed to use and benefits of electricity; which 

has created eagerness among them. 

4. Other programs of rural electrification are relatively 

dormant With budget from the government being 

available once cooperatives provided their stake, 

CBRE has an opportunity of surpassing other 

programs of rural electrification. 

Threats:- 

1. The program in the long run will not be 

economically feasible if the electricity is only used 

22 22÷ljB"t 22 va/ 

for lighting purpose. 

2. Ample possibility of communities being politicized 

for the wrong reason. 

3. Ever escalating project cost with high inflation. 

4. Nepal Electricity Authority buys electricity at 

higher price than it sells to the communities. 

5. Virtually no or marginal profit of the cooperatives. 

6. Technical & managerial skills of the cooperative 

operators still need a great deal of enhancement. 

ROAD AHEAD:- 

· Energy is nucleus of overall poverty in the rural 

areas of developing countries. The low 

consumption of energy has not been able to 

change dependence on subsistence farming & 

has thus not created enough job opportunities in 

the rural areas to ameliorate poverty. To increase 

energy consumption people have to be 

encouraged to change their livelihood from 

subsistence farming to tourism, processing & 

value addition of herbs and other agricultural/ 

horticultural products. In addition, small cottage 

industries which would encourage locally 

available raw materials should be encouraged . 

· To reduce increment in energy bills for added 

consumption, a program on CFL and other energy 

saving devices have to be introduced. 

· Its high time to quantify changes CBRE has 

brought to rural households; parameters like 

average annual income; average annual 

expenses in education; average annual health 

care expenditure; adult literacy rate; overhead 

cost per household & per capita consumption have 

to be calculated and used to compare changes 

facilitated by CBRE programs. 

· As of now we have been completely hydrocentric 

when it comes to electricity generation 

for CBRE; in some remote areas where access 

of grid may be very expensive, other alternatives 

of renewable energies should be looked upon for 

optimal selection of energy resources for that 

specific location. 

Although, CBRE has gathered pace, until & unless 

electricity provided by this program is not used for 

productive purpose and is just limited to domestic 

lighting, it can not be sustainable; giving ample space 

for critics to question huge investment on part of 

the government. Thus, a meticulous research focused 

at analyzing implementation opportunities of 

sustainable CBRE optimizing local resources should 

be exercised.

– dfg axfb'/ cof{n 

;xsf/L P]g, @)$* M Ps ;dLIff M 

!= != P]ltxfl;s P]ltxfl;s kIf kIf kIf M 

M 

g]kfndf ;xsf/L sfg"gsf] 

Oltxf+; w]/} nfdf] 5}g . ;xsf/L 

;+:yf P]g, @)!^ k|f/De kl5 dfq 

;xsf/L sfg"gsf] Oltxf; ljlwjt 

?kdf z'? ePsf] xf] . oBlk lj=;+= 

@)!# ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/0fL cfb]zåf/f 

C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] u7g eO{ ;s]sf] lyof] . ;xsf/L 

;+:yf P]g, @)!^ n] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t /xL 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;xsf/L ;+:yf lgodx?, @)!* agfO{ 

nfu" u/of] . ;xsf/L ;+:yf P]g tyf lgodx? ;do 

;dodf ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g x'+b} lj=;+=@)$! ;fn;Dd 

nfu" /x] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( sf] t]>f] ;+zf]wgåf/f 

æb]zsf] cfly{s pGgtLdf hg;fwf/0fnfO{ ;se/ a9L 

dfqfdf ;lDdlnt u/fO{ lghL pBdnfO{ ;d]t plrt 

k|>o lbO{ s'g} klg ju{ jf JolQmåf/f cGo s'g} ju{ jf 

JolQmdf cg'lrt cfly{s bjfj x'g glbg] / g]kfnL 

hghLjgsf ;a} If]qaf6 lghL pBf]usf] ?kdf nufgL 

ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ ;femf ;+:yfx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] pBf]u 

tyf Jofkf/ gLltsf] cfwf/lznfsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ug{ 

To:tf ;femf ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] pBf]u 

Joj;fosf] ?kdf ljsl;t u/fO{ cfly{s nfe / ;'ljwf 

pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|f]T;fxg ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ug'{ 

kGrfot k|0ffnLsf] cfly{s nIo x'g]Æ egL ;xsf/L 

cleofgnfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|fKt ePkl5 ;f] cg'?k 

cleofgnfO{ ult lbg ;xsf/L ;+:yf P]g, @)!^ vf/]h 

u/L ;femf ;+:yf P]g, @)$! k|f/De eof] . of] P]g / o; 

P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnL lj=;+ @)$* ;fn ;Dd 

lqmoflzn /x\of] . 

;xsf/L cleofgsf] #% jif{sf] cg'ejn] ;/sf/sf] 

lgoGq0f / lgb]{zgdf u7Lt / ;+rflnt ;xsf/L 

cleofgn] ck]lIft pknJwL xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf]] s'/f 

pQm cjwLdf ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] 

cj:yfaf6 k|dfl0ft eof] . lj=;+=@)$^ ;fndf ePsf] 

/fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L 

cleofgnfO{ gof+ 9+un] ;f]lrg yfNof] / gof+ ;f]rsf] 

kl/0ffd :j?k ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* sf] lgdf{0f eO{ xfn 

sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ 

P]g, @)%& / ;xsf/L -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%& af6 

;xsf/L P]gsf] b'O{ k6s ;+zf]wg eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . o; 

P]gn] g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ :jfoQ / :jzfl;t 

9+un] cl3 a9fpg] / To;df ;/sf/n] k|j4{gfTds 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ eGg] cfwf/e"t ;Ldf /]vf lgwf{/0f 

u/]sf] 5 . o; n]vdf ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* sf ljz]iftf 

tyf sdhf]/Lx? ;d]6\g vf]lhPsf] 5 . 

@= @= ljz]iftfx? ljz]iftfx? M 

M 

;xsf/L P]g, @)$* df lgDg adf]lhdsf ljz]iftfx? 

/x]sf] 5g\ M– 

-s_ ;/n btf{ k|s[of M ;xsf/L l;4fGt cg'?k cfk\mgf 

;b:ox?sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu 

;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] sDtLdf @% 

hgf JolQmx? ldln k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yf u7g 

ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+:yf btf{sf] nflu ;b:ox?n] s'g} 

vf; lsl;dsf] b:t'/ j'emfpg' kb}{g eg] olQ g} 

z]o/ k"+hL x'g'k5{ eGg] jfWofTds Joj:yf gePsf]n] 

;b:ox?n] cfk\mgf] cfjZostf / x}l;ot cg';f/sf] 

z]o/ k"+hL ;+sng u/L ;+:yf btf{ ug{ ;S5g . 

o;n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] btf{ k|s[ofnfO{ 

;/nLs[t u/]sf] 5 . 

-v_ l;ldt bfloTjsf] l;4fGt M ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* 

n] l;ldt bfloTjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . 

P]gsf] bkmf * n] ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] bfloTj l;ldt 

x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ s'g} ;b:on] 

cfk"mn] lnPsf] jf lng sj"n u/]sf] z]o/ /sd 

;Dd dfq ;f] ;b:on] bfloTj k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 

eGg] xf] . o;n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?sf] 

lxtnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]sf] 5 . 

-u_ :jzfl;t ;+u7g M ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3 cljl5Gg 

pQ/flwsf/jfnf Ps :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf 

xf] . ;a} sfdsf] lgldQ o;sf] cfk\mgf] Pp6f 5'§} 

5fk /x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] JolQm ;/x rn crn 

;DklQ k|fKt ug{ pkef]u ug{ ;d]t kfp+5 . ;xsf/L 

P]g / lgodfjnLsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+:yf jf ;+3n] 

sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ljlgod agfp5g\ . o;/L 

agfO{Psf] ljlgod /lhi6/af6 :jLs[t ePkl5 

dfq nfu" x'G5 . /lhi6/af6 :jLs[t ljlgod 

ljB"t va/÷23 23

adf]lhd ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg 

x'g] ub{5 . o;/L ;xsf/L P]gn] ;xsf/L ;+3 

;+:yfnfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . 

-3_ ;b:ox?sf jLr ;dfgtf M ;xsf/L l;4fGtsf] 

d"n dd{ g} ;xsf/Lsf ;b:ox?sf jLr ;dfgtf 

xf] . sDkgLdf h:tf] z]o/ k"+hL nufgLsf cfwf/df 

;+rfngdf ;b:ox?sf] k|e'Tj ;xsf/Ldf /x+b}g . 

;xsf/L P]gsf] bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -#_ df æ;+:yfn] 

z]o/ ljqmL ubf{ Ps} JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ s"n z]o/ 

k"+hLsf] @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L z]o/ ljqmL ug{ 

gkfO{g] Æ Joj:yf / bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -$_ df 

ePsf] ;b:on] hlt;'s} z]o/ v/Lb u/]sf] ePklg 

;+:yf jf ;+3sf] sfo{ ;+rfngdf Ps JolQm Ps 

dtsf] cfwf/df dfq dt lbg kfpg] Joj:yfn] 

;xsf/Ldf ;b:ox?sf jLrsf] ;dfgtfnfO{ 

:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . 

-ª_ lgjf{lrt ;+rfns ;ldlt M k|To]s ;xsf/L ;+3 

;+:yfdf Pp6f ;+rfns ;ldlt x'g] Joj:yf P]gn] 

u/]sf] 5 . cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] dfWodåf/f ;+rfns 

;ldltsf] u7g ;b:ox?af6 x'g] ub{5 . ;+rfns 

;ldltsf] kbfjwL ljlgoddf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd 

a9Ldf % jif{ ;Ddsf] x'g ;Sb5 . ;+rfns ;ldltn] 

cfk\mgf] kbfjwL ;dfKt x'g' cl3 ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg 

u/fpg' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf P]gdf 5 . o;n] 

;+rfns ;ldltsf] s'g} JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] 

;d"xnfO{ lg/ªs';\ jf :j]R5frf/L x'gaf6 /f]s 

nufPsf] 5 . ;+rfns ;ldlt cfk\mgf] sfd sf/jfxLsf 

nflu ;fwf/0f;ef k|lt pQ/bfoL /xG5 . 

-r_ :jlgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf M ;xsf/L P]gn] ;xsf/L 

;+:yf jf ;+3df cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] kl/sNkgf 

u/]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3n] ;xsf/L P]g, 

lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL cfk\mgf] sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ 

ljlgod agfpg], ljlgod cGtu{t /xL ;+rfns 

;ldltn] sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ / ;ldltsf] sfdsf/ 

jfxLsf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;dLIff ug]{ tyf n]vf 

;ldltn] ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ / 

;ldltnfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] Joj:yf ;xsf/Lsf] 

:jlgoGq0f k|0ffnL xf] . 

-5_ ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] sfo{df Jofkstf M ;xsf/L ;+:yf 

jf ;+3n] s] s:tf] sf/f]jf/ ;+rfng ug{ ;S5 jf 

24 24÷ljB"t 24 va/ 

s] s:tf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;Q}mg eGg] ;DaGwdf P]gdf 

s'g} s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . ;xsf/L l;4fGt 

cg'?k cfk\mgf ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs 

ljsf;sf] nflu ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ljleGg 

lsl;dsf ;+:yf jf ;+3 u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 

P]gdf ePsf]n] k|rlnt sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf sfo{x? 

afx]s cfk\mgf] ljlgoddf pNn]lvt sfo{ ug{ ;+:yf 

jf ;+3nfO{ ;xsf/L P]gn] 5'6 k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . 

-h_ 5'6 ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf M ;xsf/L ;+:yf 

jf ;+3sf] k|j4{gsf nflu ;xsf/L P]gn] lgDg 

adf]lhd 5'6 ;'ljwf ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] 5 M– 

• crn ;DkQL jfx]s sf/f]jf/ ;DaGwL s'g} 

lnlvt /lhi6«]zg u/fpg gkg]{ . 

• crn ;DklQsf] n]gb]g jf v/Lb ljqmL ;DaGwL 

sfuhkq jf s'g} lsl;dsf] lnvtdf cfo 

l6s6b:t'/ jf /lhi6«]zg b:t'/ gnfUg] . 

• sf/f]jf/ ug]{ j:t'x?df :yfgLo s/ gnfUg] . 

• cfk\mgf] k|of]usf] nflu cfoft ug]{ d]zLg/L 

;fdfgx? / 9'jfgLsf ;fwgdf nfUg] eG;f/ 

dx;"n jf ljqmLs/ k'/} jf cf+lzs ?kdf 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] 5'6 lbg ;Sg] . 

• k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd nfUg] cGtz'Ns jf 

ljqmLs/ k'/} jf cf+lzs ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

5'6 lbg ;Sg] . 

• k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd pBf]ux?n] kfP 

;/xsf] cGo 5'6 / ;+/If0f ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] . 

-em_ ;/sf/L e"ldsf b08fTds eGbf k|j4{gfTds M 

;xsf/L P]g, @)$* n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf 

b08fTds geO{ k|j4{gfTds x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

To;y{ ;xsf/L P]gdf b08 ;DaGwL Joj:yf Hofb} 

sd dfqfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] lg/LIf0f 

ug]{, lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf q'6L sdhf]/L /x] ;f] 

;Rrfpg ;DalGwt ;+:yf jf ;+3nfO{ ;'emfj lbg 

;Sg] / ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] sfdsf/jfxLdf ;dGjo 

ug]{ clwsf/ /lhi6«f/nfO{ /x]sf] 5 . 

