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6

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7

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&IWSRHIVI +I[MGLXYRK H]REQMWGLIV )MKIRWGLEJXIR (MI y(]REQMOl HIV *M
RER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI [MVH ZSR ZIVWGLMIHIRIR )MKIRWGLEJXIR FIWXMQQX [IP
GLIRSJX^Y[IRMK&IEGLXYRKKIWGLIROX[MVH(MIWI1IVOQEPIWMRHEFIVIFIRJEPPW
EPWy^IRXVEPl^YFI[IVXIRHEIMRIZIVR²RJXMKI(]REQMOIMRIYREFHMRKFEVI:SVEYW
WIX^YRKIMRIWKYXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIWMWX
9RXIVWGLMIHI^YFMWLIVMKIR9RXIVWYGLYRKIR
(MIZSVPMIKIRHI9RXIVWYGLYRKYRXIVWGLIMHIXWMGLMR[IWIRXPMGLIR4YROXIRZSRFMWLI
VMKIR ÍFIVWMGLXIR %RWGLEYPMGL [IVHIR HMI ^IRXVEPIR âRHIVYRKIR [IRR QER ^[IM
1ÇRKIPHIVFMWLIVMKIR9RXIVWYGLYRKIRFIXVEGLXIX
Œ
Œ
-R FIWXILIRHIR ÍFIVWMGLXIR [IVHIR ²FPMGLIV[IMWI HMI &I^IMGLRYRKIR HIV
-RWXVYQIRXIEYWHIROERXSREPIR+IWIX^IR²FIVRSQQIR)MRIKI[MWWI:IV[MVVYRK
YRH*ILPMRXIVTVIXEXMSRMWXHEFIMYRYQKÇRKPMGLHEKPIMGLI&I^IMGLRYRKIRJ²VWMGL
XIMP[IMWI WXEVO YRXIVWGLIMHIRHI 1IGLERMWQIR ZIV[IRHIX [IVHIR 9RWIV
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQE X]TMWMIVX HMI -RWXVYQIRXI EYJKVYRH MLVIV ^IRXVEPIR
)MKIRWGLEJXIR (EQMX [IVHIR PSKMWGLI y+VYTTIRl KIWGLEJJIR HIVIR
+IQIMRWEQOIMXOPEVHIJMRMIVXMWX
-RFIWXILIRHIRÍFIVWMGLXIRYRXIVWGLIMHIXQERQE\MQEP^[IMFMWHVIM)MKIRWGLEJ
XIR HIV *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI (EQMX MWX OIMRI EYWVIMGLIRHI &IWGLVIMFYRK
Q¸KPMGL 9RWIV /EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQE ZIV[IRHIX )MKIRWGLEJXIR [SFIM NIHI
)MKIRWGLEJX NI[IMPW IMR [IWIRXPMGLIW 1IVOQEP IMRIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIW
^YIVJEWWIRZIVWYGLX
(IV:SVXIMPYRWIVIW:SVKILIRWFIWXILXHEVMRHEWWHEROHIW/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQEW
IMRI YQJEWWIRHI IMRLIMXPMGLI YRH ZIVWXÇRHPMGLI &IWGLVIMFYRK EYJ FIKVIR^XIQ 6EYQ
Q¸KPMGL MWX (EQMX [IVHIR EYGL HMI :SVEYWWIX^YRKIR J²V IMRIR :IVKPIMGL ^[MWGLIR
HIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIRKIWGLEJJIR
(EHMI/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKRIYMWXYRHQMXZIVWGLMIHIRIRRIYHIJMRMIVXIR&IKVMJJIRKIEV
FIMXIX[MVHMWXIWRSX[IRHMKHEWWHIV0IWIVQMXHMIWIR&IKVMJJIRZIVXVEYXMWX(IWLEPF
IVPÇYXIVR[MVHMI/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKMRHMIWIQIVWXIRy8LISVMIXIMPlEYWJ²LVPMGL>YWÇX^PMGL
JMRHIXWMGLMQ%RLERKIMRIEPTLEFIXMWGLI%YJPMWXYRKEPPIV^IRXVEPIR&IKVMJJI
(EW/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQEMQ(IXEMP
%YJFEYHIV/EXIKSVMWMIVYRK
.IHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQHIV/ERXSRI[MVHREGLHIQ7GLIQEFIWGLVMIFIRYRH
OEXIKSVMWMIVXHEWMR%FFMPHYRKHEVKIWXIPPXMWX(IVZSVPMIKIRHI%FWGLRMXXIVPÇYXIVXHEW
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQE 7GLVMXX J²V 7GLVMXX (MI FILERHIPXIR 8IMPI [IVHIR HYVGL *IXX
8

WGLVMJX MQ /EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQE YRH MQ 8I\X QEVOMIVX 7S IVOIRRX HIV 0IWIV EYJ
IMRIR&PMGO[IPGLI7EGLZIVLEPXIKIVEHIHMWOYXMIVX[IVHIR
;MV FIKMRRIR HEFIM QMX HIQ KIRIVIPPIR %YJFEY HL HIV +IWEQX²FIVWMGLX ²FIV HEW
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQE
(EW7GLIQEFIWXILXEYWHVIM8IMPIR
(IV&IWGLVIMFYRKHIVKIWIX^PMGLIR+VYRHPEKIRHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLW
(IV /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK YRH &IWGLVIMFYRK HIV IMR^IPRIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQIGLERMW
QIR
(IV&IWGLVIMFYRKHIW+IWEQXW]WXIQW
/ERXSR
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR +IWIX^ZSR 0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKYRH
&IWGLVIMFYRKHIV
IMR^IPRIR%YWKPIMGLWMR
WXVYQIRXI
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK
%YJPEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK
6IJSVQ
Abbildung 1: Kategorisierungsschema (I)
(MI%YJ^ÇLPYRKHIV^IRXVEPIRKIWIX^PMGLIR+VYRHPEKIR * HSOYQIRXMIVXHMI5YIPPIR
HIV EREP]WMIVXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIR >YWÇX^PMGL [MVH HEW .ELV ERKIKIFIR
EYW[IPGLIQHEW+IWIX^WXEQQXWS[MIHIV>IMXTYROXIMRIVEPPJÇPPMKIR6IZMWMSR(MIWI
%RKEFIR LEFIR KVYRHWÇX^PMGL RYV HIR >[IGO IMRIW yFMFPMSKVETLMWGLIR ,MR[IMWIWl
%PPIVHMRKWKMFXIWREX²VPMGL*ÇPPI[SFIVIMXWHMI%YJ^ÇLPYRKHIVKIWIX^PMGLIR+VYRHPE
KIRIVELRIRPÇWWXHEWWHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLSJXIVKÇR^XYRHVIZMHMIVX[YVHI(MIWOERR
3 In Kantonen mit einem indirekten Finanzausgleich, der sich über sehr viele Spezialgesetze erstreckt, werden
jeweils nur die allgemeinen gesetzlichen Grundlagen für den indirekten Finanzausgleich sowie einige wichtige
Anwendungen aufgelistet.
9

IMRIVWXIW%R^IMGLIRJ²VKI[MWWI4VSFPIQIWIMR(EW8LIQEyKIWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIRl
FIHEVJ OIMRIV ^YWÇX^PMGLIR )VPÇYXIVYRKIR YRH [MVH HIWLEPF MQ [IMXIVIR 8I\X RMGLX
QILVFILERHIPX
(MI /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK YRH &IWGLVIMFYRK HIV IMR^IPRIR %YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI
WXILX MQ >IRXVYQ HIV %REP]WI HIV OERXSREPIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQI %PPI *MRER^
EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI[IVHIR^YRÇGLWXERLERH[MGLXMKIV)MKIRWGLEJXIRIMRIQZSR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR^YKISVHRIX(EQMXPÇWWXWMGLWTÇXIVMRHIVÍFIVWMGLXIMRVEWGLIV
ÍFIVFPMGO²FIVHMI*YROXMSRW[IMWIHIW-RWXVYQIRXIWKI[MRRIR)VKÇR^IRHHE^Y[MVH
HIV%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQYWOYV^FIWGLVMIFIRHLIW[MVHMRORETTIV*SVQIVPÇYXIVX
[MI HMI %YWKPIMGLWFIMXVÇKI FIVIGLRIX [IVHIR YRH [IPGLI (EXIR ZIV[IRHIX [IVHIR
(MI *YROXMSRW[IMWI HIW -RWXVYQIRXIW [MVH EPWS r ^YWÇX^PMGL ^YV 8]TMWMIVYRK r
RSGLQEPWEYJIMRIEPXIVREXMZI%VXIVPÇYXIVX[EWIMRIVWIMXWIMRIRERHIVIR>YKERK^YQ
-RWXVYQIRX IVPEYFX YRH ERHIVIVWIMXW WMGLIVWXIPPX HEWW [MGLXMKI &IWSRHIVLIMXIR RMGLX
YRXIVKILIR ;IMXIVI ^IRXVEPI )MKIRWGLEJXIR IMRIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIW
FIXVIJJIRHMI1SHEPMXÇXIRHIV*MRER^MIVYRKYRH%YW^ELPYRK(MIWI)MKIRWGLEJXIRWMRH
ZEJ²VHMIQMXXIPYRHPERKJVMWXMKI)RX[MGOPYRKZSR&IHIYXYRK
;SIWRSX[IRHMKSHIVWMRRZSPPMWX[IVHIR^YWÇX^PMGLI&IQIVOYRKIRERKIFVEGLXIX[E
YQEPPJÇPPMKI&IWSRHIVLIMXIR^YYRXIVWXVIMGLIR%FWGLRMXXIVPÇYXIVXHMI/EXIKSVMWMI
VYRKHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIMQ(IXEMP
(MI &IWGLVIMFYRK HIW +IWEQXW]WXIQW IVKÇR^X HMI %YWJ²LVYRKIR ^Y HIR IMR^IPRIR
-RWXVYQIRXIR HYVGL IMRI ^YWEQQIRJEWWIRHI &IWGLVIMFYRK YRH &I[IVXYRK HIV ;MV
OYRKIR HIW +IWEQXW]WXIQW 3F[SLP HMI IMR^IPRIR -RWXVYQIRXI MQ 1MXXIPTYROX HIV
%REP]WI WXILIR MWX IW RSX[IRHMK EYGL HEW y>YWEQQIRWTMIPl HMIWIV -RWXVYQIRXI ^Y
FIWGLVIMFIR)MR7GL[IVTYROX[MVHEYGLLMIVEYJHMI(]REQMOHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLW
W]WXIQWKIPIKXHLEYJHMI*VEKI[MIWMGLHEWKER^I7]WXIQERZIVÇRHIVXIy6ELQIR
FIHMRKYRKIRlERTEWWIROERR)MR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQQMXKYXIRH]REQMWGLIR)M
KIRWGLEJXIRVIEKMIVXEYJ:IVÇRHIVYRKIR[MIIX[E%YJKEFIRZIVWGLMIFYRKIR^[MWGLIR
/ERXSR YRH +IQIMRHIR -RJPEXMSR âRHIVYRKIR HIV %YWKEFIRWXVYOXYV )VL¸LYRK HIV
9RXIVWGLMIHI^[MWGLIRHIR+IQIMRHIRYW[QMXIMRIVERKIQIWWIRIR%RTEWWYRKHIV
%YWKPIMGLWFIMXVÇKI(EQMXFPIMFXHMIKI[²RWGLXI;MVOYRKEYGLQMXXIPYRHPERKJVMWXMK
IVLEPXIRYRHYRIV[²RWGLXI2IFIR[MVOYRKIRO¸RRIRZIVQMIHIR[IVHIR SLRI HEWW
IMRILÇYJMKI%RTEWWYRKFIMHIR%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIRZSVKIRSQQIR[IVHIRQYWW
%YJ HEW 8LIQE y&IWGLVIMFYRK HIW +IWEQXW]WXIQWl [MVH MR %FWGLRMXX EYWJ²LVPMGL
IMRKIKERKIR
10

(MI/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKYRH&IWGLVIMFYRKHIVIMR^IPRIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMR
WXVYQIRXI
ÍFIVWMGLX
;MI FIVIMXW IV[ÇLRX WXILX HMI /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK YRH &IWGLVIMFYRK HIV IMR^IPRIR *M
RER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI MQ >IRXVYQ HIV ÍFIVWMGLX (MIWI /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK FIWXILX
MLVIVWIMXWEYWZMIVy8IMPIRl
(MI>YSVHRYRK^YIMRIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T
(MI&IWGLVIMFYRKHIV&IVIGLRYRKYRHHIV(EXIRKVYRHPEKI
(MI/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKHIV*MRER^MIVYRKWYRH%YW^ELPYRKWQSHEPMXÇXIR
%PPJÇPPMKI&IQIVOYRKIRZKP%FFMPHYRK
(MIWI /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK MWX WGLVMXX[IMWI IRXWXERHIR %YWKIKERKIR WMRH [MV ZSR IMRIQ
TVSZMWSVMWGLIR /EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQE [IPGLIW EYJKVYRH IMRIV %REP]WI HIV *MRER^
EYWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIRQILVIVIV/ERXSRIIRXWXERHIRMWX(MIWIWTVSZMWSVMWGLI7GLIQE
[YVHI REGL IMRIQ 4VSFIPEYJ HL REGL IMRIV IVWXIR /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK HIV *MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIREPPIV/ERXSRIIVKÇR^XYRHFIVIMRMKX
/ERXSR
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR +IWIX^ZSR 0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKYRH
&IWGLVIMFYRKHIV
IMR^IPRIR%YWKPIMGLWMR
WXVYQIRXI
-*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T8]TMWMIVYRKEYJKVYRHHIVJSPKIRHIR
)MKIRWGLEJXIR%+,-./012,30/.:/45/67/8/
7/4:/45/67+6-&
;/48/&//069.+,,:;4

(MI/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKYRH&IWGLVIMFYRKHIVIMR^IPRIR%YWKPIMGLWIPIQIRXIEVFIMXIX[MI
HMI&I^IMGLRYRKWGLSRERHIYXIXQMX^[IMZIVWGLMIHIRIRy(EVWXIPPYRKWTVMR^MTMIRl
Œ
Œ
)MRI IMKIRXPMGLIR /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK HL IMRIV %REP]WI YRH %YJPMWXYRK HIV )MKIR
WGLEJXIR----E---F
)MRIIVKÇR^IRHI&IWGLVIMFYRKHIV&IVIGLRYRKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWFIXVEKIWYRH
EPPJÇPPMKIV&IWSRHIVLIMXIRHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIWyMR;SVXIRl---:
&IMHIV>YSVHRYRKIMRIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIW^YIMRIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T
-YRHHIV/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKHIV*MRER^MIVYRKWYRH%YW^ELPYRKWQSHEPMXÇXIR---EYRH
---F[IVHIRNI[IMPWHMI)MKIRWGLEJXIRHIW-RWXVYQIRXIW^Y+VYRHIKIPIKX(MI)MKIR
WGLEJXIR WMRH NIRI 1IVOQEPI IMRIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLW [IPGLI WIMRI ;MVOYRK FIWXMQ
QIR)W[IVHIR)MKIRWGLEJXIRZIV[IRHIX(MIWI)MKIRWGLEJXIR[IVHIRIMRIVWIMXW^YV
8]TMWMIVYRKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIWFIRYX^XYRH^YQERHIVIR^YV/EXIKSVM
WMIVYRKHIV*MRER^MIVYRKWYRH%YW^ELPYRKWQSHEPMXÇXIR
>[IM )MKIRWGLEJXIR r HMI 6IWXVMOXMSRIR HIV :IV[IRHYRK YRH HMI %YJPEKIR HIV
%YW^ELPYRK[IVHIRHEFIMyHSTTIPXlZIV[IRHIXHEWMIWS[SLPFIMHIV8]TMWMIVYRKEPW
EYGLFIMHIVEHÇUYEXIR&IWGLVIMFYRKHIV*MRER^MIVYRKWYRH%YW^ELPYRKWQSHEPMXÇXIR
[MGLXMKWMRH
(MI )MKIRWGLEJXIR [IVHIR EPWS RMGLX IMR^IPR EYJKIPMWXIX WSRHIVR yXLIQEXMWGLl
KVYTTMIVX (IV *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T FIWGLVIMFX HEFIM HMI yHMVIOXI ;MVOYRKl HIW
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW %YJKVYRH HIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TW MWX MR EPPIV 6IKIP KVYRHWÇX^PMGL
FIOERRX [IPGLI +VYTTI ZSR +IQIMRHIR QMX [IPGLIQ >MIP REGL [IPGLIR
&IQIWWYRKWOVMXIVMIR ^Y [IPGLIR &IHMRKYRKIR IMRIR %YWKPIMGLWFIXVEK FIOSQQX ZKP
%FWGLRMXX
*²RJ )MKIRWGLEJXIR FIWGLVIMFIR HMI 1SHEPMXÇXIR HIV *MRER^MIVYRK YRH %YW^ELPYRK
(MIWIFIMHIR8LIQIRFIVIMGLIYQJEWWIR^IRXVEPI)MKIRWGLEJXIRHIV*MRER^MIVYRKYRH
HIV%YW^ELPYRK[IPGLIHMI8]TMWMIVYRKSTXMQEPIVKÇR^IR @
(MI &IWGLVIMFYRK HIV &IVIGLRYRK HIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW yMR ;SVXIRl IVKÇR^X HMI
IX[EWEFWXVEOXI8]TMWMIVYRKKYXHEHEQMXIMR*SOYWEYJ[MGLXMKI&IWSRHIVLIMXIRFIM
HIV &IVIGLRYRK SHIV FIM HIR ZIV[IRHIXIR (EXIR KIPIKX [IVHIR OERR >YWÇX^PMGL
IVPEYFXHMI/EXIKSVMIy&IQIVOYRKIRlEYJ[MGLXMKI)MKIRLIMXIRHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMR
WXVYQIRXIWLMR^Y[IMWIR
4 U.a. werden folgende Fragen beantwortet: Wer finanziert den Ausgleich? Welcher Mechanismus bestimmt die
Höhe des Ausgleichsbetrages? Besteht ein Rechtsanspruch auf die Zahlung? Gibt es zusätzliche Auflagen an die
Empfänger?
12

