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ÞÍÈÒÛ ÊÐÅÀÒÈÔÔ ÊÎÄÈÍÃ UNIXOID ÑÖÅÍÀ ÂÇËÎÌ ÈÌÏËÀÍÒ PC_ZONE FERRUM<br />
ÍÜÞÑÛ<br />
102<br />
Êðûëàòàÿ<br />
ïî÷òà þíèêñîèäà<br />
ÄËß ×ÅÃÎ, ÏÎ-ÒÂÎÅÌÓ, ÏÐÅÄÍÀÇÍÀ×ÅÍ ÏÎ×-<br />
ÒÎÂÛÉ ÊËÈÅÍÒ ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÎ, ×ÈÒÀÒÜ ÏÎ×ÒÓ.<br />
À ÒÛ ÍÈÊÎÃÄÀ ÍÅ ÇÀÄÓÌÛÂÀËÑß, ÏÎ×ÅÌÓ<br />
ÂÑÅ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÅ MUA (OUTLOOK EXPRESS,<br />
THUNDERBIRD, SYLPHEED), ÊÐÎÌÅ ÂÛÏÎËÍÅ-<br />
ÍÈß ÑÂÎÈÕ ÍÅÏÎÑÐÅÄÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÕ ÇÀÄÀ×,<br />
ÅÙÅ È ÑÎÐÒÈÐÓÞÒ ÏÎ×ÒÓ, ÏÎËÓ×ÀÞÒ È ÎÒÏ-<br />
ÐÀÂËßÞÒ ÏÈÑÜÌÀ, ÎÁÐÀÁÀÒÛÂÀÞÒ ÑÏÀÌ,<br />
 ÎÁÙÅÌ, ÇÀÍÈÌÀÞÒÑß ÂÑÅÌ, ×ÅÌ ÓÃÎÄÍÎ,<br />
ÐÀÇÂÅ ×ÒÎ ÊÎÔÅ ÍÅ ÂÀÐßÒ ÒÀÊ ÓÆ ÏÎÂÅ-<br />
ËÎÑÜ Â ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎÌ ÌÈÐÅ «ÄÐÓÆÅËÞÁ-<br />
ÍÛÕ Ê ÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÒÅËÞ» ÑÈÑÒÅÌ, ×ÒÎ ÂÑÅ<br />
ÑÂßÇÀÍÍÎÅ Ñ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÌ ÊÐÓÃÎÌ ÇÀ-<br />
ÄÀ×À ( ÍÀØÅÌ ÑËÓ×ÀÅ — Ñ ÏÎ×ÒÎÉ) ÄÅËÀ-<br />
ÅÒ ÎÄÍÀ ÁÎËÜØÀß ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÀ. È ÏÎËÜÇÎ-<br />
ÂÀÒÅËÜ ÄÀÆÅ ÍÅ ÇÀÄÓÌÛÂÀÅÒÑß, ×ÒÎ ÒÅÌ<br />
ÑÀÌÛÌ ÑÈËÜÍÎ ÑÅÁß ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÈÂÀÅÒ. ÇÀ-<br />
×ÅÌ, ÍÀÏÐÈÌÅÐ, ÌÍÅ ÄÅÐÆÀÒÜ ÝÒÓ ÏÐÎÃ-<br />
ÐÀÌÌÓ ÇÀÏÓÙÅÍÍÎÉ, ÅÑËÈ ß ÕÎ×Ó ÂÑÅÃÎ<br />
ËÈØÜ ÀÂÒÎÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈ ÇÀÁÈÐÀÒÜ ÍÎÂÓÞ<br />
ÏÎ×ÒÓ Ñ ÑÅÐÂÅÐÀ. ÈËÈ ÀÂÒÎÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈ ÏÅ-<br />
ÐÅÑÛËÀÒÜ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÅ ÑÎÎÁÙÅÍÈß ÍÀ<br />
ÄÐÓÃÎÉ ßÙÈÊ. ÈËÈ ÎÒÏÐÀÂËßÒÜ ÏÎ×ÒÓ ÍÅ<br />
ÑÐÀÇÓ, À Â ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÎÅ ÂÐÅÌß. Ê<br />
Ñ×ÀÑÒÜÞ, ÅÑÒÜ ÏÓÒÜ, ÑÏÎÑÎÁÍÛÉ ÎÑÂÎÁÎ-<br />
ÄÈÒÜ ÍÀÑ ÎÒ ÐÀÌÎÊ ÎÄÍÎÉ ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÛ. È<br />
ÈÌß ÅÌÓ — UNIX-WAY| Anton Karpov <br />
×ÒÎ ÒÀÊÎÅ UNIX-WAY<br />
Âîïðîñ ýòîò èç ðàçðÿäà ôèëîñîôñêèõ. È íå ñòîèò â êîìïàíèè<br />
ôàíàòè÷íûõ þíèêñîèäîâ ïîäíèìàòü íà îáñóæäåíèå<br />
òåìó âðîäå «ïðàâäà ëè, ÷òî perl — ýòî íå UNIX-way» :).<br />
Òåõíè÷åñêè æå — ýòî òî, íà ÷åì îñíîâàíà âñÿ ðàáîòà â<br />
êëàññè÷åñêîì UNIX: êîãäà äëÿ êàæäîé êîíêðåòíîé çàäà÷è<br />
ñóùåñòâóåò îäíà ìàëåíüêàÿ ïðîãðàììà, íè÷åãî áîëüøå íå<br />