#= #= sdhf]/Lx? sdhf]/Lx? M 

M 

;xsf/L P]g @)$* sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] em08} !( jif{ 

ljlt;s]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] Psflt/ ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ 

:jfoQ / :jtGq 9+un] ;+rfng ug{ clek|]l/t u/]sf] 5 

eg] csf]{ tk{m P]gdf /x]sf] s]xL sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f

;xsf/L cleofgdf s]xL ljs[ltx? b]vf k/]sf 5g . 

;xsf/L P]gdf /x]sf d'Vo sdhf]/Lx? lgDg adf]lhd 

pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M– 

-s_ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kn] lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] 

cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu kf/:kl/s 

;xof]usf] cfwf/df ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] u7g x'g] 

o;sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt eP klg P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf 

pNn]lvt zJbx?n] o;sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;s]sf] 

5}g . h;sf] sf/0faf6 5b\d ;xsf/Lx? klg 

u7g ePsf 5g\ . 

-v_ P]gdf ;xsf/L l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;xsf/L ;+:yf 

jf ;+3sf] u7g x'g] eGg] pNn]v ePtfklg ;xsf/L 

l;4fGtsf] kl/efiff P]gdf gul/Paf6 o;sf] 

JofVofdf s7LgfO{ l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . 

-u_ ;xsf/L ;+3x? -ljifout ;+3, lhNnf ;xsf/L 

;+3, ljifout s]Gb|Lo ;+3 / /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3_ 

;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf cleoGtf x'g h;n] g]kfnsf] 

;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ub{5g\ . ;DalGwt 

;+3df ;a} ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3 clgjfo{ ?kdf 

;b:o x'g] Joj:yf P]gdf gePaf6 sltko ;+3sf 

;+rfnsx?n] cfk\mgf] :jfy{sf] /Iff x'g] u/L ;b:otf 

k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] ;b:otf dfu ubf{ 

klg ljleGg sf/0f b]vfO{ ;b:otf k|bfg ug{ 

cfgfsfgL ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ ;xsf/L 

cleofgsf] ;du| g]t[Tj x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

-3_ P]gsf] bkmf !%-$_ df ;fwf/0f;efsf] a}7ssf] 

u0fk'/s ;+Vof tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 

/ ;xsf/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod !! df 

jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efsf] u0fk'/s ;+Vof ;+:yfsf] 

xsdf k|yd k6s @% k|ltzt jf !# hgfdf h'g 

a9L x'G5 ;f]xL / ;+3sf] xsdf %) k|ltzt / 

bf]>f] k6sdf ;+:yfsf] xsdf !% k|ltzt jf !! 

hgfdf h'g a9L x'G5 ;f]xL / ;+3sf] xsdf $) 

k|ltzt x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . bf]>f] k6s klg 

u0fk'/s ;+Vof k'u]g eg] s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf 

:ki6 Joj:yf gePaf6 ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] sfd 

sf/jfxLdf afwf k/]sf] 5 . 

-ª_ k|flDes ;+:yfsf] sfo{If]qsf] ls6fg P]gdf 

gul/Psf]n] ljifout lhNnf ;+3 jf lhNnf ;xsf/L 

;+3sf] sfo{If]q lhNnfe/ l;ldt x'g] t/ k|f/lDes 

;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q g]kfn clw/fHoe/ klg /xg ;Sg] 

b]lvG5 . k|f/lDes ;+:yf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t eO{ 

;+rflnt x'g'kg]{ dfGotf ljkl/t kmfOgfG; sDkgLsf] 

?kdf ;d]t ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f tyf 

z]o/ ;b:ox?sf] art lgIf]k tyf z]o/ /sd 

;d]t lxgfldgf u/L ;+rfnsx? km/f/ x'g] k|a[lQ 

b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|a[lQ /f]syfd ug]{ k|efjsf/L 

Joj:yf P]gdf pNn]v 5}g . 

-r_ ;xsf/L P]gn] ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3nfO{ ljleGg 

lsl;dsf 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] ePklg To:tf] 

;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGq P]gdf g} Joj:yf 

gePsf]jf6 clwsf+z ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3n] 

pQm 5'6 ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg . 

-5_ ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] ;DklQ xfgL gf]S;fgL 

ug]{ JolStnfO{ k|efjsf/L b08fTds Joj:yf P]gdf 

gePsf]n] ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] ;DkQLsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL 

jf b'?kof]u ug{ sltko ;+rfnsx? p2[t /xg] 

k|a[lQ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . 

-h_ ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* k|f/De x'g' k"j{ btf{ eO{ 

;+rflnt ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] ;DaGwdf o; P]gdf 

s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] jf ;/sf/sf] s'g} lg0f{o 

gePsf] sf/0f hUuf /f]Ssf, k'ms'jf l;kmfl/; 

;DaGwL / k'/fgf Joj:yfksx?sf] pkbfg / eQfsf 

;DaGwdf ;d:of pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . 

$= $= $= lgisif{ lgisif{ M 

;xsf/L P]g, @)$* g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L cleofgsf] Pp6f 

Turning Point xf] . o; P]gn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

k|ToIf lgoGq0f / ;xeflutfdf ;+rflnt ;xsf/L ;+3 

;+:yfx?sf] ;6[fdf gful/sx?n] :j:k"mt{ ?kdf ;xsf/L 

;+:yf jf ;+3sf] u7g / ltgsf] ;+rfng ug]{ cfwf/ 

tof/ u/]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L P]gdf dfly pNn]v eP 

adf]lhd sltko sdL sdhf]/Lx? /x] klg o;sf] d"ne"t 

r/Lq k|hftflGqs g} /x]sf] 5 . o;df w]/} ;sf/fTds 

kIfx? /x]sf 5g\ . sfg"g h8 j:t' xf]Og of] ;do / 

cfjZostf ;+u ;+u} kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg x'b} hfG5 . 

To;}n] ;xsf/L P]gdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/Lx? o;sf] 

;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{g dfk{mt klg x6fpg ;lsG5 . 

xfn ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* bf]>f] ;+zf]wgsf] qmddf / 

x]sf] 5 . o; ;+zf]wgn] pk/f]Qmdf pNn]lvt s]xL 

sdhf]/Lx? x6fpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . 

ljB"t va/÷25 25

fh]Gb| ltdlN;gf 

26 26÷ljB"t 26 va/ 

;fd'bfoLs ljB't ljt/s ;+:yfsf] Jofj;foLs e'ldsf 

cem} klg ;dfhdf lah'nLnfO{ 

vfnL pHofnf]sf] nflu dfq 

cfjZos 7fGg] ;d"x 7"n} kfOG5 

/ ljh'nLsf] ljsf; qmddf z'? 

z"?df ljB'tnfO{ d'Vo ?kdf 

pHofnf]sf] nflu dfq k|of]u 

u/LGYof] . ;do;Fu ;Fu} ljB'tsf] jx'cfoflds k|of]u 

z'? eof] . ;do / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ laB'tsf] 

k|of]u Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ / ck/Lxfo{ x'b} uPsf] 5 . 

cfhef]nL zx/df t ljB't ljgfsf] hLjg sNkgf ug{ 

klg g;lsg] eO;s]sf] 5 eg] u|fld0f ;dfhdf klg 

laB'tsf] dfu pHofnf]df eGbf cGo If]qdf j9L vfFrf] 

dx;'; x'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . 

;fd'bfoLs u|fdL0f 

ljB'tLs/0f sfo{qmdn] b]zsf 

ljs6 ufFpx?df ;d'bfosf] 

;d]t ;xeflutfdf :yflgo 

;fd'bfoLs ;+:yfn] 

ljB'tLs/0f kl5sf lgoldt 

sfdx? h:t} dd{t ;+ef/, 

dx;'n ;+sng,uf|xfs ;]jf 

h:tfsfdx? ug]{ u/L uf|dL0f 

ljB'tLs/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5 . b]zsf nueu $^ lhNnfdf 

:yflgo ljB't ;xsf/L jf cGo ;fd'bfoLs ;+:yf o; 

sfo{df ;xeflu eO/x]sf5g . o:tf w]/} ;+:yfx?n] 

ljB'tLs/0f kl5 pkef]Qmfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf 

nflu ljleGg vfn] Jofj;fo k|j{4gsf sfdx? 

u/L/x]sf 5g . 

ljB't uf|ld0f If]qdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ 

cfwf/ xf] t/ ljB'tn] dfq} cfly{s ljsf;eOxfN5 eGg] 

klg xf]Og . ufFpdf ljB't;Fu;Fu} hgtfdf pBd 

Jofj;fosf nflu cfjZos x'g] l;k, cfly{s kxF'r, 

Jofj;fosf] hfgsf/L / Jofj;fosf] jhf/Ls/0f 

;DjlGw 1fg klg k'/fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;fd'bfoLs 

ljB't ljt/s ;+:yfx?sf] ufFpsf ;Dk"0f{ pkef]Qmf;Fu 

k|ToIf lgoldt ;Dks{ x'G5 / ;fd'bfoLs ;+:yfx? klg 

cfkmgf] Jofj;fosf] k|s[ltsf sf/0f ;w} ;lqmo 

eO/x]sf x'G5g . pkef]Qmf;Fusf] ;Dks{ / ;+:yfsf] 

;lqmo /xg' kg]{ Jofj;foLs k|s[ltsf sf/0f u|fld0f 

e]udf lqmoflzn ;fd'bfols ;+:yfx? dWodf o:tf 

;+:yf k|d'v ?kdf kb{5g . o:tf ;+:yfx?n] ufFpdf 

Jofj;fo ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg t/Lsfn] 7"nf] of]ubfg 

ug{ ;Sb5g . 

s_ n3' n3' jrt jrt / / n3' n3' shf{ shf{ M M ;fd'bfoLs ljB't ljt/s 

;+:yfx?n] ljB't ld6/ l/8/x? dfkm{t pkef]Qmfx?jf6 

lgoldt ?kdf ;f;fgf jrt ;+sng ug{ ;S5g / 

To:tf] jrt /sdnfO{ yf]/} / 

sdsf] cefjdf ;f;fgf 

Jofj;fo ug{ jf cfkm"n] u/L/ 

x]sf] Jofj;fodf :t/j[l4 ug{ 

g;ls/x]sf pkef]QmfnfO{ n3' 

shf{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg 

;lsG5 ;fy} o:tf] C0fsf] 

e'QmfgL ls:tfjlGb ?kdf ld6/ 

l/8/ dfkm{t ;+sng ug]{ 

Jofj:yf ldnfO{ ufFpdf 

Jofj;fo ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f jgfpg cfjZos k"hL 

Jofj:yf u/L ;fd'bfoLs ljB't ljt/s ;+:yfx?n] 7"nf] 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g . 

v_ ;DefJo ;DefJo n3' n3' pBd pBd klxrfg klxrfg / / k|j{4g k|j{4g k|j{4g M M ;j} 

7fFpdf ;j} k|sf/sf Jofj;fo x'g] ;Defjgf x'b}g . 

vf;7fFpdf s'g} vfF; Jofj;fo km:6fpg] ;Defjgf 

j9L x'G5 eg] sltko Jofj;fo yf]/}n] dfq ugf{n] To;sf] 

jhf/Ls/0f tyf >dzlQmsf] cefjdf ljsf; x'g klg 

;Sb}g . To;sf/0f ;fd'bfoLs ;+:yfx?n] cfkmgf] If]qdf 

x'g;Sg] ;DefJo Jofj;fox? klxrfg ug{ tyf klxrfg 

ePsf Jofj;fosf] jhf/Ls/0f tyf cGo ;]jf k'/fpg 

cfjZos sfd ug{' /fdf|] x'G5 . o:tf Jofj;fox?

ljB't vkt x'g] vfnsf eP eg] o;n] ljB't ljt/s 

;+:yfsf] cfDbfgL j[l4df ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ub5 . 

u_ ljB't ljB't ljB't ljt/0f ljt/0f / / o; o; ;DjlGw ;DjlGw Jofj;fo Jofj;fo M 

;fd'bfoLs ljB't ljt/s ;+:yfn] cfkmgf] If]qdf 

u'0f:t/Lo u|fxs ;]jf cfd pkef]Qmfdf k'¥ofpg' klxnf] 

sfd xf] . o;sf nflu ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf sd{rf/LnfO{ bIf 

/ cToGt ;xof]uLsf ?kdf ljsf; u/fpg' kb{5 . 

o;;Fu} :yflgo :t/df cfjZos x'g] ljB'tLo ;fdfu|Lx? 

h:t} xfp;jfOl/Ësf ;fdfg, lrd tf/ xf]N8/, tf/ , 

ljB't vkt ug]{ ;fdfu|Lx? cflb ufFpdf ;lhn} pknJw 

gx'g] x'gfn] ljB't ljt/s ;+:yfn] o:tf ;fdfu|Lsf] 

Jofkf/ u/L cfkm\gf] cfo j[l4 ug{ / pkef]QmfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo 

;fdfgx? ;lhn} pknJw u/fpg ;lsG5 . 

3_ clwsf/ clwsf/ clwsf/ / / / jsfnlt jsfnlt jsfnlt M ;fd'bfoLs ljB'tLs/0f 

sfo{qmd g} pkef]Qmfx?n] ljB't kfpg' cfkm\gf] 

clwsf/sf] ?kdf cfjfh p7fPs} sf/0fn] k|fKt ePsf] 

pknJwL xf] . u|fld0f If]qdf x/]s ljsf; lqmofsnfksf] 

nflu ;/sf/sf] nufgL cfjZos x'G5 lsgeg] uf|ld0f 

ljsf; vlr{nf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f ufFpsf] ljsf;, 

ljB'tLs/0f, ljB'tLo ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf0f{ , dd{t ;+ef/ 

h:tf ljifox?df :yflgo lgsfosf] ;xeflutf klg 

ck]Iff u/LPsf] x'bf To;sf nflu :yflgo lgsfo;Fu 

o; ljifodf ljifo p7fpg] / 5nkmn ug]{ sfd klg 

;fd'bfoLs ;+:yfsf] xf]. ;fd'bfoLs ;+:yfx? k|ToIf 

?kdf pkef]Qmf;Fu} /x]/ sfd ug]{ x'bf pkef]Qmfsf 

;d:of / u'gf;f] o:tf ;+:yfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L x'G5 . 

