Gj;jhf;fk - Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative

nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk;
nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk; Rje;jpukhd> gf;fr;rhu;gw;w
kw;Wk; mur rhuh epWtdkhFk;.
nghJeytha ehLfspy; kdpjcupik murpay; czu;epiyia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; cupikf; fl;lisiaf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
1987Mk; Mz;L nghJeytha ehLfisr; Nru;e;j gy epGzu;fs; xd;wpize;J nghJeytha
kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;ij jhgpj;jdu; (CHRI). nghJeythak; mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;F gfpug;gl;l
tpOkpaq;fisAk; rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilfisAk; toq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtis> mjDs; xU
nghJkd;wnkhd;iw cUthf;fp mjpypUe;J kdpjcupikfis Cf;Ftpf;fyhk; vd;W ek;gg;gl;lJ. mNjNeuk;>
nghJeythaj;jpDs; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd mtjhdk; mg;NghJ ,y;yhjpUe;jJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nghJeythaj;jpd; `uhNu mbg;gilfs;> cyf kdpjcupikfs; gpufldk;> Vida ru;tNjr kdpj cupik
fUtpfSld; nghJeytha mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; cs;s kdpj cupikfSf;F cjtp toq;Fk; Vw;ghLfs;
vd;gdtw;wpy;
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gd nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
,t;tikg;ghdJ jdJ mt;tg;Nghija tprhuizfs; kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs; vd;gdtw;iw ntspapl;L
te;jNghjpYk;> nghJeytha ehLfspy; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa tpilaq;fspd;ghy;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk;
jilfspd; fhuzpfspYk; njhlu;r;rpahd
mtjhdj;ij nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ. kdpjcupik J\;gpuNahfq;fis
my;yJ kPwy;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
mZFKiwfisAk; Vw;ghLfisAk; gapw;Wtpj;J> nghJeytha
ehLfspd; nrayfk;> mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F MNyhridfis
toq;fptUfpwJ. ,jd; nghJf; fy;tpA+l;ly;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;>
nfhs;if ciuahly;fs;> xg;gPl;lha;Tfs;>
vLj;Jf;$wy; kw;Wk; tiyg;gpd;dyhf;fy;
nraw;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; thapyhf> mjd; Kjd;ikg; gpur;rpidfs;
kPJ xU mwptpay; newpahspahf ,t;tikg;Gr; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
,jd; mDriuiz epWtdq;fs; Njrpakl;l Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk;
ru;tNjr tiyg;gpd;dYf;Fkhd mDkjpia
toq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;wpd; epGzu;fs; jkJ NtiyfSf;fhd> kdpj cupikfspd; tpOkpaq;fis ikakhff;
nfhz;l nghJf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;fp> kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;> juepu;zaq;fs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpfs; vd;gdtw;iw gupkhWtjw;fhd xU Clfkhfr; nraw;gLk;. ,f;FO cs;Su; mwptpid xd;W jpul;b>
nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fis mZfp> gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhzHe;J> kdpjcupikfis Cf;Ftpf;f
xj;Jiog;G toq;FgtuhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.
nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fkhdJ by;ypapy; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,q;fpyhe;J jiyefH yz;ldpYk;
kw;Wk; fhdh ehl;L jiyefH mf;uhtpYk; mYtyfq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
ru;tNjr MNyhrid Mizf;FO: gpujhdpahf> Nrk; xFl;Nrl;Nlh vd;gtiuAk; mq;fj;jtu;fshf> Adp];
G&f;kd; - mkp];]h> KNu NgHl;> ah\; fha;> vyp]d; lf;];gup> netpy; ypd;ld;> gP.[P ntu;frp> n]h`;uh A+Rg;
kw;Wk; k[h jUthyh MfpNahiuf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
epiwNtw;Wf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; (,e;jpah) : gpujhdpahf gP.[P ntu;frpAk;>
mq;fj;jtu;fshf mfh> mD gP. Nf
re;jpuNrfu;> gf;thd;jh];> epl;bd; Njrha;> Nf.v]; jpyd;> `upthd;];> rd;N[ha; `]upf;fh> G+zk; Kl;Nu[h>
&kh ghy;> Mu;. tP. gps;is> fky;Fkhu; MfpNahUk; gzpg;ghsuhf kh[h jUthyh flikahw;Wfpd;wdu;.
epiwNtw;Wf;FO cWg;gpdu;fs;(fhdh):
gpujhdpahf rhk; xFl;NrNlhTk; mq;fj;jtu;fshf mdh ngh];kd;>
netpy; ypd;ld;> vkpyp Nrhl;> Ntu;frp MfpNahUk; gzpg;ghsuhf kh[h jUthyhTk; flikahw;Wfpd;wdu;.
epiwNtw;Wf; FO cWg;gpdu;fs;(,q;fpyhe;J):
gpujhdpahf netpy; ypd;ld;> ,izg;gpujhdpahf ypd;Nr Nuh];>
mq;fj;jtu;fshf gpuhd;]; b #rh> x];bd; Nltp];> kPdhf;rp jhu;> njuf; ,q;uk;> fpsau; khl;bd;> nra;apj;
\u;Gj;jPd; kw;Wk; vyprgj; Rkpj; MfpNahu; flikahw;Wfpd;wdu;.
nghJeytha Clftpayhsu;fs; mikg;G> nghJeytha rl;lj;juzpfs;
mikg;G> nghJeytha rl;lf; fy;tp
mikg;G> nghJeytha ghuhSkd;w mikg;G> nghJeytha Clfr; rq;fk;> nghJeytha xypgug;G mikg;G.
ISBN : 978 - 955 - 1281 - 43 - 4
nghJeytha kdpj cupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk;>
2011
,e;j mwpf;ifapypUe;J gFjpfs; cupatUf;Fj; njupag;gLj;jpa
gpd;du; gad;gLj;jyhk;
ngh.k. G. jiyikafk;> ngh.k. GJ G. If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;> Ngh.k. G. mf;uh l;uhd;];Ngud;rp ,d;lHne\dy;
by;yp ,q;fpyhe;J ,y;y ,yf;fk; 09> rNkhuh kNry; = yq;fh
gP - 117> ,uz;lhk; nghJeytha
khb> fw;if epWtdk;
ru;Nthja vd;fpshNt> 28> urs;]; rJf;fk;
m];Ak; lTd; tPjp
06> 37 MtJ xOq;if> Fapd;];
Ngtsp `py; N`hl;lYf;F tPjp> nfhOk;G 3
GJby;yp – 110017 ,q;fpyhe;J WC1B5DS
vjpuhf
If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; l;u];l; ltUf;F mUfpy;> mf;uh> njhiyNgrp 011 2506419
njh - +91 – 11 – 43180200
njh - +44 – 020 – 7 862 - 8857
fhdh njhiyefy; 011 2592287
njh.e +91 – 11 –2686 – 4688 njh - +233302971170 kpd;dQ;ry;: tisl@tisrilanka.
org
kpd;dQ;ry;: njh.e+ 44 – 020 – 7 862 – 8820
njh.e - +233302971170 ,izaj;jsk; : www.tisrilanka.or
g
ingo@humanrightsiniti
ativ e.org kpd;dQ;ry;: chri@sas.ac.uk
kpd;dQ;ry;:
chriafr@afric
aonline.com.gh
.www.humanrightsinitia
tive.or g

jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;
kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfh
cupik [dehafk; kw;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ci
MFk;……
Open sesame: nghJeythaj;jpy; jftYf;fhd cupikia Nehf
2003 nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fj;jpd;
Mizf;FO toq;fpa mwpf;if
Mrpupau; (%yg; gjpg;G)
k[h jUthyh
jOtpnaOjpNahu;:
ntq;fNl\; ehaf;
rQ;rpjh ghf;\p
nkhopngau;g;G
vk;. rP. U];kpd;
nghJeytha kdpjcupikfs; Gj;jhf;fk;
l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lu;Ne\dy; -
GJ by;yp
,yq;if
nfhOk;G
2011

‘M cs;slf;fk;
nghJtsk; 03
mjpfhuk; tha;e;jtu;fshy; fg;gly; kiwj;J 04 itf;
mbg;gil kdpj cupik 06
jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik
njhlu;ghf ,yq;ifapd; epiy 10
nghJeytha rigapd; nraw;ghLfs; 11
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; 14
[dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd topfs; 15
Mdhy; ,ilA+Wfs; njhlu;e;j sd tz;zk; 36cs;

jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;
kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfh
cupik [dehafk; kw;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ci
MFk;……
jw;fhyj;jpy; ehk; epidj;Jf;$lg; y; jfty; ghu;f;f mwpe;J ,ayhj
nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; > [dehafkakhf;fypd;
mjpfhuj;jhy;
khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tWikia rfy xopg;gjw;fhd
re;ju;g;gq;fis vkf;F
toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j tpj;jpahrj;ij huhapDk; Njitahdtu;fSf;fhf
a
ajhu;jkhf;FtNj vkJ eltbf;ifaha; k;. ,Uf;f jfty; Ntz;L mwptij
ek; gf;fk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L mwpT ngWk; Mw;wiy rfyUk
nfhs;s toptFg;gjd; %yk; tWikia Nehf;fp topia nry;Yk;
khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;.
nfhgp mdhd; Kd;dhs; nrayhsu; ehafk; If;fpa ehLf
mu;j;jKs;s [dehafj;Jf;Fk; kw;Wk; rfy tifapYk; nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpf;F MjuT toq;Fk; xNu top mur epu;thfj;jpYs;s>
ntspg;gilj;
jd;ikahFk;. ntspg;gil Ml;rp Kiwia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F jfty;
cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; gpujhdNjhu; ,ae;jpunkd 85 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfs;
mq;fPfupj;Js;sNjhL mtu;fsJ gpui[fspd; cupikf;F cj;juthjkspf;Fk;
tifapy; murikg;gpYk; ,lkspj;Js;sd. 21k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy;
njw;fhrpag;
gpuhe;jpaj;jpd;
ve;jnthU ehLk; jkJ mur epWtdq;fs; jkJ
mYtyfq;fspy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikiag; Ngz Ntz;Lk; vdf; NfhUk;
Kf;fpa rl;lq;fis myurikg;gpy; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
xd;gJ tUlq;fspd;
gpd;G ghfp];jhd; (2002)> ,e;jpah (2005)> Neghsk; (2007) kw;Wk; gq;fshNj];
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(2009) Mfpa ehd;F ehLfSk; Ml;rpapd; jj;Jt Qhdk; kw;Wk; jpwikfis
,ufrpaj;jpypUe;J
ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf;F khw;wpaikf;Fk; cj;Njrj;jpy;
rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpd. jkJ mYty;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gpui[fsplKk;
gfpu;e;J nfhs;SkhW 2008 ,y; khiyjPT mur mjpfhupfSf;F
Ml;rpahsu;fshy; gzpg;Giu tpLfg;gl;lJ. gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd
njw;fhrpa ehLfs; (rhu;f;) mikg;gpd; cWg;Gupik ehLfs; vd;w tifapy;
njw;fhrpa ehLfs; Jiwapy; nghJj; jpwe;j
jd;ikiag; NgZtjpy; cs;s
jkJ ,zf;fg;ghl;bidg; gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
rhu;f; r%f rhrdk;> mur
kw;Wk; jdpahu;> Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; jkJ epu;thf
eltbf;iffspy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij 2004 Mk; Mz;L Vfkdjhf typAWj;jp mwpf;ifapl;lJ.
jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd jdJ nrhe;j murikg;ig ,aw;Wtjw;F 2003 ,y;
,yq;if cWjpahd eltbf;iffis vLj;jJ. rl;lkh mjpguhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
rl;l %yk; murikg;Gf;Fl;gl;ljh vd cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gpd;du;
m i k r;rui tahy; jfty;fi s ngw;W f;nfhs ;S k ; rl;l %yk ;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ3 vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf murhq;fk; me;j tiuit
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
rku;g;gpf;fj;
jtwpaJ. mjd; gpd;G tpiutpNyNa murhq;fk;
gjtp tpyfpaJ. gpd;G te;j fhyq;fspy; tlf;Ff; fpof;fpy;> Aj;jj;jpy;

nghJtsk;
,J jfty; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; k; Af MFk;. Kd;ndg;NghJkpy;yhjthW
jfty;fis xd;W jpul;Lk; njhopEl;gk; mij kpf vspjhfTk; kw;Wk; mij
tpag;ghd tifapy; gupkhupf; nfhs;sy; mgptpUj;jpapd;
Nfe;jpu epiyakhf
jfty;fis khw;wpAs;sJ.
rfyUf;Fk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj
tifapy; jpwikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
cyfshtpa tsNk jfty; MFk;. murhq;fk; ,e;j tsj;jpd; ghupa
tjptplkhFk;. murhq;fk; jd;dfj;Nj itj;Js;s jfty;fs; Njrj;jpd;
Qhgfrf;jp khj;jpuky;yhJ mJ> murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs;> nraw;ghLfs;
vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa G+uz rpj;jpuj;ij
toq;Ffpd;wJ. murhq;fj;
jfty;fs; ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs;> Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd;
rhuhk;rq;fs;>
nfhs;iffs;> mwpf;iffs;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs; cjtp toq;FNthu; kw;Wk; fld;
toq;FNthu;fSldhd Ngr;Rthu;ijfspd; Fwpg;Gfs;> mikr;ruit rpghupRfs;
kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs;> ghuhSkd;w Mtzq;fs;> ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffs;>
murhq;fr; nraw;ghLfs; ru;tNjr mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; > murhq;fj;jpw;Fs;shd
Fwpg;Gfs;> epiwNtw;W Mizfs;> tuT - nryTj; jpl;l kjpg;gPL kw;Wk;
fzf;Ffs;> nghJr; nrytpdq;fs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfs;> epGzj;Jt
MNyhridfs;> rpghupRfSk; topfhl;ly;fSk;> jpizf;fsf; $l;lq;fspdJ
Fwpg;G tpsf;fk;
> Gs;sp tpguj; juTfs;> nrayzpf; FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffs;>
Mizf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nrayzpfs;> r%f Ma;Tfs;> Rfhjhu> fy;tp kw;Wk;
czT ,Ug;G gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; rdg; ngUf;f kw;Wk; njhopy; Kiw gw;wpa
kjpg;gPLfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jahu;gLj;jy;fs;
kw;Wk; nfhs;tdT gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;>
tiuglq;fs;> ,aw;if tsq;fs; gw;wpa fw;iffs;> #oy; juj;jpid cWjp
nra;af;$baitfs;> ePu; kw;Wk; tsp khriljy;> tpupthd jdpg;gl;l
Mtzq;fs; cl;gl ,d;Dk; gy mlq;Ffpd;wd.
jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ> Rj;jkhd tsp
kw;Wk; FbePu; Nghd;W xU nghJr; nrhj;jhFk;. muRf;Nfh ,J mjpfhuj;jpy;
cs;s murhq;fj;jpw;Nfh
my;yJ mur mjpfhupfSf;Nfh nrhe;jkhdjy;y.
mJ nghJ kf;fSf;Nf cupj;jhdjhFk;. mjpfhupfs; jkJ nrhe;j ed;ikf;fhf
khj;jpuk; jfty;fis cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. rl;l uPjpahf rhjhuzkhf
kf;fSf;Fr; nra;Ak; Nrit fhuzkhfNt murhq;fj;jpd; flikg;ghl;bd; kPJ
jfty; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fshy; nrYj;jg;gLk; tupg;gzj;jpypUe;J
kf;fSf;fhd jfty; cUg;ngWfpd;wJ. vdNt ,jid fhuzNkJkpd;wp
kf;fsplkpUe;J ,j; jfty;fis kiwj;J itf;f KbahJ.
- 03

“vk;KilaJ Nghd;w murhq;fKs;s ehnlhd;wpy;> kf;fspd; rfy
Kftu;fSk; mtu;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;
$w Ntz;Lk;. ntspg;gLj;j Kbahj ,ufrpaq;fs; xU rpyNt ,Uf;f
KbAk;. kf;fSf;fhf nghJ eltbf;iffis epiwNtw;Wk; mur
mjpfhupfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rfy nghJ eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfTk;
njupe;J nfhs;Sk; cupik kf;fSf;F cs;sJ. mur mjpfhupfs;
mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rfy eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpsf;f my;yJ
epahag;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtu;fsJ nghWg;ghFk;. mJ mlf;FKiw
kw;Wk; CoYf;F vjpuhfTs;s gpujhd ghJfhg;ghFk;. ”
ePjpauru; Nf. Nf. nkjpt;
,e;jpa cau; ePjpkd;wk;
mjpfhuk; tha;e;jtu;fshy;
kiwj;J itf;fg;gly;
nghJeytha ehLfspy; thOk; kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tWikapy;
tho;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ ed;F Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ue;jNghJk;
nghJeytha ehLfspy; thOk; kf;fs; ngsjPf uPjpahf khj;jpuky;yhJ
jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;tjpYk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYk;
gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy;
cs;sdu;.
gj;jpupiffs;>
thndhyp my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rp
Nghd;w ntFrd Clfq;fis
ghu;f;Fk; gbf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; ,y;yhik my;yJ gyu; vOj;jwptw;wtu;fshf
cs;sikNa ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;. vdpDk;> mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; muR
Ntz;Lnkd;W Nrfupj;J itj;Js;s Kf;fpa jfty;fis kf;fSf;F
kiwg; gjhFk; . mg;gbahdhy; kf;fi s tpyq;F fshf; Fk; tifapy;
mj;jpahtrpa czTg;nghUl;fs; my;yJ ngsjPf mgptpUj;jpia toq;fhik
kw;Wk; rkkhd tifapy; kf;fSf;F jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk;
njupe;J nfhs;Sk; topfis jLg;gjhFk;. Jujp];ltrkhf jfty;fs;
,ufrpak; vd;w mfk;ghtk; nghJeytha ehLfspy; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fk;>
Msg;gLNthUf;Fkpilapyhd cwtpy; gpujhd Kjd; epiyahf vg;NghJk;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ePjpahdJk; Viofs; rhu;ghd Ml;rp Kiwia toq;fj;
jtwpaikf;fhf murhq;f mjpfhupfSk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSk; kpfTk;
mupjhfNt nghWg;G$Wk; nghWg;Gf;Fs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
fhyzpj;Jt
mj pfhupf s; rk;g e;jg;gl;l kf;f Sf ;fhd vf;flikf;Fk; nghWg;ghf
- 04-

