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S1
Sender for
group 1
R1
S2
Sender for
group 2
R2
R3
R4
R5
Rx_1 Rx_2 Rx_3 Rx_4
Receivers for group 1 and 2 Receivers for group 1
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iif
S=0.0.0.0/0
G=224.0.1.2/32
oifs
1. Destination lookup
2. If packet received on iif,
forward on all (oifs - iif)
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iif_0
224.0.1.0/32
iif_0
+ 224.0.1.1/32 =
iif_0
224.0.1.0/31
oif_1 oif_2 oif_1 oif_2 oif_1 oif_2
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(no entry for
. . . . . . . . . . . .
224.0.1.0/32 224.0.1.1/32 224.0.1.3/32 224.0.1.7/32
224.0.1.2/32)
(no entries)
224.0.1.0/31
224.0.1.3/32
224.0.1.7/32
oif_1 oif_2 oif_1 oif_2 oif_1 oif_2 oif_1
(a) Forwarding entries before aggregation
oif_1 oif_2 oif_1 oif_2 oif_1
(b) Strict aggregation
224.0.1.0/30 224.0.1.7/32
224.0.1.0/29
oif_1 oif_2 oif_1
(c) Pseudo-strict aggregation
(d) Leaky aggregation
oif_1
oif_2
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224.0.1.0/30
224.0.1.0/31 224.0.1.2/31
Allowed leaks per interface = 10
224.0.1.0/32
bw = 1000
224.0.1.1/32
bw = 5
224.0.1.2/32
bw = 1000
224.0.1.3/32
bw = 6
224.0.1.0/32
bw = 1000
224.0.1.1/32
bw = 5
224.0.1.2/32
bw = 1000
224.0.1.3/32
bw = 6
oif_1
oif_2
oif_2 oif_1
(a) Input to the algorithm: bw and oifs per group; allowed leaks
(b) Step 1
224.0.1.0/30
bw = 5
224.0.1.0/30
bw = 11
leaks = 5 leaks = 6
224.0.1.0/31
224.0.1.2/31
bw = 6
224.0.1.0/31
224.0.1.2/31
224.0.1.0/32
bw = 1000
224.0.1.1/32 224.0.1.2/32 224.0.1.3/32
bw = 1000
224.0.1.0/32
bw = 1000
224.0.1.1/32 224.0.1.2/32 224.0.1.3/32
bw = 1000
(c) Step 2
(d) Step 3
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½
½
Worst case number of forwarding entries
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
512 high bandwidth groups; 2560 low bandwidth groups
Before aggregation
After: strict
After: pseudo-strict
After: leaky 2%
After: leaky 5%
After: leaky 10%
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Number of receivers
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¾
Number of entries (% of address space)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Address space = 4096; high+low bandwidth groups = 3072
400 receivers/group, 5% leaks
400 receivers/group, 10% leaks
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
High bandwidth groups (% of address space)
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Ö
Ö
Ö
25000
Number of entries before and after aggregation
20000
Number of entries
15000
10000
5000
Before aggregation
After aggregation (5% leaks)
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Time(s)
'(67cBX>JIbj ¬ li×>,§X>\ / IKJ¢=6Z^a=BJ\·LJH2 NhGg ¬
25000
Number of entries before and after aggregation
20000
Number of entries
15000
10000
5000
Before aggregation
After aggregation (5% leaks)
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Time(s)
'(67cBX>JIbj ¬ l4¨,T¤X>\ / IKJ¢=

×
×
×
Amount of leaks (% of max. multicast traffic)
Amount of leaks on a singe interface
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Time(s)
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
Replica placement impact (random clients, clients fraction = 0.2)