To;}n] tL ljifox?nfO{ ;DjlGwt lgsfo;Dd k'¥ofO{lbg] 

lhDd]jf/L klg ;fd'bfoLs ;+:yfn] k'/f ug'{ k5{ . 

o;y{ u|fdL0f e]udf lqmoflzn ;fd'bfoLs ljB't 

ljt/s ;+:yfx?n] cfkmgf] lgoldt Jofj;fonfO{ 

k|efjsf/L t/Lsfn] ;Dkfbg u/L u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf lbg'sf] 

cnfjf ;d'bfosf] lxtsf yk Jofj;foLs tyf ;fdflhs 

sfd u/L pkef]Qmfx?sf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug'{ kb{5 . 

ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0f ug{ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f nfO{ ;xof]u u/f}+ . 

ljB't ljB't rf]/L rf]/L lgoGq0f lgoGq0f P]g P]g P]g @)%* @)%* jf/] jf/] hfgL hfgL hfgL /fVg'kg]{ /fVg'kg]{ s'/fx? 

s'/fx? 

!= s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg tyf txlssft ubf{ afwf lj/f]w 

ug]{ JolQmnfO b'O{ xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ 

;lsg] . 

@= s;'/ u/L xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf ;f] afktsf] /sd / 

;f] a/fj/sf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd s;"/bf/n] ltg'{kg]{ . 

#= 7x/ ePsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL tyf Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] / 

sd #% lbg leq ga'emfpg] pk/ #) lbg leq d'2f 

bfo/ ug{ ;lsg] . 

$= -s_ cbfntjf6 d'2fsf] sfo{jfxL / lsgf/f x'Fbf 

s;'/ u/]sf] 7xl/Pdf xfgL gf]S;fgL afktsf] lsuf] 

/ lauf] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sdsf] cltl/Qm kfFr 

xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf jf tLg dlxgf ;Dd 

s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg] . 

-v_ Ps k6s s;'/ u/]sf] 7x/L ;s]sf] JolQmn] k'gM 

s;' u/]sf] 7xl/Pdf k|To]s k6s x'g uPsf] xfgL 

gf]S;fgL jfktsf] lauf] / Ifltk"lt{ afkt lauf]sf] 

b'O ;o k|ltzt /sd e/fO{ s;'/bf/nfO{ bz 

xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf jf ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b 

jf b'j} x'g] . 

%= s;'/ ;DjGwL ;"rgf lbg] JolQmnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 

k'/:sf/ lbg] . t/ To:tf] k'/:sf/ ljt/s / ljt/s 

sd{rf/L / lghsf] kl/jf/nfO{ glbOg] . 

gla;f}{+ gla;f}{+ ljB't ljB't rf]/L rf]/L ug'{ ug'{ ck/fw ck/fw ck/fw xf] xf] . 

. 

ljB't ljB't ljB't rf]/L rf]/L lgoGq0fdf lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u ;xof]u ug'{ ug'{ tkfO{ tkfO{ xfdL xfdL ;j}sf] ;j}sf] st{Jo st{Jo xf] xf] . 

. 

g]kfn g]kfn g]kfn ljB't ljB't k|flws/0f 

k|flws/0f 

;fj{hflgs ;fj{hflgs ;fj{hflgs ;fj{hflgs ;fj{hflgs lxtsfnflu lxtsfnflu lxtsfnflu lxtsfnflu lxtsfnflu dxf;+3åf/f dxf;+3åf/f dxf;+3åf/f dxf;+3åf/f dxf;+3åf/f hf/L hf/L hf/L 

hf/L hf/L 

ljB"t va/÷27 27

28 28÷ljB"t 28 28 va/ 

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"lgs/0fdf 

;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] e"ldsf 

hnjfo' kl/jt{g clxn] ljZjJofkL ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . 

g]kfndf klg hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o:n] xfd|f] ;dfh / 

;du| jftfj/0fdf kf/]sf k|efjx?sf af/]df cfd g]kfnL 

;r]t x'g'kg]{ ca:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o tyf 

cGt/f{li6«o txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dxTjsf ;fy 

rr{f kfO{/x]sf] ePklg vf; hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d'bfon] 

cg'ej ug{;Sg] u/L s'g} klg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog x'g 

;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To;}n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvd 

tyf k|efjnfO{ oyf;So l56f] ;Daf]wg ub{} hf]lvddf 

/x]sf ;d'bfosf] k|efj Go"lgs/0f tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 

x'g] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . 

g]kfnn] klg ;/sf/L tj/df s]lx sfd ug]{ of]hgf 

agfPklg kl/0ffdd'vL sfd x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . 

;/sf/n] lgtL lgb]{lzsf agfpg] sfd u/]klg jf:tadf 

;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] Plss[t k|ofzaf6 

dfq clt sd lasl;t If]qsf u|fdL0f afl;Gbfx? dfem 

hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|efj Go'lgs/0f sfo{qmdsf] k|efj 

k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . 

sfo{qmd to ubf{ o;n] kf/]sf k|efjnfO{ laZn]if0f ug'{ 

h?/L 5 . al9 k|efj kg]{ ;do, If]q, afl;Gbf, k|efjsf] 

k|s[lt / k|efljt ;d'bfo nufotsf laifox?sf] klxrfg 

kZrft to ul/g] sfo{qmdn] dfq k|efjsf/Ltfdf a[l4 

Nofpg ;S5 . g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 lgDg 

pNn]lvt k|efjx? b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . 

afx|} dlxgf lxp g} lxpn] 9flsg] lxd ;[Înfx? pRr 

tfkqmdn] kUnLP/ gfËf r'r'/fsf ?kdf kl/0ft x'g] 

qmd a9\bf] 5 . df};dL v]tLdf lge{/ ls;fgx?n] 

;dodf kfgL gkbf{ lap /fVg kfO{/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] 

ePsf] lap klg k|ofKt aiff{sf] cefjdf v]tL nufpg 

gkfpbf vfWofGg cefj a9\bf] 5 . o;/L v]tL nufpg] 

;dodf kfgL kg{ 5f8]sf] 5 eg] v]tLkftL nufpg] 

df};d u'h]|kZrft cfpg] afl9n] aif]{gL ls;fgsf] 

3/ afnL gi6 ug]{qmd a9\bf]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] 

k|efjn] laZjsf clwsf+; d'n'sdf /x]sf ul/a tyf 

ls;fg kl/jf/x? uf;, af;, skf; lalxg eO{/x]sf 5g\ . 

afx|} dlxgf uf‘pdf a:g] / zx/sf] 

cg'xf/ ;d]t b]Vg gkfPsf, ;w}h;f] 

cfkm\gf] v]tL ls;fgLdf g} Ao:t 

ls;fgx? h;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g 

x'gdf g s'g} e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ 

gt o; af/]df plgx?nfO{ s'g} 

hfgsf/L 5 . cfkm'n] vfb} gvfPsf] lai0f' lai0f' lai0f' 1jfnL 

1jfnL 

laif cf]sNg afWo kfl/Psf] 5 tL ls;fgx?nfO{ . uNtL 

ug]{ d';f] rf]6 kfpg] Eofu'tf] eg]em} hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf 

s'g} e"ldsf gx'bf klg lsg ltg} ls;fgx? aif]{lg rf]6sf] 

lzsf/ eO{/x]sf 5g\ < laZjsf wlg b]zx? h;n] 

;d:ofsf] l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ / h;sf] eflubf/ ul/a 

/fi6«x? eO{/x]sf 5g\ . ul/a b]zx?n] o;sf] Ifltk'tL{ 

kfpg] Aoa:yfsf nflu cfjZos cfjfh p7\g 

;ls/x]sf] 5}g / cfjfh p7\g' h?/L 5 . ;dod} hnjfo' 

kl/jt{gsf] a9\bf] k|efj /f]Sg]tkm{ laZjsf wlg 

/fi6«x?sf] Wofgcfs[i6 ePg eg] elaZodf ul/a tyf 

clt sd lasl;t d'n'sx?sf] ca:yf yk bolgo / 

si6s/ x'g] 5 . 

z'Id ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k/]sf] k|efj cWoog 

ug]{xf] eg] g]kfndf klg y'k|} k|efj tyf ;d:ofx? 

e]6fpg ;lsG5 . clta[i6L, cgfa[li6, clgoldt aif{f / 

af9Ln] k|ToIf ?kdf aif]{gL k|efj kfl/x]sf] 5 . udL{df 

Psbd} udL{ / hf8f]df t'ngfTds ?kdf sd lr;f] 

dxz'; x'g yfln;s]sf] 5 . Psflt/ lx+dkftdf sdL 

cfO{/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ a9\bf] tfkqmdn] lxdtfnx? 

kUnLP/ kfgLsf] dfqfdf a[l4 eO{ g]kfnsf @) eGbf

] 

al9 tfn km'6\g] vt/fsf] ;"lrdf 5g\ . kxf8L If]qdf pRrtd pkof]uåf/f hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d:of 

kfgLsf d'xfgx? ;'Sb} uO{/x]sf 5g\ eg] t/fO{df l;tnx/sf ;Daf]wg ub}{ ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf] cleofgdf xfdL h:tf 

a9\bf] k|efjn] vfWofGg pTkfbgdf sdL eO{ afXo b]zaf6 ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f If]qdf s[oflzn ;+:yfx?n] ;xof]u 

vfWofGg cfk'tL{ ug]{ / To;sf] rsf]{ d'No e'QmfgL ;xg' k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ca:yf b]lvG5 . 

k/]sf] 5 . o;n] b]zsf] a9\bf] Aofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ yk an u|fdL0f If]qdf s'g}klg sfo{qmd n}hfbf To‘xfsf] ;d'bfosf] 

k'ØfO{/x]sf] 5 / ;du| cy{tGqdf g} k|efj kfl//x]sf] :t/ a'em\g' cToGt h?/L 5 . lsgsL plgx?nfO{ s'g 

5 . cfunflu / 88]nf]sf] sf/0f aif]{lg 7'nf]dfqfdf ag df]8ndf tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{qmdaf6 al9 dfqfdf 

;Dkbf tyf a:tL v/fgLdf kl/0ft x'‘bf xhf/f} nfeflGjt agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f o;af6 dfkg ug{ 

kl/jf/sf] larNnL eO{/x]sf] 5 . xfgLsf/s afo' tyf ;xh x'G5 . plgx?sf] ;f]+r, lrGtg, / z}lIfs tyf 

k/fj}hgL ls/0fx?n] ubf{ g‘of g‘of 8/nfUbf / lgsf] ;fdflhs :t/n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / p2]Zo k|fKtLdf 

gx'g] /]fusf] k|sf]kdf a[l4 x'‘bf cfd g]kfnL lg0f{fos e"ldsf v]Nb5 . t;y{ o:tf sfo{qmd agfpbf 

;j{;fwf/0fn] pkrf/sf nflu 7'nf]dfqfdf wg/fzL vr{ lgs} Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . k|fo u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] :t/ 

ug'{ k/]sf] 5 eg] ckfË x'g] tyf csfndf Hofg u'dfpg] o:tf] 5 sL hnjfo' kl/jt{g eGg] laifodf s]lx klg 

vt/fdf klg a[l4 eO{/x]sf] 5 . 

yfxf 5}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] < s] sf/0fn] 

o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] Go"gLs/0fsfnflu k|fs[lts >f]tsf cfkm'n] of] ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] eflubf/ x'g'kl//x]sf] 5 < 

If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;fd'bflos laB't pkef]Qmf /fli6«o dxf;+3, of] ;a} b}asf] v]n xf] sL < efUo geP/ xf] sL < b]jtf 

ag pkef]Qmf dxf;+3, l;+rfO{ pkef]Qmf dxf;+3, vfg]kfgL l/;fo/ o:tf] ePsf] xf] sL < cfbL cfbL sNkgf ub}{ 

tyf ;/;kmfO{ pkef]Qmf dxf;+3 nufotsf /fli6«o ;+hfn k'k{'/f]df xft /fv]/ b}a / efUo k|lt u'gf;f] ug]{ l;wf 

ePsf ;+:yfx?n] cfkm\gf ;b:o ;+:yfx?sf lardf hnafo' ;fwf ls;fgsf] s] uNtL < lsg hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 

kl/jt{gsf] sf/s tTj, o;sf k|efj, / Go"lgs/0fsf l;lh{t ;d:ofsf] eflubf/ plgx?klg alg/x]sf 5g\ < 

pkfo ;DaGwdf ;r]tgf tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 x'g] vfnsf s] ;d:ofsf] eflubf/ ePafkt /fHon] plgx?nfO{ 

sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;af6 s]xL ;xof]u ug'{ kb}{g < oL k|Zgsf] hjfkm phf{ Ifqdf 

u|fdL0f :t/df /x]sf ul/a tyf clzlIft ;d'bfosf] sfd ug]{ ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfx?n] vf]Hg] a]nf cfO{;s]sf] 

r]tgfsf] :t/df a[l4 eO{ b]zAofkL ?kdf hnafo' 5 . u|fdL0f :t/;Dd kx'‘r ePsf / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg 

kl/jt{gdf ;sf/fTds ;Gb]zsf] k|afx x'g;S5 . / ;dfwfg ug{ cEo:t ;fd'bflos ;+3–;+:yfx?sf] 

o:tf sfo{qmdn] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?df sfd ug]{ ;femf k|ofzaf6 dfq hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt 

;fdflhs kl/rfnsx?sf] ;d]t Ifdtf a[l4eO{ ;d'bfodf u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] lhjg :t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . 

