r"sw s'A sk;eh sZe - Gpunjab.com

"sw s'A sk;eh sZe 

(d; tv/fonK dh ihtB eEk) 

fibd gfjbh

"sw s'A sk;eh sZe 

(d; tv/fonK dh ihtB eEk) 

fibd gfjbh 

jogkb f;zx gzB{ 

2 / r"sw s'A sk;eh sZe 3 / r"sw s'A sk;eh sZe

Biogrpahy/Collection/Punjabi Prose 

© 2008, Harpal Singh Pannu 

Gautam Ton Taski Tak 

by 

Harpal Singh Pannu 

Professor Department of Religious Studies 

Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab-India-147002 

Ph. No. (R) 0175-2282832, (O) 0-0175-3046469 

email: harpalsinghpannu@yahoo.com 

2008 

Published by Lokgeet Parkashan 

S.C.O. 26-27, Sector 34 A, Chandigarh-160022, 

India 

Ph.0172-5077427, 5077428 

Punjabi Bhawan, Ludhiana, 98154 71219 

Type Setting & Design PCIS 

Printed & bound at Jai Offset Printers, Chandigarh 

Ph: 0172-2640382 

© 2008, Harpal Singh Pannu 

Produced and Bound in India 

All rights reserved 

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or 

otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior 

written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published 

and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the 

subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, 

no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval 

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means(electronic, mechanical, 

photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the 

copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. 

;wogD 

ngDh wK d/ Bkw, fi; d/ B?D BeF fe;/ 

nrbh feskp ftu'_ nzfFe s"o s/ fdZ;Dr/. 


sseok 

• G{fwek 9 

• w[Zy pzX 11 

• r"sw p[ZX 13 

• eBfcT[f;an; 44 

• Bkr;?B 70 

• wB;{o 79 

• e'fjB{o dk gkoy{, okfJ p[bko yakB ;kfjp 90 

• GkJh wodkBk ih 104 

• pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo 115 

• wjkokik oDihs f;zx 132 

• o{; dk uofus ;kX ok;g[fsB 159 

• sk;eh 183 


G{fwek 

f}zdrh d/ ;cao ns/ fuzsB d/ ;cao ftu dh bzxfdnK ;k~ pj[s 

b'e fwbd/ B/. pj[s ;ko/ T[jBK ftu'I w[V e/ :kd th BjhI ofjzd/ s/ pj[s 

;kfonK ~ :kd oZyD dh b'V th BjhI j[zdh. nfijh :ksok t/b/ gzB{ ;wI/ 

s/ ;EkB s'I gko ftuofdnK tes dh X{V j/m X[zdb/ j' oj/ s/ Mw/fbnK 

Goh nkX[fBe f}zdrh ftu r[zw r[nku oj/ jho/ w'shnK ~ bZG-bZG e/ ;kv/ 

fdq;aNhr'uo eodk j?. eJh tkoh T[BK ~ BthI fdq;aNh ns/ Bt/I fdq;aNhe'D 

s'I tX/o/ fgnko/ ns/ w[ZbtkB pDk e/ ;kv/ wB-p[ZXh s'I th nrKj X[o ;kv/ 

fdb sZe gj[zuk fdzdk j?, fijV/ e'wb Gkth b'eK dh sK ekfJnk ebg eoB 

d/ th ;woZE j[zd/ B/. 

fJ; ;zrqfj dk gfjbk jh b/y r"sw p[ZX, T[;/ p[ZX pko/ j? fi; dk 

BkT[I nB/eK tkoh n;hI ;[fDnk j'fJnk j?, fi; dh ;zy/g fijh ikDekoh ;k~ 

T[gbpX j? go jogkb gzB{ dk fpnkB ehsk j'fJnk p[ZX ;kv/ wB ftu'I dh 

j[zdk j'fJnk ;kv/ fdb ftu bfj iKdk j? s/ n;hI wB jh wB T[; p[ZX d/ 

Bkb Bkb :ksok eod/, T[; p[ZX d/ wjKtke ;[Dd/ ;wMd/ T[BQK ~ nkgD/ 

X[o nzdo fes/ ;KGD d/ ;woZE j' iKd/ jK. fJj T[;d/ fpnkB dh ;woZEk 

j? fe r{jV frnkB dhnK rZbK th T[j jB/o/ ftZu ird/ i[r~nK tKr 

;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ fpy/o e/ b[GkT[DhnK pDk fdzdk j?. 

okik fwfbzd s/ Bkr;?B d/ ;tkb itkp ;kXkoB fd;D tkb/ j'D d/ 

pkti{d pVhnK ehwsh rZbK pko/ ;k~ ;'Mh eotkT[Id/ B/, T[j th o"ue Gk;ak 

ftu. 

r[o{ BkBe pkp/ pko/ n;hI gzikph b'e pugB s'I jh ;[Dd/ nkJ/ jK 

s/ T[; ~ ed/ jZE Bkb gjkV o'eD tkbk, ed/ wodkB/ ~ G/v{ pDkT[D 

tkbhnK ikd{ro pzrkbDK ~ ;pe f;ykT[D tkbk, ed/ e"v/ oky;a;a ~ f;ZX/ 

okj gkT[D tkbk s/ ed/ wZe/ ~ uko/ gk;/ x[zwk d/D tkbk wjKg[o;a ikDd/ 


jK. ;aoXktZ; fbyhnK fJj rZbK fe;/ yk; T[wo sZe jh GkT[IdhnK B/ go 

gzB{ B/ okJ/ p[bko okjhI i' pkp/ BkBe dk ;o{g fusfonk j?, T[j T[; 

g?rzpo dk o{g j? i' p[ZXh, soe, dko;afBesk, frnkB fXnkB ~ f}zdrh d/ 

ftZu ;w' e/ s[odk j?. pkp/ dhnK :ksoktK ~ b? e/ i' fposKs gzB{ B/ fJ; 

ftfEnk ftu i'fVnk j?, T[j r[o{ BkBe pkp/ ~ ;kv/ bJh tX/o/ uzrk s/ 

tX/o/ fgnkok pDk fdzdk j?. fJj gzB{ dhnK fposKse ftXhnK dk uwseko 

j?. 

pkp/ BkBe d/ Bkb wodkBk th ;kvh :kd ftu nk yb'Idk j?, opkp 

tikT[Idk. go gzB{ B/ T[; ~ pkp/ BkBe dk ;yk, fwZso, pzX{ ;G e[S fdyk 

e/ fJj gfjukD eotkJh j? fe fJ; fwZsosk ftu Bk T[wo, Bk iks, Bk 

nwhoh rohph, Bk jh tZvk frnkB fXnkB e[M th BjhI okj ftZu yb'Idk. 

wodkBk th pkp/ dh o{jkBhns ftu o{j sZe fGZi e/ T[jd/ Bkb s[odk fojk 

s/ nyho t/b/ th fJjh wzfrn?, @@w?I wo e/ th s/o/ Bkb'I Bk ftSVK”##, s/ 

id'I n;hI r[opkDh ~ r[o{ wzB fbnk sK wodkBk ;zrhs pD e/ T[jd/ Bkb 

Bkb jh s[o fojk j?. 

gzB{, pzdk f;zx pjkdo tkb/ b/y ~ gq'H g{oB f;zx dhnK N{eK d/ e/ 

;wkgs eodk j? fe, @@:'X/ ~ ibdh ehfsnK r[Z;k BjhI nkT[Idk. T[;~ 

r[Z;/ eoB tk;s/ ;dhnK bZrdhnK B/. gzit/I, B"t/I gks;akj ns/ ;kfjpiakfdnK 

;w/s jiakoK wk;{wK d/ esbK B/ pzdk f;zx r[Z;/ eo fdZsk. fJj' fij/ ioB?b 

id'I r[Z;/ ftu nk ikD sd T[BK dk r[Z;k T[soB ftu th eJh ;dhnK 

bZrdhnK jB”, fJj f;ZX eodk j? fe gzB{ Gbh GKs ikDdk j? fe T[;B/ 

nkgDh rZb ;gZ;aN eoB bJh fejVh rZb, fe; ftdtkB dh, feE'I b?Dh 

j?. fJ; bJh T[j fJfsjk;, fwfEjk;, Xow, do;aB, ;kfjs s/ b'e ;kfjs 

d/ ftukoK ns/ Gk;ak ~ ;fji/ jh tos b?Idk j? s/ c/o T[j rZb ;k~ gzB{ 

dh jh bZrD bZr iKdh n?. 

gzB{ dk fJj b/y ;zrqfj gzikph tkose dk fJe tZyok s/ ft;a/;a 

j;skyo j?. 

dbhg e"o fNtkDk 

ph-13, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, 

gfNnkbk. 

w[Zy pzX 

jEbh feskp d/ b/y T[BQK tv/fonK pkps ;w/I ;w/I fby/ rJ/ fiBQK 

B/ w?Bz{ edh gqGkfts ehsk. fJjBK ftu'I e[S b/y fo;kfbnK ftu Sg/ 

sK gkmeK gk;'I ikDekoh fwbh fe fJj gVQB:'r ;wZroh j?. fJ; Bkb 

w/oh j";bk ncaikJh j'Jh. 

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk dk w?I T[j y[;afe;ws nfXnkge jK 

fi; Bz{ ngDh ftdtsk iK y'iekoiK pko/ rbs-cfjwh BjhI j'Jh. w/o/ 

gk; T[j gqfsGk BjhI j? fijVh w/oh fbys Bz{ bzwk ;wK fiT[IfdnK oZy 

;e/. fJj ;zGktBk iao{o j? fe fiBQK g[ofynK pkps fJj ;wZroh fsnko 

ehsh rJh, T[jBK ftu y[d nfijh ;aesh w"i{d j? fe i' T[BQK ewkJh 

ehsh, T[j d/o sZe, ;akfJd ;dk bJh gkmeK d/ wBK ftu t;Dr/. w?Bz{ 

brdk j? gkme ns/ ;o'sk w?I mhe jK. xNBktK dh u'D th ;jh j' 

iKdh j?. 

w?I BjhI ;wMdk fe fJBQK b/yK ftu doi ;wZroh jtkfbnK ti'I 

tosD :'r j? feT[Ife sZEw{be y'i eoB dh EK s/ w/ok fB;akBk 

GktBkw{be B;o fbyDh ;h. fJ; ftu w?I fezBk e[ ;cb fojk jK, fJj 

gkme dZ;Dr/ s/ T[ekJhnK pkps gsk bZr/rk sK w?I nrbh tkoh ;'XKrk 

th s/ fJ;/ soia T[go fbyh ik ojh d{ih feskp Bz{ ;/X th fwb/rh. 

d' fwZsoK dk XzBtkd eoBk iao{oh j?. gfjbk r[ofdnkb pb dk 

F[eor[iako jK i' w?Bz{ b'VhIdh ;wZroh sK fdzdk jh, Bkb dh Bkb w?E'I 

gqrsh fog'oN th wzrdk. w/o/ tb'I d/o j'D dh ;{os ftu fMVedk th 

Bkokia th j[zdk. ezw g{ok j' iKdk sK ;akpk;a fwbdh. T[; ftub/ r[DK 

dh tXhe pzfdnK Bz{ ikDekoh BjhI. w/o/ nzdo p?m/ T[j rbs iiapks 

fijV/ w?Bz{ pV/ fgnko/ brd/ T[j p/feoe j'e/ s'Vdk. 


d{ik XzBtkd okfizdo gkb f;zx pokV dk. w?I fbyh sK frnk, 

fJj edh fynkb Bk ehsk fe feskp th SgtkT[Dh j?. pokV d/ T[dZw 

;dek w/oh fbys :{Bh;Nko okjhI gqek;a ftu nkJ/rh, fJj w?Bz{ e'Jh 

gsk BjhI ;h. 

gfNnkbk jogkb f;zx gzB{ 

18H3H08 gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk. 

r"sw p[ZX 

YkJh jiako ;kb gfjbK id'I ft;at Gow ns/ fwZE d/ ;z;ekoK 

ftu fbgfNnk fgnk ;h, wjkswk p[ZX fij/ ftfrnkBe ;'u tkb/ ftnesh 

dk iBw fJe uwseko ;h. T[; B/ ;aesh;akbh p"fXesk dh o';aBh okjhI 

jo g[okD/ ft;atk; ~ s'fVnk. t/dK dh gqG{;Zsk ~ tzrkoBk e'Jh y/v 

BjhI ;h go T[; B/ nfijk eo fdykfJnk. T[; B/ jo gozgok T[s/ 

tko ehsk - ;z;feqs Gk;ak dh fdZpsk T[s/, toD nk;aow gqEk T[s/, 

pqkjwDK tb'I gquZbs eoweKvK T[s/, g[ikoh tor tb'I ehsh iKdh b[ZN 

T[s/ T[; B/ fsZy/ jZb/ ehs/. p'X gozgok th i?B-gozgok tKr nkohnB 

gozgok s'I ;[szso nt?de ;aoZwD gozgok eo e/ ikDh iKdh j?. p[ZX d/ 

T[gd/;a fJzB/ ;aesh;akbh ;B fe T[BQK ~ f;zxBkd, Gkt ;a/o dh roi 

fejk iKdk j?. ;wokN n;a'e d[nkok b'j/ d/ ;szG T[s/ pD/ uko fd;aktK 

tZb djkVd/ uko ;a/o p[ZX dhnK roiK d/ gqshe jB. fJj fB;akB 

nkX[fBe Gkos dk ok;aNoh fuzBQ (National Embulm) j? i' B'NK ns/ 

f;ZfenK nkfde ;w/s jo ;oekoh ekria gZso T[go T[efonk fwbdk 

j?. p[ZX dk Xow-uZeo e"wh Mzv/ d/ ftueko ;[F'fGs j?. 

r"sw dk iBw 560 g{op Jh;k ftu fjwkfbnk gops d/ Biadhe 

dhnK tkdhnK ftu efgbt;s{ dh fonk;s nXhB b[zfpBh BK d/ izrb 

ftu j'fJnk ;h. fgsk wjkoki F[X'XB ;B s/ wksk dk Bkw wjKwkfJnk 

;h. ;[X'XB ;ke:tz;a dh rDszso dk okik ;h. ;ke: e[b yZsohnK 

ftu ;fseko:'r ykBdkB ;h. wjkokDh wjKwkfJnk dk fgsk e'bh 

fonk;s dk okik ;h s/ d/tdkj T[; dh okiXkBh ;h. fotki nB[;ko 

gfjb/ pZu/ d/ iBw tes fJ;sohnK g/e/ ikfJnk eodhnK ;B. p[ZX d/ 

iBw s'I gfjbK wjKwkfJnk B/ F[X'XB gk; p/Bsh ehsh fe wkfgnK gk; 

g[ukU. oE fsnko eo fdZs/ rJ/. ;?fBeK dh fJe N[eVh ns/ pKdhnK 

T[BQK Bkb s'o fdZshnK s/ d/tdkj ;afjo tZb fJj ekcbk s[o fgnk. 


;akfJd e[dos ~ nfijk wB}{o ;h fe fi; pkbe B/ ;akjh wfjbK 

dh EK pDtk;h ihtB ~ u[DBk ;h, T[; dk iBw th izrb ftu j't/. 

;co d"okB wjkokDh oE ftu p?mh p?mh EZe rJh sK T[; B/ g?db 

s[oB dh fJZSk gqrN ehsh. oE d/ Bkb Bkb T[j pKdhnK ;w/s s[oh 

ik ojh ;h fe MkVh T[s/ ;[jD/ c[ZbK dh vkbh bfjokT[Idh j'Jh d/yh. 

wjKwkfJnk B/ pKj T[uh T[bko e/ c[ZbK bZdh NkjDh s'VBh ukjh sK 

fsZyk dod nkozG j' frnk. fJE/ jh izrb ftu pZu/ dk iBw j'fJnk. 

wjkokDh pZu/ ;w/s tkg; efgbt;s{ nk rJh. iBw s'I ;Zs fdB pknd 

;afjikd/ dk Bkw f;XkoE oZfynk frnk s/ fJ; ;w/I wksk gqb'e f;Xko 

rJh. f;XkoE ~ gkbD g';aD dh fiazw/tkoh T[; dh wk;h gqikgsh r"swh 

~ ;"Igh rJh fi; ~ ftnkj e/ fgS'I ;[X'XB B/ nkgDh okDh pDkfJnk. 

f;XkoE d/ BkweoD dh o;w th fdbu;g j?. nkgD/ ;w/I dk gqf;ZX 

i's;ah nkf;s, efgbt;s{ fty/ nkfJnk. wfjb ftu okik ;[X'XB B/ T[; 

dk pVk ;fseko ehsk go pZu/ dk w[Zy d/yD ;ko ;kX{ dhnK nZyK ftu 

jzM{ Go nkJ/. okik T[dk; j' frnk fe ;akfJd e'Jh d[oxNBk tkgo/rh, 

go ;kX{ B/ fejk - wjkoki fJj y[;ah d/ nEo{ jB. wB[Zysk dk oytkbk 

s/ f;qFNh dk ;Zuk jwdod g?dk j'fJnk j?. d[Zy e/tb fJ; rZb dk 

j? fe w+ ns/ s[;hI T[j fdB d/yD bJh fiT[Id/ BjhI j'tKr/ id'I ;ko/ 

;z;ko ftu fJ; oki e[wko dh ehosh c?b/rh. fJ;/ ;kX{ nkf;s B/ pZu/ 

dk Bkw f;XkoE oZfynk. f;XkoE dk noE j? T[j ftnesh fi; B/ 

nkgDh wziab s?n eo bJh j't/. 

wk;h fJj ;'u-;'u e/ pZu/ tZb tXhe fXnkB oZydh fe d';a Bk 

bZr/ wK ftj{D/ pkb ~ nDr"fbnK ehsk ik fojk j?. fgsk pZu/ dh 

ftfdnk ns/ ;[y-;kXBk dk g{ok fXnkB oZydk. go pkbe f;XkoE fJeKs 

g;zd ;[Gkn dk ;h. fJeZbk pkrK ftu Nfjbdk ns/ ftukoK ftu wrB 

ofjzdk. @@eh fJ; ~ wK :kd nkT[Idh j?

pkbe ~ wfjbK ftu'I pkjo ikD dh nkfrnk BjhI ;h gozs{ fgsk 

B/ nfjbekoK ~ p[bkfJnk s/ fejk - @j[f;anko ofjDk. e'wb fuZs oki 

e[wko ;afjo tZb ik fojk j?. e'Jh nfijh t;s{ Bk fdZ;/ fi; ~ d/yD 

Bkb ;afjiakdk T[dk; j't/ . iiapksh pkbe j?. fXnkB oZyDk.# 

uzBk f;XkoE dk oEtkB ;h. okj ftu oki e[wko B/ fJe p[ZYk 

nkdwh sZfenk fi; dhnK nZyK ewia'oh Bkb nzdo X;hnK j'JhnK ;B. 

f;XkoE B/ g[ZfSnk - uzB/, fJj nkdwh fJj' fijk feT[I j?< oEtkB B/ 

dZf;nk - fJj fpoX nkdwh j? s/ p[Ykgk ;G ~ nfijk eo fdzdk j?. 

s[;hI n;hI ;G fJe fdB p[ZY/ j'tKr/. f;XkoE fJj ;[D e/ T[dk; j' 

frnk. nZr/ rJ/ sK e[ZM pzd/ fe;/ fwqse dh noEh u[Zeh ik oj/ ;B. 

f;XkoE B/ fJ; pko/ g[fSnk sK uzB/ B/ dZf;nk - jo pzd/ B/ fJe fdB 

woBk j?. w"s s'I e'Jh BjhI pu ;fenk - fJj ;[D e/ f;XkoE ~ d[y 

j'fJnk, @eh ihtB fJj' j?< fJzBk e[ j?# . nZr/ s[od/ rJ/ sK f;XkoE 

B/ fJe ;kX{ d/fynk. oEtkB ~ id'I T[; pko/ g[ZfSnk sK T[; B/ dZf;nk 

fe fJj sgZ;th j? s/ d[ZyK s'I S[NekoK gqkgs eoBk ukj[zdk j?. f;XkoE 

B/ uzB/ ~ tkg; uZbD bJh fejk. f;XkoE B/ d/fynk fe ;kX{ d/ fujo/ 

s/ ft;a/;a fe;w dh ;aKsh ;h. fJ; ;aKswJh fujo/ ~ oki e[wko G[Zb 

Bk ;fenk. fJj T[; dk nkdo;a pD frnk. fJ; T[gozs T[j tkg; 

wfjbK ftu nk rJ/. 

i[nkB j'D se f;XkoE B/ ;a;so ns/ ;ak;so d'jK gqeko dh 

ftfdnk ftu fBg[zBsk jk;b ehsh. T[; B/ ;kps ehsk fe T[j i/ rzGho 

;[Gkn dk j? sK fJ; dk fJj Gkt BjhI fe fi;wkBh eosZpK ftu fgZS/ 

ofj frnk j?. x'V ;tkoh, B/i/apkiah, sho-nzdkiah, sbtkopkiah nkfde 

w[ekpfbnK ftu T[j tZX uVQ e/ fjZ;k b?Idk go T[j tX/o/ ykw';a ofjzdk. 

fJeKstk; g;zd eodk. wkfgnK B/ T[j' ;'funk i' nfij/ pZfunK d/ wkg/ 

;'funk eod/ jB fe f;XkoE dk ftnkj eo d/JhJ/. d[BhnKdkoh ftu 

g? e/ T[; dk fdb bZr ikt/rk. fgsk B/ r"sw gk; ftnkj dh rZb 

ehsh sK T[; B/ fejk, ftnkj eokT[D ftu e'Jh joi BjhI go fi; 

~ w+ ikDdk BjhI - T[; Bkb fet/I ftnkj eokT[D dk c?;bk eoK< 

T[BQK fdBK ftu fJj rZb e[ZM w[;aeb gqshs sK j[zdh ;h go fgsk B/ 

fJ; dk o;sk eZY fbnk. pj[s ;ko/ rtKYh oki xokfDnK ftu ;[B/j/ 

G/i/ rJ/ fe efgbt;s{ fty/ ;a;soK ;ak;soK d/ w[ekpb/ j'Dr/. fJBQK 

ftu Gkr b?D bJh ;Zd/ G/i/ rJ/. fiBQK okie[wkohnK, oki e[wkoK B/ 

w[ekpb/ ftu Gkr BjhI th b?Dk, T[j th ps"o do;ae jkiao j'D. fGzB 

fGzB y/vK dk s/ f;aeko dk fJzsiakw ehsk frnk. fJe ;[pe fijh e'wb 

;[Gkn dh oki e[wkoh tZyoh ;h ;G s'I, T[j ;kfonk dk fXnkB nkgD/ 

tZb fyZu ojh ;h. T[; dh ;ay;hns ftu ;fji Gkt ;B. fJj :;a'Xok 

;h. ;wkgsh j'Jh s/ nzsw fdB nk frnk. ;kfonK wfjwkBk ~ s'''''jca/ 

fdZs/ rJ/. ehwsh ;[rksK, ;'B/ dhnK, uKdh dhnK, jhfonK itkjoksK 

iVhnK ;[rksK, :;a'Xok fgZS/ yb'sh ojh. T[; ftu e'Jh ekjbkgD BjhI 

;h. T[; ~ G/N eoB bJh e[ZM BjhI pfunk. ;G ;[rksK ysw j' 

rJhnK ;B. ;ko/ T[dk; j'J/ fe fJj ;arB uzrk BjhI j'fJnk. :;a'Xok 

~ r"sw B/ nkgD/ u'b/ s/ Nzfrnk uzp/ dk c[Zb T[sko e/ ;fseko Bkb 

G/N ehsk. fJj ;wfMnk frnk fe :;a'Xok gz;d BjhI nkJh. go :;a'Xok 

gq;zB ;h. T[; B/ fejk @fJ; c[Zb ftu eJh ;dhnK ofjD tkbh nwo 

wfje j?. w/o/ bJh fJj ekch j?.# wjkoki ;[X'XB B/ f;XkoE ~ g[ZfSnk 

@@:[toki, s[jkvk ftnkj eoBk j?, fJE/ nkgDhnK wfjwkB :[tokDhnK 

ftu'I e'Jh g;zd nkJh< i/ BjhI sK nkgK fco :sB eoKr/.## f;XkoE 

B/ fejk, wjkoki :;a'Xok rzGho ;[Gkn dh ;[zdo oki e[wkoh w?~ g;zd 

j?. ;[X'XB B/ :;a'Xok d/ fgsk gk; ftnkj dh g/;ae; oZyh sK T[jBK 

B/ gq;zBsk Bkb gqtkB ehsh. :;a'Xok B/ g/;ae;a ;theko ehsh. ;ko/ 

wfjwkB ns/ wfjbtk;h fJ; rZb'I j?okB ;B fe fezBh ;kdrh Bkb fJe 

pj[s tZvk c?;bk ;fji ;[Gkn f;o/ uVQ frnk. ;koh T[wo r"sw B/ 

pj[s tZv/ c?;b/ ;fji ;[Gkn jh ehs/. 

:;a'Xok nkdo;ae gsBh ;kps j'Jh. :[toki f;XkoE fgnkok 

fJB;kB ;h. T[j shyD p[ZX, ftfdnk ftu gqphB ns/ y/vK ftu T[s;akjh 

B"itkB ;h. fJe tko nfijk w[ekpbk j'fJnk fe o[ZyK dh gkb ftu'I 

x'V ;tko B/ sbtko Bkb fJe o[Zy eZN e/ nZr/ bzxDk ;h. f;XkoE 

th fJ; ftu Fkwb j'fJnk. T[; B/ x'Vk ;ogN d[VkfJnk s/ sbtko 

Bkb o[Zy d/ sD/ s/ tko ehsk. sbtko fJT[I bzx rJh fit/I fxT[ ftu'I 

tkb bzx iKdk j?. e[M d/o o[Zy T[t/I jh yb'sk fojk. ;kfonK B/ fJj' 

;wfMnk fe o[Zy eZfNnk BjhI ik ;fenk. go E'VQh e[ d/o pknd jtk 

dk p[Zbk nkfJnk s/ eZfNnk j'fJnk o[Zy fvZr fgnk. i? i? eko j'Jh 

sK f;XkoE B/ fejk - fJt/I jh j'fJnk eo/rk. ;aesh;akbh o[Zy eZN/ 

ikfJnk eoBr/, w/oh sbtko ;fji Bkb T[BQK ftu'I dh bzx/rh. o[ZyK 

~ iK do;aeK ~ d/o se gsk BjhI bZfrnk eo/rk fe T[j eZN/ ik 

u[Ze/ jB. fJt/I j'fJnk eo/rk. 


fdB phsd/ rJ/. ihtB nkgDh ukb s[fonk ik fojk ;h. :;a'Xok 

B/ p/N/ ~ iBw fdZsk, fi; dk Bkw okj[b oZfynk frnk. f;XkoE d{o 

feXo/ fe;/ tZyoh t;s{ dh sbk;a ftu ;h. jo t;s{, jo ftnesh d/ 

B/V/ ofjzdk j'fJnk th T[j T[BQK s'I d{o ;h. T[j nkgD/ nkg ftu w;s 

ofjzdk, nkgDh X[B ftu wrB. 

fJe oks f;XkoE B/ ;zfBnk; b?D dk c?;bk eo fbnk. T[; ~ 

BhId Bk nkJh. T[j edh :;a'Xok d/ wz{j tZb d/ydk edh okj[b tZb. 

fJe e;awe;a T[; d/ nzdo d/o se ubdh ojh. T[; ~ gsk BjhI 

bZr fojk ;h fe wfjb d/ ;[y, gsBh ns/ g[Zso SZv e/ T[j feT[I 

ik fojk j? - ikDk ukjhdk j? fe BjhI. go T[; B/ ikD dk c?;bk 

ehsk. u[g eoe/ nZXh oks T[; B/ fBe/ okj[b dk wZEk u[zfwnk - j"bh 

fijh :;a'Xok d/ g?o ~ u[zfwnk - fco s/iah Bkb pkjo fBeb frnk. 

oEtkB uzB/ ~ irkfJnk ns/ fejk - ezEe x'Vk y'bQ fbnk. feXo/ 

ubDk j?. fJe x'V/ s/ r"sw d{;o/ s/ uzBk ;tko j' e/ izrbK tZb 

fBeb s[o/. efgbt;s{ fJ; nZXh oks t/b/ x{e BhIdo dh bg/N ftu 

;h. id'I izrb d/ feBko/ nZgV/ sK ;{oi uVQB tkbk ;h. r"sw B/ 

ehwsh rfjD/ T[sko e/ uzB/ ~ ;[rks ti'I d/ e/ fejk - x'V/ tkg; 

b? ikU s/ fgsk wjkoki ;[X'XB ~ nkyDk fe r"sw wzrsk j' frnk 

j?. fgsk ~ dZ;Dk fe mhe j? ;G, fe r"sw mhe j? go T[j pDtk;h 

j' frnk j?. 

uzBk o'D bZr fgnk. T[; B/ f;XkoE d/ uoB cV bJ/ s/ efjD 

bZrk - fJj s[;hI eh eo oj/ j' :[toki< w+ wfjbK ftu fJj yapo 

fet/I fdnkrK< ub' tkg; uZbhJ/ :[toki r"sw. :[toki B/ fejk - v'b 

BKj uzB/ sz{ fwZso j?I. fJj ;[B/jk wfjb se g[ukD bJh w+ s?~ u[fDnk 

j?. sz{ nkw pzdk BjhI j?. ikj. w/ok c?;bk nNZb j?. r"sw B/ uzB/ 

~ ftdk ehsk s/ feogkB Bkb nkgD/ o/;aw tor/ e/; eZN e/ fGZy{ j' 

frnk. 

fJ; oks i' e[ZM tkgfonk, p'Xh ;kfjs ftu fJ; ~ wjK-fsnkr 

(The Great Renunicition) fejk iKdk j?. fJe BtK ;{oi ;z;ko d/ XowK 

ftu T[d: j'D bJh nzrVkJh b? fojk ;h. 

fe;/ niBph ~ nkgD/ ft;so T[sko e/ fdZs/ s/ e/tb fJe eZgVk 

bZe d[nkb/ bg/ND bJh b? fbnk. T[j izrb ftu fJeZbk s[odk frnk. 

d{o-d[okv/ frnk. fiE'I fes'I e[M fwbdk, wzr e/ yk b?Idk s/ BhId nkT[D 

s/ o[Zy j/mK ;" iKdk. s[odk-s[odk eJh fdBk pknd T[j wrX dh 

okiXkBh okirqfj B/V/ nZgV frnk. fJj ;afjo okik fpzph;ko B/ 

t;kfJnk ;h. ;afjo s'I pkjo T[; B/ nkgDk nk;D iwkfJnk s/ sgZf;nk 

eoBh F[o{ eo fdZsh. okirqfj ftu xo'-xoh yapo g[Zi rJh fe fJe 

y{p;{os B"itkB fGZy{ pfDnk sg eo fojk j? fi; ~ d/yD tk;s/ b'e 

nkT[D bZr rJ/. fJj ypo oki/ fpzph;ko se th g[Zih. T[j th do;aB 

eoB frnk s/ r"sw ~ d/y e/ efjD bZrk, s[jkv/ jZE fe;/ tZvh je{ws 

dh tkrv'o ;zGkbD bJh pD/ j'J/ jB, j/ ;fBnk;h, fGykohnK dk b'Nk 

s[jkv/ jZE ftu ;'Gk BjhI fdzdk. f;XkoE B/ fejk - ;bsBs Bkb'I 

fBowbsk, gftZsosk tZvhnK ;aeshnK jB. i/ wfjbK ftu ;[y j[zdk sK 

oki/ ;kX{nK gk; ik e/ cfonkdK Bk eod/. w/oh nkg nZr/ gqkoEBk j? 

fe w/o/ T[go so; Bk ykU. T[BQK T[s/ so; eo' fiBQK ~ fiazdrh B/ 

bskV fdZsk j'fJnk j?. pkd;akj B/ ;fseko Bkb f;o M[ekfJnk s/ fejk 

- @@w/oh ekwBk j? fi; uhi dh sbk;a ftu s[;hI fBeb/ j' T[; ~ 

gqkgs eo'. id'I s[jk~ T[j jk;b j' ikt/, w/oh p/Bsh j? fco fJXo 

nkT[Dk. w+ s[jkvk f;Zy pDBk ukjKrk.## fJj xNBk 522 g{op Jh;k 

dh j? id'I fpzph;ko r"sw ~ fwfbnk. 

T[j izrbK ftu x[zwdk fcodk fojk. eJh ;kX{nK ~ fwfbnk s/ 

uzrhnK rZbK f;ZyhnK go T[; ~ s;Zbh Bk j'Jh. T[; B/ cke/ eZND/ 

F[o{ eo fdZs/. gzi j'o ;kX{nK Bkb ob e/ jm sg F[o{ ehsk. fJzBh 

;ysh ehsh fe eJh tko p/j';a j' iKdk. fJe tko sK ;wkXh fJzBh 

bzwh j' rJh ;h fe Bkb d/ ;kX{nK B/ T[; ~ fwqse ;wM fbnk ;h. 