,Uf;ftpy;iy NkYk; mtu;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tifapy;
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kf;fsplkpUe;J tpyfpNa ,Ue;jdu;. ,ufrpak; NgZk;
fyhrhuk; murhq;f Kiwik kw;Wk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;J tpahgpj;J jfty;fisg;
gJf;fp itg;gjhdJ Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;ghd fhyg;gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf nfd;ahtpy; nkhap - gy ehLfs; ngUk; Mu;tj;Jld;
Rahjpgj;jpa rpd;dj;Jld; ,ufrpaj;jd;ikia Ngzp te;jJld; mjd;gb
mbikj;jdj;jpypUe;J murikg;Gldhd epu;thfj;jpw;F
khw;wk; ngw;w NghJ
vJtpj khw;wq;fSk; Vw;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
gaq;futhj vjpu;g;Gr;
rl;lq;fs;>
kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; mtJ}W rl;lq;fs;> ntspg;gilahd mtJ}W kw;Wk;
rpwg;Gupikr; rl;lk; Clhf kw;Wk; ,ufrpa xOq;F tpjpfs; NkYk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
rptpy; Nrit Nghd;w rl;lg; Gj;jfq;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s
midj;Jk; murhq;fj;jpd; ,ufrpaj;ij kPWNthiu jz;bf;Fk; tifapy;
mike;Js;sd. rpk;ghg;Ntapd;
Kd;dhs; gpujk ePjpauru; nfNg ,t;thW
njuptpj;Js;shu;.
#oy; tpQ;Qhdk; njhlu;ghf Mu;tKs;s ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtu; mur
ghJfhg;Gld; ve;jtpj rk;ge;jKkpy;yhj ehl;bd; tl – fpof;fpy; Njrpa
ruzhyak; xd;W epWtg;gLtJ rk;ge;jkhd jftiy murhq;f mjpfhup xUtu;
%yk hf nts papl K ad ;wi k f;fhf ,ufrpa rl;lj;jpd ; fPo;
Fw;wthspahf;fg;gl;lhu;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd;
tuk;Gfs; me;j mstpw;F tpupe;Js;sd.
xU rptpy; mjpfhup vj;jid NjePu; Nfhg;igfs; mUe;jpdhu; vd;gJ gw;wpa
nra;jpia mjpfhukpd;wp ntspapLjy; my;yJ mur mjpfhupfs; jpdKk; NjePu;
mUe;Jfpwhu;fs; vd;w cz;ikia ntspapLtJ $l mguhjj;jpw;Fupa
Fw;wkhFk;. Jujp\;ltrkhf jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
kf;fSf;F
,ay;ghd cupik cz;L vd;gjid gy murhq;fq;fs; ,Jtiu Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. mj;NjhL jfty;fis tof;fkhf rfyUf;Fk; fpilf;fr;
nra;tJ murhq;fj;jpd; flik vd;gjidf; $l Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
,yq;if murikg;gpd; KfTiuapy; ehl;bd; ,iwik kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd;
mjpfhuj;jpd; tsq;fs; kf;fNs vdg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
NghJk;
FbNaw;w fhy ,ufrpaq;fisj; njhlu;e;Jk; NgZk; Nehf;fpy; gy rl;lq;fs;
- 05-

njhlu;r;rpahf
,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. 1955 ,y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
cj;jpNahfG+u;t
,ufrpa rl;l%yk; (X.v];.v) Kd;dhs; FbNaw;w Ml;rpapd; fPo;
mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l 1911 ,d; rl;lj;Jf;F kpfTk; neUq;fpajhf cs;sJ. mur
,ufrpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzk; kpfTk; gue;jjhf cs;sJ. mJ
mjd; vy;iyf;Fs; ,yq;ifapd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; MAjg; gilfs;
rk;ge ;jg;gl;l rfy jfty;fi s Ak; c s ;s lf;F fpd ;wJ . m urhq;f
mjpfhupfSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jhgdf; Nfhit vDk; tpjp cj;jpNahfG+u;t
jfty;fis murhq;fj;jpd; cupa mjpfhukpd;wp nghJ kf;fs; vtUf;Fk;
ntspapLtjidj; nra;fpd;wJ. jil
Mz;L 1973 ,yf;fk; Mk; pupif 5 gj;j
rig rl;l%yj;jpd; gb mikr;ruitj; jPu;khdq;fis ntspapLtjw;F
jilnra;fpd;wJ. mur ,ufrpaq;fs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
ve;jnthU
tplaj;i jAk ; nts papL tjw;F ji ltpjpf;F k ; rl;lk ; k Pz ;L k ;
7
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;rl;lk; Clfq;fis mtjhdpf;ff; $ba fhty;
eha; xd;whf> gj;jpupif kd;wk; xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. VO
tUlq;fSf;F Kd; ,U jug;G gpNuuiz xd;wpd; %yk; ,aq;fr;
nra;ahkypUe;j gj;jpupif kd;wj;ij kPz;Lk; capu;g;gpf;f
2009 [{iyapy;
m
8
murhq;fk; jPu;khdpj;jJ. ,yq;if muR 1945 nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;ij
gad;gLj;jp gaq;futhjpfSf;F vjpuhf gilapduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
e ltbf;i ffi s wpf;i fapL tJ njhlu;ghf C lfq;fS f;F
jiltpjpg;gjw;fhf
xOq;F tpjpfis
mbg;gil kdpj cupik
9
tpjpj;Js;sJ.
jj;jkJ jpwikfis Koikahf mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; me;j
cupikfs; njhlu;ghf KOikahf mDgtpg;gjw;fhf jfty;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; topfs; kiwf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ngUk;
jilahf cs;sJ. jdpkdpj MSikahdJ murpay;> r%f jd;ik
nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; jpwik Mfpa midj;Jk; xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk;>
ghupa mstpy; r%fj;jpw;F fpilf;ff; $ba jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ
kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpNyNa
jq;fpAs;sJ. jfty;fis kf;fsplkpUe;J
kiwj;J toik Nghy; itj;jpUf;Fk; gof;fk; kf;fis mbikfshfNt
cUthf;Fk;. mj;NjhL ,J mtu;fsJ cupikfis kPWtjhFk;. ,J If;fpa
ehLfs; rigapy; 1946 ,y; mjd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
“jfty;
Rje;jpuk; Xu; mbg;gil kdpj cupikahFk;. ,J rfy cupikfSf;Fkhd
ciufy; MFk;. mjw;F If;fpa ehLfs; jiy tzq;FfpwJ. ” vd nghJr;
- 06

10
rig cWjp nfhs;fpd;wJ. kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa ru;tNjr gpufldj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay;
cupikfs; gw;wpa ru;tNjr rhrdj;jpy; (ICCPR ) 19tJ ruj;jpy; rl;luPjpahf
fl;lhag;gL j;jg;gl;l c ld ;gbf;i f m e ;j];J toq;fg;gl;L s ;s J .
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; fUj;Jf; $Wk; kw;Wk; fUj;J ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk; cs;sJ.
,t;Tupik jiyaPLfs; ,d;wpa fUj;Jf; nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs; mw;W
ve;jnthU Clfk; %ykhfTk; jfty; kw;Wk; fUj;Jiufisr; Nrfupf;f
11
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s kw;Wk; mwptpf;Fk; cupikia cs;slf;Fk;. ,J
jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupikia ru;tNjr kdpj cupik rl;lj;jpy;
njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;if 1980 ,y; ICCPR ,y; ,ize;jjd;
%yk; mjd; rfy gpui[fSf;Fk; ,t;Tupikia cWjpg;gLj;j rl;lj;jpd;gb
12
flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.
13
mdu;j;jj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;
1983 Kjy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,yq;ifau;fs; ePz;l fhykhf ePbj;j
rptpy; Aj;jj;jpdhy;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jkJ tPLfisAk; kw;Wk;
fpuhkq;fi s Ak; i ftpl;L K fhk;fs ; kw;W k; gof;fg;glhj
gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;tjw;fhd epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ldu;.
,e;j Aj;jk;
,Wjp fl;lj;Jf;F mjhtJ Aj;jk; Kbtile;j 2009k; Mz;L
ngUe;njhifahf ehl;bd; tlf;fpy; gy FLk;gq;fs; ,lk; ngau;e;jd.
cs;sf uPjpapy; ,lk; ngau;e;j kf;fshf mtu;fsJ mbg;gil
cupikfs; kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpaj; Njitfshd czT kw;Wk;
,Ug;gplq;fis toq;fp mtu;fis ghJfhg;ghf trpf;f mtu;fs;
muir ek;gpapUe;jdu;.
vg;gbapUe;Jk; epthuzq;fis gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;
NghJ mJ ,ufrpakhfTk; jhkjkhfTk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. kf;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; jkf;F czT fpilf;Fkh mJ ve;jsT mJ ve;j
,lj;jpy; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf xt;nthUtuplKk; Nfl;Lj; njupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ. mNj Nghy; me;jg; nghUl
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiw vd;d vd;gij
mtu;fs; mwpahky; ,Ue;jdu;. jfty;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk;
cupiknahd;W ,y;yhik jkf;F cz;ikahff; fpilf;f
Ntz;baitfs; gw;wp mwpaTk; kw;Wk; czT> epthuzk;
gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;
nfhs;if gw;wpAk; murhq;fj;ij tpdTk; re;ju;g;gk;
kf;fSf;F kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jfty; gw;whf;Fiw> ghuhgl;rk; fhl;ly;>
- 07-

jd;dpr;irahf ,aq;fy; jiyJ}f;f re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; kf;fSf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w murpay; ahg;G my;yJ
rl;lg;gbahd flg;ghL ,y;yhikapdhy; mur mjpfhupfspdJ
eltbf;iffs; my;yJ mrl;ilfs; gw;wp murhq;fj;jplk; tpdtNth
my;yJ murhq;fj;jpid nghWg;ghspahf;fNth
KbahJ.
2004 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gFjpapy; vd;Wkpy;yhjthW
mopit Vw;gLj;jpa Rdhkp mdu;j;jk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;
,lk;ngauf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. 2005 Kjy; ru;tNjr r%fk; gy
gpy;ypad;; epthuzkhf nlhyu;fis toq;fpAs;sJ. epthuz kw;Wk;
Gdu;epu;khz Ntiyfs;> njhw;W Neha; Nghd;W Coypy;
rpf;Fz;Ls;sNjhL ghupa mstpy; epjp #iwahlg;gLtjhfTk; Fw;wQ;
rhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
FbapUg;GfspdJ Gdu;epu;khzk; kw;Wk; capu;
jg;gpatu;fSf;Fg; Gdu;tho;tspj;jy;
Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp
l;uhd;];Ngud;]p
,d;lne\dy;
=yq;fh epWtdk; kw;Wk; rptpy;
r%f epWtdq;fSk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkdf;
14
NfhupAs;sd.
,Jjhd; rup
kf;fsJ cupikahf jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s topaikg;gJ kpf
Kf;fpakhFk;.
• [dehaf topKiwf;fhf mij ghJfhf;Fk; cupik kw;Wk;
Kiwahd epu;thfk; Vida rfy kdpj cupikfisAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf Kf;fpakhd tplakhftpUg;gJ
• murpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
ru;tNjr flikg;ghl;bd; xU
gFjpahFk;. mjhtJ jfty; njupe;Jnfhs;Sk; cupik murpdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; ghJfhg;gpw;F cj;juthjkspf;fpd;wJ.
• rl;lg;gb mKy;gLj;jf; $ba cupikia murhq;fj;jpd;
tpUg;gj;jpd;gb FWfpajhf;fNth my;yJ cjhrPdg;gLj;jNth
Kbahikapdhy; jfty; murhq;fj;jpdhy; mjd; jPu;khdj;jpd;gb
kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; md;gspg;ghfNt fUjg;gLk;. ntWk; epu;thf
eltbf;if vd fUjp mjpypUe;J J}ukhFjy;.
- 08

• flikia jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;ltiu xU gf;fkhfTk; rl;l
cupj;Jila ed;ik ngWgtiu kWgf;fkhfTk; cUthf;Fk;. jfty;
ntspaplg;glhik cupik xU kPwyhF k;. NkYk; ed;ik ngWNthu;
rl;l tpNkhrdk; Njl KbAk;.
• jfty; murhq;fj;jpw;F my;y nghJ kf;fSf;Nf nrhe;jkhdJ
vd rkpf;iQ fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ntspapLtjw;F tpNrl fhuzk;
,y;iyNay; rfyJk; ,ufrpak; vd;w fUj;J rfy jfty;fSk;
fpilf;fg;ngWk;> mtw;iw kWg;gjw;fhd cWjpahd fhuzk; ,y;iy
vd;gjidf; nfhz;L khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mtzq;fis
ntspg;gLj;j kWg;gJ gw;wpa fhuzj;ij ep&gpf;Fk; nghWg;G gjtp
tfpg;gtiuNa rhUk;.
• nghWg;Gf; $Wtjpy; cau; ju epu;zaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
• gy murhq;fq;fspd; eltbf;iffspy; ,d;Dk; nry;thf;Fs;s
jpwe;j kw;Wk; tif $WjYf;Fs;s rl;l kw;Wk; epWtdj; jilfisj;
jhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpui[fSf;Fr; rl;l mjpfhuk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; ,Ug;gplj;ij murplkpUe;J kf;fSf;F khw;wp
kf;fSf;fhd ,iwikia kPz;Lk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik Vida rfy kdpj cupikfisAk;
tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;>
fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;
kw;Wk;
rpe;jid cupik mgpg;gpuhaq;fis cUthf;fg; NghJkhd jfty; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjpNyNa jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.
jdpg;gl;l jw;fhg;gpw;fhd
cupikia
mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; kf;fs; mtu;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sg; NghJkhd
jfty;fis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; xU NjitahFk;. fdlhtpy;
ghJfhg;gpw;fhd cupik jdpg;gl;l jw;fhg;gpw;F
Vw;gLk; mr;RWj;jy; gw;wpa
jfty;fSf;fhd epahakhd cupikia cUthf;Ffpd;wJ vd;gjid Xu;
15
ePjpkd;wk; mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. nghyp]hu; ,t; mr;RWj;jy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;J
,J gw;wp mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shd egUf;F mwptpf;fj; jtwpd; mtuJ
ghJfhg;ig kPWtjhFk;. cztpw;fhd cupikAk; ngUk;ghYk; jftYf;fhd
cupikapNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy;>
kf;fs; jkJ czT
khdpa cupikfs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s rl;lq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.
r%fj;jpy; ViofSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLk; czTg; nghUl;fs; tQ;rfkhf jpir
16
jpUg;gg;gLk; NghJ mit gw;wpAk; ntspf; nfhzu KbAk;. kdpj cupikfs;
fUj;Jiuahly;fspy; jfty; cupj;Jupik gpujhdkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
- 09-

Vnddpy; jkJ cupikfis kpfTk; fUj;Js;sjha; nraw;gLj;jTk;>
mtu;fspd; cupikfs; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shFk; NghJ mJ gw;wp kjpg;gPL
nra;aTk; NkYk; VjhtJ cupik kPwYf;F ahu; nghWg;G vdj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;
,J gpui[fSf;F cjTfpd;wJ.
jfty; cupj;JupikahdJ jfty; NjLk; cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;NjhL
jfty;fis Njbr;nry;yy;>
xOq;F nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjid ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk; jfty; mspg;gJk; flikahFk;. nghJ kf;fs; eyDf;fhf khj;jpuk;
vd ep&gpf;fg;gLk;
NghJ khj;jpuk; jfty;fis gJf;fp itf;f KbAk;. jfty;
mil topia Vw;gLj;Jk; flik murhq;fj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sNjhL ,U
17
gpujhd epiyfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. Ntz;Ljypd; Ngupy; gpui[fs;
jfty;fis mila cjTjy; Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis Kd; $l;bNa mwpe;J
gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.
jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupik njhlu;ghf ,yq;ifapd;
epiy
murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J kf;fs; jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij cWjp
nra;tjw;fhf ,yq;i fapd ; m urpayi kg;gpy; \ uj;J f;fs ; vJ T k;
cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy.
vt;thwhapDk; rl;lj; jPu;g;Gf;fs;
jftiy milAk;
kf;fspd; cupik Vida mbg;gil cupikfspy; ,aw;ifaha; mike;j xU
gpupT vd rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. 1984 ,y; [dehafj;jpy;
nghJf; fye;Jiuahly; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;Wk; mt;thwhd fye;Ji
mile;J nfhs;tjw;F jftiy ngWgtu; xUtupdJ vd;w cupik egu; kpf
Kf;fpankdTk; cau; ePjpkd;wk; s;sJ. jPu;g;gspj;J
vdNt jftiyg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; cupik murpayikg;gpd; \uj;J 14 (1) (m) ,y;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpy;
18
cz u;j;jg;gl;Ls ;s J. xU jrhg;j;jpw; F gpd;G cau; ePjp kd ;w k;
,e;epiyg;ghl;il kPsha;T nra;J jfty; mwpAk; cupik cz;ikapNyNa
murpayikg;gpd; \uj;J 10 ,y; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
fUj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
kw;Wk; mg pg;gpu hak; nfhz;b Ug;gjw;F Ks ;s mb g;gil cupikapy;
19
cz;ikahf ,aw;ifaha; mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ. vdj; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
xypgug;G mjpfhu rig kNrhjh> murpayikg;Gld; KwpTgl;ljh? vd;w
jPu;g;gpw;fhf
nfhz;Ltug;gl;l NghJ ,yq;ifapd; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ,j;jPu;g;gpid
kPz;Lk;
20
typAWj;jpaJ.
kpf mz;ikapy; fhyp Kfj;jply; tof;fpy; xU
- 10-

tplaj;jpy; nghJ Mu;tk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; NghJ mur kw;Wk;
cj;jpNahfG+u;t
nra;jpg; guptu;j;jidapy;
cs;s ,ufrpakhd nra;jpiaf; $l
nghJ ed;ik fUjp murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jftiyg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; “ntspf;fhl;lg;glhj
” cupik xU egUf;F cz;L vd cau;
e Pjpk d ;wk ; jPu;g;gs pj;jJ . ,J fU j;J nts papL k ; c upi k i a
mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; gaDs;sjhfTk; Mf;Fk; vdTk; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
,t;thwhd gpufldj;jpd; gpd;Gk; murhq;f ,yhfhf;fspypUe;J gpiui[fs;
,yFthf jfty;fisg; ngw KbahJs;sJ. \uj;J 14 (01) (a) ,d; gug;ig
NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf 2000 Mk; Mz;by; murpay; ahg;G
tiuGgLj;jg;gl;lJ jw;NghJs;s Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk;
Rje;jpuj;jpDs;
jfty;fis NjLjy;> ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; mwptpf;Fk;
23
Rje;jpuj;ij cs;slf;fNt ,t;tiuT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk;
,t; cj;Njr jpUj;jk; rl;lkhf;fg;gltpy;iy
NkYk; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l ,ufrpak; ,yq;ifapy; njhlu;e;Jk; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. mjd;
nraw;ghLfspy; vjidg; gpui[fSf;F vLj;Jf; $w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;
murhq;fk; njhlu;e;Jk; kj;jpa];juhf
,aq;Ffpd;wJ.
nghJeytha rigapd; nraw;ghLfs;
,yq;if cl;gl nghJeytha ehLfs; gy jlitfspy; jfty;fis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupikapd; mbg;gil Kf;fpaj;Jj;ij typAWj;jpAs;sd.
“kf;fSf;F cj;jpNahfG+u;t
jfty;fisg; ngw NghjpasT top ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ [dehaf kw;Wk; murhq;f nraw;ghLfspy; nghJ kf;fs; gq;F
nfhs;sy; kpfTk; mu;j;jKs;sjhapUf;Fk;.
” nghJ eytha ePjp mikr;ru;fs;
1980 ,y;
24
gpufldg;gLj;jpapUe;jdu;.
mJ njhlf;fk; nfhs;if mwpf;iffs;
mq;fj;Jt ehLfis gpd; tUtdtw;wpy; Cf;fkspj;jJ. “jfty; e;jpuj;ij
Rj
rl;l kw;Wk; mKy;gLj;jf; $ba cupikahff;
nrayfk; topfhl;ly;fisf; $l jahu;
27
rl;lk; xd;iwAk; cUthf;fpaJ.
26
nra;jJ.
- 11-
25
fUjTk;” nghJ eytha
NkYk; ,J tplakhf khjpupr;
cj;jpNahfG+u;t
nghJ eythak;> mjhtJ murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd
Kftu;
epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; $l;lq;fs;> mjd; eltbf;iffis kf;fSf;fhfj; jpwf;f
rpy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. vdpDk;> mJ ,d;Dk; ntF J}uk; nry;y