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf laZn]if0f ug{ ;d]t d2t g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?sf] nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 

k'Ug] 5 . :yflgo :t/df ul/g] To:tf k|of;x?n] hnjfo' ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 

kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf ul/g] sfo{qmd yk k|efjsf/L agfpg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj d'n's e/g} kg{ yfln;s]sf] 

cfjZos lalw tyf cf}hf/x?sf] ;d]t vf]h tyf ca:yfdf k|fs[lts >f]tsf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf 

cg';Gwfg x'g]5 . o;/L u|fdL0f Ifqdf tof/ x'g] ;Lko'Qm ;+:yfx?n] o;sf] k|efjnfO{ oyf;So l56f] ;Daf]wg 

cg'ejL hgzlQmn]] hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n ub{} hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d'bfosf] k|efj Go"lgs/0f tyf 

sfo{qmdx?nfO{ x/]s lsl;dsf lasf;sf sfoqmdx?df Ifdtf clea[l4 x'g] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ cfkm\gf] 

d'n ka|flxs/0f ub}{+ laBdfg of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofdf sfo{lbzf klg ;f]xL cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfjZos 

;d]t Plss[t u/L n}hfg ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 . hnjfo' 5 . o;af6 dfq hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 vf; hf]lvddf 

kl/jt{gsf k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf nflu laleGg txdf /x]sf ;d'bfon] cg'ej ug{;Sg] u/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog 

Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf pknAw ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L tyf x'g;S5 . 

ljB"t va/÷29 29

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] at{dfg r'gf}lt / ;dfwfgsf] nflu 

;/f]sf/jfnfn]] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf 

/fdk|;fb /fdk|;fb l/dfn 

l/dfn 

ljleGg r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 . tL r'gf}ltx? 

dWo] cfly{s / ;fdflhs r'gf}lt k|an ?kdf cufl8 

cfPsf] ljifo sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] k|ltj]bgaf6 

k|li6G5 . ut jif{sf] jflif{s 3f6f sl/a ;fF9] kfFr ca{ 

/ ;+lrt 3f6f sl/j ;fF9] pGgfO{; cj{ k'u]sf] tYofÍ 

k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPsf] 5 . csf]{lt/ cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] 

ljB't clwstd vkt ug{ pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ 

vfnsf lj1fkg u/L clws ljlqmjf6 clws cfo ;+sng 

ug'{kg]{ ;+:yfn] pN6} CFL lrd afF8g ljj; ePsf] 

tYo klg k|ltj]bgdf cfPsf] 5 . :jb]zsf ljB't 

pTkfbsx?;+u dxFuf]df ljB't vl/b ug{ dfq ge} 

sl/j !! k|ltzt u|fxs j[l4 ePsf] / ;f]xL cg'kftdf 

ljB'tsf] dfudf j[l4 ePsf]n] cfk"lt{sf] k|of; :j?k 

ef/taf6 k|lto'lg6 !#.$) ;Dd kg]{ ljB't ut jif{sf] 

t'ngfdf sl/j &@Ü yk vl/b ug{ / cfl3NNff] jif{sf] 

t'ngfdf yd{n kfNffG6af6 sl/j $%Ü a9L ljB't 

-h'g cToGt dx+uf] kb{5_ pTkfbg u/L 

;/b/ d"No k|lto'lg6 ^.%& df ljqmL ug{ ljj; ePsf] 

tYofÍ klg k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ePs} 

5 . Ps jf b'O{ k|ltztsf] z'ne Jofhsf] bL3{sflng 

C0f / bft[ ;+:yfx?jf6 k|fKt cg'bfgsf] /sd g]=lj=k|fnfO{ 

pknAw u/fP jfkt Jofh :j?k sl/j ?= tLg cj{ / 

/f]oN6Lafkt sl/a ?= Ps cj{ ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] 

u/]sf] tYo klg k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePs} 5 . cjf}{{ 

?k}ofsf] nufgLdf dx+uf] ljB'lts/0fsf lqmofsnfk klg 

cl3 a9fO{/x]s} 5 . of] ;a} tYofÍ x]bf{ g]kfn ljB't 

k|flws/0fsf] cfly{s cj:yf sxfnL nfUbf] b]lvG5 . 

30 30÷ljB"t 30 va/ 

ljB'tsf] pTkfbg k|;f/0f / 

ljt/0fsf] sfo{x? ;+u7Lt ?kdf 

;+rfng ul//x]sf] ;+:yf g]kfn 

ljB't k|flws/0fsf] @% cf}+ 

aflif{sf]T;j ev{/} ;DkGg ePsf] 

5 . @% cf}+ /ht dxf]T;j 

dgfO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf of] ;+:yfn] 

dfly pNn]lvt ljj;tfk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf 

lbg afWo of] ;+:yfsf] rfn'[ cf=j=)^&.^* sf] k|ltj]bg 

cem sxfnL nfUbf] cfpFbf klg cfZrfo{ dfGg' kb}{g 

lsgeg] pk/f]Qm ljj;tfk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx?af6 g]kfn 

ljB't k|flws/0f d"Qm x'g] ;+s]t b]lvb}g . 

of] ;+:yf ;8sdf 5f]l8Psf] b'x'gf] ufO{ h;sf] jf/]; 

5}g, s;}n] klg o;sf] :jf:y / bfgf kfgLdf lhDd]jf/L 

lng' kb}{g b'w eg] h;n] b'x]/ vfPklg x'g] h:tf] 

cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a}n] eGg] u5{g g]kfn ljB't 

k|flws/0fn] nf]8;]l8Ë u¥of] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] 

nfO{g lj:tf/ ul/lbPg . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] of] 

u/]g, pm u/]g . of] egfO{ ;fwf/0f dfG5]n] dfq eGb}gg\, 

/fHosf lhDd]jf/ txdf /x]g JolQmx?n] ;d]t eGg] 

u/]sf] kfO{G5 . s] xf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f < sf] xf] 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f < s;sf] xf] g]kfn ljB't 

k|flw/0f < of] s'g} AolQmsf] lghL ;+:yf xf]Og . of] 

hgtfsf] ;+:yf eP/ klg hgtfn] klg cfkmgf] ;+:yf 

ePsf] cg'e"lt ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5}g eg] o;n] cfkmgf] 

;zlQms/0fsf] nflu /fHoaf6 klg plrt ;xof]u k|fKt 

ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . 

hnljB't pTkfbgsf] If]qdf ev{/} cl3 j9\g vf]h]sf 

:jb]zL lghL nufgL stf{sf nflu cfk'mn] pTkfbg 

u/]sf] ljB't vl/b ul/lbg] ;+:yf klg xfn g]kfn ljB't 

k|flws/0f dfq xf] . of] ;+:yf ;jn eof] eg] dfq lghL 

ljB't pTkfbsx?n] cfk'mn] pTkfbg u/]sf] ljB'tsf] 

plrt d"No ;dod} k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o; cy{df 

pgLx?sf] Aojzfosf] d]?b08 klg g]kfn ljB't 

k|flws/0f g} xf] . To;}n] pgLx?af6 klg cfkm"n] pTkfbg 

u/]sf] ljB'tsf] d"No a[l4sf] cfjfh p7fp+bf g]kfn 

ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu klg cfjfh 

p7g' h?/L 5 . 

ljB'tsf cfd pkef]Qmfx? h;sf] ;:tf], ;'ne / 

e/kbf]{ ljB't ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff /x]sf] x'G5, of] 

:jefljs 5 hfoh 5 . t/ pkef]Qmfn] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf

ck]Iffs[t x'g] ls gx'g] eGg] ljifo ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf] 

ultljlw / cfly{s cj:yf;+u klg cGt/;DjlGwt 

x'G5 . ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf g]kfn 

ljB't k|flws/0f hgtfnfO{ ;:tf] ;'ne / e/kbf]{ ljB't 

;]jf pknJw u/fpgs} nflu u7g ePsf] xf] . of] u7g 

x'Fbf ag]sf] P]g g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g @)$! n] of] 

;+:yfsf] lg0ff{os txdf hgtfsf] k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf 

dfq u/]sf] 5}g ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jfldTj /xg] 

Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . t/ P]gdf ePsf] pQm Joj:yf 

nfu' u/fpg hgtfsf] tkm{af6 cfjfh p7fPsf] kfOPsf] 

5}g . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ z]o/ ljqmL ul/ ;fwf/0f ;ef 

gx'Gh]nsf nflu ;+rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] tby{ 

:j?ksf] ;+rfns ;ldltaf6 @% aif{b]lv g]kfn ljB't 

k|flws/0f rln/x]sf] 5 . xfn ljB't pkef]Qmfsf 

k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx? d"nsdf lqmofzLn 5g\ . 

;fd'bflos ljB't pkef]Qmf dxf;+3n] ljB'lts/0fsf] 

;jfndf hgtfnfO{ uf]njGb ul//x]sf] 5 . s8f zt{sf 

j}b]lzs C0fdf ul/g] ljB'tlts/0fsf] t'ngfdf ;fd'bflos 

u|fld0f ljB'lts/0f w]/}g} ;sf/fTds 5 . hgtfs} ljraf6 

jg]sf] dxf;+3n] klg hgtfsf] ;+:yf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/ 

0f ;Da[[4 t'Nofp+b} ;xh 7+un] ljB't ;]jf s;l/ k'¥Øfpg 

;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf lrGtg dgg ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 . 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfd ug]{ sl/j P3f/ xhf/ 

sd{rf/L hgtfs} Pp6f lx:;f xf] . ;+:yfsf] eljio;+u 

sd{rf/Lsf] eljio hf]l8Psf] 5 . To;}n] ;+:yfnfO{ 

s;/L ;Da[4 agfpg] eGg] ;jfndf sd{rf/Lsf ;j} 

k|ltlglwx?df klg ulx/f] lrGtg x'g h?/L 5 . 

;+:yfsf] ;sf/fTds cg'udg /fHojf6 x'g'kg]{df phf{ 

dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L lng] JolQmjf6 x'g] u/]sf] 

/fhgLlts x:tIf]kn] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f cfqmfGt 

alg/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;fwf/0f sd{rf/L b]lv sfof{no 

k|d'vx?, ljefluo k|d'vx?, dxfk|aGwsx?sf] ;d]t 

of]Uotf Ifdtf / cf}lrTotfsf cfwf/df k4tLut ge} 

dlGqsf] 7f8f] lgb]{zgdf x:tIf]ksf/L ;?jf ug]{, tf]s 

cfb]zdf sd{rf/L egf{ / ;Nnfxsf/sf] gfddf 

cgfjZos ?kdf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x?sf] lgo'lQm 

dfq xf]Og 7]Ssf k§fdf ;d]t dGqLsf] x:tIf]k ;+:yfnfO{ 

cwf]ultdf n}hfg] sf/s xf] ls xf]Og ? o;f] elg/xFbf 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] Joj:yfkgn] rflx+ hfoh g} 

hfoh / e|i6frf/ d"Qm sfd u/]sf] 5 t eGg] k|Zg 

p7g ;Sb5 . of] klg dlGqaf6 x'g] pk/f]Qm k|sf/sf 

x:tIf]ksf/L x/st / dGqLs} OR5f d'tfljs x'g] 

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm;+u cGt/;DalGwt 5 . 

olb /fhlgtLs x:tIf]ksf] cGTo x'g] xf] eg] o;sf] 

w]/} xb;Ddsf] lgbfg ;Dej 5 . of] ;+:yfdflysf] 

/fhlglts x:tIf]ksf] cGTosf] nflu ;j} eGbf klxnf 

;+rfns ;ldltdf x'g] u/]sf] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm jGb 

x'g'kb{5 . ;+rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf dlGq jf c? s'g} 

/fhlglts JolQm geP/ k]zfut / Joj;flos JolQm 

x'g'kb{5 eg] ;b:ox? klg cWoIfsf] ljj]sdf lgo'lQm 

ge} ;+:yfut k|ltlglwTj x'g' kb{5 eg] ;sf/fTds 

cg'udgsf/L e"ldsf dGqfnosf] x'g' kb{5 . 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k|0ffnLdf pknJw ljB'tsf] 

r'xfj6 lgoGq0f x'g g;sg' klg To;sf] ljQLo cj:yf 

gsf/fTds jGg'sf] csf]{ sf/0f xf] . ljB't r'xfj6 

k|ltj]bgn] b]vfP h:tf] @^-@* k|ltzt ePtf klg ;j} 

r'xfj6 rf]/L xf]Og . h:tf] ;'s} pTs[i6 k|ljlw ePsf] 

d'n'sdf klg s]xL g s]xL k|fljlws r'xfj6 t x'G5 g} 

. g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k|0ffnLaf6 xfn e}/x]sf] 

r'xfj6 dWo] 7"nf] lx:;f t xfdLn] k|of]u u/]sf] k|ljlwsf 

sf/0f ePsf] k|fljlws r'xfj6 g} xf] eg] em08} !! 