S/ ;kb T[; B/ efmB sgZf;nk ehsh. Bdh d/ feBko/ o[Zy j/m fJe 

gZEo T[Zs/ T[; B/ nkgDk nk;D iwk fbnk ns/ Grsh eoB bZrk. 

;t/o ;ko fBebdk s/ nkpkdh tZb ufbnk iKdk. fe;/ xo d/ p{j/ 

nZr/ nkgD/ yZp/ jZE dh jE/bh c?bk e/ Ghy wzrdk. i' th fwbdk - 

pk;h o'Nh iK dkD/, upk e/ Bdh dk gkDh gh b?Idk s/ nrbh ;t/o 

se sgZf;nk eodk. i/ fJe xo'I fJBeko j' iKdk sd T[j fpBK e[M 

ykX/ nrb/ nZm gfjo sgZf;nk eodk. fJT[I eofdnK-eofdnK eJh ;kb 

phs rJ/ sK T[j jZvhnK dk fgzio pD frnk. 

fJe tko r"sw B/ nkgD/ u/fbnK ~ fJBQK fdBK pko/ :kd eofdnK 

dZf;nk ;h, @@w+ pj[s xZN y[oke T[s/ r[iakok eodk. fJT[I eofdnK 

jcs/ wjhB/ s/ ;kb phsd/ rJ/. id'I w+ wfjb ftu'I fBefbnk ;K sK 


fJ; soK dk ;K fit/I fwjBsh fe;kB B/ T[gikT{ iawhB ftu ykd gk 

e/ rzBk g?dk ehsk jt/ - nfijk o;dkfJe rzBk f;jswzd j'D eoe/ 

;[jDk bZrdk j?. T[; rzB/ ~ i/m wjhB/ dh b'n ftu eJh fdB tk;s/ 

X[Zg/ ;[ZN fdT[ sK T[; dhnK g'ohnK cN iKdhnK jB, T[j w[V e/ ftzrk- 

N/Yk j' iKdk j?. fes'I jok, fes'I ekbk, fes'I ghbk j' iKdk j?. w/ohnK 

bZsk pkjK dh jkbs fJj' fij/ ;[Ze/ rzB/ torh j' rJh ;h. fJe fdB 

w/o/ bkfrT[I :kso{ bzx/. fJe pzdk efjDk bZrk @@T[j' ! d/y' fezBk ghbk 

ozr j? fJ; ;zfBnk;h dk.## fdB bzx/. w[;kcoK dh fJe j'o N'bh 

bzxh sK fJe n"os w/o/ tZb d/y e/ vo rJh s/ nkgD/ Bkb d/ okjhnK 

~ efjD bZrh - d/y' d'y' fezBk ekbk ozr j? fJ; sgZ;th dk. w/o/ 

ozr pko/ wZsG/d ;B. s[;hI nkgDh fgZm s/ jZE c/od/ j' sK s[jk~ ohVQ 

dh jZvh wfj;{; j[zdh j?. w+ g/N T[go jZE c/odk ;K sK ohVQ dh jZvh 

wfj;{; j[zdh ;h. g/N feZE/ ofj frnk ;h< fi; ~ w+ g/N nkydk jK 

T[E/ sK frZb/ o/s T[go T{m dh fJe g?V puh ;h e/tb - g/N BjhI 

fojk ;h. fJe fdB w+ p?fmnK p?fmnK nkgDhnK pkjK s/ Biao wkoh, 

bzw/ bzw/ tkb T[r/ j'J/ ;B. ;Zik jZE w+ nkgDh yZph pkj s/ c/fonk 

sk ;ko/ tkb MV e/ iawhB s/ fvZr gJ/. w/oh uwVh ftu ;Zfsnk BjhI 

ojh ;h fe T[j tkbK ~ geV e/ oZy ;e/. ;oho fBopb j' frnk 

;h. fi; ~ w+ ;oho nkydk jK - ;oho feE/ ;h fJj< fit/I M'IgVh 

dk wkbe T[iV ikt/ s/ w[Zds se tkg; Bk nkt/ sK M"IgVh dk xkj 

c{; ;G T[v iKdk j? d/ e[ZM ftzr/ N/Y/, N[ZN/-GZi/ pK; d/ vzv/ fdykJh 

fdzd/ jB. fJ; ;oho ftu'I T[iV e/ fJ; dk wkbe fes/ ubk frnk 

;h- bZsK pkjK feE/ ;B< ftzr/ N/Y/ e[ZM vzv/ pkeh pu/ ;B.## 

fJe fdB T[j fJ;/ soQK fXnkB wrB ;h fe fJe i[nkB n"os 

nkJh s/ f;XkoE nZr/ ;fseko Bkb fJe eN'ok fbnk oZfynk fi; ftu 

yho fozBQ e/ fbnKdh ;h. f;XkoE B/ E'VQh e[ yho ykD bJh jw/;aK tKr 

nkgDk yZpk jZE nZr/ c?bkfJnk sK B/fVT[I dh rtZJhnK dh fJe N'bh 

bzxh. o;s/-o;s/ s[o/ iKd/ T[j fijVk rhs rk oj/ ;B T[; d/ p'b 

;B - 

nkgDh f;sko dhnK skoK ~ fJzBhnK Bk e; 

fe NZ[N jh ikD. 

nkgDh f;sko dhnK skoK ~ fJzBhnK fYZbhnK Bk SZv 

fe ;zrhs g?dk jh Bk j't/. 

f;XkoE ~ gqshs j'fJnk - fJjh sK fiazdrh dk ojZ; j?. n?;atoi 

ftu yfus j'D Bkb ;Zu dh gqkgsh BjhI j't/rh. Bk fJj gqkgsh cke/ 

eZND Bkb j't/rh. fJZE/ jh T[; d/ ubkJ/ Xow dk wZX wkor dk 

f;XKs g?dk j[zdk j?. fJj n"os B/V/ d/ fgzv ftu'I nkJh ;h. r"sw B/ 

yho dk ;kok eN'ok ykXk. fJ; n"os ~ n;h;K fdZshnK s/ g[ZfSnk fet/I 

nkJh< eh e'Jh d[y sebhc j?< T[; B/ fejk @ih w/ok Bkw ;[iksk j?. 

xo ftu ;[yFKsh j?. w/oh rK ;{Jh j?. rK d/ ;{D s'I gfjbK w+ c?;bk 

eo fbnk ;h fe id'I gfjbh tko fJ; dk d[ZX xo ftu oZyKrh sK 

yho pDk e/ fe;/ ;kX{ ~ y[nktKrh. nkg dh n;h; b?D nkJh jK.# 

r"sw B/ T[; ~ ;dk ;[yh ofjD dhnK n;h;K fdZshnK. T[; d/ ikD 

T[gozs T[j T[fmnk, j"bh-j"bh Bdh se frnk. jZE wz{j X's/, gkDh ghsk 

s/ tkg; nkgD/ u[D/ o[Zy tZb nkD bZrk. fJXo T[Xo ;[Zek xkj ;h. 

T[; B/ nkgD/ ewia'o jZEK Bkb xkj fJeZmk ehsk s/ T[; dk fJe fBZek 

fijk rZdk pDkfJnk. fJ; nk;D s/ p?m e/ T[; B/ fco pzdrh F[o{ 

eo fdZsh. nukBe T[; dk nzdo pkjo gqek;atkB j' frnk. fBotkD 

gqkgs j' frnk ;h. fJj T[usw nB[Gt fJe s'I pknd fJe, T[; ~ 

brksko gqkgs j'J/ s/ jo tko T[j T[u/oh wzfiab s/ g[Zidk. fi; t;s 

dh T[; ~ sbk;a ;h T[j gqkgs j' rJh ;h. j[D fJ; d/ gquko dh 

b'V ;h. p[ZX dk fdb ehsk fe nkgDh gqkgsh dk ojZ; ;G s'I gfjbK 

T[BQK r[o{nK ;kjwD/ y'fbQnk ikt/, fiBQK B/ F[o{ ftu T[; ~ f;Zfynk 

fdZsh ;h, go T[j ;ko/ fJ; ;z;ko ftu'I ftdk j' rJ/ ;B. 

p[ZX Bkb fijV/ gzi j'o ;kEh sg eod/ ;B, id'I T[BQK B/ d/fynk 

fe T[j ykD ghD bZr frnk j? sK T[; ~ gkgh nky e/ SZv rJ/ 

;B. p[ZX B/ ;'funk, T[BQK ~ fJ; Bt/I Xow dk T[gd/;a fdZsk ikt/. 

gsk bZrk fe T[j pBko; bkr/ ;koBkE d/ ;EkB fty/ ;B. r"sw T[E/ 

T[BQK gk; frnk. fJBQK gzi sgZ;thnK ~ T[; B/ gfjbk p'X-T[gd/F 

fdZsk. gkbh rqzEK ftu fbfynk fwbdk j? - @@fJZE/ T[; B/ Xow uZeo 

~ gfjbk r/Vk fdZsk (XZw uZe gpZs ;[Zs).##uko nkohnk ;Zu, nFNKr 

wkor ns/ fBotkD T[go T[gd/F fdZs/. 

pj[s ;ko/ b'e p'X;zx ftu Fkwb j'D bZr/. okik fpzph;ko 

f;XkoE dk Fkfrod pfDnk. tZvh frDsh ftu nykT[sh nS{s ns/ 

ftdtkB pqkjwD p'Xh pD rJ/ s/ d/o s'I Gkos ftu gqubs t?fde 

eoweKv ~ Gkoh ;ZN tZih. p[ZX B/ wkrXh ns/ gkbh b'e p'bhnK ftu 


T[gd/;a fdZs/. t?fde ;z;feqs e/tb pqkjwDK dh Gk;ak pD e/ ofj rJh 

;h i' iB ;kXkoD dh gj[zu s'I go/ ;h. Gkoh frDsh ftu b'e nkeof;as 

j'D bZr/. ;yas pzd;aK BjhI ;B. fijVk ftnesh ;zx ftu ofjzfdnK 

wfj;{; eoB brdk fe T[; B/ Fkwb j' e/ rbsh ehsh j?, T[; ~ 

;zx SZvD dh nkfrnk ;h. 

fBotkD gqkgsh s'I pknd d/o se f;XkoE Xow dk d{o-d{o se 

gouko eodk fojk. okik ;[X'XB ns/ efgbt;s{ dh goik nkgD/ i'rh 

okie[wko ~ d/yD bJh ftnke[b ;h. fgsk p[ZYk j' frnk ;h. T[; B/ 

p[ZX ~ ;ZdD bJh ft;a/;a d{s G/i/. d{s B/ fejk, @j/ ;[nkwh, goik 

nkgd/ gqtuB ;[DB ns/ do;aB eoB dh fJS[e j?. wjkoki ;[X'XB B/ 

fejk j? - fJe eztb c[Zb w[Zds s'I nzXeko ftu pzd fgnk T[vhe fojk 

j? fe fJZXo th edh ;{oi uVQ/ s/ fJj eztb fyV/.# p[ZX ykw';a fojk 

sK d{s B/ fco fejk, wjkoki ;[X'XB B/ cowkfJnk ;h fe wfjbK ftu'I 

e'Jh t;s{ :[toki s'I S[gkJh BjhI ;h. T[j y[d SZv frnk, T[; dh 

woiah. go j[D T[;~ fJe yiakBk fwfbnk j? i' T[j d[BhnK ftu tzvdk 

fcodk j?. eh n;hI T[; yiakB/ s'I fJ; eoe/ tzfus ojKr/ fe n;hI 

T[;d/ fo;as/dko jK< 

p[ZX B/ ;Zdk wBi{o eo fbnk s/ fGZy{nK ;w/s efgbt;s{ tZb 

ukb/ gk fdZs/. T[; B/ efgbt;s{ ;afjo d/ pkjotko nzpK d/ pkr ftu 

v/o/ bk bJ/. wfjb ftu y[;ahnK dh bfjo d"V rJh id'I gsk bZrk 

fe :[toki nkfJnk j?. fgsk fsnko j'D bZrk sK :;a'Xok ~ ;[B/jk 

G/fink fe fsnko j' ikU, :[toki gk; uZbKr/. :;a'Xok B/ T[Zso G/fink 

fe T[j T[E/ ikD dh fJS[Ze BjhI. 

fgsk B/ fco ;[B/jk G/fink sK :;a'Xok B/ fejk - e/tb w+ jh 

BjhI, okj[b ~ th T[E/ BjhI ikD fdZsk ikt/rk. okik ;[X'XB :;a'Xok 

d/ wfjb ftu nkg ubk frnk s/ efjD bZrk - g[Zsoh fiad T[fus 

BjhI. gsk BjhI fet/I T[j ;kv/ d/; tb nk frnk j?. gsk BjhI fco 

edh nkt/ fe Bk. T[; B/ pj[s d[y MZb/ jB. ;k~ ikDk ukjhdk j?. 

:;a'Xok B/ fejk - @@wfjb ftu'I pDtk; b?D dk c?;bk T[; dk nkgDk 

;h fgsk ih. nkgDh woih Bkb T[j tkg; nkfJnk j?. T[; dk nkT[Dk 

iK Bk nkT[Dk w/o/ bJh noEjhD j? feT[Ife fJBQK c?;fbnK ftu w+ 

fjZ;/dko BjhI jK. ojh rZb d[y MZbD dh. e'Jh xkN BjhI ;h, T[; 

B/ nkgDh woiah Bkb G[Zyk s/jK ns/ j'o e;aN MZb/. fijVk ezw nkgDh 

woiah Bkb ehsk ikt/ T[; ezw ~ eoB ftu eh d[Zy< n;hI T[j nGkr/ 

jK fiBQK ~ e;aN ;kvh woiah s'I pr?o fwb/. gsk bZrk j? fe T[j 

nkgD/ gqtuBk ftu efjzdk j? HHHfJZfSs t;s{ Bk fwb/ sK d[Zy. i/ 

nDfJfZSs t;s{ fwb/ sK d[Zy. ;G d[Zy jh d[Zy j?. fgsk ih T[; ~ 

fJZfSs t;sK fwbhnK ns/ ;k~ i' ftS'''''Vk fwfbnk T[j gqkgs eoB dh 

;kvh fJZSk BjhI ;h.## 

wjkoki B/ fco fejk, go i/ T[; B/ gZ[S fbnk fe :;a'Xok feT[I 

BjhI nkJh< 

:;a'Xok B/ fejk - nfijk g[ZSD dh T[; ~ b'V BjhI. go i/ 

feXo/ g[ZS bt/ sK nkyDk fe :;a'Xok B/ fejk ;h, @@i/ w/o/ ftu ;akjkBk 

B/eh dk e'Jh eD pkeh j? - s/ r"sw ~ T[; B/eh ftu ft;atk;a j? 

sK T[j wzrsk w/o/ dotki/ T[s/ Ghy wzrD ntZ;a nkJ/rk.## 

p'X eEktK d;dhnK jB fe Go/ wB Bkb fgsk nkgD/ wjKwzsoh 

ns/ ;?Bkgsh ;w/s f;XkoE d/ do;aB eoB s[o fgnk. p[ZX, fGZy{nK d/ 

ftueko p?mk ;h. wjKwzsoh, ;?Bkgsh ns/ wjkoki ;[X'XB B/ fJ; sgZ;th 

d/ uoBh jZE bkJ/. pkeh b'e fgS/ jN rJ/. fgsk nkgD/ p/N/ d/ 

;kjwD/ j' e/ Biadhe p?m frnk. d/o se fgT[ g[Zso ykw';a p?m/ oj/. 

f;XkoE u[Zg ;h feT[Ife i[ZrK dh nBzs ;aKsh T[; d/ fdb nzdo ;wkJh 

j'Jh ;h. rZb eoB iK rZb ;[DB dh T[; ~ ekjb BjhI ;h. p}[or 

fgsk wjkoki ;[X'XB fJ; eoe/ u[g fojk feT[Ife fJj xVk g{oh soQK 

Go u[Zfenk j'fJnk ;h s/ fe;/ t/b/ th Sbe ;edk ;h. fdb eoVk 

eoe/ nkfyo T[j p'fbnk, @@eh sz{ ;kv/ s'I J/Bh d{o ubk frnk j?I 

f;XkoE fe j[D w+ s?~ edh wfjbK ftu tkg; BjhI p[bk ;eKrk< 

f;XkoE ykw';a fojk. 

fgsk B/ fco fejk - fJe ;bsBs w+ s/o/ uoBK ftu nogD 

eoBh ukj[zdk jK :[toki r"sw. ;theko eo'r/< 

r"sw ykw';a fojk. 

shih tko fgsk B/ fejk - w+ s?~ ikDdk jK f;XkoE. w+ sK s?~ 

fBZe/ j[zd/ s'I jh ikDdk jK, ;Zu fJj j? :[toki fe w/o/ tb'I G/Nk ehsh 

j'Jh fJ; ;bsBs ~ sz{ ;[nkj dh fJe u[Neh s'I tXhe e[ZM BjhI 

;wMdk. eh w+ rbs fejk j? r"sw< 

;ke:w[Bh r"sw B/ fejk - @@s[jkvh goik ;[yh t;/ wjkoki. fBnK 


eoB bJh s[;hI jw/;ak ssgo oj'. s[jkvk d/; y[;ajkb oj/. goik ~ 

s[;hI UBk jh fgnko eo', fizBk s[;hI w?~ eod/ oj/ ;h - j[D se eo 

oj/ j'. goik d/ Gzvko/ nzB Bkb s/ s[jkv/ wfjb XB Bkb Gog{o 

ofjD.## fJj nky e/ p[ZX u[Zg j' frnk. e[ZM d/o pknd fco p'fbnk, 

@:;a'Xok ns/ okj[b fet/I jB< T[j BjhI nkJ/

s?~ oki fwb/rk - ski sys fwbDr/. w/o/ gk; s?~ d/D bJh eh j?< 

fJ; fGykoh gk; fJe fwZNh dk m{mk j? e/tb. 

okj[b B/ fejk - fJj eh j?, w?~ BjhI gsk. go i' th nkg 

gk; j? g[Zso j'D ;dek w+ T[; dk jZedko jK. w+ s[jkvk tko; jK 

fgsk ih. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - fi; wfjb ftu sz{ izfwnk, T[E/ fJjh fotki j? 

okj[b, fe iBw b?D ;ko sz{ T[; dk tko; j't/I, go w/o/ ;zx ftu 

e'Jh iBw b?D Bkb jh tko; j'D dk jZedko BjhI pDdk. T[; tk;s/ 

T[; ~ ewkJh eoBh gt/rh. 

fJe gk;/ u[Zgukg yb'sh :;a'Xok tZb d/y e/ f;XkoE B/ fejk, 

@@sz{ ewia'o j' rJh j?I :[tokDh. s/oh p/fw;kb ;[zdosk j[D BjhI ojh. 

eh j'fJnk

ykDk ykD s'I gfjbK gq;aB dk T[Zso fdT[. p[ZX B/ p?mD dk fJ;akok 

eoe/ fejk - ej' pqkjwD. ;kjwD/ p?m e/ Gkodtki B/ fejk - j/ 

w[Bh, w/o/ T[gikT{ y/s jB. w+ jb tkfjnk. phi phfink. c;b T[Zrh 

sK T[; dh okyh ehsh., c;b gZeh sK T[; ~ eZN e/ nBki xo 

fbnkfJnk. w/oh fwjBs B/ w/ok xo nzB Bkb Go fdZsk sK fJ; nBki 

~ ykD dk w+ jZedko pfDnk. s[;hI dZ;', s[;hI fJj G'iB gqkgs eoB 

d/ nfXekoh fet/I pD rJ/. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - w+ th fe;kB jK Gkodtki. w/ok y/s th pj[s 

tZvk j?. p/nzs ft;akb. fJ; dk Bkw j? wB. s/oh iawhB T[gikT[ j? 

s/ gZXoh th. w/ok y/s pzio ;h. fes/ fJ; ftu phnkpkB T[frnk 

j'fJnk ;h fes/ pVhnK ;ys uZNkBK ;B. w+ pVh fwjBs Bkb fJ; 

izrb ~ eZfNnk s/ uZNkBK GzBhnK. w/oh iawhB fBezwh ;h s/ w/ok c?;bk 

;h fe w+ fJ; ftu ;G s'I ;{yw phi phiKrk. 

w+ B/eh dk phi phfink. neb d/ y[og/ Bkb ftukoK dk xkjc{; 

g[ZfNnk. fJ; c;b s/ fdB oks jZb/ j'J/, brksko w+ ;ktXkB j' e/ 

okyh ehsh. fJ; c;b dk BK ;zx oZfynk s/ i' fJ; s'I nzB g?dk 

j'fJnk T[j Xow ;h. w/oh th pVh uzrh c;b j'Jh j? Gkodtki. w/o/ 

th Gzvko/ Go/ j'J/ jB. Gkodtki B/ fejk - ;jh j? wjkoki. go w/o/ 

nBki T[go s[jkvk jZe fet/I j'fJnk< ;ke:w[Bh B/ fejk - fit/I sz{ wZeh 

d/ e/ eDe b? nkT[Idk j?I, s/o/ gk; egkj BjhI sK uktbK d/ pdb/ 

egkj tNk fbnkT[Idk j?I fJt/I nkgK ;ko/ fiD;K dk tNkdoK eod/ jK. 

sz{ nkgD/ nBki ftu'I w?~ e[ZM fjZ;k fdZsk j? sK fJ; d/ pdb/ w+ nkgDh 

c;b ftu'I s?~ s/ok pDdk fjZ;k ntZ;a fdnKrk Gkodtki - s?~ s/ok 

jZe :ehBB fwb/rk. 

nfiZs 

rzGho ftdtkB nfiZs, p[ZX d/ ;zgoe ftu nkfJnk. T[j tZvk jmh 

sgZ;th ;h. T[; B/ p[ZX ~ fejk, ;[nkwh, w+ ;kok ;z;ko rkfjnk j? s/ 

;kohnK ftfdnktK jk;b ehshnK jB. w+ ;G Xow rqzEK dk gkm ehsk 

j?. go eh ekoB j? fe w/ok wB n;aKs j?< fJ; ~ fet/I ;aKsh fwb/< 

p[ZX B/ fejk - j/ f;nkD/ nfiZs, sz{ sgZ;th, ftdtkB ns/ d/;Kgqd/;K 

dk oND eoB tkbk s/itkB g[oy j?I. sz{ ;z;ko x[zw u[Zfenk j?I 

- nkgD/ nkg d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ gfoeowk th eo, nkgD/ nkg ~ th 

ikD. w?~ gsk bZrk j? fe sz{ Xow rqzEK Bkb S/VSkV eodk j?I. 

nfijk Bk eo. Xow rqzE izrb ftu s[o/ ik oj/ w;s niro dh 

soQK j[zdk j? i' nkgDh w"i ftu s[fonk ik fojk j't/. i/ sz{ ;aoXkb{ 

j?I sK wZEk N/e - fJ; ~ s[oh ikD d/j. i/ s?~ fJj ;Zg uzrk BjhI 

bZrk sK s[ozs EkJ/I wko d/j s/ fco nZr/ tX. w+ fJjh ehsk ;h j/ 

ftdtkB nfiZs. Xow rqzEK Bkb S/VSkV Bk eo. s?~ ;aKsh fwb/rh. 

fe;kB dhnK rkjbK 

fgzv ftu p[ZX fGZfynk wzrD bZrk sK xo dk wkbe fe;kB 

r[Z;/ j' frnk s/ fBezw/ wzrfsnK ~ ftjbVy'o efje/ rkbQK eZYD bZrk. 

p[ZX ;aKs yb'sk fojk. id'I r[;?bk fe;kB rkbaK d/D' jfNnk sK p[ZX B/ 

fejk, fwZso i/ sz{ w?~ fGZfynk d/D dk fJS[e j[zdk s/ dkB b? e/ 

nkT[Idk, go s/oh fdZsh t;s{ w+ ep{b Bk eodk sK fco T[j t;s{ i' 

sz{ w?~ d/Dh ;h fe; dh j[zdh< fe;kB B/ fejk - i' t;s{ w/oh ;h s/ 

s[;hI w/o/ s'I BjhI bJh T[j w/oh j[zdh. p[ZX B/ fejk - i' rkbaK sz{ w?~ 

fdZshnK - w+ fJj bJhnK BjhI. fco fJj w/o/ gk; sK jB BjhI - fe; 

dhnK j'JhnK fJj< s/ fe; ~ bZrhnK< fe;kB ;aofwzdk j'fJnk s/ T[; 

B/ p[ZX s'I G[Zb dh fywk wzrh. 

nS{s e[Vh 

p[ZX B/ nkBzd ~ d{o fe;/ ezw G/fink. nkBzd ~ fgnk; bZrh. 

d/o se s[od/-s[od/ T[j fJe fgzv d/ pkjo y{j s/ g[Zfink fiZE/ fJe 

e[Vh eZgV/ X' ojh ;h. nkBzd B/ T[; ~ gkDh fgbkT[D bJh fejk. 

T[; bVeh B/ ;fseko Bkb gqDkw ehsk s/ p'bh - j/ wjkswk, s[;hI 

T[uh e[b d/ j'. w+ BhthI iks dh e[Vh gqfeqsh jK. feogk eoe/ o[e'. 

w+ fe;/ T[uh e[b dh e[Vh ~ p[bk e/ fbnkT[Idh jK i' s[jkBz gkDh 

fgbkt/ s/ s[jkvk Xow th Gfo;aN Bk j't/. nkBzd B/ fejk - gqfeqsh, 

w+ iks BjhI ghDh. fgnk; bZrh j'D eoe/ w+ sK gkDh ghDk j? f;oc. 

sz{ gkDh fgbk. 

e[Vh B/ gkDh fgbkfJnk s/ pj[s y[;a j'Jh. n;h;K d/ e/ nkBzd 

ubk frnk. T[j fgZS/-fgZS/ s[odh rJh s/ gsk bZrk fe nkBzd, p[ZX dk 

f;Zy j?. T[; B/ p[ZX nZr/ p/Bsh ehsh - j/ w[Bh - w?~ nkBzd uzrk 


Zrk j?. s[;hI w?~ fJ; gk; ofjD fdT[. w+ fJ; dh ;/tk eoKrh. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - p/Nh fJ; fGZy{ nkBzd fij/ j'o ;?IeV/ wzrs/ sz{ 

d/y/ j'Dr/. i' s?~ uzrk bZfrnk j? T[j nkBzd BjhI, fJ; ftubh 

jwdodh, B/eh ns/ Xow uzr/ bZr/ jB. sz{ fJT[I eo. fJ; dh jwdodh, 

B/eh ns/ Xow b? ikj s/ nkBzd ~ w/o/ gk; ofjD d/j. sz{ B/eh eo, 

ofjw fdb pD, pqkjwD s/o/ uoB S[jDr/. B/eh eo/Irh sK oki rZdhnK 

s/ p?mhnK wjkokDhnK dh uwe dwe s/o/ ;kjwD/ fcZeh g? ikt/rh. sz{ 

nS{s j_?-sz{ tZv/ dkB;atoK tk;s/ wzfiab pD/rh. 

;kfog[Zs dh ;kyh 

p[ZX gqtuB eod/-eod/ Bkbzdk ub/ rJ/ fiZE/ ftdtkB ;kfog[Zs 

ofjzdk ;h. T[j p'X tuB ;[DB bJh ;zrs ftu nk frnk s/ p'XtkDh 

;[D e/ fBjkb j'fJnk. ;Gk ;wkgs j'Jh sK T[j p[ZX gk; ubk frnk 

ns/ ;fseko Bkb gqDkw eoB T[gozs fejk - @@j/ wjKw[Bh w+ ;kfog[Zs 

jK. i' s[jkv/ pko/ gsk bZrk ;h - T[j' j' s[;hI . s[jkv/ fijk Bk 

e'Jh j'fJnk, Bk j?, Bk j't/rk. s[jkv/ fijh wjkBsk fe;/ j'o d/ fjZ;/ 

BjhI nkJh. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - ;kfog[Zs s/oh pkDh ;[zdo j?. w+ ;[fDnk j? fe sz{ 

ftdtkB j?I. fwZmh pkDh Bkb - iapkB th fwZmh j' iKdh j? s/ ;o's/ d/ 

ezBk ~ th o; fwbdk j?. go eh fJ; ftu e[ZM ;Zu th j? ;kfog[Zs 

i' s[;hI fejk< 

;kfog[Zs B/ fejk - jK ;ke:w[Bh. ;Zs fJjh j?. 

p[ZX B/ fejk, j/ f;nkD/ ;kfog[Zs, fJ; dk Gkt j? fe sz{ G{sekb 

d/ ;G p[ZXK ~ ikD frnk j?I< 

;kfog[Zs B/ fejk - BjhI ih. w+ G{sekb d/ ;ko/ p[ZXK ~ BjhI 

ikDdk. 

GrtkB p[ZX fco p'b/ - sK ;kfog[Zs ~ GftZy ftZu g?dk j'D tkb/ 

;G p[ZXK s'I tkec j?I< 

;kfog[Zs B/ fejk - nfijk th BjhI wjkoki. w+ GftZy d/ ;G 

p[ZXK ~ feZE/ ikD ;edk jK< 

p[ZX B/ fco g[fSnk - sK sz{ toswkB ekb ftu ftuod/ ;G p[ZXK 

s'I sK ntZ;a ikD{ j't/Irk< 

;kfog[Zs B/ fejk - nfijk th BjhI wjKw[Bh. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - nZSk, ;kfog[Zs, nkyoh ;tkb. fJj dZ; fe s/o/ 

;kjwD/ r"sw Bkw dk fijVk p[X fJ; t/b/ yb'sk j?, eh fJ; ~ sz{ 

ikD frnk j?I< 

;kfog[Zs B/ fejk - j/ ;aoZwD, w+ g{oh soQK s[jk~ BjhI ikD ;fenk. 

w+ fJj dkntk BjhI eo ;edk fe w+ s[jk~ ikD frnk jK. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - nkw b'eK bJh th fwfEnk tuB p'bD/ T[fus 

BjhI jB - ftdtkBK bJh sK fJj fBzdD:'r jB. j/ f;nkD/ ;kfog[Zs, 

sz{ M{m feT[I nkfynk< 

;kfog[Zs B/ fejk - w+ i' nkfynk ;' ;aoXk tZ; j' e/ nkfynk. 

nkg ftu w/oh ;aoXk g?dk j' rJh j? wjkoki. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - ;aoXk ehwsh ns/ fgnkoh t;s{ j?. go fJ; dh 

iVQ vz{xh j'Dh ukjhdh j? ;kfog[Zs. ;[zdo ;apdK dh tos'I ihG ~ ns/ 

ezBK ~ o; iao{o fdzdh j? go fJ; dh T[wo th bzwh j'Dh ukjhdh j? 

;kfog[Zs. fwfEnk tke bzwh T[wo tkb/ BjhI j[zd/. FoXk dh iV frnkB 

ftu j'Dh ukjhdh j?. 

r[gs G/d oZyD tkb/ b'e 

;k~ ne;o tfjw j' iKdk j? fe cbkD/ ;zs e'b r?aph ;aesh 

j? fijVh fd;dh BjhI feT[Ife T[j gorN BjhI eodk. fszB soQK d/ 

b'e fJj' fij/ j[zd/ jB fijV/ G/d BjhI fdzd/ - ;G S[gk e/ oZyd/ jB. 

p[ZX B/ dZf;nk - fJBQK ftu'I gfjb/ Bzpo s/ iBkBhnK jB i' S[gkT[IdhnK 

tXhe jB, gorN xZN eodhnK jB. d{i/ ;EkB s/ g[ikoh nkT[Id/ jB. 

T[j th b[ekT[Id/ tXhe s/ fdykT[Id/ xZN jB. shi/ Bzpo @s/ M{mk f;XKs. 

fJj th tX/o/ eoe/ r[gs ofjzdk j?. fdykJh xZN fdzdk j?. p[ZX B/ 

fejk @@Xow ;{oi tKr ;z;ko ftu uwedk j?. T[; ftu e[ZM th, ozue 

th r[gs BjhI.## 

fBzde pqkjwD 

nzp bfmZek BK d/ Bro ftu pZ[X B/ gqt/;a ehsk sK T[BQK gk; 

e[M fGZy{ nkJ/ i' pV/ r[Z;/ ftu ;B. efjD bZr/ @@j/ BkE, fJe pqkjwD 

s[jkvh fBzfdnk eo fojk ;h. T[j nkydk ;h r"sw rZgh j? fi; ~ 

Bk Xow dk gsk j? Bk ;zrs dk. ;k~ pVk eo'X nkfJnk.## p[ZX B/ 


fejk - GkJhU i/ e'Jh w/o/ fto[ZX, Xow fto[ZX iK ;zx fto[ZX p'b/ sK 

;[D e/ eo'X feT[I eod/ j'< eo'X s[jkv/ nzdo w"i{d ;{yw fuZs ~ sK 

B[e;kB eo/rk jh, s[jk~ fJj fBnK eoB d/ ;wZoE th BjhI SZv/rk fe 

s[jkvh nkb'uBk eoB tkbk pzdk mhe efjzdk j? fe rbs. eo'X BjhI 

eoBk. nkb'ue ~ fXnkB Bkb ;[D'. ;akfJd T[j mhe efjzdk j't/. i/ 

T[j mhe efj fojk j't/ nkgD/ nkg ~ ;[Xko'. i/ rbs efj fojk j't/ 

sd th eo'X Bk eo'. 

pqkjwD B/ s[jkv/ Bkb fBnK BjhI ehsk ;h. w+ s[jk~ fJ; :'r 

eoKrk fe s[jkv/ jZE'I pqkjwD ~ fJB;kc fwb/. r[Z;k eoB tkb/ pzd/ 

fJB;kc BjhI eo ;ed/. 

ftdtkB 

p[ZX B/ fejk, fijV/ ftdtkB fo;ah pqjw pko/ tfynkB fdzd/ jB, 

T[gd/;a eod/ jB, T[BQK ~ pqjw dk e'Jh gsk BjhI. T[j ikB tkoB 

tkb/ nfij/ nk;ae jB fiBQK B/ nkgDh wfjp{p edh d/yh BjhI. T[BQK 

B/ uVQB bJh g"Vh pDk bJh j'Jh j? go fi; wfjb T[go uVQBk j? 