Ntz;bAs;sJ. tpNrlkhf> nghJ eythar; nrayfk; mjpfgl;r jfty;
ntspg;gLj;jy; gw;wpa ntspg;ghlhd kw;Wk; KOikahd nfhs;if xd;iw
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; cjhuzk; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd nfhs;if xd;W
,y;yhjtplj;J> gpui[fSld; jfty; guptu;j;jid nra;tjpy; Mu;tkpd;wp
tpyfp epd;W mjd; nfsutj;ij tpl;Lk; tpyfp nghJ eythak; Nghuhl;lj;ijj;
njhlUk;.
murhq;f my;yJ jdpahu; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; mur rhu;gw;w
epWtdq;fs;> mur gq;fPLs;s epWtdq;fs; ,yl;rf; fzf;fhd
kf;fspd; jiytpjpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; cyfpy; jfty;
cupj;Jupikapd; tuk;Gfs; ntWk; murhq;fj;jpidj; jhz;br; nrd;W
cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpy ehLfs; mtu;fsJ rl;lj;jpd;
28
cs;tuk;Gfis xU rpy jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; tiu ePbj;Js;sd.
,g;gpur;rpidfs; kf;fspd; mbg;gil Mu;tq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
gzpf;F Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltjid Kbthff; nfhs;tjd; mtrpaj;ij
mq;fPfupg;gjy;yhky;
Njhw;Wtha; my;yJ Ntz;lg;gLk; jfty;fis
itj;jpUf;Fk; epWtdj;jpdJ mikag; ngw;w gz;Gfis Nkw;Nfhs;
fhl;Ltjpy; gad;
jdpahu; ….nghJthtJ vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;?
29
,y;iy.
Rfhjhug; guhkupg;G> ePu; toq;fy;> kpd;rhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>
rpiwr;rhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;w nghJ eltbf;iffs; jdpahu;
k ag;gL j;jg;gL t jhy; k f;fs ; ,r;N ri t fi s
epiwNtw;WNthuplkpUe;J jfty; ngw KbAkhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;
Nrit toq;FNthupilNaAk; mbf;fb nra;J
nfhs;sg;gLk; cld;gbf;iffs; mtu;fsJ eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
jfty;fis kf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Njit cl;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
,J murhq;f mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J
jfty;fis tpyf;fptpLfpd;wJ.
,y;iyNay; ,it jfty; mil top
rl;lj;jpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; nghJr;
Nritfis toq;fhj NghjpYk; $l mtu;fspd; Nritfs; kf;fspd;
cupikfisj; jhf;ff; $badthapd; mtu;fspd; eltbf;iffs;
nghJ Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jf; $bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf>
- 12-

xU Miyapd; Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;if gw;wpa
jfty;fis kf;fs; mwpaf; $bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;
MiyahdJ eQ;Rfs; mOf;Ffis cupa Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tjd; %yk; kf;fspd; Rfhjhu cupikiaf; Fiwf;ftpy;iy
vd;gjid epr;rapj;Jf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
2000 jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; njhlu;ghd rl;l%yj;jpd;
top
fPo; njd;dhgpupf;f jdpahu;Jiw kPJ jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;
mtu;fSf;Fs;s ,zf;fg;ghl;il fl;lhag;gLj;jp
njd;dhgpupf;fh
Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;lJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l
rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 50 ,d; fPo;
VjhtJ cupikfs; Nkw;nfhs;s my;yJ ghJfhf;f gjpTfs;
Njitnadpd; jdpahu; epWtdq;fspd; jfty;fisg;ngw xUtuhy;
KbAk;. ,J Xu; kpfTk; gue;j
29
epge;jidahFk;.
,e;jpahtpd;>
2005 jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; jdpahu; JiwiaAk;
Xustpw;F cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. Vnddpy; vtuhtJ cupik nfhs;Sk;>
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ NghJkhd mstpy; murhq;fj;jpdhy;
toq;fg;gl;l Neu;Kfkhf my;yJ kiwKfkhf epjpapypUe;J vd
Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; fUj;jhdJ> murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J khdpak;
my;yJ rYiffisg; ngWk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLk;.
GJikahf> jw;NghJ mKypy; cs;s NtW VjhtJ
xU rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murhq;f mjpfhup xUtUf;F mil top cs;s
ve;jnthU jdpahu; epWtdk; rk;ge;jkhd jfty;fisg; ngw rl;lk;
30
nghJ kf;fSf;F top mikf;fpd;wJ. ,J jw;NghJs;s rl;lk;
my;yJ cg rl;lk; xd;wpd; fPo; xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J
cjhuzkhf #oy; jhf;f mwpf;if> jPq;fpiof;ff; $ba fopTg;
nghUl;fis mopg;gJ gw;wpa jpl;lk; my;yJ epjp mwpf;if gw;wp
jpl;lk; my;yJ epjp mwpf;if gw;wp nghJ epWtdk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
N tz ;ba m wpf;i fi ag; ngw;wpuhj e pi yapY k;$l m t;
mwpf;iffisg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lnkd egnuhUtu; Nfhupf;if tplyhk;.
nghJ epWtdk; jdpahu; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J mt; mwpf;ifiag; ngw
mjd; mjpfhuj;ij cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ,jid
Ntz;batUf;F toq;FtJ gw;wp nghJ epWtdk; eltbf;if vLf;f
30 31
Ntz;Lk;. Neghsk; kw;Wk; tq;fhs Njrj;jpy; cs;s jfty;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rl;lq;fs; murhq;fj;jpdhy; my;yJ ntspehl;L
- 13

Kftu; epiyaq;fspdhy; epjp cjtp mspf;fg;gLkhapd; mur rhu;gw;w
epWtdq;fs; jfty; ntspapl Ntz;Lk; vd;w flg;ghL
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Kd;Ndw;wk;
jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp ,yq;ifAk; Muk;g
cWg;gpduhf cs;s nghJ eytha murhq;fq;fSf;F Qhgf%l;l Ntz;bajd;
Njitapy;iy. 80 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
cupikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lk; mKypy; cs;sNjhL gy ehLfspy;
mz;ikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;Gfspy; ,e;j cupikia
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tpNrl epge;jidfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jid vOJk;
Ntisapy; 53 nghJeytha Njrq;fspd; ,y; md;bFth 15 kw;Wk; gu;Klh>
mT];jpNuypah> gq;fshNj\;> ngyP];> fdlh> ,e;jpah> [ka;fh> Nkhy;lh>
epA]Pyhe;J> ghfp];jhd; (fl;lisr; rl;lk;> ,aw;wg;gl;l
rl;lk; my;y) njd;
Mgpupf;fh> Gdpj tpd;rd;l; kw;Wk; fpNyNdbd;> l;updplhl; kw;Wk; nlhNgNfh>
cfz;lh> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; Mfpad jfty; cupj;Jupikia cWjpg;gLj;jp
rl;lk; ,aw;wpAs;sd. ,tw;Ws; rpytw;wpy; fUj;J}d;wpa FiwghLfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. cfz;lhtpy; rl;lk; epiwNtw;g;gl;lhYk;>
mJ ,Jtiu G+uzkhf
mKy;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
mJ ,aw;wg;gl;L ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; gpd;G Gdpj
tpd;rd;l; kw;Wk; fpuNdb]; ,y; murhq;fj;jpw;F ntspNa xUrpyu; khj;jpuk;
jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; gw;wp mwpe;Js;sdu;. njw;fhrpahtpy;
Neghs
jfty; mil topr; rl;lk; ,U tUlq;fSf;F NkyhfpAk; cupik
cs;shu;tj;Jld; Muk;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
gyre ;ju;g;gq;fs py; nghJ e ytha ri gi a N ru;e ;j e hL fi s
mgfPu;j;jpf;Fs;shf;Fk;
tifapy; gfpuq;fj;jd;ik mur epu;thfj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vjpu;j;Jr; nrayhw;w tw;GWj;jg;gLk;
NghJ rpy ehLfs; kpf
nkJtha; top tpLfpd;wd. ntspg;gilahd rl;lq;fs; %yk; cupikia
cj;juthjk; nra;a kWj;jdu;. KbAkhdtiu jhkjpf;fr; nra;tNjhL
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
cupikNa toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mgpupf;fhtpy; cs;s fhdh>
nfd;ah> kyhtp> ie[Pupah> ]pauypNahd;> jd;]hdpah kw;Wk; ]k;gpah>
fupgpadpy; cs;s ghu;gNlh];> fahdh kw;Wk; gRgpf; rKj;jpuj;jpYs;s gp[p
kw;Wk; gGthepAfpdp Mfpa ehLfspd; murhq;fq;fspdhy; my;yJ rptpy;
r%fj;jpdhy; jahu; nra;ag;gl;l tiuTr; rl;lthf;fk; MNyhridapy;
- 14-

cs;sJ. jfty; mil top rk;ge;jkhd ie[Pupa rl;l tiuTf;F gj;J
tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhfpd;wJ. ,r;rl;lj;ij 2008 ,y; ghuhSkd;wk;
mq;fPfupj;jJ. Mdhy; mJ jd;ikapy; mjpf kpjthjk; nfhz;lJ> vdf; $wp
md;iwa [dhjpgjp xg;gkpl kWj;jhu;. Gjpa [dhjpgjp xUtu; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l gpd; ,e;j kNrhjhit kPz;Lk; epiwNtw;wr; nra;a rptpy; r%fk;
kw;WnkhU MjuT njuptpf;Fk; gpurhuj;ij Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;W
nfd;ahtpy; jfty; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rl;l tiuit epiwNtw;wr; nra;a>
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ePz;l fhy gpur;rhuk; Nju;jYf;F Kd; mjidg;
ghuhSkd;wk; epiwNtw;wj; jtwpajdhy; mJ Vkhw;wj;jpy;
Kbe;jJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; Gjpjhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;ljdhy;
,e;j rl;lkpaw;Wk;
nraw;ghl;ilAk;
kPz;Lk; Muk;gpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,yq;ifapy; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; Kaw;rp 1988 ,y;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. 2003 ,y; ,t;tiuTr; rl;l%yk; murhq;f Clfq;fs;
kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik gw;wp Mjutha;g; NgRk; rptpy; r%f gpujpepjpfis
c s ;s lf;fpa X u; F O tpd hy; jahu; nra;ag;gl;lJ . ,t;ti ui t
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhd
mikr;ruit mDkjpAk; fpilf;fg;
ngw;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; 2004 ,y; ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;likapdhy;
mjidj; njhlu;e;J te;j murhq;fq;fs; ,J tplaj;jpy; mjpf mf;fiw
32
fhl;lhikapdhy; mJ gpd;Nghlg;gl;lJ.
Vida rl;l Ml;rpfspy; cs;s rpwe;j
gof;fq;fis cs;slf;fp ,yq;if rl;l Mizf;FO 2003 ,y; jfty;
cupj;Jupik tiuT kNrhjh xd;iw Kd;itj;jJ.33 jahupf;fg;gl;l
jpUj;jr;rl;l
%yk; muR cl;gl kpf ek;gpf;ifahd cWg;gpdu;fspilNa
gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ljhf
mur tl;lhuq;fs; njuptpg;gjhf nra;jp ntspahdJ.
vdpDk; rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; Clfq;fSf;F ,e;j MNyhrid nraw;ghl;Lf;F
top fpl;ltpy;iy.
mz;ikapy; Kbtile;j tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhz
Aj;jj;jpy;
murhq;fk; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpapUe;jjhy;
fle;j tUlq;fspy;
,yq;if jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwf;fhf eltbf;iffs; kpf
nkJthfNt ,lk; ngw;wd.
[dehafk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd topfs;
,yq;if cl;gl nghJeytha ehLfs; ek;gpf;if ,oe;j epiyapy; Njb
miyAk; [dehafj;ij Nt&d;wr; nra;aTk; mgptpUj;jpiaj;
Jupjg;gLj;jTk;
murhq;fq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gjidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; NghJ gy
mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lj;ijg; NgZtjpy; jaf;fk;
fhl;Ltjpy; Mr;rupak; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. jfty; cupj;JupikahdJ ey;yhl;rp>
- 15

gpuhe ;jpakl;lj;jpy;
jfty; cupj;J up i kr; rl;lj;ij
,aw;wpAs;s84
ehLfs; 36
INuhg ;gh
M rpah/gRgpf;
m y;N gd pah nfhN]hth m T ];jpNuypah
- 16-
m nkupf;f ehLfs;
fuPgpad ;
m d ;bFth kw;W k;
gu;% lh
M gpup f;fh
m q;N fhyh
M Nkd pah fpu;f p];jhd; gq;fshNj\; M [d;B d h njd ; gpu Mpf;f
h
x];j;jpup ah nek;gpah rPdh m &gh c fz;lh
ngy;[pak; ypr;nld ;];ild ; Ff; jPTfs; ngi y]; rpk;g hg;N t
ngh];dpah ypj;J Ntd pah ,e;j pah fd lh
gy;N fupah nk]Nlhd pah ,];N uy; nfa;n kd ; jPTfs;
FNuh]pah nkhy;N lhth [g;gh d ; rpyp
nrf;
FbauR
nkhd;nlnd f;N uh N[hu;jhd; nfhyk;gpah
nld ;khu;f ; neju;yhe;J
v];j;N jd pah Nehu;N t epA]pyhe;J
gpd;yhe;J
Nghye;J
Neghsk; nlhkpdpf; bauR F
lr;Rm
d ;jpy;y];
ghfp];jhd; tif $wy;> gq;F nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; ViofSf;Fr;
rhl;ilahf tpsq;Fk; Coiy ,y;yhJ xopf;fTk; mj;jpthukpLfpd;wJ.
vd N t> $upa wpT s ;s nghU s payhs u;fS k; ngU e ;jd ;i kAs ;s
kWrPuikg;ghsu;fSk; KbAkhd msT ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

gq;Nfw;wy; [dehafj;ij mu;j;jKs;sjhf;fy ;
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapdJk;> nghJeythaj;jpdJk; cWg;G ehL vd;w
tifapy; ,t;tpU epWtdq;fisAk; tYT+l;Lk; tifapy; ,yq;if ,t;tpU
epWtdj;jpdJk; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffSld; ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;. 1999
,y; jfty; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa If;fpa ehLfspd; tpNrl gpujpepjp>
jftiy
miltjw;fhd kf;fspd; jpwe;j cupik kw;Wk; mtu;fs; rhu;ghf murhq;fq;fs;
vd;d nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ njupahtpl;lhy;
cz;ik gyk; ,oe;J tpLk; kw;Wk;
murhq;fj;jpy; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G Jz;bj;JtpLk; vd;gJ fUj;Jr;
36
Rje;jpuj;jpDs;
cs;slf;fkhAs;sJ vd mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. ,NjNghd;W
Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; [dehaf murpay; nraw;ghL %yk; jhk; thOk; r%fj;ij
epu;khzpg;gjpy;
gq;nfLg;gjw;fhd jdp egUf;Fs;s kw;Wk; khw;wpf; nfhLf;f
,ayhj cupikia 1991 ,dJ nghJeytha `uhNu khehl;Lg; gpufldk;
37
mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; nghJeythaj;jpd; rfy cWg;gpdu;fSk;
,e;j cj;juthjj;ij [dehafj;jpw;F mspj;Js;s mNjNtis gy ehLfspy;
[dehaff; nfhs;ifahd ey;yhl;rp> ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; tif$wy;
ngUk;ghYk; gyk; ,oe;JtpLk;. cz;ik ahnjdpy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk;
,lk;ngWk; Nju;jy;fSk; nraw;gl;L tUk; mjpfhupfs; tu;f;fKk;>
murhq;fkhdJ kf;fSf;F gjpyspf;ff; flikg;gl;lJ my;yJ kf;fis
cl;gLj;jpaJ vd;gjid cWjp nra;tjpy;iy. ,jw;fg;ghw;gl;l
rpy tplaq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. kuG xj;jjpypUe;J fye;jhNyhrpf;Fk;>
gjpyspf;Fk; kw;Wk;
gq;Nfw;Fk; [dehafj;jpw;F khWtjw;F jftYf;fhd mil top kpf
Kf;fpakhFk;.
kf;fSf;fhd mjpfhuk;
njsptw;w ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; fw;gidfspy; jq;fp epw;gjw;F
gjpyhf> ey;y epiyapyhd cz;ikj; jftiy ifapy;
itj;jpUf;Fk; kf;fshy; mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;stu;fis tif $w
itf;f KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if cz;L. kpfTk; xuq;fl;lg;gl;ltu;fs;
$l e k;gpf;i fAs ;s C u;[ pjk; nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fi s f;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mtu;fspd; nrhe;j eyd; fUjp nraw;gl
KbAk;. cjhuzkhf md;whl Cjpak; ngWk; xUtu;> jkJ
nrhe;jf;fhuu; jkf;fhf murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J ngWk; mNj Cjpaj;ij
vkf;Fj; jUfpd;whuh vd;w gjpNtl;bid guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;f KbAk;
murhq;fj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; nghJr; Rfhjhu epiyankhd;wpd;
epWtg;gl;l juk;> topfhl;lypd; gb nraw;gLfpd;wjh
vd guPl;rpj;Jg;
- 17

ghu;f;f KbAk;. Xa;T ngw;w xUtu; jdJ cupj;Jupikfs; gw;wp
murhq;fk; itj;Js;s gjpTfs; rupahdJk;> ek;gpf;iff;FupaJkh?
vd guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;. xU rpwpa tu;j;jfu; jhd; ,oe;j xU
tpiykDf; Nfhuy; Neu;ikaw;w Kiwapy; nry;thf;Fs;s NtnwhU
nry;te;ju; xUtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ vdf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;
mJ
gw;wp e\;l
murpay;thjpfs; vt;thW nraw;gLfpd;wdu;
kw;Wk;
Gjpa mNgl;rfu;fspd; mDgtk; jifik Nghd;w cz;ikia
ntspapLk; jfty;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf
fpilf;fhjtplj;J
thf;fhsu;fs;
jkJ mbg;gilj; Nju;thf [hjp> Fyk;> kjk; my;yJ mtu; rhu; e;j
tu;f;fk; mtu;fspd; tpUgj;jpw;Fupatiuj;
Nju;e;njLg;gjd; %yk;
FWfpa murpay; Mu;tj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjpNyNa Kbfpd;wJ.
,NjNghd;W xU murpay; fl;rpapd; epjp tptuq;fis guprPyid
nra;Ak; cupik ,y;yhjtplj;J tpNrl mf;fiwAs;s FOf;fs;
ntWkNd jkJ jdpg;gl;l eyd; Ngz mNgl;rfu;fis epWj;jtpy;iy
vd;gjid Cu;[pjk; nra;a gpui[fshy; Kbtjpy;iy. murpay; epjp
toq;fy;fspy; rpy ,yQ;rj;ijAk; jhz;br; nry;fpd;wJ. ed;F
mwpag;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fs; vd;gJ ed;F mwpe;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Nju;T> kpfTk; nghWg;G tha;e;j ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk;
rpwe;j Ml;rp Kiw vd;gdthFk;.
- 18