k|ltzt r'xfj6 rf]/L xf] . of] k|ltztnfO{ /sddf 

n}hfg] xf] eg] klg em08} @ cj{ j/fj/sf] ljB't rf]/L 

e}/x]sf] 5 . pQm rf]/L lgoGq0f x'g h?/L 5 . g]kfn 

ljB't k|flws/0fsf] PSnf] k|of;n] dfq rf]/L lgoGq0f 

k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/, 

/fhgLlts bn / gful/s ;dfhsf] k|efjsf/L ;xof]u 

h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . sltko rf]/Ldf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ 

sf/jfxL cl3 j9bf s'g} g s'g} /fhgLlts zlQm s]Gb|af6 

sf/jfxLdf cj/f]w k'/\ofOg] u/]sf] lttf] oyf{yx? klg 

gePsf] xf]Og . ljB't rf]/Ldf :jo+d g]kfn ljB't 

k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx? klg ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g\ eGg] 

cf/f]kx? klg k|z:t ;'Gg] ul/Psf] 5 . hxf+af6, hf];'s} 

af6 ePsf] rf]/L eP klg of] h3Go ck/fw ug]{ JolQmnfO{ 

ljB"t va/÷31 31

u+le/ sf/jfxL ug{sf] nflu ;j}sf] k|ltj4tf / ;xof]usf] 

vfFrf] 5 . ;/sf/ / ;j} /fhgLlts bn gful/s ;dfh 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L 

k|ltlglwx? jLrsf] pRr:t/sf] k|ltj4tf ;lxt ljB't 

r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ of]hgfa4 9+un] cl3 j9fpg' 

h?/L 5 . 

of] ;+:yfnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg ;j}eGbf 7"nf] e"ldsf 

;/sf/sf] t x'g] g} eof] . g]kfnsf] ljB't ljsf;df 

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] 

;+:yf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f afx]s csf]{ 5}g . 7"nf] 

nuflgsf] h?/t kg]{ ljB't ljsfzsf] nflu :jb]zL 

lglh If]q ;Ifd e};s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . xfnsf] ljB'tsf] 

dfu plgx?af6 dfq cfk"lt{ x'g ;Sb}g . of] ljifonfO{ 

bzf}+ k~r alif{o of]hgfsf] nIf / ;f]sf] pknlJwaf6 

k'li6 e};s]sf] 5 . cfly{s, ;dflhs / Joj:yfksLo 

?kdf sdhf]/ eof] elg /x]s} a]nfdf klg $%^ d]=jf=sf] 

cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu :jb]zL nufgL h'6fpg ;kmn 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f d"n'sf] ljB't ljsf;sf] d"n 

dfWod xf] eGg] klg k'i6L ePsf]] 5 . of] ;+:yf 

Aofkfl/s elgP klg hgtf k|ltsf] ;/sf/sf] bfloTj 

jxg ul//x]sf] ;+:yf xf] . ;/sf/sf] bfloTj jxg ub}{ 

;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf eP/ klg ;/sf/n] o;k|lt 4}w 

Jojxf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf]df ljB't ;]jf 

k'/ofpg' ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] Tof] dx+uf] klg x'g ;Sb5 

Tof] sfd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ul//x]sf] 5 . Tof] 

dx+uf] ljB'tLs/0f nufot cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu 

bft[;+:yfaf6 ;/sf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'bfg / ;x'lnot 

Jofhsf] C0f /sd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ pknJw 

u/fP jfkt *=@% k|ltzt ;Dd Jofh lng] u/]sf] 5 . 

To;} ul/ ;]jf ;+rfng ubf{ Aofkfl/s p4]Zon] ;+rflnt 

sDklgx?sf] t'ngfdf bf]Aa/ d"Nodf /f]oN6L nufpg], 

;8s jQLsf] dx;'n ldgfxf u/fpg], ;/sf/L jSof}tf 

e'QmfgL gug]{ h:tf s[ofsnfk ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 

e}/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] bfloTj jxg klg ug]{, dx+uf] 

Aofh klg ltg]{, rsf]{ /f]oN6L klg a'emfpg], ;8s jQLsf] 

dx;'n klg 5'6 lbg] clg ;+:yf gfkmfdf klg hfg] of] 

s;/L x'g ;Sb5 < 

32 32 32÷ljB"t 32 32 va/ 

csf]{lt/ sl/j !) aif{b]lv dx;'n ;dfof]hg ePsf] 

5}g . !) jif{sf] ljrdf ljB't ;]jfdf k|of]u x'g] 

;fdfgx?sf] d"No % b]lv & u'0ff j9]sf] sf/0f nfut 

j[l4 ePsf] 5 . nfut cg'?k dx;"n ;dfof]hgf gx'+bf 

xfn k|lt o"lg6 @.$) k};f 3f6f ePsf] 5 . dx;"n 

;dfof]hg gx'g'sf] sf/0f /fhgLlts :jfy{ g} xf] . 

;/sf/df /xg] /fhg]tfx?n] oyf{yaf6 pkef]QmfnfO{ 

6f9f /fv]/ ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf] nflu ljutdf d"No a[l4 

;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df k|To]s aif{ dx;"n ;dfof]hg 

gul/ lb+bf Psflt/ dxz'n a[l4sf] rfk pkef]QmnfO{ 

Ps}k6s kg]{ / ;+:yfsf] cfly{s cj:yf bolgo e}] vr{ 

ug]{ Ifdtfdf x|f; cfPsf]n] e} /x]sf ljB'tu[xx?, 

;j:6]zg / nfOgx? ;d]t ;dodf dd{t x'g g;Sg] 

cj:yf ;[hgf e};s]sf] 5 . olb of] cj:yf /xL /xg] xf] 

eg] gof+ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifo t k/} hfcf]; xfn 

;+rfngdf /x]sf ljB't u[xx? ;d]t ;+rfng x'g g;Sg] 

l:ylt cfpg ;Sb5 . pk/f]Qm l:yltsf] lg/fs/0fsf] 

nflu ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf g} ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . 

;+:yfsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/sf] nflu cfly{s 

k'g;{+/rgfsf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;/sf/n] j]jf:tf u/L/x]sf] 

5 . csf]{lt/ ;/sf/åf/f ul7t ljB't dxz'n lgwf{/0f 

cfof]uaf6 dxz'n ;dfof]hg ;DaGwdf k6s k6s 

5nkmn, cGt/lqmof / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{x? eP/ klg 

lg0f{odf k'Ug l9nfO{ e}/x]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm Jojxf/sf 

sf/0f g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f w/f;foL x'g] cj:yf 

cfpg ;Sb5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f w/f;foL x'g' 

eg]sf] g]kfnsf] ljB't ljsfz w/f;foL x'g' / hgtf 

cGwsf/df a:g afWo x'g' xf] . olb of] cj:yf cfof] eg] 

;DalGwt kIf ljz]ifu/L ;/sf/n] o;sf] lhDd]jf/L 

lng'kb{5 . To;}n] d'n'ssf] ljB't ljsfzsf] d"n dfWodsf] 

?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ arfp+b} o;sf] 

;zlQms/0fsf] nflu cf-cfkm\gf] 7fp+af6 e"ldsf lgefpg 

;/f]sf/jfnf, g]kfn ;/sf/, :jtGq ljB't k|aw{sx?, 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx? / tLgsf 

k|ltlglwx?, ljB't pkef]Qmfsf k|ltlglwd'ns 

;+:yfx? / ;d:t ljB't pkef]Qmfju{ uDeL/ x'g 

h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

laB't d"No pTkfbg k}zf/0f / lat/0fsf] lgdf{0f tyf 

;~rfng ;+ef/ nfutdf lge{/ u5{ . o;df klg laB't 

pTkfbgsf] e"ldsf k|d'v x'G5 . lab't pTkfbgsf] nfut 

,pTkfbg k|lqmof / OGwgsf] pknAwtf cg';f/ leGg 

x'g] u5{ . ctM lah'nLsf] dxz'n lgwf{/0f ub{f lo ;a} 

kIfsf] laZn]if0f ug'{k5{ . g]kfndf xfn ;Dd s]jn 

^)) d]ufjf6 laB'tdfq pkof]udf NofOPsf]5 . laB't 

pkef]u ug{] em08} rfnL; k|ltzt hgtfsf] hghLjg 

klg nf]8;]l8ªn] c:tJo:t agfPsf]5 . aflif{s k|ltJolQm 

phf{ vkt sl.j ! ;o lsnf]jf6 k|lt 306f pkef]u b/ 

;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf Go'gtd5 . of] ef/tdf % ;o / 

lrgdf @ xhf/ % ;o k'lu;s]sf]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 

klg ;/sf/, ;Dk'0f{ ;:tf cfof]hgfx? lab]zLx?sf] 

lhDDdf nufpg] t/v/df 5 . 

hn laB't cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0fdf k|/lFes nfut 

|w]/} x'g] u5{ . t/ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg{] 

sEefkbfy{sf] ?kdf lagf d"No k|fKt x'g] kfgL l;len 

;+/rgf tyf pks/0fx?sf] dd{t :fDef/ vr{ xfn 

lgwf{/0f ePsf] /fh:j C0fdf nfUg] Jofh cflb lx;fj 

ubf{ k|ltjif{ ;~rfng ;Def/ vr{ k|f/lDes nfutsf] 

s]jn @÷# k|ltzt ;Dd dfq x'G5 . hnlaB't 

cfo]fhgfsf] k|lt lsnf]jf6 nfutsf] cfwf/df ;fw/ 

0ftM sl/j $ b]lv ^ jif{leq ;Dk'0f{ C0f tyf k'hL 

nufgL c;'n eO{;S5 . tTkZrft k|ltjif{ laB't lalqmaf6 

k|fKt x'g] /sddf ;~rfng ;Def/df x'g] sl/j !)÷ 

@) k|ltzt vr{ s6fP/ klg sl/j *) b]lv () 

k|ltzt;Dd s'n d'gfkmf x'G5 . 

g]kfndf lgdf{0fsf nlu la:t[t cWoog ePsf k|fo 

h;f] cfofhgfx?sf] cg'dflgt nfut ! xhf/ b]lv ! 

xhf/ kfr;o 8n/ k|lt lsnf]jf6 kg{] b]lvPsf]5 . t/ 

Joj:yfklso sdhf]/L, cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg lg0f{fos 

kIf÷JolQmx/sf] e|i6 cfr/0f / bfyfx?sf] ;t{n] ub{f 

lgdf{0f k'/f x'Gh]n nfut % xhf/ 8n/ k|lt lsnf]jf6 

;Dd k'u]sf] b[i6fGt w]/} 5 .pbfx/0fsf] nflu dWo 

lah'nLsf] rsf{] d"No 

8f= 8f= /ljGb|axfb'/ /ljGb|axfb'/ /ljGb|axfb'/ >]i7 

>]i7 

d:of{ªbLsf] cg'dflgt nfut ! xhf/ % ;o af6 lgdf{0f 

k'/f x'Gh]n;Dd % xhf/ 8n/ k|lt lsnf]jf6 eGbf al9 

k'¥ofOof] . lab]zL lglh sDkgL lvDtL ef]6]sf]zLn] 

cg'dflgt nfut ! xhf/ % ;oaf6 a9fP/ @ xhf/ % 

;o 8n/ k|lt lsnf]jf6 b]vfpb} g]kfn laB't k|flws/ 

0f ;+u rsf]{ laB't vl/b b/df ;Demf}tf u/]sf5g . 

laB't r'xfj6 / dxFuf]df laB't lsGgfn] laB't k|lws/0f 

aflif{s & ca{ a/fa/sf] 3f6fdf hfg' :jeflas} xf] . 

;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu s]lx la1x?n] laB't dxz'n 

a9fpg] ;Nnfx lbPsf5g< lsgeg] lat]sf bz aif{df 

cfn' Kofhsf] efp w]/} al9 ;Sof] /] . s] cfn' Kfh / 

laB't phf{nfO{ Ps}7fpdf /fv]/ bFfHg ldN5 < ;:tf]df 

laB't pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] hn laB'tsf] wgL sxlnPsf] 

b]z g]kfnsf ul/j pkef]Qmfn] bIfL0f Plzofdf ;jeGbf 

dxFuf] laB't pkef]u ul//x]sf] tkm{ s;}sf] Wofg uPsf] 

b]lvb}g . sdhf]/ Jj:yfkgn] ubf{ dxFuf] agfOPsf] 

laB'tsf] ykef/ cfd pkef]Qmfn] lsg Jo]xf]g{] < csf{]tkm{ 

w]/} :+f:yfx? dWo] Ps pbok'/ l;d]06 pBf]u klg 3f6fdf 

uO/x]sf] ;'lgG5 , Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ gu/L s]jn l;d]06sf] 

efpdfq a9fpb}df s] of] sf/vfgf gfkmfdf hfg ;S5 

< xfn}sf] Ps tYoFfs cg';f/ blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sx?sf] 

c}f;t k|lt o'lg6 d"No o; k|sf/ 5 e'6fg ? @÷#^, 

a+unfb]z ? #÷&%, ef/t ? %÷^^, g]kfn ? &÷#), 

>LnFsf ? !@÷$* . g]kfndf nf]8;]l8ªsf] cjlwdf 

d}g alQ Oge6{/, h]g]/]6/ cflbsf] vr{ ;d]t hf]8\bf t 

laB't dxz'n b/ sl/j !# k'U5 . laZjsf wlg 

/fi6«x?sf] cfo g]kfn wGbf sl.a ! ;o u'0ff al95 ,t/ 

laB't dxz'n b/ p:t}5 . k|ltJolQm aflif{s cfo;+u 

klg t'ngf ug{]xf]eg] g]kfnsf] dxz'n b/ ;+;f/sf] 