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Number of replicas
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Replica placement impact (affinity clients, clients fraction = 0.2)
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Number of replicas
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
Replica placement impact (disaff/aff clustering clients, clients fraction = 0.2)
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Number of replicas
óæôyõ#ö†÷ø v û ³†ý%˜‚ø¡÷©†ø~:#÷ø#ý@÷ø¨yô0'¨0iø ªø*­ô w¨":Eø:x ÷ø ªøP:yö"¦©ø¡÷ô†õL:yô¥øj¦qš(û
Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Replica placement impact (web clients, clients fraction = 0.15)
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Number of replicas
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Clients number impact (random clients, replicas number = 50)
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
0.01 0.1
Clients fraction (1.0 = all nodes)
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Clients number impact (affinity clients, replicas number = 50)
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
0.01 0.1
Clients fraction (1.0 = all nodes)
óæôyõ#ö†÷ø v û–ý%˜‚ø¡÷©†ø5:#÷ø#ý%:yôyø*/tö 'Wø¡÷>ô0 w¨":Eø:x÷ø CøP-uw†ô§) :yôyø*j¦qš(û
Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
Clients number impact (disaffinity clients, replicas number = 50)
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
0.01 0.1
Clients fraction (1.0 = all nodes)
óæôyõ#ö†÷ø v ûÚ ý%˜‚ø¡÷©†ø~:#÷ø#ý%:yôyø*…tö 'Wø¡÷>ô0 w¨":PEø:x÷ø ªøP;Iô¦j-uw†ô§) :yôyø*j¦qš(û
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
Clients number impact (disaff/aff clustering clients, replicas number = 50)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
max-router fanout
max-AS/max-router fanout
max-AS/min-router fanout
random routers
0.01 0.1
Clients fraction (1.0 = all nodes)
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Replica placement impact (random clients, clients fraction = 0.2)
1.2
max-router fanout
random routers
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Number of replicas
:¥ôyøj¦qš(û
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Efficiency ratio (Greedy heuristic = 1.0)
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Replica placement impact (random clients, clients fraction = 0.2)
1.2
max-router fanout
1
random routers
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Number of replicas
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Src
: NACK
: Unicast data
(2) Unicast
(1)
R1
: Multicast data
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1.8
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1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Average recovery latency vs. RTT to sender (rcvs random)
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RAH
0.2 ALH (heuristic)
ALH (random)
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
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Receiver exposure (0.0 = no exposure)
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0.1
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0.06
0.04
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Average receiver exposure (rcvs random)