T[j wfjb ni/ T[BQK B/ d/fynk BjhI. T[j dfonk gko eoBk ukj[zd/ 

jB go T[BQK dh fJZSk j? fe dfonk dk gobk feBkok T[BQK tZb uZb 

e/ nk ikt/. s[;hI fJBQK ~ ftdtkB ej'r/< 

gq;aBihs 

okik gq;aBihs p[ZX gk; nk e/ efjD bZrk - ih wB ;aKs fet/I 

j't/< wfjbK ftu ;G e[ZM j'D d/ pkti{d wB nzdo p/u?Bh j?. p[ZX B/ 

fejk - fi; o[Zy ~ nZr brh j't/ gq;aBihs, eh edh d/fynk j? fe 

gzSh T[; T[s/ p?m/ rk oj/ j'D< fiE/ tk;aBktK dh Gowko j't/ T[E/ ;Zu 

d/ gzShnK dk nkbQDk BjhI pD ;edk. Gkt/I nkgD/ nkg ~ e'Jh wjkswk 

nytkT[Idk fco/ - tk;aBktK ekfJw jB sK ;aKsh B;hp BjhI j't/rh. nZr 

p[M ikt/rh sK jo/ Go/ doysK T[Zgo gzSh ufj ujkT[Dr/. 

wkb[ze:-g[Zs 

wkbz[e:g[Zs p[ZX d/ v/o/ ftu nkfJnk s/ fejk, @@j/ ;ke:w[Bh, s[;hI 

gkopqjw pko/ e[M BjhI dZf;nk. ;z;ko nwo j? fe Bk;atkB, ;hws j? 

fe nBzs< 

p[ZX B/ fejk - @@ftukoK dh fJe bVh ~ SZv e/ d{ih ~ cV 

b?Dk, fJe gozgok fsnkr e/ d{ih ftu ub/ ikDk fJj Xow BjhI 

wkb[ze:g[Zs. sz{ fJe do;aB ;ak;so f;Zy/I iK e'Jh d{ik iK e[ZM th Bk 

f;Zy/I, sd th iBw, p[Ykgk, w"s, d[Zy, ftobkg, ;zskg s/ T[dk;h ekfJw 

oj/rh. ;apdK ns/ ;zebgK dh tfuZso dko;afBesk dk w+ ;jkok BjhI 

fbnk feT[Ife d[Zy d{o eoB bJh fJj ;jkJh BjhI j[zdk. 

nzsb/ e[M fdB 

480 g{op Jh;th ;B ftu t?;akbh, y[;ajkb b'eK dhnK o"DeK Bkb 

x[Zr t;dk ;afjo ;h. fbZSthI tz;a d/ S/ okfinK B/ nkgD/-nkgD/ okiK 

~ fwbk e/ fJe ;KMh rDszso ;Ekgs ehsh fi; ~ fbZSth rDoki 

efjzd/ ;B. fJ; rDoki dh okiXkBh t?;akbh ;h. fJ; rDoki d/ w[yh 

~ fbZSth oki-gqw[Zy fejk iKdk ;h. fJj oki-gqw[Zy pVk ;aesh;akbh 

wjkokik pD frnk ;h. 

;aZe tz; dk :[toki r"sw fijVk fJe jB/oh ;[zB;kB oks ftu 

i[nkB T[wo/ efgbt;s{ d/ wfjb SZv e/ wzrsk j' frnk ;h, fJBQh 

fdBh okirqfj BK d/ ;afjo ftu fNfenk j'fJnk ;h. b'e T[; ~ ;aZew[Bh, 

wjkw[Bh, sEkrs, wjkswk ns/ p[ZX nkfde BktK Bkb ;zp'XB eod/. 

T[; ~ gsk ;h fe j[D ;z;ko s'I ftdk j'D dk ;wK nk frnk j?. 

T[j okirqfj dh EK e[;ahBro ik e/ ;oho fsnkrD dk fJZS[e ;h, fi; 

;afjo ~ T[j fgnko Bkb e[;hBko fejk eodk ;h. fJ; ;afjo ~ T[j 

feT[I fgnko eodk ;h s/ T[; B/ T[E/ ;oho fsnkrD dk feT[I c?;bk 

ehsk, fe;/ ~ gsk BjhI. T[; B/ nkBzd ~ p[bkfJnk s/ fejk - @@e[;hBko 

ikDk j? nkBzd. t?;akbh d/ o;s/ j' e/ uZbKr/.## T[j s[o/ s/ t?;akbh 

Bro nZgV rJ/. p[ZX ewia'o j' frnk ;h. t?;akbh g[Zi e/ nkBzd B/ 

e[M fdB nkokw eoB dh ;bkj fdZsh sK T[j wzB frnk. 

;ktZEh (;z;feqs Fqkt;sh) ;afjo dh ;[zdoh, Boseh s/ rkfJek 

nwogkbh, t?;akbh ftu ofj ojh ;h. fJE/ T[; dk pj[s tZvk pkr ;h 

fi; ftu nkbh;akB jt/bh ;h s/ jt/bh ftu pj[s ;kok XB. fJ; 

Boseh ~ ;Zdk d/D dh ;wZoEk e/tb okfinK gk; ofj rJh ;h. b'e 

T[; d/ Bku ns/ rkT[D ~ g;zd eod/ go fJj feZsk ;fseko:'r BjhI 

;h, fJ; bJh d{o ofjzd/. T[j p[ZX gk; nkJh. wZEk N/fenk ns/ p/Bsh 


ehsh fe p[ZX nkgD/ fGZy{nK ;w/s T[; dh jt/bh nk e/ G'iB SeD. 

wjK;aoZwD B/ T[; dh p/Bsh gqtkB ehsh sK T[j gq;zBsk Bkb tkg; 

ubh rJh. 

fJj ypo fbZSth ;wokN ~ fwbh sK T[; ~ d[Zy j'fJnk. XB 

d/ e/ fi; e[Vh ~ e'Jh th BZuD bJh p[bk ;edk j?, ;ke:w[Bh f;XkoE 

T[; d/ xo ikJ/rk< ;kX ;zs T[; gkf;T[ dh BjhI bzxd/. oki/ s/ oki 

e[wko T[Xo BjhI iKd/ - fdb eo/ sK T[; ~ nkgD/ gk; ;Zd b?d/ 

jB. go fJj ;kX{ fijVk :[toki th j?, nwogkbh dh jt/bh ikJ/rk< 

fbZSth ~ d[Zy j'fJnk. T[; B/ c?;bk ehsk fe T[j p[ZX ~ T[E/ BjhI 

ikD dJ/rk, go T[; gk; fJj efjD dh fjzws BjhI ;h fe ikJ/ s/ 

wBkjh eo dJ/, go T[j o'e/rk. T[j pZ[X gk; frnk. uoBh jZE bkJ/. 

p[ZX B/ p?mD dk fJ;akok ehsk sK T[j Xosh T[s/ p?m frnk. E'VQh d/o 

pknd efjD bZrk, - @@j/ ;ke:w[Bh, w/oh fJZSk j? nkg ~ gq;akd SektK 

;zx ;w/s. eh wBia{o eo'r/

nBzs ;[y fwb/rk. T[j fco s[o gJ/. s[od/ s[od/ ;akw s'I gfjb'I e[;hBko 

fdykJh d/D bZr fgnk. p[ZX B/ fejk - e[;ahBko nk frnk j? nkBzd. 

fJE/ ;kjwD/ ;kba d/ o[ZyK dk fijVk Mz[v j?, fJE/ fNekDk eoKr/. j'o 

nZr/ BjhI ikDk. uko/ gk;/ ;aKsh ;h. p[ZX B/ fejk - uNkJh ftSk d/j 

s/ f;o T[Zso tZb oZyhI. nkBzd B/ jbe/ xkjc{; dh pDh fBZeh uNkJh 

Xosh s/ ftSk fdZsh. p[ZX T[; T[go b/N frnk. Bro tk;hnK ~ s/ 

fGZy{nK ~ fJe d{i/ s'I gsk brdk frnk fe sEkrs e[;hBro dh i{j 

ftu nk frnk j?. fJj th gsk brdk frnk fe T[; dh sphns mhe 

BjhI. nkBzd B/ efj fdZsk ;h fe ;G d{o'I do;aB eo'. jo gkf;UI 

b'e nk-nk e/ p?mh ik oj/ ;B. ;G ykw';a ;B. 

fJe ;aoXkb{ sEkrs d/ do;aB eoB nkfJnk. T[j p[ZX d/ uoBh 

jZE bkT[D dk fJZS[e ;h. nkBzd B/ o'e fdZsk. T[; B/ fwzBs eoBh 

F[o{ eo fdZsh i' p[ZX B/ ;[D bJh. p[ZX B/ j"bh d/ e/ fejk - nkT[D 

d/j nkBzd. T[j nZr/ tfXnk. gqDkw eoe/ fejk - ih w+ ;[GZdo pqkjwD 

jK. j/ w[Bh, feogk eoe/ dZ; fdT[r/ fe n;hI feE'I nkJ/, feT[I nkJ/ 

s/ feE/ iktKr/< nkBzd dh fJZSk BjhI ;h fe fJ; ;w/I gq;aB g[ZS/ ikD. 

p[ZX B/ fejk - fJBQK ;G gq;aBK d/ T[so jB w/o/ gk; ;[GZdo. i/ w+ 

gorN eo fdnK sd th ;z;ko ftu d[Zy ofjDr/. w/ok ;o'eko d[Zy 

Bkb j?, T[;/ dk f;aeko eoBk ukfjnk. j'o e'Jh fJZSk pkeh BjhI. 

dko;afBe eod/ ofjDr/ fJj rZbK. s[jk~ ;w[zdo tZvk bZrdk j?. w?~ 

brdk j? fe gF{-gzShnK ns/ wB[ZyK B/ nZi se fizB/ jzM{ tjkJ/ jB, 

T[j ;w[zdo s'I tXhe jB. d[ZyK dh ;wkgsh eoB bJh sEkrs Xosh 

T[s/ nkfJnk. 

p[ZX B/ nkBzd tZb fBrkj w'Vh. nkBzd B/ fejk - ;[nkwh e[ZM 

j'o dZ;' ;k~. 

p[ZX B/ nkb/ d[nkb/ p?m/ fGZy{nK ~ fejk @@fwso', id'I i[nkBh ftu 

w+ ;'u fojk ;K fe wfjb fsnkr e/ ;zfBnk; btK fe Bk, wko d/tsk 

gqrN j'fJnk, (p'X ;kfjs ftu :woki ~ wko fejk iKdk j?) s/ efjD 

bZrk - @@j/ r"sw, sz{ shyD p[ZX ns/ nksw ft;atk;h i[nkB j?I. w/ohnK 

rZbK wzBh ikt/I s/ ;zfBnk;h Bk pD/ sK sz{ ;Zs d/;K dk Ssogsh wjkokik 

pD/.## 

w+ wko dh rZb ;[D e/ d[fuZsh SZv fdZsh s/ s[ozs ;zfBnk; b?D 

dk c?;bk eoe/ izrb dk o;sk cfVnk. izrb ftu tfoQnK pZXh J/Bk 

sg ehsk fe woB feBko/ g[Zi frnk. sd wko fco gorN j'fJnk s/ 

efjD bZrk- @@j/ w[Bh s[jkvh ;ys xkbDk ;cb j'Jh. ub' j[D Xosh 

SZv'. ;s ;tor s[jk~ T[vhe oj/ jB- oki eo'.## 

w+ wko ~ fejk- i/ fJj rZb j? sK w+ woKrk BjhI. w+ ihtKrk. 

Xosh T[s/ ojKrk- id'I she ;G ihnK izsK dk efbnkD BjhI j[zdk w+ 

fJZE/ ojKrk. sd w+ ;[iksk g[Zsoh dh fbnKdh yho ykXh s/ ;kjK dh 

N[ZNdh iKdh ;zrbh d[pkok nkgD/ jZE ftu cV bJh. ;Zs ;torK d/ 

bkbu ;dek w+ ;oho BjhI fsnkfrnk. 

j[D, j[D fco wko nkfJnk j?. fJj d/t j[D efj fojk j? @@r"sw 

w[Bh, ;oho Bk;atkB j?. fJ; d/ eD j[D yzfvs j'Dr/. j[D s[jk~ 

;oho fsnkr d/Dk ukjhdk j? j/ ;ke:w[Bh.## 

j[D w+ fJ; dh rZb wzBkrk. j[D fJ; B/ Bk ;Zs d/;K dk bkbu 

fdZsk j? Bk ;Zs ;[orK dk. j[D fJ; B/ nNZb ;Zu p'fbnk j?. ;Zu 

;Zu j?- Gkt/I d[;awD B/ p'fbnk j't/. j/ fwZso' j[D wko dk fejk wzBhJ/. 

j[D w?~ fJE'I ub/ ikDk ukjhdk j?. 

nkBzd dhnK nZyK ftu jzM{ Go rJ/- T[; B/ ;kEh fGZy{nK ~ j"bh 

d/ e/ fejk- w+ sK ni/ f;ZyDk F[o{ ehsk ;h E'Vk E'Vk- ni/ ;zg{oBsk 

p/nzs d{o j? s/ ;kvk ;[nkwh ik fojk j? ;kv/ gk;'I- ;kvk fdnkb{ w[Bh. 

p[ZX B/ fejk- nkBzd! fJXo ;kjwD/ nk. T[dk; feT[I j?I< nkBzd 

B/ fejk- @@;[nkwh nfrnkBsk dk nzXeko u[c/o/ g;fonk j'fJnk j?. 

Bk;atkB ;z;ko d/ gqkDhnK ~ ukBD dh ni/ j'o b'V j?. sEkrs 

fGnkBe s{ckB ftu ;kv/ bJh dhge pfDnk s/ fJj dhtk j[D p[MD 

bZrk j?. 

p[ZX B/ fejk- pZ; nkBzd pZ;. fdb ~ v[bk Bk. s?~ th, ;GBk 

~ th gsk j? nkgK j[D ftSVKr/. w+ dZ;dk sK fojk jK fe ;G s'I 

fgnkohnK t;sK- ;G s'I fgnko/ fwZso, ftSVBr/. w{oy efjzdk j?- @@fJj 

w+ jK- w+ jK fJE/.## f;nkDk nkdwh fJXo T[Xo d/ydk j?. Bk feXo/ 

T[; ~ w+ fd;dh j?- Bk w+ dk fNekDk. sK nkBzd fJj ;oho feT[I 

;zGkb e/ oZyhJ/ id'I fe p/nzs ;akBdko ;oho, gzE, T[j gzE fi; ftu 

Xow ;wk frnk j?, jw/;a oj/rk. Xow-ekfJnk fEo oj/rh. ft;atk; 

oZy'. w+ ;zs[;aN jK. i' ezw w/o/ fizw/ bZrk ;h T[j w+ eo uZfbnk jK. 

fJ;/ dh b'V ;h. ;z;ko ftu g?dk j'D tkbk w+ gfjbk pZ[X BjhI jK. 


Bk w+ nkyoh p[ZX jK. ;Zu gorN eoB bJh w+ s[jkv/ ftu nk T[sfonk 

;h. r"sw BjhI oj/rk. p[ZX jw/;a oj/rk feT[Ife ;Zu dk Bkw p[ZX j? 

s/ ;Zu ed/ BjhI wodk. fijVk ;Zu/ wkor s/ s[o/rk T[j w/ok ftfdnkoEh 

j't/rk- w+ T[; ~ gVQktKrk. w+, fijVk fe p[ZX jK, jw/;a s[jkv/ nzr 

;zr ojKrk. 

nkBzd B/ fejk- ;k~ e[M j'o th dZ;' wjkoki. 

p[ZX B/ j"bh-j"bh fejk- nkBzd, ;koh T[wo i' th dZf;nk, fJe 

~ iK nB/e ~, nkgD/ d't/I jZE c?bkn e/ dZf;nk. fJ; ;kX B/ edh 

w[Zmh pzd ehsh jh BjhI. i' fwfbnk ;' tzv fdZsk. e'Jh G/d BjhI j? 

w/o/ e'b. e'Jh uhia r[gs BjhI oZyh w+ edh. 

nkBzd B/ gZfSnk- s[jkv/ pr?o eh eoKr/ ;[nkwh n;hI< 

p[ZX B/ fejk- T[BQK fw;afos eDK dk w/ok ;oho pfDnk j'fJnk 

j? fijfVnK eDK dk s[jkvk ;Gdk ;oho j?. fJj ft;a/;a BjhI j?. fJj 

eD ntZ;a yzfvs j'Dr/. j"I;bk BjhI jkoBk. 

nkBzd B/ fco g[fSnk- j/ ;keZ: w[Bh, s[jkv/ fgS'I e"D ;kvh 

nrtkJh eo/rk< p[ZX B/ fejk- Xow. Xow s[jkvk oEtkB pD/. nkgD/ 

nzXekowJh okjK ftu nkgD/ dhge nkg pDBk. nkgD/ BZe ftu BZE 

ntZ;a gkT[Dh go oZ;h nkgD/ jZE ftu geV e/ oZyDh. x'V/ dk brkw 

s/ fe;ash dk uZg{ nkg cVBk. edh bZr/ fe s[;hI fBopb j', edh fe;/ 

dh ;aoD ftu ikD dk wB eo/ sK ;aoD ftu ub/ ikDk go fprkB/ 

dh ;aoD ftu BjhI. nkgD/ ;aoDdks/ nkg pDBk. 

T[j o[fenk. fco efjD bZrk- fijV/ fGZy{ w/o/ Bkb oj/ T[BQaK ~ 

nZi to th d/Dk j? ;okg th. to fJj fe w/o/ ;kEh fGZy{ i' eoB, 

i' efjD, ;zx T[; dh B[eskuhBh Bk eo/. fJj T[BQK ~ to j?. go 

i' T[j efjD iK i' T[j eoB T[j wzBD:'r iK eoB:'r BjhI j't/rk. 

eoBk T[j j? i' ;zx (;zrs) ej/. ;zx d/ c?;b/ ;op'sw j'Dr/. 

;ke:w[Bh e[M d/o u[Zg fojk, fco p'fbnk, @@d/y' fGZy{U, sEkrs 

fJE'I ikD tkbk j?. w+ ukj[zdk jK s[;hI nky'- 

@@;G sZs p[ZY/, ioio/ j' iKd/ jB. 

;G sZs nzs u"frod/ ftu x[b iKd/ jB. 

i' nwo j? T[; dh sbk;a eo'. 

g{oh skes Bkb w[esh dh gqkgsh tk;s/ fwjBs eo'.## 

j"bh j"bh T[j Xosh s'I ikD bZrk. T[; B/ Xow dhnK ;G 

;wkXhnK gko ehshnK. fco ;dk bJh nZyK w[zd bJhnK. nkBzd B/ 

fejk- @@j/ ;aoZwD', j/ fGZy{U, j/ T[gk;ae', ;kv/ gk;'I ;kvk fwZso ubk 

frnk j?.##fGZy{ ftobkg eoB bZr/. tv/fonK B/ fdbk;/ fdZs/. gktk s/ 

e[;ahBro dk okik wZb; c[ZbK d/ jko, ;[zdo t;so ns/ ;[rzXhnK b? 

e/ wjK:'rh ~ ;aoXKibh d/D bJh ;G s'I gfjbk nkfJnk. wZb; B/ 

fejk-sEkrs B/ nkyoh tko ;k~ :kd ehsk, fJj eo}k fet/_ T[skoKr/ 

n;hA< fco T[j p'fbnk-;k~ fezB/ XBtkB eo frnk j? T[j. ;kv/ tork 

e"D j? nwho ni d[BhnK ftu< fit/I-fit/I ypoK g[ZidhnK rJhnK b'e 

do;aBK bJh eskoK pzBQ-pzBQ nkT[Id/ rJ/. T[; dh fwose d/j ;Zs fdB 

do;aBk tk;s/ ;zGkbh rJh. nwogkbh nkgD/ ;zrhs wzvb ;w/s nkJh. 

wZEk N/fenk ns/ Biadhe p?m e/ rkT[D bZr gJh. T[; dk iEk ;kok 

jcsk T[E/ fojk. nwogkbh brksko rkT[Idh ojh. 

id'I noEh ;aw;akBxkN tZb b? e/ s[o/ sK nwogkbh ekcb/ d/ 

nZr/ j' rJh. T[; dk iEk T[; d/ Bkb ;h. T[j ;aw;akBxkN se 

BZudh rJh. T[; dk iEk rkT[Idk frnk. 

n;EhnK b?D wrX dk okik niaks;aZso{ nkfJnk. t?;akbh 

rDszsso d/ S/ oki/ nkJ/ s/ n;EhnK b?D bJh gqkoEBk ehsh. 

efgbt;s{ d/ ;ake: nkJ/, nZbebg dk p:{bh, okwrkw dk okik 

e'fbn;, gktk dk okik wZb; s/ fggbhtD dk okik w'o:k nkfJnk. 

c[Zb u[rD t/b/ T[gkbh B/ fJj ;aoXKibh G/N ehsh - @@j/ fGy{U, 

;aoZwD', ;kX{U s/ rqfj;EhU, ;kvk fgnkok ;kv/ s'I ftS[fVnk BjhI j?. 

bZyK nZyK ftu T[j o';aBh pD e/ fNe frnk j?. nZyK tkb/ T[; ~ 

d/y fbnk eoBr/. pj[s ;ko/ oki/ wjkoki/ nkJ/ jB i' n;EhnK b?D 

bJh gqkoEBk eo oj/ jB. n;hI T[BQK ~ n;EhnK fdnKr/. T[j efj 

oj/ jB fe okiXkBhnK ftu n;EhnK dk ;BwkB eoe/ T[j p'X ;s{g, 

wZm T[;koBr/. go ;kv/ fgnko/ f;XkoE ~ i/ fJZNK ns/ u{Bk g;zd j[zd/ 

sK T[j efgbt;s{ d/ wfjb Bk fsnkrdk. ;kv/ fdb T[; d/ fBtk; 

;EkB pDBr/. 

;kv/ bJh fJe w[;aeb g?dk eo frnk j? ;ke:w[Bh. gfjb'I nkgD/ 

fdbK ftu n;hI nkg t;d/ ;K fJ; bJh fij' fij/ th fJj xo ;B, 

mhe ;B. go j[D fJBQK EktK s/ sEkrs dk fBtk; j't/rk. fJ; bJh 


fdbK d/ fJj wfjb ;kca oZyD/ g?Dr/. fwjBs eoBh gt/rh. brksko 

;ktXkB ofjDk gt/rk. 

j/ fGy{U, j/ rqfj;EhU ! j[D s[;hI nkg' nkgD/ fNekfDnK ~ gos 

ikU. Xosh T[go wzdko d/ c[ZbK dh Gkoh pko;a j'Jh j?. r'v/ r'v/ 

fpZyo/ g[;agK dh w'Nh sfj ftu'I bzx e/ ikDk gt/rk. rqfj;Eh xoh ikD 

s/ fGZy{ izrbK dk okj cVB. s[;hI ;G, id'I nkgD/ nkgD/ fNekfDnK 

s/ g[i'r/ sK ozrK ns/ ;[rzXhnK Bkb B[uVd/ j'J/ g[Zi'r/. sEkrs ;jkJh 

j'D.## 

T[gkbh s'I fgS'I p[ZX d/ f;Zy ns/ T[BQK d/ fwZso nB[o[ZX B/ ;fseko 

ti'I fJj ;apd ej/ - 

@@;koh j'Id dk T[d:, nzs ns/ T[d/;a ;Zu j?. nkgD/ t;/p/ tk;s/ 

T[j nB/e ;z;ko f;oidk j?. ;Zu edh f;azrko BjhI eodk. T[j fJZe 

j? ns/ nyzv j?. w"s dh ;aesh s'I ;[szso, ;op ftnkge ns/ nBzs 

;akBK Bkb bZfdnk j'fJnk j? T[j. ft;at ftu pj[s ;ko/ ozr pozr/ 

;Zu BjhI jB. jo ekb ftu jo ;EkB T[s/ T[j fJeZbk fojk ns/ 

nekbh fojk. T[; dk e'Jh fNekDk BjhI. 

ft;at-ouBk d/ w[Yb/ d"o ftu ;{oi, Xosh ns/ uzB dk w[yVk 

fdZf;nk. tk:{-wzvb dh X{V ftu fbZpV e/ ;Zu B/ p/nzs o";aBh gqrN 

ehsh. go ni/ T[; ~ d/yD tkbh e'Jh nZy BjhI ;h, ;[DB tkbk e'Jh 

ezB BjhI ;h, T[; d/ wkfJB/ ;wMD tkbk e'Jh wB BjhI ;h. j'Id d/ 

fJ; nfwZs g;ko ftu ;Zu ~ e'Jh EK nfijh Bk fwbh fiE/ T[j g{o/ 

ib" Bkb fBtk; eo ;edk. 

:[Zr phs/ s/ ftek; d/ nB/e d"oK ftu'I u/sBk gqrN j'Jh. ihtB 

B/ BtK ;z;ko f;ofink fi; ftu pbtkB iiap/ ;B, p/nzs tk;Bk ;h 

ns/ fJe nfiZs ;aesh bfjokT[D bZrh. ft;at i[ZNK ftu tzfvnk frnk. 

;[y Bkb d[y, nksw Bkb nBksw, d';sh Bkb d[;awDh, fgnko Bkb 

Bcos, ;ko/ pokpo tX/ s/ c?b/. GktBktK d/ fJ; d"o ftu ;Zu 

EoEZokfJnk ns/ p/nzs ;aesh;akbh j[zd/ ;[zd/ T[; ~ ft;at ftu e'Jh EK 

nfijh Bk fwbh fiE/ T[j d' xVh u?B Bkb fNe ;edk. 

ihtB ;zrokw ftu'I fco do;aB B/ iBw fbnk. do;aB B/ nksw 

~ okj fdykT[Dk F[o{ ehsk. ;koh ouBk d/ ftueko p?m e/ do;aB B/ 

nkgD/ f;o T[go je{ws dk ski oZy fbnk. tfj;ahnK T[s/ ns/ ;ko/ 

sZsK T[s/ do;aB B/ fti? jk;b ehsh. go Bkb-Bkb do;aB B/ Bcaos, 

jt; ns/ jzeko dh nrBh ftu j'o pkbD ;[ZN e/ GKpV pkb/. ;Zu 

B/ do;aB d/ feb/ dh pVh tko w[ozws ehsh go fJ; feb/ ftu th 

e'Jh EK nfijh Bk fwbh fiE/ T[j fNekDk pDk ;edk. 

;Zu B/ do;aB ftu fNeDk ukfjnk sK d/fynk fe do;aB d' Xkok 

yzvk j? fijVk gfjb'I f;oidk j? fco tYdk j?. ;Zu B/ fejk - do;aB 

w/ok d;soyakB j?. E'VQh d/o fJ; s/ nkokw eoKrk. fco ubk iktKrk, 

feT[Ife fJj w/ok xo BjhI j?. Gkt/I do;aB okjhI ;Zu dh e[ZM Ekj g?Idh 

j? go fBo'b s/ fBo'b do;aB ykbh wzih j? fi; T[s/ id'I ;Zu p?m 

ikt/ sK nwo b"fee ;oeko ibtkB[wk j[zdh j?. 

do;aB B/ pVh tko :sB ehs/ fe nksw ~ pbtkB eoe/ ;G 

ihtK ftu'I Bcos, tk;Bk s/ gkg B;aN eo ;e/, go fJBQK :sBK ftu 

do;aB EZe e/ N[ZN frnk s/ wB[Zy T[; d/ wbp/ j/m dZp rJ/. sd 

;Zu p[ZX pD e/ ft;at ftu gqek;atkB j'fJnk fiE/ T[; ~ g{oB nkokw 

fwfbnk. T[; B/ c?;bk ehsk fe fJjh T[; dk fNekDk pD/. 

j/ p[ZX ! ;Zu dk fes/ j'o fNekDk j[zdk fJj T[E/ iKdk. go fJj 

s/o/ gk; nkfJnk j?. edh fJ; B/ j'Id d/ iiafpnK ftu o[eDk ukfjnk 

;h go fJj EK fJ; ~ iuh BjhI ;h. fJj fJE'I ubk frnk ;h go 

fJ; dhnK g?VK d/ fB;akB fJE/ pu/ gJ/ jB. 

;Zu B/ p[ZX okjhI wB[ZyK ns/ d/tfsnK ~ fejk, t;sK ~ T[BQK d/ 

n;bh o{g ftu d/y'. T[; B/ do;aB ~ fejk - sz{ fgnko pD ik. 

id'I w/o/ ;kjwD/ nkt/I sK eo[Dk pD e/ nkJhI. do;aB s[ozs dfJnk j' 

frnk. ;Zu y[;a j'''''fJnk - :[ZrK pknd T[; ~, fJe yakBkpd'F ~, ofjD 

bJh fJe uzrk xo fwfbnk fi; dk Bkw T[; B/ p[ZX oZfynk. 

p[ZX ! j/ feqgkb{ p[ZX, s/ gftZso p[ZX, j/ ;zg{oB p[ZX, s/o/ okjhI 

gqrN ehsk ;Zu Xosh s/ c?fbnk ns/ oki eoB bZrk. g[bkV nBzs 

j? p/;aZe, go j/ p[ZX, ;Zu s/oh ;aoD ftu nkfJnk j?. fJ; dk j'o 

e'Jh fNekDk BjhI. fJ; yakBkpd'F T[s/ ofjw eohI. 

fJj sEkrs d/ puB jB. fJj j[;Bb uokr ns/ ;kfjp-fdwkra 

dh pkDh j?. ;kv/ Bkw fbyh j'Jh fJj p[ZX dh t;hns j?. 

j/ p[ZX, ;k~ nkgD/ f;ZyK ti'I gqtkB eo. j/ p[ZX, xo'I d{o rJ/ 

GNe/ j'J/ w[;kcoK ~ tkg; fbnk.## 


p[ZX d/ d/jKs T[gozs nwogkbh fe;/ okiwfjb ftu BZuD rkT[D 

BjhI rJh. T[j p'XrkEktK rkT[Idh. p'X T[;sfs rkT[Idh. pdBkw jt/bh 

T[sw p'X-nk;aow pD frnk. fGZy{, rqfj;Eh wod n"osK ;G T[; ~ 

;[DB nkT[Id/. T[j ne;o fejk eodh, @@oki e[wko, XBh ;/m, oki/ 

wjkoki/ w?~ ;Zdd/, pVk XB fdzd/, ;fseko fdzd/. go uzr/ Bk brd/. 

fej' fijk ;h ;kvk fJj fGywzrk fe n;hI ;kok e[ZM T[; d/ uoBk ftu 

nogD eoB bZfrnk pko-pko ;'ud/ fe T[j gqtkB eo/rk fe BjhI. 

wfjb fsnkr e/ T[; B/ m{mk jZE ftu cfVnk go wzrsk ed'I pD 

;fenk T[j. ;kv/ fdb T[; dhnK okiXkBhnK pD/. fJe efgbt;s{ SZv 

e/ T[; B/ bZyK fdbK ftu nkgD/ wfjb T[;ko/ s/ oki eoB bZrk. 

ubke fBefbnk r"sw Bkw dk wzrsk. p[ZXw ;aoDw rZSkfw..## 

e[ZM p'X tke 

- wkBtK dk ihtB ;zy/g j?. e'Jh nfijk BjhI fi; gk; w"s Bk 

nkJh j't/. 

- fi; pqjw pko/ fejk frnk j? fe T[; dk fJe fdB fJe jiako 

;kb d/ pokpo j?, T[; B/ th fJjh fejk ;h fe T[;dh fiazdrh E'VQ 

fuoh j?. 

- ihtB sq/b s[ge/ dh fBnkJhI j?, gkDh T[s/ p[bp[b/ tKr. X[Zg/ 

xkj dh gZsh T[gob/ sq/b s[ge/ dh fizBh e[ T[wo j?, fJZvk e[ ihtB 

gzX j? wB[Zy dk. wK w?~ w'V BKj. 