37
cz;ikapy; ePq;fs; ahUf;F thf;fspf;fpd;wPu;fs; v
gy ehLfspy; Nghd;W ghupa mguhjf; Fw;wq;fspy; Fw;wthspahff;
fhzg;gl;ltu;fs;
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;F ,e;jpaj; Nju;jy; rl;lk;
jil nra;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;L
tprhuizf;fhff;
fhj;jpUg;Nghu;
my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jtu;fSf;F ,j;jil
nry;Ygbaw;wjhFk;.
2002 ,y; ,e;jpahtpd; F[uhj; khepy Nju;jypd;
NghJ gpujhd murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; epWj;jg;gl;l MW
mNgl;rfu;fSs; xUtUf;F vjpuhf ghupa mguhjf; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs;
,Ue;jd. MOk; fl;rpapypUe;J 25 Ngu;; ntw;wp ngw;wNjhL xU rpyu;
mikr;ru; gjtpfisAk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;.
Nfs;tpf;Fwpg; gpd;dzpAld;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk;>
khepy rigfSf;Fk; NghFk; cWg;gpdu;
njhifiaapl;L mjpHr;rp mile;j fy;tp rhu;e;Njhu; FOnthd;W
epakdj; jhf;fy; Njitfspy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ltu ,e;jpaj;
Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FOtpw;F Miz gpwg;gpf;FkhW cau;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
tpz;zg;gk; xd;iw rku;g;gpj;jJ.
,jd; %yk; jkf;F
vjpuhfTs;s ghupa Fw;wtpay; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs;
gw;wp mNgl;rfu;fs;
jfty; ntspapLtjidf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
cau; ePjpkd;wk; jfty; cupj;Jupik [dehafj;jpy; ,aw;ifaha;
mike;Js;sJ vd;Wk; thf;fhsu;fSf;Fj; jkJ mNgl;rfu;fspd;
gpd;dzpia tpNrlkhf mtu;fspd; mguhjk; gw;wpa Ke;jpa epiyia
mwptjw;F murpay; ahg;G cupik cz;L vd;Wk; ,zq;fpAs;sJ.
Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FO cldbahf epakdf; fbjr; nraw;ghLfspy;
Njitahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; mw;Gjkhd
Kiwapy; rfy murpay; fl;rpfSk; xd;W jpuz;L ,k;Kaw;rpiaj;
jLf;Fk; Kfkhf Nju;jy;fs; Mizahsupd; ,f;fl;lisia
rf;jptha;e;j
Kiwapy; nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;fp
murhq;fk; Gjpa rl;lk;
xd;iw epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,jd; Muk;g Kiwg;ghl;lhsu;fSk;
gpui[fs; FOf;fSk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
rl;lG+u;tj;
jd;ikia vjpu;j;J
murpay; ahg;G %yk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l mtu;fsJ kdpj cupikia
Fiwtilar; nra;fpd;wJ. vd cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
cldbahf
tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jdu;. kPz;Lk; xU Kiw> thf;fhsu; mwpe;J
nfhs;s ,Uf;Fk; cupikapd; Gdpjj;Jtj;ij kPs; typAWj;jp
,r;rl;lj;ij ,uj;Jr; nra;jJ. ,t;thwhf epahakw;w Kiwapy;
mwpe;J nfhs;sTs;s mbg;gil cupikia kl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ
- 19-

vd ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
jw;NghJ rfy mNgl;rfu;fSk; jkJ
epakdg; gj;jpuq;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;Ak; NghJ mtu;fs; ghupa
Fw;wq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gilatu;fsh? mtu;fsJ fy;tpj; jd;ik>
mtu;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fs; fld; gw;wpa tpguq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jfty; Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FOtpd; mwptpj;jy; gyif
kw;Wk; ,izaj;jpd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
gq;fshNj\py; ,J Nghd;wnjhU tof;F Nky; ePjpkd;w Kd;dpiyapy;
njhlug;gl;lJ rfy mNgl;rfu;fspdJk; nrhj;Jf;fs;> mguhjf;
Fw;wq;fs;> fy;tpg; gpd;dzp gw;wpa vl;L tpjkhd jfty;fs;
ntspaplg;gLtjid cWjp nra;AkhW Nju;jy;fs; Mizf;FOtpw;F
(Nj.M) ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifia cWjpg;gLj;JtJ
[dehafk; kw;Wk; Njrpa cWjpg;ghL> ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf; nfhs;ifapdhy;
mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wNjhL mJ kf;fSf;F mtu;fsJ gpujpepjpfs;
kPJ ngUk;
ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J gpuNahrdKs;s Ml;rpj;Jiwapd;
K bthd N jhu; N jhw;wkhF k;. kf;fs pd ; e k;gpf;i fAk;> M juT kpd ;wp
murhq;fq;fs; mjd; nfhs;if epfo;r;rpj;
jpl;lq;fs; kl;by; jlq;fy;fSf;F
Kfk; nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sNjhL mtw;wpd; mKyhf;fKk; kpfTk;
fbdkhapUf;Fk; 47 ehLfspy; Rkhu; 10>000 kf;fspd; fUj;jwpe;j 1999 ,y;
elhj;jg;gl;l
nghJeytha kd;w Ma;T jkJ murhq;fq;fs; gw;wp kf;fspilNa
jtwhd vz;zk; tsu;e;J tUtjhf Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ.
jkJ murhq;fq;fspd;
cs;nsz;zk; kw;Wk; cj;Njrk; gw;wp gpui[fs; re;Njfg;gLfpd;wdu;.
jk;khy;
njupTnra;ag;gl;l
gpujpepjpfspy;
ek;gpf;if JNuhfk; nra;jtu;fshf my;yJ
jq;fis cjhrPdg;gLj;jpatu;fshf
Mf;fg;gl;Nlhk; vd;W czu;fpd;wdu;.
cz;ikahf mtu;fSf;fhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
N ji tfi s e pi wN tw;w e pW tg;gl;l K ftu; e pi yaq;fs ; gw;wp
re;Njfpf;fpd;wdu;.
jhk; Gwf;fzpf;g;gl;ljhfTk;>
cjhrPdg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf
39
ftdpf;fg;glhkYk; cs;sjhf czu;fpd;wdu;. murhq;fq;fspd; Neu;ikj;jpwd;
tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;baNjhL tpUj;jpailtijf; fhzTk; Ntz;Lk;.
jpwe;j murhq;fq;fSk;> jfty;fSf;fhd mil topAk; ,t;tpU KbTfisAk;
mila top tFf;fpd;wJ.
- 20

,e;jpa nghyp]; ,lkhw;wj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w
40
fhe;jpathjp xUtupd; tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk;
kfhuh\;bu khepyj;jpd; gpurpj;jkhd 2002 jfty; mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk;
cupik njhlu;ghd rl;l%yj;ij ghtpj;J murpay; jiyaPL
fhuz k hf ,lk ;ngw;w nghJ e ltbf;i fahd nghyp];
,lkhw;wq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Kk;ghia jskhff; nfhz;l
irNyh\; fhe;jp vd;gtu; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
nghyp];
mjpfhupfspd; ,lkhw;wk;> nghyp]; Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfj;jpd;
fl;lis 413
I njspthf kPWtjhFk;. nghyp]hu; jdpg;gl;l cupik nfhz;lhLk;
K fkhf V i d a jpi z f;fs m jpfhupfi s N ah m y;yJ
murpay;thjpfis ehLtJ jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,U tUl
fhyj;jpDs; khepy rl;lrig my;yJ kj;jpa rl;lrig cWg;gpdu;fs;
kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fspd; fl;lis my;yJ Ntz;Ljypd; Ngupy;
,lk;ngw;w ,lkhw;wq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia fhe;jp Nfhupdhu;. fhe;jp
NkYk; gy Ntz;LNfhs;fs; kw;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; 9
tpz ;z g;gq;fs ; kw;W k; 11 jd pg;gl;l tprhui z fS f;F k;
Kiwg;ghLfis Kd;itj;jhu;. mtu; mjd; gyd;fisg; ngw Kd;
Kk;gha; nghyp]; mtw;iwj; jhkjg;gLj;j vz;zpylq;fh
Kaw;rpfis vLj;jJ. kW tpz;zg;gj;ij njhlu;e;J Nyhf; mAf;jh
khepyr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l RahjPd Nky;kD rig
,Wjpapy; Mtzq;fis toq;FkhW fl;lisapl;lNjhL jfty;
toq;F tjpy; V w;gLj;jpa jhkjj;jpw;fhf m urhq;fj;i jAk;
nghyp]hiuAk; fLikahf vr;rupj;jJ. murpay;thjpfspdhy;
,lkhw;wk;> rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l nghyp]; mjpfhupfSf;F vjpuhf
eltbf;if vLf;FkhWk; fl;lisapl;lJ.
,Wjpahf Kk;gha; nghyp]; Mizahsu; mYtyfj;jpdhy; 50
,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gf;fq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;lNjhL
ghupa mstpyhd
,lk hw;wq ;fs ; m w;gk hd fhuz q ;fi s nahl;b
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjhf
nghyp]; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; (DGP)
njuptpj;jhu;.
cjhuzkhf> gy ,lkhw;wq;fs; f\;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy;
(Gifapujg; nghyp]; my;yJ fyfk; milf;Fk; gFjp) ,y; ,Ue;J
‘,yhgk; ’ juf;$ba efuq;fSf;F Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ. jpLf;fplr; nra;Ak; tifapy; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l 61
- 21-

,lkhw;w Ntz;Ljy;fspy; 58 ,lkhw;wq;fs; Kjyikr;ru; kw;Wk; gpujp
Kjyikr;ru; mYtyfj;jpypUe;Nj te;jpUe;jd. ,tw;Ws; gy khepyj;
Nju;jYf;F Kd;G te;jpUe;jd. mikr;ru;fs;> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;
kw;Wk; vk;.gpf;fsplkpUe;J
143 fbjq;fSk; ‘rpl; ’ fSk; te;jpUe;jd.
,jw;fpilapy;
Kk;ig nghyp]; Mizahsu;> efuj;Jf;fpilapyhd
,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhf
139 rpghupRf; fbjq;fisg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
nghyp];
,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhf
Ntz;LNfhs;fs; Kd;dhs; Nkau;fis murpay;
fl;rpfspd; khtl;lg; gpupTg; gpujhdpfsplkpUe;Jk;
te;jpUe;jikia
,j;jfty;fSf;fhd fhe;jpapd; Ntz;LNfhspy; ,Ue;J njupa te;jJ.
,jd; gpwF “fl;lis 413 I kPWk; vr;nraYk; fLikahff;
ifahsg;gLk; ” vdf; $wp gpujpg; nghyp]; Mizahsu; Rw;W epUgk;
xd;iw ntspapl;lhu;.
,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf fhe;jpf;F ngau;fs;
toq;fg;gltpy;iyahapDk;
71 mjpfhupfSk; 64 nfhd;];lgps;fSk;
mtu;fsJ ,lkhw;wk; rk;ge;jkhf mOj;jk; nfhz;Ltu Kad;wjhf
vr;rupf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;
,J gw;wp mtu;fspd; Nritg; Gj;jfj;jpy;
Fwpg;Gk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sjhf fhe;jpf;F mwptpj;jhu;.
NkYk; fl;lis
413 vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
kPwg;gLtJ nghWj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ vd
cWjpahd rkpf;iQ xd;iw nghyp]; Mizahsu; ntspapl;lhu;.
jhd; Nfhupa rfy tpguq;fisAk; fhe;jp ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iyahapDk
mtuJ eltbf;if cs;SH nghyp]; epiyaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghupa
Coy; %yk; xd;iw mk;gyg;gLj;jpaJ.
2005 ,y; cWjpahd jfty; mil topr; rl;lnkhd;wpw;F
,lkspf;Fk;
Kfkhf khepyr; ePf;fg;gl;L rl;lk; Gjpa ; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
rl;lk
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2008 ,y; jfty; mil top
ru;r;irfisj; jPu;f;Fk; kj;jpa jfty; Mizahsuhf fhe;jp
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
- 22-

Gy tUlq;fshf ,Ue;j epiyaw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL ,yq;ifapd;
mgptpUj;jpapy;
gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. jkJ murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ kf;fspd;
ek;gpf;ifiaf; $l;LtjhdJ xU tifapy; Kuz;ghl;ilf; Fiwf;ff;
$bajhapUf;Fk;. ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; jfty;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sy;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;
gpui[fSf;Fkpilapy; ,U jug;G rk;ghrizia Vw;gLj;jp>
Njrpa cWjpg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jTk; toptFf;Fk;. ,J murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;
k f;fS f;F k ; ,i lN aAs ;s ,i lnts pi af; F i wj;J jhq;fs ;
me;epag;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhk;
vd;w czu;it kf;fsplkpUe;J fistjw;Fk;
toptif nra;Ak;. kf;fsplk; jhKk; gq;fhsp vd;w czu;T kw;Wk;
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghl;ilg; guPl;rpg;gjw;fhd
,aYik
Nghd;wtw;wpd;
%yk; kf;fs; jhq;fs; mjpfhukw;wtu;fs;
kw;Wk; tha;g;Gf;fs;
toq;fg;glhky; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;
my;yJ xU FO kw;nwhU FOit
tpl epahakw;w Kiwapy; mD$yq;fis milfpd;wJ vDk; gytPdkhd
kdg;ghq;iff; Fiwf;f KbAk;.
kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l mgptpUj;jpf;F MjuT
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; nghJeythaj;ijr; Nru;e;j rfy cWg;G ehLfSk;
If;fpa ehLfspd; cWg;gpdu;fshapdu; mj;NjhL kpNydpa mgptpUj;jp
,yf;Ffis mila jkJ nghWg;G gw;wp thf;fspj;jdu;.
KOikahf
tWikia xopg;gjw;Fk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l ,J
ru;tNjr r%fk; cUthf;fpa Ma;Tj; njhFg;ghFk;. 2002 ,y; $yk; efupy;
xd;W $ba nghJeytha ehLfspd; jiytu;fs; tWikia xopg;gjw;F
kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l kw;Wk; epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp %yk;
vkJ tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy; cs;s gue;j Vw;wj; jho;it Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
Kiwapy; ePf;Ftjw;Fk; thf;fspj;jdu;.
2007 ,y; fk;ghyh efupy; $ba
nghJeythaj; jiytu;fs; gy cWg;G ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;if
miltjpy; gpd;jq;fpAs;sd vdf; ftiy njuptpj;jdu;.
mj;NjhL mgptpUj;jp
mjNdhL xj;j ,yf;Ffis miltjw;
fhd Kaw;rpfis mjpfupf;fr; nr
mtu;fsJ thf;FWjpfis kPs;
41
cWjp nra;jdu;.
gupjhgkhf 2009 ,y; tWik njhlu;e;Jk; nghJeytha ehLfspd; milahsr;
rpd;dkhf ;fpaJ. tpsq Vwf;Fiwa nghJeytha ehLfspy; thOk; kf;fspy;
%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;fpdu; ,d;Dk; ehnshd;Wf;F ,uz;L mnkupf;f
nlhyu;fSf;Ff; Fiwthd njhifapNyNa rPtpak; elj;Jfpd;wdu;. cyfpy;
cs;s 130 kpy;ypad; rpWtu;fSs; miuthrpapdu; Muk;gf; fy;tpf;fhd
topapd ;wp tho;tN jhL m tu;fs ; nghJ e ytha e hL fs pN yN a
- 23-

42
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. cyfpYs;s NehahspfSs; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;fpdu;
nghJeytha ehLfspNyNa cs;sNjhL mtu;fSs; % MNdhu; 60ngz;fs;
43
Mtu;. cg r`huh> Mgpupf;fh kw;Wk; njd; Mgpupf;fh (nghJeythaj;jpy;
85%
,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; tjpAk;) tpy; cyfpy; gl;bdpahy; thLNthupy;
44
ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tho;fpd;wdu;. Gj;jhapuk; ,yf;if mila ,d;Dk; Ie;J
tUlq;fNs cs;s Ntisapy; gy ehLfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpYk; gpd;dilthd
epiyapNyNa cs;sd.
,Jtiu tWik xopg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp cgha khu;f;fq;fspy;
ngUk;ghYk;
Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd
fhuzk; gy tUlq;fshf epGzu;fspd; MNyhrid
ngw;W mit G+l;ba miwf;Fs;NsNa tbtikf;fg;gl;lNjhL mjd; %yk;
gyd; ngwf;$ba kf;fspd; MNyhrid ngwg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhFk;. Vio
kf;fs; tpNrlkhf ngz;fs; mbf;fb jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;bypUe;J
Kw;whf ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;.
vjpu;tUk; tUlq;fspy; kpfTk; fld;
gOTs;s twpa ehl;bw;F mD$yk; ngwf;$ba Kf;fpa jPu;khdq;fs; mlq;fpa
murhq;ff; fl;lisfis ghjpf;ff; $ba cyf tq;fpapdhy; Ntz;lg;gl;l
jkJ ehl;L tWik xopg;G cgha khu;f;f mwpf;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gltpy;iynad
fhdhtpd; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtu;
46
Kiwapl;bUe;jhu;. cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lr;
nraw;ghLfis kiwthf itj;jpUf;fNt mbf;fb tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.
rptpy; r%f
epWtdq;fspd; mOj;jj;ijj; njhlu;e;J cyf tq;fp> ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;
Nghd;w gy;jug;G epWtdq;fs; jw;NghJ ntspg;gilahf epw;f Muk;gpj;Js;sd.
Mdhy; mjw;nfd NkYk; gy Ntiyfs; nra;a Ntz;b cs;sd.
,yq;if kj;jpa ju kdpjts mgptpUj;jp ehlhf tpsq;fpa NghjpYk;
,yq;ifapy; gyu; tWikapy; thLfpd;wdu;. 2008Mk; Mz;L If;fpaehLfspd;
kdpjts mgptpUj;jp mwpf;ifapd;gb ,yq;if Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;l
177
ehLfSs; nkhj;j kdpjts mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;bapd; gb 99tJ ,lj;jpy;
46
cs;sJ. ,J 2005,y; ,Ue;j 93tJ ,lj;jpypUe;J 6 Gs;spfs;
47
gpd;dilthFk;. ,J cz;ikapNyNa FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; Vw;gl;l fLk;
gpd;dilthFk;. ,yq;if njw;fhrpahtpy;
,e;jpahtpYk; ghu;f;f 29
];jhdq;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; cs;s mNjNeuk; rdj;njhifapy; Ie;jpy; xU
48
gq;fpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; tWik kl;lj;jpNyNa njhlu;e;Jk; cs;sdu;. 1>300
mnkupf;f nlhyuhd ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa jyh tUkhdk; njw;fhrpa ruhrup
tUkhdj;ij tplTk; (590 m.nlhyu;) Fiwe;j tUkhd ehLfspdJ (540
m.nlhyu;) tUkhdj;ij tplTk; kpfTk;
49
mjpfkhdjhFk;.
kf;fs; fpuhkq;fspy;> tWikf; Nfhl;bw;Ff;
- 24-
vdpDk; 22.7 % Md
50
fPo; tho;fpd;wdu;. ,d