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Receivers fraction
RAH
ALH (heuristic)
ALH (random)
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Data overhead (relative)
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9
8
7
6
5
4
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Average network data overhead (1.0 = min. required) (rcvs random)
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RAH
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ALH (random)
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Receivers fraction
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Control overhead (relative)
Average network control overhead (1.0 = min. required) (rcvs random)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
RAH
1 ALH (heuristic)
ALH (random)
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
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‚e‡}y¥‚M‚e‡§pE|§y¥‚ȳ „˜€Gp oe‡§payG|®“ y¥{\–—pQe‹­y¥ŽUp oÇ„G{§UžŒlU‚e‡§pœš}y¥oep {9‚fn}epa|^‹bn§Ž‚elŽ“ yGe‚ •R–§n§‚Á‚e‡§p {\‚e‡§pEmy¥lU{
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k?lUmGn§oep­q§r ≠e‡§„˜ƒ4‚e‡§p\Žy¥‚ep {}“”ž oepaen§Ž‚Q „Gob‚e‡§oep p\|£lZ°dp oep {`‚€Hy¥Un§pab„¥‚e‡§p^‡§lUp oy¥o“‡9ž½“”oepay¥‚elU„G{
š}y¥oy¥‹Œp ‚ep oK—dý¥ÿRúX˜1&u a ra6 • a r ˆ •¡y¥{}| a r q§r”Ü®º³{`‚ep oepae‚elU{§mGŽžG•§‚e‡§lŽfš}y¥oy¥‹Œp ‚ep of‡}yG|~y¥Ž‹Œ„e‚M{§„ŒlU‹Œš}yG“”‚
„G{‚e‡§p¹y¥‚ep {}“”žª‘„G{§Už® „GoEy›€Gp oežŸŽy¥oemGp{`n§‹–—p oQ„¥hoepa“”p lŽ€Gp oE‚e‡§poepan§U‚P‘„GoEŽy¥oemGp oœš}y¥oy¥‹Œp ‚ep o
€Hy¥Žn§pQƒhp oepbUlUmG‡`‚eŽžŒ–—p ‚e‚ep o¬«¬r { p–$p UlUp €GpE‚e‡}y¥‚‚e‡§poepayGe„G{~‘„Gof‚e‡§lŽlŽfyGf „GUU„˜ƒ rOµM‡§p4oepa“”„D€Gp oež
‚eoep p|£p š§‚e‡~ƒh„Gn§¹|\p €Gp {`‚en}y¥UUž›–—pQ¹y¥oemGp oÁƒf‡§p {‚e‡§p oepQlŽfȳ Žy¥oemGpE{`n§‹–—p of„¥Boepa“”p lU€Gp o rÇxP„Dƒp €Gp o •
ƒf‡§p {‚e‡§pb{9n§‹b–$p oP„¥oepa“”p lU€Gp oœlU{}“”oepayGepG•$‚e‡§p oepl¹’y›‡§lUmG‡§p oPš§oe„G–}y¥–§lŽUlU‚;ž®‚e‡}y¥‚Ey›š}y¥oep {`‚QƒflUUj–—p
„G{Œ‚e‡§p’e‡§„Goe‚epa‚hš}y¥‚e‡Œ–$p ‚;ƒp p {^y“&‡§lUŽ|†y¥{}|†‚e‡§pPoe„9„G‚’ª‘„GoÁy¥‚ÇUpayGe‚Çy¥Ž‹Œ„e‚B„G{Œ‚e‡§pP‡§„Goe‚epae‚Çš}y¥‚e‡—«¬r
µM‡§p {•¡lZBy¥U„¥O‚e‡§pš}y¥oep {`‚œy¥oep„G{~‚e‡§pbe‡§„Goe‚epae‚š}y¥‚e‡•—‚e‡§p oeplŽM{§„Œp”ã‚eoy†Žy¥‚ep {}“”ž\oep my¥o|£Upa„¥
‚e‡§p{`n§‹–$p o„¥?lŽ{`‚ep oe‹Œpa|£lŽy¥‚epE‡§„Gš}’‚e„†‚e‡§poe„9„G‚ r
1.4
Average recovery latency vs. RTT to sender (rcvs random)
Recovery latency (relative)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.1
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.02
0
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.4
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
k?lUmGn§oepQq§r ≠uhwœxbu§Žy¥‚ep {}“”ž^p {}elU‚elU€RlU‚;ž­‚e„†‡§lUp oy¥o“‡9ž®„Goemy¥{§lUáay¥‚elU„G{r
j¢L j¡Y¥9 §¬ßŸžL¥0Ä?¢Xž"·+£"¤5¥$¦”¦©¯£Â«¤&ÃA¢Xž(Ÿ¬:žj¢®¢ª”Ä?¢Xžj£*¥$Ȳ[¥K£"¤5¥$¦À¦7§C¥$žE¥$¤Q¢X j¢Xž§ÄŸ¥Ÿ¦”ÂC¢H j¡C¢*žj¢£"ÂC¦º j£*¥$žj¢&ªÆ1¢¯b jª”®¥Ÿ¦
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Receiver exposure (0.0 = no exposure)
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
Average receiver exposure (rcvs random)
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.1
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.02
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.4
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