- fiZvh wB d/ fJe c[oB/ dh nT[X j?, fizBk e[ bzwk gzX oE 

d/ gjhJ/ dk fJe r/Vk s?n eodk j? - ihtB g?Ivk fJZvk e[ jh j? 

pZ;. 

- fgSb/ fSD ftu ihtB dh ;aesh ;h, nrbk gb w"s dh ;aesh 

j' ikt/rk. y[;ah rwh Bkb Gog{o ihtB fJe fSD ftu nS'gb/ fij/ 

phs iKdk j?. 

- ihtB ns/ w"s, :kdK jB gb Go dhnK - j'o e[M BjhI. 

ihtB fJe fBZek fijk c[oBk jh sK j? p;, j'o eh j?< 

- gops dh u'Nh s'I j/mK foVQdk gZEo ihtB dh fBnkJhI j?. 

joes ftu nkT[D s/ T[j ;'uD brdk j? fe ihtB XVe fgnk j?. 

tk;st ftu sK T[; dh otkBrh w"s tZb otkBrh ;h. 

- j'Id dk ft;okw jh fBotkD j?. ft;at gb-gb x[b fojk j?. 

ft;at gb-gb fwN fojk j?. 

- fJe gb ns/ fJe :[Zr ftu e'Jh coe BjhI. fi; eowK tkb/ 

gb B/ fJj G/d ikD fbnk T[j gb nkg fJe :[Zr j' frnk. fi; 

nGkr/ :[Zr ~ fJ; rZb dh ;wM BjhI gJh T[j gb tKr B;aN j' 

frnk. 

- GkrK tkb/ jB T[j fiBQK B/ nkgDk fSD gSkD e/ T[; ~ cV 

fbnk. o'Dr/ T[j fiBQK d/ jZE' T[BQK dk gb fy;e frnk. 

- nyzv fdZ; oj/ sZs yzfvs j'Dr/ s/ x[b ikDr/. sbk;a eo' 

i' nwo j? - Xow fpBk j'o e[M nwo BjhI. ;Zu fpBk j'o e[M fEo 

BjhI. 


eBfcT[f;an; 

ihtB ns/ T[gd/;a 

Jh;th ;B s'I ;kY/ gzi ;" ;kb gfjb'I uhB d/ shi/ ;kwoki pz; 

dk ykswk Biadhe nk fojk ;h. ;wkfie jkbks ;aKs BjhI ;B. e/Idoh 

je{ws N[ZN ojh ;h s/ ikrhodkohnK fBZehnK fBZehnK fonk;sK pDk 

ojhnK ;B. fJ; fonk;sh gqpzX ftu b'eK dh b[ZN y;[ZN j'D bZrh. 

sefVnK gk; p/JhwkBh Bkb d"bs fJZemh j'D brh ns/ rohpK dh 

jkbs p[oh j' rJh. rohp fe;kB ns/ wiad{o gEohbh iawhB Bkb 

NZeoK wko oj/ ;B, f;nk;s dk gsB j' u[Zek ;h ns/ ;dkukoe 

dhtkbhJ/gD dh ;odkoh j' rJh ;h. 

eBfcT[f;an; B/ Bk sK fe;/ Bt/I Xow dh BhIj oZyh ns/ Bk fe;/ 

g[okD/ Xow ~ ;[Xkfonk. T[; B/ d/;a tk;hnK ~ ;akBdko G{sekb :kd 

eokfJnk id'I b'e fBZehnK w'NhnK Xkofwe o;wK fBGKT[_d/ ;B ns/ ;[y 

dh BhId ;"Id/. T[; B/ nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ ;o'fsnK ~ :ehB 

d[nkfJnk fe r[iao frnk ;[jDk ;wk fco tkg; p[bkfJnk ik ;edk 

j?. wjkswk B/ g[oksB ebk;heb rqzEK dk ;zgkdB ehsk. T[; dk :[Zr 

uhB dh p"fXesk dk ;aq'wDh ekb j?. T[; B/ nkgDk ;dkuko ;ak;so 

ftfrnkBe bhjK T[Zs/ T[;kfonk. 

wjkswk eBfcT[f;an; rohp gfotko ftu 551 g{op Jh;th ftu 

g?dk j'fJnk. fJj gfotko ;aKs[zr g?fBBb;[bk d/ j/m b{ fonk;s ftu 

edh pVk n;o o;{y tkbk ykBdkB ;h ns/ oki;h ezwK ftu fjZ;/dko 

;h go fonk;s ftu prkts j' rJh s/ eBfcT[f;an; d/ p}[or fJE'I 

ikB puk e/ ub/ rJ/ ns/ ;aoDkoEh pD rJ/. iBw s'I E'VQh d/o pknd 

fgsk dh w"s j' rJh s/ ;zeNK dk ;kjwDk eofdnK j'fJnk wK B/ pZu/ 

dh gofto;a ehsh. eBfcT[f;an; dhnK fbysK ftu doi j?, @@w+ rohp 

xo ftu izfwnK ns/ tZvk j'fJnk, fJ; eoe/ T[j ;ko/ ezw eo b?Idk 

jK fijV/ xNhnk ;wM/ iKd/ jB ns/ fiBQK ~ eoBk fJiasdko b'e 

g;zd BjhI eod/. rohph B/ w?~ o{j sZe fSfbnk j'fJnk j? s/ fJj 

iyw ni/ okiah BjhI j'J/.## 

uhBh Gk;ak ftu T[;dk Bkw e'_-c{-}{ j?.wK B/ w[;aeb d/ ;w/I ftu 

pZu/ dh ftfdnk g{oh eotkT[D ftu e'Jh e;o pkeh BjhI SZvh. fgzv 

d/ nfXnkge gk;'I fbyDk gVQBk f;Zfynk s/ fco T[; dk M[ekn eftsk 

ns/ gqkuhB fJfsjk; tZb j' frnk. T[j uhB d/ ;ak;soh ;zrhs dhnK 

rfjokJhnK sZe g[Zik. T[j pVk nZSk thDk tkde ;h s/ g[oksB b'erhsK 

dhnK X[BK rk e/ gq;zB j[zdk. gzdoK ;kbK dh T[wo ftu T[; B/ 

nkgD/ nkg Bkb fJj fdqVQ c?;bk ehsk fe e/tb nfXn?B s/ nfXnkgB 

eo/rk. fJjh ezw T[; B/ ;koh T[wo ehsk. T[; ~ f;aeko y/vD dk 

;a"e ;h go T[j nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ~ fejk eodk ;h fe f;aeko 

eoB t/b/ iK y/vD t/b/ X'yk BjhI eoBk ns/ fpgsk ftu th ;aokcas 

dk gZbk BjhI SZvDk. 

thj ;kb dh T[wo ftu N?e; e[b?eNo ti'I B"eoh F[o{ ehsh 

s/ ftnkj ehsk. ftnkj ;cb BjhI ;h gqzs{ T[j fejk eodk ;h, @@fJ; 

dk fJe bkG th j'fJnk. xo g[Zso g?dk j' frnk sK w?~ fJj s;Zbh 

j' rJh fe j[D xo dhnK fizw/tkohnK fJj ;zGkb bJ/rk s/ w+ e[M 

gVQ btKrk.## gZuh ;kb dh T[wo ftu nkgDh wK d/ d/jKs ;w/I T[j 

J/Bk T[dk; j'fJnk fe fszB ;kb d[Zy ftu v[Zpk fojk. Bk gVQ ;edk 

Bk gVQk ;edk. rkT[/D brdk sK thDk dh ;[o nktkia Bkb Bk obdh. 

nyho T[j ;zGfbnk s/ nfXnkgB dk feZsk ngDk fbnk. fJfsjk;, 

ekft, okiBhsh, B?fse ;ak;so, ;zrhs ns/ Xow dh f;Zfynk T[; d/ ft;a/ 

;B. ftfdnkoEh T[; d/ nkb/-d[nkb/ x[zwd/ ofjzd/. eJh sK tfoQnk pZXh 

T[; d/ Bkb jh oj/. tZv/ xokfDnK d/ pZu/ T[; gk;'I f;ZyD nkT[Id/ go 

wjkswk fejk eodk, @@;wki fi; edo fro u[Zek j? e/tb ftfdnk 

gqkgs eoB Bkb fJ; dk fJbki BjhI j't/rk. ;k~ oki ;zGbDk gt/rk, 

y[d je{ws Bk eoKr/ sk popkd j' iktKr/.## 

fJe w"ek nfijk th nkfJnk id'I T[; ~ @b{# Bkw dh fonk;s 

ftu b'e fBowkD ftGkr dk wzsoh fB:[es ehsk frnk. fco T[j uhc 

i;fN; pfDnk s/ fco gqXkB wzsoh. T[; B/ fJzBh ;cbsk Bkb gqpzX 

ubkfJnk fe fto'XhnK B/ Jhoyk t; j' e/ pdBkwh F[o{ eo fdZsh. 

;ki;aK xVhnK ikD bZrhnK, nzs wjkswk B/ je{ws fsnkr fdZsh. 


fgS'eV 

g[oksB uhB Bro-okiK dk fJe ;w{j ;h. fJe ;afjo dk fJe 

okik j[zdk ;h ns/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ y/s ns/ fgzv T[; dh fonk;s dk 

fjZ;k j[zd/. ;afjoK ftu XBh ns/ gVQ/ fby/ b'e ofjzd/ ;B ns/ fgzvK 

ftu nBgVQ rohp wiad{o. ;afjoK d/ d[nkb/ tZvhnK-tZvhnK ezXK T[;kohnK 

iKdhnK ;B s/ ;akw g?D s/ dotkia/ pzd j' iKd/ sK fe XkVthnK ns/ 

ve?sK s'I pfunk ik ;e/. vke{nK B/ fgzvK T[s/ jwbk eoe/ eh b?Dk 

;h, fiE/ b'e o'Nh s'I th w[Eki ;B. ;afjo ~ okiXkBh iK d"bsykBk 

fejk iKdk ;h s/ fJj ;apd ni sZe ;kvh gzikph ;fGnsk ftu th 

nkw tos/ iKd/ jB. 

f;Ze/ nkw ukb{ BjhI j'J/ ;B. b?D d/D t;sK d/ tNKdo/ Bkb 

j[zdk ;h. e"vhnK ns/ f;Zghnk e[M S'N/ f;ZfenK dh EK toshnK iKdhnK 

;B. ehwsh gZEo, ;'Bk, uKdh, gF{ ns/ o/;aw oew dh ndkfJrh d/ 

;kXB ;B. Jh;th s'I 1200 ;kb gfjb'I d/ uKdh d/ y[D/ j'J/ f;Ze/ fwb/ 

jB. fijV/ f;Ze/ xV/ iKd/ ;B, T[BQK ftu oki fuzBQ y[fDnk j'fJnk 

j[zdk ;h. fJe' ehws d/ 18 f;Ze/ fJe' Xks d/ pD/ j'J/ s'b/ rJ/ sk 

T[BQK dk tiaB tZy-tZy fBefbnk. d' s'I uko rokw se d/ tiaB dh 

tkX xkN ;kps eodh j? fe w'Nk fijk fj;kp feskp ;h. ehwsh XksK 

dh xkN j'D ekoB edh-edh ;c?d fjoB dh yZb d/ N'fNnK T[s/ w'jok 

bk e/ th eoz;h dk ezw fbnk iKdk ;h. eoz;h J/Bh Gkoh ;h fe 

fbnkT[D fbikD T[s/ jh pVk you j' iKdk ;h. eoz;h T[s/ pkd;akj 

dh fJiko/dkoh ;h. 

okik b'eK bJh oZp tKr ;h. T[; dh fJZSk nB[;ko ;oeko 

ubdh. fbysh ek~B e'Jh BjhI ;h. dfonktK ftu'I fBZehnK fBZehnK 

BfjoK eZY e/ f;zikJh ehsh iKdh. fJj oki/ dh woiah Bkb j[zdk. g[okD/ 

uhB d/ b'e rhsK ftu oki/ dh T[;sfs ehsh fwbdh j?. oki dh 

tfvnkJh fjs GiB ou/ ns/ rkJ/ iKd/. oki/ ~ ;zp'fXs fJe GiB 

j?Ls{z 

;k~ ihtB d/D tkbk j?I, 

s{z ;kvk foiae dksk j?I, 

s/oh y[;ah j't/ sK c;bK T[rdhnK jB, 

s/oh Bkokiarh ;kvh w"s j?. 

b'eK dk o{jK ns/ d/tfsnK ftu ft;atk; ;h. fJe oZp dk fynkb 

ni/ g?dk BjhI j'fJnk ;h. uzr/ Gb/, ;kT{ ns/ JhwkBdko b'eK ~ d[Zy 

;fjzfdnK d/y e/ eBfcT[f;an; B/ fejk ;h fe d/tfsnK dh fJZSk ;zs[bs 

BjhI j?. fJj T[; dk e[dosh ;aeshnK d/ fybkc o'; ;h. i/ d/ts/ 

oki d/ ezwK ekiK ftu ;jkJh j[zd/, ;cbsk fdzd/, c;bK uzrhnK 

T[rdhnK, sd okik T[BQK dh g{ik eodk ns/ T[BQK dk o[spk tXk fdzdk. 

go i/ d/ts/ okik ns/ goik dk B[e;kB eod/ sK okik T[BQK dk nj[dk 

xNk (demotion) fdzdk. fJe oki/ B/ sK eo'XtkB j' e/ sk;h gjkVh 

d/ts/ ~ e'V/ wko fdZs/ (ipkBh-ipkBhHHH jtk ftu e'Vk T[bko e/). fe;/ 

oki/ dh fiZs jko dk ekoB d/ts/ ~ wzfBnk iKdk ;h. i/s{ oki/ d/ 

d/ts/ seV/ wzB/ ikd/ ;B s/ jko/ j'J/ d/ ewi'ao. i/ jVQ nk iKd/ iK 

;'ek g? iKdk sK fJ; dk Gkt fJj fbnk iKdk fe d/ts/ oki/ dk nkyk 

wzBD'I jN rJ/ jB, Gkt oki/ ftu efo;awk eoB dhnK ;aeshnK BjhI 

ojhnK. okik b'eK d/ ;kjwD/ sg eodk ns/ nkgD/ gkgK dh fywk 

wzrdk. fJE'I sZe fe 1832 Jh;th ftu ekb g? frnk ;h, oki/ B/ b'eK 

;kjwD/ ik e/ r[BkjK dk fJepkb ehsk sK po;ks j'Jh. g[okD/ ;fwnK 

ftu sK nfij/ w"e/ th nkJ/ fe oki/ ~ nkswxks eoB bJh wip{o 

j'Dk fgnk. 

w?e;t?po fbydk j? fe uhB dh o{jkBhns ftu g?rzpoK B/ edh 

e'Jh fJBebkp BjhI fbnKdk. ;kXkoD b'e g{ik gkm BjhI eod/ ;B 

feT[Ife T[BQK ~ eoBk jh BjhI nkT[Idk ;h. g[ikoh iK pkd;akj jh 

nfijhnK o;wK fBGkT[Id/ ;B. w[esh dk f;XKs iK ft;atk; gqufbs 

BjhI ;h. 

eBfcT[f;an; B/ gfjbh tko fJj fejk fe Xow ;GBK b'eK bJh 

pj[s iao{oh j?. e/tb oki/ iK g[ikoh d/ jZE ftu Xow d/Dk nB[fus 

j?. ft;atk; ehfsnK pr?o ;z;ko dk fB:fws ekoi BjhI ub ;edk. 

oki/ bJh iao{oh j? fe T[j b'eK ~ o'Nh Gkt/I Bk d/t/HHHHHHXow d/t/, 

fBnK d/t/HHHHHHBjhI sK T[; dk oki BjhI ub ;e/rk. d/tfsnK dh GhV 

ftu okik ;ao'wDh d/tsk j[zdk ;h. T[j nkek;a dk g[Zso nytkT[Idk ;h. 

uhBh Gk;ak ftu Xow bJh e'Jh ;jh ;apd BjhI fwbdk. fJe 

;apd j? @f;XKs#, T[j f;XKs fijV/ ftdtkBK B/ pDkJ/. d{ik ;apd j? 

@o;w#. f;XKs ns/ o;wK Xkofwe jB fe t?;/ jh nkw ;wkfie 

gozgoktK jB, e'Jh gsk BjhI brdk. eBfcT[f;an; B/ th i' wZs g/;a 


ehsk T[; ~ uhB ftu fe;/ Xow dk Bkw BjhI fdZsk frnk, ;r'I 

ftdtkBK d/ B/w fejk iKdk j?. 

i' woiah o;w fotkia oj/, uhBh b'eK B/ nkgDk ;pzX fdq;aNwkB 

irs Bkb oZfynk. bzwhnK T[woK ns/ y[;ajkb ihtB dhnK ekwBktK 

ehshnK. fijV/ pzd/ jho' pDkJ/ rJ/ T[j n;{bK d/ gZe/ ofjzd/ s/ uhBhnK 

d/ ft;atk; nB[;ko edh wod/ jh BKj. w"s T[s/ fiZs tZvh s'I tZvh 

gqkgsh ;wMh rJh. ;zskB dh gqkgsh, XB dh fJZSk, szdo[;sh ns/ uzrk 

G'iB gqkoEBktK okjhI wzfrnk iKdk. fw;o tk;hnK Bkb'I fJj o;w fotki 

T[bN ;B. fw;o d/ b'eK d[nkok wzwhnK pDk e/ bk;aK ;zGkbD dk 

Gkt fJj j[zdk ;h fe fJBQK ftu ni/ ikB j? ns/ fJBQK ~ d[Zy-;[Zy dk 

nfj;k; j?. fJ;/ ekoB sK bk;aK d/ Biadhe ykD ghD dhnK t;sK 

oZyhnK iKdhnK ;B. uhBhnK bJh w"s s'I fgS'I j'o e[M BjhI ;h. fJ;/ 

eoe/ T[j w"s ~ tZX s'I tZX d{o oZyDk ukj[zd/ ;B. eBfcT[f;an; dk 

ftuko j? fe w"s s'I pknd nkswk Gkc tKr T[vZ iKdh j?, rod r[pko 

#u fwb iKdh j? s/ ysw j' iKdh j?. 

eBfcT[f;an; dk g[Bo iBw ftu iK oZp ftu e'Jh ft;atk; BjhI 

;h. fJ; gZy'I T[; ~ ;azektkdh iK Bk;se fejk ik ;edk j?. ;N/N 

dk Xow f;ZXk ;kdk ;h. pbh d/Dh, gqkoEBk eoBh, ;zrhs ns/ Bku, 

Xow d/ nzr ;B. eBfcT[f;an; d/ f;XKsK ftu ftneshrs gqkoEBk 

dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhI j?. T[j id'I phwko j'fJnk sK nkgDh szdo[;sh 

tk;s/ ;akfrodK ~ gqkoEBk eoB s'I o'e fdZsk. T[j nkg eJh-eJh ;kb 

gqkoEBk BjhI eodk ;h. fejk iKdk j? fe T[; dh phwkoh d"okB okfinK 

ns/ oki d/ T[u nfXekohnK B/ T[; bJh gqkoEBktK ehshnK. 

ihtB dk ;[y eBfcT[f;an; B/ Xow ftu BjhI pbfe ;dkukoe 

fB:wK ftu'I bZGD dk :sB ehsk. T[; d/ f;XKsK ftu oZph pyf;a;a 

Bkw dh e'Jh ebgDk BjhI, gqkoEBk okjhI r[Bkj py;a/ ik ;eD ftu 

eBfcT[f;an; dk ft;atk; BjhI ;h. T[j nkydk ;h fe wB[Zy ukj[zdk j? 

T[; ~ woB s'I pknd :kd oZfynk ikt/. B/e pzfdnK ~ b'e :kd 

oZyd/ th jB, gozs{ fJ; dk fe;/ fe;w dh w[esh Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX 

BjhI. 

eBfcT[f;an; dk B?fse ;ak;so ns/ p[ZXwZs dk B?fse ;ak;so 

nkg; ftu ekch fwbdk i[bdk j?. d'jK dk Jh;ato Bkb e'Jh tk;sk 

Bjh. uhBh wjkswk fJ; ;z;ko d/ e[dosh fB:wK Bkb okihBktK eoB 

dk fJS[Ze j? s/ ukj[zdk j? fe nkdwh nkgDh EK gSkD/. id'I e[dos 

dh wB;ak dk fto'X eohJ/ sd ;zeN nkT[Id/ jB. T[BQhthI ;dh ftu 

Gkoh toyk j'Jh sk fJ; dk ekoB fJj dZf;nk frnk fe g[fb; B/ 

fiankdshnK ehshnK ;B, fJ; eoe/ e[dos eo'XtkB j' rJh. oki/ dk 

ezw j? nBgVQ rohp goik T[s/ pZfunK tKr ofjw eo/ feT[Ife e[dos 

dhnK eo'ghnK dk ekoB T[u nfXekoh j[zd/ jB gozs{ fJ; dh ;iak 

nkw goik G[rsdh j?. 

wjkswk nkfynk eodk ;h fe ftfdnk gqkgs eoB dk bkG fJjh 

j? fe ftdtkB nkdwh e[dos d/ ek~BK dk gsk brkT[Idk j?, T[BQK 

nB[;ko nkg ubdk j? ns/ j'oK ~ ubD dh gq/oBk fdzdk j?. e[dos 

dk fto'X eoBk jh pdh j?. fJ; d/ Bshi/ uzr/ BjhI fBebd/. ;' 

frnkB jo w[;hps dh iVQ eNdk j?. fiE/ nfrnkBsk j'J/rh, e[dos 

dk ftXkB T[E/ Gzr j't/rk s/ ;zeN nkT[Dr/, spkjh j't/rh. 

wjkswk dk wZs ;h fe B/e pzfdnK T[s/ ikd{ dk e'Jh n;o BjhI 

j[zdk. B/eh tZvh j?, nwo ns/ ;aesh;akbh j?. fijVk pzdk ;ziwh ihtB 

ih fojk j? T[; ~ G{sK s'I voB dh b'V BjhI. id'I T[u nfXekohnK 

gk; B/eh Bk oj/ sd o{jK pbtkB j' iKdhnK jB s/ d[yh eodhnK 

jB. eBfcT[f;an; fJeKs ftu sg eoe/ eokwksK jk;b eoB dk 

fto'Xh ;h s/ fejk eodk ;h fe fJj ;;sh F[jos j?. jK, edh-edh 

T[j fejk eodk ;h fe ;t?-wkD dk ihtB fiT[D tkb/ b'e GftZy dh 

Ekj gk ;ed/ jB. 

fJ; wjkswk d/ f;XKs, pZ[Xws Bkb'I fJ; rZb'I fGzB jB fe T[j 

p[ZX tKr fJSktK dk fsnkr eoB bJh BjhI nkydk. e/tb ci{b fJSktK 

dk fsnkr eoB bJh nkydk j?. d{ik tyo/tK fJj j? fe fBotkD 

(w[esh) dh e'Jh iao{os BjhI. ;z;ko s'I w[es Bk j't', fJ; ftu Fkwb 

j't/, fJ; ftu iiap j't', B/e pzfdnK dh ;z;ko ~ pj[s b'V j? s/ 

T[BQK dk sK eD-eD fJ; Xosh ftu ;wk ikDk ukjhdk j?. eBfcT[f;an; 

~ Bk nkswk pukT[D dh fuzsk j? Bk g[Bo iBw dh gotkj. d't/I 

f;XKs T[; bJh niBph jB. T[j nksw ;ziw T[s/ pb fdzdk j?. T[; 

dk efjDk j? fe pdh dh fuzsk BjhI j?, feT[Ife fJj w/ok e[M BjhI 

ftrkV ;edh. nkdwh dk ed/ gsB BjhI j' ;edk i/ T[j y[d u/szB 

oj/. gftZso ihtB ftu nkJh j'Jh e'Jh so/V pdh j?, j'o feXo/ pdh 

BjhI. 


wjkswk eBfcT[f;n; T[; pzd/ dh skohc eodk j? fi; ~ fe 

fgsk B/ Bk ;[DB:'r s/ Bk ;fjD:'r rZbK nky fdshnK gozs{ g[Zso 

B/ r[Z;k BjhI ehsk. g[Zso dfonk-fdb fBefbnk gozs{ fgsk B/ th eo'X 

ehsk ;h sK nkgDh fiazw/tkoh fBGkT[Ifdnk nfijk ehsk ;h. T[; dh 

g[Zso Bkb e'Jh d[;awDh E'VQh ;h. wjkswk id'I oki dk wzsoh fojk sK 

ek~B ~ g{oD ;ziw Bkb bkr{ ehsk. T[j nkfynk eodk ;h, j[ew 

nd{bh eoBh xNhnk fuzsB Bkb'I th tXhe p[oh j? s/ ci{b youh eoBh 

ezi{;h eoB s'I tXhe wkVk ezw j?. fJj rZb BjhI fe ezi{;h eoBh 

uzrh uhia j?, fJj sK nkdwh ~ ikBto pDk fdzdh j?, gqzs{ nZ:k;ah 

fJ; s'I th wzdh j?. uzrh ;oeko T[j j? fi; d/ Bkrfoe rohp j'D 

~ ;aowBke ezw ;wMD, gqzs{ ;oekoh gqpzX i/ p[ok j? sk nwho j'Dk 

tX/o/ ;aowBke j?. 

wjkswk B/ fejk fe fe;/ f;ZX/ iK nfij/ Yzr okjhI ;oeko d/ 

eowukoh i/ bkGdkfJe fBZih eko'pko eod/ jB T[BQK ~ s[ozs o'fenk 

ikt/. fJj nB?fse ezw j?. w[bkiaw nkgD/ o[sp/ dh d[otos'I eo/rk. 

wjkswk d/ bkG jkBh d/ f;XKs, wzr ns/ tzv d/ f;XKs, nkX[fBe noE- 

;ak;so d/ f;XKsK Bkb pV/ fwbd/-i[bd/ jB. ftnki ~ w{bXB dk 

pZuk fejk iKdk ;h. 

fJj eBfcT[f;an; d/ fefonkswe cb;c/ dk jh n;o ;h fe 

uhB ftu eJh tko p'XhnK d/ wZm pzd eotkJ/ rJ/ feT[Ife T[E/ ftjbV 

gb oj/ ;B i' ;wki T[s/ Gko ;B. wjkswk, i' ;akjkBk mkm pkm 

ns/ nZ:k;ah d/ fybkc ;h sK T[j sg ns/ ;z;ko d/ fsnkr tor// 

f;XKsK d/ th fybkc ;h. eow eKvK ~ T[j ;ys fxoDk eodk ;h. 

T[; dk eEB j?, @@pkd;akj Xkofwe o;wK fBGKd/ jB sK fe T[BQK dk 

oki ;bkws oj/. i/ o;wK okjhI ;oekoK pD ;edhnK sK g[ikoh ;z;ko 

d/ pkd;akj j[zd/, s/ i/ o;wK eofdnK eofdnK pkd;akjsK roe j' 

rJhnK, wo fwN rJhnK sK fco feT[I eod/ j' fJj ;G nkvzpo

j?.## wjkswk B/ fejk, @@w?~ gsk BjhI brdk fJj eh j?. w+ ni/ 

;wM BjhI ;fenk fJ; ~.## nkJh B/ fco fejk, @@go s[;hI fJ; pko/ 

nkw rZb eod/ j' e[M d;'.## wjkswk B/ fejk, @@w+ e/tb fJj ikDdk 

jK fe fiT[D tk;s/ b'eK ~ fiBQK uhiaK dh b'V g?Idh j?, bh T[BQK ftu'I 

;G s'I iao{oh j?. fJ; dh ikDekoh pr?o Bk g{ik j' ;edh j?, Bk 

ft;at dhnK ;aeshnK ~ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. pkd;akj dk tiahoK gqsh, 

j[ewokBK dk goik gqsh, wodK dk n"osK gqsh, wkfgnK dk pZfunK gqsh 

eh coia j't/ s/ eh nfXeko, fJj bh s?n eodh j?. fJ;/ eoe/ jo 

;fGne wB[Zy bh dk ;fseko eodk j?.## 

;{ :{ Bkb rZbpks d"okB eBfcT[f;an; B/ nkfynk, @@bh ;wki 

~ rfms eodh j?. fJ; Bkb ;[y fwbdk j?. fJj ;kvh Ykb j?. 

fJ; Bkb ;k~ wkBf;e s/ fi;wkBh ;[oZfynk gqkgs j[zdh j?¿ ;{ :{ B/ 

fco g[ZfSnk, @@eh bh fJzBh iao{oh j?

id'I gsBhnK, g[Zso ns/ T[BQK d/ tv/o/ fJZe j'D, 

fJT[I j[zdk j? fit/I ;kia fJe;[o j'D. 

GoktK dk w/b j't/ s/ ;aKsh j't/, 

sK ;zrhs dhnK skoK fYZbhnK BjhI j[zdhnK. 

y[;ah ns/ fwbkg dk dhtk xo ftu irdk j?. 

pZfunK d/ iBw Bkb ozrhB fdB nkT[Id/ jB. 

wjkswk u[zM-uouk dk jkwh BjhI ;h. T[; B/ nfXnkswtkd ;zpzXh 

ebgBk T[vkohnK BjhI wkohnK. i' fejk ihtB bJh T[g:'rh fejk. jo 

;wki dh S'Nh s'I S'Nh fJekJh gfotko j?, s/ gfotko T[go ;z;feqsh 

fBoGo j?. gfotko mhe j't/ sK w[be mhe j[zdk j?. uhB ftu gfotko 

gqsh tckdkoh s'I tZvk j'o e'Jh r[D BjhI wzfBnk iKdk. nZi d/ ;w/I 

tKr fJj BjhI ;h fe pkbr j'D pknd e'Jh wBwoiah eo ;e/, gfotko 

Bkb oj/ iK Bk. w"s sZe gfotko dh fizw/tkoh fBGkT[Dh g?Idh ;h. fgsk 

dh nkfrnk wzBDh j?, fgsk dh w"s s'I fgS'I tZv/ Gok dh nkfrnk wzBDh 

j?. fgsk ns/ tZv/ Gok ~ th fsnkr d/ T[u/ nkdo;a ekfJw eoB/ g?Id/ 

jB, sd jh S'N/ j[ew wzBDr/. i/ ;zskB ;jh BjhI sK fJ; bJh fgsk 

e;{otko j? feT[Ife T[; B/ gfotko tb g{ok fXnkB BjhI fdsk, fizBK 

fuo fgsk ihftnk, d/y' fe; bJh ihftnk. id'I s[o frnk, d/y' fet/I 

ftSfVnk. 

fwzr t{ B/ g[Zso d/ coia g[ZS/ sK wjkswk B/ fejk, wksk fgsk 

~ e/tb T[d'I y/ub fdT[ id'I s[;hI phwko j't'. j'o edh BjhI. 

;{ :{ B/ gZ[so d/ coia pko/ g[ZfSnk sK wjkswk B/ fejk, @@fijVk 

pzdk wkfgnK ~ G'iB d/t/, nZi eZbQ T[j uzrk ;wfMnk iKdk j?, G'iB 

sK n;hI nkgD/ e[fsnK ns/ x'fVnK ~ th y[nkT[Id/ jK. i/ wkfgnK dk 

nkdo Bk ehsk, e/tb o'Nh fdZsh, fco eh coe j'fJnk T[BQK ftu ns/ 

gF{nK ftu< 

wjkswk B/ fejk, @@id'I wkg/ fiT[Id/ j'D T[BQK dh nkfrnk b? e/ 

xo'I pkjo ikT[ ns/ ikD t/b/ T[E/ jh ikT[ fiE/ d; e/ ik oj/ j'. 

eBfcT[f;an; nB[;ko ihId/ ih wkfgnK dk ;BwkB eoBk ns/ T[BQK 

dh w"s s'I fgS'I T[BQK d/ d;/ o;s/ s/ uZbDk ukjhdk j?. nZi th uhB 

ftu gzx{V/ s'I b? e/ w"s d/ fp;so se wksk fgsk ns/ ;zskB dk 

fo;ask nN[ZN ns/ ;fseko:'r ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ; fo;as/ B/ d[BhnK 

~ gftsZo pDkfJnk s/ ;z;ko ftu w[;hpsK Bk ojhnK. 