Kuz;ghl;bd; NghJ Mapuf;fzf;fhd FLk;gq;fs; ,lk;ngau;e;jjd;
fhuzkhf
tWikg; gpur;rpid NkhrkhfpAs;sJ. ,NjNghd;W ,y;yw kw;Wk; ghypay;
td;Kiw cl;gl cr;r td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhfTk;> Ntw;Wik fhl;Ltjw;F
51
vjpuhfTk; NghuhLk; ngz;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; Fiwe;jstpNyNa gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
NkYk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd mtu;fsJ gq;fspg;G Fiwj;J
kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngz;fs; tpNrlkhf jkpo; ngz;fs;> mtu;fsJ me;j];ij
cau;epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhYk; njhlu;e;Jk;
mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l epiyapNyNa cs;sdu;.
51
njhFjpia jpwg;gjd; %yk; tpuaj;ij jLg;g
murhq;f epjpapd; Coy; kw;Wk; tpuak; murhq;f Nritapd; gaDs;s
ruj;JfSf;F tpNrlkhf e\;lj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. nghJr;
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Kiwikfs; Fiwe;j KjyPL kw;Wk;/my;yJ
mjd; fPo; fpilf;Fk; rpWnjhif epjpapy; $l ,lk;ngWk; Nkhrb
fhuzkhf mtw;wpd; gpujpgyid vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;
Vio kf;fs; mjw;F
vjpuhf Fuy;nfhLf;f Kbahky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
,J r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhf kpfTk; Fiwthf epjp xJf;Ffpd;w
murhq;fq;fs; cs;s njw;F Mrpa ehLfSf;F tpNrlkhf
gpur;rpidfisf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,e;epjpahdJ rupahd
Kiwapy; nrytplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epjpfspd; tif $wiy Wjp c
nra;tjw;fhf xJf;fPL kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fs; gw;wpa jftYf;fhd
mil top ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpaNjhu; rhjdkhFk;. mgptpUj;jpaile;J
tUk; ehnlhd;wpd; fy;tp Kiwapy; Vw;gLk; Coiy xopg;gjw;F
jfty; cupj;Jupik vt;thW cgNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F
cfz;lhtpd; rk;gtnkhd;W rpwe;j cjhuzj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.
1990fspy; cfz;lhtpy;> fy;tpf;fhd nrytpdk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;l
NghjpYk; Ml;Nru;g;G tPjk; 50% ,w;Fk; FiwthfNt njhlu;e;Jk;
,Ue;jjhapDk; cfz;lhtpYs;s fPo;g; gpupT ghlrhiyfSf;nfd
xJf;fg;gl;l epjpapy; Ie;J tUl fhyj;jpDs; 87% gzk; mur
mjpfhupfspd; igfSf;Fs;NsNa nrd;wd. vd ,r; nrytpdk;
njhlu;ghf M a;nthd ;W njuptpf;fpd ;wJ . fz ;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
,j;jfty;fspdhy; Mr;rupakile;j Njrpa murhq;fk; epjp
- 25-

fsthlg;gLtijj; jLf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf khtl;lq;fSf;F khjhe;jk;
toq;fg;gLk; epjp gw;wpa tpguq;fis gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; thndhyp
%yk; ntspapl Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jd; mLj;j Kidapy; jhk; ngWk; epjp
tpguq;fis nghJ tpsk;guk; %yk; ntspapLkhW fPo;g;gpupT
ghlrhiyfs; Nfhug;gl;ld. ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F ,j;jfty;fs; fpilf;ff;
$bad thapU e ;jd . fy;tpf;fhd m d ;gs pg;gpd ; jpl;lq;fi s
fz;fhzpf;f mtu;fshy; Kbe;jNjhL cs;Suhl;rp kl;lj;jpy; ,r;
nrytpw;F tif $WkhWk; Ntz;bdu;. Ie;J tUlq;fspy; gzk;
jpirkhwpr; nry;tJ 80% ,ypUe;J 20% Mff; Fiwe;jNjhL
Foe;ijfisg; ghlrhiyf;F mDkjpf;Fk; kl;lk; ,Uklq;fpw;Fk;
Nkyhf 3.6 kpy;ypad;fspypUe;J
6.9 kpy;ypad;fshf mjpfupj;jJ.
gj;jpupiffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gs;s ghlrhiyfs;
mtu;fSf;fhd epjpia Vida ghlrhiyfis tpl 12% ,dhy;
mjpfupf;fr; nra;a Kbe;jJ. jfty; ngWk; Kiw ,yFthd> Fiwe;j
nrytpyhd> nfhs;if eltbf;ifahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; cs;s+uhl;rp
kl;lj;jpy;
nghWg;G $Wtij mKyhf;fpaNjhL tup nrYj;JNthupdJ
gzk; cupa Kiwapy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLtjidAk;
cWjp nra;jJ.
rkepiyahd nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia vspjhf;Fjy;
njw;fhrpa e hLfs ; m gptpU j;jpi aj; J upjkhf;F tjw;fhf jpwe ;j
nghUshjhuj;jpNyNa mjpfkhfj; jq;fp epw;fpd;wd.
Mdhy; murhq;fq;fisg;
Nghd;Nw nghUshjhuk; jfty; ntspaplg;glhjtiu ruptu ,aq;Ftjpy;iy.
ntspg;gilj; jd;ik ‘G+uz jfty; ’ kw;Wk; ‘G+uz Nghl;b ’ vd;w jpwe;j
nghUshjhuj;jpd;
nfhs;iffSf;F Nkyjpfkhf ,ay;ghd Xu; murpay; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhur; #Oy; cw;rhfg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
murhq;ff; nfhs;iffs;
xOq;fikg;G mjpfhu rigfs;> epjp epWtdq;fspd; eltbf;iffs;> tpiy
kDf;fs; cj;juTg; gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; flDjtp toq;fy;fspy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;
msitfs; gw;wp cupa Neuj;jpw;Fr; rupahf toikahff; fpilf;ff; $ba
jfty;fspy; jq;fp epw;ff; $ba ek;gpf;if ntspehl;L kw;Wk; cs;Su;
KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- 26

mjpfhupfSf;Fl;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lr;
rfjpapy; Gije;jpuhf G+uz jfty;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,yF topahdJ cs;s+u; nghUshjhur; #oypy;
KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; ePz;l fhy ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jk;. cWjpahd tsu;r;rpf;F
Cf;fkspf;ff; $ba ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kw;Wk; tif $wiyf; nfhz;l
re;ij rpNefG+u;t ey;yhl;rpf; nfhs;iffSf;F cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l
jfty;
cupj;Jupik mj;jpthukhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf jdpNa nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; khj;jpuk;; my;yhky;
nghUshjhur; rkepiyAk; jfty; mil top %yk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; Vio> gzf;fhuu;fSf;fpilNa
tsu;e;J tUk; ,ilntspiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd top tifiar; nra;tJ
mj;jpatrpakhFk;. mjw;F Nkyhf> cyfkakhf;fypd; ed;ikfs; kpfTk;
gue;jstpy; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL mjd; ftdk; tWik
xopg;G> kdpj ,og;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F ClhfTk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J jftiy tpLtpj;jy; rf;jptha;e;jtu;fisg;
NghyNt
mjpfhuk; Fiwe;jtu;fSf;Fk; nghUshjhur; re;ju;g;gj;ij
mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak;.
xU njhopyhsp Copau; xOq;F tpjpfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ cupikfs; gw;wpa
jftiyg; ngw; KbAk;. xU tpahghup cj;juTg; gj;jpu Njitg;ghLfs;>
tuptpjpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; tu;j;jf xOq;F tpjpfs; gw;wpf; fz;lwpa KbAk;.
tptrhapfs; fhzpg; gjpTfs;> re;ij tpgu Ma;T kw;Wk; tpiy gw;wpa
jfty;fisg; ngw KbAk;.
Coiyr; xopj;jy;
,yq;ifapy; cf;fpukile;Js;s CoYf;F> cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l jfty;
cupj;Jupik Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; gpuNahfKs;s Xu; khw;W kUe;jhFk;. Coy;
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia mopj;JtpLfpd;wNjhL ,ufrpa ,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk;
,ufrpa xg;ge;jq;fis kiwf;f ,ufrpak; NgZk; gu];guk; xj;Jiof;fpd;w
gpuGf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. kpfTk; Nkhrkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
mJ
murpaiy Fw;wtpayhf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpaiy murpay; kakhf;fTk;
topNfhYk;. ,J Nju;jiy mu;j;jkw;w nrayhf khw;wp Kiwaw;w Ml;rpiaAk;
Kiwaw;w Ml;rpahsu;fisAk; rl;luPjpahf;Fk;.
m m
,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;rpf;Fbf;Fk; ml;iliag; Nghy; Coy; gy r%fq;fspdJ
nghUshjhu capu; ehbia rPuopf;fpd;wJ.
xU ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp tsu;r;rpia
Coy; tUlhe;jk; 0.5 Kjy; 1.0 tPjj;jpdhy; Fiwj;Jtpl KbAnkd cyf
tq;fp k jpg;gPL nra;J s ;s J . urhq;f N ri tfs ; y;yJ
- 27

cupikAs;sitfSf;fhf Jupj gzk; my;yJ ifa+l;L toq;f Ntz;b
Vw;gLtjhdJ Nkyjpf rl;luPjpaw;w
tup nrYj;JtJ NghyhFk;. ,yQ;rk;
my;yJ NkhrbAld; Nru;e;J Nkyjpf nrytpdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Fiwe;j
trjpAs;s Viofs; kPJ Coy; kpfTk; fl;LkPwpajhFk;. 2008 ,y;
l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; Coy; gw;wpa kf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk; vd;w
Ma;tpy; ,yq;if kpfTk; Coy; kpf;f 180 ehLfSs; ,e;jpahtpw;F xd;gJ
,lq;fs; gpd; js;sp 92 tJ ,lj;jpy;
NghuhLtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiw kpfTk; gytPdkhdhjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; ,d; 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; ePjpj; Jiw Coy;
mwpf;if ,yq;ifapd; mr;RWj;jg;gl;l ePjpj; Jiwapd; Xu; tpisNt Coy;
vdf;
53
fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ.
- 28-
52
,Ue;jJ. CoYf;F vjpuhfg;
Coy; ,yq;ifapd; kdpjhgpkhd cjtp epge;jidfisAk; kpf Nkhrkhd
Kiwapy; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
2004 brk;gu; 26,y; ,yq;ifiaj; jhf;fpa
nfh^u Rdhkp> Coy; kpf;f mjpfhupfSf;F ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;
tPbd;wpj;
jtpf;fpd;w NtisapYk; epthuzg; nghUl;fs; toq;FtjpypUe;J ed;ik ngw
54
,lkspj;jJ. Rdhkpahy; my;yJ cs;s+u; Kuz;ghl;bdhy; my;yJ
,uz;bdhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;
Coy; re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpaf; $baik
mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;bait gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sTs;s
55
,aYikiag; nghWj;NjahFk;. njspthf cs;s ,yq;ifapy; tho;f;ifj;
juj;ijg; ghjpj;Js;sNjhL murpd; gy toikahd eltbf;iffspd;
gad;ghl;ilAk; gytPdg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. murhq;f Nrit toq;fy;fspy;
Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F jfty; cupj;Jupik Xu; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l
fUtpahFk;. Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspdJ gof;fq;fs; gw;wpf;
fz;Nzhl;lk; nrYj;Jtjdhy; kpfTk; cs;s+upYs;s Coy; gof;fq;fisf;
$l mk;gyg;gLj;j rhjhuz kf;fshy; KbAk;. mj;NjhL mtu;fspdJ kpf
mbg;gil cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjidAk; cWjp nra;Ak;.
Coiyr; rkhspj;jy;
,yq;ifapy; Mokhd gpur;rpidAs;s CoYf;F> cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l
jfty; cupj;Jupik Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; gpuNahfKs;s Xu; khw;W kUe;jhFk;.
Coy; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia mopj;JtpLfpd;wNjhL ,ufrpa ,lq;fspy;
,lk;ngWk; ,ufrpa xg;ge;jq;fis kiwf;f ,ufrpak; NgZk; gu];guk;
xj;J i of;fpd ;w gpuGf;fi s c U thf;F fpd ;wJ . kpfT k; N khrkhd
re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
mJ ‘murpaiy Fw;wtpayhf;Fk;
’ kw;Wk; ‘Fw;wtpaiy

murpay; hf;fTk;
kak ’ topNfhYk;. ,J Nju; jiy mu;j;j kw;wjhf;fp krkhd N
Ml;rpiaAk; Nkhrkhd Ml;rpahsu;fisAk; rl;luPjpahf mq;fPfupg;gjhf
mikAk;.
Coy; gy r%fq;fspdJ nghUshjhu capu; ehbia mopj;JtpLfpd;wJ. xU
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp r;rpia tsu; Coy; tUlhe;jk
; 0.5 Kjy; tPjj;jpdhy;
1.0
Fiwj;Jtpl KbAnkd cyf tq;fp kjpg;gPL nra;Js;sJ. murhq;f Nritfs;
my;yJ cupikAs;sitfSf;fhf ‘Jupj gzk;’ ‘gir’ my;yJ ‘ifA+l;L ’
toq;f Ntz;b Vw;gLtjhdJ Nkyjpf rl;luPjpaw;w
tup nrYj;JtJ NghyhFk;.
,yQ;rk; my;yJ NkhrbAld; Nru;e;J Nkyjpf nrytpdq;fisAk; ViofSk;
trjp Fiwe;jtu;fSNk Vw;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
2008 ,y; l;uhd;];Ngud;]p
,d;lne\dy; Coy; gw;wpa kf;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk;
vd;w Ma;tpy; ,yq;if kpfTk; Coy; kpf;f 180 ehLfSs; ,e;jpahtpw;F
xd;gJ ,lq;fs; gpd; js;sp 92 tJ ,lj;jpy;
NghuhLtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; rl;l Kiw kpfTk; gytPdkhdhjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; ,d; 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; ePjpj; Jiw Coy;
- 29-
53
,Ue;jJ. CoYf;F vjpuhfg;
mwpf;if ,yq;ifapd; “mr;RWj;jg;gl;l ePjpj; Jiwapd; Xu; tpisNt Coy;”
54
vdf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. Coy; ,yq;ifapd; kdpjhgpkhd cjtp
epge;jidfisAk; kpf Nkhrkhd Kiwapy; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
2004 ,y;
,yq;ifiaj; jhf;fpa nfh^u Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;
tPbd;wpj; jtpf;fpd;w
NtisapYk; epthuzg; nghUl;fs; toq;FtjpypUe;J murmjpfhupfs;
Nkhrbnra;a ,lkspj;jJ.55 Rdhkpahy; my;yJ cs;Su; Nkhjy;fspdhy;
my;yJ ,uz;bdhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;
Coy; re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpaf;
$baik mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;bait gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpe;J
56
nfhs;sTs;s ,aYikiag; nghWj;NjahFk;. cz;ikapNyNa ,yq;ifapd;
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij ,J ghjpj;Js;sNjhL murpd; gy toikahd
eltbf;iffspd; gad;ghl;ilAk; gytPdg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. murhq;f Nrit
toq;fy;fspy; Coiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F jfty; cupj;Jupik Xu;
ep&gpf;fg;gl;l
fUtpahFk;. Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspdJ gof;fq;fs;
gw;wpf; fz;Nzhl;lk; nrYj;Jtjdhy; kpfTk; cs;SupYs;s Coy;
rk;gtq;fisf; $l mk;gyg;gLj;j rhjhuz kf;fshy; KbAk;. mj;NjhL
mtu;fspdJ kpf mbg;gil cupikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjidAk; cWjp
nra;Ak;.

kpfTk; Coy; kpf;f murhq;fq;fs; cs;s ehLfs; $l Fiwe;j kl;l
mgptpUj;jpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd my;yJ jfty; miltop cs;s ehLfSk;
Fiwe;j CoYiladthFk; vDk; fz;Nzhl;lk; jw;nrayhd epfo;T my;y.
jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; Coy; kPJ murhq;fq;fis kiwthf eilngWk;
Neu;ikaw;w tpahghuk; kw;Wk; ,ufrpa tpahghuq;fis gpufhrpf;fr;
nra;fpd;w
xsp %ykhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J rptpy; r%fj;jpw;F tpNrlkhf
Clfq;fSf;F mur mjpfhupfspd; rpfg;G ehlh jilfis kw;Wk;
rhJupaq;fisAk; fise;Jtpl;L kiwe;J fplf;Fk; cz;ikfis mwpa
cjTk;.
jfty; cupj;Jupik kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik - Xu;
l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lne\dy; mikg;gpd; tUlhe;j Coy;
fz;Nzhl;lr; Rl;b> tpahghupfs; kw;Wk; mgha Ma;thsu;fs;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd;gb
xU ehl;bYs;s Coypd; kl;lk; gw;wp Ma;T
nra;fpd;wJ. 2008 ,y; l;uhd;];Ngud;]p
,d;lne\dypdJ tUlhe;j
Coy; fz;Nzhl;lr; Rl;bapy; rpwe;j ehL vd Gs;spfspd;
mbg;gilapy; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gj;J ehLfSs; xd;gJf;Fk;
Fiwahj ehLfspy; nghJkf;fs; murhq;f Nfhitfisg;
ghu;f;ff;$ba tifapyhd gaDs;s rl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Coiyg;
nghWj;j kl;by; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd ehLfs; vd fz;Nzhl;lkplg;gl;l
gj;J ehLfSs; vtw;wpYNk jfty; ngWk; mil topr; nraw;ghLfs;
58
,Uf;ftpy;iy.
57
gu];gu rk;ge;jk;
- 30

epi y ehL j.c .rl;l k; epi y ehL
1 nld ;kh u;f ;
1 epA]pyhe;J
1 R tPld ;
4 rpq;fg ;G+u;
5 gpd;yhe;J
5 R tpw;r yhe;J
7 I];yhe;J
7 neju;y he;J
1970 M k;
M z;b d ; ur m
Nfhi tfi s
ghu;i tapL k;
rl;l k;
1982 M k;
M z;b d ;
m Y tyfj;
jftw; l;l rk;
1766 M k;
M z;b d ; Clf
R je;j pur; rl;l k;
- 31-
171 nfhq;N fh
[dehaff;
FbauR
171 ,Fthnlhup ay;
i fd p
j.c.rl;l k;
,y;iy
,y;iy
173 rhl; ,y;iy
,y;iy 173 i fd p ,y;iy
m
1951 M k;
M z;b d ;
ntspg;g i l ur
eltbf;ifr;
rl;l k;
173 #lhd; ,y;iy
2004 M k;
M z;b d ; fty; j
R je;j pur; l;l rk;
176 M g;fh d p];jhd; ,y;iy
1986 M k;
M z;b d ; fty; j 177
rl;l k;
n`a;l;b
1978 M k;
M z;b d ; tw; n
xgd ;g hnu`;l;
ntd ; ng];#u ;
rl;l k;
178