k?lUmGn§oepQq§r â uhwœx4u§p”ãš$„en§oepep {}elU‚elŽ€9lU‚³ž†‚e„Œ‡§lUp oy¥o“&‡`ž\„Goemy¥{§lUáay¥‚elU„G{r
µM‡§p|§y¥‚ȳ y¥{}|®“”„G{`‚eoe„G„˜€Gp oe‡§payG|®oepaen§U‚Qª k?lUmGn§oepEq§r ˆ1Z y¥{}|®k?lUmGn§oepEq§r ˆ ´«h|£„Œ‡§„Dƒ
‡§„Dƒp €Gp o •
‚e‡}y¥‚Q‚e‡§p¯„D€Gp oe‡§payG|!l¹P‹­„Goepep {}lU‚elU€Gp‚e„®‚e‡§p{9n§‹b–$p oQ„¥š}y¥oep {9‚y®“‡§lŽŽ|‡}yGE‚e„~“&‡§„9„p¯‘oe„G‹~r
µM‡§p‡§lUmG‡§p ohp {}elU‚elU€RlU‚;žb„¥$‚e‡§pœ|§y¥‚yy¥{}|­“”„G{9‚eoe„G¡„˜€Gp oe‡§payG|›“”„G‹Œš}y¥oepa|­‚e„‚e‡§pŽy¥‚ep {}“”ž†ep {}lU‚elU€RlU‚;ž
“ y¥{–$pp”㚧Žy¥lU{§pa|\–`ž®‚e‡§p4 yG“”‚’‚e‡}y¥‚’‚e‡§p oeplŽy†Žy¥oemGp4{`n§‹–—p oP„¥BŽpayHBŽlU{§…Rª}.~.b~€ƒf‡§p {Ÿ‚e‡§pbelUá p
„¥Á‚e‡§pŒn§–§‚eoep pŒ‚e‡}y¥‚U„e‚E‚e‡§pŒ|§y¥‚y®l¹ ˆ «¬•=y¥{}|lU{ y¥UO‚e‡§„epŒ“ yGpaQ‚e‡§pŒ„D€Gp oe‡§payG|¤lŽœ‹bn}“&‡!‹Œ„Goep
ep {}elU‚elŽ€Gp®‚e„¤‚e‡§pŸ|£l¹e‚y¥{}“”p~‚e„¤‚e‡§pŸš}y¥oep {`‚^‚e‡}y¥‚­p €Gp {9‚en}y¥UUžÀ‡}yGŒ‚e‡§p¢|§y¥‚y£rxcP{Ô‚e‡§pŸ“”„G{9‚eoy¥oežG•
‚e‡§pQ{`n§‹–—p of„¥Boepa“”p lU€Gp of‚e‡}y¥‚f‡}yD€Gp€Gp oež\e‹­y¥U$oe„Gn§{}|R¡W‚eoelUš®‚elU‹Œp†ª‘‚e‡§p–}yGel¹“ „Go“”„G‹Œš}y¥oelU{§m¯‚e‡§p
Žy¥‚ep {}“”ž}«¬•y¥{}|b‚e‡§p oep” „Goepf‚e‡§pf|£lŽe‚y¥{}“”pM‚e„E‚e‡§p lUo?š}y¥oep {`‚O‹­yDž4‡}yD€GpyP¹y¥oemGp o=lU‹­š}yG“”‚=„G{¯‚e‡§pMoepaen§U‚ •
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k§oe„G‹ik?lUmGn§oep®q§r â ƒhp~“ y¥{Ôep p®‚e‡}y¥‚†p”ãš$„en§oep®lU{}“”oepayGepa†ƒf‡§p {Ô‚e‡§p®{`n§‹–—p oŒ„¥œš—„G‚ep {9‚elŽy¥
š}y¥oep {`‚blŽQŽy¥oemGp o r^µM‡§pŒoepayGe„G{¤‘„Go‚e‡§p­lU{}“”oepayGepŒlŽE–$pa“ y¥n}epŒ„¥f‚e‡§pŒlŽ{}“”oepayGepa| U„£“ y¥UlU‚³žŸy¥‹Œ„G{§m
y¥UdelU–§UlU{§ma•9y¥{}|^‚e‡§p oep”‘„GoepQ‚e‡§p oepQl¹yŽy¥oemGp oMš§oe„G–}y¥–§lUUlŽ‚;žŒ‚e‡§pEš}y¥oep {`‚’{§p pa|§M‚e„n}pœ‹n§U‚elŽ“ yG‚‚e„
oepa“”„D€Gp oP‚e‡§p4|§y¥‚y£r
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Ñ
Data overhead (relative)
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
Average network data overhead (1.0 = min. required) (rcvs random)
1
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.1
0.5
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.02
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.4
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
k=lŽmGn§oepQq§r ˆ1Z uhwPjx4u§{§p ‚³ƒh„Goe…~|§y¥‚y†„˜€Gp oe‡§payG|Âep {}elŽ‚elU€9lŽ‚;ž†‚e„Œ‡§lUp oy¥o“&‡`ž\„Goemy¥{§lUáay¥‚elU„G{r
Control overhead (relative)
Average network control overhead (1.0 = min. required) (rcvs random)
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.1
0.5
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.02
ALH Parents/Children ratio = 0.4
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
k?lUmGn§oepQq§r ˆ Ŕuhwœx4u§{§p ‚³ƒh„Goe…~“”„G{9‚eoe„Gj„D€Gp oe‡§payG|Ÿep {}elU‚elŽ€9lU‚³ž†‚e„Œ‡§lUp oy¥o“&‡`ž\„Goemy¥{§lUáay¥‚elU„G{r
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oepa“”p lU€Gp o?š§ŽyG“”p ‹Œp {`‚ rOº;}ƒhpf“”„G‹Œš}y¥oepÁ‚e‡§„epMoepaen§U‚=ƒflU‚e‡‚e‡§pÁº³{`‚ep oe{§p ‚7¡;“”„Goepoepan§U‚Áª k?lUmGn§oepÁq§r Ĝˆ «¬•
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p\–—p UlŽp €Gp›‚e‡§p®oepayGe„G{ „Gō ‚e‡§lŽlŽ–—pa“ y¥n}ep\‚e‡§p®‹n§U‚elŽ“ yGe‚|£lŽe‚eoelU–§n§‚elŽ„G{½‚eoep p\‚e‡}y¥‚†lŽ¯“”oepay¥‚epa|
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lU{\lU{§p?‘­“”lUp {}“”žGr
Recovery latency (relative)
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Average recovery latency vs. RTT to sender (rcvs random)
0.4
RAH
0.2 ALH (heuristic)
ALH (random)