;kc j? fe T[j nfXnkswtkdh BjhI ;h. uhB ftu Jh;atotkdh, 

ojZ;tkdh ik o{jkBh o[MkD xZN jh d/yD ~ fwfbnk j?. eBfcT[f;an; 

dk f;XKs ukb{ j'fJnk, fco p[ZX wZs dk gqek;a j'fJnk s/ nkyo 

wkoe;tkd ~ ;thekfonk frnk.HHHfJBQK ;ko/ wZsK dk Jh;ato Bkb e'Jh 

;zpzX BjhI. eBfcT[f;an; s'I gfjbK th ;dkukoe fB:wtkbh dk ;fseko 

tX/o/ ;h s/ Xkofwe o;wK d{i/ doi/ s/ nkT[IdhnK ;B. wjkswk B/ 

ft;agftnkgh fB:w ~ skT[ fejk. skT[ wB[Zyh ihtB ~ T[;/ gqeko 

gqGkfts eodk j?, fit/I ;{oi o[ZsK ~. eEB j?, B?fse fB:w wodK 

n"osK tk;s/ gqek;as j'fJnk ns/ Xosh nk;wkB T[s/ Sk frnk. ;koh 

e[dos ek~B ftu gkpzd j?. Bk e'Jh ukB; j? Bk n?e;hv?IN. xNBKtK 

nB[;ak;B ftu xN ojhnK jB. i/ e[dos ftu s[jk~ ekoB-ekoi dh 

;g;aN ftXh BjhI fd; ojh sK s[;hI nzBQ/ j'. e[dos ftu e'Jh r[zMbK 

BjhI, e'Jh Mw/b/ BjhI. ft;at dk fJe fB;afus fB:w j?, j'o e[M BjhI. 

479 g{op Jh;th ;B ftu fJ; wjkB dko;afBe dk d/jKs j' 

frnk. T[; d/ nX{o/ ezw ~ T[; d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B/ g{ok ehsk. wjkswk 

dhnK f;fynktK, :kdK ns/ N'NfenK ~ ;zgkds ehsk frnk.eBfcT[f;an; 

d[nkok ofunk ns/ eBfcT[f;an; pko/ ofunk ;kfjs uhB dk wjkB 

p"fXe fto;k j? fi; T[s/ ;z;ko ~ c]o j?. 

eBfcT{f;an; dhnK fbysK dh ;zy/g ikDekoh 

gutzik ;kb dh T[wo ftu eBfcT{f;an; fszB ;akfrodK ~ Bkb 

b? e/ s/oK ;kb EK-EK B"eoh dh sbk;a ftu x[zwdk fojk. uhBh fonk;sK 

d/ oki/ T[; dh ftdtsk ns/ JhwkBdkoh s'I tkec ;B, gozs{ fJj uhiaK 

okfinK d/ fe; ezw< ;BwkB eoB dh EK ;r'I T[; ~ ;aZe dhnK fBrkjK 

Bkb d/fynk ikD bZrk. Gfo;aN nca;o T[; ~ bkr/ Bk cNeD fdzd/, 

e[M EktK T[s/ T[; T[s/ jwb/ j'J/ s/ T[; ~ ikB puk e/ d"VBk fgnk. 

pukT[ tk;s/ rkod oydk fojk. fJj d;ak d/y e/ fJe pzd/ B/ fejk, 

@@wjkswk, ;opfrnksk j'D d/ pkti{d eh fwfbnk s?~

T[Zso fdZsk, @@sz{ d; fco eh eoK< fe;/ XBh d/ oZE dk oEtkB bZr 

iktK fe shonzdkiah f;ZyDh F[o{ eoK< 

T[; dk fJe ftfdnkoEh fvT{e nkJh d/ dopko ftu tZv/ o[sp/ 

s/ fB:[es j'fJnk sK ftfdnkoEh B/ nkgD/ nfXnkge dk pVk ;BwkB 

ehsk. fvT{e B/ wjkswk ~ dopko ftu ;Zd fbnk ns/ iao{oh w;fbnK 

T[s/ ;bkj w;atok eodk. fJj 484 g{op Jh;th dh rZb j? id'I T[; 

dh T[wo 67 ;kb dh ;h. tX/o/ ;wK j[D th T[j nfXnkgB dk ezw 

eodk. T[; B/ g[oksB uhBh rqzEK ~ ;zgkfds eoB dk wjkB ekoi 

f;o/ ukfVQnk. T[; B/ ;G fbysK ~ tZy-tZy ;zrqfjnK ftu fJeZmk ehsk. 

fJBQK rqzEK ~ eBfcT{f;an; ebkf;e; fejk iKdk j?. rqzE fJj jBL- 

1H F{fuzr (fJfsjk;) 

2H Fhfuzr (ekft ;zrqfj) 

3H bh ekJh (Xow g'Eh) 

4H nkJh fuzr (gfotosBK dh g'Eh) 

5H u[B fuT{ (p;zs-gsMV d/ fposKs) 

1H F{fuzr 

fJfsjk; dh g'Eh j? fi; ftu 2400 g{op Jh;th, Gkt nZi s'I 

e'Jh ;kY/ uko jiako ;kb gfjb'I s'I b? e/ eBfcT{fFn; d/ ;w/I se 

d/ fposKs doi jB. d;skt/iah foekov g{o/ sZEK ;w/s fdsk j'fJnk 

j?. fJ; feskp ftu ;[gBk fbnk frnk j? fe ;ko/ ;z;ko ftu fJe 

pkd;akjs j't/ s/ pkd;akj B/e j't/. 

2H Fhfuzr 

fJ; feskp ftu eftsktK jB. fJj eftsktK Xkofwe xZN ns/ 

;wki ;[Xkoe tX/o/ jB. 

3H bh ekJh 

fJ; feskp ftu Xkofwe o;wK ohsK dk toDB j?. dZf;nk frnk 

j? fe eh e[M eoB Bkb ephbdkoh mhe Yzr Bkb ubdh j?. B/e 

pDB d/ ekfJd/ ek~B fby/ rJ/ jB. 

4H nkJh fuzr 

fJ; rqzE ftu e[dos dhnK spdhbhnK dk b/yk i'yk j?. o[sK 

fet/I pdbdhnK jB, fdB oks fet/I nkT[Id/ jB, nkfde ftf;anK T[s/ 

fbfynk frnk j?. feskp d/ Bkw s'I brdk j? fit/I fJ; ftu ftfrnkB 

d/ e'Jh B/w ;[bMkJ/ rJ/ j'D gozs{ nfijh rZb BjhI. tX/ohnK rZbK 

;wM ftu BjhI nkT[IdhnK. 

fJ; ftu okiBhsh dk t/otk j?. @b{# Bkw dh fonk;s, fi; ftu 

eBfcT{fFn; ofjzdk ;h, T[; d/ gqpzX pko/ fbfynk j?. tX/o/ ia'o fJ; 

gZy T[s/ fdZsk frnk j? fe oki/ B/e j'D s/ ;z;ko ftu B?fse je{ws 

j'J/ s/ nkek;a fJ; ~ ezNo'b eo/. 

5H u[B fuT[ 

T[go doi gzi rqzEK ~ gzi-gks;akj (The Five Kings) th fejk 

iKdk j?. fJj uhB ftu pV/ ;fseko/ iKd/ rqzE jB. 

fJBQK gzi ebkf;e rqzEK s'I fJbktk uko j'o feskpK, eBfcT{f;an; 

d/ :[Zr Bkb i[VhnK j'JhnK jB. fJBQK feskpK ~ @uko F{# (The Four 

Shu) fejk iKdk j?. fJBQK d/ Bkw fJj jB- 

6H b{ :{ (The Lue-Yu) 

7H sk F{ (The Ta Hseuth) 

8H uz[r :[zr (The Chung-Yung) 

9H fwzr }{ (The Meng-tzu) 

fJj uko rqzE wjkswk eBfcT{f;an; dhnK fbysK BjhI. fJj T[; 

d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ okjhI fsnko ehshnK feskpK jB. i' e[M T[j 

gVQkfJnk eodk ;h, fij' fij/ T[; d/ ftuko ;B s/ ;zpkd ;B, T[BQK 

~ ;zrqfjs ehsk frnk. fJ; gqeko gfjb/ gzi rqzE, w{b rqzE (Original 

Sources) j'J/ ns/ fgSb/ uko rqzE d{i?bk ;kfjs (Secondary Literature) 

j'fJnk. 

uhB d/ b'e edh th tkb dh yZb T[skoB tkbh o[uh d/ BjhI 

oj/. T[j ezw Bkb wsbp oyd/ jB s/ nwB g;zd b'e jB. g[okD/ 

;w/I s'I b? e/ j[D se T[BQK dk fJj' ;[Gkn fojk j?. eBfcT{f;an; ~ 


;dhnK se fJ;/ bJh g;zd ehsk frnk feT[fe T[j nwb T[s/ ia'o 

fdzdk ;h. p[ZX wZs s/iah Bkb uhB ftu c?fbnk ns/ nZi se b'e wB 

ftu tf;nk j'fJnk j?. fJj th fJ;/ eoe/ fe p[ZX B/ nfXnkswtkdh 

e'Jh ojZ;wJh do;aB g/;a BjhI ehsk ;h ;r'I B/e pDB dk okj dZf;nk 

;h. fJjh ekoD j? fe uhB d/ ;kX{nK ;zsK B/ Gkosh T[gfB;adekoK iK 

ndt?stkdhnK tork r{VQ frnkB BjhI fdZsk. 

T[go doi gzi ebk;eh rqzEK ns/ uko ;zgkfds rqzEK ftu'I e[M 

jtkb/ d/D/ T[fus j'Dr/ sK fe ftfdnkoEhnK ~ Bw{B/ wkso gsk br 

;e/ fe fJjBK feskpK ftubh nfXn?B ;wZroh fe; gqeko dh j?. 

1H F{ fuzr rqzE ftu'I e[M pzd 

s/oQt/I ;kb dh p;zs o[Zs ftu Gkoh ;Gk j'Jh fi; ftu fJe 

pkd;akj wKr fuzr nkgD/ ikrhodkoK ns/ fwZsoK d/ wjkB fJeZm ~ 

;zp'XB eodk j?. T[j fJe izr eoBh ukj[zdk j? feT[Ife T[; dk fynkb 

j? fe fJ; pr?o j[D e'Jh ukok BjhI. T[j j/m fby/ ;apd p'bdk j?L 

@U w/ohnK fonk;sK T[s/ g[;as do g[;as oki eoB tkb/ fwso', 

w/o/ ;G nc;o' ns/ w/o/ gqpzX ftu jZE tNkT[D tkb/ dkB;ato', w/ok 

n?bkB fXnkB g{ote ;[D'. 

@@nkek;a ns/ Xosh ihtK d/ wkg/ jB. ;G ihtK dk f;oski 

wB[Zy j?. wB[ZyK ftu'I ;G s'I :'r nkdwh wjkB ;wokN pDdk j? ns/ 

T[j b'eK dk fgsk. go j[D eh j'fJnk fe ;aKr d/;a dk okik ;akT{ 

nkek;a dk ;fseko BjhI eodk s/ b'eK T[go ia[bw eo fojk j?. T[j 

;aokp d/ B;a/ ftu v[Zpk ofjzdk j? ns/ ekw tk;aBktK ftu wrB j?. 

T[; B/ b'eK T[s/ dfozdrh eoBh nkozG eo fdZsh j?. e;{otkoK ~ ;iak 

d/D dh EK T[j T[BQK d/ fo;as/dkoK ~, ;zpzXhnK ~ dzv d/ fojk j?. 

T[; dh je{ws ftu ;G nj[fdnK T[s/ fgskg[oyh ekfJd/ nB[;ko b'e 

fpokiwkB j[zd/ jB (Gkt :'rsk dk e'Jh w[Zb BjhI). wfjb pDtkT[D/, 

p[oi fuDtkT[D/ ;kfJnkpkB b[nkT[D/, ;akjokj pDtkT[D/, MhbK 

y[dtkT[DhnK, pkr b[nkT[D/, nZ:k;ah dk fJj ;kia'-;wkB fsnko 

eotkT[Dk, T[; dk p; fJe' fJe ezw ofj frnk j?. fJj s[jkv/ bJh 

pVh d[ZydkJh jkbs j? feT[Ife s[;hI goik d/ fjsK d/ oytkb/ j'. Gb/ 

ns/ uzr/ b'eK ~ T[; B/ nZr ftu ;kV fdZsk j?. roGtshnK n"osK 

d/ g/N uho fds/ jB, nfij/ ezw ehs/ jB fe nk;wkB ezp frnk j?. 

T[; B/ w/o/ ;fseko :'r fgsoK T[s/ ia[bw Ykj[Dk ukfjnk ;h gozs{ 

T[; iakbw oki/ dh wB;ak g{oh BjhI j' ;eh. 

@@fJBQK ekoBK eoe/ w+ s[jkvk pZuk, iZdh okik jK ns/ n;hI ;aKr 

~ eJh t/o ;wMkfJnk fe nfijk Bk eo/ gozs{ T[; ~ e'Jh gSsktk 

nkgD/ ehs/ dk BjhI. T[j gZEo fdb pD u[ek j?. T[j u"eVh wko e/ 

p?mk ofjzdk j?, Bk edh oZp ~ :kd ehsk Bk wzdo frnk. T[; B/ 

edh gqkoEBk BjhI ehsh, edh pbh BjhI fdZsh. T[; dh fonk;s vke{nK 

dh uzvkb u"eVh pD u[Zeh j? s/ fco th T[j nkydk j?, @@goik w/oh 

j?, je{ws w/oh j?@@. edh B/e pDB pko/ T[; B/ ;'funk jh BjhI. 

@@oZp B/ b'eK dh ;/tk eoB tk;s/ T[; ~ fiazw/tkoh fdZsh gozs{ 

wiab{wK dk e'Jh fynkb T[; B/ Bk oZfynk. e"D ngokXh j? fezBk 

ngokXh j?, s[;hI y[d fj;kp bk bt', w+ eh nkyDk j?. 

@@i/ d' okiK dh skes fJe' fijh j't/, sK fJj d/yDk j[zdk j? 

fe d'tK ftu'I ;jh e"D j?. ;aKr gk; bZyK nca;o jB, Gkt fe T[; 

gk; bZyK fdwkr jB. w/o/ gk; e/tb fszB jiako nca;o jB gozs{ 

fJBQK dk wB fJZe j? feT[Ife F[ZX j?. ;aKr d/ gq;ak;B dh g{oh gVskb 

ehsh ik u[eh j?. e[dos B/ fJ; je{ws ~ yasw eoB dh nkfrnk 

d/ fdZsh j?. i/ w+ e[dos dh nkfrnk dk gkbD Bk eoK sK w+ th 

;aKr tKr ngokXh nytktKrk. 

w+ s[jkvk pZuk jo tes fuzsk ftu rq;s ofjzdk jK. w?~ nkgD/ 

;tortk;h fgsoK dk j[ew gqkgs j' frnk j?. w+ oZp nZr/ yk; pbh 

d/ fdZsh j?. w+ wjkB Xosh dh ;/tk eoB tkbhnK ;G o;wK g{ohnK 

eo bJhnK jB. w+ s[jkvh ;kfonK dh nrtkJh eodk jK sK fe e[dos 

d/ j[ew nB[;ko ngokXhnK ~ dzv d/JhJ/. e[dos ;kvh okyh eo/rh. 

b'e i' ukj[zd/ jB, e[dos T[j' e[M d/ fdzdh j?. w/oh ;jkfJsk eo'. 

uko ;kroK ftueko i' th wbhB j?, nFa[ZX j? nkT[ T[; ~ F[ZX eohJ/, 

;tZS eohJ/HHHH jw/;aK bJh gftZso eohJ/. j[D c?;b/ dh xVh nk u[Zeh 

j?. fJj bzx Bk ikJ/.## 

T[go fdZsk Gk;aD :;{ w;hj d/ iBw s'I jiako ;kb gfjb'I dk 

j?. 


2H ;ah fuzrL 

fJj ekft ;zrqfj j?. pj[s ftf;anK T[s/ ;akfJoh ehsh rJh j?. 

ihtB d/ ;G gZy Fkwb eo bJ/ rJ/ jB. 

fJe pzd Bw{B/ ti'I d/ oj/ jK. fJj eftsk T[d'I rkJh iKdh ;h 

id'I fe pzd/ ~ iK fe;/ ;EkB ~ gftso eoBk j't/ L 

n;hI ;fseko Bkb nkek;a s'I n;h; wzrd/ jK. 

d/y' fet/I ;akBK wZsk uwe fojk j? fJj. 

uko/ ;kroK ftueko fxoh Xosh T[s/ b'e J/esk ftu jB. 

d/;a bzw/ ;w/I s'I fJ;/ eoe/ nwB ftu j?. 

;aoXk g{oD n;hI pbh d/Id/ jK. 

e[dos d/ ek~B dh gkbDk eoB Bkb jtktK trDhnK F[o{ j' 

iKdhnK jB. 

nkek;a dk ojZ;wJh ek~B ;k~ paya;a bt/. 

w/ok fBZek nkgk edh B/e pD/rk s/ tZvk j't/rk. 

e[dos d/ ekoi n;hI f;o/ ukVQKr/. 

3H bh ekJh 

fJj g'Eh Xow rqzE ti'I ;fsekoh iKdh j? fi; ftu eBfcT{f;aan; 

B/ T[; t/b/ d/ ns/ T[; s'I gfjb'I d/ Xkofwe eoweKv doi ehs/ jB. 

wB[Zy d/ Xkofwe coiaK dh ikDekoh eotkJh rJh j?. gfotko gqsh T[; 

dhnK eh fizw/tohnK jB, fJj df;nk frnk j?, ;ko/ eoweKvK dk 

jtkbk fdzfdnK wjkswk nkgD/ ftuko th Bkb Bkb doi eoh iKdk 

j?. T[j eJh tko nkydk j? fe ;z;ekoK ftu e[ZM BjhI fgnk. wB[Zy 

~ o;wK fgS/ b[eh GktBk ;wMDh ukjhdh j?. 

g[ZsoK ~ ukjhdk j? fe wkfgnk dh ;/tk eoB. w[or/ dh gfjbh 

pKr t/b/ nkgD/ jZE X'D ns/ e[obhnK eoB, tkbK ftu ezxh eoB, 

f;o o/;awh eZgV/ Bkb YeD. fco ekbhnK ikeNK gfjBD, r'v/ YZe 

b?D, bZe d[nkb/ eZgVk pzBQD. bZe d[nkb/ tb/ eZgV/ Bkb tos'I ftu 

nkT[D tkb/ S[oh eKN/ bNek b?D. i[fsnK d/ s;w/ pzBQ/ j'D. nfijh 

o;w wkfgnk ~ ;[y gqdkB eodh j?. 

-T[; B/ fejk, T[so ns/ g{op d/ ikjb b'eK B/ nkgD/ okie[wkoK 

ns/ okfinK ~ puk e/ oZfynk j?. fJ; gZy'I T[j uhB tKr popkd 

BjhI j'J/. 

-fe;/ B/ g[ZfSnk, @ih pbh d/D dk eh noE j?< T[; B/ fejk, 

@@w?~ gsk BjhI. fi; ~ gsk j? T[j nek;a j/m ;GBk t;sK T[s/ 

nkokw Bkb fJ; soQK nfXeko iwk ;edk j?,## fJj nky e/ wjkswk 

B/ nkgDh jE/bh T[s/ T[Irb oZy fdsh. 

-F{ e[zr B/ fejk,@wjkswk jo wjhB/ d/ Bt/I uzd w?~ fJe G/v 

dh pbh d/Dh g?Idh j?. w+ fJ; xkN/ ekoB d[yh jK. wkbe B/ fejk 

- sz{ G/vK d/ xkN/ ekoB o'Idk j?. w+ petk;h o;wK s/ o'Idk jK. 

T[; B/ fejk- oki dopko ftu fi; soQK dhnK Xkofwe o;wK 

fBGkJhnK iKdhnK jB T[BQK ~ d/y e/ w?~ jw/;ak fJj brdk j? fit/I 

fJj ;ko/ b'e f;o/ d/ gkrb jB. 

-wjkswk B/ fejk, skig';ah d/ w"e/ rhs ;zrhs g{oB ;[zdosk j? 

ns/ g{oB uzfrnkJh th. izr ftu e{u eoB t/b/ dk fprb ;''jDk sK 

j? uzrk BjhI. 

fJ; rqzE dk tZvk Gkr B;aN j' frnk. 

-479 phH;hH ftu id'I T[; dk d/jKs j'fJnk sK nkgD/ ezw eki 

ns/ gqkgshnK s'I T[j ;zs[;aN BjhI ;h. jK w"s T[gozs T[; d/ 

ftfdnkoEhnK B/ pV/ tv/ nksw ft;atk; Bkb uhB d/ p"fXe ns/ 

okiBhse fBowkD dk ekoi nkozfGnk. T[; d/ fynkbK dh Skg jiakoK 

;kb phs ikD T[gozs nZi sZe uhB d/ ;wki T[s/ T[eZoh gJh j?. 

-wkbe B/ fejk - T[u/ T[u/ o[sfpnK T[s/ p?m/ szr fdb nkdwh, 

;aoXk pr?ao ehshnK iKdhnK Xkofwe o;wK, fdb ftu d[y Bk j'D d/ 

pkti{d wBkfJnk ik fojk ;'r HHH p; fJj j? T[j ;G e[M i' Bk w+ 

d/y ;edk jK BK podk;as eo ;edk jK. 

4H nkJh fuzr ftub/ gq;zr 

eBfcT{f;an; dk fJj rqzE th ekft ;zrqfj j?. fJBQK ekft 

ouBktK ftu B?fse, o{jkBh ns/ f;nk;h ftuko nzfes jB. fJ; ;zrqfj 

ftu 1200 g{op Jh;k se dhnk ouBktK BZEh ehshnK fwbdhnK jB. 

tX/o/ ouBktK wjkswk dhnK y[d fbyhnK j'JhnK jB. e[M fjZ;/ j/mK 

soiwk eoe/ fdZs/ ik oj/ jB. 


(T) nnfXnkfJ S/tKL 

uzr/ wB[Zy d/ r[D - wjkB wB[Zy T[j j? fijVk e[dos Bkb fJe- 

;[o j?. T[; d/ r[D Xosh s/ nkek;a tor/ j'D. uwe dwe uzd ;{oi 

fijh j't/, nB[;ak;B uko o[ZsK tork j't/, uzfrnkJh s/ p[okJh ftu i' 

;[or Boe tKr coe d/ydk j't/, T[j e[dos dh nrtkJh th eo 

;edk j? s/ e[dos T[; dh fe;/ rZb dk p[ok BjhI wBkT[Idh. 

(n) pqfjwzv d/ f;XKs 

fJ; nfXnkfJ ftu eJh EktK s/ bh ;apd dh tos'I ehsh rJh 

j?. fbfynk j?,@@bh e[dos ftu ezw eo ojh j?. T[; B/ ;{oi ~ 

;aesh fdZsh, ;{oi B/ o[ZsK pDkJhnK. 

;G ;eshnK g{op ftu'I T[d? j[zdhnK jB. ;{oi T[sgshdksk j?. 

;G t;sK dk ;jh ezNo'b eoBk jh f;nkDg j?. @@bkJh## T[j ;aesh 

j? i' uwe dwe fdzdh j?, id'I ;kX{nK B/ e[dos dk j[ew ;[DBk j't/ 

T[j dZyD fd;ak tZb wz{j eo b?Id/ jB. iVQ ns/ u/sB t;sK nkg; 

ftu NeokT[IdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. 

-B/e nkdwh B/eh eoe/ ;zs[;aN j?, go us[o nkdwh T[j j? fijVk 

fJ; eoe/ B/eh eodk j? feT[Ife fJj bkGdkfJe j?. 

-fe;/ B/ g[ZfSnk,@wkbe eh fJj rb ;jh j? fe B/e nkdwh ~ 

gsk j? fe fe; ~ fgnko eoBk j? ns/ fe; ~ Bcaos eoBh j?

e/ ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh, T[BQK B/ nkgD/ r[o{ dh w"s s'I pknd T[; d/ 

fuzsB ;kro ~ ;zGkbD dk :sB ehsk. nfij/ :sB eofdnK jw/;aK 

jh e[M T{DskJhnK ofj ikDhnK ;[Gkte j[zdhnK jB gozs{ fJBQK uko 

ouBktK ftu'I th ;k~ eBfcT{f;an; dh F[ZX nkswk d/ do;aB j[zd/ jB. 

@b{ :{# rqzE uhB ftu pVk jowB fgnkok j'fJnk. fJ; ftu 

nykD ns/ w[jkto/ tX/o/ jB fi; eoe/ nB[tkdeK ~ d{ihnK Gk;aktK 

ftu soiwk eoB t/b/ w[;aebK nkJhnK jB feT[fe ;jh GktBk T[bEkJh 

ik ;eDh n"yk ezw j?. gq'c?;o n?vtov B/ fJe eEB dk nB[tkd fJj 

ehsk j?, @@i/ s[jk~ ;t/o/ ;Zu dk gsk bZr ikt/ sK ;akw ~ s[;hI fpBK 

gSskJ/ wo ;ed/ j'.## gozs{ jca (Hughes) nkydk j? fe fJj wjkswk 

dh ;apdtkbh BjhI. T[; dk rZb eoB dk Yzr e[M fJ; soQK ;h, 

@@;t/o/ Xow ~ ikDBk, ;akw ~ w"s dh r'd ftu ;" ikDk, fJ; ftu 

p[ok eh j?

T[; ~ fdyk e/ tkip ehws tZN b?Dh ukjhdh j?

go w+ T[; ~ mhe eoB dk :sB BjhI ehsk, fJj ftuko w?~ d/o 

sZe p/u?B eod/ ofjzd/ jB. 

-w+ T[; ~ gVQkT[Idk jK fi; dk fdb ftfdnk bJh ;fje fojk 

j't/, T[; ~ gVQkT[Idk jK fi; d/ fdb ftu T[s/iBk d/ p[bp[b/ T[v oj/ 

j'D. id'I w+ ukdo dk fJe e'Bk cVK sK ftfdnkoEh pkeh d/ fszB 

e'B/ nkg/ u[e bt/HHHHHH sK w+ gVQkT[Dk ikoh oydk jK BjhI sK u[g eoe/ 

s[o ikBk. 

-w?~ fiT[D bJh j'o ;wK fwb ikt/ sK w+ gzikj ;kb j'o gVQK. 

fco w/?I rbshnK eoB s'I w[es j' ;edk jK. 

-id'I T[j fpwko ;h sK }{b{ B/ g[fSnk - ih w+ s[jkv/ bJh 

g;aukskg dh o;w ndk eo nktK< wkbe B/ fejk-@@eh nfijh e'Jh 

o;w th j[zdh j?< }{b{ B/ fejk--jK ih, nkek;a dhnK o{jK ns/ Xosh 

dhnK o{jK ~ ;kyh wzB e/ g;aukskg dh o;w eoB Bkb bkG j[zdk 

j?. wjkswk B/ fejk - sd ofjD d/. Xosh nkek;a ~ ;kyh wzB e/ 

w[Zds s'I w+ g;aukskg eo fojk jK. o;w eh eoBh, g;aukskg eohdk 

j?. 

-bZyK dh frDsh ftu b'eK ~ w+ nkgD/ wro bk ;edk jK. 

go i/ s[;hI ej' fe fJBQK ~ rZb ;wMk th fdnK fJj BjhI j' ;edk. 

-T[; B/ fejk - fJ; soQK f;Zfynk gqkgs eo' fit/I s[;hI fe;/ d/ 

fgS/-fgS/ s[o oj/ j't' go T[; sZe gj[zu BjhI ;e/. s[jk~ T[; d/ 

r[nku ikD dk jw/;aK vo oj/. 

-fe;/ B/ g[ZfSnk, ih s[;hI ftfdnk fet/I jk;b ehsh< T[; B/ fejk 

- Bk e'Jh goh feskp d/D nkJh ;h Bk e'Jh d/tsk n;h; d/ e/ frnk. 

jK dfonktK e'b ;w[zdo se g[iD dk Be;ak BjhI j[zdk go T[j ngV 

iKd/ jB. 

-T[; B/ g{op d/ iKrbh ephfbnK ftu ikD dk ca?;bk ehsk sK 

fe;/ B/ fejk - wkbe T[j ikjb jB. Bk T[BQK ftu p[Xh j? Bk 

e'wbsk. s[jkv/ bJh w[;aebK g?dk eoBr/. wjkswk B/ fejk - d/yDk. 

w+ iktKrkHHH Bk p[ZXh dh xkN fwb/rh Bk e'wbsk dh. ;{ywsk ftu 

s[;hI T[BQK dk w[ekpbk BjhI eo ;e'r/. 

-T[; B/ fejk, nfijhnK NkjDhnK pE/ohnK jB fiBQK ~ c[b BjhI 

br/, sK eh j'fJnk. d[Zy sK T[BQK NkjDhnK dk j? fijVhnK c[bK Bkb 

bZdhnK rJhnK go cb BjhI bZr/. 

-T[; B/ fejk pZfunk dk ;fseko eo'. eh gsk eZbQ ~ T[j eh 

pD ikD< w/o/ gk; id'I e'Jh gzikj ;kb s'I tvh T[wo dk eo{g pzdk 

nkT[Idk j?, w?~ T[j uzrk BjhI brdk. gzikj ;kb w+ T[; ~ yk;k 

bzwK ;wK fdZsk ;h, T[j uzr/ ezwK Bkb nkgDh eo{gsk d{o eoe/ ;[jDk 

j' ;edk ;h. 

-wjkswk B/ rhs ;[DkfJnk - 

n;K cVh u?oh dh c[ZbK bZdh NkjDh 

go fBeb rJh jZE'I ik gJh nj[ d{o. 

fJj rb BjhI fe w+ s?~ fgnko BjhI eodk, 

eoK eh, sz{ d{o jh pVh j?I. 

rkT[[D fgS'I efjD bZrk -- w+ T[; ~ fgnko BjhI eodk j'Dk. 

fgnko j[zdk sK d{ohnK dk fceo ed eodk< fco fejVh d{oh, d{oh 

j[zdh< 


Bkr;?B 

nZi s'_ brGr fJZeh ;dhnK gfjbK gzikp dk fJj s/itkB 

fcbk;cao neb dh g{oh XKe iwk e/ frnk. T[; fiZvk s/ T[; tork 

pj[gZyh p[ZXhtkB T[; ;w/* j'o e'Jh J/Fhnk ftu Bjh_ ;h. ukj/ T[j 

nBgVQ g/_v{nK Bkb rZb eodk, ukj/ pkdFkjK Bkb, T[; ftu ;bhek 

ns/ g{oB nksw-ftFtk; gqekFwkB j[zdk. fJ; fwZm/ uFw/ dk gkDh gh 

bJhJ/ sK g{op gZSw j'''''o d/ BbfenK dh b'V Bjh_ ofjzdh. T[j nfijk 

y"bdk j'fJnk itkbkw[yh j? fe T[; d/ fBozso ft;c'N w/o/ ;[cfBnK 

ftu roid/ jB. gkfDBh ns/ Bkr;?B fij/ e'fjB{o ftFkb Gkos dk 

okj o[FBkT[*d/ oj/ jB, j[D se o[FBk oj/ jB go gzikph T[BQK ~ 

G[Zb rJ/ jB. gzikphnK bJh d[nk wzrhJ/ s/ d/yhJ/ Bkr;?B e"D ;h s/ 

fej' fijk ;h. 