2006 ,y; ,yq;if murhq;fk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G
kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (oecd )> Mrpa gRgpf; Coy; vjpu;g;G Kaw;rpapy;
59
Nru;e;J nfhs;s Kaw;rp vLj;J Ntiyapy; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf Coiyj;
jL;g;gjw;fhf Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw
gaDs;s mKy;gLj;j my;yJ Coypy;
000 Nfhbiar; nrytpLfpd;wJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;
%yk; khdpa mbg;gilapy; czT toq;fg;gLtNjhL nghJ gq;fPl;L
Kiwapd; (PPDS) fPo; ,jidg; ngw gpuj;jpNafkhf elhj;jg;gLk;
gq;fPl;Lf; filfSf;F Vio kf;fs; mtu;fsJ gq;fPl;L ml;ilia
rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2003 khu;r; ,y;> nly;yp jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lk; 2000 I
cgNahfpj;J Re;ju; efu; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rfy gq;fPl;L
filfspdJk; ehd;F khj fhy gjpTfisf; Nfhup guptu;j;jd;
tpz;zg;gk; nra;jhu;. ,g;gjpTfisf; Nfhupa guptu;j;jdpd;
tpz;zg;gk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lNghJ
,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mike;Js;s
Nkd;KiwaPl;L mjpfhupaplk; 2003 [{d; khjk; ,J njhlu;ghf
vL j;J r; nrhy;yg;gl;lN ghJ ,g;gjpT fi s to q;F k hW
cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.
vt;thwhapDk; 2003 nrg;lk;gu; ,WjpapNyNa ,g;
gq;fPl;L fi lfs pd ; gjpT fi s g; guPl;rpf;f guptu;jd pd ;
njhz;lu;fSf;F mtfhrk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mr;rupak; kpf;f ,r;rpwpa
ntw;wpapy;
mtu;fs; gq;fPl;Lfil cupikahsu;fspdhy; cjhrPdk;
- 32-

nra;ag;gl;L ntspg;gilahfNt mr;RWj;jg;gl;ldu;.
jfty; ngwf;
fhuzkhf gq;fPl;Lg; gjpTfSf;fhd
xU rpy Ntz;Ljy;fs; thg];
ngwg;gl;ld.
,Wjpahf 2003 xf;Nlhgu; ,Wjpapy; tpz;zg;gjhupfSf;F jfty;fs;
toq;fg;gl;ld. ,g;gjpTfis fzf;fha;T nra;j gpd;> mtu;fs;
Neu;fhzy; nra;j 182 FLk;gq;fSs; 142 FLk;gq;fs; 2003 [{d;
khjj;Jf;fhf vJtpj NfhJikj; jhdpaj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy
vd;gJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
167 FLk;gq;fs; muprp vjidAk;
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.
kf;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;f
Ntz;ba 4650 fpNyh
NfhJikapy; 595 fpNyhf;fNs cz;ikahf toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
vQ;rpa 87 tPjKk; fWg;Gr; re;ijf;Nf nrd;wd. md;whl tpw;gidg;
gjptpd;gb gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;ba 1820 fpNyh muprpapy; 110
fpNyhf;fNs kf;fSf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jd;gb 94 tPjKk;
#iwahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhlu;r;rpahd mOj;jj;jpd; gpd; nly;yp murhq;fk; tpepNahf
Kiwia KOikahf kPsha;T nra;tjw;Ff; fl;lisapl;lJ. 2005
ngg;utup Kjy; Re;ju; efupy; gq;fPL cupa Neuj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;
cupa tpiyapy; tpw;fg;gLk; jpBu; khw;wq;fis mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ.
nly;yp KOtJkhd Ml;rpg; gug;gpy; gq;fPl;Lg; gjpTfs; Fiwe;j gl;rk;
khjk; xU KiwahtJ nghJ kf;fspd; guprPyidf;fhf tof;fkhf
itf;fg;gLk; vd Kjyikr;ru; guptuj;;jDf;F cWjp mspj;jhu;.
guptu;j;jd; kw;Wk; Mjuthsu;fs; vLj;j fLk; Kaw;rp fhuzkha;
Coy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
msT Fiwe;jJ.
Clf nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;
gykhd [dehaf mikg;gpDs; Clfk; fhty; ehahf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. mJ
rf;jp tha;e;jtw;iw Mo;e;J gupNrhjpg;gNjhL
jtwhd Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
Coiy mk;gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
fy;tp mwptw;w epiy gue;J fplf;Fkplj;J mJ
jfty; gug;Gtjw;fhd gyk; tha;e;j ClfkhFk;. thndhyp kw;Wk;
njhiyf;fhl;rp
Kf;fpa guptu;j;jid ,izg;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;
13 Njrpa gj;jpupiffSk; 15 cs;Su;g; gj;jpupiffSk; NkYk; 10 ,w;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l njhiyf;fhl;rp
NritfSk; cs;sd. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf kf;fisr;
- 33

nrd;wilaf; $ba Clfq;fspd; typik ntspg;gilj; jd;ikaw;w
murhq;fq;fspdhy; Xu; mr;RWj;jyhfNt fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mt;thwhd
m urhq;fq;fs ; C lfq;fs pd ; jd pahu; c upi kfi s xO q;fi kg;Gg;
gLj;jpAs;sNjhL nra;jp jpul;ly;> Gydha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; jfty; mwptpf;Fk;
Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
kuz mr;RWj;jy;
fpilf;fg; ngw;w gpd; ‘Fiwe;j gl;rk; 20 ,yq;if Clftpayhsu;fs; ’ ehl;il
tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sjhf njupate;Js;sJ. mj;NjhL 2006 Mk; Mz;L vy;.b.b.<
fpsu;r;rpahsu;fis eRf;Ftjw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,uhZt eltbf;if
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ
Kjy; 14 Clftpayhsu;fs;
- 34-
61
nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdu.;
xU fhyj;jpy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gl;l Clfj;Jiw ,g;NghJ ,yq;if
Clftpayhsu;fSf;F kpfTk; Mgj;jhd ,lkhf gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sJ.
cynfq;FKs;s Clftpayhsu;fs; “Clftpayhsu;fs; kPjhd Aj;jj;ij
epWj;jTk;
62
” vd ,yq;if muirf; NfhupAs;sdu;.
vy;iyfsw;w
Clftpayhsu; mikg;G 2009 Kjy; miu Mz;by; Vw;fdNt ,U
C lftpayhs u;fs ; nfhy;yg;gl;Lk; %tu; rpi waplg;gl;Ls ;s i jAk;
njuptpj;Js;sJ. Clf Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa cyfshtpa Ma;tpy; ,yq;if 173
ehLfs; nfhz;l gl;baypy; 165 tJ epiyapNyNa cs;sJ.
rl;l xOq;FgLj;jy;fs; %yk; Clfk; fiw gbe;J my;yJ murhq;fq;fs;
my;yJ Vida gyk;tha;e;j Mu;tKs;stu;fsplKs;s ek;gj;jF jfty;fisg;
ngwKbahtpbd; mit> mtw;wpd; rpwe;j gq;fspg;igr; nra;a KbahJ.
Clftpayhsu;fs; jhk; tprhuiz elhj;jj; NjLk; mNj kf;fspdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; ek;gpf;ifahd Clf mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Rakhf Kd;te;J
tpguq;fis toq;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
my;yJ jfty; frpTfs; my;yJ jdJ
mjpu;\;lj;jpNyNa jq;fp epw;fNtz;bAs;sdu;. jfty; ngWk; top
,y;yhjtplj;J Clftpayhsu;fspd; nra;jpfs; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ
NkYk; cz;ikf;Fg; gjpyhf miuFiwahdJk; tje;jpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJk; vd;w murhq;fj;jpd; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F
Kfk; nfhLf;f NeupLk;. xU
gyk; tha;e;j jfty; ngwf;$ba topAila Ml;rpapy; Clfq;fs; Kf;fpa
jfty;fis rupahd Kiwapy; NjlTk;> ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; murhq;fj;jpdJk;>
63

kf;fspdJk; Mu;tj;jpw;F Vw;g njuptpf;f KbAk;.
,e;jpahtpy; gpy;ypad; &gha;fs; ngWkjp tha;e
64
jpl;lj;jpd; Fiwfis mk;gyg;gLj;jy;
ViofspdJk; twpa> kf;fspd; ed;ik fUjpa jpl;lq;fisg; Nguhir
nfhz ;l m ur m jpfhupfs ;> kf;fs ; gpujpe pjpfs ; kw;W k;
xg;ge ;jf;fhuu;fs ; N ji tahd tu;fs plkpU e ;J m wpT uPjpahf
nfhs;isabg;gjw;F czit mbf;fb jkf;Fr; rhjfkha;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
kfuh\;buhtpy; mur njhopy; cj;juthjj;jpd;
fPo; Vioj; njhopyhsu;fis Vkhw;Wtjw;F nghJ Ntiyfs;
jpizf;fsj;jpdJ Coy;fis fz;Lgpbf;fntd ,e;jpad; vf;];gpu];
gj;jpupif Gjpa jfty; cupj;Jupikr; rl;lj;ij mz;ikapy;
cgNahfpj;jNghJ ,J cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
khepy Viof;
FLk;gq;fspYs;s Xu; mq;fj;jpdUf;F Fiwe;j gl;rk; 100
ehl;fSf;fhd njhopy; tha;g;ig cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.
cs;Su; ghij epu;khz Ntiyfspy;

Mdhy; ,ilA+Wfs; njhlu;e;j tz;zk; cs;sd.
m [ d e hafj;jpw;F k; kf;fi s i kakhff; nfhz ;l gptpU j;jpf;F k;
ntspg;gilaha; cs;s murhq;fj;jpdJ njspthd ed;ik ,Ue;jNghjpYk;
guprpyid f;Fj; jk;ikj; jahu;g Lj;jg;
- 36-
gof;fg;glhj mj pfhupf Sk ;>
murpay;thjpfSk; kf;fSf;F jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupikia
toq;fhkypUf;f gy epahaq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wdu;. y; ,yq;
kw;Wk; epu;thf epWtdq;fSk; ,jpypUe;J NtWgl;ljy;y. Mdhy;
mtu;fSila ve;jnthU thjq;fSk; epahakhdjhfj; njupatpy;iy.
mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; jfty; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;
cupikia toq;FtJ njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;Fj; ,ilA+whf
,Ug;gjhf mjpfhupfs; thjpLfpd;wdu;.
Vnddpy; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G mr;RWj;jy;
ePjpahd kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd fUj;jhly;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;> Neu;ikahd
mwpTiuiaj; jLf;Fk;. MfNt murhq;fj;jpd; nkd;ikahd nraw;ghl;il
Mokhfj; jilnra;Ak; vd;fpd;wdu;. mjpfhupfs; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; gug;G>
vt;thW gpukhzq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd>
kjpg;gPL nra;a;gLfpd;wd>
xg;ge;jq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tuT-nryT jpl;lk; jahu; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
my ;y J gad;fs; gfpu ;e;; jspf;fg;gLfpd;wd> ahUi la mw pTiufs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;gLk;
Mfpad kuG uPjpahfNt
rhu;Gs;sjhf my;yJ mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfk; cs;sjhf mika tha;g;G
cz;L. ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F tpjpfs; jfty;
ntspapLtjidj; jil nra;Js;s mNjNtis mur Jiwapy; ,ufrpak;
NgZk; fyhr;rhuk; gjpTfis rupahd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;shj epu;thf
nraw;ghl;il cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba tha;g;G ,y;yhky; ,g;Nghf;fpidr; rupghu;f;ff; $ba
tha;g;G ,y;iy. ,jw;F vjpupilahf ntspaplg;glf; $Lk; vd;w mr;rk;
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if jPu;khdj;jpd; juj;ij tpUj;jp nra;Ak;.
m T ];jpN uypar; rl;lk; kW rPui kg;G M i z f;F O tpd ; 1995 ,d ;
mwpf;ifnahd;W jfty; Rje;jpur; rl;lk; jPu;khdq;fis rk;ge;jg;gl;l
fhuzpfis mb g;gilah f; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sTk ; nfhs;ifj;
jP u;khdq ;fis g;
gjpT
nra;tjw; Fk ; nfhs;ifj; jpl;lkpLgtu;fspd;
kdepiyia xd;W jpul;Lfpd;wJ vdf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. ehk; vLf;Fk;
jPu;khdq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk; nghJ kf;fSf;F Vw;wJ vd jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L
guprPyi d f;F c l;gLj;jg;gLk; vd ;w m wpT e pi y nghJ j;J i wapy;
njhlu;r;rpahd xOf;fj;ij
65
mKy;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
nghJf; flikfis

m m gfpuq;fk hfr; nra;Ak ; N ghJ N e u;i k ahd ur jpfhupfs ;
njhe ;juT fs pypU e ;J fhg;ghw;wg;gL tN jhL nts papypU e ;J tU k ;
nry;thf;fpw;F
MshtJ FiwAk; vd;gijAk; cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ murhq;f mjpfhupfs;
my;yJ Vida ehLfSldhd czu;T kpf;f cau; kl;l nra;jpg;
guptu;j;jidfs; gw;wp ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;
vd murhq;fq;fs; [hf;fpuijahf
,Uf;ff; $Lk;. cyf ehLfspd; Kd; jk;ik gytPdg;gLj;jf;$ba
jfty;fis tpNrlkhf Njrpa ghJfhg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l
nra;jpfs;> ntspehl;L
cwTfs; my;yJ epjp epWtdq;fSldhd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; gw;wp
ntspg;gLj;JtJ nghJ ed;ikapd; Ngupy; MfhJ vd gy mjpfhupfs;
thjpLthu;fs;. ,t; Mu;tq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ngWkjp ,Ue;jhYk;
mitfisg; NgZk; tifapy; jfty;fis ngWk; rl;lq;fis ,yFthf
,aw;wyhk;. MSk; fl;rpapd; Nju;jy; ntw;wpia ghjpf;ff;$ba tpku;rdk;
my;yJ mnrsfupakhd ntspg;gLj;jypUe;J mjpfhupfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l jiytu;fs; my;yJ mur mjpfhupfSf;F
rq;flj;ij cz;L gz;Zf; $batu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjidr; rl;lk;
Nkw;nfhs;shJ. ,J ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; jilfs; vd;w
cz;ikahd mr;rkhFk;.
,ufrpa cupikia kPWjy; my;yJ Kf;fpa tu;j;jf Mu;tq;fis ghjpf;ff;
$Lnkd rpy rkaq;fspy; ftiy njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mdhy; ,r;nra;jpg;
guptu;j;jidfspy;
tpNrl khiafs; vJTkpy;iy. cz;ikapNyNa> murpay;
my;yJ tu;j;jf uPjpapy; ‘czu;T kpf;fJ ’ vd rpghupR nra;ag;gLtJ khj;jpuk;
nghJ kf;fspd; ghu;itapypUe;J xU jftiy kiwj;J itg;gjw;Fg;
Nghjpajhf ,y;iy vd ngWk;ghYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpuj;jpNafj;jpy;
cs;s ,ufrpaj;ij tpl nghJ eydpy; cs;s
ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kpf ey;ynjdj; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
gaq;futhjk; kPjhd Aj;jk;: jfty;fSf;F vjpuhd
gaq;futhjk; kPjhd Aj;jk; ’ Muk;gkhdJld; jfty;fisg; njupe;J
nfhs;Sk; rl;lq;fis kPz;Lk; tiua Ntz;ba cj;Ntf re;ju;g;gk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. MgptpUj;jp mile;j kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk;
ehLfSk; xNu tifapy; mur Kftu; epiyaq;fSf;F tpupthd
- 37

mjpfhuq;fis toq;ff; $ba kpff; nfhba gaq;futhj vjpu;g;Gr;
rl;lq;fis Jupjkhf ,aw;Wk; tifapy; my;yJ ,Uf;ff; $ba
rl;lq;fis typikg;gLj;Jtjpy; Jupjkhfr; nraw;gl;ld. ,jpy;
Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy; nghJj; jfty;fis ngw;Wf;
fLikahd fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jikahFk;.
gq;fshNj\py;> mjpfupj;J tUk; Nghuhspfs; kw;Wk; Fw;wr;
nray;fi s m lf;F tjw;fhf Gjpa gaq;futhj vjpu;g;Gr;
rl;lnkhd;iw mwpKfk; nra;aTs;sjhf 2005 brk;gupy; murhq;fk;
66
njuptpj;jJ. vt;thwhapDk;>
,J Clfk; kw;Wk; gj;jpupifahsu;
kj;jpapy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mjhtJ> ,e;j gaq;futhj
vjpu;g;Gr;
rl;lk; Vw;fdNt murpay; jhf;fj;jpw;F
,yf;fhfpAs;s nghJ
jftiyg; ngw kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
topKiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;s
C lfj;jpd ; nraw;ghL fi s N k Y k ; F i wf;f ,r;rl;lk ;
gad;gLj;jg;gLnkd mr;rk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. fdlhtpy;> gaq;futhjk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l
rfy jfty;fisAk; kiwg;gjw;Fg; Gjpa rl;lk; ePjp
mikr;rUf;F mjpfhukspg;gNjhL jfty; Mizahsupdhy;
elhj;jg;gLk; tprhuizfis uj;Jr; nra;af; $ba mjpfhuKk;
mikr;rUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njrpa ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gfspy;
,Ue;J kf;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
mtrpak; cz;ikapNyNa ve;jnthU murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;
kw;Wk;
my;yJ gpui[fSf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Mdhy;> rfytpjkhd
jfty; ntspaPLfisAk; mlf;Ftjw;F ghJfhg;Gr; rl;l cld;ghL
toq;fj; J}z;LtJ Mo;e;j ftiyiaj; juf;$bajhFk;. Njrq;fs;
jpwe;j murhq;fj;jpw;fhd mtu;fsJ cld;ghl;by; njhlu;e;Jk;
cWjpahf epw;gNjhL “ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzj;ij ” fhl;b mghaj;jpd;
Kjy; mwpFwpahf ngUk; ,d;dy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l
cupikfis ePf;Ftjw;F ,lkspf;ff;$lhJ. gaq;futhjpfspd;
Fwpf;Nfhis czu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf gaq;futhjj;jpd; mw;g
mr;RWj;jy;fSf;F toptpLtJ ,g;gaq;futhjk; njhlu;e;Jk;
,Ug;gjw;F ,lkspg;gjhfNt mikAk;.
- 38

jfty; nts papLtJ gw;wpa c z u;T kpf;f tpthjq;fs pd ; N ghJ
murhq;fj;jpdhy; jLj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; xU rpwpa mstpyhd nra;jpfs;
rk;ge;jkhfNt ,J nry;YgbahFk;. cz;ikapNyNa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
ntspaplhJs;s ngUksT nra;jpfs; ntspaplg;gLtjdhy; cz;ikahf
ghjpg;Gfs; vJTk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. mj;NjhL mit czu;Tkpf;f nra;jpf;
Nfhl;ghl;bDs; tUtJkpy;iy. nghJkf;fshy; Ntz;lg;gLk; gy nra;jpfspy;
xd;wpy; jdpg;gl;l tplaq;fs; my;yJ xU egUf;fhd eyd;Gup cupikfs; vit
murhq;ff; fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lk; mtu;fsJ nfhLg;gdit vt;thW
fzf;fpLfpd;wJ cztpy; mjpfg;gbahf vit mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Mfpa
gpur;rpidf;Fl;glhj
tplaq;fshFk;. vr;re;ju;g;gkhapDk;
rup> ed;F tiuT
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tpjptpyf;F toq;FtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ru;r;irf;Fupa tplaq;fspd;
NghJ gu];gu Mu;tq;fis rkepiyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
ntspj;jPu;g;gpw;F
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epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gjid mwptjpy; Njrpa Mu;tk; ,y;yhJ NghapDk;
ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; juFg; gzk; ahUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ? vt;tsT? ve;j epge;jid
mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;lJ? vd;gitfisg; gpui[fSf;F toq;fhky;
,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,y;iy.
tpNrlkhf ,yq;if Nghd;w tsu;Kf ehl;L mjpfhupfs;> cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l
jfty;fSf;fhd ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
top ,yFthdJ vdTk; mjw;fhd
cupa Neuk; tiu fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; thjhLfpd;wdu;. ,J jfty;
ngWtjw;fhd mil top mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; [dehaj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil Kd;
epge;jid vd;w cz;ikia cjhrPdk; nra;fpd;wJ. gyKs;s gz ehLfs;
$l jfty; gupkhwy; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;tpiy jpwe;j
murhq;fj;jpw;Fj;
jhz;lKbahj jil vd thjpLfpd;wd. Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;j
thjj;jpy; rpy Nahf;fpj; jd;ik ,Ug;gjhfj; Njhd;wpa NghjpYk; jdJ
kf;fS f;F c z T toq;f m bf;fb N ghuhLfpd ;w> tpN rlkhf
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; ,J Mokhd jtWfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
Vnddpy; rupahd Kiwapy; juTfis itj;jpUg;gJ murhq;fnkhd;wpd;
mbg;gilf; flikahFk;. ,ufrpa Kiwikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;
jkJ
nrhe;j gpurhuq;fSf;fhfTk; murhq;fq;fs; Vw;fdNt nrytpl;l njhifia
,J ftdpf;fhky; tpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> 1990 fspd; kj;jpapy;
mT];jpNuypahtpd; gpuhe;jpak; xd;whd tpf;Nlhupahtpy;
murhq;fj;
jpizf;fsq;fspdhy; mtu;fsJ nrhe;j ntspaPLfSf;fhf tUlhe;jk;
- 39