;a}egbf dxFuf] ;flat x'g]5 . dxFuf] eO{;s]sf] lah'nLsf] 

efp yk a[l4 ubf{ k|ltJlQm laB't vkt 36\g]5 , laB't 

r'xfj6 a9\g]5 / dxFuf] cfoltt OGwg ÷Uof; la:yflkt 

ug{ ;Sg] oftfoft÷ ksfpg] ;fwg pkef]u ug{]sfo{÷ 

ljB"t va/÷33 33

nIf klg cw'/} /xg]5 . ;fy} ;:tf]df hnlaB't cfof]hgfx? 

lgdf{0f ug{] cleofg k5fl8 ws]lng]5 ,k|flws/0fn] k'g 

pRrb/df laB't vl/b ug{]5 / cGTodf kmfObf s]jn 

s]lx laBt sld;g Ph]06x?nfO{ dfq x'g]5 . 

ef/tn] g]kfnsf] h:t} Ef" efudf ! xhf/ 8n/ k|lt 

lsnf]jf6 eGbf sddf hn laB't pTkfbg u5{ . To]; 

lx;fan] klg xfdLsxf cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f nfut ! 

xhf/ b]lv ! xhf/ % ;o 8n/ k|lt lsnf]jf6 kl/lwleq 

x'g'k5{ .o;sf] pTkfbg d"No ? @ b]lv # k|lt o'lg6 

x'g]5 . clg k|flws/0fnfO{ k|lt o'lg6 ? $ df lalqm ubf{ 

klg pTkfbgstf{nfO{ k|z:t kmfO{bf x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf 

laB't k|flws/0fn] k|;f/0f lat/0f nfOg laB't k|0ffnL 

;d]tsf] vr{ hf]8]/ klg u|xsnfO{ k|lt o'lg6 ? % b]lv ^ 

df lalqm ug{ ;S5 . o; lsl;dsf] laB't dxz'n b/n] 

pBf]u ,oftfoft,s[lif cflb If}qnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] dfq 

xf]Og aflif{s sl/a ? !) va{sf] vkt 

÷cfot x'g] vfgf ksfpg] PnkL Uof;nfO 

la:yflkt ub{} Jofkf/ 3f6f klg s dug{ 

;Sg]5 . 

clxn]sf] d'Vo d'2f ;:tf]df hnlaB't 

cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f u/L laB't dxz'nb/ 

cfd hgtfn] pkef]u ug{ :fSg] :t/df 

Nofpg' xf], lah'nLsf] efp a9fpg] xf]Og . 

laB't Ps dfq o:tf] a:t' xf] h'g g]kfndf 

;:tf]x'bf ef/tdf rf]/L lgsfl; x'g] ;Defjgf 

x'b}g . e/kbf{] ;:tf] laB't ;]jfn] :jb]zsf] 

pBf]u wGbf km:6fpg]dfq xf]Og ,ef/tLo 

pBf]u klg g]kfndf :yfGt/0f x'g] jftfj/0f 

aGg]5 . o;}u/L lautdf Joj:yfkgsf] 

sdhf]/L, cfofhgfdf ;+nUg lg0ff{os kIf÷ 

JolQmx?sf] e|i6 cfr/0f / bftfx?sf] ;t{n] 

ubf{ clt pQd hnlaB't cfof]hgfx? klg 

l9nf]ul/ clt pRr d"Nodf lgdf{0f x'bf laB't 

k|flws/0fsf] cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ x'g 

uPsf]5 . ;fy} pRr b/df laB't vl/ 

b÷cfot l8h]n Knf06 ;~rfng / laB't 

34 34÷ljB"t 34 va/ 

r'xfj6n] ubf{ klg k|flws/0fn] 7'nf] 3f6f Jo]xf]l//x]sf]5 . 

b]zdf laB't ;+s6 ePsf] cj:yfdf laB't lgsf;l ug{] 

sfo{qmd yflt nufpg' k5{ ./ b]zn' 7'nf] wg hg ;do 

vr{]/ cWoog u/L sfo{Gjog x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 

;Dk'0f{ lgsf;LhGo ;:tf cfof]hgfx?sf] nfO;]G; 

vf/]h u/L dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL df]8]ndf lgdf{0f sfo{ 

z'? ug{] k|s[of oyflz3| rflnxfNg' k5{ . hnlaB't 

cfo]fhgfx?sf] cWoog lgdf{0f lasf;sf] cjlw nfdf] 

wO k|f/lDes nfut klg w]/} kg{] x'bf Jofhb/ cGo 

If]qsf] t'ngfdf #)÷$) k|ltzt sd ug{'sf ;fy} :jb]zL 

hn laB't pBdLnfO{ laleGg s/x?df klg ;x'lnotsf] 

Joj:yf ePdf hnlaB't cfo]fhgfx?sf] pTkfbg nfut 

sd ug{ d2t k'Ug]5 . 

n]vs g]kfn laB't k|flws/0sf k'j{ pksfo{sf/L lgb{]zs 

x'g @)^&÷^÷!(ut] sflGtk'/ b}gLsdf k|sflzt 

;fd'bflos a]bgf 

cGwsf/} cGwsf/ eof] ufFp lhNnf b]zdf 

;'wf/sf] sfo{s|d cfPg s:tf] la8Dagf 5 of] b]zdf 

pTkfbg l;ldt eof] df+u eof] a9L 

lgoGq0fsf] pkfo ;f]lrPg rf]/L eof] al9 

/fHon] kf7 l;Sg'k5{ , ;d'bfonfO k|f]T;fxg lbP/ 

Pwfx/0f xfdL lbg ;S5f}+ laB't ;xsf/Ldf uP/ 

Nf]f8;]l8ª kl5 klg alQ hfG5 Efm\ofk em\ofk 

s:tf]vfnsf] ;]8'n agfof] laB't k|flws/0f n] 9\ofs 9\ofs 

a? rf}la; 306f nf]8;]l8ª e Plan ltg'{ kg]{ lyPg 

lasNk ;d'bfon] cfkm}+ vf]Hy] cWof/f]df a:g'kg]{ lyPg 

hn;|f]tsf] wgLb]z elgG5 g]kfnnfO{ 

cGwsf/} cGwsf/ eG5g clxn] b]z g]kfnnfO{ 

lbSs x'G5g ;d'bfo k|flws/0fsf] /a}of b]v]/ 

lasNk vf]lhG5 ca 5ftf ;+u7gdf uP/ 

h+uaxfb'/ h+uaxfb'/ h+uaxfb'/ dxQf] 

dxQf] 

;fd'bflos ;fd'bflos u|fld0f u|fld0f laB't laB't ;xsf/L ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;+:yf lnld6]8 

lnld6]8 

z+s/k"/ z+s/k"/ ;nf{xL 

;nf{xL

laB't ;fjwfgL k"j{s pkef]u 

u/]df xfd|f] hLjgsf] nflu htL 

pkof]uL 5 o;sf] pkof]udf 

Wofg lbO{Pg eg] of] Tolt 

g} vt/fk"0f{ 5 . laleGg 

l s l ; d s f 

k"hf zdf{ kf]v/]n 

b'3{6gfaf6 

Ho"Hofgsf ;fy} wghgsf] ;'/Iff ug{sf 

nflu laB'tLo ;'/Iff kl/If0fn] Wf]/} 

dxTjk'0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . b'3{6gf 

ePkl5sf] pkrf/ eGbf b'3{6gf x'g 

glbg' g} al9 a'l4dQf x'G5 . 7'nf 7'nf 

pBf]ux?df o:tf lsl;dsf kl/If0fx? 

u/fpg] ePtfklg ;fgf demf}nf pBf]u 

/ 3/df eg] of] kl/If0f u/fpg] u/]sf] 

laB'tLo z'/Iff kl/If0f 

Electrical Safety Audit 

kfj/ kfj/ kfj/ kfj/ kfj/ ;s]6sf] ;s]6sf] ;s]6sf] ;s]6sf] ;s]6sf] Ifdtf Ifdtf Ifdtf Ifdtf Ifdtf eGbf eGbf eGbf eGbf eGbf al9 al9 al9 al9 al9 

ljB'lto ljB'lto ljB'lto ljB'lto ljB'lto pks/0f pks/0f pks/0f pks/0f pks/0f k|of]u k|of]u k|of]u k|of]u k|of]u gu/f}+ gu/f}+ gu/f}+ gu/f}+ gu/f}+ . . . . . 

kfO{b}g . k]zfut z'/Iff kl/If0f stf{x?n] of] sfd ug{ 

;S5g\ eg] ;fgf 3/x?df cfkm} Pp6f r]slni6 agfP/ 

of] sfd lgoldt ?kdf ug{ ;lsG5 . x]bf{ / ;'Gbf 

;fdfGo h:tf] nfUg] o; kl/If0fn] eljtAo b'3{6gf 

x'gaf6 hf]ufp5 . 

laB'tLo ;'/Iff kl/If0fsf d'Vo p2]Zox? o; k|sf/ 

5g\ . 

• ;d:ofsf] klxrfg 

• ;'wf/ 

• k'g/fjnf]]sg 

;fwf/0f dflg;x?nfO{ nlIft u/]/ 

agfO{Psf] r]slni6 lgoldt kl/If0fsf] nflu 

pkof]lu x'g ;S5 . o;nfO{ 

xfdLn] sf]7f b]lv sf]7f;Ddsf] 

kl/If0f klg eGb5f}+ . 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 

+ 

qm=; qm=; qm=; ;d:ofsf] ;d:ofsf] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg klxrfg 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 

! s] ;s]6x? cf]e/nf]8 t 5}gg\ . Pp6} ;s]6af6 a9L pks/0fx? rnfpbf ;s]6sf] 

:jLr Knux? tfltg] t ub} {gg\ . tf]lsPsf] Ifdtf eGbf al9 gx'g] u/L rnfpg' k5{ . Ifdtf 

eGbf al9 pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug'{nfO{ 

cf]e/nf]8 elgG5 / 

cf]e/nf]8n] b'3{6gf lgDTofp5 . cf]e/nf]8 ePdf 

;s]6af6 lemNsfx? lg:sg], clws tfTg], w'‘jf 

lg:sg] 

x'G5. 

@ s] tf/x? v'O{lnPsf tyf g/fd|f] tf/x? v'O{lnPsf] 7fpaf6 s/]06sf] k|afx x'‘bf 

b'3{6gf 

cj:yfdf t 5}gg\ < 

lglDtg ;S5 . 

# tf/x? kmgL{r/ d'gL jf tftf] o;n] tf/ v'O{lng], hNg] x'g;S5 . 

;fdfgsf] glhs t 5}gg\ < 

$ laB'tLo pks/0fx? kfgLsf] glhs kfgLaf6 t'?Gt s/]06sf] k|jfx x'g] x'‘bf 

laB'tLo pks/0f 

t 5}gg\ < 

;s];Dd kfgLaf6 6f9f /fVff} . 

% laBtLo ;fdfgx? j;f/ k;f/ laB'tLo ;fdfg j;f/ k;f/ ubf{ ;fdfgsf] ;]6 jf 

ubf{ ;lx :yfgdf ;dftLPsf] 5 jf Xof08nsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ 

. 

tf/df ;dftLPsf] t 5}g < 

^ lx6/ jf k|sfz / tfk lbg] cfuf]n] Ef\m\ofKk l6Kg] a:t' k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ;nfO{, nfO{6/ 

laB'tLo ;fdfgx?sf] k|of] h:tf a:t'x? laB'tLo pks/0fsf] glhs /fVg' x'b}g . 

k|Hjnglzn a:t'x?sf] glhs t 

ul/Psf] 5}g < 

ljB"t va/÷35 35

ul/Psf] 5}g < 

& ;fgf aRrfx?nfO{ laB'tLo 

pks/0fx?;+u v]Ng lbg] ul/Ps]f 

t 5}g < 

* 3/ aflx/ lg:sbf laB'tLo 

pks/0fx? rfn' ca:yfdfg} 

5f]l8of]sL < 

(= PS;6]G;g s8{nfO{ :yfoL 3/ 

jfol/Ësf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] t 

5}g < 

!) km\o'h hfg] / a]nf a]nfdf 

Pd=l;=la= 8fpg x'g] ul//x]sf] t 

5}g < 

oL dflysf k|Zgx? dWo] s'g}klg Pssf] pQ/ 5 eGg] cfPdf t‘kfO{sf] 3/ cz'/lIft 5 eGg] a'em\g' kb{5 / 

cfjZos z'/lIft pkfo cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 . o;} u/L ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] ug]{ z'/Iff kl/If0f / o;sf] nflu 

rflxg] r]slni6 cfufdL cÍdf qmdz k|sfzg ul/g] 5 . 

afFs] lHfNNff tby{ ;ldlt u7g 

;fd'bflos laB't pkef]Qmf /fli6«o dxf;+3 lhNnf ;ldtL af‘s]sf] u7g ePsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos laB't pkef]Qmf 

/fli6«o dxf;+3df Pp6} lhNnfaf6 kfr jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;+:yf cfa4 ePdf dxf;+3sf] lawfg cg';f/ lhNnf 

;ldtL u7g ug{;Sg] Aoa:yf 5 . ldlt @)^&.)%.@!ut]sf lbg af‘s]sf] g]kfnu~hdf a;]sf] a}7saf6 lgDgfg';f/ 

af‘s] lhNNff ;ldtL u7g ePsf]5 . 