YSVHRYRK^YIMRIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T
ÍFIVFPMGO
%PPI *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI [IVHIR IMRIQ ZSR ^ILR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR
^YKISVHRIX 7MI FIWGLVIMFIR NI[IMPW IMRIR +VYRHX]TYW IMRIW %YWKPIMGLW HL EPPI
^YKIXIMPXIR%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIRXIMPIRKI[MWWIKVYRHWÇX^PMGLI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
2EGLJSPKIRHKILIR[MVEYJJSPKIRHI*VEKIRIMR
Œ
Œ
Œ
;IPGLI)MKIRWGLEJXIR[IVHIRFIMHIV/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKZIV[IRHIXZKPYRH
#
;MIIVOPÇVIRWMGLHMI&I^IMGLRYRKIRZKP#
;MI[MVHFIMHIV>YXIMPYRK^YIMRIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TZIVJELVIRZKP#
%RWGLPMIWWIRH[IVHIREPPI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIRZSVKIWXIPPX
)MKIRWGLEJXIRHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR
(IV *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T FIWGLVIMFX UYEWM HMI +VYRHEVGLMXIOXYV HIW %YWKPIMGLWMRWXVY
QIRXIW.IHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIVKMFXWMGLEYWIMRIVFIWXMQQXIR/SQFMREXMSRZSR
ZMIV)MKIRWGLEJXIR(MI)MKIRWGLEJXIR[YVHIRWSEYWKI[ÇLPXHEWWZMIV^IRXVEPI*VEKIR
FIERX[SVXIX [IVHIR O¸RRIR [IPGLI HMI y*YROXMSRW[IMWIl HL HMI HMVIOXI ;MVOYRK
HIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXWFIXVIJJIR
Œ
Œ
Œ
Œ
;EW [MVH QMX HIQ %YWKPIMGL FI^[IGOX# ;IPGLI (MWTEVMXÇXIR WSPPIR EFKIFEYX
[IVHIR#%YWKPIMGLW^MIP
;SREGLVMGLXIXWMGLHIV%YWKPIMGL#2EGLHIVEOXYIPPIRJMRER^MIPPIR7MXYEXMSRHIW
)QTJÇRKIVW SHIV REGL YRFIIMRJPYWWFEVIR /IRR^ELPIR# :IV[IRHIXI
;IVXI&IIMRJPYWWFEVOIMX
;IPGLI&IHMRKYRKIRYRH%YJPEKIRLEXIMR+IWYGLWXIPPIV^YIVJ²PPIRHEQMXIV
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQMXXIPIVLÇPX#%YJPEKIRHIV%YW^ELPYRKYRH:IV[IRHYRK?^[IM
)MKIRWGLEJXIRA
%R[IRVMGLXIXWMGLHIV%YWKPIMGL#%RIMRI1ILVLIMX HIV +IQIMRHIR SHIV ER
IMRMKI[IRMKI+IQIMRHIRHMIEPW7TI^MEPJÇPPI^YGLEVEOXIVMWMIVIRWMRH#%HVIW
WEXIROVIMW
13

\]RNLHRQH ZHRQHW [
GHHLISYCDDGFRH UFCN
ZHRQH
KSSHUQLVHW T
XHHLISYCDDGFRH
ZHRQH
α B`RHDDF QHIURHLDkBCDEYHLlM
mGHRNnDDLEHR _Lo`opo ICR GHL HLIHN
UYHLIHR jRHLD HLINFYLE ]`HR
GHERHIaQHI
[stuvwxiytzxwv
A BCDEFGHI J KLIIFMNHI O PQHCHRSCDD
w|€w‚ {w|}w~w€w
Twwx~ƒvsttc^|„wx€
BCSYFEHI _XH`LIECIEHI
`HR BCDaFMYCIEb
^
w| [stz^yvs~u s~
{w|}w~s~u
[sƒv^uw~
BCSEFGHIWdR]eHUQf c
_XH`LIECIEHI `HR
EHGCI`HI
gHRhHI`CIEb
i jHLIH XH`LIECIEHI
FCSQRHQHI`HR b qLDrFRLQnQHI
hLH`HRUHMRHI`
β B`RHDDF QHIURHLDk
BCDEYHLlM FYYEHNHLIHR qLDrFRLQnQHI
ER]DDHR
[|wtt^€w~„|wxt
Abbildung 3: Schema zur Typisierung der Finanzausgleichsinstrumente
(MIZIV[IRHIXIR)MKIRWGLEJXIRMQ)MR^IPRIR
.IHIHIVZMIV)MKIRWGLEJXIRFIWGLVIMFXIMR1IVOQEPIMRIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIR
XIWHEWWIMRI+VYRHWXVYOXYV[IWIRXPMGLTVÇKX-Q*SPKIRHIRFIWGLVIMFIR[MVHMIIMR
^IPRIR)MKIRWGLEJXIROYV^
%YWKPIMGLW^MIP
(EW %YWKPIMGLW^MIP FIWGLVIMFX HMI %VX HIV (MWTEVMXÇXIR [IPGLI IMR %YWKPIMGLWMRWXVY
QIRXEYWKPIMGLIR[MPP(MWTEVMXÇXIRWMRHJMRER^MIPPI9RXIVWGLMIHI^[MWGLIRHIRIMR^IP
RIR +IQIMRHIR HMI IMRI *SPKI HIW *MRER^J¸HIVEPMWQYW WMRH (I^IRXVEPI
)RXWGLIMHYRKIR²FIV%YWKEFIRYRHHIVIR*MRER^MIVYRKWS[MII\SKIRI*EOXSVIR[MI
IX[E IMRI YRXIVWGLMIHPMGLI &IZ¸POIVYRKWWXVYOXYV YRH YRXIVWGLMIHPMGLI [MVXWGLEJXPMGLI
&IHMRKYRKIRJ²LVIRrEPPKIQIMRJSVQYPMIVXr^YYRXIVWGLMIHPMGLIRJMRER^MIPPIRy7XEVX
FIHMRKYRKIRl ^& 9RXIVWGLMIHI MR HIV 7XIYIVOVEJX YRH y6IWYPXEXIRl ^&
9RXIVWGLMIHIMRHIV7XIYIVFIPEWXYRKHIV+IQIMRHIR
%PPI *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI WXVIFIR ^YQMRHIWX IMRIW HIV JSPKIRHIR HVIM %YW
KPIMGLW^MIPIER
Œ
%YWKEFIR SHIV 0EWXIREYWKPIMGLW^MIPI %PPI %YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI [IPGLI HMI
6IHYOXMSR HIV 9RXIVWGLMIHI FIM HIV %YWKEFIRFIPEWXYRK MR IMR^IPRIR &IVIMGLIR
SHIV MRWKIWEQX FI^[IGOIR LEFIR IMR 0EWXIREYWKPIMGLW^MIP (MI &IKVMJJI
14

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5 Ein Ausgabenausgleichziel bedeutet also nicht automatisch, dass sich der Ausgleich nach den effektiven
Ausgaben bemisst, sondern nur, dass der Ausgleich (auf welchem Weg auch immer) letztlich eine kurz und/oder
langfristige Reduktion des Aufwandes in der Laufenden Rechnung zur Folge haben soll. (Die gleiche breite
Definition gilt natürlich für den Lastenausgleich).
6 Die Finanzausgleichsmechanismen der verschiedenen Kantone unterscheiden sich sehr bezüglich des „Formalisierungsgrades“
der Finanzausgleichsregeln. Während in gewissen Kantonen in den gesetzlichen Grundlagen
klare Berechnungsformeln zu finden sind, enthalten andere Gesetze und Verordnungen nur allgemeine Ausgleichsprinzipien.
Die Ausgleichsregeln sind in diesen Fällen oft erst durch einen Blick auf die Praxis der
Behörden eruierbar.
15

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7 In der Regel werden die Zahlungen auch nur dann ausgezahlt, wenn bestimmte Aufgaben oder Projekte damit
finanziert werden.
16

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8 Wie bereits erwähnt, werden die Auflagen der Auszahlung und Verwendung auch bei der Kategorisierung der
Finanzierungs- und Auszahlungsmodalitäten verwendet, weil sie thematisch dort dazugehören. Dort werden
dann aber alle Auflagen – auch die fakultativen – explizit erwähnt.
17

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18

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9 Subventionen, welche einen Kantonsbeitrag nach einem einheitlichen Prozentsatz für alle Gemeinden
vorsehen, werden nicht als Finanzausgleichsinstrumente betrachtet.
19

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10 Präziser formuliert müsste man sagen, dass es sich für die Gemeinden nicht lohnt, Anstrengungen zur Senkung
des Ressourcenpotentials zu betreiben, um damit in den Genuss höherer Ausgleichszahlungen zu kommen. Die
Steuereinnahmen der natürlichen Personen, die üblicherweise einen Grossteil des Ressourcenpotentials
ausmachen, können nicht direkt beeinflusst werden. Eine indirekte Einflussnahme lohnt sich nicht.
Falls eine breite Definition der Ressourcenbasis verwendet wird, die etwa Gebühren mit einschliesst, können
unter Umständen zusätzliche Vorschriften notwendig sein, um sicherzustellen, dass die Gemeinden nicht auf
Kausalabgaben verzichten und den Ausfall mit Ressourcenausgleich kompensieren.
20

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24

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11 Diese Vermischung führt zumindest bei längerer Anwendung fast immer dazu, dass letztlich weder das
Ausgleichsziel noch das Ziel der Förderung wirklich befriedigend erfüllt wird.
25

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26

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6IJSVQ
Abbildung 8: Kategorisierungsschema (III)
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKHIV*MRER^MIVYRKWYRH%YW^ELPYRKWQSHEPMXÇXIR
(MI/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKHIV*MRER^MIVYRKWYRH%YW^ELPYRKWQSHEPMXÇXIRFILERHIPX
J²RJ)MKIRWGLEJXIR;IMPHMIWI)MKIRWGLEJXIRFIMNIHIQ%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXEYJXVIXIR
YRH[IMPWMIIMRMKIMRXIVIWWERXIYRHJ²VHEW:IVWXÇRHRMWHIW%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQYW
[MGLXMKI-RJSVQEXMSRIRPMIJIVRMWXIMRI/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWMRRZSPP
(MI*MRER^MIVYRKYRH%YW^ELPYRKWMRH^[MRKIRHI)PIQIRXIIMRIWNIHIR8VERWJIVQI
GLERMWQYW)MR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXQYWWMVKIRH[MIJMRER^MIVX[IVHIRYRHIW
QYWW6IKIPRLEFIRHMIHMI%YWWGL²XXYRKHIV%YWKPIMGLWFIMXVÇKIHIJMRMIVIR(MIHMIW
FI^²KPMGLIR 6IKIPR [IVHIR XIMP[IMWI FIVIMXW HYVGL HIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TYW
FIWGLVMIFIR(SVXPMIKXEPPIVHMRKWHEW,EYTXKI[MGLXEYJHIVYRQMXXIPFEVIR%YWKPIMGLW
QIGLERMO (MI /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK HIV *MRER^MIVYRKW YRH %YW^ELPYRKWQSHEPMXÇXIR ZIV
[IRHIXEFIV)MKIRWGLEJXIRHMIRMGLXTVMQÇVJ²VHMIOSROVIXI&IVIGLRYRKIMRIWFI
WXMQQXIR%YWKPIMGLIWZSR-RXIVIWWIWMRHWSRHIVRZEJ²VHMIPERKJVMWXMKI*YROXMSRWJÇ
27

LMKOIMXHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWYRHJ²VWIMRI*PI\MFMPMXÇXEYJYRIV[EVXIXIâRHIVYRKIRHIV
:IVLÇPXRMWWIYRHHIV6ELQIRFIHMRKYRKIR^MIPEHÇUYEX^YVIEKMIVIR)MRMKIHMIWIV)M
KIRWGLEJXIR [IVHIR ²FPMGLIV[IMWI OEYQ FIEGLXIX SF[SLP WMI J²V HMI &IERX[SVXYRK
HIV *VEKI SF HIV *MRER^EYWKPIMGL RMGLX RYV MQ .ELV REGL HIV )MRJ²LVYRK WSRHIVR
EYGLRSGLMRJ²RJSHIV^ILR.ELVIRWSJYROXMSRMIVX[MIIWKI[²RWGLX[MVHIWWIRXMIPP
WMRH
2EGLJSPKIRH[IVHIRHMI)MKIRWGLEJXIRFIWGLVMIFIR)W[MVHIVPÇYXIVX[IPGLI%YW
TVÇKYRKIRHMIIRXWTVIGLIRHIR)MKIRWGLEJXIRERRILQIRO¸RRIRYRH[IPGLIR&IMXVEK
WMI^YV&IWGLVIMFYRKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIWPIMWXIR
/ERXSR
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR +IWIX^ZSR 0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKYRH&IWGLVIM
FYRKHIVIMR^IPRIR%YWKPIMGL
WMRWXVYQIRXI
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI
*MRER^MIVYRKZKP
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW
%YW^ELPYRKZKP
6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK
%YJPEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIRZKP
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK
6IJSVQ
Abbildung 9: Kategorisierungsschema (IV)
1SHEPMXÇXIRHIV*MRER^MIVYRK
(MI,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIPMWXIMR²FPMGLIW1IVOQEP^YV9RXIVWGLIMHYRKZSR*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIR(MI*VEKIy[IV^ELPXHIR%YWKPIMGLlMWXKIREYWS[MIHMI*VEKI
y[IV IVLÇPX %YWKPIMGLW^ELPYRKIRl VIPIZERX J²V HMI %YWKPIMGLW[MVOYRK HIW *MRER^EYW
KPIMGLW
)W[MVH ERKIKIFIR SF HIV /ERXSR ZIVXMOEP IMR 8IMP HIV +IQIMRHIR SHIV EPPI +I
QIMRHIR ^YWEQQIR LSVM^SRXEP SHIV HIV /ERXSR ^YWEQQIR QMX HIR +IQIMRHIR
KIQMWGLXHIR%YWKPIMGLJMRER^MIVX
28

)MRI &I[IVXYRK HIV IRXWTVIGLIRHIR 6IKIPYRKIR MWX SLRI IMRI %REP]WI HIV )MRREL
QIR YRH %YJKEFIRXIMPYRK RMGLX WMRRZSPP 8VSX^HIQ PEWWIR WMGL EYW HMIWIQ 1IVOQEP
KI[MWWI-RJSVQEXMSRIR²FIVHMIy*MRER^JP²WWIlLIVEYWPIWIR
(IV 1IGLERMWQYW HIV HMI ,¸LI HIW +IWEQXFIXVEKIW HIJMRMIVX MWX IMRI [MGLXMKI
)MKIRWGLEJXIMRIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIW)VFIWXMQQXHMI(]REQMOHIW%YWKPIM
GLIW[IWIRXPMGLQMX
1ER OERR KVYRHWÇX^PMGL ^[IM 4VMR^MTMIR HIV &IWXMQQYRK HIW +IWEQXFIXVEKIW YRXIV
WGLIMHIR 23
1SHIPPI FIM [IPGLIR WMGL HMI %YWKPIMGLWQMXXIP REGL HIQ y%YWKPIMGLWFIHEVJl HIV
)QTJÇRKIVVMGLXIRHIV&IHEVJFIWXMQQXHMI%YWKPIMGLWL¸LIYRH
1SHIPPI FIM [IPGLIR HMI ,¸LI HIV J²V HIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGL VIWIVZMIVXIR 1MXXIP
QEWWKIFIRHJ²VHIR+IWEQXFIXVEKMWXHIVZIVXIMPX[IVHIROERRZIVJ²KFEVIV&IXVEK
FIWXMQQX%YWKPIMGLWL¸LI
1IGLERMWQIR HMI WMGL REGL HIQ )QTJÇRKIV VMGLXIR O¸RRIR ^& IMRI 1MRHIWXEYW
WXEXXYRKHIV6IWWSYVGIRSHIVIMRIR,¸GLWXWXIYIVJYWWKEVERXMIVIR[EWZSR.ELV^Y.ELV
IMRI %RTEWWYRK HIW +IWEQXFIXVEKIW IVJSVHIVX (IQKIKIR²FIV ZIVXIMPIR yIMR^EL
PIVSVMIRXMIVXIl 7]WXIQI ^& NÇLVPMGL IMRIR FIWXMQQXIR 4VS^IRXWEX^ IMRIV 7XIYIV [EW
FIHIYXIXHEWWHMI%YWKPIMGLWPIMWXYRKWGL[EROIROERR
&IM %YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIR [S HIV +IWEQXFIXVEK ZSR HIV JMRER^MIPPIR 7MXYEXMSR HIV
JMRER^MIVIRHIR +IFMIXWO¸VTIVWGLEJXIR /ERXSR VIWT IMR 8IMP HIV +IQIMRHIR
EFLÇRKX PMIKX HEW 6MWMOS ^& ZSR /SRNYROXYVWGL[EROYRKIR FIM HIR )QTJÇRKIVR
%YJ HIV ERHIVIR 7IMXI FIWXILX FIM IMRIV VIMRIR %YWVMGLXYRK HIV >ELPYRKIR EQ %YW
KPIMGLWFIH²VJRMW HIW )QTJÇRKIVW HMI +IJELV HEWW HMI &IPEWXYRK HIVNIRMKIR HMI HIR
%YWKPIMGLJMRER^MIVIRWXÇRHMKERWXIMKX(MIWMWXMRWFIWSRHIVIHERRHIV*EPP[IRRHMI
)QTJÇRKIVHMI,¸LIHIV%YWKPIMGLWPIMWXYRKWIPFWXQEWWKIFIRHFIIMRJPYWWIRO¸RRIR
1SHEPMXÇXIRHIV%YW^ELPYRK
-RIMRMKIR%YWKPIMGLWW]WXIQIRFIWXILXrFIM:SVPMIKIRFIWXMQQXIV:SVEYWWIX^YRKIRr
IMR 6IGLXWERWTVYGL EYJ >ELPYRKIR MR IMRIV FIWXMQQXIR ,¸LI &IM ERHIVIR -RWXVY
QIRXIR [IVHIR HMI &IMXVÇKI PIHMKPMGL REGL )VQIWWIR HIV )\IOYXMZI KI[ÇLVX (IVIR
)RXWGLIMHYRK MWX SJX RYV WGLPIGLX TVSKRSWXM^MIVFEV &IM *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIR
HMIOIMRIR6IGLXWERWTVYGLOIRRIRWMKREPMWMIVXHIV+IWIX^KIFIVHEWWHMIWIV%YWKPIMGL
RMGLX^YVHEYIVRHIR/IVREYJKEFIHIW7XEEXIWKIL¸VXWSRHIVREPPIRJEPPWJ²VFIWSRHIVI
%YWRELQIWMXYEXMSRIROSR^MTMIVXMWX
(MI )\MWXIR^ IMRIW 6IGLXWERWTVYGLW OERR EYGL J²V HMI &SRMXÇX HIV +IQIMRHIR ZSR
IMRMKIV &IHIYXYRK WIMR HE IMR KEVERXMIVXIV %YWKPIMGLWFIXVEK MR 2SXWMXYEXMSRIR HIQ
/VIHMXKIFIVIMRIKYXI7MGLIVLIMXFMIXIROERR
12 Daneben existieren natürlich auch verschiedene Mischsysteme.
29