nrytplg;gLk; 75 kpy;ypad; nlhyu;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ehs;NjhWk;
jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd jdpahu; tpahghuk; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fs; toq;Fk;
,yQ;rj;ij cjhrPdk; nra;aTk; ,ahyhJ. murhq;fk; jpwe;j murhq;fkhf
mikf;fg;gl Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nrytPdk; ghupa ntspg;gilj; jd;ik
fhuzkha; fpilf;fg; ngw;w nghUshjhu r%f ed;ikfisAk; tpl
mjpfkhdjhFk;. Nghjpa jfty; cs;s Ml;rpfs; ,Ug;gjid ePz;lfhy
KjyPlhFk; ,it mtu;fSf;Fg; gy nfhLg;gdTfis Vw;gLj;JtJ
khj;jpuky;yhky;
nghJthf ehl;bw;F NkYk; tsq;fis mjpfupf;fr; nra;aTk;
cjTk;.
gz;ila gof;fq;fs; iftplg;gltpy;iy
khw;wq;fSf;fhd jil Gjpjhfj; jfty; toq;Ftjid Xu;
cupj;j hff; nfhs;s Ntz ;Lnkd;w ehLfSf ;F khj;jp uk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljy;y.
Mdhy; jfty; njupe;Jnfhs;Sk; rl;lk; gy
jrhg;jq;fshf murikg;ig cs;s ehLfspYk; tYthff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fdlhtpd; jfty; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; cupikr;
rl;lj;ij kPsha;T nra;fpd;w jfty; Mizahsu; mtu;fsJ rl;lk;
20 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; “jk;khy; jfty;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fhyfl;lk; njhlu;ghf mjpfhupfs; kPz;Lk;
ngwNtz;Lnkd;w Nguth neLehshfNt mur mjpfhupfspilNa
,Ue;jJ. ,r;rl;lj;ijg;
gytPdg;gLj;Jk; Nghuhl;lj;ij mjpfhupfs;
iftpltpy;iy Mdhy; ,r;rl;lj;ij kPs tiuT nra;tNj
mtu;fSf;Fs;s gaDs;s je;jpNuhghak; vd;gjid mtu;fs;
69
czu;e;jdu;. mg;gbg;gl;l je;jpNuhghak; ,r;rl;lj;jpid
kPs; tiuG
nra;Ak; murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; gw;wp ftiy njuptpj;J
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
tpNrl mwpf;if xd;iw jfty; Mizahsu;
rku;g;gpj;jhu;.
mwpT vd;gJ xU rpyupd; jdp cupikapy; itj;jpUf;f Kbahj ngWkjptha;e;j
Xu; nghJ cilikg; nghUshFk;. jfty; gupkhw;W Afj;jpy; njhopy; El;gk;>
m wpT K i wfi s ,yF tpy; ngwT s ;s topK i wfs ; c s ;s pl;l
xUq;fpizg;gpy;>
jfty;fis njupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cj;juthjk; Mfpad
Ml;rpKiwia KOikahf khw;wpaikg;gjw;F
Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj
re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. epahakhfg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gl;l kw;Wk;
rfyupdJk; rpwe;j mD$yj;jpw;fhf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl;l jfty;
- 40-

mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; [dehafj;jpw;Ff; FWfpa topnahd;iwf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,jw;fhd topKiwfs; cs;sd. Mdhy; mjw;fhd tpUg;gk; ,y;yhjJ
gupjhgkhdjhFk;. ,e;epiy khw Ntz;Lk;.
70
v];.gp. Fg;jhTf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp kw;
,E;jpahtpy; cs;s gy rl;lj;juzpfs; xd;wpide;J jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gl;l ePjpgjpfspd; ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
Nkyjpf ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; ,ul;il tplaq;fs; gw;wpa Miz
NfhUk; tpz;zg;gk; gw;wpj; jPu;khdpf;ifapy;
cau; ePjpkd;wk;
gpui[fs; jfty; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; cupj;Jupikapd; tpOkpaq;fis
kPs; typAWj;jpAs;sJ.
1981 ,y; ,e;jpahtpd; md;iwa rl;lj;Jiw mikr;R mur kPs;
Vw;ghl;L Mizf;FO mg;Nghija rl;l Mizf;FO kw;Wk; gy
rl;lj;juzpfs; rq;fj;jpd; rpghuprpy; nraw;gl;L gy Nky;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gpujk ePjpauru;fSf;F Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
Neubahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;
jtpu;e;j Vida ,lkhw;wq;fis
rupnadf; fUjp Rw;WepUgk; xd;iw ntspapl;lJ.
Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
“FWfpa tl;lj; jd;ikahy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l
Fyk;> ,d ge;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida cs;Su;j; njhlu;G kw;Wk;
Nru;f;iffs; ” Mfpatw;iw xopf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;j ,lkhw;wf;
nfhs;if tFf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. nghJeyd; fUjpa tof;Ffisg; gy
rl;lj;juzpfs; ,e;j Rw;WepUgk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuj;jpy;
jiyapLtjhff; $wp tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jdu;. %d;W Nkyjpf
ePjpgjpfis FWfpa fhy mbg;gilapy; kPs; epakdk; nra;tjid
vjpu;j;J rpNu\;l rl;lj;juzp tp.vk;. lhFe;Nj ,Nj fhyj;jpy; nly;yp
Nky; ePjpkd;wpy; tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jhu;. rl;lj;Jiwapd;
Rw;WepUgj;ijAk; mtu; vjpu;j;jhu;.
Nkyjpf ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gJ
rk;ge;jkhf rl;lj;Jiw mikr;ru;> nly;yp Nky; ePjpkd;w gpujk ePjpgjp
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa gpujk ePjpauru; Mfpatu;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fbjj;
njhlu;Gfisf; NfhUkhW thjpfs; cau; ePjpkd;wj;ijf;
Nfhupdu;.
,e;j Mtzq;fs; kPjhd murhq;fj;jpd; Nkyhjpf;fk; gw;wp
- 41

nrhyp]pl;lu; n[ d uy; c upi k N fhupaN jhL ,i tfi s
ntspapLtjw;F vjpuhfTk; thjhbdhu;. Vnddpy; Fwpj;j Mtzq;fs;
mikr;ru;fs; FOtpdhy; [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;l mwpTiuapd; xU
gFjp vd;Wk; vdNt ,e;jpa murpay; ahg;gpd; cWg;Giu 74 (2) ,d; 71
,d; gb mtw;iwg; ghu;itapl my;yJ ntspapLtjpypUe;J
ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.
NkYk; Fwpj;j
Mtzq;fs; ,e;jpar; rhl;rpr; rl;lj;jpd; 72 ,d; gpupT 123 ,d; fPo;
nts papLtjpypUe;J ghJf hf;fg;gl;Ls ;s J vd;Wk ; m tw;iw
ntspapLtJ nghJ eyidg; ghjpf;Fk; vd;Wk; thjhbdu;.
Kjy; thjj;ij ePjpkd;wk; epuhfupj;jNjhL gpujk ePjpaurUldhd
fbjj; njhlu;Gfs; mikr;ruitf; fTd;rpypdhy; toq;fg;gl;l
mwpTiu vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk;
me;j Mtzq;fs; mwpTiuapd;
gFjpahf miktjpy;iy vdj; njuptpj;jJ. cWg;Giu 74 (2) ,d; fPo;
fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;
ghJfhg;G fTd;]pypdhy; toq;fg;gl;l tpNrl
m wpT i ufS f;F khj;jpuN k c z ;L M d hy; m t;thwhd
rpwg;gpay;Gfis
mJ toq;fg;gl;l mbg;gilapd; Mtzq;fSf;fhf
cupik Nfhu KbahJ vdj; njuptpj;jJ.
1950 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
[dehaf Ml;rp Kiwiag;
gpujpgypf;Fk;
tifapy; ePjpkd;wk; gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jJ.
[dehafj;ij tho;f;if Kiwahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Xu; r%fk;
Nju;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ jkJ murhq;fk; vd;d nra;fpd;wJ vd;gij
gpui[fs; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;baJ Muk;g mbg;gilahFk;. ahuhy;
kw;Wk; ve;j Ml;rpahy; ehk; Msg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;
cupik gpui[fSf;F cs;sJ. jk; rhu;ghf MSgtu;fs; mtu;fsJ
eltbf;iffs; rk;ge;jj;jpy;
nghWg;G $w Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;gjw;F
gpui[fSf;F cupik cz;L. nghWg;G $whky; ve;jnthU
[dehaf murhq;fKk; capu; tho KbahJ nghWg;G$wypd; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;g l;l mbg ;gil ahnjdpy; kf;fs; mur hq; fj; jpd ;
nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpj; jfty; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
murhq;fk; vt;thW nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wp kf;fs;
mwpe;jpUe;jhy; khj;jpuNk [dehafk; mtu;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;w
kw;W k; [ d e haj;i j c z ;i kahf gaDs ;s gq;F gw;wy;
- 42

[dehafkhf khw;Wtjw;fhf mtu;fsJ gq;fspg;ig epiwNtw;w
73
KbAk;.
gpujpepjpj;Jt
[dehafj;ij ngUk; gq;fspg;Gld; [dehafk; Fwpj;J
Mokhf Nehf;Fk; Nghf;if ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L fPo; fz;lthW
ePjpkd;wk; Ra Ma;it ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
“murhq;fj;jpy; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikf;fhd Nfs;tp nfhs;ifastpy;
,uz;L fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. Ie;J
tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw jk;ik Ms;gtu;fisj; njupT
nra;tjw;fhf kf;fs; ntWkNd jkJ thf;Fupikiag; gad;gLj;jy;>
thf;if mspj;jJk; murhq;fj;jpy; ve;j Mu;tKk; nrYj;jhky;
capNuhl;lkpd;wp
gpd;thq;FtJ [dehafk; my;y vd;gJ jw;NghJ
gutyhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. [dehafk; mwepiy jpUg;jp
kw;W k; m jd hy; V w;gLj;jg;gl;l e pi y njhlu;r;rpahfT k;
fz;bg;ghfTk; filg;gpbf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;W cs;s nghJ
epiyg;ghlhFk;. ,jd; mu;j;jk; Vidaitfs; mlq;fyhf kf;fs;
Gj;jpf; $u;ikahf kw;Wk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l mbg;gilapy; thf;fpid
khj;jpuk; mspf;ff; $lhJ. khwhf murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;if kw;Wk;
nghJf; nfhs;iffspd; Nahf;fpaij gw;wpAk; jkJ cWjpahd
jPu;g;gpidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahapd; [dehafk; vd;gJ
thf;fspf;Fk; jdpikahd xU ntWk; gapw;rpahf khj;jpuk; toq;fhJ.
Mdhy;> mJ murhq;fj;jpd; njhlu; nraw;ghlhfTk; tof;fKk;>
kdg;ghq;FkhFk;. Mdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp
jfty;fSf;Fg; G+uz ,Uf;Fk; miltop jpwe;j kdg;ghd;ikAs;s
murhq;fk; xd;W ,Ue;jhy; khj;jpuNk kf;fspd; ,k;Kf;fpa
gq;fspg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;s
74
KbAk;.
Jpwe;j murhq;f jj;Jtj;Jld; ,ufrpak; NgZk; gof;fj;ij
ePjpkd;wk; fz;bj;jJ. gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jf; $wpaJ.
murhq;fj;jpdJ xt;nthU eltbf;ifAk; nghJ eyd; nfhz;L
,aq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ re;Njfkw;wjhFk;.
MdhYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
- 43-

m s T ,y;yhtpbDk ; m urhq;f e btbf;i ffs ; nghJ
eyDf;fhfty;yhJ jdpg;gl;l ed;ik fUjp my;yJ Vida ntsp
fuprizfSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; ehk;
fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
rpy Ntisfspy; murhq;f eltbf;iffs; murpay;
kw;Wk; Vida cs;nsz;zk; kw;Wk; mOj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L
nry;thf;fplg;gLfpd;wJ.
rpy rkaq;fspy; jfhj Kiwahd
re;ju;g;gq;fs;
my;yJ epiwNtw;Wdu; rhu;gpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhuj;
J \ ;gpuN ahfq;fS k; fhz g;gLfpd ;wd . jw;N ghJ m urhq;f
eltbf;iffspy; ,ufrpak; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy; kw;Wk; murhq;f
nraw;ghLfs; kf;fs; guprPyidapypUe;J kiwj;J itf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkdpy; mJ mlf;FKiw> Coy; kw;Wk; jtwhd cgNahfk;
my;yJ mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfk; nghJ kf;fSf;F nghWg;G $wy;
VJkpd;wp ,ufrpak; vd;w uPjpapy; %b kiwf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; kf;fs;
jfty; ngw;f$ba topfSldhd jpwe;j murhq;fk; xd;W ,Ue;jhy;
murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp ngUkstpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mj;NjhL rpwe;j kw;Wk; kpfTk; jpwikahd epu;thfk; xd;wpid
kf;fSf;F cWjp nra;tjw;F mJ cjTk;. nghJkf;fs; cw;W
Nehf;FjYf;F kw;Wk; guprPyidf;fhf ntspg;gLj;Jjy; rpwe;j kw;Wk;
MNuhf;fpakhd epu;thfnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;j cWjpahd topKiw
vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ntspg;gilahd murhq;fk;
Neu;ikahd Xu; murhq;fk; vd cz;ikahfNt $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kw;Wk; murpay;> epu;thf> ePjp newp jtWjy; kw;Wk; jpwikapd;ik
Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhd rf;jp tha;e;j ghJfhtYk; MFk;.
xt;nthU nghJ NtiyfspdJk; xt;nthU eltbf;if gw;wpAk;
mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; cupik xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;w
Kd;ida jPu;g;gpid ePjpkd;wk; kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpaJ. ,t;Tupik
murpay; ahg;gpy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
fUj;J ntspapLk; Rje;jpuj;jpy;
,f;fUj;J cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfj;
76
njuptpj;jJ.
xt;nthU kpjthj [dehafKk; mgptpUj;jpahf;Ffpd;w
vkJ ehLk;
tpyf;fspf;fg;glhj
jpwe;j r%fnkhd;wpd; Gjpa fyhrhukhFk;. jpwe;j
murhq;ff; nfhs;if vd;gJ jfty; mwpAk; cupikapypUe;J
N e ubahf tU tjhF k ;. ,J c W g;Gi u 19 (1) (a)
- 44-
75

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuj;jpy;
njhf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. MfNt murhq;f eltbf;iffs; rk;ge;jkhf
jfty; ntspapLtJ rl;lkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; nghJ ed;ik
kpfTk; fz;bg;ghf Nfl;Fkplj;J khj;jpuNk ,ufrpak; Xu;
tpjptpyf;fhf
77
epahag;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa rhl;rpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpuRupf;fg;glhj
fbjj; njhlu;Gfis
ntspapLtjpypUe;J rpwg;Gupikia murhq;fk; Nfhupa NghJ
ePjpkd;wk; epuhfupj;J fPo;tUk; fhuzq;fis toq;fpaJ.
nghJ ed;ik fUjp rpy cj;jpNahG+u;tkw;w
Mtzq;fis
ntspapLtjpypUe;Jk; tpyf;Fupik Nfhup jpizf;fsj; jiytu;
my;yJ xU mikr;ru; $l thf;F%yk; jhf;fy; nra;j NghjpYk;
Mtzq;fisf; Nfhup guPl;rpf;Fk; vQ;rpa mjpfhuk; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
cs;sJ vd;gJ cupaKiwapy; gjpthfpAs;sJ. mikr;ru; toq;fpa
my;yJ jpizf;fsj; jiytupd; thf;F%yj;jpdhy; ePjpkd;wk;
fl;Lg;gltpy;iy. gpuRupf;fg;glhj
cj;jpNahfG+u;t mwpf;ifia
ntspapLtJ Njrj;jpw;F my;yJ murhq;f Nritf;Fj; jPq;F
tpistpf;Fkh vd;gJ gw;wp jPu;g;Gf; $w rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jpizf;fsj;
jiytu; jFjp ngw;wpUe;jhYk;
nghJ ed;ik fUjpaJ vJ? vdj;
jPu;khdpf;Fk; jFjp mtUf;F ,y;iy. Vnddpy; mJ ePjp
kd ;wj;jpw;F upa N ti yahF k;. M tz q;fi s gfpuq;fkhf
ntspapLtjh? ,y;iyah? vdj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F;
Kd; mePjpapd;
mghaj;jpw;F vjpuhf muR my;yJ nghJr; Nritf;F Vw;gLk;
jPq;fp id rkepiyg;g Lj; Jk; mjpfhuj;i j ePjpkd;wk ; jf; f
itj;Js;sJ.
cWg;Giu 123 ,d; fPo; Mtzk; xd;W ntspaplg;gLtjw;F vjpu;g;
xd;W vOk;NghJ ePjpkd;wj; jPu;khdj;jpw;F
,uz;L Nfs;tpfs;
vOfpd;wd. Mtzk; mur tplaq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;wdth?
my;yJ ntspg;gLj;jy;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
Kd;Ds;s rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tof;F
nghJ ed;ikf;F ghjfj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkh? vd;gjhFk;. ePjpkd;wk;
nghJ ed;ikapd; ,uz;L Nghl;b Kidfisak; rkepiyg;gLj;jp
,uz;L Nfs;tpfs; kPJk; mjd; jPu;khdj;jpw;Fr;
nry;Yk;. Vnddpy;
Mtzk; mur tplaj;Jld; rk;ge;jKs;sjhFk;. mjd; ntspg;ghL
murpd; Mu;tj;jpy; my;yJ murhq;f Nritapd; cupa nraw;ghl;by;
- 45

py ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. kw;nwhU tifapy; mj;jfty;
ntspaplg;gltpy;iynadpy;
mJ xU Mtzj;ij ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J
m g;Gwg;gL j;jp i tg;gjd ; %yk ; e Pjp e pu;thfj;i j
jtpLnghbahf;fptpLk;.
nghJ ed;ik xd;NwhL xd;W NkhJk; ,uz;L
epiyfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; vJ Kd;dpw;fpw;fpd;wJ
vd ePjpkd;wk;
79
jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mtzj;ij ntspapLtJ ntspaplhky; ,Ug;gijtpl nghJ
ed;ikf;Ff; Fe;jfk; Vw;gLj;Jnkd ePjpkd;wk; KbTf;F tUkhapd;
ePjpkd;wk; vjpu;g;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;L Mtzj;ij ntspapLtjid
mDkjpf;fhJ. Mdhy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NkhJk; nghJ ed;ikapd; ,U
e pi yfS f;fpi lN a rk e pi yi a e Pjpk d ;wk ; c z u;e ;jhy;
Mtzq;fspd; cs;slf;fk; vt;thwhapDk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Mtzj;
njhFjpf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; vjpu;g;G vOg;gg;gl;lhy;
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jpi z f;fs j; ji yti u m j;jpi z f;fs j;i jN ah m y;yJ
mikr;riuNah my;yJ murhq;fj;ijf; $l ghjpf;Fk; my;yJ mJ
nghJ vjpu;g;ig fpsg;gf; $Lk; my;yJ rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
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nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. Mdhy; Mtzk; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lkh>
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tUifapy; ,t;thwhd fupridfis
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- 46-

ntspapLtJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
Kd; cs;s rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tof;F nghJ
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”
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kw;Wk; ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
xd;gJ Ngu; mlq;fpa
80
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fUJtjhFk;. vt;thwhapDk; ePjp
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Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gq;F nfhs;Sk; [dehafj;jpy; jftYf;fhd
kf;fs; cupikapd; jPu;f;fkhd gq;fspg;G Mfpad ,e;jpa
cau;ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; Nky; ePjp kd;wq;fspdJ jPu;khdq;fspy; gy
Kiw kPs; typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- 47-