óìåþùàÿ, çàòî âûïîëíÿþùàÿ ñâîþ ðàáîòó íà âñå ñòî.<br />
Ãèáêîñòü è ñèëà ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â ñîåäèíåíèè ýòèõ ïðîãðàìì,<br />
íàïðèìåð, ÷åðåç êàíàëû (pipes), êîãäà âûâîä îäíîé<br />
êîìàíäû ïîäàåòñÿ íà ââîä äðóãîé. Íàïðèìåð, åñëè ÿ õî÷ó<br />
ïîñ÷èòàòü, ñêîëüêî ÷åëîâåê çàïðîñèëî îïðåäåëåííûé<br />
ôàéë ñ ñåðâåðà ïî http, ÿ íàáèðàþ êîìàíäó:<br />
Ïî÷òîâàÿ ñèñòåìà â ñòèëå UNIX-way<br />
[èíãðåäèåíòû] Äëÿ ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ íàøåé ïî÷òîâîé ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîé ñèñòåìû<br />
íàì ïîíàäîáÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå êîìïîíåíòû: mutt, getmail, procmail, spamassassin,<br />
msmtp, à òàêæå vim, gnupg, antiword è mairix — ïî âêóñó. ß èñïîëüçóþ<br />
FreeBSD, ïîýòîìó âåñü ñîôò áóäåì ñòàâèòü èç ïîðòîâ. Ðàçóìååòñÿ, íåòðóäíî<br />
ñïðîåöèðîâàòü ïðîöåññ óñòàíîâêè è íà òâîé ëþáèìûé äèñòðèáóòèâ.<br />
Mutt — ïðåâîñõîäíûé êîíñîëüíûé ïî÷òîâûé êëèåíò, ñïîñîáíûé òâîðèòü<br />
ñ ïèñüìàìè íåâåðîÿòíûå âåùè. Ðàñïèñûâàòü âñå åãî äîñòîèíñòâà íå<br />
èìååò ñìûñëà, äîñòàòî÷íî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ýòî ñàìûé ïîïóëÿðíûé MUA ñðåäè<br />
ðàçðàáîò÷èêîâ èç opensource-ñîîáùåñòâà, êåðíåë-õàêåðîâ è ïðîñòî<br />
êðóòûõ þíèêñîèäîâ ;-). Ìû áóäåì ñòàâèòü åãî devel-âåðñèþ 1.5.õ («ñòàáèëüíàÿ»<br />
âåòêà èìååò ñåé÷àñ íîìåð 1.4.õ), êîòîðàÿ èìååò òàêèå ïðåèìóùåñòâà,<br />
êàê ñêîðîñòü ðàáîòû, ïîääåðæêó SMIME-ðàñøèðåíèé (1.4.õ óìååò<br />
òîëüêî PGP-øèôðîâàíèå), è â òî æå âðåìÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíà. Ìû<br />
íàó÷èì mutt ÷èòàòü news-êîíôåðåíöèè.<br />
# cd /usr/ports/mail/mutt-devel<br />
# make WITH_MUTT_MAILDIR_MTIME_PATCH=yes<br />
WITH_MUTT_NNTP=yes WITH_MUTT_IMAP_HEADER_CACHE=yes<br />
WITH_MUTT_MAILDIR_HEADER_CACHE=yes<br />
WITH_MUTT_EDIT_THREADS=yes install clean<br />
Êàê âèäíî, âìåñòî òðàäèöèîííîãî mbox ÿ ñîáèðàþñü èñïîëüçîâàòü<br />
Maildir-ôîðìàò ïî÷òîâîãî ÿùèêà. Äëÿ ìåíÿ îñíîâíûì ïðåèìóùåñòâîì<br />
Maildir ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàò «îäíî ïèñüìî — îäèí ôàéë».<br />
Getmail — ïðîãðàììà äëÿ äîñòàâêè ïî÷òû ñ óäàëåííûõ POP3/IMAP-ñåðâåðîâ<br />
ñ ìíîæåñòâîì óäîáñòâ è ïðèÿòíîñòåé (ïîääåðæêà SSL, äîñòàâêà â<br />
Maildir-style ÿùèêè, äîêà÷êà ñîîáùåíèé ïîñëå ðàçðûâà ñåññèè è ò.ï.), íàïèñàííàÿ<br />