&IMHIV)MRXIMPYRKHIV-RWXVYQIRXI[IVHIRHVIM/EXIKSVMIRZIV[IRHIX
Œ
Œ
Œ
y6IGLXWERWTVYGLl J²V NIRI *ÇPPI [S WMGL EYW HIV KIWIX^PMGLIR +VYRHPEKI IMR %R
WTVYGL EYJ IMRIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWFIXVEK EFPIMXIR PÇWWX %PPI [IWIRXPMGLIR &IVIGL
RYRKWTEVEQIXIV YRH EPPJÇPPMKI 2IFIRFIHMRKYRKIR Q²WWIR LMRVIMGLIRH KIREY
WTI^MJM^MIVXWIMR
y&IHMRKXIV 6IGLXWERWTVYGLl J²V NIRI *ÇPPI [S KVYRHWÇX^PMGL IMR 6IGLXWERWTVYGL
FIWXILX[SHMIIRXWGLIMHIRHI&IL¸VHINIHSGLIMRIR[IWIRXPMGLIR)RXWGLIMHYRKW
WTMIPVEYQZEFI^²KPMGLHIV,¸LIHIW %YWKPIMGLWFIXVEKIW EPPIRJEPPW EYGL FI^²K
PMGLHIW>IMXTYROXIWLEX
y/IMR 6IGLXWERWTVYGLl J²V NIRI *ÇPPI [S HMI ZIVJ²KIRHI &IL¸VHI EYJKVYRH HIV
VIGLXPMGLIR7MXYEXMSROIMRI:IVTJPMGLXYRKLEX&IMXVÇKI^YKI[ÇLVIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLW^ELPYRKIR[IVHIRIRX[IHIV^YVJVIMIR:IV[IRHYRKSHIVKIFYRHIR
ERIMKIRIPEYJIRHI%YWKEFIRSHIV-RZIWXMXMSRIRMRIMRIQFIWXMQQXIR&IVIMGLEYWKI
^ELPX y+IFYRHIRl FIHIYXIX HEWW HIV *MRER^EYWKPIMGL MR %FLÇRKMKOIMX HIV MR IMRIQ
FIWXMQQXIR%YJKEFIRFIVIMGLIJJIOXMZEYWKIKIFIRIR!ZIV[IRHIXIR1MXXIPEYWKIVMGL
XIX[MVHSHIVHEWWHIVKIWTVSGLIRI&IXVEKRYVJ²VIMRIROSROVIXJM\MIVXIR>[IGOZIV
[IRHIX[IVHIRHEVJ%YW¸OSRSQMWGLIV7MGLXMWXIWrFIM>ELPYRKIRHMI%YWKPIMGLW
^[IGOIR HMIRIR WSPPIR r RMGLX WMRRZSPP HIQ )QTJÇRKIV IMRI KIREYI :IV[IRHYRK
IMRIW +IPHFIXVEKIW ZSV^YWGLVIMFIR )MRI PERKNÇLVMKI %R[IRHYRK WSPGLIV %YWKPIMGLW
QIGLERMWQIROERR^YKVSWWIR4VSFPIQIRJ²LVIR7S[IVHIRREX²VPMGLMRWSPGLIVQE
WWIRyKIJ¸VHIVXIRl%YJKEFIRFIVIMGLIR^YLSLI-RZIWXMXMSRIRZSVKIRSQQIR[IMPHMI
+IQIMRHIRYVIMRIRKI[MWWIR%RXIMPHIV/SWXIRWIPFIVFI^ELPIRQYWW(MI*SPKIOS
WXIRHMIWIV4SPMXMOXVIXIRFIWSRHIVWHERR^Y8EKI[IRRQERREGLIMRMKIR.ELVIRZIV
WYGLXHEW%YWKPIMGLWW]WXIQ[MIHIV^YÇRHIVR
(MI %YW^ELPYRK HIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLW [MVH FIM IMRMKIR -RWXVYQIRXIR r ^YWÇX^PMGL ^Y
HIR IMKIRXPMGLIR &IWXMQQYRKWJEOXSVIR MR HIV &IVIGLRYRKWJSVQIP r ZSQ :SVPMIKIR
^YWÇX^PMGLIV :SVEYWWIX^YRKIR EFLÇRKMK KIQEGLX (MIWI ^YWÇX^PMGLIR 6IWXVMOXMSRIR
[IVHIR EPW %YJPEKIR FI^IMGLRIX %YJPEKIR [IVHIR EYW ^[IM +V²RHIR ZIV[IRHIX
)MRIVWIMXWYQIMRIR1MWWFVEYGLFIMNIRIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIR^YZIVLMRHIVR
[IPGLI HYVGL HMI )QTJÇRKIVKIQIMRHIR FIIMRJPYWWX [IVHIR O¸RRIR ERHIVIVWIMXW YQ
^YZIVLMRHIVRHEWW+IQIMRHIRMRHIR+IRYWWZSR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQMXXIPROSQQIR
[IPGLIMLRIR^[EVREGLHIV&IVIGLRYRKWJSVQIP^YWXILIR[IPGLIWMIEFIVREGLIMRIV
TSPMXMWGLIR+IWEQXFIYVXIMPYRKRMGLXFIR¸XMKIR3JX[MVHIX[EIMR%YWKPIMGLWFIXVEKRYV
HERR EYWKI^ELPX [IRR HIV 7XIYIVJYWW HIW )QTJÇRKIVW IMRI FIWXMQQXI +VIR^I RMGLX
YRXIVWGLVIMXIX(MIWI%YJPEKIRO¸RRIRIFIRJEPPWHE^YJ²LVIRHEWWHMI+IQIMRHIRMLV
:IVLEPXIRHMIWIR&IHMRKYRKIRERTEWWIRHEWLIMWWX^&HIV7XIYIVJYWW[MVHO²RWXPMGL
LSGLKILEPXIR YRH Q¸KPMGLI 7TEVQEWWRELQIR [IVHIR RMGLX HYVGLKIJ²LVX YQ HMI
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQMXXIPRMGLX^YZIVPMIVIR
30

&IQIVOYRKIR
>YWÇX^PMGLI &IQIVOYRKIR [IVHIR RYV HSVX KIQEGLX [S IW EYW YRWIVIV 7MGLX >YWEX
^MRJSVQEXMSRIRFVEYGLXSHIV[SIMRIIVWXI&IYVXIMPYRKSHIV-RXIVTVIXEXMSRHIV)MKIR
WGLEJXIRWMRRZSPPMWX
&IQIVOYRKIR [IVHIR EPWS ZE HSVX ^Y JMRHIR WIMR [S WMGL FIM IMRIQ *MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX KI[MWWI y%YJJÇPPMKOIMXIRl ^IMKIR )V[ÇLRIRW[IVXI &IWSRHIVLIMXIR
WMRH^&ZSRHIRKIWIX^PMGLIR6IKIPREF[IMGLIRHI%YW^ELPYRKWTVE\IRSHIV%YWREL
QIVIKIPYRKIRJ²VIMR^IPRI+IQIMRHIR
&IWGLVIMFYRKHIW+IWEQXW]WXIQW
-Q>IRXVYQHIV/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWXILIRHMIIMR^IPRIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIHMI
RIFIRIMRERHIV YRH QIMWX YREFLÇRKMK ZSRIMRERHIV yJYROXMSRMIVIRl 8VSX^HIQ MWX IW
RSX[IRHMK YRH WMRRZSPP FIM NIHIQ /ERXSR HEW >YWEQQIR[MVOIR HIV ZIVWGLMIHIRIR
-RWXVYQIRXIEYJIMRERHIVKVSF^YFIYVXIMPIR
(MI &IWGLVIMFYRK HIW +IWEQXW]WXIQW IRXLÇPX ^YWÇX^PMGLI -RJSVQEXMSRIR WS[MI IMRI
IVWXI+IWEQXFIYVXIMPYRKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLW 24
>YWÇX^PMGLI-RJSVQEXMSRIRPMIJIVXHMI/EXIKSVMI>MIPIHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLW-RHMIWIV
6YFVMO[MVHJEPPWMRHIRQEWWKIFIRHIR6IGLXWKVYRHPEKIRIV[ÇLRXHEWSJJM^MIPPI>MIP
HIWKIWEQXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXEVMYQWEYJKIPMWXIX>[EVIRXWTVMGLXHEWSJJM^M
IPPI >MIP RMGLX MQQIV HIV FISFEGLXFEVIR ;MVOYRK +IVEHI IMR WSPGLIV ;MHIVWTVYGL
HMIRXEFIVEYGLHIVFIWWIVIR&IWGLVIMFYRKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWYRHWIMRIVEPPJÇPPMKIR
1ÇRKIP
)FIRJEPPW HIV ^YWÇX^PMGLIR -RJSVQEXMSR HMIRX HIV ,MR[IMW EYJ EPPJÇPPMKI PEYJIRHI SHIV
KITPERXI6IJSVQIRMQ&IVIMGLHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLW
(MI /EXIKSVMI (]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMX HMIRX HIV &IYVXIMPYRK HIV H]REQMWGLIR
)MKIRWGLEJXIR HIW KIWEQXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQW 2EX²VPMGL [IVHIR HMIWI HMVIOX
HYVGLHMIH]REQMWGLIR)MKIRWGLEJXIRHIVIMR^IPRIR-RWXVYQIRXIFIWXMQQX%PPIVHMRKW
IVPEYFXIMRI^YWEQQIRJEWWIRHI&IYVXIMPYRKEYGLIMRIKI[MWWI+I[MGLXYRKREGLHIV
&IHIYXYRKHIVIMR^IPRIR-RWXVYQIRXI%YWWIVHIQWTMIPXIX[EHMI%R^ELPHIVZIV[IR
HIXIR -RWXVYQIRXI YRH MLVI y/SQTEXMFMPMXÇXl IMRI 6SPPI (MI PERKJVMWXMKI )RX[MGOPYRK
HIV%YWKPIMGLW[MVOYRKMRIMRIQ/ERXSRQMXZMIPIRWILVYRXIVWGLMIHPMGLIRRMGLXEYJ
IMRERHIVEFKIWXMQQXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIRMWXOEYQ^YTVSKRSWXM^MIVIR
1MXHIV/EXIKSVMI&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK[MVHWS[IMXHMIWQ¸KPMGLMWXIMRIy+I
WEQXFI[IVXYRKlHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQWZSVKIRSQQIR>YWÇX^PMGL[MVHrNIREGL
&IHEVJrEYJFIWSRHIVI7GL[ÇGLIRYRH7XÇVOIRYRHIV[ÇLRIRW[IVXI&IWSRHIVLIMXIR
IMRKIKERKIR
13 Eine eigentliche Gesamtbeurteilung ist allerdings erst mit dem Schlussbericht möglich.
31

YWEQQIRJEWWYRKHIW/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKWWGLIQEW
1MX,MPJIHIW7GLIQEWJEWWIR[MVHMI^IRXVEPIR)PIQIRXIHIV/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKRSGLQEPW^YWEQQIR
/ERXSR
/YV^FIWGLVIMFYRKHIW/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKW^MIPIW
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR +IWIX^ZSR 0IX^XIâRHIVYRK 5YIPPIRREGL[IMW
/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKYRH
&IWGLVIMFYRKHIV
IMR^IPRIR%YWKPIMGLWMR
WXVYQIRXI
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK
%YJPEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK
6IJSVQ
6EWGLIVÍFIVFPMGO²FIVHMI^IRXVEPIR;MVOYRKIR7SVXMIVIRHIV%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI
ERLERHZSR)MKIRWGLEJXIR>YWEQQIRJEWWYRKHIV8]TMWMIVYRKW
)VKÇR^YRK HIV 8]TMWMIVYRK EPXIVREXMZI &IWGLVIMFYRK yMR ;SVXIRl ^YV :IVFIWWIVYRK
HIV :IVWXÇRHPMGLOIMX )V[ÇLRYRK [MGLXMKIV &IWSRHIVLIMXIR FIM HIV &IVIGLRYRK SHIV
FIMHIRZIV[IRHIXIR(EXIR
8LIQEXMWGL ^YWEQQIRKIJEWWXI /EXIKSVMWMIVYRK HIV ^IRXVEPIR )MKIRWGLEJXIR HIV
*MRER^MIVYRKYRH%YW^ELPYRK
)VKÇR^YRKHIV8]TMWMIVYRKYRHHIV&IWGLVIMFYRKHIV&IVIGLRYRKHYVGL)MKIRWGLEJ
XIR [IPGLI ZE J²V HMI QMXXIP YRH PERKJVMWXMKI )RX[MGOPYRK HIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW
^IRXVEPWMRH
,MR[IMWIEYJEYJJÇPPMKI&IWSRHIVLIMXIR
>YWÇX^PMGLI-RJSVQEXMSRIR^YQKIWEQXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL&IQIVOYRKIR^YQy>Y
WEQQIRWTMIPlHIVIMR^IPRIR-RWXVYQIRXIIVWXI&IYVXIMPYRKHIWKIWEQXIR*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWW]WXIQW&IQIVOYRKIR^YV(]REQMO
Abbildung 10: Kategorisierungsschema (V)
32

--- (MI2IYKIWXEPXYRKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWYRHHIV
%YJKEFIRXIMPYRKEYJ&YRHIWIFIRI
)MRPIMXYRK
(MI 2IYKIWXEPXYRK HIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLW YRH HIV %YJKEFIR 2*% MWX IMR TSPMXMWGLIW
+VSWWTVSNIOX)W[YVHIZSQ&YRH^YWEQQIRQMXHIR/ERXSRIRMR%RKVMJJKIRSQQIR
YQHIR*¸HIVEPMWQYW^YQSHIVRMWMIVIRYRH^YWXÇVOIR(MI6IJSVQFI^[IGOXIMRIV
WIMXW IMRIR ZIVFIWWIVXIR %YWKPIMGL YRH ERHIVIVWIMXW IMRI IJJM^MIRXIVI WXEEXPMGLI 0IM
WXYRKWIVFVMRKYRK
(MI2*%FIWXILXEYWZMIV8IMPTVSNIOXIR
Œ
Œ
Œ
Œ
%YJKEFIRYRH*MRER^MIVYRKWIRXJPIGLXYRK
2IYI>YWEQQIREVFIMXWYRH*MRER^MIVYRKWJSVQIR
-RXIVOERXSREPI>YWEQQIREVFIMXQMX0EWXIREYWKPIMGL
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLMQIRKIVIR7MRR
(VIMHIVZMIV8IMPTVSNIOXIFIXVIJJIRHMI%YJKEFIRXIMPYRK^[MWGLIR&YRHYRH/ERXSRIR
VIWTIOXMZIHIV/ERXSRIYRXIVIMRERHIV 56 (MIKPIMGL^IMXMKI6IJSVQHIV%YJKEFIRXIMPYRK
YRHHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIWMWX^[IGOQÇWWMKHEHIVEOXYIPPI*MRER^EYWKPIMGL[IMXIWXKI
LIRHEYJJMRER^OVEJXEFLÇRKMKIR>ELPYRKIRERIMR^IPRI%YJKEFIRHIV/ERXSRIFEWMIVX
(IV *MRER^EYWKPIMGL MWX HEQMX UYEWM IMR MRXIKVEPIV &IWXERHXIMP HIV EOXYIPPIR %YJKE
FIRXIMPYRK&IMIMRIVâRHIVYRKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIWMWXHELIVEYGLIMRIÍFIVTV²JYRK
HIV%YJKEFIRXIMPYRKSTTSVXYR
(IV2*%[MVHMR^[IM)XETTIRVIJSVQMIVX(MITEVPEQIRXEVMWGLIR&IVEXYRKIR^YQIV
WXIR 4EOIX :IVJEWWYRKWRSVQIR YRH *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^ WSPPXIR )RHI .ELV EFKI
WGLPSWWIR WIMR WS HEWW ZSVEYWWMGLXPMGL MR HIV IVWXIR ,ÇPJXI HIW .ELVIW ²FIV HMI
ZIVWGLMIHIRIR:IVJEWWYRKWÇRHIVYRKIREFKIWXMQQX[IVHIROERR-RHIV^[IMXIR4VS
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MI7FIMHIV2*%
14 Die „Interkantonale Zusammenarbeit mit Lastenausgleich“ hat – wie ihr Name schon besagt – auch eine
gewisse „Finanzausgleichsdimension“. Allerdings steht hier nach unserer Ansicht die Regelung der
interkantonalen Zusammenarbeit im Vordergrund. Die vorgesehenen Lastenausgleichszahlungen werden nicht
primär aufgrund eines Ausgleichszieles gezahlt, sondern als Abgeltung einer Leistung, welche gewisse Kantone
für einen Verbund von Kantonen übernehmen.
33

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34

35
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36

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37

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38

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39

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:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
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&IQIVOYRKIR)WMWXZSVKIWILIR6IKPIQIRXIJ²VHMI%YWKPIMGLWJSRHW^Y
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ZIV[IRHIX(IV6IKMIVYRKWVEXIRXWGLIMHIX²FIV&IMXVÇKIERHMI/SWXIRHIV
>YWEQQIREVFIMXVIWTIOXMZI&IMXVÇKIERHIR%FFEYZSR*YWMSRWLMRHIVRMW
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%YW^ELPYRK
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47

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KPIMGL
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WWIRFEYSHIVFIMQ¸JJIRXPMGLIR:IVOILVHIW/ERXSRWERHMI+IQIMRHI
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ZIVXIMPYRKHIV1MXXIPMRWILVZMIPIZIVWGLMIHIRI/ERÇPIWMRHHEYIVRHTSPMXM
WGLI%RTEWWYRKIRR¸XMK:MIPI:IVXIMPYRKWIRXWGLIMHYRKIRWMRHRMGLXEF
WGLPMIWWIRHKIVIKIPXYRH[IVHIRTSPMXMWGLIRXWGLMIHIR(MIQMXXIPYRHPERK
JVMWXMKI;MVOYRKHIW+IWEQXW]WXIQWMWXOEYQZSVEYWWEKFEV
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK(EW7XIYIVKIWIX^WMILXIMRIR1E\MQEPWXIY
IVJYWWZSV)VVIMGLX[MVHIVQMXIMRIV%FJIHIVYRKHYVGLHMIZIVWGLMIHIRIR
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/ERXSR
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6IJSVQ(IVHMVIOXI*MRER^EYWKPIMGL[YVHIWSIFIRERKITEWWXHIVMRHMVIOXI
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48