T[;d/ gqf;ZX rqzE dk Bkw j? @@fwfbzd-gBj##. Fpd @gBj# dk 

noE j? gqFB. fwfbzd (okik whBKdq) T[; t/b/ gzikp T[go oki eo 

fojk ;h. T[j pVk p[ZXhtkB gqFk;e ;h. fJ; rqzE ftu pkdFkj fwfbzd 

tb'_ g[ZS/ gqFBK d/ T[sZo Bkr;?B B/ fdZs/ jB. fJ; rqzE dk w{b yoVk 

gzikp ftu'_ ;dk bJh nb'g j' u[Zek j? go dZyDh Gkos, Fqh bzek, 

powk ns/ uhB ftu fJ; rqzE d/ T[bE/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB. okik ehosh 

Fqh okr f;zx B/ 1747 JhH ftu gfjbh tko fJ; dh f;zxbh GkFk ftu 

nkX[fBe ;N?_vov ekgh fsnko eotkJh. 1877 JhH ftu e'bzp' fty/ fJj 

rqzE nZm fibdK ftu gqekfFs j'fJnk. nzro/iah ftu fJ; dh e[w?_Noh 

gfjbh tko 1880 JhH ftu Nq?_eBo B/ pVh fwjBs Bkb fsnko eoe/ 

SgtkJh. T[; t/b/ sZe ou/ rJ/ tkose rqzEK ftu'_ fJj ;G s'_ tXhe 

jowB fgnkok j'fJnk. 

gfjbh ;dh Jh;th ftu wZX Gkos ns/ T[soh Gkos ftu fJ; 

rqzE dhnK ;?*uhnK gkbh ns/ wkrXh ftu fsnko j' rJhnK ;B. T[; 

dh neb dk b'jk wzBdk j'fJnk fe;/ w;b/ dk jZb eoB bZfrnK 

p[ZXx'F cyao Bkb nZmeEk ftu fbydk j[zdk ;h, @@jEbh ;wZf;nk pko/ 

fejVk ftdtkB eh efj fojk j?HHH fJj c}{b rZbK SZv'. tZvk Gok 

Bkr;?B fJ; pko/ c?;bk eo frnk j?HHH (nZr/ T[j Bkr;?B dh N{e d/ 

fdzdk j?) sK fco fttkd e/jk< T[; dh EK w?_ fet/_ rZb eo ;edk 

jK< w?_ sK pj[s S'Nk jK. fwZso' Bkr;?B dh rZb wzBDh gt/rh. T[; 

s'_ tZvk e'Jh ftdtkB Bjh_.## 

p?eNqhnk d/ oki/ fwfbzd B/ bzwk ;wK gzikp T[go oki ehsk. T[; 

dk oki J/vk ftFkb ;h fe ekpb s'_ wEok sZe ns/ eFwho s'_ r[ioks 

sZe T[; d/ f;Ze/ fwb/ jB. f;fenK d/ fJe gk;/ gkbh GkFk dh fbys 

j? s/ d{i/ gk;h :{BkBh. bzdB d/ gq'c?;o eoB B/ id'_ fJj fejk fe 

Bkr;?B edh Bjh_ j'fJnk, fJj e/tb fwZE j? sK okJQh; v/ftvia B/ 

fNZgDh fdsh, @@eoB dk eEB uzrk fJfsjk;e u[Nebk j? go neb 

Bkb fJ; dk e'Jh ;pzX Bjh_. jK fuZeV Gkt/* fe;/ fwZNh dk j't/, 

p'XhnK T[gZo ;[ZND bJh tXhnk jh j[zdk j?.## 

Bkr;?B B/ fijV/ dfonktK dk fiaeo ehsk j? T[j jB iwBk, 

okth, f;zX, ;o[;sh s/ uBkp. f;nkbe'N pko/ T[j fbydk j?, @@tgko 

dk tZvk e/*do j?. fJ; ;[jD/ d/; ftu gjkVhnK jB, izrb jB, pkr 

jB, MhbK s/ dfonk jB. g{ok ;[or j?. b'e pjkdo jB. fe;/ s'_ 

Bjh_ vod/. e'Jh d[FwD fojk jh Bjh_. riap dhnK ;VeK, u[okj/ u"e 

ns/ pkiako jB. fjwkbk torhnK nkekF S[zjdhnK T[uhnK nB/e 

fJwkosK jB. ;[jDhnK n"osK ns/ ;[v'b wod jB. fi; woiah Xow 

dk nfXnkge fJE/ g[Zi ikt/, T[; ~ fwb e/ ifrnk;{ y[Fh ftu 

febekohnK wkod/ jB s/ Gog{o nkdo eod/ jB. pBko; dh wyawb 

s/ o/Fw, jo gqeko d/ c[Zb ns/ ;[rzXhnK d[ekBK ftu jB. jhfonK 

itkjoksK d/ rfjfDnK Bkb d[ekBK GohnK gJhnK jB. ;'B/, uKdh, sKp/ 

ns/ gZEo dk nZyK u[zfXnk d/D tkbk yaiakBkHHH Gfonk Ge[zfBnk d/;HHH 

XB ;zgsh ftu fJ; dk w[ekpbk T[sZo e[o{ Bkb j' ;edk j? s/ FkB 

fJ; dh d/tfsnK d/ Ffjo nbe-wzd torh j?.## 

fwfbzd-gBj rqzE d/ nkozG ftu T[j nkgDh eEk (g[Zp:'r) fJT[* 

fbydk j?, @@pj[s g[okD/ ;w/* dh rZb j? fe dfonk feBko/ ;kX{nK dk 

nkFow ;h fiE/ fJe g/_v{ F{do nk e/ ;ckJh nkfde eodk s/ gZs/ ;[Zs/ 

fJe y{zi/ ftu ;[ZN fdzdk. Y/o tZvk j' frnk sK fJe fGZy{ B/ T[; ~ 


fejk- @@fJE/ feT[_ e{Vk fJeZmk ehsk j?< pkjo d{o ;[ZN e/ nk.## ;/tkdko 

B/ T[; dh rZb nD;[Dh eo fdsh sK fGZy{ ~ r[Z;k nk frnk. T[; 

B/ MkV{ ;/tkdko d/ f;o ftu wkfonk. ;/tkdko ezw SZv e/ o_'''''dk-o'''''_dk 

dfonk tZb s[o fgnk. fGZy{ fJj d/yD bJh fe fJj j[D eh eo/rk, 

T[; d/ fgS/ fgS/ s[o fgnk. iKd/-iKd/ ;/tkdko gqkoEBk eodk efjzdk 

ik fojk ;h, @@j/ sEkrs, eh w/oh th edh fJZias j't/rh< s{z ukj/* sK 

d[gfjo d/ ;{oi tKr w?~ fb;aek ;edk j?_.## fco fJj ;/tkdko dfonk 

feBko/ g[Zik. jZE g?o w{zj X's/ s/ jZE i'V e/ efjD bZrk, @@j/ f;XkoE, 

s{z ukj/* sK fBwkD/ rohp gkDhnK ~ J/Bh Fesh d/ fdzdk j?_- fe Ffjo 

roe eo d/D. J/Bh ;akB! fJj dfonk roidk T[Sbdk e/jk ;akBkwZsk 

d"V fojk j?. fezBk fdqV ns/ p/y"ca j? fJj. e[ZM e[ FkB w?~ th d/j 

;[nkwh f;XkoE.## 

fi; ;kX{ B/ fJ; ;/tkdko ~ e[ZfNnk T[; dk Bkw wjK;?B ;h. 

wjK;?B fJj ;[D e/ j?okB ofj frnk fe fJe f;ZXV ;/tkdko ;{oi 

ns/ dfonk fijh FkB dk nfGbkyh j?. T[; B/ ;'funk- w?_ th feT[_ 

Bk f;XkoE nr/ gqkoEBk eoK< w?_ th T[; gk;'* nBzs ftfdnk dk dkB 

wzrK. T[j ;woZE j?. d/ ;edk j?.## wjK;?B B/ gqkoEBk ehsh. 

d'jK dhnK gqkoEBktK ;theko j' rJhnK. ;/tkdko ~ d/tb'e ftu 

p[bk e/ sEkrs B/ fejk- @@s{z ftFkb d/; dk skesto okik j'J/*rk. 

ikj, w?_ s/ok Bkw fwfbzd oZfynk. s/ wjK;?B, w?_ s/o/ s/ gq;zB jK s{z 

ftdtkB j'D d/ pkti{d ;ckJh ;/te s'_ th gq/oBk b? ;edk j?_.s/o/ 

tork ftdtkB j'o e"D j'J/rk< s/ok Bkw Bkr;?B oZy e/ w?_ s?~ Xosh 

s/ G/idk jK. pkdFkj s/o/ s'_ gqFB g[ZS/rk. s{z T[; d/ T[sZo dJh*. 

;[Zu/ Xow ftu id'_ edh ;[;sh nkJh, s[jkv/ gqFB T[so T[; ~ fco 

s'_ gquzv eoBr/.## 

Bkr;?B fbydk j?, @@bT[ fco. nfj jK w?_ fGZy{ Bkr;?B. fJeZb/ 

fwfbzd d/ gqFBK d/ T[sZo feT[_< d/;K gqd/;K d/ ;G oki/ eskoK pzB e/ 

;kjwD/ yb'D. ;G ~ ;zs[FN eoKrk. fwfbzd e;{s/ gqFB g[ZS-g[ZS e/ 

;kX{nK ~ Fofwzd/ eodk j?. wZybh r';kb ~ T[; B/ fejk ;h- @@s[;h_ 

sgZ;th fJ; eoe/ G[y/-fsjkJ/ Bjh_ wod/ fe w[es j't'r/. s[;h_ bhoK 

gfjBd/ j' s/ e'Jh xo-xkN Bjh_. eowK d/ s[jkv/ jh f;XKs nB[;ko 

s[;h_ b'eK ~ fgSb/ iBw ftu T[ikfVnk j't/rk fJ; bJh nkg T[iV/ 

j'. b'eK d/ xoK ftu u'ohnK ehshnK j'DrhnK, vke/ wko e/ T[BQK ~ 

G[Zy/ Bzr/ ehsk j't/rk, fJ; bJh s[;h_ G[Zy/ wod/ j'.## w?_ T[; ~ ;zs[FN 

eoKrk. 

-0fwfbzd 

~ fe;/ B/ dZf;nk fe Bkr;?B BK dk tZvk p'Xh ftdtkB 

;keb Ffjo (f;nkbe'N) fty/ mfjfonk j'fJnk j?. fwfbzd T[; ~ fwbD 

bJh oE ftu ;tko j' e/ g[Zi frnk. pj[s ;tkb ns/ itkp j'J/. 

;zy/g ftu E'V/ e[ gqFB-T[so fJE/ fdZs/ ik ;ed/ jB. 

-0fwfbzd 

ns/ Bkr;?B fJe d{i/ ~ ;fseko Bkb fwb/. nkjw' 

;kjwD/ p?m e/ fJT[* rZbK j'JhnK-fwfbzd- 

s[;h_ f;XkoE ~ d/fynk Bjh_ Bkr;?B. fco fet/_ dkntk 

eod/ j' fe T[j wjkB ;h< 

Bkr;?B- ;w[zdo wjkB j? Bk wjkoki fwfbzd< 

fwfbzd- jK Bkr;?B, ;w[zdo :ehBB wjkB j?. 

Bkr;?B- fet/_ ;kps eo'r/ fe ;w[zdo wjkB j?< 

fwfbzd- w?_ dkoFfBe Bjh_ jK Bkr;?B. feogk eoe/ s[;h_ jh dZ;' 

fe ;w[zdo wjkB fet/_ j?. 

Bkr;?B- rowh dh o[Zs/ b{nK trdhnK jB sK ;G BdhnK Bkb/ 

MhbK sbkp ;[Ze iKd/ jB. rowhnK ftu edh ;w[zdo th ;[Zfenk j?< 

fwfbzd- Bjh_ Bkr;?B, nfijk Bjh_ j[zdk. 

Bkr;?B- po;ks dh o[Zs/ ;G BdhnK Bkb/ MhbK sbkp BZe' BZe 

Go e/ T[SZb iKd/ jB. ;w[zdo T[s/ th pkoF j[zdh j?. ;?*eV/ BdhnK 

th T[; ftu fvrdhnK jB. go edh ;w[zdo feBkfonK s'_ pkjo Bjh_ 

T[Sbdk. fJ; bJh ;kps j'fJnk fe ;w[zdo wjkB j?.fBzde pqkjwDK 

B/ f;XkoE d/ fybkc jiakoK rqzE fby/. go fiZvk T[j ;h, fJj rqzE 

T[; dk eZd xNk Bjh_ ;e/. p'Xh ftdtkBK B/ T[; dh T[;sfs ftu 

bZyK rqzE ou/. go fiZvk T[; dk eZd ;h, fJj rqzE T[; ~ j'o Bjh_ 

tXk gkJ/. fJ; eoe/ w?_ nkydk jK wjkoki fe f;XkoE wjkB ;h. 

-0fwfbzd- 

go Bkr;?B, j[D sK T[j Bjh_ fojk. fco T[; ~ :kd 

eoB dk eh bkG< 

Bkr;?B- fi; bZeV dh nZr ;/ed/ oj/, s[jk~ bZfrnk T[j nZr 


p[M rJh j?. go nZr bZeV ftu ni/ th j?. nZr sK jo/e o[Zy ftu 

w"i{d j?, p; S[gh j'Jh j? s/ fe;/ tes th wx ;edh j?, fe;/ ftu 

th. nZr dk p[MDk nZr dh ;wkgsh Bjh_ wjkoki. sEkrs ftFt d/ 

fjod/ ftu S[fgnk j'fJnk j?. 

-0fwfbzd- 

fi; pZu/ B/ iBw fbnk, T[j tZvk j'fJnk. Bkr;?B, fijVk 

tZvk j' frnk j?, fJj T[jh pZuk j? fe e'Jh j'o j?< 

Bkr;?B- T[jh th j? wjkoki ns/ T[j Bjh_ th j?. 

fwfbzd- fet/_ Bkr;?B< T[jh th ns/ T[j Bjh_ th, d't/_ fet/_< 

Bkr;?B- pugB ftu s[;h_ wkfgnK dh r'd ftu y/v/. fco ;e{b 

ftu ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh. fco s[;h_ je{ws ;zGkbh. i/ s[;h_ fpbe[b 

e'Jh j'o j' sK fco T[j e"D ;h fijVk gzx{V/ ftu y/fvnk ;h< T[j 

e"D ;h fi; B/ ;e{b ftu ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh ;h< i/ T[j e'Jh j'o 

;h sK T[jh ftfdnk fco s[jkv/ ezw fet/_ nk ojh j?< gzx{V/ ftu gJ/ 

pZu/ dh wK T[jh j? i' nZi fJ; pkdFkj dh wK j?. fJ; bJh fwfbzd, 

pZuk T[jh th j? s/ j'o th. fi; B/ u'oh ehsh, T[jh ;h fi; d/ jZE 

eZN/ rJ/. oks Go fJe dhtk pfbnk. gfjb/ gfjo bkN j'o ;h, nZXh 

oks j'o s/ ;t/o j'o. dhtk T[jh j? wjkoki fijVk oks Go pbdk 

fojk. ihtB, o{g pdbdk j? go T[jh j?. 

-0fwfbzd- 

eh ftuko tNKdo/ Bkb frnkB gqkgs j' iKdk j? Bkr;?B< 

Bkr;?B- fJ; dh ;zGktBk j? wjkoki. j' ;edk j?. 

fwfbzd- w?_ s[jkv/ Bkb ftuko tNKdok eo fojk jK. go E'VQh 

d/o pknd ;kvk ;ztkd yasw j' ikt/rk. eh fco frnkB th Bkb jh 

ysw Bjh_ j' ikt/rk Bkr;?B< 

Bkr;?B- nfijk Bjh_ j[zdk wjkoki. w?_ oks ~ T[fmZnk. dhtk 

pkfbnk ns/ fJe io{oh ;[B/jk yas ftu fby e/ fGZy{ ~ fdsk s/ yak; 

EK T[s/ g[ukD bJh efj e/ dhtk p[Mk e/ w?_ fco ;"* frnk. gZso 

fbfynk ik u[Zek ;h wjkoki, dhtk p[MkT[D Bkb T[; dh fbys fwN/rh 

Bjh_. 

-0- 

fwfbzd- ;[jDhnK bZrD tkbhnK t;sK uzrhnK jB fe p[ohnK 

Bkr;?B< 

Bkr;?B- uzrhnK th jB, p[ohnK th jB, uzfrnkJh p[okJh s'_ go/ 

th jB. 

fwfbzd- T[j fet/_ Bkr;?B< 

Bkr;?B- rowh ftu fdb eodk j? mzYh jtk tr/. ;odhnK ftu 

fBZx uzrh brdh j?. d't/_ uzrhnK th brdhnK jB s/ p[ohnK th. 

fwfbzd- mhe j? Bkr;?B. go i/ ;odh ns/ rowh fJeZmh j' ikt/ 

eh fco uzrhnK bZrDrhnK< 

Bkr;?B- nfijh rZb th Bjh_ wjkoki. fJZe pzd/ ~ ej' d't/_ jZE 

nZr/ c?bkJ/. fJZe jZE T[go row b'j/ dk N[ZeVk oZy fdT[ s/ d{i/ 

T[go poc dk r'bk. fJe' tes row ns/ ;od t;s{ Bkb d'jK jZEK 

~ d[Zy g[i/rk. dod dh fe;w fGzB-fGzB j?, go d[Zy sK dZ[y jh j? 

wjkoki. dZ[y eotNK pdbdk j? brksko. 

-0fwfbzd- 

s[jkv/ rqzEK ftu fbfynk j? fe p[o/ eow eoB tkb/ b'eK 

~ ;?*eV/ ;kb d'iaya dh nZr ftu ;VBk gt/rk. fJj th fbfynk j? 

fe d'iay dh nZr Xosh dh nZr s'_ fes/ tXhe s/ia j?. fJj fet/_ j' 

;edk j? Bkr;?B< fJ; nZr ftu bkF e[ZM xzfNnK ftu G;w j' iKdh 

j?. fco d'iayK dh nZr, fijVh fe tZX s/ia j? ftu ;?*eV/ ;kb fet/_< 

Bkr;?B- d/tb'e d/ sK tfuso tosko/ jB jh Xosh T[go th 

fJj' fij/ e"se d/yD ~ fwb iKd/ jB. ;a/oBh nkgDk fFeko wkodh 

j?. wk; ns/ jZvhnK upk iKdh j?. fJj wk; ns/ jZvhnK e[M xzfNnK 

ftu rb iKdhnK jB, jiaw j' iKdhnK jB. fi; g/N ftu ik e/ 

jZvhnK th rb rJhnK fJ;/ g/N dh nrBh ftu F/oBh dk pZuk rbdk 

Bjh_ ;r'* gb fojk j?. fJE/ th fJj' fij/ fdbu;g e"se jB wjkoki. 

-0fwfbzd- 

;w/* dh iVQ feE/ j? Bkr;?B< G{s, toswkB s/ Gfty 

feE'* nkJ/< 

Bkr;?B- ekb dh iVQ nfrnkBsk ftu j? wjkoki. nfrnkBsk 

ekoB tk;BktK g?dk j'JhnK. tk;BktK ekoB eow ehs/. eowK eoe/ 


Bkw s/ o{g fwfbnk, frnkB fJzdohnK fwbhnK. G[Zy fgnk; fwbh. iBw 

w"s fwb/. fJj ;G d[Zy j?. fJe d[Zy ftu'_ fBefbnk d{ik d[Zy. p; 

ekb ns/ dZ[y fJe d{i/ ftu jB s/ d'jK dh iVQ nfrnkBsk ftu j?. 

-0fwfbzd- 

ekb s'_ w[es fet/_ j'JhJ/ Bkr;?B< 

Bkr;?B- d/y' wjkoki w?_ Xosh T[go fJj r'b uZeo tkj fdZsk 

j?. dZ;' fJj uZeo feE'* F[o{ j'fJnk j? s/ feE/ ysw j[zdk j?. fJ; 

dk e'Jh f;ok Bjh_. id sZe fJj uZeo j?, w[esh Bjh_. ekb dk fJj 

uZeo s'VBk gt/rk. id'_ uZeo N[ZN/rk sK wB[Zy nekbh j' ikt/rk. 

-0fwfbzd- 

fdqZF gfjbK j? fe ftuko Bkr;?B< s/ feT[_< 

Bkr;?B- gfjbK fdqZF j?. ftuko pknd ftu g?dk j[zdk j?. feT[_ 

dk T[sZo fJj j? fe fdqZF T[uk j?. ftuko T[; s'_ j/mK j?. fJj ftXkB 

j? fe gkDh B/ T[go'* j/mK nkT[Dk j?. go;'* wh_j fgnk. gkDh BhtkDK 

tZb ubk frnk. eZbQ fco wh_j fgnk. T[;/ o;s/ gkDh fco ubk frnk. 

go;'* tkb/ gkDh B/ eZbQ tkb/ gkDh ~ o;sk Bjh_ dZf;nk ;h. eZbQ 

tkb/ gkDh B/ th go;'* tkb/ gkDh ~ fJj Bjh_ fejk fe Gok w?_ s/o/ 

gkJ/ g{ofBnK s/ uZbKrk. d'jK dh e'Jh rZb nkg; ftu Bjh_ j'Jh go 

fJe' o;s/ rJ/. fB:w fJjh j?. ftXk fJjh j?. 

-0fwfbzd- 

ikDekoh ns/ frnkB ftu eh coe j? Bkr;?B fwZso< 

Bkr;?B- pkio/ dh tkYh eod/ fe;kB d/y'. yZp/ jZE Bkb T[j 

e[ZM p{fNnK dk dZEk cVd/ jB s/ ;Zi/ jZE Bkb dksh ubk e/ eZNd/ 

jB. fJT[* dZEk cVBk s/ eZNDk T[BQK dh ikDekoh j? s/ nBki fJeZmk 

eoBk frnkB. 

-0fwfbzd- 

frnkB ns/ nfrnkBsk tZy tZy jB fe fJeZm/< 

Bkr;?B- tZy-tZy th jB fJeZm/ th jB. mm/fonK ~ sKp/ d/ 

posB pDkT[_d/ d/y'. sKp/ dh ukdo e[ZN-e[ZN T[j r'b eod/ iKd/ jB 

sK ;fji/-;fji/ rkro pD iKdh j?. rkro pDkT[D t/b/ fijVh meme 

dh nktk} j'Jh T[; pr?o ;o ;edk ;h go nktk} g?dk j't/rh 

jh j't/rh. n;h_ F'o E'Vk b?Dk ;h, ;k~ sK rkro ukjhdh ;h. go 

F'o th g?dk j't/rk. fJ; p/eko F'o ~ nfrnkBsk ;wM' s/ rkro ~ 

frnkB. d't/_ fJeZm/ th jB tZy th. 

fwfbzd- feskpK ftu ns/ frnkB ftu eh coe j? Bkr;?B< 

Bkr;?B- b{D dk ;[nkd ihG uydh j?. go b{D ~ nZy th d/y 

;edh j?. nZy d/y ;edh j? uZy Bjh_ ;edh. b{D ftu Gko j?, pbd 

b{D dk Gfonk rZvk fyud/ jB. b{D ~ n;h_ s'bd/ jK, d' wD, gzi 

wD. fJj d' wD iK gzi wD fJj b{D Bjh_, fJj sK b{D dk Gko 

j?. b{D sK BwehB uhia j? fi; dk ;[nkd e/tb ihG goy/rh. feskpK 

ftu s/ frnkB ftu T[jh coe j? fizBk Gko ftu s/ ;[nkd ftu j?. 

-0fwfbzd- 

eh s[;h_ fGZy{ ;oho ~ fgnko eod/ j' Bkr;?B< 

Bkr;?B- Bjh_ wjkoki nfijh e'Jh rZb Bjh_. 

fwfbzd- fco s[;h_ fJ;aBkB feT[_ eod/ j'< yKd/-gh*d/ feT[_ j'< 

Bkr;?B- eh s[jkv/ ;oho T[s/ sho iK sbtko dk edh iayw 

j'fJnk j?< 

fwfbzd- jK fJZe tko Bjh_ nB/e tko. 

Bkr;?B- sd s[;h_ iayw ~ ;kc eod/ j'. fco wZbQw bkT[*d/ j'. 

fco gZNh pzBQd/ j'. fco fynkb oZyd/ j' fe fJ; d/ j'o u'N Bk bZr/. 

eh s[;h_ iaywK ~ fgnko eod/ j' wjkoki, i' fJzBk fynkb oZyd/ j'< 

fwfbzd- Bjh_ Bkr;?B tZv/ Gok. w?_ iaywK s'_ w[es j'D bJh nfijk 

eodk jK. 

Bkr;?B- n;h_ th ;oho ~ fgnko Bjh_ eod/. w[es j'D sZe 

fJ; dh ;zGkb eod/ jK. nBzs ;d?th nwokgd T[go ;oho fBe/ fBe/ 

iayw jB. 

-0fwfbzd- 

;fseko:'r Bkr;?B, fJe tko f;XkoE B/ fejk ;h, @@fdb 

dh rZb eo'r/ sK o[Zy th j[zrkok GoBr/. o[Zy th itkp d/Dr/.## 

fJj eEB mhe Bjh_ brdk Bkr;?B. o[ZyK B/ fejVh rZb eoBh 

j?< fco sEkrs B/ fJj eEB feT[_ ehsk< 

Bkr;?B- sEkrs GkFk dk ekwb T[;skd ;h wjkoki. GkFk d/ 

noE fit/_ s[;h_ ;wM oj/ j', jw/F T[; gqeko Bjh_ j[zd/. n;h_ ne;o 


nky fdzd/ jK, @@r[V dk rZvk ik fojk j?.## rZvk r[V dk pfDnk 

j'fJnk Bjh_ j[zdk. bZeV dk j?. r[V T[; ftu Gfonk j'fJnk j?. fJt/* 

jh nkyd/ jK, @@T[j nkNk ghj ojh j?. T[j d[ZX foVe ojh j?.## 

nkNk Bjh_ gh; ojh, n"os dkD/ gh;dh j? s/ d[ZX e'Jh Bjh_ foVedk 

j[zdk, djh* foVeh*dh j?. fJj eJh gqeko d/ GkFkJh nbzeko jB 

wjkoki, fJBQK ~ ;kd/ noEK ftu Bjh_ ;wfMnk ik ;edk. GkFk d/ 

noE nB/e fdqFNhe'DK s'_ j[zd/ jB. sEkrs BthB nbzekoK dk 

f;oiDjko ;h wjkoki. 

-0fJe 

;t/o ;ztkd oukT[D tk;s/ d't/_ nkg; ftu fwb/ sK fJT[* 

th rZb j'JhL 

fwfbzd- eJh tko d/o sZe Bh_d Bjh_ nkT[_dh Bkr;?B. d/o sZe 

;'udk ofjzdk jK fe wjkB ;kX{ Bkr;?B tZvk ftdtkB j?. fes/ w?_ 

nfrnkBsk t; e'Jh nfijk gqFB sK Bjh_ g[ZS p?mk fijVk T[; dh 

;akB d/ nB[e{b Bk j't/< fes/ e'Jh ntZfrnk, e'Jh p/ndph sK Bjh_ 

j'Jh< 

Bkr;?B- d/o sZe w/o/ Bkb th nfijk tkgodk j? wjkoki. w?_ 

ne;o fJ; rZb'* fuzfss j' iKdk jK fe s[jkv/ gq;aBK d/ T[sZo fdzfdnK 

fes/ w?_ e'Jh nfijh rZb sK Bjh_ eo fdZsh fi; Bkb ;ke:w[Bh dh 

p/ndph j'Jh j't/< w/o/ fdZs/ T[sZo f;XkoE dh ;ay;ahns ns/ Xow d/ 

nB[;ko th ;B fe Bjh_. T[; dk o[spk pj[s tZvk j? Bk wjkoki 

fwfbzd. pVk fXnkB oZyDk gt/rk. go T[j s[jkvk n;kvk ;G dk 

fjs?Fh, ;G dk efbnkDekoh j?. T[j nkg/ ;kvk ;jkJh j't/rk. nkgK 

T[; dh ;aoD ftu ;[oZfyns jK. 

wB;{o 

nB-nb-jZe ;apd ;[DfdnK jh ;{cah caeho wB;{o dk Bkw fjod/ 

ftu nk iKdk j? feT[Ife fJj' ;apd T[; dk cb;cak ;h, fJj' ;apd 

T[; bJh ihtB ;h s/ fJj' ;apd T[; bJh j'Dh s/ w"s pD e/ T[; 

~ fwfbnk. @nB nb jZe# dk noE j? w+ ;Zu jK. jZe dk noE 

;Zu th j? s/ oZp th. wB;{o bJh jZe ns/ oZp ftu e'Jh coe BjhI 

feT[Ife T[j cayo Bkb nkydk j[zdk ;h fe w+ oZp jK. fJj nkyDk 

r[Bkj BjhI j?. e[okB ftu oZp d/ 99 BktK dk fiaeo nkfJnk j? s/ 

fJBQK BktK ftu @jZe# fJe Bkw j?. ;{cah ;kX{ nZbkj Bkb'I jZe ;apd 

dk oZp tk;s/ tXhe gq:'r eod/ oj/ jB. nZi d/ ;w/I ftu id'I n;hI 

nkyd/ jK fe eD-eD ftu nZbkj j? s/ T[j w/o/ ftu th j?, r[Bkj 

BjhI j?. go wB;{o d/ iawkB/ e[M j'o ;B. fJ;bkw d/ ;aoXktkBK bJh 

wB;{o dk eEB nB nb jZe tZvk e[co pD frnk. nB-nb-jZe dk 

;apd T[ukoD eoBk T[; dk fJe' fJe r[Bkj BjhI ;h. T[; d/ nkb'ueK 

B/ fejk fe T[j ntskotkd d/ f;XKs ftu ft;atk;a eodk j? ns/ 

g[BoiBw ~ wzBdk j?. T[j ;G wB[ZyK ~ oZp d/ g?rzpo nkydk ;h. 

fe;/ ~ T[j nkydk ;h-sz{ jiaos B{j j?_, fe;/ ~ w{;k ns/ fe;/ ~ 

w[jzwd nkydk. @@w+ fJBQK g?rzpoK dhnK o{jK s[jkv/ ftu fNek fdZshnK 

jB¿, nfij/ puB w[;fbw GkJhukok fet/I podk;as eo ;edk ;h< i/ 

fJj' fij/ eEB eoB tkbk fJe g[Zfink ceho ;h, ftdtkB ;akfJo ;h 

s/ eokwksK dk wkbe ;h sK eh j'fJnk< e[co sK nkyo e[co j? s/ 

fJj o[eDk ukjhdk j?. 

prdkd d/ ybhc/ d/ j[ew T[gozs T[; ~ frqcsko eo fbnk 

frnk s/ i/bQ ftu pzd ehsk frnk. eJh-eJh jcas/ T[; ~ G[Zyk 

fsjkfJnk oZfynk iKdk. NkJhrfo; dfonk d/ feBko/ T[s/ T[; ~ bZeVh 

d/ eok; T[Zs/ bNekfJnk frnk. T[; dk wk; B'funk iKdk s/ ;akw ~ 

fco T[; ~ ekb e'mVh ftZu pzd eo fdZsk iKdk. nfijk e[ZM T[; 


Bkb B" wjhfBnK sZe j[zdk fojk s/ nfij/ nDwB[Zyh ia[bw Ykj e/ T[; 

~ wkfonk frnk fiBQK fposKsK ~ ;[De/ o{j ezp iKdh j?. fJZe jiako 

e'fVnK dh wko B/ jh T[; d/ fi;w ftu'I ;kok bj{ uZN fbnk ;h go 

fco T[; d/ jZE eZN/ rJ/. fco T[;d/ g?o eZN/ rJ/. nZyK dhnK g[sbhnK 

eZN fdZshnK rJhnK s/ ihG eZN fdZsh rJh feT[Ife fJjh ihG e[co d/ 

p'b p'bdh ;h. fco T[; dk f;o eZN e/ XV s'I tZy ehsk frnk. 

fJZE/ jh pZ; BjhI j'Jh, fes/ fJj ekco fenkws d/ fdB fco Bk ikr 

gt/, T[; dk w[odk fi;w nZr ftZu ;kfVnk frnk s/ ;[nkj, nZXh 

dfonk ftZu tjkJh rJh, nZXh jtk ftZu T[vkJh rJh. ;wekbh u;awdhd 

rtkj d;d/ jB fe T[; d/ y{B d/ fJZe-fJZe eso/ ftu'I nBbjZe dh 

X[Bh ;[DkJh d/Idh ;h. 

T[j ;ajhd j' frnk. ;z;ko ftZu ojZ; nB[Gt ~ gqrN eoB d/ 

fJbiakw ekoB ;ajhd j'D tkbk T[j nwo wB[Zy j? i' e/tb T[; d/ 

w[ohdK bJh BjhI, ;z;ko d/ ;G ;kX{nK ;zsK bJh uokr d/ s[Zb pD 

frnk. nbriakbh, i' fJ;bkwh ;aokn ~ gZehnK bhjK T[s/ gkT[D tkbk 

tZvk ftdtkB ;h th wB;{o dh gq;az;k eoB bJh wiap{o j'fJnk. T[j 

fbydk j?, @@wB;{o B/ i' e[ZM fejk T[j nZbkj dh p/gBkj w[jZps ekoB 

fejk.## e[okB ftu doi j?, @@w+ T[j jK fi; ~ w+ fgnko eodk jK 

s/ fi; ~ w+ fgnko eodk jK, T[jh jK w+. @@fJZe fi;w ftZu n;hI 

d' o{jK jK. id'I T[; ~ s[;hI d/yd/ j' w?~ d/yd/ j'. id'I s[;hI w?~ 

d/yd/ j' T[d'I T[; ~ d/yd/ j'.## cohdT[dhB nZsko fbyd/ jB, @@nZbkj 

d/ okj T[s/ s[oB tkbk T[j nZbkj dk ekwb ;ajhd ;h. ;zxD/ jB/o/ 

izrbK ftZu t;dk fJj ;a/o ;Zu dhnK e[ZM feoBK dh sbk;a ftZu x[zwdk 

fcodk ;h id T[; ~ g{ok ;{oi fwb frnk. T[j vz{x/ ;w[zdoK ftZu 

r's/ bkT[D tkbk r'sky'o ;h fi; B/ jhfonK d/ yiakB/ bZG bJ/ s/ 

Xosh T[s/ fbnk e/ ybko fdZs/.## ibkbT[ddhB o{wh B/ T[; dh ;ajkds 

d/ j[ew T[s/ fJBQK ;apdK Bkb fJsokia ehsk L 

id'I p/fJB;kc iZi jZE ftZu ebw cVdk j? 

sd ;{bh T[s/ e'Jh wB;{o ;ajhd j' iKdk j?. 

;afp;skoh nkgDh feskp r[b;aB-fJ-okia ftZu fbydk j?L 

@@nBbjZe dk cb fe; o[Zy ~ bZrk< w+ oZp jK, nBzs ojZ; dk 

gqrNkn j? fJj ;apd. w+ oZp jK, oZp s'I fJbktk j'o e"D efj ;edk 

j? fJj ;G< fJeZbk wB;{o BjhI, Xosh dk eD-eD fJj' efj fojk j? 