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
k?lUmGn§oepQq§r ˆ sRuhv’wœx©y¥{}|ÂwPxz‚e„Gš$„GU„GmGž^p {}elU‚elU€RlU‚;žÂª w Š «¬u¡yD€Gp oy¥mGp4Žy¥‚ep {}“”žGr
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“”„Goepoepaen§U‚a•RƒflŽ‚e‡®‚e‡§pQ{§„G‚y¥–§Upp”ç“”p š§‚elU„G{®„¥=‹Œpa‡\‘„Gofƒf‡§lŽ“&‡~y¥my¥lU{~wœx¡W‡§p n§oel¹e‚elŽ“œš—p o7 „Goe‹Œpa|
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Recovery latency (relative)
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Average recovery latency vs. RTT to sender (rcvs random)
0.4
RAH
0.2 ALH (heuristic)
ALH (random)
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
k?lUmGn§oepQq§r6Ya uv’wœxzy¥{}|®wœxz‚e„Gš—„GU„GmGž\ep {}elŽ‚elU€9lŽ‚;žŸª.ŒŸ–—„G{§p˜«¬uÇyD€Gp oy¥mGp4Žy¥‚ep {}“”žGr
{§„G‚y¥–§Už†ƒh„Gopœ“”„G‹Œš}y¥oepa|­‚e„vPwPx¿ „GohŽy¥oemGpP{`n§‹–—p o„¥oepa“”p lU€Gp o rOµM‡§pœoepaen§U‚O „Goh‚e‡§pœoepa“”p lU€Gp o
p”ÃRš$„en§oepE „Goy¥U‚e„Gš$„GU„GmGlUpaMƒhp oepb`n}y¥UlŽ‚y¥‚elU€Gp Už­elŽ‹ŒlUŽy¥oÇ‚e„­‚e‡§p4º;{9‚ep oe{§p ‚’“”„Goepoepaen§Ž‚ r
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ç^î`ï`îÔ¹ñ—î`í‹çó‘ë§ïîÅè¤îRô$ìÕÛdîRôjõ1ÔŽì£Ô¹ñÔŽì¬ò
q§•§k?lUmGn§oep’q§r6G‰ •§y¥{}|^k?lUmGn§oep’q§r6Gâ “”„G{`‚y¥lU{^‚e‡§pœoepaen§U‚O „Goh{§p ‚³ƒh„Goe…\|§y¥‚y4„˜€Gp oe‡§payG|›‘„Go
k?lUmGn§oep’q§r6
oe{§p ‚Ç“”„Goepf‚e„Gš—„GU„GmGž4ƒflU‚e‡¯p”ÃR‚eoep ‹ŒpMyC‘Œ{§lU‚³žG•p”ÃR‚eoep ‹­pM|£l¹yC‘Œ{§lU‚;žG•y¥{}|p”ã‚eoep ‹Œpf“”Un}e‚ep oelU{§m
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oepa“”p lU€Gp o
š§ŽyG“”p ‹Œp {9‚Mª k?lUmGn§oepÁq§r ˆ1Z «¬•ƒhpf“ y¥{†ep pÁ‚e‡}y¥‚B‚e‡§pp”ã‚eoep ‹ŒpMyC‘Œ{§lU‚;žy¥{}|4p”ã‚eoep ‹ŒpM|£lŽyC‘Œ{§lU‚³žoepaen§U‚
y¥oepœ9n}y¥UlU‚y¥‚elŽ€Gp UžbelŽ‹ŒlUŽy¥oB‚e„‚e‡§p’oy¥{}|£„G‹÷oepa“”p lU€Gp oÁš§ŽyG“”p ‹Œp {`‚oepaen§U‚ rLcP{§Už¯lU{^“ yGep’„¥p”ã‚eoep ‹Œp
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p”ÃRš$„en§oepQƒp oepbelU‹­lUŽy¥ohyG“”oe„Py¥Udoepa“”p lU€Gp oš§ŽyG“”p ‹­p {`‚f‹Œ„£|£p Ž r
ˆ£S£ˆ

Ï
Ï
Recovery latency (relative)
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Average recovery latency vs. RTT to sender (rcvs random)
0.4
RAH
0.2 ALH (heuristic)
ALH (random)
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Receivers fraction
k?lUmGn§oepQq§r6£ˆ uhv’wœx©y¥{}|ÂwPxz‚e„Gš$„GU„GmGž›ep {}lU‚elU€RlU‚;žŸª vPy¥{}|£„G‹¨mGoy¥š§‡—«¬uhyD€Gp oy¥mGp4Žy¥‚ep {}“”žGr
3.5
Average recovery latency vs. RTT to sender (rcvs random)
Recovery latency (relative)
3
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6
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RAH
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Data overhead (relative)
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8
6
4
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Yoid Parent−Child datalink
Yoid Parent−Child measurement link
10ms
S
10ms
S
10ms
S
10ms
10ms
10ms
10ms
10ms
10ms
80ms
10ms
80ms
10ms
80ms
10ms
R1
R2
R1
R2
R1
R2
Initial Yoid tree:
S−R1 latency = 110ms
S−R1−R2 latency = 200ms
R2 JOIN_MEASUREs to S:
Difference between S−R1−R2
and S−R2 latency = 160ms
R2 switches to S:
S−R1 latency = 110ms
S−R2 latency = 40ms
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: Data flow
: Congested link
: Lossprint report
S
S
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
C, D and E observe data losses due
to a link congestion.