NO TES:
1 Annan, ess K. (1997) to orld the Bank Addr ere W nce conf "Global nowledge K Toront o, '97", Canada, on June 22:
htp://www .ctcne t.org /kannan.html t, as 2009.
on 21 Augus
2 Article C II.2.xvi, Social , web site Charter
SAAR AARC of etariat, Secr S ttp: //www h.saar
c-sec.or
g/main.php?id=13 : as on
August, 2009.
3 tp://www
ht .free dominf o.org /news/2003.
htm as on t, 21 2009. Augus
4 Justice thew KK ate in Maof
StUP
ain, v Raj AIR Nar1975
SC 865. ess spaper
See News
also: (Bomba y) Pvt d Indian v Lt Expr
India, (1985) eliance 1 etr ochemicals SCC P 641; td opriet
v R Pr ors L of Indian wspaper Express s Bomba y Pvt td, Ne LAIR
(1989)
SC 190; Union . Assn. or of Democr
India atic f eforms, vR
(2002) 5 SCC 294, 313.
5 ernational Int
Commission ts enya), (KThe
“ te Sta of eedom of Juris Fr ormation of Infenya”,
in cited Kamalwa
in agori,
W Mur
B. & Chesoni, The need A. alue (2003) and of v formation”
“ access , CHRI to unpublished, in
p. 45.
6 Hon . Mer Justice y, A. assist
ed R. by ozier
Gubba , CrB.
. and eid D owland, R R
J. The “ R (2003),
Right o ormation Inf t
in
Zimbabwe” , CHRI unpublished, p.2.
7 Pint o-Ja yawardena, K. (2005), o ormation Inf “Right a-Critical in t Sri y Lank of Scrutin
Existing ws and oposed PrLa
Law
Reform” , Country aper nted prese P at fere the nce Con on o Right ormation- Inf ttional
Na egional and erspectives¸Manusher
R P
Jonno , Dhak a, p.7:
htp://www .humanrightsinitia
tive.or g/pr ogr ams/ ai/rti/int
ernational/la
ws_paper s/srilank a/conf_paper_rti
_natl_r egl_per spec
tives_manusher_jonno.pdf t , 2009. as 8 on Ibid. 21 p. Augus 3
9 ere Pra,
S (2009) a vives re“Sri
aconian drw
Lank to ag lag
media”
, orld W Socialist ebsit e:
W
htp://www .wsws.org /articles/2009/jul2009/
sril-j01.shtml t, 2009.
as on 21 Augus
10 or Fxample,
e ete See Notific
ation Gaz CF ted 1/64 29 ober , Oct da2007:
htp://www .tamilne t.com/ art.html?c
atid=13&artid=23639 t, 2009. as on 21 Augus
11 UN Gener al Assembly
, (1946) esolution R 59(1), 65th Plenary Meeting, December
12Emphasis added
13 United tions rea ty Na T Collection, abases: tp://trea
ties.un.or
ht Dat g/Pages/Vie wDet ails.asp
x?sr c=TREA TY&mtdsg_no=IV-
4&chapt er=4&lang=en as on 21 August, 2009.
14 Article ealth 19, Commonw
Human tive, Rights tre or Cen olicy Initia
fP
tives, AlternaHuman
ts Commission Righakist
an, of P
(2001) rends Global on Tt
the to formation: InRigh
y of A Surve
South Asia, p.123.
15 ransparency T terna tional-Sri In a (2005) eventing Lank“Pron
Corrupti
ost-tsunami in P elief econs and Rtruction
R ations: Oper
Lessons and tions or Implica
Sri fa”:
tp://www
Lank ht .tisrilank
a.org /?p=190 as on 21 August, 2009.
16 ario Ont Court al Division), (Gener.
Board Jane of Doe s Commissioner
of olice v or P the f Municipality opolitan of Metr
Toront o et al., Court Q-21670, File Judgment No. 87-C ed July oberts, in R 3, 1998 A. (2003) cit o the o “Challenges right t
t
inf ormation”
, CHRI unpublished, p.1.
17 ejriwal, K
A. e ories st (2003) ariv artan”
of , “Mor PIndia
ogethe r, T April tp://indiat
2003: ogethe r.org ht /2003/ apr/ govrtidelhi.htm
t, as 2009. on 21 Augus
18 See er Chapt
or 2 fa
ailed det discussion amet ers of fective of efthe
o access ormation par inf ttion.
legisla
19 Visuv aling am and s Other v anage, Liy (1984) ed 2 Sri in o-Ja yawardena Pint LR 123, (2005), 132 K cit op. cit., p. 5.
20 ernando F
a v oadcas
Br Sri ting Lank ation Corporand
s, (1996) Other Sri n Pint o-Ja LR yawardena 157 cited (2008) K i
“Backgr ound aper P on the ation Colombo on eedom Declar
Media and Fr esponsibility Social , R commissioned – 1998” by the
Editor s’ Guild a, of Sri a Pre ss Lank
Institut
e, p.6:
htp://www .slpi.lk/downloads/documents/Backg
round%20paper%20on%20media%20Law%20R
efr om%20re %20the%20Colo
mbo%20Declar
ation.pdf as t, on 2009. 21 Augus
21 e In The R oadcas Br ting Authority . No 1/97 Bill, – ed 15/97, S.D on y, 5 1997 Ma deliver cited to-Ja yawardena in (2008),
Pin K
op. cit.
22 vrionment
En al oundation F td. V LUrban
velopmen t DeAuthority
a and of s, Other Sri (SC Lank (FR) tion Applica
47/2004,
SCM 28.11.2005, ed in o-Ja yawardena Pint cit (2009), K
‘Collapsing es, Collapsing rust ’, The Bridg y Sunda Times, T
02, August:
htp:// sunda ytimes.lk/090802/Columns/f
ocus.html as t, on 2009. 21 Augus
23 o-Ja Pint yawardena ), (2008 op.cit., .
p.3ff
24 Communiqué, (1980) ealth Issued Law ter s, by Minis Barbados.
the Commonw
25 Communiqué, (1999) Issued wealth w by Minist La the ers, rinidad TMeeting
obago. and of TCommon
26 Ibid., x 1. Anne
27 eedom Fr ormation of Inf x Act, to Common
wealth Anneetariat
Secr t Documen
LMM(02)6, ember Sept 2002.
28 See er Chapt
or 2 fa
ailed det discussion.
29 Lewis, . (2003) The D Need “ alue and of V formation Access om to Non-Sta
fr te In encies”
Ag,
CHRI unpublished, p.9.
- 48-

30 The o Right ormation Inf t Act 2005 (India), s. 2(f).
31 Section o 2(a)(8), ormation Inf
Right Act, t.):
2064 tp://www
htB.S.
.nic.gov
.np/download/rti_act_eng_of
(2007 A.D al.pdf
as on 21 August, 2009.
32 Section 2(kha)(u), o ormation Inf
Right Act, 2009:
t
htp://www .humanrightsinitia
tive.or g/pr ogr ams/ ai/rti/int
ernational/la
ws_paper s/bangladesh/bangladesh_rti_a
as on 21 August, or an unofficial anslation 2009. F of tr the Act please visit:
htp://www .humanrightsinitia
tive.or g/pr ogr ams/ ai/rti/int
ernational/la
ws_paper s/bangladesh/unofficial_engli
ersion_of
_bangladesh_rti_act.pdf as on 17 August 2009.
33 o-Ja Pint yawardena, K (2008), op. cit., p. 15.
34 Law Commission a (2003), eport of Sri Rof
Lank the Law aft Commission eedom Fr ormation of Inf on the Bill Dr :
htp://www .law comdept.gov
.lk/inf
o/inde x.asp?xp=723&xi=808 as on 21 August, 2009.
35 a Dat compiled oger els by Vleug R via ates FIOadvoc listserve
as at tember 22 Sep2008.
36 Joint ation Declar N by Special the U , Rapporteur
ganisation Or
of Security ation ope in eprese and REur
ntativ e Co-oper
on 37
Declar ation (1991), wealth are Common Har clar De ation, Issued wealth by Common
Heads ernment, of Gov we, Zimbab 20
October eedom 1991: of Fr the ganisation Media, and an of tes Sta OrAmeric
Special eur on edom Rapport Freof
Expression,
adopte d 26 ember Nov 1999, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/63, x 1.
18 January 2000, Anne
htp://www .thecommon wealth.or
g/shared_asp_files/GF
SR.asp?NodeID=141095 38 tra, Daruwala, B. yak, & . Na V M., Moh
(2003) The o now: K Right oter A ’s VtGuide,
ANI, CHRI and New Delhi, V
p.33
39 Commonw ealth oundation F
ens (1999) and nance: Gover CitizCivil
w Society Millennium, in the pp. Ne38-39,
htp://www .common wealth foundation.c
om/uploads/documents/
cg_global_s
ynthesis.pdf t as 2009. on 21 Augus
40 This ory st is based on Deshmukh, olitics!, S. s Netw Times (2004) ork, y 1 New 2004 Cop Ma Out and , PChoudhury
C. (2004)
Policing s olice: Mumbai’
P
A s Gandhi The ay, W The Show Indian ptember Express, 2004. 28 Se
41 Commonw ealth Heads ernment of ting GovMee(2002)
ealth The Commonw
in tury: the 21st Continuity enew Cen al, and R
Declar ation 02/19, tralia, Coolum ch Mar 5: tp://www
Aus ht .humanrightsinitia
tive.or g/cwhr/decdoc/
coolum.h tm as on
21August, 2009.
42 Commonw ealth Heads ernment of ting GovMee(2007)
ampala ation KDeclar
ransf on orming T Societies o Achiev
e olitical
P t
Economic and lopment, Human ampala, Deve anda, K Ug ember:
25 Nov
htp://www .thecommon wealth.or
g/document/181889/34293/35468/173179/k
ampala_declar
ation.h tm as on 21
August,2009.
43 x, Co . W (2001) ole The of Rthe
ealth Commonw
ove rty in eduction, PR
ven address t athe
ere nce Conf gion
Human Rights
and the tion Allevia
ove rty of , Wilton P ark, PLondon.
44 ormation Inf ovided pr ebsit by e the of the w ealth:
Commonw
htp://www .thecommon wealth.or
g/Int ernal/190683/190817/
our_challenges/ t 2009. as on 21 Augus
45 UNDP (2003) elopment Human eport Dev R 2003, ord ersity Univ Oxf ess, Pr New Delhi, p.6.
46 Globaliz
ation e Challeng
Initiativ
e, (2000) ‘Who w Income Governs tries: Coun Lo erview An Intwith
Charles Abugre
Ghana ove rty P eduction R ategy Str Initiativ
e’, IMF and orld W Bank s and NewNotices,
all: F
htp://www .afric aaction.org
/docs00/wb0010.htm , (2008) 47 elopment Human UNDP eport DevR
2005, ord ersity Univ Oxf
Pre ss, New Delhi, ttp: //hdr .undp.org
p.230: /en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complet
h
e.pdf as on 21 August 2009.
48 tp://www
ht .adb.org
/Documents/F
act_Sheets/SRI.pdf t, 2009..
as on 21 Augus
49 orld W Bank, (2005) Bangladesh ttp: //dev dat a.worldbank.or
at g/AAG/bg a Glance, d_aag.pdf see h
50 tp://www
ht .adb.org
/Documents/F
act_Sheets/SRI.pdf t, 2009. as on 21 Augus
51 eport R of tee the on Commit the tion Elimina
of Discrimination ainst omen W (2002) Ag
htp://daccessdds.un.org
/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/375/46/PDF
/N0237546.pdf?OpenElement t,2009. as on 21 Au
52 orld W
185.
Bank orld (2003), elopment Deveport
W R 2004: Making ork or oor fPeople,
Services P ashing ton, W W pp. 62-63 &
53 ransparency T terna tional In (2008) erception Corruption x 2008: Inde P
htp://www .transparency
.org /news_r oom/in_f ocus/2008/
cpi2008/ cpi_2008_table t, as 2009. on 21 Augus
54 ransparency T terna tional In (2007) eport Global 2007: Corruption R
htp://www .transparency
.org /publica
tions/ gcr/ gcr_2007#7 as t, on 2009. 21 Augus
55 Elhaw ary , S. , and A (2008) Heir erceptions Beneficiary of Corruption P arian ance: Assist in A a Humanit
Sri Case Lank Study
www.transparency
.org /con ten t/download/36110/567160, arian olicy oup, P GrHumanit
as on 21 August, 2009.
56 Ibid. p. 9.
57 ransparency T terna tional In (2008) erception Corruption x 2008: Inde P
htp://www .transparency
.org /news_r oom/in_f ocus/2008/
cpi2008/ cpi_2008_table t, as 2009. on 21 Augus
58 Ibid. ransparency See also terna tional, T In ess (1998) elease: R “PrEight
en "clean" out tries ve of coun ffective ha et
eedom fr
of ormation”
inf , tp://www
ht .transparency
.org /pressr eleases_ar
chive/1998/1998.12.03.
ford.h tml as on 21 August, 200
- 49-

59 anisation Org or onomic Ec f ation Cooper elopment and Dev ADB/OECD “ ti-Corruption An ve or f Asia-P
acific Initiati omes welc
Sri a Lank and , Macao China as 26th s”, and 27th full member
htp://www .oecd.or
g/document/23/0,3343,en_2649_34857_36721495_1_1_1_1,
00.html as t on 2009. 21 Augus
60 Sour ce: Arvind al, ariv artan PKejriw(2005)
61 Philp, ess C., dom free (2009) campaigner ten “Pr as a bea Sri tries Lank to silence mes Online the media” Ti
htp://www .timesonline.co.uk/t
ol/news/w
orld/ asia/ article6410765.ece t, 2009. as on 21 Augus
62 ernational Int eedom Fr of Expression xchange, 3 Thirty June e 2009, IFEX s call member
“ ove rnment on o gotect
prt
journalists ” and tp://www
htend
.if ex.org impunity
/sri_lank
a/2009/06/03/ja_gm/ as on 21 August,2
63 eporter
R s Without s, Border
(2009) tp://www .rsf.org ht/en-r
apport79-Sri_Lank
a.html as t, on 2009. 21 Augus
64 Chitr
ang ada Choudhury ant Employment ee Sabotag
e India Guar Express, anuary 2006 11 alian J 65 eform Law Austr R
Commission, (1995) ernment: eview Open A Reder
Gov of al the eedom Fr F ormation of Inf Act C 77, 1982, p.16, ALR
htp://www .austlii.edu.au/
au/ other/ alr c/publica
tions/reports/77/ t, 2009. as on 21 Augus
66 BBC (2005), Bangladesh err or , Law 21 December Plans tp://news.bbc.c
Anti-T 2005: o.uk/2/hi/
south_asia/4547874.stm
ht
67 ernational Int
Civil oring oup, Liberties Gr (2003) err orism Monit Anti-T Act (Bill C-36): , a port re In the Shado
prepar ed in sponse re tice to Jus s Canada’
1st eport Annual on R tion the Applica
of err the orism Anti-T Act (Bill
htp://www .hku.hk/
ccpl/pub/
conf ere nces/documents/14062003b-iclmg.doc
C-36):
68 etson, Rick M. eeping (2002) the ormation”
“K lid , The on Age, inf vember 28 No 2002,
www.theage.c
om.au/ articles/2002/11/27/1038386201001.h
tml as on 21 August, 2009.
69 eid, R J. (2003) eport: ormation Annual Inf RCommissioner
try of 2002-2003, orks Public and ernment W Gov Minis Services,
Canada, p.12. 70 AIR 1982 SC149
71 Article eads ollows: as 74 f.
r (1) “74There
l be a shal Council ers with of the Minist er Prime at the o Minist
aid head and t
advise esident the Pr who xercise shall, of in his the functions, dance e with act such in advice:
accor
Provided resi that dent y the quire ma re P the Council sters to econsider r of Mini such ener ally advice, or otherwise,
either g
and the nt Preside
shall ordance act th in the wiaccadvice
ed er aftsuch
tender
onsider ation.
rec
(2) The question ther y, an and whe if so as what, tender
ed by advice ter s Minis to esident the w Pr shall ed o int not in be inqui
any court.
”
72 Section eads ollows:
123 as fr
“123. vidence E ffair s as of te.– to Sta a No one ted shall o give t y be evidence anpermit
ed om frderiv
unpublished official
rec ords elating ro
y anfair
af s t of te, xcept Sta e with the ficer permission at the of head t the concerned,
of the depart
who shall give or withhold s ” fit. such permission as he think
73 ara P 63.
74 ara P 64.
75 ara P 65.
76 te Staof
tar adesh UtPr
v ain, Raj AIR Nar 1975 SC865 t Justice : thew In this Ma observed ollows: judgemen as “In f a
gov ernment esponsibility of re
our s, where all likts
the of agen the public esponsible or must their fbe
e conduct, rcan
be ther
but ew fsecr
ets, The people ountry ve of a ha t this righ to very know c public e erything
, act, that ev is done ay, by in a publ
their public functionaries. e entitled o know tthe
s They of particular
ery ev ar public ansaction tr in all o its bearin
know , which om is the derived concept eedom fr of speech, fr , though is actor a f not which e absolute
one should , warymak
when cy secre is or claimed ansactions tr f t which y an ate r ve ha can, eper no cussion r a on . public o T cov er with security
veil of
secre cy the outine common business, r
ere st is of not the in public. ecy the can int Such seldom tely secr ed…” be desir legitima
77 ara P 66.
78 ara P 72.
79 Ibid.
80 See: eme Supr Court ates Advoc ecor on d R Association v Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC
- 50-

‘Jizahsp gw;wp
Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung eiheit
für die Fr
The Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung eiheit rk\;b murpaYf;fhd für di
xU kd;wkhFk;. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;ijj; njh
N[Hkdpapd; KjyhtJ rk\;b [dhjpgjpahd jpNahNlhu; N`
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,k;kd;wkhdJ cyfpy; cs;s mWgJ ehLfspy; Rje;jpuj;
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murpay; ciuahly; vd;gd ,jd; cghaf;fUtpfshFk;.
The Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung die eiheit Frrl;lj;jpd;
für Ml;rp>
re;ijg; nghUshjhuk;> [dehafk;> Rje;jpuk; vd;gd
gykhdjhfTk; tYthdjhfTk; khw;Wk; Kaw;rpfSf;F jdJ
epGdj;Jtj;ij toq;fptUfpd;wJ. cyfpy; ,Njjd;ik
nra;Ak; xNu rk\;b kd;wk; vd;wtifapy;> mLj;j
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njw;fhrpahtpy; ,e;epWtdk;> nghWik vDk; mjd; c
ghuk;gupaj;JlDk; jfty; kPjhd mjPj gw;WlDk;> n
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kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> [dehafj;jpd; mikg;G
tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy Jiz epWtdq;fSld; kd;wk; NrHe;
gdpahw;WfpwJ.
- 51-

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l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;une\dy; =yq;fh epWtdkhdJ Coy
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epWtdkhd l;uhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;une\dy; ,yq;ifiag;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; epWtdkhFk;.
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Njrnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;
” Nehf;iff; nfhz;L jdJ r%fg;
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eltbf;iffspy; cjtp tUfpwJ. Kw;whfj; Njhy;tpaile;Js;s epHthf Kiwapid rpiw
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rpiwr;rhiy epu;thfj;jpy; xU ilAk; tsu;r;rpapidAk; nfhz;LtUtJld; Nkk;ghl;
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vkJ ek;gpf;if.