- @@w+ jZe jK, w+ ;Zu jK, w+ oZp jK. fJe MkVh B/ w'iaia ~ fejk 

;h, @@w+ nZbkj jK.## sd T[j MkVh g{ik;EkB pD rJh ;h. fJZe wB[Zy 

fi; dk Bkw wB;{o ;h, id T[; B/ fJj ;apd nky/ T[; ceho ~ 

iabhb eoe/ wkfonk frnk. nZbkj ~ fwbD bJh fenkws d/ fdB dh 

T[vhe gkrb eod/ jB. cehoK dh :ksok, :ksoh s/ wziab fJZe j' 

rJ/ jB. T[j fJ;/ gb fwb rJ/ j'J/ jB. ekco sK T[j jB i' fJj 

nkyd/ jB fe n;hI e'Jh j'o jK s/ nZbkj e'Jh j'o j?.## 

ibkbT[dhB o{wh, wB;{o dh nktkia dhnK rz{iK fJBQK ;apdK okjhI 

gqrNkT[Idk j?L 

w+ ;apd jK, w+ Xow rqzE jK, 

w+ jK fJzihb ns/ e[okB, 

nZr gkDh jtk ns/ fwZNh, eh jB fJj w/o/ s'I fJbktk< 

M{m s/ ;Zu, B/eh pdh, BowkJh ;yaskJh, 

frnkB, fJeKs, fJspkoK dh o";aBh w+ jK. 

vz{x/ d'iyK d/ jB/o/ s/ T[BQK ftZu pbdhnK nZrK 

T[`sw ;[or s/ ndB d/ pkr, 

d/ts/ s/ d+s, o{j ns/ fi;w, w+ jK fJj ;G, w+. 

w/o/ j'mK d/ ;apdK d/ eh noE jB, sz{ dZ; ;aZw; spo/ia 

sz{ jh d; ;edk j+, ft;atnkswk w+ jK, w+ jK fJj ;G f;oc w+. 

np{ ;Z:d B/ wB;{o ~ fJBQK ;apdK Bkb ;aoXKibh fdZshL 

w/o/ fdb ftZu j?I sz{, 

pkeh EktK fiE/ fiE/ w/ok y{B v[ZbQ ;fenk 

s/o/ ftZu fGZi ikDrhnK 

w/ohnK nZyK dh o";aBh j?I sz{, fiE/ feXo/ w/o/ 

jzM{ fvZr/, T[E/ T[E/ s/oh j'Id dk ukBDk j't/rk. 

ftdtkBK B/ ;{ch f;XKsK ~ edh :{BkBh cb;c/ Bkb i'fVnk edh 

gko;hnK Bkb, p[Xwfs, Jh;kJhwZs ns/ t/dKs ftZu fJ; dhnK iVQK 

bZGhnK rJhnK, go wB;{o dh ;ajkds s'I pknd ;G ;{chnK B/ fJj' 

fejk fe ;{ch wZs dh iVQ e[okB ns/ jdh; ftZu j?. e[okB ftZu doi 

j?L 


T[j, i' nfdq;aN ftZu ft;atk;a oZyd/ jB, Bwkia gVQd/ 

jB, w'fwB jB. w+ ;akjor s'I th B/V/ jK wB[Zy d/. 

op, Xosh ns/ nkek;a dh o';aBh j?. 

;{ch wZs dk nkozG ceho p?iahd Bkb j'fJnk wzfBnk iKdk j? 

fi; dh w"s 909 Jh;th ;B ftZu j'Jh. T[; fgS'I prdkd dk tk;h 

i[B?d tZvk sgZ;th ceho j'fJnk. fJ; ceho gk; pj[s ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh 

ftfdnk gqkgs eod/ ;B. T[; d/ nk;aow ftZu jh wB;{o pkJh ;kb 

dh T[wo ftZu dkyb j'fJnk. fJj 880 Jh;th dh rZb j?. wB;{o 

;[DZyk i[nkB ;h s/ T[; dhnK nZyK ftu'I ;[cB/ Mbed/ ;B. T[; B/ 

id'I gfjbh t/o i[B?d nZr/ ;bkw ehsk sK i[B?d B/ fejk ;h, @@fJ; 

dk y{B cK;h d/ oZ;'/ ~ gftZso eo/rk.## fJ; ;[zdo w[yV/ tkb/ i[nkB 

dk Bkw wB;{o fpB w[jzwd nbp?dkth nb jZbki ;h fi; dk iBw 

858 Jh;th ftZu j'fJnk ;h. T[; dk dkdk gko;h ;h fi;dk Bkw 

;kjkph np{ n:{p ;h s/ fgsk, j[;?B fpB nbjZbki i[bkjk ;h. cko;h 

ftZu jZbki i[bkj/ ~ nkyd/ jB. cko; ftu nbs{o BK d/ fgzv ftu 

wB;{o dk iBw j'fJnk. i[B?d gk; S/ ;kb sZe wB;{o B/ ftfdnk 

gqkgs ehsh s/ ekp/ ftZu p?m e/ S/ ;kb sg ehsk. fJjBK S/ ;kbK 

ftu f;tkfJ pzdrh eoB d/ T[; B/ j'o e[M BjhI ehsk. nop d/ wko{ 

w";wK dk Bzr/ XV T[; B/ Nkeok ehsk, Bk X[ZgK dh gqtkj ehsh Bk 

;odhnK dh. fco T[; B/ pzdrh ;zg{oD j'D fgZS''_ d/;K ftd/;aK dh :ksok 

nkozG eo fdZsh s/ fJoke, go;ahnk, r[ioks ns/ e;awho okjhI j[zdk 

j'fJnk Gkos ftu'I uhB ftu frnk s/ ne;kJh fuB se g[Zfink. Gkos 

ftu i'rhnK gk;'I T[; B/ :'r ns/ szso ftfdnk f;Zyh. T[; dhnK 

eokwksh ;aeshnK pko/ pVhnK ejkDhnK gouZbs jB. 

T[; d/ ;akfrodK B/ fJe fdB d/fynk fe T[; B/ n;wkB tZb 

jZE c?bkfJnk sK T[; d/ jZE ftu ;/p nk frnk fi; pko/ T[; B/ 

dZf;nk fe fJj ndB d/ pkr dk cb j?. T[; dk fJe ;akfrod 

fbydk j?, fe prdkd dhnK rbhnK ftu fcod/-fcod/ fJe fdB T[j 

ft;wkd ftu nk frnk s/ T[; dhnK nZyK ftu'I jzM{ trD bZr/. ;afjo 

d/ n?B ftueko yb'sk T[j efjD bZrk, @@U puk bT w?~ oZp d/ 

fujo/ dh o";aBh s'I. oZp B/ w/oh j'Id w/o/ s'I y'j bJh j? s/ tkg; BjhI 

eodk. w+ T[; dh T[;sfs th BjhI eo ;edk feT[Ife w+, w+ fojk jh 

BjhI. edh edh T[j fe;/-fe;/ nZr/ gqrN j[zdk j? sK fe b'eK ~ T[;dh 

j'Id gsk brdh oj/ s/ wB[Zysk w[Bfeo Bk j' ikt/. ne;o T[j godk 

eoe/ oZydk j? sK fe T[; dh o';aBh ftu ;ko/ jh nzBQ/ Bk j' ikD, 

;ko/ jh j';a jtk; Bk r[nk p?mD s/ gkrb Bk j' ikD. w/ok ns/ 

T[; dk ck;bk nZy ns/ nZy dh gbe fizBk th BjhI. T[j w?~ ysw 

eo dJ/rk ibdh, s/ Xosh T[s/ w/ok Bkw fB;akB BjhI SZv/rk. 

gzikj ;kb dh T[wo ftu T[j f;apbh ~ fwfbnk s/ gfjbh tko 

T[; gk; ik e/ nBbjZe fejk s/ wkocs d/ G/d y'bQ/. f;apbh s[oeh 

dk tZvk ftdtkB ns/ ;akfJo ;h. pradkd ftu T[; dh ftdtsk dh 

pVh gqf;ZXh ;h. fJj T[jh f;apbh ;h fi; pko/ gzikph sK eh pVhnK 

iapkBK ftu T[bKfGnK Go/ b'erhs gquZbs j'J/ fe T[; B/ wB;{o ~ 

T[d'I c[Zb wkfonk id'I b'e T[; ~ gZEo wko oj/ ;B. wB;{o ~ ekco 

ikD e/ frqcsko eoe/ prdkd dhnK rbhnK ftu x[wkfJnk ik fojk 

;h sK ;oeko dk j[ew ;h fe fijVk T[; ~ d/y/ gZEo wko e/ bzx/. 

okj ftu f;apbh nk frnk. gZEo dh EK T[; B/ wB;{o d/ c[Zb wkfonk. 

f;apbh e[ZM th Bk wkodk sK T[; ~ vo ;h fe fes/ ybhck j[ew 

nd{bh dh ;ik Bk d/ d/t/ s/ gZEo fJ; eoe/ BjhI wkfonk feT[Ife T[; 

~ gsk ;h wB;{o ekwb ceho j?. T[; B/ c[Zb wkfonk sK wB;{o iako 

iako o'fJnk s/ fejk - fJj sz{ eh ehsk< sz{ iK je{ws dk fydwsrko 

pDdk iK w/ok fwZso. i/ je{ws dh rZb wzBDh ;h sK gZEo wkodk. 

i/ w/ok fwZso j[zdk je{ws s'I Bk vodk. c[Zb wko e/ sz{ d' p/VhnK 

ftZu g?o oZfynk j?. s/o/ fiaj/ ftdtkB s'I nfijh w?~ T[whd BjhI ;h 

feT[Ife w?~ bZrdk j[zdk ;h sz{ w/ok fwZso j?. prdkd dk ybhck 

nbw[eskfdo ;h fi; dh wksk wjkokDh ;arkp wB;{o dh w[ohd ;h. 

tiaho jwhd th wB;{o dk ;akfrod ;h. fJ;/ eoe/ bzwk ;wK T[; 

fto[ZX e[co dk w[eZdwk ;[fDnk frnk. go ekiah np{ T[wo cst/ s/ 

cstk ikoh eo fojk ;h s/ wB;{o nkgD/ jZe ftu e[M BjhI ;h nkydk. 

T[; B/ nkgD/ pukT[ dh EK ;ajkds ~ soihj fdZsh. T[; B/ prdkd 

d/ b'eK ~ fejk, @@w/ok esb fBnK nB[;ko j?. fJ; bJh fBnK eo' 

ns/ ibdh w?~ w"s d/ xkN T[sko'.## fJe okjr[iao B/ fejk, @@n;hI 

s[jk~ feT[I wkohJ/

T[; bJh p[ok ;'ud/ sZe BjhI ;B. nfjwd fJpB jzpb w[;bwkBK dk 

pVk eZNV-gzEh B/sk ;h fi; B/ jdh; fsnko ehsh ;h fi; ftZu g?rzpo 

w[jzwd d/ e[okB s'I pkjob/ eEB ns/ ekoBkw/ ;zGkb/ j'J/ jB. w[;bwkB 

fJ; jdh; dk pVk ;fseko eod/ jB. jzpb B/ wB;{o fto[ZX e/; 

fsnko eoe/ fi; goeko g/;a ehsk T[; soQK e'Jh th fJ;bkwh je{ws 

j[zdh, wB;{o fto[ZX c?;bk j'Dk jh j'Dk ;h feT[Ife fJ;bkwh ;aokn 

nB[;ko, @@w+ oZp jK## dk f;XKs e[okB dh f;Zfynk dk fto'Xh j? fiE/ 

oZp jh ;G e[ZM j? s/ T[; dk e'Jh ;aohe BjhI. 

pukn d/ YzrK sohfenK ~ bZGD dh EK wB;{o Bt/I-Bt/I e[co 

dk n?bkB eodk. T[; B/ fejk, @@nZr gftZso j? feT[Ife fJ;/ ftu sK 

o{jK Bku eodhnK fd;dhnK jB.## nkgDh M"gVh ftu T[; B/ fJe 

gZEo oZy fbnk fi; ~ T[; B/ eknpk fejk s/ fJ; d[nkb/ fiankos 

eoBh F[o{ eo fdZsh. T[; B/ fejk, @@w+ uzB skfonK ns/ efje;aK dk 

wkbe jK s/ woiah Bkb fJBQK ~ x[wk fojk jK.## T[; B/ fJj th 

nkfynk, @@ibdh jh w/o/ wfjp{p dh T[Irb w+ nkgD/ y{B Bkb gftZso 

eoKrk. T[j ;arBK dh xVh nkT[D jh tkbh j?.## T[; dh eftsk d/ 

fJj pzd jBL 

s/o/ Bkb fwbDk bZy ;[orK s'I uzrk j? 

d'iaya j'o eh j?, f;tkfJ s/o/ fti'r d/ 

;ko/ ijkB d/ r[Bkj w[nkc eo 

w/o/ Bk eohI. 

w+ s?~ w[jZps ehsh i' Bkekpfb w[nkch i[ow j?. 

sz{ w?~ fJ;ae dh nZr ftu ;" tko ;kfVnk 

jiako tko ;kV, fe ;kvk fJ;ae jiako r[Dk j? ;" r[Dk BjhI. 

T[; B/ fbfynkL 

esb eo fwZso, ibdh eo 

j[D s/o/ Bkb fwbkg dk fJj' okj pfunk j?. 

w"s w/ok ihtB j't/rh. 

s/ w"s dh BhId ;"Dk w/ok ikrDk j't/rk. 

g{oh soQK ijkB s'I fwN ikDk w/ok tZvk o[spk j? 

p/nzs tvk wokspk. 

w?~ jtk gkDh nZr ns/ fwZNh ftu fwb ikD fdT[ 

sd Xosh ftu dZp/ w[jZps d/ phiK T[s/ i[nkB w[fNnkoK ;aokp 

tor/ gkDhnK dh pko;a eoBrhnK. 

d/y b?Dk, fJ; ijkB ftu ;Zs/ fdB fezi c[ZbK d/ jVQ nkT[Dr/. 

id'I T[; ~ ;iaktK fdZshnK ik ojhnK ;B sK b'e T[; d/ nkb/ 

d[nkb/ yb's/ j[zd/ ;B. iZbkd B/ wB;{o d/ f;o ftu b'j/ dh ;bky 

wkoh sK GhV ftZu ;B;Bh c?b rJh. b'e d[nktK eoB bZr/. wB;{o 

B/ fejkL 

n? prdkd d/ b'e' 

s[;hI jiakoK p/r[BkjK s/ wk;a{wK ~ wkfonk. 

fco fJ; r[Bkjrko ~ wkoB tes s[;hI ezp/ feT[I, vo feT[I rJ/< 

T[; B/ fejkL 

j/ wkbe i' sz{ w?~ fdZsk, i/ fJBQK b'eK ~ th fdZsk j[zdk 

w/o/ Bkb fJj BjhI j'Dk ;h i' j'D bZrk j?. iK fi; t;s s'I 

sz{ fJBQK b'eK ~ tzfus oZfynk j? i/ w?~ th tzfus oZfynk 

j[zdk sd th fJj BjhI j'Dk ;h i' j' fojk j?. go i' sz{ 

eo/I ;' Gbk, fit/I sz{ oZy/I ;' Gbk. nkwhB ! 

T[; ~ gsk ;h fe T[; dh d/j ~ ;kV e/ ;[nkj eo d/Dk j?. 

i/bQ dh ekbe'mVh ftu'I gqkgs j'Jh T[; dh nkyoh eftsk fJj j?L 

Gbe dh oks w/oh ;[nkj w/ok ftS"Dk pD/rh. 

Gbe dh oks T[j nGkrh oks j'fJrh, 

id w+ nkgDk ftS"Dk nkgD/ jzM{nK Bkb BjhI fGT[I ;eKrk. 

jo tes, sz{ nkydk ;?I s/o/ gk; j'tKrk, 

fJE/ jh ojhI, B/V/-s/V/ ns/ fJ;ae d/ ozr sZehI. 

Jh;thI 911 ftu wB;{o d/ w[eZdw/ dk e/; tiaho nbh fJpB w{;k 

d/ ;g[od eo fdZsk frnk. tiaho B/ e/; dh gVskb T[gozs c?;bk 

fdzfdnK fejk fe fJ;bkw fto[ZX e[co dk e/; ;kps BjhI j[zdk feT[Ife 

wB;{o B/ nfijh ntZfrnk BjhI ehsh. go e[ZM eEB T[; d/ fJsokia:'r 

jB. tiaho B/ fejk fe fJ; dh dkjVh wz[B fdT[, e'V/ wko', uko fdB 

sZe ;t/o s'I ;akw o[Zy Bkb bNek e/ oZy'. fJ; fgS'I jo ;akw iziahoK 

ftu ieV e/ i/bQ ftZu ;[ZN'. fJj ;iktK d/ e/ T[; ~ i/bQ ftu pzd 

84 85 / r"sw s'A sk;eh sZe

eo fdZsk iKdk. i/bQ ftu e/tb e?dhnK B/ jh BjhI i/bQ d/ w[bkiawK 

B/ th T[; dk g{ok ;fseko ehsk. T[; bJh fJZe tZyok ewok T[;kfonk 

frnk ns/ rbhu/ ftSk fdZs/ rJ/. T[; ~ B"eo oZyD dh nkfrnk ;h 

ns/ w[bkekshnK Bkb fwb ;edk ;h. wjkokDh ne;o T[; d/ T[gd/;a 

;[DB i/bQ ftu nkT[Idh ns/ noia'JhnK eodh fe prdkd ~ pdd[nk 

Bk d/thI. wB;{o nkydk, ceho edh pdd[nktK BjhI fdzd/ j[zd/ go M{m 

th BjhI p'bd/. w+ pdd[nk BjhI fdzdk, ;Zu efjzdk jK w?~ prdkd 

popkd j' fojk fdZ; fojk j?. coe J/Bk j? fe gfjb'I w/oh popkdh 

j't/rh, T[; fgS'I prdkd dh spkjh :ehBh j?.## 

T[; dh gqf;Xh d{o-d{o c?b ojh ;h go Bkb-Bkb jzpbkshnK dh 

skes th tX ojh ;h s/ T[BQK B/ pkd;akj ~ XwehnK d/DhnK F[o{ eo 

fdZshnK ;B fe fJ; Bk;se Bkb fbjki ehsk ik fojk j?. jzpbkshnK 

s'I pkd;akj ~ ysok fdZ; fojk ;h feT[Ife T[BQK B/ prdkd ~ uko/ 

gkf;T[I x/o fbnk j'fJnk ;h s/ bbeko oj/ ;B. ybhck ;aokp d/ B;a/ 

ftu X[Zs ;h id'I oks ~ T[; gk;'I wB;{o dh w"s d/ tkozN T[s/ d;syas 

eotkJ/ rJ/. ;t/o ;ko wB;{o ~ w"s dh ;iak dk j[ew gVQ e/ ;[DkfJnk 

frnk. fJj wzrbtko dk fdB ;h. j[ew ;h fe eZbQ ~ cK;h fdZsh 

ikJ/rh, nrb/ fdB nZr ftu fi;w ;kfVnk ikt/rk s/ fco ;[nkj jtk 

ftu T[vk fdZsh ikt/rh. T[; B/ j[ew ;[fDnk, nZbkj dk F[eo ehsk 

ns/ pzdrh ftu bhB j' frnk. w[ohdK dh GhV d[nkb/ i[VDh F[o{ j' 

rJh. b'e nB/eK gq;aB eoB bZr/. fJZe i[nkB B/ g[ZfSnk, @@j}a{o fJFe 

eh j[zdk j?

e'fjB{o dk gkoy{, okfJ p[bko yakB ;kfjp 

iBw-;kyhnK pko/ ;[DB ~ fwbdk j? fe fJBQK ftu g"okfDe sZs 

tXhe jB, fe fJj fJfsjk; s'I d{o jB, fe e[M ;kyhnK r[opkDh d/ 

nk;a/ Bkb w/b BjhI yKdhnK. fJj ;kohnK rZbK ;jh jB s/ ;jh j'D 

d/ pkti{{d ;kyhnK fBokdo eoB :'r ;kfjs BjhI jB. Gkos d/ g"okD- 

;kfjs ftu fwfEjk; jh fwfEjk; j? go g"okD-rqzEK ftu B?fse, 

dko;afBe ns/ Xow d/ ;[jiGkth w[ZbtkB sZs th w"i{d jB. i' ;jh 

bZr/ fizBK ;jh bZr/, fizBK e[ efbnkDekoh j't/ oZy', pkeh SZv fdT[. 

;kfjs ouBk eofdnK wjKfo;ah dZ; rJ/ jB, @@id'I s[;hI eDe yKd/ j', 

eDe Bkb T[; dh s{Vh BjhI yKd/. id'I s[;hI gF{nK nZr/ s{Vh ;[Nd/ 

j' sK s{Vh Bkb T[; dh eDe BjhI ;[Nd/.## wB[Zy ftu d/tsk j?, dkBt 

j? s/ gF{ j?. gF{ s{Vh ykJ/rk, wB[[Zy bJh eDe T[g:'rh j? s/ d/ts/ 

bJh o{jkBhns. nfGbkyh nkgDh-nkgDh y[oke ebk;eh ;kfjs ftu'I fts 

ns/ b'V nB[;ko gqkgs eoBr/. 

pkeh ;z;ko fi; s'I tzfus ;h, p/p/ BkBeh ih, GkJh wodkBk ih 

ns/ okfJ p[bko yakB ;kfjp ~ oZp B/ T[j Biao fdZsh. n;hI GkJh 

bfjDk ih dk Bkw ikD e/ BjhI fbnk feT[Ife fJ; ;zy/g fBpzX ftu 

r[o{ ih dh BjhI, f;Zy dh s;tho d/yD dk :sB eoKr/. r[o{ pkpk 

ih d/ pugB dh ;kdrh ns/ wk;{whns ftu'I nBzs o{jkBhns dk ;{oi 

T[d? j[zfdnK fJBQK fszB f;ZyK B/ gqsZy d/fynk. p/p/ BkBeh pkpk ih s'I 

uko ;kb tZv/ ;B, GkJh wodkBk ih d; ;kb ns/ okfJ p[bko ;kfjp 

gZuh ;kb d/ eohp tZv/ ;B. fszB/ r[o{ pkp/ dh ;aya;hns T[go fcadk 

;B. ;kyh dZ;dh j? fe pkpk ih X[o fdb dhnK v[zxkDK ftu'I fJBQK ~ 

fgnko eod/ ;B. fpyV/ gzX ftu GkJh wodkBk id'I fe;/ b'VhIdh t;s{ 

dh wzr eod/ sK wjkoki Bkokia BjhI j[zd/ ;B. 

;cao d"okB s/iah Bkb nZr/ tXd/ iKd/ nukBe nky fdzd/, @@ub' 

GkJh tkg; ;[bskBg[o uZbhJ/.## GkJh wodkBk g[ZSd/, @@pkpk ih eZbQ 

sK nkyd/ ;h j'o nZr/ ikDk j?.## pkpk ih nkyd/ @@BKj GkJh. 

;[bskBg[o uZbhJ/. p/p/ BkBeh j[D Xho BjhI Xodh. T[j sK p?okrfD 

j'fJ rJh j?. T[j n;Kdh G?D nkjh. i[ZrK dh G?D nkjh. n;kvk w/b 

j[zdk nkfJnk j?. i[ZrK s'I j[zdk nkfJnk j?. ;[bskBg[o uZbhJ//.## 

fJBQK ;[oK ftu okfJ p[bko ;kfjp ~ :ksok d"okB :kd eofdnK 

nkyd/, @@GkJh ih sbtzvh uZbhJ/. okfJ ih dh w[jZps dk Gko n;K d/ 

w'fYnK T[go nfXe tX frnk j?. nr? s[fonk BjhI iKtdk j'o. sbtzvh 

uZb'.## 

t/JhI Bdh ftu gqt/;a dh ;kyh ;G B/ ;[Dh j?. ;[bskBg[o dk 

Btkp d"bs ykB T[dk; j'fJnk. r'sky'o wzrtkJ/. ikb ;[N/. dfonk 

j{zM fdsk, @@pkpk BjhI fwbdk, fes'I ebp{s sK fwb/.## rawrhB GkJh 

i?okw (p/p/ BkBeh dk gsh) dh pKj cV e/ Btkp B/ fejk, @@BkBe 

Gbk tiaho Ek. go y[dk nr? fe; dk i'o.## n"os wod Xotk; d/D 

p/p/ BkBeh ih gk; rJ/ sK p/p/ B/ fejk, @@j";bk oZy'. T[j v[Zp BjhI 

;edk. fi; dh pd"bs ;z;ko B/ soBk j?, T[j jofria BjhI v[Zfpnk. 

Xhoi s'I ezw bt'.## 

p;soK Biadhe BhthI gkJh p?m/ wodkBk ih ~ Bro tk;hnK B/ 

fejk, @@;po eo' GkJh. xo uZb'.## GkJh ih p'b/, @@pkp/ efjnk fJE? 

p?m. w+ nkfJnk. feT[I iktK fJE'I < p;soK gk; fpmk e/ rJ/ jB 

][d. nkT[Dr/ wjkoki. s[;hI uZb'.## fszB fdB pkpk ih d/ tkg; nkT[D 

sZe T[j t/JhI Bdh d/ feBko/ Go';/ Bkb p?m/ oj/. 

@;kyh# Fpd dk noE ejkDh BjhI. T[; xNBk ~ ;kyh nkyd/ 

jK, i' tkgoh j't/ s/ tkgofdnK fe;/ B/ nZyhI d/yh j't/. n;hI nkw 

nkyd/ jK- oZp ;kyh j?. ;kfynks wkfJB/ gosZy, gorN. r[o{ ih d/ 

tosko/ ~ fiBQK w[ohdK B/ nZyhI d/fynk, f;y ;kfjs T[BQK d/ fpnkB ~ 

iBw ;kyhnK nkydk j?. nZi okfJ p[bko ih dh ;kyh dk gkm eohJ/. 

g[oksB iBw ;kyh, GkJh fwjopkB tkbh iBw ;kyh s/ GkJh pkb/ tkbh 

iBw ;kyh ftu'I xNBktK u[DhnK jB. GkJh wBh f;zx tkbh iBw ;kyh 

okfJ ih pkps tXhe BjhI dZ;dh. ;wZroh dh EK n;h_ GktBk T[go 

ebw e/Idfos ehsh j?. GktBk dk doik T[sZw j? s/ ;wZroh dk d'w. 

;kjwD/ nZtb G'iB fgnk j't/ sK d'w tb d/yD dh eh b'V. 


okfJ ;kfjp B/ pkpk ih dk pugB d/fynk. Gbh ;{os ns/ fwZm/ 

;[Gkn dh wfje u[gk;/ ftu x[b-fwb ojh fBjkod/ oj/, go fJ; pZu/ 

ftu ra?ph r[D jB, fJ; dh gfjbh Mbe T[d'I fd;h id'I fgsk B/ fJj 

d/y e/ fe gVQB ftu o[uh BjhI, gF{ ukoB G/i fds/. pkp/ ;"* rJ/ s/ 

wZMK B/ y/s T[ikV fdZsk. fe;kB B/ fgsk ~ T[bKGk fdZsk ns/ okfJ 

;kfjp e'b ik e/ joikB/ dh wzr ehsh. pkpk ih ~ p[bk e/ g[ZfSnk 

sK T[BQK fejk- e'Jh y/s BjhI T[ikfVnk. fe;kB n?t/I o"bk gkT[Idk j?. 

joikBk fBFus eoB bJh okfJ ih B/ fe;kB Bkb pzd/ G/i/. ik e/ 

d/fynk, y/s jok-Gok ;h. okfJ B/ fe;kB ~ fMVfenk. T[j nky/- ih 

T[ikfVnk ;h. w+ M{m BjhI wkfonk. okfJ ;kfjp B/ pkbe ~ fgnko 

fdZsk s/ fe;kB ~ ub/ ikD bJh fejk. T[BQK ~ nuzGk T[d'I j'fJnk 

id'I fJe fdB f;aeko s'I tkg;h t/b/ d/fynk fe pkeh o[ZyK dhnK SktK 

go/ ;oe rJhnK jB go fJ; ;[Zs/ pkbe T[gZo SK fiT[I dh fsT[I 

yb'sh j?. T[BQK d/ fdwkr ftu y/s T[iVB dh xNBK th x[zaw 

rJhHHHHHHfe;kB B/ M{m BjhI wkfonk ;hHHHHHHT[ifVnk y/s d[pkok jok j'fJnk 

j?. ;kEhnK ~ fejk- :ko' y/s T[ikVB tkbh rZb Gh fvZmh j?, no 

J/j[ Gh d/yj[. J/j ykbh BjhI. tkg; jt/bh ftu nk e/ fgsk wfjsk 

ih ~ p[bk e/ fejk, @@ws[ fJ; g[so B' fcNeko d/Idk j't/I. fJj wjKg[oy 

j?. fJ; dk ;dek w/ok ;fjo t;dk j?. s{z fBjkb j'nk. w+ Gh fBjkb 

jK fi; d/ ;fjo ftu fJj g?dk j'nk.## fgsk B/ fejk- ih y[dkfJ 

dhnK y[dkfJ ikD?. 

w[oZfpnK dk d"ok eoB bJh fJe fdB okfJ p[bko ;kfjp jt/bhT[I 

fBeb/. pkpk wZMK uko fojk ;h. okfJ B/ x'Vk B"eo ~ cVkfJnk, i'V/ 

T[sko/ ns/ Biadhe ik e/ pkpk ih ~ ;bkw noia ehsh, jZE i'V e/ 

p'b/, @@pkpk w/oh w[okd g{oh eo. w+ ikDdk jK tfvnkJh y[dkfJ B/ 

s[XB' fdsh nkjk.## pkp/ B/ fejk, @@okfJ ih, eh xkN j?. s/oh fi 

wB;k j? f; s{z wzr.## okfJ ;kfjp p'b/, @@s{z ikDh ikD j?I pkpk. dhB 

no[ d[BhnK dk wkbe. w[okd g{oh eo.## fJj nky okfJ B/ pkpk ih 

d/ uoB S[j/. pkpk ih B/ n;h; d/IfdnK fejk, @@w[okd g{oh j'Jh. 

y[dkfJ s/oh ;ow dhB wfj Gh oy?rk no d[BhnK wfj Gh. j[D ikj. 

s/ok we;d g{ok j'nk.## okfJ p[bko e[oB; (;bkw, Bw;eko) efo 

ftdk j'nk. nr? d{o ikfJ efo e[oBf; brk eoD/. ub?. ufb efo 

e[oBf; eo?. g?db xo nkfJnk. fJj p'b fwjopkB tkbh ;kyh d/ 

jB. okfJ B/ eh wzfrnk ;h, ;kyh ftu'I gsk BjhI brdk. fJ; dk 

gsk ft;kyh 1992 ftu gkfe;skB ik e/ BBekDk ;kfjp bZrk i' fgS'I 

doi eoKrk. 

fgsk ~ T[dk;h j'Jh fe gVQBk-fbyDk sK dofeBko, gF{ ukoB 

tb th e'Jh fXnkB BjhI. c?;bk ehsk fe jZNh y[btk fdzd/ jK. ;"dk 

yohdD bJh fds/ thj o[fgnK dk pkp/ B/ eh ehsk fJ; dk gkmeK ~ 

gsk j?. fgsk B/ eq'XtkB j' e/ g[ZfSnk- BkBe j? feE/ < xo'I df;nk 

frnk fe SZgV feBko/ p?mk oZp dk Bkw b? fojk j?. s/ia edwh fgsk 

pkjo fBefbnk. p/p/ BkBeh r[;?b/ fgsk d/ fgZS/-fgZS/ s/ia edwh s[oh. 

fgsk ~ nkT[IfdnK d/y pkpk yVk j' frnk. ;Zi/ jZE Bkb yZph rZbQ 

T[s/, yZp/ jZE Bkb ;Zih rZbQ T[go fgsk tb'I d' EZgV o;hd ehs/ rJ/. 

jzM{nK dhnK e[ZM p{zdK SZgV feBko/ fvZrhnK. p/p/ BkBeh B/ fgsk dk 

jZE cV e/ fejk- fgsk ih xo ub'. ;fji/-;fji/ edw g[Nd/ fszB/ iD/ 

xo nk rJ/. 

okfJ p[bko ;kfjp sZe fJj yapo g[Zih sK ftnke[b j'J/. nZr/ 

ed/ J/B/ p/u?B BjhI j'J/ ;B. Bcao p[bkfJnk s/ fejk, wfjsk ~ p[bk 

fbnkT[. fgsk ih Nb e/ fe;/ rtKYh d/ xo ub/ rJ/- ikDd/ ;B 

fe okfJ ih ycak j'Dr/. j'o nkdwh G/i/, fejk- fiE/ th j'D Y{zv 

fbnkT[. BkBe ih ~ Bkb fbnktDk. fgsk g[Zso jt/bh g[Zi/ sK okfJ 

p[bko T[m/ ns/ pkp/ ~ iZch ftu b? fbnk. fejk- wfjsk ih s[;K ~ 

skehd ;yas ehsh ;h fe fJ; pZu/ ~ T[uk BjhI p'bDk- nZi sK s[;hI 

Gkoh ra[;skyah ehsh. ;k~ tZvk d[Zy g[Zik. fgsk B/ fejk- ih eoK eh< 

fe;/ ezw dk BjhI. jw/;aK T[ikVk fet/I podk;as eoK< thj o[gJ/ T[ikV 

fdZs/. okfJ B/ B"eo ~ fejk- nzdo jt/bh ftu p/rw ;kfjpk gk;'I thj 

o[gJhJ/ b? e/ nk. B"eo g?;/ b? nkfJnk. fejk, wfjsk ih ~ d/ fdT[. 

fgsk B/ o[gJ/ b?D s'I fJBeko eofdnK fejk, @@okfJ ih o[gJhJ/ n;K 

d/ jh jB feT[Ii[ s[;hI n;K d/ j' no n;hI s[;K d/. rZb thj o[gJhnK 

dh BkjhI.## 

okfJ B/ fejk, @@rZb o[gJhnK dh BjhI sK i[bw feT[I ehsk ;[ 

cfo;as/ T[go.## wfjsk B/ fejk- fgsk j'D d/ Bks/ ih nkgDh n"bkd 

~ fiaw/tkoh f;ykD dk th w/ok jZe BjhI< nZi fJj B[e;kB ehsk j? 

eZbQ j'o B[e;kB eo/rk. okfJ B/ fejk- s[;K ~ fd;dk Bjh no[ n;K 

~ ;kc fd;dk j?, e[Zb d[BhnK dh dT[bs dk dfonk J/; pkbe fdnK 


jZEK EkDh trdk nkT[Idk ;kc fd;dk. uzrk, s[;K ~ BjhI fdzdk. BkBe 

ih ~ d/Idk jK. d/D/ ;B w+. fgsk B/ fejk- ed'I bJ/ ;B s[;K< okfJ 

ih B/ fejk- pVk eoiak fbnk j'fJnk j? n;K. gsk BjhI T[sko gktKr/ 

fe B. ekb{ ][dk dk osk yT[c BjhI s?~. fe;/ th rZb dk gsk BjhI. 

wfjsk s{z fjzd{ j?I no w+ w[;bwkB. s/ok GkJhukok uouk eo/rk fJ; 

eoe/ u[Zg jK BjhI sK eJh tko ;'funk j? i[ fJ; pkbe ~ s/o/ xo'I 

jt/bh nkgDh b? nktK. ;wM eo. 