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+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
+IWIX^²FIVHIRMRXIVOSQQYREPIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
:SPP^MILYRKWZIVSVHRYRK^YQ+IWIX^²FIVHIRMRXIV
OSQQYREPIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL%YWJ²LVYRKWFIWXMQQYR
KIR^YQ+IWIX^²FIVHIRMRXIVOSQQYREPIR*MRER^EYW
KPIMGL
:IVWGLMIHIRI+IWIX^IQMXMRHMVIOXIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7XIYIVOVEJXEYWKPIMGL
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1MWGLW]WXIQ
&IVIGLRYRK YRH (EXIRKVYRHPEKI +IQIMRHIR QMX IMRIV YRXIVHYVGL
WGLRMXXPMGLIR 7XIYIVOVEJX IVLEPXIR J²V HMI IVWXIR )MR[SLRIV IMRIR %YW
KPIMGLHIVMLVI7XIYIVOVEJXEYJHIWOERXSREPIR1MXXIPWLIFXJEPPWMLV
7XIYIVJYWW ²FIV PMIKX YRH WMI HIR XMIJWXIR *MRER^OVEJXKVYTTIR YRH
ERKIL¸VIR (EXIRKVYRHPEKI 7XIYIVOVEJX )MROSQQIR YRH :IVQ¸KIRWXIYIV
;EWWIV^MRWIR*MRER^OVEJXKVYTTI7XIYIVOVEJX7XIYIVJYWWy2SVQFIHEVJl
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWJSRHWÅKIQMWGLX>YWGLPEKWXIYIV
NYV4IVWSRIR%RXIMPHIV;EWWIV^MRWIRFIM&IHEVJ^YWÇX^PMGLIVOERXSREPIV
&IMXVEK
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW%YJKVYRHJM\IV4VS^IRXWÇX^IYRHHEQMXKVYRH
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/ERXSRWKI[ÇLVX[IVHIR
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%YJPEKIR7XIYIVJYWWKV¸WWIVEPW*MRER^OVEJXKVYTTIRSHIV
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IVOVEJX6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL:MIPQILVKEVERXMIVXIVZSRWIMRIV;MVOYRKLIV
IMRIJMRER^MIPPI+VYRHEYWWXEXXYRKJ²VEVQIOPIMRI+IQIMRHIR
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7XIYIVJYWWZSRIVLIFIRIVLEPXIREYJIMR+IWYGLLMRIMRIR&IMXVEKER
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SLRISHIV7XIYIVJYWW
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QIUYIPPIR
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49

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%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7SRHIVFIHEVJWEYWKPIMGL
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&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI(MI6IKMIVYRKOERREYJ+IWYGLLMR
^YWÇX^PMGLI&IMXVÇKIER+IQIMRHIRWTVIGLIRHMISLRIHMIWI^YWÇX^PMGLI
,MPJIRMGLXMRHIV0EKI[ÇVIRMLVI%YJKEFIR^YIVJ²PPIR:SVEYWWIX^YRK
y1E\MQEPWXIYIVJYWWlZSR
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,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWJSRHWÅKIQMWGLX>YWGLPEKWXIYIV
NYV4IVWSRIR%RXIMPHIV;EWWIV^MRWIRFIM&IHEVJ^YWÇX^PMGLIVOERXSREPIV
&IMXVEK
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TIRWMRHNIREGL7EGLKIFMIXWILVYRXIVWGLMIHPMGL&IXVSJJIRWMRHYEHMI
&IVIMGLI+VYRHFYGLZIVQIWWYRK0ILVIVFIWSPHYRK7GLYPFEYXIR>MZMP
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EYWKPIMGLWYRHHIVOSQTPM^MIVXIR/EXIKSVMIRIMRXIMPYRKMWXIWWILVWGL[MIVMK
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^MIVXIWYRH^8MRXVERWTEVIRXIW7]WXIQ
6IJSVQ8IMPVIZMWMSR

.YVE
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0SMGSRGIVRERXPEGSQTIRWEXMSRJMRERGMÀVIIRJEZIYVHIW
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%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
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1MWGLW]WXIQ
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HIV MR %FLÇRKMKOIMX HIV 7XIYIVOVEJX YRH ^8 HIW 7XIYIVJYWWIW +IPH ER
+IQIMRHIR QMX YRXIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIV 7XIYIVOVEJX YRH LSLIQ 7XIYIVJYWW
EYWWGL²XXIX(EXIRKVYRHPEKI7XIYIVOVEJXYQJEWWIRHI)MRRELQIRHIJMRMXMSR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIPKIQMWGLX7SRHIVJMRER^MIVYRK/ERXSREPFEROOERXS
REPI7XIYIVRHIV/ERXSREPFEROYRHHIVOSQQYREPIR%RXIMPIHIV7XIY
IVRHIV/ERXSREPFERO>YWGLYWWHIW/ERXSRWZSRQE\MQEPHIVIMRJE
GLIR7XIYIV
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW)MR^ELPIVSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL&IHMRKXIV6IGLXWERWTVYGLÍFIVHMIKIREYI&IVIGLRYRK
IRXWGLIMHIXHMI6IKMIVYRKEYJ:SVWGLPEKHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWOSQQMWWMSR
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR
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HIV(IJMRMXMSRHIV4EVEQIXIVYRHHIV+IWXEPXYRKHIW%YWKPIMGLIW(IV&I
KVMJJHIVyGETEGMXÃÃGSRSQMUYIIXJMRERGMÀVIl[MIIVMQ+IWIX^IWXI\XEPW
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*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T/SRXVSPPYRHEYJPEKIRMRXIRWMZIW)MRRELQIR0EWXIR
1MWGLW]WXIQ
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YRHWILVXMIJIV7XIYIVOVEJX[MVHMR%FLÇRKMKOIMXHMIWIV4EVEQIXIVIMR^YWÇX^
PMGLIV&IXVEKZSRk',*EYWKIWGL²XXIX
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,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW)MR^ELPIVSVMIRXMIVXHIW*SRHWGERXSREPHI
GSQTIRWEXMSRJMRERGMÀVI
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:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
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51

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%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
4EVXHIWGSQQYRIWÆ
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HIV+VIR^KÇRKIVR[MVH^YEYJKVYRHHIV&IZ¸POIVYRKYRH^YEYJ
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,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW%FLÇRKMKZSRHIR7XIYIVIMRRELQIR
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6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW7XIYIVKIWIX^
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%YJKEFIR[IVHIRMR%FLÇRKMKOIMXHIVy*MRER^YRH;MVXWGLEJXWOVEJXl
EYJKIXIMPX(EXIRKVYRHPEKIy*MRER^YRH;MVXWGLEJXWOVEJXl7XIYIVOVEJX>MR
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HIRFIOSQQIREPPJÇPPMKI4EWWMZ^MRWIRHIVIR%RVIGLRYRKWS[MIWSTVSFPI
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,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+IWEQXFIXVEK[MVHMR%FLÇRKMKOIMXHIW1MR
HIWXEYWWXEXXYRKWXSXEPFIXVEKIWJIWXKIPIKX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR6IWWSYVGIRMRHI\ 7GL²PIVUYSXI"RYV7S^MSHIQS
KVETLMWGLIV7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL8IMP&MPHYRKWPEWXIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
53

%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7SRHIVFIMXVÇKI
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
ÍFIVKERKWFIWXMQQYRK
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI(IV6IKMIVYRKWVEXOERR+IQIMRHIR
HMIIMRILSLI:IVWGLYPHYRKLEFIRSHIVMRYRZIVWGLYPHIXIR2SXPEKIR
!LSLIV7XIYIVJYWWWMRH&IMXVÇKIKI[ÇLVIR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW*SRHW²FIV)MRPEKIRFIWGLPMIWWXHIV+VSWWI
6EX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGLOIMR6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRKQMX%YJPEKIRYRH&IHMRKYRKIRZIVFYRHIR
%YJPEKIRQMX%YJPEKIRYRH&IHMRKYRKIRZIVFYRHIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI>YQ%FFEYZSR7GLYPHIR%YWKPIMGL
HIV:IVPYWXIHIV6IJSVQYRH^YV&IWMX^WXERH[ELVYRKFIM+IQIMRHIJYWMSRIR
[IVHIR[ÇLVIRHIMRIVÍFIVKERKW^IMXZSR.ELVIRFIMHIV&IWMX^
WXERH[ELVYRK.ELVIEF*YWMSR^YWÇX^PMGLI&IMXVÇKIKI^ELPX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP&IMQ7GLYPHIREFFEYYRHHIV&IWMX^WXERH[ELVYRK
FIM*YWMSRIRZIVXMOEP%YWKPIMGLHIW:IVPYWXIWHYVGL6IJSVQKIQMWGLX
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW&IMQ7GLYPHIREFFEYEYJ1MPPMSRIRJM
\MIVX&IMHIV&IWMX^WXERH[ELVYRKFIM*YWMSRIRYRHFIMQ%YWKPIMGLHIW
:IVPYWXIWHYVGL6IJSVQEYWKPIMGLWFIHEVJSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGLOIMR6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK7GLYPHIREFFEYKIFYRHIR&IWMX^WXERH[ELVYRKFIM
*YWMSRIRYRH%YWKPIMGLHIW:IVPYWXIWHYVGL6IJSVQYRKIFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR7GLYPHIREFFEY+IQIMRHIRQ²WWIRMQ.ELVHIR1E\M
QEPWXIYIVJYWWIVLSFIRLEFIR&IWMX^WXERH[ELVYRKFIM*YWMSRIRYRH%YW
KPIMGLHIW:IVPYWXIWHYVGL6IJSVQOIMRI%YJPEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW3JJM^MIPPIW>MIP%YWKPIMGLHIVJMRER^MIPPIR
0IMWXYRKWJÇLMKOIMXHIV+IQIMRHIR:IVVMRKIVYRKHIV7XIYIVJYWWYRXIVWGLMIHI
7XÇVOYRKHIVJMRER^MIPPIR%YXSRSQMI
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK-RHIR,EYTXMRWXVYQIRXIR
VMGLXMKEFIVZMIPITSPMXMWGLI:EVMEFPIR
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK1SHIVRIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQQMXIMRMKIR
/SR^IWWMSRIR^YV:IVFIWWIVYRKHIV%YWKPIMGLW[MVOYRK
6IJSVQ%FKIWGLPSWWIR
54

+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
+IWIX^²FIVHIRHMVIOXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
2MH[EPHIR
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
*MRER^OVEJXEYWKPIMGL
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
2SVQEYWKPIMGLJ²V
7GLYPKIQIMRHIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRK YRH (EXIRKVYRHPEKI >[IM 8IMPMRWXVYQIRXI 1MRHIWXEYW
WXEXXYRK (MI +IQIMRHIR QMX IMRIQ XMIJIR *MRER^OVEJXMRHI\ YRH XMIJIV )MR
[SLRIV^ELPIVLEPXIRIMRIR%YWKPIMGL(IV%YWKPIMGLFIVIGLRIXWMGLERLERH
HIV JILPIRHIR )MR[SLRIV ^YV EYWKPIMGLWVIPIZERXIR +IQIMRHIKV¸WWI YRH
ERLERH HIV (MJJIVIR^ ^YV *MRER^OVEJXEYWKPIMGLWKVIR^I WS[MI EYJKVYRH HIW
HYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIR SHIV JEPPW XMIJIV HIW IMKIRIR 7XIYIVJYWWIW (MWTEVMXÇ
XIREFFEY *MRER^OVÇJXMKI +IQIMRHIR Q²WWIR IMRIR 8IMP MLVIV ²FIVHYVGL
WGLRMXXPMGLIR *MRER^OVEJX ^Y +YRWXIR HIV *MRER^EYWKPIMGLW EFKIFIR WXEVO
TVSKVIWWMZI%FWGL¸TJYRKWOYVZI(EXIRKVYRHPEKI*MRER^OVEJX)MROSQQIR
YRH :IVQ¸KIRWXIYIV +I[MRR YRH /ETMXEPWXIYIV %RXIMP L¸GLWXIRW
HIV%FKIPXYRKIR)MR[SLRIV^ELPIMKIRIVVIWT(YVGLWGLRMXXW7XIYIVJYWW
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLXJMRER^WXEVOI+IQIMRHIR/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW1MRHIWXIRWHIWKIWEQXIR*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWFIXVEKIW(IV+IWEQXFIXVEKLÇRKXZSRQILVIVIR*EOXSVIREF
HIV)MROSQQIRYRH:IVQ¸KIRWXIYIV&IXVEKEYWHIQ(MWTEVMXÇXIREFFEY
JEPPWRSX[IRHMK^YWÇX^PMGLI&IMXVÇKI
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLEYJKVYRHHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^IW
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR2YV+IQIMRHIR[IPGLIHMIZSQ6IKMIVYRKWVEXJIWXKIWIX^XI
1MRHIWXKV¸WWIRMGLXIVVIMGLIRLEFIRIMRIR%RWTVYGL
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T2SVQPEWXIREYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI7GLYPKIQIMRHIRHIVIR2SVQEYJ[ERH
IRXWTVMGLXIMRIQZEFIMHIR%FWGLVIMFYRKIROSVVMKMIVXIR-WX%YJ[ERH
HIR2SVQIVXVEKRSVQMIVXIV7XIYIVIVXVEKWERXIMP%FKIPXYRKIR/SVVIOXYVJEO
XSV²FIVWXIMKIRIVLEPXIRHMI(MJJIVIR^EPW2SVQEYWKPIMGL
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLX*MRER^WXEVOI+IQIMRHIR/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+IWEQXFIXVEKHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWr&IXVEK
J²VHIR*MRER^OVEJXEYWKPIMGLQMRHIWXIRWr&IXVEKJ²V&IPEWXYRKWEYW
KPIMGL;MPHFEGL 2EXYVOEXEWXVSTLIRL¸GLWXIRW(IV+IWEQXFIXVEK
LÇRKXZSRQILVIVIR*EOXSVIREFHIV)MROSQQIRYRH:IVQ¸KIR
WXIYIV&IXVEKEYWHIQ(MWTEVMXÇXIREFFEYJEPPWRSX[IRHMK^YWÇX^PMGLI&IM
XVÇKI
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL&IHMRKXIV6IGLXWERWTVYGLEYJKVYRHHIW*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWKIWIX^IWERXIMPWQÇWWMKI/²V^YRKHIV&IMXVÇKIQ¸KPMGL
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIRRIMR
&IQIVOYRKIR
55

%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
&IPEWXYRKWEYWKPIMGL
;MPHFEGLZIVFEYYRKIR
YRH2EXYVOEXEWXVSTLIR
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
ÍFIVKERKWFIWXMQQYRK
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI+IQIMRHIRQMX²FIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPM
GLIR/SWXIRJ²V;MPHFEGLZIVFEYYRKIRYRH2EXYVOEXEWXVSTLIRIVLEPXIRHMI
(MJJIVIR^EPW%YWKPIMGL
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLX*MRER^WXEVOI+IQIMRHIR/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW,¸GLWXIRWHIWKIWEQXIR*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWFIXVEKIW(IV+IWEQXFIXVEKLÇRKXZSRQILVIVIR*EOXSVIREF
HIV)MROSQQIRYRH:IVQ¸KIRWXIYIV&IXVEKEYWHIQ(MWTEVMXÇXIREFFEY
JEPPWRSX[IRHMK^YWÇX^PMGLI&IMXVÇKI
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL&IHMRKXIV6IGLXWERWTVYGLEYJKVYRHHIW*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWKIWIX^IWERXIMPWQÇWWMKI/²V^YRKHIV&IMXVÇKIQ¸KPMGL
:IV[IRHYRKKIFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR/IMRI
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI*²VHVIMÍFIVKERKWNELVI[MVHIMREF
RILQIRHIV8IMPHIV+I[MRRIHIV6IJSVQKI[MRRIVERHMI6IJSVQZIVPMIVIV
YQZIVXIMPX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP,SVM^SRXEP+I[MRRIVER:IVPMIVIVJEPPWR¸XMKIMR
FIKVIR^XIV>YWGLYWWZSR1MS',*HIW/ERXSRW
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+IQÇWW+PSFEPFMPER^J²VHEW.ELV
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR2IMR
&IQIVOYRKIR
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW3JJM^MIPPIW>MIP%RRÇLIVYRKHIV*MRER^OVEJX
:IVQMRHIVYRKHIV7XIYIVJYWWYRXIVWGLMIHI&IPEWXYRKWEYWKPIMGLJ²V²FIV
HYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLFIPEWXIXI+IQIMRHIR7XÇVOYRKHIV+IQIMRHIEYXSRSQMI
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK+VYRHWÇX^PMGLKYX4VSFPIQ-R
>IMXIRKIVMRKIV)MRRELQIRKILXHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL^YV²GOHE/ERXSRW
FIMXVÇKIMR%FLÇRKMKOIMXHIV7XIYIVIMRRELQIRHIJMRMIVXWMRH
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK1SHIVRIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQ
6IJSVQ%FKIWGLPSWWIR
56