:f+of]hs z]/axfb'/ a:g]t u|fdL0f ;dfh lasf; ;fd'bflos ;+:yf gf}a:tf 

;b:o kbdaxfb'/ yfkf vh'/f ;}lgs ;xsf/L vh'/f 

;b:o s]za/fh kf}8]n srgfk'/ u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos laB't p =;ldlt srgfk'/ 

;b:o chos'df/ l>af:ta ;f]gf/L a3f}8f ;f=la=p=;ldlt ;f]gf/L a3f}8f 

;b:o t]haxfb'/ ;'a]bL s'z'd]Zj/ ;fd'bflos laB't pkef]Qmf ;ldlt s'z'd]Zj/ 

36 36÷ljB"t 36 va/ 

3/df s]6fs]6L v]Ng] qmddf s/]06 nfu]/ y'k| } s]6fs]6Lsf] 

d[To" ePsf] s'/f xfdL ;'lg/x]sf 5}f . t;y{ laB'tLo 

;fdfu|Lx? s]6fs]6Ln] ge]6\g] :yfgdf /fvg' kb{5 . 

jfol/Ë jf cGo sf/0fn] b'3{6gf lglDtg glbg 3/ aflx/ 

hf‘bf rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf pks/0fx? aGb ug{‘ k5{ . 

3/df sf]7fx? yKbf :yflO jfol/Ësf] abnf PS;6]G;g 

s8{sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfO{G5 o;f] ug'{ 

x'Fb}g 

. 

km\o'h hfg' jf Pd=;L=la= 8fpg eof] eg] ;DefaLt 

laB'tLo b'3{6gf af6 hf]ufp5 . t/ ;Sbf] l56f] s] 

sf/0fn] o:tf] eof] kQf nufpg] k|oTg ug'{k5{ 

. 

ljhof bzdL tyf z'e lbkfjnL @)^& sf] kfjg cj;/df 

xfd|f ;d:t u|fxs, z'elrGts tyf ;d:t dxfg'efjx? 

k|lt xflb{s d+undo z'e–sfdgf 

JoQm ub{5f}+ 

/fdk|;fb clwsf/L cWoIf tyf 

;~rfns ;ldlt kl/jf/ 

d}bL u|fdL0f laB't ;xsf/L ;+:yf 

ln= d}bL wflbª 

sfxf/dfg tfdfª cWoIf tyf 

k~rw'/f ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f 

laB'tLs/0f pkef]Qmf ;d'x 

kl/jf/ dfO:yfg dxf]Q/L 

la/axfb'/ sfsL{ cWoIf tyf l;4gfy 

u|fdL0f laB't ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= 

88]nw'/f

snf snf ltdlN;gf 

ltdlN;gf 

cfly{s Aoa:yfkg ;'b[9 ;+:yfsf] cfwf/ 

cfly{s Aoa:yfkg eGGffn] s'g} 

klg ;+:yfx?sf] cfly{s of]hgf 

agfpg] / To;nfO{ ;xL 9+uaf6 

Aoaxf/df ptfg'{nfO a'lemG5 

cyjf ;+:yfsf] cfly{s of]hgf 

agfpg' /sd ;+sng ug'{ lglZrt , 

p2]Zo k|fKtug{sf] nflu vr{ ug]{ 

To;sf] clen]v tof/ ug]{ / ;do ;dodf cfly{s 

ca:yfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] lx;fasf] n]vf kl/If0f 

u/fpg] / cfly{s k|lta]bg tof/ ug]{ s'/fx? kg{ 

cfp5g\ . t/ cfly{s Aoa:yfkg eGGffn] cfly{s 

ultlalwsf] ;xL clen]v dfq xf] eGg] s'/f xfldn] 

a'em\g' x'b}g lsg eg] cy{sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / kl/rfng ug]{ 

s'/f klg cfly{s Aoa:yfkg ;+u} cfp5 . 

;fd'bflos laB't pkef]Qmf ;+:yfx?n] lah'nLaf6 a9L 

eGbf a9L nfe xfl;n ug{sf]nflu cu|;/ x'g' kb{5. 

o;nfO{ alQafNg] sfddf dfq k|of]u gu/L cfo cfh{gsf] 

dfWod klg agfpg' k5{ , :yflgo :t/sf pBf]u 

Joazfox? ;+rfng u/L] ;d'bfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf] ;fgf] 

;fgf] /sdnfO{ Pst[t ub}{ pTkfbg d'ns sfddf 

nufpgdf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] e"ldsf k|d'v x'G5. 

:yflgo :t/sf] cfa:ostf / ;+efAotfsf] cWoog u/L 

Go"gtd ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng af6 clwstd nfe 

xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] v08df Psflt/ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? 

cfly{s ?kdf cfTdlge{? aGg] ;S5g eg] csf]{ tkm{ 

;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] lhag:t/ dfly p7fpg ;lsG5 . 

;fd'bflos ;+:yf eGg] lalQs} ;d'bfosf] lxtsf] lglDt 

:yfkgf ul/Psf] ;+:yf eGg] a'lemG5, To;sf/0f klg 

;d'bfosf] x/]s gful/sn] ;+:yfn] ul//x]sf] laleGg 

ultlalwdf rf;f] /fVg] / ;'';'lrt x'g] clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf 

x'G5g\ . o;y{ klg ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? Hfgtf k|lt al9 

pQ/bfoL aGGf' kg]{ x'G5 . ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf 

hlt klg cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] Aoal:yt / kf/bzL{ 

9+uaf6 n]vfsg u/L ;do ;dodf ;+:yfsf] af:tlas 

ca:yfnfO ;a}sf];fd' k]zul/lbgfn] ;+:yfk|lt ;d'bfosf] 

;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] lasf; x'G5 . of] klg ;+:yf 

Ao:yfkgsf] d'n cfwf/ xf] . 

;+:yfn] lbuf] cfly{s cfwf/ tof/ ug'{sf] ;fy} ;+rfngsf] 

lalw klg Tolts} e/kbf]{ / kf/blz{ x'g' cfa:os 5 . 

cfly{s Aoa:yfkgn] cy{nfO{ Gofof]lrt 9+uaf6 

kl/rfng ug]{ sfd u5{ . sfg'gL tyf Aoaxfl/s ?kdf 

n]vfsf] ;a{dfGo l;4fGtn] n]vfdf x'g] ulNt / 5nsk6 

nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ x'gfn] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?n] klg of] 

k|0ffnL nfO{ canDag ug'{ clgafo{ x'G5 . ;+:yfn] 

u/]sf x/]s cfDbfgLsf] / vr{x?sf] k5f8L aLne/kfO{x? 

;fy} vr{sf] k':6\ofO klg cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 . s'g} klg 

vr{ ubf{ ah]6sf] cfwf/df ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5. vr{ ul/Psf] 

lzif{s cGt/ut slt /sd 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 / af:tlas 

vr{ slt eof] eGg] s'/fx? nfO larf/ 

u/]/ dfq vr{ ug]{ afgLsf] lasf; ug'{ kb{5 . obL s'g} 

lzif{sdf ah]6 eGbf al9 vr{ ug{ cfa:os ePdf ;ldlt 

sf] :jLs[t lnP/ dfq vr{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;f] ug{ ;s]sf] 

v08df dfq cfly{s Aoa:Yffkg /fd|f] x'g ;S5 . 

x/]s cfly{s aif{sf] cGtdf n]vfsf] a}wflgstfsf] nflu 

n]vfkl/If0f clgafo{ ?kdf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;n] n]vfnfO{ 

r':t b'?:t /fVgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . 

s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] :jtGq n]vf kl/If0f n] Tof] ;+:yfsf] 

af:tlas cfly{s cfa:yf tyf kl/0ffdsf] lrq0f ub{5. 

;+:yfn] u/]sf ultlalwx?x? /fHosf] dfkb08 leq k5{g 

ls kb}{gg\ eGg] s'/f sf] hfFr ug]{ clwsf/ klg n]vfkl/ 

IfsnfO{ x'G5. ;+:yfdf ePsf ultlalwx?nfO lgaf{b ?kdf 

x]g{ kfpg] Ps dfq afXo AolQm eg]sf] n]vf kl/Ifs dfq 

xf] . n]vf kl/Ifsn] sfg'gL?kdf klg ;+:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfuhft 

cWoog ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ kfPsf] xG5 / p;n] s'g} 

ultlalwsf] af/]df 5fglag ug{] ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;Sb5 To;sf/0f 

klg cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf] nflu n]vfkl/If0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ 

e"ldsf x'G5 . n]vf kl/If0f aif{sf] cGtdf u/]klg cfly{s 

laa/0fx? dfl;s q}dfl;s / cw{aflif{s ?kdf tof/ u/L 

;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO hfgsf/L u/fpg ;s]sf] 

v08df ;+:yfk|ltsf] laZj;lgotf cem a9]/ hfg ;Sb5. 

ljB"t va/÷37 37

lai0f' lai0f' lai0f' 1jfnL 

1jfnL 

/ / / c~hn c~hn lg/f}nfsf] lg/f}nfsf] l/kf]6{ 

l/kf]6{ 

g]kfnsf] dWoefudf /x]sf] ;nf{xL lhNnf s[lif of]Uo 

e"ldsf] nflu pj{/ dflgG5 . jfudtL glbaf6 

l;+rfO{sfnflu gx/sf] Joj:yf eP kZrft oxfFsf 

clwsf+z jfl;Gbfx? s[lif k]zfdf nfu]sf 5g\ . 3/sf] 

vr{ 6fg]{dfq geP/ oxFfsf ls;fgx?n] t/sf/L, vfBfGg, 

pmv' nufotsf gub] aflnx?sf] lgof{t klg ub{5\g\ . 

/fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g] ePsf]n] k|fo ;a} s[lifk]zfdf cfslif{t 

5g\ . h;n]ubf{ ls;fgx?df Joj;flos v]tL ug]{ 

;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 / y'k}{ gfd / bfd klg 

sdfPsf 5g\ . s'n (( uflj; / ! gu/kflnsf /x]sf] 

o; lhNnfsf] klZrdL e]udf cjl:yt z+s/k'/ uflj;sf] 

gfd g;'Gg] lhNnfdf ;fob} sf]xL xf]nfg\ . 

ljleGg sfd ug]{ p2]Zon] @)%@ ;fndf :yflkt ax'd'vL 

;xsf/L dfkm{t ;'? ul/Psf] z+s/k'/sf] d'xf/ km]g]{ 

of]hgf ^)÷^! df :yflkt ;fd'bflos u|fld0f ljB't 

;xsf/Ln] k'/f u/]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fdf lhNnfd} 

pTs[i6 gd'gf ;xsf/Lsf] ?kdf kl/lrt o; ;xsf/Lsf 

cWoIf h+uaxfb'/ dxtf] @)%@ ;fnb]lv ;xsf/L 

ljsf;df lg/Gt/ lqmoflzn x'g'x'G5 . pxfF cfk'm klg 

s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 . s[lifdf /x]/ klg z+s/k'/ 

uf=lj=;=df cu|0fL / gf}nf] k|of]u ug]{ ls;fgsf] ?kdf 

pxfF kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . ;xsf/L :yfkgf / o;sf] ;+rfng 

;+aGwdf pxf‘sf] wf/0ff oxf‘ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 

s_ s_ ;xsf/Lsf] ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cjwf/0ff s;/L s;/L s;/L ljsf; ljsf; eof] eof] < 

< 

– @)%) ;fndf cfPsf] leif0f af9Ln] o; If]qsf 

afl;Gbfx?sf] uf;, af;, skf; / kl/jf/sf ;b:o 

;d]tsf] Hofg lnof] . To; kZrft o; ufpFdf l5/]sf 

ljleGg u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;xsf/L ljsf;sf] 

cjwf/0ffnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] k|oTg u/] . SAP Nepal 

gfds u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] jf9L lkl8tsfnflu ælbuf] 

s[lifÆ tyf æcgfjZos vr{ 36fpm ! ?k}of arfpmÆ 

eGg] gf/f dfkm{t s[lif If]qsf] lasf;sf nflu nufgL 

leq\ofP . aiff}{b]lv ltg{g;s]sf] ;fx' dxfhgsf] C0f 

38 38÷ljB"t 38 va/ 

;+:yf kl/ro 

z+s/k'/ z+s/k'/ ;fd'bflos ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f u|fdL0f laB't laB't ;xsf/L 

;xsf/L 

r'Qmf ul/lbP . o;/L uf‘pdf lelqPsf ;+:yfx?n] u|fdL0f 

hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g u/]sf] sfdnfO{ cfkm\gf] 

alxu{dg kZrft lg/Gt/tf lbg] l;nl;nfdf 

;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff ;'? ePsf xf] . kmn:j?k ax'd'vL 

;xsf/L :yfkgf eP/ xfn;Dd lqmoflzn 5 . 

v_ v_ ax'd'vL ax'd'vL ;xsf/L ;xsf/L :yfkgfsf] :yfkgfsf] :yfkgfsf] d'Vo d'Vo p2]Zo p2]Zo s] 

s] 

lyof] lyof] < 

< 

– u|fdL0f If]qdf :yflkt o; ;xsf/Lsf] d'Vo p2]Zo 

ls;fgx?nfO{ ;+ul7t u/L Joj;flos / pGgt s[lif 

k|0fflnsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;xsf/L dfkm{t C0f ;xof]u 

pknAw u/fpg], lapmljhg ljt/0fug]{, e}+;L, afv|f, 

s'v'/f, a+u'/kfng nufotsf cfocfh{gsf sfddf 

k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . ls;fgx? åf/f pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/ 

vf]hL, ;+efJotf cWoog / s[lifdf gofF gofF k|of]u ug]{ 

sfd ;xsf/L dfkm{t g} ;kmn ePsf] xf] . oL nufot 

o; ;xsf/L dfkm{t s[lif ;DalGw lzIff / hgr]tgf 

clej[l4sf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf, pBf]uwGbfsf] 

:yfkgfdf ;xof]u cfbL sfd x'‘b} cfPsf 5g\ . o; 

;xsf/L cGt{ut ;'ne ;xsf/L k;n klg :yfkgf 

u/L ljut %–& jif{ b]lv ;~rfngdf 5 . 

u_ u_ u|fdL0f u|fdL0f laB't laB't ;xsf/L ;xsf/L :yfkgf :yfkgf s;/L s;/L eof] eof] < 

< 

laB't lagf cGo pBf]u wGbfsf] lasf; ;Dej gePsf]n] 

pkef]Qmfsf] ;xof]udf ljB'lts/0f ug]{ cleofg klg 

olxF ;xsf/L dfkm{t ;'? ePsf] xf] . ax'd'vL ;xsf/L 

;+:yfs} cu|;/tfdf u|fdL0f laB't ;xsf/L btf{ ePsf] 

xf] . ax'd'vL ;xsf/Lsf] kxndf o; uf=la=;=df ;fgf 

ls;fg ;xsf/L, ljB't ;xsf/L / ;"of]{bo art tyf 

C0f ;xsf/L ;d]t ;+rfngdf 5g\ . 

ax'd'vL ;xsf/L cGt{ut #&@ z]o/ ;b:o 5g\ eg] 

afv|f kfng, wfgv]tL, pmv'v]tL, t/sf/L / cGo vfWofGg 

nufotsf cfocfh{gsf sfd ug]{ u/L () hgfsf] ( 

;d'x u7g eO{ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfn o; 

;xsf/Ldf @ dlxnf ;lxt !! hgfsf] sfo{ ;ldlt 5 . 

dfl;s ?kdf lgoldt a}7s a:g] / o; ;d'x cGt{utsf 

;b:o dfkm{t dfl;s @) ?k}of art x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

o; ;xsf/L cGtu{t ut jif{ @ s/f]8 !% nfv a/fa/ 

sf] sf/f]af/ ePsf]] lyof] eg] !^Ü Aofhb/df sl/a & 

nfv a/fa/sf] C0f /sd s[lif If]qdf kl/rfng ePsf] 

lyof] . 