íà Ïèòîíå. Áîëåå ïîïóëÿðíûé âàðèàíò — fetchmail.<br />
# cd /usr/ports/mail/getmail<br />
# make install clean<br />
Òàêæå íàì íå îáîéòèñü áåç procmail. Îíà áóäåò îáðàáàòûâàòü, ìîäèôèöèðîâàòü<br />
(åñëè íóæíî) è âûïîëíÿòü ñîðòèðîâêó ñîîáùåíèé ïî ïàïêàì.<br />
# cd /usr/ports/mail/procmail<br />
# make install clean<br />
Msmtp — ýòî ëåãêîâåñíûé ïî÷òîâûé àãåíò, ñîçäàííûé äëÿ ìàøèí, íà êîòîðûõ<br />
íåò çàïóùåííîãî SMTP-äåìîíà. Èñòîðè÷åñêè (òàê ñêàçàòü, by<br />
design) ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ, ÷òî íà êàæäîé *nix-ìàøèíå ðàáîòàåò ïî÷òîâûé<br />
ñåðâåð (õîòÿ áû äëÿ îáðàáîòêè ëîêàëüíûõ îò÷åòîâ àäìèíèñòðàòîðó, ñì.<br />
periodic(8)), íàñòðîåííûé, ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè, íà ðåëåé «âíåøíåãî» ïî÷òîâèêà.<br />
Íî ÷àñòî íà desktop-ìàøèíàõ ýòî ñîâñåì íå òàê: periodic tasks óáèðàþò<br />
èç crontab(5), à ïî÷òîâûé ñåðâåð âûêëþ÷àþò.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå âìåñòî<br />
sendmail ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü msmtp, êîòîðûé èìååò ïîääåðæêó SMTP-àâòîðèçàöèè,<br />
TLS, ìíîæåñòâà àêêàóíòîâ, íî ïðè ýòîì íå âûñòóïàåò â ðîëè<br />
ïîëíîöåííîãî MTA (íå ñëóøàåò ïîðò è íå ïðèíèìàåò ñîåäèíåíèÿ).<br />
# cd /usr/ports/mail/msmtp<br />
# make WITH_OPENSSL=yes install clean<br />
Ñî ñïàìîì ìîæíî áîðîòüñÿ ðàçíûìè ñïîñîáàìè, íî åñëè òû ïîëüçîâàòåëü,<br />
à íå àäìèí ïî÷òîâîãî ñåðâåðà, òî äëÿ òåáÿ îñòàåòñÿ îäèí ïóòü —<br />
SpamAssassin. Îí èñïîëüçóåò òåêñòîâûå àíàëèçàòîðû è black-ëèñòû äëÿ<br />
îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñïàìà.<br />
# cat /var/log/httpd-access.log | grep 46664.mpg | awk '{print<br />
$1}' | sort | uniq | wc -l<br />
200<br />
 ýòîé ïðîñòîé êîìàíäå çàäåéñòâîâàíî 6 óòèëèò.  *nixñèñòåìå<br />
èõ ñîòíè, êàæäàÿ äåëàåò ÷òî-òî ñâîå è èìååò îãðîìíîå<br />
êîëè÷åñòâî îïöèé, òàê ÷òî ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü, îòêóäà<br />
áåðåòñÿ òà ïðåñëîâóòàÿ ãèáêîñòü ðàáîòû â *nix. Ãèáêîñòü<br />
óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ òàêæå è êëàññè÷åñêîé þíèêñîâîé ïàðàäèãìîé<br />
«âñå — ôàéë», êîãäà ëþáàÿ ïðèêëàäíàÿ çàäà÷à<br />
ñâîäèòñÿ, ïî ñóòè, ê ðàáîòå ñ òåêñòîâûìè ôàéëàìè ñ ïîìîùüþ<br />
âûøåîçíà÷åííûõ óòèëèò.
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