+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^
:SPP^YKWZIVSVHRYRK^YQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^
7XVEWWIRKIWIX^
7X+EPPIR
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHI
VYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYW
KPIMGL
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
(MVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI>[IM8IMPMRWXVYQIRXI7GLYPKIQIMR
HIRIVLEPXIR&IMXVÇKIERHMI%QQSVXMWEXMSRWPEWXIRZSR7GLYPFEYXIRYRHER
HMI 0ILVIVP¸LRI MR EFLÇRKMK ZSQ +IWEQXJMRER^FIHEVJ 7XIYIVFIHEVJ HIV
7GLYPKIQIMRHI7XIYIVFIHEVJHIVTSPMXMWGLIR+IQIMRHI4SPMXMWGLI+I
QIMRHIR IVLEPXIR &IMXVÇKI MR %FLÇRKMKOIMX HIV KI[MGLXIXIR 7XVEWWIRPÇRKI
YRHHIW7XIYIVFIHEVJW
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW%YWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^VIWT
7XVEWWIRKIWIX^
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR/IMRIEFKIWILIRZSR^&FEYPMGLIR%YJPEKIRFIMHIR7GLYP
FEYXIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI+IQIMRHIRHMIHIRERVIGLIRFEVIR
+IWEQXWXIYIVFIHEVJRMGLXQMXHIQZSQ4EVPEQIRXJIWXKIPIKXIR,¸GLWXWXIY
IVJYWWJMRER^MIVIRO¸RRIRIVLEPXIRHMI(MJJIVIR^EPW7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGL
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+VYRHWÇX^PMGLEYWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
HEW4EVPEQIRXOERREFIVKIKIFIRIRJEPPWHIR,¸GLWXWXIYIVJYWWÇRHIVR
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR+I[MWWI%YJPEKIR^YV%YWWGL¸TJYRK²FVMKIV)MRRELQIRTPYW
6IKIPYRKIRFIXVIJJIRHHMI%RVIGLIRFEVOIMXZSR%YWKEFIR
&IQIVOYRKIR(EW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^WMILXEYGLIMRIRZSQ1E\MQEP
WXIYIVJYWWEFLÇRKMKIR1MRHIWXWXIYIVJYWWZSV;MVHHMIWIVYRXIVWGLVMXXIR
[IVHIRHMI+IQIMRHIERXIMPIHMZIVWIV2IFIRWXIYIVRKIO²V^X
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW3JJM^MIPPIW>MIP6IHYOXMSRHIV7XIYIVJYWWYRXIV
WGLMIHIHMIXMIJWXIR7XIYIVJ²WWIWSPPIRRMGLXXMIJIVWIMREPWHIW1E\MQEP
WXIYIVJYWWIW
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK4SPMXMWGLI:EVMEFPIRrZE
HIV1E\MQEPWXIYIVJYWWrWTMIPIRIMRI^IRXVEPI6SPPIMRWFIWSRHIVIEYGL[IMP
MR^[MWGLIRJEWXHMI,ÇPJXIHIV+IQIMRHIRHIR1E\MQEPWXIYIVJYWWIVLIFX
)WFIWXILXOIMRIVPIM(VYGOJ²VWXVYOXYVIPPI6IJSVQIRHEEPPIKIWIX^PMGLZSV
KIWILIRIR%YJ[ÇRHIZSQ7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGL²FIVRSQQIR[IVHIR
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK(EW7]WXIQFMIXIXIMRIRVIGLXKYXIR%YWKPIMGL
)WLEXEFIVKVSWWI%RVIM^TVSFPIQIYRHIMRIWILVTVSFPIQEXMWGLI(]REQMO
6IJSVQ-R%VFIMX
57

7GLEJJLEYWIR
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
(IOVIX²FIVHIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
:IVWGLMIHIRI+IWIX^IQMXMRHMVIOXIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
^&+IWIX^²FIVHMI7YFZIRXMSRMIVYRKZSR7GLYPFEYXIR
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
&MPHYRKWPEWXIREYWKPIMGL
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRK YRH (EXIRKVYRHPEKI >[IM 8IMPMRWXVYQIRXI 1MRHIWXEYW
WXEXXYRK +IQIMRHIR QMX IMRIV 7XIYIVOVEJX YRXIV HIV %YWKPIMGLWKVIR^I YRH
IMRIQ YRXIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIR 7XIYIVJYWW IVLEPXIR HMI (MJJIVIR^ EPW 1MR
HIWXEYWWXEXXYRK(MWTEVMXÇXIREFFEY&IM+IQIMRHIRQMXLSLIV7XIYIVOVEJX
[MVH IMR ZSQ 7XIYIVJYWW EFLÇRKMKIV 8IMP HIV ²FIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIR 6IW
WSYVGIR EFKIWGL¸TJX (IJMRMXMSR 7XIYIVOVEJX )MROSQQIR YRH :IVQ¸KIR
WXIYIV>IRXVYQWJYROXMSR7GLEJJLEYWIRÅ:IVXIMP^ELP
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWJSRHWKIQMWGLX
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+VYRHWÇX^PMGLEYWKPIMGLWSVMIRXMIVXHIV/ER
XSRWVEXOERREFIVHMI1MRHIWXEYWWXEXXYRKWKVIR^IMRRIVLEPFIMRIV&ERHFVIMXI
JIWXPIKIR
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWHIOVIX
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR(IV7XIYIVJYWWHIV%YWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVQYWWL¸LIVWIMREPW
HIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLI7XIYIVJYWW
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI+IQIMRHIRHIVIR&MPHYRKWPEWXHIR
%YWKPIMGLW[IVX(YVGLWGLRMXX²FIVWXIMKXIVLEPXIRIMRIR&MPHYRKWPE
WXIREYWKPIMGL[IRRWMIIMRIR²FIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIR7XIYIVJYWWIVLIFIR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW:SQ4EVPEQIRXJIWXKIPIKX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL&IHMRKXIV6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIRIMKIRIV7XIYIVJYWW"HYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIV7XIYIVJYWW
&IQIVOYRKIR
58

%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7SRHIVFIMXVÇKI
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYW
KPIMGL
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI>[IM8IMPMRWXVYQIRXI)MRQEPMKI
&IMXVÇKIJ²V+IQIMRHI^YWEQQIRWGLP²WWIJEPPWHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLHEHYVGL
IRXPEWXIX[MVHMRFIWSHIVIR*ÇPPIREYGL[IRRHEHYVGLIMRIIJJM^MIRXIVI
%YJKEFIRIVJ²PPYRKYRHIMRIJMRER^MIPPI)RXPEWXYRKHIV+IQIMRHIRVIWYPXMIVX
:SV²FIVKILIRHI&IMXVÇKIER+IQIMRHIRMRJMRER^MIPPIR2SXPEKIR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP/ERXSRKIQMWGLX*MRER^EYWKPIMGLW
JSRHW
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+VYRHWÇX^PMGLEYWKPIMGLWSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL/IMR6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK-RHIV6IKIPEROIMRIFIWSRHIVIR%YWKEFIR4VSNIOXIKI
FYRHIR%YWRELQI:SVFIVIMXYRKWTVSNIOXIJ²V+IQIMRHIJYWMSRIR
%YJPEKIR:IVWGLMIHIRIMRHMZMHYIPPI%YJPEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI(IV^IMX[IVHIRRSGLKI[MWWIOERXS
REPI&IMXVÇKIMR%FLÇRKMKOIMXHIV7XIYIVPEWXYRHHIV7XIYIVOVEJXFIQIWWIR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP/ERXSR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW%YWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL+IQÇWW7TI^MEPKIWIX^KIFYRK
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR2IMR
&IQIVOYRKIR(IVMRHMVIOXI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWSPPMQ6ELQIRHIVHIV^IMXM
KIR6IJSVQKER^EFKIFEYX[IVHIR
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW3JJM^MIPPIW>MIP%FFEY²FIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIV
7XIYIVFIPEWXYRKIRIVLIFPMGLIV7XIYIVOVEJXYRXIVWGLMIHIYRH1MPHIVYRKHIV
0EWXIR
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK(EW(IOVIXKMPXRYVJ²VHMI
.ELVIYRH)WMWXKITPERXREGLHIV9QWIX^YRKHIV
ERHIVIR6IJSVQEVFIMXIRHMIHIJMRMXMZI:IVWMSRHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW^Y
FIWGLPMIWWIR
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK1SHIVRIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQQMXIMRMKIR
/SR^IWWMSRIR^YV:IVFIWWIVYRKHIV%YWKPIMGLW[MVOYRK
6IJSVQ6IJSVQHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWHIV%YJKEFIRXIMPYRKYRH*MRER^MI
VYRKWIRXJPIGLXYRKMROPYWMZI7XVYOXYVYRH:IV[EPXYRKWVIJSVQMRHVIM)XET
TIR
59

7GL[]^
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XMIJIV7XIYIVOVEJXIVLEPXIRHMVIOXI-RZIWXMXMSRWFIMXVÇKISHIV&IMXVÇKIERHMI
*MRER^MIVYRKWPEWXIRZSRQE\MQEP6IKMIVYRKFIWXMQQXHMI,¸LIHIV
&IMXVÇKIEYJ:SVWGLPEKHIV/SQQMWWMSREYJKVYRHZIVWGLMIHIRIV&IH²VRMW
OVMXIVMIRYRHIMRIV+IWEQXFIYVXIMPYRKHIVJMRER^MIPPIR7MXYEXMSRYRHHIVIR
JMRER^MIPPIR%YWWMGLXIR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLX/ERXSR+IQIMRHIR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW*SRHW6IKMIVYRKFIWXMQQXHMI,¸LIHIW+I
WEQXFIXVEKIWNÇLVPMGL
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL&IHMRKXIV6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR2YVFIMLSLIQ7XIYIVJYWWYRHXMIJIV7XIYIVOVEJX%YWRELQIVI
KIPYRKJ²VOPIMRI+IQIMRHIRQMXLSLIV7XIYIVOVEJX
&IQIVOYRKIR
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
'SRXVMFYXSVMGSVVIRXITIV
KPMSRIVMPIKEXMEPPEPSGE
PM^^E^MSRIKISKVEJMGE
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI+IQIMRHIRQMXLSLIQ7XIYIVJYWWYRH
XMIJIV7XIYIVOVEJX[IPGLIKPIMGL^IMXMKEYJHIV0MWXIHIVTSXIRXMIPPIR)QTJÇR
KIVKIQIMRHIRZIV^IMGLRIXWMRHIVLEPXIRIMRLIMXPMGLI&IMXVÇKIERHMI/SWXIR
HIV7GL²PIVXVERWTSVXIHIV;EWWIVZIVWSVKYRKYRHHIW&IVIMGLIW:IVOILVW
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLX/ERXSR+IQIMRHIR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW*SRHW6IKMIVYRKFIWXMQQXHMI,¸LIHIW+I
WEQXFIXVEKIWNÇLVPMGL
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^VIWT
ZIVSVHRYRK
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR2YVFIMLSLIQ7XIYIVJYWWYRHXMIJIV7XIYIVOVEJX(MI:IVSVH
RYRKPMWXIXEPPITSXIRXMIPPIR)QTJÇRKIVEYJ
&IQIVOYRKIR
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
'SRXVMFYXSXVERWMXSVMS
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI+IQIMRHIRHMIIMRIRWILVLSLIR
7XIYIVJYWWIVLIFIRYRHKV¸WWIVYRHHYVGLHMI6IJSVQIMRIRKIVMRKIVIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWFIXVEKIVLEPXIR[MVHHMIWI(MJJIVIR^MQIVWXIR.ELV^Y
ZIVK²XIX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLX/ERXSR+IQIMRHIR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW*SRHW6IKMIVYRKFIWXMQQXHMI,¸LIHIW+I
WEQXFIXVEKIWNÇLVPMGL
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRKKIFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR2YVFIMWILVLSLIQ7XIYIVJYWWYRHXMIJIV7XIYIVOVEJX
&IQIVOYRKIR

%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
'SRXVMFYXSWYTTPIQIR
XEVM
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI*²V+IQIMRHIRHIVIR7XIYIVJYWWXVSX^
HIV²FVMKIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQMXXIP²FIVWXIMKIR[²VHIOERRHMI6IKMI
VYRK^YWÇX^PMGLI%YWKPIMGLWFIXVÇKIZIVJ²KIRHMIHEW>MIPLEFIRHIR7XIY
IVJYWWEYJ^YFIKVIR^IR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLX/ERXSR+IQIMRHIR
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW*SRHW6IKMIVYRKFIWXMQQXHMI,¸LIHIW+I
WEQXFIXVEKIWNÇLVPMGL
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL/IMR6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR2YVFIMLSLIQ7XIYIVJYWWYRHXMIJIV7XIYIVOVEJX
&IQIVOYRKIR
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW4VMQÇV^MIPHIV+IQIMRHITSPMXMO%OXMZI9RXIV
WX²X^YRKHIV+IQIMRHIVIJSVQIR
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK7ILVZMIPITSPMXMWGLI:EVMEFPIR
(MI;MVOYRK[MVHREGLZMIV.ELVIR²FIVTV²JX
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK8VEHMXMSRIPPIW7]WXIQ%PPI1IGLERMWQIRWMRH
QMXHIQ7XIYIVJYWWZIVFYRHIR
6IJSVQ%FKIWGLPSWWIR+IQIMRHIJYWMSRIRWXILIRMQ:SVHIVKVYRH
68

9VM
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
+IWIX^²FIVHIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
:IVSVHRYRK²FIVHIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHI
VYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7XIYIVOVEJXEYWKPIMGL
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI(IV/ERXSRKEVERXMIVXIMRI1MRHIWXEYW
WXEXXYRK ZSR HIW OERXSREPIR 7XIYIVOVEJXQMXXIPW (EXIRKVYRHPEKI EPPI
[MGLXMKIR 7XIYIVR +VYRHFIHEVJWEF^YK J²V OPIMRI +IQIMRHIR TVEOXMWGL
KPIMGLLSGL[MIJ²VKV¸WWIVI
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+VYRHWÇX^PMGLEYWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
HIV/ERXSROERREPPIVHMRKWHMI%YWKPIMGLWKVIR^IÇRHIVR
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR7XIYIVJYWW"HIW(YVGLWGLRMXXW
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
&IMXVÇKIERPEYJIRHI
%YWKEFIR&IMXVÇKIER
-RZIWXMXMSRIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI(MI+IQIMRHIRIVLEPXIR>YWGLPEKW
FIMXVÇKIERPEYJIRHI%YWKEFIRMR%FLÇRKMKOIMXMLVIV7XIYIVOVEJX(MI&IM
XVÇKIWMRHMRHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWZIVSVHRYRKIMRLIMXPMGLJ²VEPPI%YJKEFIR
JIWXKIPIKX%REPSKFIM-RZIWXMXMSRWEYWKEFIR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW%YWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^M:Q
HIVNI[IMPMKIR7TI^MEPKIWIX^KIFYRK
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR2IMR
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGL
&IQIVOYRKIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI;IRRIMRI+IQIMRHIIMRIR²FIV
HYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLIR7XIYIVJYWWIVLIFXHERRIVLÇPXWMIIMRIR7XIYIVJYWWEYW
KPIMGLHIVWMGLREGLHIV(MJJIVIR^^[MWGLIRHIQIMKIRIRYRHHIQHYVGL
WGLRMXXPMGLIR7XIYIVJYWWFIQMWWXTEVXMIPPIV7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGL+IQIMRHIR
MR^IRXVEPIR0EKIR[MVHIMRXMIJIVIV7XIYIVJYWWERKIVIGLRIX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW+VYRHWÇX^PMGLEYWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
HMI:IVSVHRYRKIRXLÇPXEFIVIMRIR1E\MQEPFIXVEK
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWKIWIX^
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIRÍFPMGLI+IF²LVIRQ²WWIRIVLSFIR[IVHIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
69

%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7ERMIVYRKWFIMXVÇKI
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI(IV/ERXSROERR+IQIMRHIRFIM
HIRIRIMRIEYWKIKPMGLIRI6IGLRYRKXVSX^%YWWGL¸TJYRKIMKIRIV)MRRELQIR
YRHXVSX^SVHIRXPMGLIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLRMGLXQ¸KPMGLMWX7ERMIVYRKWFIMXVÇKI
KI[ÇLVIR
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW2EGL&IHEVJEFIVHYVGLHIR>ELPYRKWOVIHMX
HIW4EVPEQIRXIWFIKVIR^X
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL/IMR6IGLXWERWTVYGL
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR%YJPEKIRZSVKIWILIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW3JJM^MIPPIW>MIP:IVLMRHIVYRKIVLIFPMGLIV
7XIYIVFIPEWXYRKWYRXIVWGLMIHI%YWKPIMGLHIV7XIYIVOVEJXYRXIVWGLMIHIHI^IR
XVEPI&IWMIHIPYRK
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK(MIKVSWWI:MIPJEPXER%YW
KPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIRQMXZMIPIRTSPMXMWGLIR:EVMEFPIRQEGLXIWWGL[MIVMKHMI
;MVOYRKZSVEYW^YWEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK8VEHMXMSRIPPIW7]WXIQVIPEXMZYQWXÇRHPMGLYRH
OSQTPM^MIVX
6IJSVQ%RTEWWYRKIR[IVHIRHMWOYXMIVX
70

:EYH
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
0SMWYVPIWGSQQYRIW
(ÃGVIXJM\ERXTSYVPIWERRÃIWIXPEGSRXVMFYXMSR
HIWGSQQYRIWEYJSRHWHITÃVÃUYEXMSRHMVIGXILSVM^SR
XEPIIXPEVIHMWXVMFYXMSRHIGIPYMGM
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
*SRHW HI TÃVÃUYEXMSR
HMVIGXIIXLSVM^SRXEPI
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T/IRR^ELPIRFEWMIVXIW)MRRELQIR0EWXIR1MWGLW]WXIQ
&IVIGLRYRK YRH (EXIRKVYRHPEKI .IHI +IQIMRHI ^ELPX HIV IMRJE
GLIR 7XIYIV ! MR HIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWJSRHW HIV &IXVEK [MVH EYJ
KVYRH HIV KI[MGLXIXIR )MR[SLRIV^ELP ER HMI +IQIMRHIR ZIVXIMPX (IV
+I[MGLXYRKWJEOXSV[MVHEYJKVYRHHIV7XIYIVOVEJX+I[MGLXYRKHIW7XIY
IVJYWWIW+I[YRHHIV)MR[SLRIV^ELP+I[FIVIGLRIX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP,SVM^SRXEPEPPIVHMRKWQMXIMRIQIMRLIMXPMGLIR7EX^
HLZSRHIV9QZIVXIMPYRKW[MVOYRKHIV*MRER^MIVYRK[MVHHMIWIPFI;MV
OYRK[MIIMRIZIVXMOEPI*MRER^MIVYRKIV^IYKX
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW)W[IVHIRHIVIMRJEGLIR7XIYIV!
NIHIV+IQIMRHIJ²VHIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWJSRHWZIV[IRHIX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW+IQIMRHIKIWIX^YRHFIJVMWXI
XIQ(IOVIX
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR/IMRI
&IQIVOYRKIR(MIEOXYIPPI6IKIPYRKKMPXJ²VHMI.ELVIYRH
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
4ÃVÃUYEXMSRMRHMVIGXI
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI7YFZIRXMSRIRERHMI+IQIMRHIRYRH
HIVIR&IMXVÇKIERHIR/ERXSR[IVHIREYJKVYRHHIVy*MRER^OVEJXlEFKIWXYJX
[SFIMNI[IMPW+VYTTIRJIWXKIPIKX[IVHIR(IV*EOXSVy*MRER^OVEJXl[MVH
EYJKVYRHHIW7XIYIVJYWWIWHIV7XIYIVOVEJXYRHHIV7GL²PIVUYSXI
FIVIGLRIX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW%YWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW+IQIMRHIKIWIX^YRHHIVNI[IM
PMKIR7TI^MEPKIWIX^KIFYRK
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR/IMRI
&IQIVOYRKIR(IVMRHMVIOXI*MRER^EYWKPIMGL[MVHHYVGLHMIEOXYIPPIR
6IJSVQIRHIV%YJKEFIRXIMPYRKWXEVOVIHY^MIVX
71