3_ 3_ ljB't ljB't ljB't ;xsf/Ln] ;xsf/Ln] ul//x]sf ul//x]sf / / eflj eflj eflj sfo{qmd 

sfo{qmd 

s] s] s] s] 5g\ 5g\ < 

< 

– ;xsf/Lsf] d'No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t g]kfns} gd'gf 

;xsf/L agfpg] kl/sNkgfsf ;fy @)^)÷^! df :yflkt 

o; ljB't ;xsf/Ln] phf{ k|of]udf Jofkstf Nofpg] 

nIosf ;fy $ j6f p2]Zox? lnPsf] 5 . 

!= ;b:ox?nfO{ phf{hGo 

j:t'sf] k|of]usf nflu 

Ifdtf cljj[l4 ug]{ . 

@= n'3' pBf]u :yfkgfsf 

nflu pTk|]l/t ug]{ . 

#= u'0f:tl/o ljB't ;]jf 

lbg] . 

$= yk ljB'lts/0fsf 

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . 

xfn} o; of]hgf 

cGt{ut ?= @@ nfv 

a/fa/sf] yk sfo{qmd 

klg l:js[t e};s]sf] 5 . 

! 3/ ! z]o/ gLlt cGt{ut uf‘psf] ;DklQ uf‘pn]s} 

lhDd]jf/Ldf ;+rfng ug]{ / gfkmf 3f6fsf] eflubf/ klg 

cfkm} x'g] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

z+s/k'/ z+s/k'/ u|fdL0f u|fdL0f u|fdL0f ljB't ljB't ;xsf/Lsf] ;xsf/Lsf] sfof{no 

sfof{no 

;fydf ;fydf ;xsf/Lsf ;xsf/Lsf ;b:o 

;b:o 

ª_ ª_ ;+xsf/Lsf] ;+xsf/Lsf] ;+/rgf ;+/rgf / / cfly{s cfly{s kIf kIf s:tf] s:tf] 5 5 < 

< 

sl/a &%) 3/w'/L eP/ klg gfkmfdf ;+rflnt o; 

;xsf/L]] lhNnfd} VoftL sdfpg ;kmn 5 . laB't 

;xsf/L cGtu{t cfDbfgLsf >f]tx? l;ldt ePklg 

;+:yfsf] cfly{s kIfnfO{ kf/blz{ agfpg u0f]z sfsL{sf] 

;+of]hsTjdf # ;bl:oo n]vf ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . 

;+:yfsf] lx;fj ;/n, kf/bzL{ / b'?:t eP gePsf]af/ 

n]vf ;ldtLn] ;do ;dodf n]vf kl/If0f ub{5 . laB"t 

lalqmaf6 ut jif{ o; ;xsf/Ln] sl/a !$ nfv 

cfDbfgL u/]sf] 5 . o; dWo] s]xL /sd p7\g afFls 5 

eg] s]lx ;+:yfsf] dd{t ;+xf/ nufotsf sfddf nuflg 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

;+:yfsf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg n]vf / k|fljlws 

u/L @ hgf lgoldt sd{rf/L /flvPsf] 5 . ax'd'vL 

;xsf/L, hg>dbfg / cGo ;xof]uaf6 ;xsf/L 

;+rfngsf nflu sl/a %) hgf c6fpg ;Sg] k|lzIf0f 

xn ;lxt cfkm|g} ejg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . xfn o; 

ejgdf ;fgf ls;fg, ax'd'lv / ljB't ;xsf/L u/L # 

j6f ;xsf/Lsf] sfo{fno /x]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yf cGtu{t 

* j6f ldn $ j6f kmlg{r/ ! j6f b'Uw lr:ofg s]Gb| 

! j6f 6]lnkmf]g 6fj/ ;~rfngdf 5 eg] csf]{ ! 6fj/ 

lgdf{0fflwg 5 . o:t} ;fgf pBf]ux? y'k|} ;~rfngdf 

5g\ . cfkm\g} k|ofzdf 

;+:yfn] sl/a @ lsnf] 

ld6/ tf/ la:tf/ u/L yk 

$) 3/df laB't ;]jf 

pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o;n] 

uf‘pdf /x]sf lakGg #) 

kl/jf/sf nflu lgDgtd 

%) ?k}of dxz'ndf laB't 

lat/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . 

ut cf=a=df o; ;+:yfsf] 

s'n vl/b laB't o'lg6 & 

nfv !% xhf/ ^!# / 

lalqm ^ nfv $$ xhf/ 

)%! 5 eg] af‘sL r'xfj6 b]lvG5 . ;nf{xL lhNnfsf] 

xsdf sl/a ^)Ü r'xfj6 /x]sf]df of] gu0o xf] . 

o; ;xsf/Lsf] Pr=l6= nfO{g &=#( ls=ld, Pn=l6+ nfO{g 

!^=#% ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . !)) s]=le=sf] $ j6f / %) 

sf] ! u/L % j6f 6«fG;kmd{/af6 ljB't ljt/0f 

e}/x]sf] 5 . 

r_ r_ ;+:yfsf ;+:yfsf d'Vo d'Vo r'gf}lt r'gf}lt s]–s] s]–s] s]–s] 5g 5g < 

< 

– pHhn eljio / ;Defjgf af]s]sf] o; ljB't ;xfsf/L 

:yfkgf kZrft o; If]q / oxfFsf ls;fgx?df 7"nf] 

kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . hLjg :t/df csNklgo ;'wf/ 

ePsf] 5 . ;xsf/L l;G4fGt adf]lhd Ps[lst ljsf;, 

;xsf/L lzIff nufotsf ;t{x? qmdzM k"/f x'b}5g\ . 

;Dk'0f{ ls;fgsf] cljefjs aGg ;kmn o; ;xsf/LnfO{ 

yk dha't agfpg o;sf ;b:ox? lqmoflzn 5g\ . 

olt x'bfF x'b}F klg lgDg r'gf}ltx? ljBdfg 5g\ . 

ljB"t va/÷39 39

!= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ljt/0f u/]sf] ljB'tsf] rf]/Lu/L 

pBf]u wGbf rnfpg]sf] ;Vof l5d]sL uf=lj=;=df k|z:t x'bfFklg 

;nf{xL zfvfaf6 lgoGq0fdf rf;f] b]vfOPsf] 5}g\ . 

@= rf]l/sf] ljB't k|of]uaf6 ;~rflnt pBf]u tyf Aoa;fo;Fu 

;xsf/Ldf cfj4 pBf]ux?n] k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ cj:yf 5}g . 

#= k};f ltg'{ gkg]{ rf]/Lsf] ljB't k|of]u ug]{n] ljB'tsf] 

pRr vkt ul/lbbfF lgoldt dxz'n ltg]{ o; ;xsf/Lsf 

pkef]Qmfx? Go'g ef]n6]h ePsf] u'0f:t/lxg ljB't 

k|of]u ug{ afWo5g\ . 

$= ;nf{xL zfvfn] nf]8 Jofn]G; ug]{ afxgfdf nf]8;]l8Ë 

afx]ssf] ;dodf klg ljB't s6f}lt ug]{ / l8d nfO6 

5f8\g] u/]sf] 5 . 

%= ljB'tsf] :yfloTj gx'bfF clw+sfz pBf]ux? j}slNks 

phf{df lge{/ x'g'kg]{ jfWotf 5 . 

;+:yf kl/ro 

k~rw'/f ;fd'bflos laB'tLs/0f pkef]Qmf ;d'x, dxf]Q/L 

dxf]Q/L lhNnfdf /x]sf] k~rw'/f ;fd'bflos laB'tLs/0f pkef]Qmf ;d'xsf] :yfkgf@)^).!).)! df ePsf] xf] . 

o;sf] s'n lgdf{0f nfut M !,!&,)),))) dWo] uf=la=;= af6 @,)),))).– ;xof]u ePsf] 5 eg] cGo ;a} 

;fd'bflos agaf6 nufgL ul/Psf] xf] . ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f kZrft ldlt M @)^$.)$.)%;+:yf 

;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] o; ;+:yfdf!)#% pkef]Qmf /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfn] k|flalws / u|fxs ;]jf 

pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . laB'tLs/0f kZrft uf‘pdf :yflkt pBf]uwGbfx? Mkmlg{r/ &, s'6fgL lk;fgL ldn 

!$, s]a'n ;+rfng M # j6f 5 eg] s'v'/fkfng k|fo ;a} j8fdf u/L Ps bh{g eGbf al9 5g\ . 

o; ;+:yfn] dfl;s laB't vl/b M &#,^!( o'lg6 / lalqm M !,@^,*@! o'lg6 5 . dd{t ;=ef/ sf]ifdf s]lx 

/sd hDdf ePklg To;nfO{ lgoldt ug{ g;lsPsf] ;+:yfsf cWoIf sxf/dfg :ofª\tfgn] atfpg'eof] . 

nufgL afx]s xfn;Dd o; ;+:yfsf] gfddf ? % nfv art ePsf] 5 . 

e}/aL ;fd'bflos lasf; ;dfh, e"ld:yfg, wflbË 

o; ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf @)^# ;fndf ePklg sl/a $ aif{ k5f8L ldltM@)^^.!!.@^ df nfO{grfh{ ePsf] 5 . 

e"ld:yfg jf8{ g+= % dN9'ddf /x]sf] Pp6f 6«fG;kmd{/ -!)) s]=le=_ dfkm{t laB't lat/0f ub}{ cfPsf] o; 

;+:yfdf l:6n kf]n ;+Vof M $^, sf7sf] kf]n M !&) j6f /x]sf 5g\ . @ hgf dlxnf ;lxt ( hgfsf] sfo{ 

;ldlt /x]sf] o; ;+:yfdf lgoldt sfd ug]{u/L @ hgf sd{rf/Lsf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] 5 . x/]s dlxgfsf] !– 

& ut];Dd l/l8ª / !# ut] leq ddz'n e"QmfgL ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] km]hsf] sfo{qmdsf] nflu k|lt 3/ 

w'/L $@%).–, gub ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] eg] cGo /sd uf=la=;= n] ;xof]u u/s]f lyof] . o; 

;+:yfsf] k|zf/0f nfO{g @=*&& ls=ld= / lat/0f nfO{g (=#(% ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . 

40 40 40÷ljB"t 40 va/ 

^= ljB't rf]/L 8s}lt lgoGq0f eGbf lj:tf/ Jofks x'bfF 

ls;fg, pBf]lu, Aoa;flosf] eljio yk hl6n x'g] lglZrt 

5 / rf]/L k|yf lgoGq0f gx'bfF o;sf] ;+:sf/ o; 

;xsf/Ldf k|j]z gunf{ eGg ;lsGg . æ;d|u rf]/L lgoGq0f 

/ u'0fl:t/Lo ljB't ;'ljwf g} o;sf d'Vo r'gf}lt x'g\Æ . 

t?n, pmv', a];f/, ds}, wfg, ;Vv/, lk+8fn', cf]n, cfn', 

nufotsf gub] afnL pTkfbg / lgof{tdf k|d'v :yfg 

cf]u6\g ;kmn o; If]qdf gofF gofF pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgfsfnflu 

/fd|f] ;DefJotf 5 . sf]N8:6f]/, bfgf pBf]u, a];f/ pBf]u, 

nufotsf pBf]ux? :yfkgfsf] /fd|f] ;+efjgf ePklg nufgL 

ug{;Sg] pBf]lux? xfn;Dd b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . olb o:tf 

pBf]ux?sf] lasf; / k|a4{gdf hf]8 lbg]xf] eg] ljB't 

;xsf/Lsf] eljio yk pHhn b]lvG5 . ***

2067-6-22 Bidhut. patrika - the NACEUN

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