E
Each node sends Lossprint messages
to its upstream and downstream
neighbors.
E
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: Data flow
: Data flow
S
S
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
C discovers that it shares similar
losses with its downstreams D and E,
but A postpones any action. After a
while, C kicks−out E.
E rejoins the tree (e.g., from D),
and no more losses because of
C’s fanout.
E
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Average latency (in msecs)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
YOID and unicast average latency
YOID average latency
Unicast average latency
YOID loss-rate (max.)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
YOID worst-case loss-rate
YOID loss-rate (max.)
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time (seconds)
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time (seconds)
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Average latency (in msecs)
1200
1000
800
600
400
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YOID average latency
Unicast average latency
YOID loss-rate (max.)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
YOID worst-case loss-rate
YOID loss-rate (max.)
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time (seconds)
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time (seconds)
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!
Average latency (in msecs)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
YOID and unicast average latency
YOID average latency
Unicast average latency
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time (seconds)
YOID loss-rate (max.)
YOID worst-case loss-rate
1
YOID loss-rate (max.)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time (seconds)
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Sender-receiver latency
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160
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0
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225.0.x.x 225.64.x.x 225.128.x.x 225.192.x.x
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225.0.0.x 225.0.128.x 225.64.0.x 225.128.0.x
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T2: C propagates A’s claim to other children: B, D, E
D
F
T1: A claims from C
4
A
(winner)
C
224.x.x.x
2 2
1
T3: A listens for colliding
claims and if none, advertises
claimed space to its MASC children,
to MAAS and in G-RIB
2
B
G
E
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1. Partitioning
A
1. Send claim
2. Partitioning fixed
(after Tp)
4. A’s claim reaches B
(A is the loser)
B
6. After total of
2*Tp A receives
B’s (winning) claim
5. Partitioning
fixed (after Tp)
3. Send claim
4. Partitioning
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+256=
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224.0.0/21
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224.0.0/21
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224.0.0/21
224.0.64/21
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224.0.0/21
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224.0.4/22
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: Deprecated
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U
i
`
Number of addresses
7e+06
6e+06
5e+06
4e+06
3e+06
2e+06
1e+06
Overall resource demand
Utilization
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Resource utilization
100 nodes 1-level hierarchy
10x10 nodes 2-level hierarchy
5x5x4 nodes 3-level hierarchy
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(hours)
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(hours)
9;:5@BAC/DDEA@GFIHKJLAMG@NJPOQDRQS'C4OQHKT
"$#L%78V()J*#@/D/*)+:=8.Š£*4+)BA£)rž#-3OAž‰O#-2=2)J*3
200
Average allocation latency
100
Average allocation latency (frequency distribution)
Allocation latency (hours)
150
100
50
Frequency (times)
80
60
40
20
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(hours)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Allocation latency (hours)
TLMG_E90e,A@'f\J^@GT^MG_*aLQF¤OIAQhg
9"ab@GAC/Z/@%C/DDH\M'CVOQHKTdDRCVO@
:LJLOQHKT<
9;MVK@GAC/Z/@[C/DDH\M'CVOQHKT]DRCVO@GT^MG_
6
Average number of prefixes per node
100
Accumulative number of changes per node
Number of prefixes
5
4
3
2
1
Accumulative number of changes
80
60
40
20
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(hours)
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Time(hours)
9;@V@BAC/ZK@¨TjJLk*:@GAXH/eclLA@Bm^nP@ F
90eB

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