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>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW3JJM^MIPPIW>MIP(IVRIYI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQI
GLERMWQYWMWX8IMPIMRIVYQJEWWIRHIR2IYSVHRYRKHIV&I^MILYRKIR^[M
WGLIR/ERXSRYRH+IQIMRHIR-RHIVIR>IRXVYQWXILXIMRI)RXJPIGLXYRK
HIV%YJKEFIRYRHIMRI:IVVMRKIVYRKHIV7XIYIVJYWWYRXIVWGLMIHIZSRr
EYJrJ²VHIV+IQIMRHIR
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK(IV6IJSVQTVS^IWW)XE'SQ
ZIVPÇYJXMRQILVIVIR)XETTIR;ÇLVIRHHIVÍFIVKERKW^IMXWSPPZEWMGLIVKI
WXIPPX[IVHIRHEWWHMI6IJSVQJ²VHIR/ERXSRYRHHMI+IQIMRHIREPW+ER
^IWRIYXVEPMWX
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK
;ÇLVIRHHIV6IJSVQ[MVHIMR%YWKPIMGLWOSRXSKIJ²LVXHEWHMI/SWXIR
RIYXVEPMXÇXWMGLIVWXIPPX
(MI6IJSVQFIMRLEPXIXRIXXSIMRIKI[MWWI:IVWGLMIFYRKZSR%YJKEFIR
ZSRHIR+IQIMRHIR[IKLMR^YQ/ERXSR
6IJSVQ-Q+ERKI
72

;EPPMW
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
7XIYIVKIWIX^
:IVSVHRYRK^YQMRXIVOSQQYREPIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
+VYRHVIKPIQIRXFIXVIJJIRHHMI&IVIGLRYRKHIVEFKI
WXYJXIR7YFZIRXMSRMIVYRK
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
3VHIRXPMGLIV*SRHW
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
7TI^MEPJSRHW
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T/SRXVSPPEYJPEKIRMRXIRWMZIW)MRRELQIR0EWXIR
1MWGLW]WXIQ
&IVIGLRYRK YRH (EXIRKVYRHPEKI %YW HIQ *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWJSRHWW
[IVHIR&IMXVÇKISHIVYRXIVFIWXMQQXIR9QWXÇRHIR^MRWPSWI(ELVPILIRER
+IQIMRHIREYWKIWGL²XXIX HMI IMRIR XMIJIR *MRER^OVEJXMRHI\[IVX FIM
EPW (YVGLWGLRMXX LEFIR (IV *MRER^OVEJXMRHI\ MWX HEW 1MXXIP ZSR
8IMPMRHM^IW HIW 6IWWSYVGIRTSXIRXMEPW WXIYIVFEVIW )MROSQQIR ?+VYRHFIM
XVEKA TVS )MR[SLRIV HIV 7XIYIVOVEJX 7YQQI ZIVWGLMIHIRIV )MRRELQIR ?
+VYRHFIMXVEKATVS)MR[SLRIV^YQ7EX^HIVIMRJEGLIR7XIYIVYRHHIW9Q
OILV[IVXIW HIW y7XIYIVJYWWIWl 7YQQI ZIVWGLMIHIRIV )MRRELQIR KIXIMPX
HYVGLHMIIMRJEGLI7XIYIV
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP+IQMWGLX/ERXSR+IQIMRHIR?HMIWXIYIV
OVEJXWXEVOIR+IQIMRHIR^ELPIRHEFIMIMRIR^YWÇX^PMGLIR&IMXVEKA
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW)MR^ELPIVSVMIRXMIVXHEW4EVPEQIRXOERRHMI
7ÇX^IEFIVYQQE\MQEPIMRIR(VMXXIPIVL¸LIRSHIVWIROIR
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW7XIYIVKIWIX^YRH*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWZIVSVHRYRK
:IV[IRHYRK9RKIFYRHIRJVIM
%YJPEKIR:IVWGLMIHIRI%YJPEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIR(IV*MRER^OVEJXMRHI\FIWXILXEYWZIVWGLMIHIRWXIR)PIQIR
XIRQMXYRXIVWGLMIHPMGLIR%YWKPIMGLW^MIPIR2IFIRHIQ>MIPHMI)MRREL
QIRYRXIVWGLMIHIEF^YFEYIRYRHHIVHMVIOXIR&IV²GOWMGLXMKYRKHIV7XIYIV
FIPEWXYRK[MVHHYVGLHMI:IVVIGLRYRKIMRIW+VYRHFIMXVEKIWIMRI*¸VHIVYRK
ZSR/PIMRKIQIMRHIRFIXVMIFIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKIHIV)MR^ELPYRKIRMRHIRSVHIRXPM
GLIR*SRHW[IVHIRNÇLVPMGLJ²Vy+IQIMRHIRMRWILVQMWWPMGLIR*MRER^ZIV
LÇPXRMWWIRlYRHJ²V*YWMSRWLMPJIRKIFVEYGLX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIPHIWSVHIRXPMGLIR*SRHW
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKWHIWSVHIRXPMGLIR*SRHW
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL/IMR6IGLXWERWTVYGLJ²V+IQIMRHIRMRQMWWPMGLIR:IV
LÇPXRMWWIR6IGLXWERWTVYGLJ²V*YWMSRWFIMXVÇKI
:IV[IRHYRK%ROIMRIFIWSRHIVI:IV[IRHYRKKIFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR:IVWGLMIHIRI%YJPEKIR
&IQIVOYRKIR
73

%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
%FKIWXYJXI7YFZIRXMSRMI
VYRK
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
&IVIGLRYRKYRH(EXIRKVYRHPEKI:IVWGLMIHIRI&IMXVÇKIERPEYJIRHI
%YWKEFIRYRHER-RZIWXMXMSRIR[IVHIRREGLHIQ*MRER^OVEJXMRHI\(IJMRM
XMSRWSEFKIWXYJX&IMHIR-RZIWXMXMSRIR[MVH^YWÇX^PMGLIMR-RZIWXMXMSRW
FIHEVJWMRHMOEXSVZIV[IRHIX
*MRER^MIVYRK
,IVOYRJXHIV1MXXIP:IVXMOEP
,¸LIHIW+IWEQXFIXVEKW%YWKPIMGLWIQTJÇRKIVSVMIRXMIVX
%YW^ELPYRK
6IGLXWERWTVYGL6IGLXWERWTVYGLKIQÇWW+VYRHVIKPIQIRXYRH7TI^MEPKI
WIX^KIFYRK
:IV[IRHYRK+IFYRHIR
%YJPEKIR2IMR
&IQIVOYRKIR(MI7TI^MEPKIWIX^KIFYRKIV[ÇLRXMRHIV6IKIPHEW4VMR^MT
HIV*MRER^OVEJXSVMIRXMIVYRKHMI7YFZIRXMSRWWÇX^IWMRHMH6MQ+VYRHVIKPI
QIRXHIJMRMIVX
>MIPHIW*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIW3JJM^MIPPIW>MIP9RXIVWX²X^YRKHIVJMRER^
WGL[EGLIR+IQIMRHIR(EFIMQYWWFIEGLXIX[IVHIRHEWWr[MIHMI(IJM
RMXMSRHIW&IKVMJJIW*MRER^OVEJX^IMKXrIMRWILVEPPKIQIMRIVRMGLXEYJHMI
6IWWSYVGIRWXÇVOIFIKVIR^XIV&IKVMJJHIV*MRER^OVEJXZIV[IRHIX[MVH
(]REQMO:SVEYWWEKFEVOIMXHIV;MVOYRK(MI;MVOYRKHIW*MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWW]WXIQWMWX[IKIRHIWMRHMVIOXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWPERKJVMWXMKOEYQ
TVSKRSWXM^MIVFEV
&IQIVOYRKIR&I[IVXYRK-Q7XIYIVKIWIX^[MVHIMRI&ERHFVIMXIHIV7XIY
IVJ²WWIHIV)MROSQQIRWXIYIVJIWXKIWGLVMIFIRHMIMQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQI
GLERMWQYWRMGLXFIV²GOWMGLXMKX[MVH
6IJSVQ;MVHHMWOYXMIVX
74

YK
+IWIX^PMGLI+VYRHPEKIR
+IWIX^²FIVHIRHMVIOXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
+IWIX^ZSR
0IX^XIâRHIVYRK
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX
(MVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
+IWEQXW]WXIQ
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]T6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL
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15 Allgemeiner: Ein kalkulatorischer Multiplikator, der vom Ausgaben- und Einnahmenniveau aller Gemeinden,
oder einer bestimmten Gruppe davon, abhängt (z.B. Durchschnittssteuerfuss + 10%, Durchschnittssteuerfuss
aller Finanzausgleichsempfänger).
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WGLIMRPMGL
%RTEWWYRKIRHIVOERXSREPIR%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIRERHMI&IH²VJRMWWI
HIV2*%
(MI2*%OERRRYVHERRMLVIZSPPI;MVOYRKIRXJEPXIR[IRRHMI1IGLERMWQIREYJEPPIR
HVIM 7XYJIR HIW 7XEEXW[IWIRW ERKITEWWX [IVHIR (ELIV [ÇVI IW RSX[IRHMK SHIV
^YQMRHIWX[²RWGLIRW[IVXHEWWFIMQMRRIVOERXSREPIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLIRXWTVIGLIRHI
%RTEWWYRKIRZSVKIRSQQIR[IVHIR(MIFIXVMJJXZIVWGLMIHIRI8IMPFIVIMGLI
81

7SRHIVPEWXIR
(IV &YRHIWJMRER^EYWKPIMGL WMILX ZSV HEWW FIWSRHIVI KISKVETLMWGLXSTSKVETLMWGLI
SHIV WS^MSHIQSKVETLMWGLI &IPEWXYRKIR QMX 7SRHIVPEWXIRFIMXVÇKIR EYWKIKPMGLIR [IV
HIR (IV /ERXSR HIV HMIWI >ELPYRKIR IVLÇPX MWX EFIV RYV MR IMRIQ %YWRELQIJEPP
&EWIP7XEHXHIVVMGLXMKI)QTJÇRKIVHIWKER^IR%YWKPIMGLWFIXVEKIW(ELIVMWXIWMR
KI[MWWIR/ERXSRIRRSX[IRHMKIRXWTVIGLIRHI%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIREYGLMQMRRIV
OERXSREPIR :IVLÇPXRMW IMR^YJ²LVIR )MRMKI MH6 RIYIVI *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQI FI
V²GOWMGLXMKIRHMI0EWXIRHIV>IRXVIR^&&IVR+IRJ0Y^IVR8LYVKEY>²VMGLSHIV
HIV&IVKYRH6ERHVIKMSRIR^&0Y^IVR8LYVKEYFIVIMXWI\TPM^MX
&IMHIV&IV²GOWMGLXMKYRKHIVWTI^MIPPIR0EWXIRHIV>IRXVIRXVMJJXQEREYJYRXIVWGLMIHPM
GLI 0¸WYRKIR (IV /ERXSR >²VMGL WGLPMIWWX HMI 7XEHX [IMXKILIRH EYW HIQ ySVHIRXPM
GLIRl*MRER^EYWKPIMGLEYWYRHIRXVMGLXIXHERRJ²V7SRHIVPEWXIRMRHVIM8IMPFIVIMGLIR
IMRIR 4EYWGLEPFIXVEK HIV WMGL REGL HIV IMRI FIWXMQQXI +VIR^I ²FIVWGLVIMXIRHIR
1ILVFIPEWXYRKMRHMIWIR&IVIMGLIRFIQMWWX(MIWI0¸WYRKMWXIX[EWYRFIJVMIHMKIRHHE
REX²VPMGLEYGLERHIVI>IRXVIRMQ/ERXSRFIWSRHIVI0EWXIRXVEKIR9EEYGLQMX4EY
WGLEPIREVFIMXIXHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLMQ/ERXSR&IVREPPIVHMRKW[IVHIRHMIWIERQIL
VIVI7XÇHXIEYWKIVMGLXIX
(EHMI7XÇHXIMRHIV6IKIPIMRI²FIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLI7XIYIVOVEJXLEFIR[MVHMRIMRM
KIR/ERXSRIRQMX6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQIRIMR%F^YKFIMQ6IWWSYVGIRTSXIRXMEP
ZSVKIRSQQIR^&&IVR0Y^IVR7GLEJJLEYWIR8LYVKEY-Q/ERXSR;EEHX[MVHHMI
)MR[SLRIV^ELPEPW/VMXIVMYQMRIMRIQ1MWGLW]WXIQWTI^MIPPKI[MGLXIX[EWEPPIVHMRKW
IMRI IX[EW HMJJYWI [IRMK ^MIPKIVMGLXIXI ;MVOYRK LEFIR H²VJXI -Q /ERXSR 7SPSXLYVR
[MVHFIMHIR7XÇHXIRHEW/VMXIVMYQy7XIYIVFIHEVJlWXÇVOIVKI[MGLXIX[EW^YL¸LIVIR
%YWKPIMGLWFIMXVÇKIRVIWT^YIMRIVKIVMRKIVIR%FWGL¸TJYRKJ²LVX
-Q /ERXSR +IRJ [MVH HMI 7XIYIV ^[MWGLIR ;SLR YRH %VFIMXWSVX EYJKIXIMPX (MIW IV
^IYKXIMRIR%YWKPIMGLJ²VHMI>IRXVIRHMIrMQ:IVLÇPXRMW^YV)MR[SLRIV^ELPrIMRI
LSLI>ELPZSR&IWGLÇJXMKXIRLEFIR
&IM HIR KISKVETLMWGLXSTSKVETLMWGLIR 7SRHIVPEWXIR MWX MR HIV 6IKIP IMRI KV¸WWIVI
+VYTTI ZSR +IQIMRHIR FIXVSJJJIR -R HIV 6IKIP KIL¸VIR HMIWI +IQIMRHIR EYGL MR
XVEHMXMSRIPPIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQIR SLRI 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL ^Y HIR 2IX
XSIQTJÇRKIVR%PPIVHMRKWIVLEPXIRWMIHIR^YWÇX^PMGLIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLSJXEYJKVYRH
ERHIVIV ZSR MLVIV %RVIM^[MVOYRK RMGLX YRTVSFPIQEXMWGLIV /VMXIVMIR [MI IX[E MLVIR
L¸LIVIR IJJIOXMZIR %YWKEFIR VIWT MLVIQ L¸LIVIR 7XIYIVJYWW ^& +VEYF²RHIR
7X+EPPIR 7SPSXLYVR SHIV MLVIV KIVMRKIR )MR[SLRIV^ELP ^& %TTIR^IPP %YWWIVVLS
HIR +VEYF²RHIR 0Y^IVR 2MH[EPHIR 9VM 1MX IMRIQ 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL REGL
HIQ :SVFMPH HIV 2*% O¸RRXI MR ZMIPIR *ÇPPIR HIV %YWKPIMGL WS yYQKIFEYXl [IVHIR
HEWW HMI KISKVETLMWGLXSTSKVETLMWGLIR FIREGLXIMPMKXIR +IQIMRHIR MQQIV RSGL [I
WIRXPMGLI&IMXVÇKIIVLEPXIRSLRIHEWWTVSFPIQEXMWGLIR%RVIM^I^Y1ILVEYWKEFIRSHIV
rMRERHIVIR*ÇPPIRr*YWMSRWLMRHIVRMWWIIRXWXILIR
82

-RXIVOERXSREPI>YWEQQIREVFIMXQMX0EWXIREYWKPIMGL
(MI 2*% WGLEJJX RIYI -RWXVYQIRXI MQ &IVIMGL HIV MRXIVOERXSREPIR >YWEQQIREVFIMX
(EQMX WSPP HMI %FKIPXYRK HIV I\XIVRIR )JJIOXI 7TMPPSZIVW MRWXMXYXMSREPMWMIVX [IVHIR
HL 0IMWXYRKIR [IPGLI /ERXSRI J²V )MR[SLRIV ERHIVIV /ERXSRI IVFVMRKIR WSPPIR
EFKIKSPXIR [IVHIR (MI ZIVFIWWIVXI 1¸KPMGLOIMX EYWWIVOERXSREPI 2YX^IV REGL 1EWW
KEFI HIV MLRIR IV[EGLWIRHIR :SVXIMPI ^YV JMRER^MIPPIR &IXIMPMKYRK ^Y ZIVTJPMGLXIR
QEGLX EYGL MRRIVOERXSREP KIVIGLXIVI %FKIPXYRKIR Q¸KPMGL -R ZMIPIR *ÇPPIR [IVHIR
HIV^IMXEPPI>ELPYRKIRER>IRXVIRZIVXMOEPHLZSQ/ERXSRKIPIMWXIX(EQMX[IVHIR
EPPI )MR[SLRIV HIW /ERXSRW MQ WIPFIR 1EWWI FIPEWXIX SF[SLP MR HIV 2YX^YRK HIV
^IRXVEP¸VXPMGLIR0IMWXYRKIR IVLIFPMGLI 9RXIVWGLMIHI ^[MWGLIR %KKPSQIVEXMSRWKIQIMR
HIRYRH[IMXIVIRXJIVRXIR0ERHKIQIMRHIRFIWXILIR:SR0¸WYRKIRQMXLSVM^SRXEPIR
>ELPYRKIR [YVHI SJX QMX IMRIQ ,MR[IMW EYJ YR^YQYXFEVI ;IXXFI[IVFWREGLXIMPI ^Y
EYWWIVOERXSREPIR +IQIMRHIR EFKIWILIR [IPGLI FMWLIV RMGLX ^Y >ELPYRKIR ZIV
TJPMGLXIX[IVHIROSRRXIR
2EGL)MRJ²LVYRKHIW2*%FIWXILIR^&MQ+VSWWVEYQ>²VMGLMQ:IVLÇPXRMW +IRJ r
;EEHX ^[MWGLIR &EWIP7XEHX YRH &EWIP0ERHWGLEJX SHIV J²V HMI 7XÇHXI 7X+EPPIR YRH
0Y^IVRRIYI1¸KPMGLOIMXIRHIV%FKIPXYRK
(IVMRRIVOERXSREPI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLYRHHMI&SRMXÇXHIV
+IQIMRHIR
&MWZSVIMRMKIR.ELVIRKEPXIR/VIHMXIER+IQIMRHIRRSGLEPWQ²RHIPWMGLIV%YJKVYRH
QILVIVIV :SVJÇPPI r YE HIW y*EPPIW 0IYOIVFEHl r MWX HMI *VEKI HIV &SRMXÇX HIV +I
QIMRHIREFIV^YIMRIQZMIPHMWOYXMIVXIR8LIQEKI[SVHIR(IVMRRIVOERXSREPI*MRER^
EYWKPIMGLMWXIMRI[MGLXMKIMRWXMXYXMSRIPPI(IXIVQMRERXIHMIWS[SLPHMIEOXYIPPI&SRMXÇX
FIIMRJPYWWXEPWEYGLIMRIR)MRJPYWWEYJHMIPERKJVMWXMKI)RX[MGOPYRKHIV>ELPYRKWJÇLMK
OIMXLEX
(MI HYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLI &SRMXÇX HIV WGL[ÇGLIVIR +IQIMRHIR OERR HYVGL IMRIR KIIMK
RIXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLZIVFIWWIVX[IVHIR.ILIXIVSKIRIVHMI+IQIMRHIWXVYOXYVMWXYRH
NIYQJERKVIMGLIVHMI%YJKEFIR[IPGLIHYVGLHMI+IQIMRHIRIVJ²PPX[IVHIRQ²WWIR
HIWXS LÇYJMKIV [IVHIR JMRER^WGL[EGLI +IQIMRHIR JMRER^MIPPI 4VSFPIQI FIOSQQIR
[IRR RMGLX QMX IMRIQ KIIMKRIXIR %YWKPIMGL /SVVIOXYVQEWWRELQIR ZSVKIRSQQIR
[IVHIR
)MR6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGLHIV IMRI EYWVIMGLIRHI 1MRHIWXEYWWXEXXYRK ZSVWMILX MWX REGL
YRWIVIV%RWMGLXIMRKYXIW1MXXIPYQHMIHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLI&SRMXÇXHIVJMRER^WGL[ÇGLI
VIR +IQIMRHIR ^Y ZIVFIWWIVR (MI +IQIMRHIR WSPPXIR HEQMX IMRI 6IWWSYVGIRFEWMW
LEFIRHMIIWMLRIRIVQ¸KPMGLXMLVI4JPMGLXEYJKEFIR^YIVPIHMKIR;MIFIVIMXWIV[ÇLRX
WTMIPIRWSPGLI%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIRMRZMIPIRrZERIYIVIRrOERXSREPIR*MRER^
EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQIRIMRI^IRXVEPI6SPPI
83

3JX KIR²KX HIV 6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL EPPIMRI EFIV RMGLX YQ HIR JMRER^WGL[EGLIR
+IQIMRHIRHMI*MRER^MIVYRKMLVIV%YJKEFIRQMXIMRIQTSPMXMWGL EO^ITXEFPIR 7XIYIV
JYWW^YIVQ¸KPMGLIR)MRI&IV²GOWMGLXMKYRKHIV0EWXIROERREYJWILVYRXIVWGLMIHPMGLI
;IMWI IVJSPKIR (IVIR PERKJVMWXMKI )JJIOXI EYJ HMI &SRMXÇX WMRH YRXIVWGLMIHPMGL )MR
%YWKPIMGLHIVWMGLEYJYRFIIMRJPYWWFEVI/IRR^ELPIRWX²X^XYRHYRKIFYRHIRI&IMXVÇKI
EYWVMGLXIX[MVOXKPIMGL[MIHIV6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL)VFIIMRJPYWWX[IHIVHEWLIYXMKI
RSGL HEW ^YO²RJXMKI %YWKEFIRRMZIEY MR IMRIQ WTI^MIPPIR %YWKEFIRFIVIMGL WSRHIVR
ZIVFIWWIVX HMI EPPKIQIMRI y¸OSRSQMWGLIl 4SWMXMSR HIV +IQIMRHI %YWKPIMGLW
QIGLERMWQIR[IPGLINIHSGLPEYJIRHI%YWKEFIRSHIV-RZIWXMXMSRIRJ¸VHIVRIVL¸LIR
HIR%RVIM^^Y1ILVEYWKEFIRYRHVIHY^MIVIRHIR%RVIM^^Y6IWXVYOXYVMIVYRKIR)MRI
PERKNÇLVMKIy%R[IRHYRKlZSR%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIR[IPGLIWMGLERIJJIOXMZIR%YW
KEFIR SVMIRXMIVIR J²LVX ²FIV HMI .ELVI ^Y IMRIQ L¸LIVIR %YWKEFIRRMZIEY %OXYIPPI
&IMWTMIPI0Y^IVR7X+EPPIR^IMKIRHEWWFIMIMRIVâRHIVYRKHIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWTVE
\MWSJXIMRIWXEXXPMGLIJMRER^MIPPI%FJIHIVYRKHYVGLHIR/ERXSRQMXPERKIRÍFIVKERKW
^IMXIRRSX[IRHMKMWXYQKV¸WWIVI4VSFPIQI^YZIVLMRHIVR
)MR /ERXSR HIV J²V +IQIMRHIR MR FIWSRHIVW TVIOÇVIR 7MXYEXMSRIR IMR ^YZIVPÇWWMKIW
y7MGLIVLIMXWRIX^lFMIXIXOERRHMI&SRMXÇXHIV+IQIMRHIRZIVFIWWIVR;IRRHIV/ERXSR
HMVIOXJ²V%YWJÇPPIFIMHIR+IQIMRHIRLEJXIXSHIV[IRRIVQMXHIQ*MRER^EYWKPIMGLMR
NIHIQ*EPPHMI*SPKIOSWXIR²FIVRMQQXHERRIRXWTVMGLXHMI/VIHMX[²VHMKOIMXHIV+I
QIMRHIR KER^ SHIV RELI^Y NIRIV HIW /ERXSRW %PPIVHMRKW OERR HMI HMVIOXI SHIV
MRHMVIOXI+EVERXMIHIW/ERXSRW[MIHIVYQRIKEXMZI%RVIM^IJJIOXILEFIR(IWLEPFQYWW
WMI QMX &IHMRKYRKIR KIPIMWXIX [IVHIR HL HMI +IQIMRHIR Q²WWIR WIPFIV IMRIR
REQLEJXIR7ERMIVYRKWFIMXVEKIVFVMRKIR
(IVMRRIVOERXSREPI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLYRHHMI+IQIMRHIWXVYOXYV
(MI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWVIKIPYRKIRLEFIRIMRIR[IWIRXPMGLIR)MRJPYWWEYJHMI+IQIMRHI
WXVYOXYV3F[SLPIMRIYQJEWWIRHI&I[IVXYRKHMIWIV*VEKIIVWXMQ7GLPYWWFIVMGLXZSV
KIRSQQIR [IVHIR OERR REGL IMRIV HMIWIR &IVMGLX IVKÇR^IRHIR UYERXMXEXMZIR %RE
P]WIHIV+IQIMRHIWXVYOXYVHIV%YJKEFIRYRH)MRRELQIREYJXIMPYRKYRHHIW*MRER^
EYWKPIMGLW KMFX IW IMRMKI )VOIRRXRMWWI HMI QER EYW IMRIV yMWSPMIVXIRl %REP]WI HIV
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWVIKIPYRKIRKI[MRRIROERR
:MIPI *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQI ^ELPIR I\TPM^MX L¸LIVI &IMXVÇKI ER OPIMRI +IQIMRHIR
7ILVI\XVIQMWXHMIWFIMQWSKIRERRXIR7XIYIVOVEJXEYWKPIMGLHIW/ERXSRW+VEYF²RHIR
HIVRYVERHMIIVWXIR)MR[SLRIVEYWKIVMGLXIX[MVH%YGLKI[MWWIRIYIVI1IGLE
RMWQIRWILIRIMRI&IV²GOWMGLXMKYRKHIV+IQIMRHIKV¸WWIZSVEPPIVHMRKWQMXIMRIVZMIP
KIVMRKIVIRy+I[MGLXYRKlZKP%TTIR^IPP%YWWIVVLSHIR0Y^IVR2MH[EPHIR
&IMIMRMKIRXVEHMXMSRIPPIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQIR[IVHIRHMIOPIMRIVIR+IQIMRHIR
HYVGLIMRIÍFIVRELQIHIV1ILVOSWXIRHIV:IV[EPXYRKYRXIVWX²X^X(MIWJMRHIXZEFIM
IMRIQ7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLWXEXX^&7X+EPPIR9VM>²VMGL
%PPI 1IGLERMWQIR HMI +IQIMRHIR QMX OPIMRIVIV )MR[SLRIV^ELP IMRIR L¸LIVIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGL ^YWMGLIVR SHIV HMI EPPI 1ILVOSWXIR IMRIV YRXIV 9QWXÇRHIR MRIJJM^M
84

IRXIR :IV[EPXYRK ²FIVRILQIR [MVOIR WMGL EPW ^YWÇX^PMGLIW ,MRHIVRMW J²V &IVIMRM
KYRKIRHIV+IQIMRHIWXVYOXYVEYW9QHMIWrQMRHIWXIRWXIMP[IMWIr[MIHIV^YOSVVM
KMIVIRWILIRIMRMKI/ERXSRIIMRI^IMXPMGLFIKVIR^XI&IWXERHIWKEVERXMISHIV&IMXVÇKI
ERHMI9QWIX^YRKZSR*YWMSRIRZSV^&+VEYF²RHIR0Y^IVR;EPPMW
(MI &IK²RWXMKYRK ZSR OPIMRIR +IQIMRHIR HEVJ RMGLX ZIV[IGLWIPX [IVHIR QMX IMRIQ
7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL ER KISKVETLMWGLXSTSKVETLMWGL FIREGLXIMPMKXI +IQIMRHIR
>ELPYRKIR ER EFKIPIKIRI +IQIMRHIR +IQIMRHIR QMX KIVMRKIV &IZ¸POIVYRKWHMGLXI
SHIV+IFMVKWKIQIMRHIR[IVHIRMREPPIV6IKIPYREFLÇRKMKZSRHIVIRTSPMXMWGLIR3V
KERMWEXMSRWWXVYOXYVKIPIMWXIXHL^[IMFIREGLFEVXIOPIMRI&IVKKIQIMRHIRWSPPXIRQMX
IMRIQ 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL MR IX[E EYJ HMI WIPFI 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGLWWYQQI
OSQQIRIKEPSFWMITSPMXMWGLKIXVIRRXSHIVJYWMSRMIVXWMRH
85

:- %RLERKÍFIVWMGLX²FIV[MGLXMKI&IKVMJJI
(IV%RLERKIRXLÇPXIMRIEPTLEFIXMWGLI%YJPMWXYRKYRHIMRIOYV^I)VPÇYXIVYRK[MGLXM
KIV&IKVMJJIHMIMQ>[MWGLIRFIVMGLXZIV[IRHIX[IVHIR(EQMXHEW:IVWXÇRHRMWNIRIV
0IWIVZIVFIWWIVX[IVHIR[IPGLIWMGLRMGLXEYWJ²LVPMGLQMXHIQ8LISVMIXIMPFIJEWWIR
%YJPEKIR
%YJPEKIRWMRH6IWXVMOXMSRIRHIV%YW^ELPYRKZSR%YWKPIMGLWQMXXIPRHLHMIREGLIMRIV
FIWXMQQXIR*SVQIPFIVIGLRIXIR%YWKPIMGLWQMXXIP[IVHIRRMGLXSHIVRMGLXZSPPEYWKI
^ELPX[IRRHMIWI^YWÇX^PMGLIR%YJPEKIRRMGLXIVJ²PPXWMRH%YJPEKIR[IVHIREYW^[IM
+V²RHIR ZIV[IRHIX )MRIVWIMXW YQ IMRIR 1MWWFVEYGL FIM NIRIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMR
WXVYQIRXIR^YZIVLMRHIVR[IPGLIHYVGLHMI)QTJÇRKIVKIQIMRHIRFIIMRJPYWWX[IVHIR
O¸RRIRERHIVIVWIMXWYQ^YZIVLMRHIVRHEWW+IQIMRHIRMRHIR+IRYWWZSR*MRER^
EYWKPIMGLWQMXXIPROSQQIR[IPGLIHMIWIR^[EVREGLHIV&IVIGLRYRKWJSVQIP^YWXILIR
[IPGLIWMIEFIVREGLIMRIVTSPMXMWGLIR&IYVXIMPYRKRMGLXFIR¸XMKIRÍFPMGLI%YJPEKIR
HMIWIV%VXWMRHIX[E6IKIPYRKIR[SREGL%YWKPIMGLWQMXXIPRYVEROPIMRI+IQIMRHIR
SHIV ER +IQIMRHIR QMX LSLIQ 7XIYIVJYWW EYWKIWGL²XXIX [IVHIR (EQMX FIWXILX
REX²VPMGLHMI+IJELVHEWW*YWMSRIRHMIYRXIVERHIVIR9QWXÇRHIRJVIM[MPPMKVIEPMWMIVX
[²VHIRYRZSVXIMPLEJX [IVHIR VIWT HEWW HIV 7XIYIVJYWW O²RWXPMGL LSGLKILEPXIR [MVH
YQRMGLXFIHIYXIRHI+IPHQMXXIP^YZIVPMIVIR
%YWKPIMGLW^MIP
.IHIW *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRX FI^[IGOX HIR %FFEY ZSR FIWXMQQXIR JMRER^MIPPIR
9RXIVWGLMIHIR (MWTEVMXÇXIR )W LERHIPX WMGL HEFIM MQQIV YQ 9RXIVWGLMIHI EYJ HIV
y%YWKEFIRSHIVHIVy)MRRELQIRWIMXIlHIV+IQIMRHIVIGLRYRKSHIVHIW7XIYIVJYWWIW
(IV7XIYIVJYWWHIV)MROSQQIRWXIYIVIRXWXILXHEFIMrZIVIMRJEGLXKIWEKXrEYWHIQ
7EPHS^[MWGLIRHIR%YWKEFIRYRHHIR²FVMKIR)MRRELQIRHIVEYWIMKIRIR7XIYIVR
^YHIGOIRMWX
(EW%YWKPIMGLW^MIPQERMJIWXMIVXWMGLMRHIR&IVIGLRYRKWKV¸WWIRHMIFIMHIV&IMXVEKW
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KPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIR QMX IMRIQ YRH WSPGLIR QMX QILVIVIR >MIPIR )MR IMR^MKIW
%YWKPIMGLW^MIPLEXIMR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXREGLYRWIVIV/EXIKSVMWMIVYRKHERR
[IRRIMRI>MIPHMQIRWMSRIMRHIYXMKMQ:SVHIVKVYRHWXILX)W[IVHIRHEFIM0EWXIREYW
KPIMGLW)MRRELQIREYWKPIMGLWYRH7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLW^MIPIYRXIVWGLMIHIR
&IIMRJPYWWFEVOIMX
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86

:EBEFE
9:;YWÇX^PMGL ^YQ *MRER^EYWKPIMGL MI7 WTMIPX HMI +IQIMRHIWXVYOXYV
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)MR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQYQJEWWXHMI+IWEQXLIMXEPPIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI
IMRIW/ERXSRW)MR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXSHIVQMXKPIMGLIV&IHIYXYRKZIV[IR
HIX*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQYWyFIWXILXlMQ;IWIRXPMGLIREYW6IKIPRHIV&IVIGL
RYRK*MRER^MIVYRKWS[MIEPPJÇPPMKIRWTI^MIPPIR%YJPEKIRHIV%YWKPIMGLW^ELPYRKIR
(MI *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR LEFIR [MV HIJMRMIVX YQ %YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXI QMX ÇLRPM
GLIR )MKIRWGLEJXIR ^YWEQQIRJEWWIR ^Y O¸RRIR 7MI WMRH LÇYJMKI /SQFMREXMSRIR
[MGLXMKIV)MKIRWGLEJXIRZSR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXIR
87

+IFYRHIRI:IV[IRHYRKHIV%YWKPIMGLWQMXXIP
(MI KIFYRHIRI :IV[IRHYRK HIV %YWKPIMGLWQMXXIP FIHIYXIX HEWW HMI
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EPPIV6IKIP[MVHHEFIMHIV%YWKPIMGLWFIXVEKIVWXHERREYWKI^ELPX[IRRHMI%YWKEFI
WGLSR KIXÇXMKX MWX -RHMVIOXI *MRER^EYWKPIMGLW^ELPYRKIR [IVHIR EYJKEFIRKIFYRHIR
-RZIWXMXMSRWEYWKPIMGLWFIXVÇKITVSNIOXKIFYRHIREYWKIVMGLXIX
,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL
(IV ,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR )V LEX JSP
KIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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1MWGLW]WXIQQILVIVI>MIPI/IRR^IMGLRIRHJ²VHIR,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGLMWXHEWWIV
X]TMWGLIV[IMWI EYJKVYRH IMRIV +IWEQXFIYVXIMPYRK IMRIW )MR^IPJEPPIW EYWKIVMGLXIX
[MVH
)JJIOXMZI FIIMRJPYWWFEVI &IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI (IV ,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGL [MVH EYJKVYRH
IMRIV MRHMZMHYIPPIR &IYVXIMPYRK HIV EOXYIPPIR 0EKI HIV +IQIMRHIR YRH MLVIR
4IVWTIOXMZIRKIPIMWXIX(MI RSX[IRHMKIR 1MXXIP ^YV )VVIMGLYRK IMRIW KI[²RWGLXIR
6IWYPXEXIW^&IMRI^[EVLSLIEFIVRSGLEO^ITXEFPI7XIYIVFIPEWXYRKWMRHHEFIM
EYGLEFLÇRKMKZSRHIRIMKIRIR%RWXVIRKYRKIRHIV+IQIMRHI
9QJERKVIMGLI%YJPEKIR(IV,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGLMWXNIRIV%YWKPIMGLWX]TYW[SREXYV
KIQÇWWHMIYQJEWWIRHWXIR%YJPEKIRERHMI)QTJÇRKIVKIWXIPPX[IVHIR
/PIMRIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMW(IV,ÇVXIJEPPEYWKPIMGLWSPPXIWMGLRYVERIMRIOPIMRI1MR
HIVLIMXHIV+IQIMRHIRVMGLXIR%YWRELQIRO¸RRIRMRNIRIR4LEWIRWMRRZSPPWIMR
[SIMR9QFVYGLFI^[IGOX[MVH
-RHMVIOXIV*MRER^EYWKPIMGL
(IV MRHMVIOXI *MRER^EYWKPIMGL MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR )V
LEXJSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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1MWGLW]WXIQ QILVIVI >MIPI (IV MRHMVIOXI *MRER^EYWKPIMGL FI^[IGOX IMRIR %YW
KPIMGL HIV %YWKEFIR MR IMRIQ FIWXMQQXIR &IVIMGL REGL 1EWWKEFI EPPKIQIMRIV
9RKPIMGLLIMXWQEWWI[IPGLIMREPPIV6IKIPZIVWGLMIHIRI>MIPIFIV²GOWMGLXMKIR
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXIFIIMRJPYWWFEV(IVMRHMVIOXI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLFIVIGLRIXWMGLEYJ
KVYRH HIV KIXÇXMKXIR %YWKEFIR HIV +IQIMRHIR 7O YRH IMRIV /IRR^ELP [IPGLI HMI
0EWXIRYRHSHIVHMI6IWWSYVGIRWXÇVOIYRHSHIVHMI7XIYIVFIPEWXYRKFIV²GOWMGLXMKX
(MI)QTJÇRKIVLEFIRHEFIMMQQIVHMI1¸KPMGLOIMXHMI,¸LIMLVIW%YWKPIMGLWFI
XVEKIW^YFIIMRJPYWWIREPPIVHMRKWKMFXIWNIREGLHIVOSROVIXIR+IWXEPXYRKHIWMRHM
VIOXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWWT²VFEVI9RXIVWGLMIHIHIVTVSFPIQEXMWGLIR%RVIM^I
16 In jenen Fällen, wo die Gemeinden Beiträge an den Kanton zahlen, bestimmen sich die Beiträge natürlich nach
den Ausgaben des Kantons.
88

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:IV[IRHYRK KIFYRHIR %YJPEKIR O¸RRIR RSX[IRHMK WIMR (IV MRHMVIOXI *MRER^
EYWKPIMGL[MVHREGL1EWWKEFIHIVMRIMRIQFIWXMQQXIR%YJKEFIRFIVIMGLIJJIOXMZ
EYWKIKIFIRIR!ZIV[IRHIXIR&IXVÇKIEYWKIVMGLXIX
+VSWWIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMW(IVMRHMVIOXI*MRER^EYWKPIMGLVMGLXIXWMGLMREPPIV6IKIPER
IMRI1ILVLIMXHIV+IQIMRHIR(MI&IMXVEKWWÇX^IYRHHEQMXHMI&IMXVÇKIWIPFIVWMRH
EFIVZSR+IQIMRHI^Y+IQIMRHISJXWILVYRXIVWGLMIHPMGL
-RZIWXMXMSRWEYWKPIMGL
(IV -RZIWXMXMSRWEYWKPIMGL MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR )V LEX
JSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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0EWXIREYWKPIMGLW^MIP (IV -RZIWXMXMSRWEYWKPIMGL VIHY^MIVX HMI -RZIWXMXMSRWPEWXIR YRH
HEQMXHMINÇLVPMGLI&IPEWXYRKHYVGL%QSVXMWEXMSRYRH>MRWIR
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI FIIMRJPYWWFEV )MRI >ELPYRK MR %FLÇRKMKOIMX HIV /SWXIR ZSR
OSROVIXIR 4VSNIOXIR FIHIYXIX ^[ERKWPÇYJMK HMI :IV[IRHYRK ZSR FIIMRJPYWWFEVIR
&IVIGLRYRKWKV¸WWIR
%YJPEKIRYRH4VSNIOXFMRHYRK(MI :IV[IRHYRK ZSR -RZIWXMXMSRWEYWKPIMGLW^ELPYR
KIRMWX^[ERKWPÇYJMKTVSNIOXKIFYRHIR%YWWIVHIQ[IVHIRSJXZIVWGLMIHIRI%YJPE
KIR ER HMI )QTJÇRKIV KIQEGLX HEQMX IMR IMRMKIVQEWWIR WTEVWEQIV 9QKERK QMX
HIRZSVLERHIRIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQMXXIPRWMGLIVKIWXIPPX[IVHIROERR
/PIMRIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMW-REPPIV6IKIPVMGLXIRWMGL-RZIWXMXMSRWEYWKPIMGLW^ELPYRKIR
ER IMRIR FIWGLVÇROXIR /VIMW ZSR +IQIMRHIR (MI %RWTVYGLWFIVIGLXMKYRK [MVH
²FPMGLIV[IMWI EYJKVYRH IMRIV )MR^IPJEPPFIYVXIMPYRK ZSVKIRSQQIR HMI +VYRHPEKI
HIV )RXWGLIMHYRK FMPHIR YRXIVWGLMIHPMGLI *EOXSVIR ^& y&IHIYXYRKl YRH
y2SX[IRHMKOIMXl HIW 4VSNIOXIW YRH LÇYJMK [IVHIR ^YWÇX^PMGLI 6IWXVMOXMSRIR ^&
1MRHIWXWXIYIVJYWWHIW)QTJÇRKIVWZIV[IRHIX
/IRR^ELPIRFEWMIVXIW)MRRELQIR0EWXIR1MWGLW]WXIQ
(EW OIRR^ELPIRFEWMIVXI )MRRELQIR0EWXIR1MWGLW]WXIQ MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR
*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR)WLEXJSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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1MWGLW]WXIQ QILVIVI >MIPI (MIWIV %YWKPIMGLWX]TYW WXVIFX IMRIR %YWKPIMGL ZIV
WGLMIHIRIV(MWTEVMXÇXIRQMXIMRIQ-RWXVYQIRXER
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI RMGLX FIIMRJPYWWFEV /IRR^ELPIRFEWMIVXI )MRRELQIR0EWXIR
1MWGLW]WXIQI[IVHIRNIRI%YWKPIMGLWQIGLERMWQIRKIRERRXFIM[IPGLIRXVSX^IM
RIV SJX IX[EW [MPHIR /SQFMREXMSR YRXIVWGLMIHPMGL KI[MGLXIXIV &IVIGLRYRKWJEOXS
VIR HEVEYJ KIEGLXIX [MVH HEWW QER WGL[IVTYROXQÇWWMK /IRR^ELPIR ZIV[IRHIX
HMIZSRHIR)QTJÇRKIVRRMGLXFIIMRJPYWWX[IVHIRO¸RRIR
/IMRI&IHMRKYRKIR%YJKVYRHHIV2EXYVHIVZIV[IRHIXIR;IVXIWMRH%YJPEKIRMR
HIV6IKIPRMGLXRSX[IRHMK
89

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+VSWWIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMW(MIWIV8]TYWMWXMRHIV6IKIPEPWyYQJEWWIRHIVl%YWKPIMGL
EPPIV(MWTEVMXÇXIROSR^MTMIVX
/IRR^ELPIRFEWMIVXIV0EWXIREYWKPIMGL
(IV OIRR^ELPIRFEWMIVXI 0EWXIREYWKPIMGL MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR *MRER^EYW
KPIMGLWX]TIR)VLEXJSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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0EWXIREYWKPIMGLW^MIP1MXHMIWIQ%YWKPIMGLWX]T[MVHIMRIyKIVIGLXIl%YJXIMPYRKHIV
0EWXIRERKIWXVIFX
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXIRMGLXFIIMRJPYWWFEV&IMHIV;ELPHIV/IRR^ELPIR[MVHMREPPIV
6IKIPHEVEYJKIEGLXIXHEWW/IRR^ELPIRKI[ÇLPX[IVHIRHMIHYVGLHMI)QTJÇRKIV
RMGLXFIIMRJPYWWX[IVHIRO¸RRIR
/IMRI &IHMRKYRKIR %YJPEKIR Q²WWIR EPPIRJEPPW TYROXYIPP HSVX KIQEGLX [IVHIR
[SIMR^IPRI/IRR^ELPIRZIV[IRHIX[IVHIRHMIFIMHIR+IQIMRHIRYRIV[²RWGLXI
:IVLEPXIRWÇRHIVYRKIRMRHY^MIVIRO¸RRXIR
+VSWWIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMW:SROIRR^ELPIRFEWMIVXIR0EWXIREYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQIRWMRHMR
HIV6IKIPEPPI+IQIMRHIRFIXVSJJIR
/SRXVSPPVIWTEYJPEKIRMRXIRWMZIW)MRRELQIR0EWXIR1MWGLW]WXIQ
(EW/SRXVSPPVIWTEYJPEKIRMRXIRWMZIW)MRRELQIR0EWXIR1MWGLW]WXIQMWXIMRIVZSR
HIJMRMIVXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR)VLEXJSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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1MWGLW]WXIQ QILVIVI >MIPI (MIWIV %YWKPIMGLWX]TYW WXVIFX IMRIR %YWKPIMGL
ZIVWGLMIHIRIV(MWTEVMXÇXIRQMXIMRIQ-RWXVYQIRXER
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI FIIMRJPYWWFEV &IM HMIWIQ 1MWGLW]WXIQX]TYW WTMIPIR &IVIGL
RYRKW[IVXI[IPGLIZSRHIV+IQIMRHIFIIMRJPYWWX[IVHIRO¸RRIRIMRI[IWIRXPM
GLI6SPPI(MIW&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI[IVHIRZIV[IRHIXYQIMRIKYXI%YWKPIMGLW[MV
OYRK^YIV^IYKIRLEFIREFIVHIR2EGLXIMPHEWWWMIYRIV[²RWGLXI%RVIM^IJ²VHMI
+IQIMRHIRIV^IYKIR
/SRXVSPPIR YRH %YJPEKIR RSX[IRHMK 9Q IMRIR 1MWWFVEYGL ^Y ZIVLMRHIVR WMRH
KI[MWWI/SRXVSPPIRYRH%YJPEKIRYRYQKÇRKPMGL
+VSWWIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMW(MIWIV8]TYWMWXMRHIV6IKIPEPWyYQJEWWIRHIVl%YWKPIMGL
EPPIV(MWTEVMXÇXIROSR^MTMIVX
2SVQPEWXIREYWKPIMGL
(IV 2SVQPEWXIREYWKPIMGL MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR )V LEX
JSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
Œ
1MWGLW]WXIQ QILVIVI >MIPI (IV 2SVQPEWXIREYWKPIMGL FI^[IGOX IMRIR %YWKPIMGL
HIW7EPHSW^[MWGLIR%YWKEFIRYRH)MRRELQIRHMWTEVMXÇXIR
90

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Œ
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXIRMGLXFIIMRJPYWWFEV)MR [IWIRXPMGLIW 1IVOQEP HIW 2SVQPEWXIR
EYWKPIMGLIWMWXHMI:IV[IRHYRKZSRRSVQMIVXIR%YWKEFIRYRH)MRRELQIR[IVXIR
%PPIVHMRKWMWXIWrMRWFIWSRHIVIMR/ERXSRIRQMXIMRIVLIXIVSKIRIR7XVYOXYVrJ²V
KI[MWWI %YJKEFIRFIVIMGLI RMGLX IMRJEGL TSPMXMWGL EO^ITXMIVXI 2SVQ[IVXI ^Y
JMRHIR
/IMRI &IHMRKYRKIR %YJKVYRH HIV :IV[IRHYRK ZSR 2SVQ[IVXIR WMRH %YJPEKIR
RMGLXRSX[IRHMK
+VSWWIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMW (IV 2SVQPEWXIREYWKPIMGL MR WIMRIV X]TMWGLIR *SVQ MWX EPW
%YWKPIMGLWMRWXVYQIRXOSR^MTMIVXHEWHIR7EPHSEPPIV(MWTEVMXÇXIREYWKPIMGLX(EQMX
VMGLXIXIVWMGLMQQIVERIMRIKVSWWI1ILVLIMXHIV+IQIMRHIR
6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL
(IV 6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR )V LEX
JSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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)MRRELQIREYWKPIMGL (IV 6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL VMGLXIX WMGL REGL HIR )MRRELQIR
TSXIRXMEPIRHIV+IQIMRHIR
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI RMGLX FIIMRJPYWWFEV (IV 6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL FIVIGLRIX WMGL
MQQIVEYJKVYRHHIW6IWWSYVGIRTSXIRXMEPW[SFIMHMI7XIYIVOVEJXHIV)MROSQQIR
WXIYIV HIV REX²VPMGLIR 4IVWSRIR MR EPPIV 6IKIP IMRI ^IRXVEPI 6SPPI IMRRMQQX (MI
7XIYIVOVEJXOERRHYVGLHMI+IQIMRHIRRMGLXHMVIOXFIIMRJPYWWX[IVHIR
/IMRI&IHMRKYRKIR(IV6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGLFIHEVJOIMRIV%YJPEKIRHEHEW6IW
WSYVGIREYWKPIMGLW^MIP IMKIRXPMGL IMRI ^MIPKIVIGLXI :IVXIMPYRK HIV *MRER^QMXXIP
KEVERXMIVX-RIMRMKIR*ÇPPIR[IVHIREFIV^YWÇX^PMGLI%YJPEKIRFI^²KPMGLHIV,¸LI
HIW7XIYIVJYWWIWKIQEGLXYQIMRITSPMXMWGLXVEKFEVIVI:IVXIMPYRKHIV+IPHQMXXIP^Y
IVVIMGLIR
+VSWWIV %HVIWWEXIROVIMW (IV 6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGL MWX HE^Y OSR^MTMIVX HMI 9RXIV
WGLMIHIMRHIVJMRER^MIPPIRy+VYRHEYWWXEXXYRKlHIV+IQIMRHIR^YVIHY^MIVIR(E
QMX[MVHMREPPIV6IKIPIMRIKVSWWI>ELPZSR+IQIMRHIRIMRFI^SKIRMRWFIWSRHIVI
REX²VPMGLHSVX[SHIV6IWWSYVGIREYWKPIMGLZSRHIR+IQIMRHIRJMRER^MIVX[MVH
7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL
(IV 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL MWX IMRIV ZSR HIJMRMIVXIR *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR )V LEX
JSPKIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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0EWXIREYWKPIMGLW^MIP (IV 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGL KPIMGLX ²FIVQÇWWMKI &IPEWXYRKIR
EYW
&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI RMGLX FIIMRJPYWWFEV 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGLW^ELPYRKIR VMGLXIR
WMGL²FPMGLIV[IMWIREGL;IVXIRHMIWMGLRMGLXFIIMRJPYWWIRPEWWIRSHIVHIVIR&I
IMRJPYWWYRKWMGLRMGLXPSLRX
91

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/IMRI &IHMRKYRKIR (MI OSROVIXI %YW^ELPYRK HIV *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWQMXXIP MWX X]TM
WGLIV[IMWIRMGLXZSRFIWXMQQXIR%YJPEKIRSHIVIMRIVFIWXMQQXIR:IV[IRHYRKHIV
%YWKPIMGLWQMXXIPEFLÇRKMK(EZSR^YXVIRRIRMWXREX²VPMGLIMRIQ¸KPMGLIy&IKV²R
HYRKWTJPMGLXlHIW)QTJÇRKIVWSHIVIMRI4V²JYRKZSR7IMXIRHIW/ERXSRW(EFIMMWX
LÇYJMKZSVKIWILIRHEWWHMI)QTJÇRKIVZSR>IMX^Y>IMXREGL[IMWIRHEWWHMIFI
WSRHIVIR 0EWXIR FIWXILIR YRH HMI IRXWTVIGLIRHIR 0IMWXYRKIR IVFVEGLX [IVHIR
SHIVHIV7EGLZIVLEPX[MVHIRXWTVIGLIRHZSRHIROERXSREPIR7XIPPIRKITV²JX
/PIMRIV %HVIWWEXIROVIMW )W IRXWTVMGLX HIV /SR^ITXMSR HIW 7SRHIVPEWXIREYWKPIMGLW
HEWW RYV ²FIV HEW ²FPMGLI 1EWW LMREYWKILIRHI WTI^MIPPI 0EWXIR EYWKIKPMGLIR
[IVHIRHEQMXMWXHIV%HVIWWEXIROVIMWMQQIVEYJIMRI1MRHIVLIMXZSR+IQIMRHIR
VIWT IMRI 1MRHIVLIMX HIV &IZ¸POIVYRK FIKVIR^X [IPGLI ²FIVHYVGLWGLRMXXPMGLI
0EWXIRXVÇKX
7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGL
(IV7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLMWXIMRIVZSRHIJMRMIVXIR*MRER^EYWKPIMGLWX]TIR)VLEXJSP
KIRHI)MKIRWGLEJXIR
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&IVIGLRYRKW[IVXI FIIMRJPYWWFEV &IMQ 7XIYIVJYWW VMGLXIR WMGL HMI %YWKPIMGLW^EL
PYRKIR MQ ;IWIRXPMGLIR REGL HIV ,¸LI HIW 7XIYIVJYWWIW (MIWIV OERR ZSR HIV
+IQIMRHIHMVIOXWIPFIVFIIMRJPYWWX[IVHIR
%YJPEKIR&IMIMRIQ7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLWMRHKI[MWWI%YJPEKIRYRYQKÇRKPMGL7S
QYWWIX[EHEVEYJKIEGLXIX[IVHIRHEWWHMI+IQIMRHIRERHIVI)MRRELQIUYIPPIR
IFIRJEPPWEHÇUYEXEYWWGL¸TJIR
/PIMRIV %HVIWWEXIROVIMW (EW KIWEQXI *MRER^EYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQ WSPPXI WS OSR^MTMIVX
WIMRHEWWIMR7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLRYVJ²VIMRI1MRHIVLIMXHIV+IQIMRHIRVIWTHIV
&IZ¸POIVYRKRSX[IRHMKMWX%RHIVRJEPPWFIWXILXHMI+IJELVIMRIVy%YWL¸LPYRKlHIV
+IQIMRHIEYXSRSQMI HE HIV /ERXSR HMI 7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLWQMXXIP MQQIV ER
IMRWGLRIMHIRHI&IHMRKYRKIROR²TJIRQYWW*²V7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLWW]WXIQI[IP
GLIOIMRIRYQJEWWIRHIRWSRHIVRRYVIMRIRTEVXMIPPIR7XIYIVJYWWEYWKPIMGLKI[ÇL
VIRKMPXHEW+IWEKXIMRIMRIQKIVMRKIVIR1EWWI
92