;[bskBg[o d/ Btkp d"bs ykB dk wkb nc;o GkJh i?okw ;kb 

ftu d' tko fiawhdkoK s'I wkbhnk T[rokj[D nkfJnk eodk ;h. d't/I 

okfJ ;kfjp dh jt/bh d/ u[pko/ ftu p?m/ rZbK eo oj/ ;B. jt/bh 

d/ n?B Bkb y{j ;h fiE/ wod n"osK gkDh GoB nkT[Id/. GkJh i?okw 

B/ gkDh GoB nkJh p/p/ BkBeh d/yh. g[ZfSnk- fe; dh bVeh j? fJj 

okfJ ih< pVh ;[zdo j?. okfJ B/ fejk- n;K dh p/Nh ;wM'. p/dh 

gNtkoh dh B/e Xh j?. Gbk yakBdkB j?. fJj to s[;K d/ bkfJe j?. 

nr/ th fdb ftu fJj pks nkJh ;h. uzrk j'fJnk nZi nkg/ rZb 

s[oh. nkgD/ g[o'js ~ ;kv/ gk; G/iDk. fJXo'I p/dhnK d/ g[o'js ~ 

n;hI ;Zd bKr/. ;zi'r fwbd/ j'D sK Gbk j't/. ;[Zuk yakBdkB j?. yo/ 

jB. 

p/p/ BkBeh dh wzrDh dk c?;bk okfJ p[bko ;kfjp dh jt/bh 

ftu j'fJnk. GkJh pkb/ tkbh ;kyh ftu fJj ;apd doi jB- u/s 

t;ky d/ fdB nkj/. tko SfBSo fdB. i?okw ns/ BkBeh dh e[VwkJh 

j'Jh. wZxo ftu ftnkj j'fJnk. 

wkfgnK ~ fwbkD bJh GkJh i?okw sbtzvh fgzv p/p/ BkBeh ih 

~ b? e/ nkJ/ sK wkfgnK d/ xo T[BQK ~ SZv, nkg okfJ ;kfjp ~ 

fwbD rJ/. ;fseko j'fJnk. okfJ ih pj[s y[;a j'J/. rZbK eofdnK 

GkJh i?okw B/ fejk_ ih w+I g{ok y[;a jK. i' fydws s[jkvh eo ;edk 

j'tK ;' dZ;Dh . ihn ikB bk e/ eoKrk. okfJ ;kfjp B/ fejk- fJe 

ezw eoBk gt/rk. GkJhnk ih, s[;K dk ;j[ok ;ys ;[GkT[ dk j?. BkBe 

g{oB ceho j?. fgsk nkgD/ caeho p/N/ ~ d[opuB p'bdk j?. BkBe 

ih ~ nkgD/ gk; oy' sK Gbk j't/. i?okw B/ fejk, @@j[D/ b? iKdk jK 

nkgD/ Bkb.## okfJ ih p'b/- @@BjhI, j[D BjhI. d' fszB wjhB/ fgS'I 

xZbKrk. BkBe ih dh ;akdh e[VwkJh th T[Xo nkgD/ tb nkg jh 

eoBh. fgsk dk otZJhnk do[;s BjhI.## 

fdB wjhB/ phs/. pkpk ;t/o/ y/s tb'I xo nk fojk ;h. o;s/ 

ftu ;fBnk;h p?mk ;h fi; B/ pkp/ dh T[Irb ftu w[zdoh ns/ jZE ftu 

rVtk d/y e/ g[fSnk- e"D j?I s{z< pkp/ B/ fejk- BkBe jK fBozeko dk 

w[ohd. ;fBnk;h B/ fejk- w?_ th fBozekoh jK s{z th. ;kv/ ftu e'Jh 

G/d Bjh_. nkgDh w[zdoh ns/ rVtk w?~ d/j. pkp/ B/ w[zdoh T[skoh 

ns/ d't/_ t;sK nZr/ oZy fdshnK. ;fBnk;h B/ fejk- w?_ Bebh fBozekoh 

jK, s{z n;bh j?I. nkgDhnK t;sK u[Ze. w+ fJBQK dk jZedko BjhI. pkp/ 

B/ fejk, @@;[ZNh t;s{ tb d/tsk d[pkok BjhI d/ydk.## pkpk ykbh jZE 

xo nkfJnk, fgsk B/ eo'X ehsk. g[Zso ~ e[ZM nkyD dh EK jt/bh 

ik e/ okfJ ;kfjp Bkb fJ; xNBk dk fiaeo ehsk sK T[j p'b/, @@BkBe 

~ GkJhnk i?okw E/ xfb d/JhJ//. fJE/ s{z Gh ygdk j?I. J/j[ Gh ozi 

j'Idk j?. T[E? mhe j?.## GkJh pkb/ tkbh ;kyh ftu fbfynk j?- okfJ 

B/ i?okw ~ fumh fbyh. efjnk- GkJhnk ih n;K BkBe s?~ ;T[Ifgnk. 

i' feS[ s/o/ s/ j'fJ ;' fYb BjhI eoBh. ;zws 1544 wZxo ;[dh fszB, 

BkBe i?okw gk; ;[bskBg[o rfJnk. 

okfJ ;kfjp B/ Btkp d"bs ykB ~ tZyok yas fby e/ noia ehsh 

fe fi; i[nkB ~ nkg gk; GkJh i?okw b? e/ nkT[Dr/, T[; ~ pj[s 

nkdo Bkb uzrh B"eoh d/Dh. 

okfJ ;kfjp ~ fgsk d/ ;[Gkn dk d[y ;h go nkgD/ fJ; w[bkiaw 

dk g{ok nkdo fJ; eoe/ eod/ ;B feT[Ii[ fJj pkp/ dk fgsk ;h. 

doiD fgzvK dk wkbe fJj oJh; T[d'I ftueko nk e/ yb' iKdk ;h 

id'I fgsk d/ eq'X pkD r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp tZb ;/X/ j[zd/. 

GkJh i?okw pkpk ih ~ Btkp d"bs ykB gk; b? rJ/. Btkp B/ 

fJzNoftT{ b?IfdnK g[ZfSnk- gVQkJh fbykJh eh e[ZS ehsh< pkpk ih B/ 

dZf;nk- ih fjzdeh ikDdk jK. s'oeh (cko;h) ikDdk jK. tjhyks/ 

(n?eKT{IN?I;h) dk g{ok fJbw j?. Btkp B/ w'dhykB/ dh ;[szso fizaw/tkoh 

;"_g fdZsh. G?D B/ yapo ;[Dh, y[;a j'Jh. 

wjhB/ phsd/ rJ/. wkfgnK B/ ca?;bk ehsk fe Xh-g[Zso ~ 

;[bskBg[o fwb e/ nkJhJ//. p/p/ xo ftu ;h s/ pkpk B"eoh T[go. y?o 

;[Zy g[ZSh dZ;h. fgsk B/ p/Nh ~ g[ZfSnk- BkBe e[M i'Vdk th j? fe 

;kok T[ikV fdzdk j?< p/p/ BkBeh B/ fejk- ewKtdk j? sK T[ikVdk j?. 

s[;K dk e[M BjhI T[ikVdk. fgsk ih s[;K dhnK J/j' rZbK n;K~ GbhnK 


BjhI brdhnK. yapo fwbh sK pkpk ih p/p/ d/ xo nkJ/. wkfgnK d/ 

uoBhI jZE bkJ/. fe;/ pko/ j'o rZb BjhI ehsh go pkpk ih B/ fgsk 

~ g[ZfSnk, @@ih okfJ ih dk eh jkb j?

B/ fejk, @@ohM g{oh, sK j't? pkpk i/ wZEk edwK T[go oZyD dh fJikias 

fwb/.## okfJ pj[s nXho j'fJnk sK pkp/ dh nkfrnk Bkb f;o edwK 

s/ oZfynk no pj[s fprf;nk. pkp/ B/ n;h;K fdZshnK. 

fco okJ/ B/ jwhd/ B"eo ~ p[bkfJnk s/ fejk, @@;[X/ ~ p[bk 

fbnk. ewkb ykDk T[j' pDk ;edk j?.## jwhdk frnk sK gZ[fSnk, 

@@d;' pkpk ih eh SeDk j?.## pkpk ih B/ fejk, @@eosko i' G/idk 

j? yk b?Id/ jK.## okfJ B/ g[ZfSnk, @@nkfrnk j't/ sK pZeok pDk bJhJ/

T[; ~ fBjkod/ oj/. eb:[r ~ ;aKs j'D bJh fejk s/ g[ZfSnk- d; 

fet/I nkfJnk. eb:[r B/ fejk-s[;K dh ypo;ko b?D nkfJnk jK pkpk. 

Bw;eko ehsh. pkp/ B/ fejk- s/ohU tkVh dk sK w+ nzr{o jK. s{z 

BjhI yapo bJ/Irk j'o e''""D bJ/rk< eb:[r B/ fejk dZ;' eh fydws 

eoK s[;K dh. pkpk ih B/ fejk-J/Bk eohI fe i' ;kvh wzB/ T[; ~ szr 

Bk eohI. eb:[r B/ fejk- fJj ca?;bk j' u[Zek j? pkpk. i' s/oh wzB/rk, 

fe;/ i[Zr ftu T[; ~ ;/e BjhI br/rk. Bw;eko eoe/ ;aKsfus eb:[r 

gofsnk. 

okfJ p[bko ih Bkb pkpk ih dh fJe j'o ;KM dk fiaeo ;kvhnK 

;kyhnK ftu BjhI nkT[Idk. pj[s tZvh fJe xNBk xNh go j?okB jK 

fe ;kyhnK ftu feT[I BjhI doi ehsh rJh. fJj ;kyh BBekDk ;kfjp 

ftu w?~ fJe B/e-pyas w[;bwkB B/ ;[DkJh. BBekDk ;kfjp wZEk N/fenk, 

ehosB ;[fDnk, bzro Sfenk. ;'funk, w[;bwkBK ~ fwbK, rZbK eoK. 

ekbi sK j'Dk BjhI fJZE/, ;e{b j'fJrk. fe;/ wk;No ~ fwbhJ//. g[b; 

nc;o ~ df;nk fe w+ gq'c?;o jK. fe;/ gq'c?;o iK wk;No ~ fwbDk 

ukj[zdk jK. vhH n?;H ghH B/ dZf;nk- nfj fJXo d' e[ cobKr s/ ekbi 

j?, ub/ ikU. s[odk frnk. nr/ r/N nk frnk. nzro/iah ns/ T[od{ 

nZyoK ftu fbfynk j'fJnk ;h- r[o{ BkBe r"ofwzN fvroh ekbi 

BBekDk ;kfjp. nzdo bzfxnk. e'Jh fdZf;nk BjhI. u"ehdko B/ 

;bkwkb/ew nkfynk s/ fejk- ih fydws< w+ fejk, e'Jh gq'c?;o BjhI< 

T[; B/ fejk- jB. fJwfsjkB j' oj/ jB. fvT{NhnK s/ jB. ezw j? 

sK fi; ~ ej' p[bk fbnkT[Idk jK. w+ fejk- ezw sK e'Jh BjhI. xzN/ 

~ c/o nk iktKrk gzi ti/. tkg; s[o fgnk. fJe ;kY/ S/ c[ZN bzwk 

65-70 ;kb dk pi[or ;btko ewhi d;sko gfjBh w/o/ tb s/iah Bkb 

nkfJnk. ;odko ih ;Zs ;qh nekb. gos feT[I ub/< w+ s[jk~ d/fynk 

sK b/po dh S[ZNh eo fdZsh. w+ m/e/dko jK. w[zfvnK bJh j';Nb pDk 

fojk jK. nkT[ fJXo p?mhJ/. rZbK eoKr/. d'-fszB e[o;hnK wzrtk 

bJhnK. e'Jh wiad{o S[ZNh eoe/ xo BjhI frnk, ;ko/ ;kv/ fJod-frod 

iawhB T[go p?m rJ/. rZbK d"okB w+ g[ZfSnk- r[od[nkok ;kfjp d/ Bkw 

fezBh iawhB j? fJE/< T[; B/ fejk- ih feT[I g[ZSh fJj rZb < ofjD- 

;fjD ykD-ghD ftu e'Jh fdZes nkJh< w+ fejk- BjhI. e'Jh ewh BjhI 

ojh. fJj w/o/ pkp/ dk iBw ;EkB j? Bk. fJ; tk;s/ eh w/ok fceowzd 

j'D dk jZe BjhI< T[; B/ fejk- fpbe[b BjhI. fceo eoB dk jZe 

tZfvnK dk j?. ;kvk s[jkvk jZe pzdrh eoB dk j?. jiaos pkpk BkBe 

nbfj ;bkw ;kvk fceo eodk j?. 

w+ fejk- do[;s. nZSk fJj dZ;' fe ikDB dk jZe sK j?< T[; 

B/ fejk, jK. ikDB dk jZe j?. ;kY/ ;Zs ;" w[oZpk iawhB r[od[nko/ 

d/ Bkw j?. fco w?A_ g[ZfSnk- eh wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ b[nkJh ;h 

fJj iawhB< m/e/dko B/ fejk- fpbe[b BjhI. fJzBh iawhB fe;/ r[od[nko/ 

d/ Bkw wjkoki/ B/ BjhI b[nkJh. fJj ;kv/ GZNhnK d/ ;odko B/ b[nkJh 

;h. w+ fco g[ZfSnk- GZNhnK dk ;odko e"D< T[; B/ fejk GZNhnK d/ 

;odko ~ BjhI ikDd/< fJE/ gzikj fgzvK ftu pZu/-pZu/ ~ T[; dk s/ 

pkp/ d/ Bkw dk gsk j?. T[; dk Bkw ;h okfJ p[bko yakB ;kfjp. 

fJE/ pV/ fgzv jB ih GZNhnK d/. s[;K BjhI ;odko dk Bkw ;[fDnk< 

w+ fejk- fJ; ;odko dk Bkw sK ;kv/ eD-eD ftu of;nk j'fJnk j? 

Gok, go w?~ fJj BjhI ;h gsk fe okfJ ;kfjp GZNh ;B. 

m/e/dko B/ fejk- ih n;hI GZNh, nkw BjhI jK. w+ th GZNh nK. 

;kfonK ijkBK d/ wkbe r[o{ pkp/ ~ ;G s'I gfjbK ;kv/ ;odko B/ 

gSkfDnk ;h. fJe e'fjB{o dh ;aBkys eo bJh ;h GZNh ;odko B/, 

T[d'I jh, id'I T[j pugB ftu ;h. j[D ;[D' iaawhB d/D dh rZb. okfJ 

p[bko ykB gzdoK ;" w[oZfpnK dk seVk oJh; ns/ y[Zddko fJB;kB ;h, 

go ;h B/eh dk w[i;wk. pkpk ih dk edodkB ;h g{ok. T[; dh T[wo 

ukbhnK s'I NZg ubh go n"bkd BjhI ;h. dZ;d/ B/ gJh x'V/ s/ ;tko 

j' e/ w[oZfpnK dk d"ok eoB frnk. r[o{ pkp/ dh T[wo 12-13 ;kb 

j''J/rh. pkpk wZMK uko fojk ;h. okfJ ;kfjp x'V/ s'I T[so/. i'V/ 

T[sko/. pkpk ih d/ Biadhe jZE i'V e/ yb' rJ/ s/ fejk- pkpk w/oh 

w[okd g{oh eo. 

bT[ ih w/ohnK nZyK ;kjwD/ iBw ;kyh dk fJj fdq;a x[zw frnk. 

w+ ikDdk ;K fe fJj xNBk tkgoh ;h. m/e/dko B/ nZr/ dZf;nk- ih 

edh pkb xo ftu y/v/, fJj w[okd wB ftu b? e/ noia r[iakoB rJ/ 

;B. pkpk ih B/ n;h;K fdZshnK ns/ fejk- okfJ s[;K dh w[okd g{oh 

j'Jh, ;aZe BK eoBk. 

;kb pknd okfJ ;kfjp d/ xo p/N/ dk iBw j'fJnk. ;odko 

J/Bk y[;a fe dknts fdZsh pVh tZvh. ih Btkp ;kfjp y[d nkJ/ ;B 

d"bs ykB ;kfjp fJ; i;aB ftu f;aoes eoB. fgzvK d/ fgzv nkD 


T[so/ ;B. fJ; Gkoh fJeZm ftu F[eokBk eoB wro'I okfJ ;kfjp B/ 

nkgDh nZXh iawhB jiaos pkpk BkBe d/ Bkw fJzsekb spdhb eo 

d/D dk n?bkB ehsk. ;' T[d'I ;kY/ ;Zs ;" w[oZp/ pkpk ih d/ Bkw j'J/ 

i' j[D se s[o/ nKtd/ jB. gzdoK e[ ;kb gfjbK ;kv/ fynkb ftu 

fJj rZb nkJh gJh wkbe n;h_, ekpia n;h_, ek;aseko n;hI go Bkw 

;kvk wkb foekov ftu p'bdk BjhI. n;hI fJ; iawhB T[go BiakfJi 

epi/ g[;asK s'I ehs/ j'J/ jB. d' e[ ;" feZb/ iawhB puh j'Jh j? r[odtko/ 

d/ epia/ ftu. pkeh dh GZNh tkj[zd/ phid/ jB. n;hI ;a/yg[o/ ndkbs 

ftu w[eZdwk dkfJo eo fdZsk fe fgSbh T[wo/ ;kv/ p}[orK d/ p}[or 

okfJp[bko ;kfjp dk fdwkr fjZb frnk ;h. T[; B/ nZXh iawhB fJe 

ceho BkBe d/ Bkw eotk fdZsh go T[; d/ jZedko n;hI jK. ekpia 

ek;aseko th y[d jK. ;kv/ Bkw fJzsekb spdhb j't/. bT[ ih sbphnK 

fJsbkjK, foekov, pfj;K ;G j' rJhnK. uko ;kb w[eZdw/ dh ekotkJh 

uZbh. c?;b/ dh sohe nkJh sK ca?;bk ;kv/ fybkc. fJzsekb spdhb 

BjhI j' ;edk. n;hI bkj"o jkJhe'oN ftu nghb dkfJo eo fdZsh. 

fszB uko ;kb T[E/ ;[DtkJh j[zdh ojh. iZiw+N j'Jh, fJzsekb spdhb 

BjhI j' ;edk. nghb ykoi, dkyab dcso. n;hI ih ;[gohw e'oN 

fJ;bkwkpkd nghb dkfJo ehsh. fszB ;kb ;[DtkJh j'Jh. nyho id'I 

ca?;bk ;[DkT[D dk tes nkfJnk sK p?Iu B/ fejk- nkgD/ gzi uko 

w[jspo pzd/ b? e/ nkT[Dk. tehbK ~ BjhI fbnkT[Dk. e'Jh io{oh rZb 

eoBh j?. n;hI g[ZfSnk ih eh rZb eoBh j?, osk dZ;' sK fe fsnkoh 

eoe/ nkJhJ/. nkg; ftu ;bkj i' eoBh j'Jh. ;KMk ezw j?. iZiK B/ 

fejk-s[;hI fJj w[eZdwk dkfJo eoe/ uzrk ezw BjhI ehsk. fJj dZ;Dk 

j?. wjhBk skohe gk fdZsh. 

fgzvK d/ nkgD/-nkgD/ fJeZm j'J/. fco ;KM/ fJeZm j'J/. nZm pzd/ 

u[D/ rJ/ fijV/ p?Iu Bkb rZb eoB ndkbs ikDr/. sohe nk rJh. 

;?IeV/ pzd/ ndkbs d/ pkjo g[Zi rJ/. ;kvh tkoh nkJh sK nzdo dkyb 

j'J/. fJe w?_ th ;K. iZiK B/ fJZe xzN/ bJh ndkbs w[bsth eo 

fdZsh. ;k~ fgSb/ ewo/ ftu b? rJ/. ukj gkDh wzrtk fbnk. fco 

rZb s'oh. iZi ;kfjpkB B/ fejk- n;hI pVh pkoheh Bkb fJj e/; 

d/fynk j?. s[;hI rbs ezw S/V p?m/. fiBQK cehoK T[go w[eZdw/ dkfJo 

ehs/ T[BQK s'I w[okdK wzrd/ sK mhe ;h. T[j B/epyas fJB;kB fiBQK dh 

pd"bs s[;hI d[BhnK dh o';aBh d/yh, s[;hI T[BQK T[go w[eZdw/ ehs/. fdwkr 

jZb ikD tor/ pd fJbiakw bkJ/. ;odko okfJ p[bko ykB ;kfjp dk 

fdwkr nZXk sK ekfJw fojk i' nZXh iawhB puk bJh. fi; ceho d/ 

Bkw nZXh iawhB dk fJzsekb eotkfJnk T[; dk fdwkr sK g{ok jZb 

frnk ;h feT[Ife T[; B/ ed/ fJ; iawhB tb d/fynk Gh BjhI. T[; dh 

n"bkd B/ fJ; T[go jZe BjhI iwkfJnk. f;ZyK B/ edh Bk fJj iawhB 

o'eh, Bk dknt/ ndkbsK ftu ehs/. s[;hI fJ; T[go g[;asK s'I BikfJia 

epia/ ehs/ j'J/ jB, j[D ndkbsK ftu dknt/ ehs/. d; pkoK ;kbK 

s'I s[;hI tZfvnK dh p/ndph eod/ nkJ/ j', fe;/ B/ neb BjhI fdZsh fe 

r[Bkj Bk eo'< iaawhBK s'I tXhe T[j s[jk~ fgnko eod/ ;B. s[;hI 

T[BQK dot/;K ~ Bcaos eod/ j' s/ iaawhBK Bkb fgnko gk fbnk. s[jkv/ 

e'b jh oj/rh iawhB. w[eZdwk Bk eod/ sK mhe j[zdk. 

n;hI fejk, ih iawhB ;kv/ Jh epia/ ftu j? go foekov wkb 

ftu ;kvk Bkw BjhI. iZiK B/ fejk- Bkw BjhI oj/rk. Bk s[jkvk Bk 

;kvk. Bkw oj/rk nZbkj gotodrko dk. Bkw oj/rk T[; dh pzdrh 

eoB tkfbnk dot/;K dk. T[j fijV/ uzd skfonK d/ wkbe jB T[jh 

ofjDr/, j'o BjhI oj/rk e'Jh. ;kvh s[jk~ fJj ;bkj j? fe w[eZdwk 

tkg; b? bT[. n;hI fejk, ih pkjo ;kvk GkJhukok yb'sk j?. T[; 

Bkb ;bkj eo bJhJ/. iZiK B/ fejk- iao{o eo'. j[D ;kY/ frnkoK 

tZi/ jB. ;aKwh uko ti/ se ;bkj eo bT[. i/ w[eZdwk tkg; Bk 

fbnk sK fco n;hI ca?;bk ;[Dk fdnKr/. ndkbs s'I pkjo s[jk~ n;hI 

fJj fJe ;bkj fdZsh j?. fJj ;bkj wzBD d/ s[;hI gkpzd BjhI. ca?;bk 

;akwh ;[DktKr/. 

n;hI pkjo nk rJ//. GkJhukok T[vhe fojk ;h. ;koh rZb dZ;h. 

;'uD ftukoB bZr/. fdwkr foVe/. nyho ftu ca?;bk j'fJnk fe d'jK 

ftu'I fJe dh u'D eoBh j?. nghb tkg; b?Dh j? fe w[eZdwk jkoB 

dh iZiw+N b?Dh j?. iZiK dhnK rZbK s'I fdZ; frnk ;h fe fiZsD dk 

;tkb Jh BjhI g?dk j[zdk. n;K ;kfonK B/ w[eZdwk tkg; b?D dk ca?;bk 

ehsk. ;akwh uko ti/ tehbK ;D/ jkiao j' e/ nghb tkg; b? bJh. 

n;hI pu rJ/ ;odko ih. nghb tkg; Bk b?Id/ sK jkoBk ;h. d[BhnK 

th ikDh ;h dhB th. j[D d't/I pu rJ/. nrbh dorkj ftu fJBQK 

dot/;K ;kjwD/ yb' e/ r[BkjK dh w[nkch wzrD i'r/ ofj rJ/. T[j 

pV/ ofjwfdb jB ih. nkgDh n"bkd dhnK rbshnK wkg/ py;a fdnk 

eod/ jB. d'y' Gok ih fezBhnK skesK d/ wkbe jB jiaos pkpk 


BkBe. ;dhnK phs rJhnK go B/eh eoB dk j[ew ni/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ 

iaohJ/ g[uk oj/ jB. ;[gohw e'oN ~ fejk fe fJBQK ~ rbs o;s/ 

GNeD s'I o'e. ;[gohw e'oN B/ o'fenk. pkpk ih B/ ;[gohw e'oN s'I 

;kvh jZse BjhI eotkJh. tofink th. fJZias th oZyh. T[; d/ Bkw 

~ bZy ;bkw. nZi th wkb foekov nB[;ko fJjBK w[oZfpnK ftu r[o{ 

pkpk BkBe y/sh eodk j?. 

fJj fBeh fijh ;zrs pj[s fgnko Bkb r[o{ pkp/ d/ i; rkT[Idh 

T[mh. w+ tkg; r[od[nko/ g[Zik. gzithI ftu gVQdk S'Nk p/Nk ;[yBpho 

efjD bZrk- feE/ ub/ rJ/ ;h< xzN/ d/ T[vheh iKd/ jK. dZf;nk Bh_ 

;h fe i'V/ yohdD uZbKr/< pj[s ;[jD/ ns/ jzYD;ko jB fJE'I d/ i'V/. 

w+ fejk- uzrhnK rZbK ;[D e/ nkfJnk jK. tZv/ ;sthI d/ ftfdnkoEh 

j[;Bpho B/ fejk- fiE/ fiE/ iktKr/ uzrhnK rZbK ;[DB ~ fwbDrhnK. 

fJj pkp/ dk d/; j? Bk. ub' piko uZbhJ/. 

tZvh ;koh d[ekB nzdo dkyb j'J/. pZu/ i[ZshnK g;zd eoB br/. 

w+ w'uh Bkb rZbhI bZr frnk. gZ[fSnk- fjzd[;skB ftu'I uko e[ tkoh 

iE/ ;kb ftu nkT[Id/ jB. nr'I fgS'I s[jkvk eko'pko fet/I uZbdk j?< 

T[j p'fbnk-ih tXhe o"De sK s[jkv/ nkT[D Bkb jh j[zdh j? go ;koh 

d[BhnK ftu'I f;ZyK d/ ekcb/ nkT[Id/ Jh ofjzd/ jB. pV/ XBkY nkT[Id/ 

jB ih. eJh sK nkgDk ijkia jh b? nkT[Id/ B/. bzwhnK bzwhnK fb;aeko/ 

wkodhnK ekoK d/ ekcb/ T[sod/ jB. gfotkoK d/ gfotko nkT[Id/ jB. 

e'Jh wjhBk wjhBk e'Jh d'-d' wjhB/ Gh ofjzd/ jB. w+ g[ZfSnk, s[;hI sK 

;kfonK d/;K d/ ekcb/ d/y/ jB, ;kv/ fjzd[;skBh f;ZyK tor/ f;detkB 

jB T[j th fe e'Jh coe bZrk. w'uh p'fbnk- coe j?. fJE/ fizBk 

;wK ofjzd/ jB T[j g?oh* i[Zsh BjhI gkT[Id/. Bzr/ g?ohI x[zwd/ jB. nkyd/ 

jB-;kv/ pkp/ dh Xosh j?. bZy ;[orK s'I T[sw. s[;hI i'V/ gfjB/ j'J/ 

jB, j'o i'V/ b?D/ jB. T[j Bzr/ g?ohI fcod/ jB BBekDk ;kfjp ftu. 

nkgD/ eko'pko fybkca rZbK eo fojk jK ;odko ih go ghoK d/ gho 

dh ofjws p/nzs j?. uko g?f;nK eoe/ M{m feT[I p'bK. r[o{ BkBe 

;kfjp pkpk-fJ-nkbw p[ZeK Go-Go nkg d/Jh iKdk j? ;k~ n;aochnK. 

ebw-dtks b? e/ nZi w/oh EK i/ g[okDk ;kyheko p?mk j[zdk sd 

nkyoh ;apd fJT[I fbydkL okfJ p[bko ih eh ;kyh ;zg{oB j'Jh r[ogq;kfd 

Bkb. phs/ ;fwnK ftu wjKg[oyK eh ewkJh tzvh iKdh. xo iwhB 

eN[zp e? Bkw. g[zB ;/teK e/. gkg fBzdeK e/. fod? ek frnkB 

iZfrnk;{nK ek. r[o{ pkp/ ek ;kok feS[ T[sw, xo ;rb ;z;koK e/ 

Bkw. fi; wjb wfj r[o{ pkp/ ek fNekDk fsE? fwjopkBh U fwjopkBh. 

j'o feS[ BjhI. ;G wzrb rktj[ ihL 

joy nBzs ;'r BjhI phnk.. 

;' xfo r[fo BkBe eT[ dhnk..wH5 rT[Vh, nzr 186 

p'bj[ ih tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{. fdB SfBSo. sohe ;skJh. wjhBk 

;szpo. ;kb d' jiko fszB. XzB pkpk r[o{ BkBe d/t wjkoki. XzB 

T[;e/ f;y. 


GkJh wodkBk ih 

fi; ;zrhseko dh s[;h_ s;tho d/y oj/ j', fJj GkJh wodkBk 

ih dh Bjh_ j?. ;kfiazd/ d/ jZEK ftu cfVnk ;kia opkp Bjh_ ;kozrh 

j?. w/ok :ehB j? fe ;o ihHn?;H mkeo f;zx B/ 1964 ftu id'_ fJj 

g/*fNzr fsnko ehsh ;h, sd p[oF ubkT[*fdnK T[BQK ~ GkJh wodkBk 

ih dh opkp dhnK e[M wjhB X[BK fJBkw ti'* ;[DB ~ fwbhnK. gkme 

id'_ n;b g/*fNzr (20##%28##) d/yDr/ sd T[j w/o/ Bkb ;fjws j' 

ikDr/. g/*fNzr j/mK fbfynk j?- @@fJbkjh X[B#. nZr/ fbfynk j?HHH @@i' 

GhVK bJh Bjh_, nkgD/ nkg bJh rkT[*dk j?.## d{o fgZS/ fJe r[zpd 

j?. fi; iawhB T[go ;kozrh tkde yb'sk j?, gEohbh j?. go uZNkBK 

jB fe gzxo e/ gkDh j' ojhnK fd;dhnK jB. doiK ns/ dokVK 

bfjoK ftu tN ojhnK jB. 

;e{b ftu gVQd/ ;ak;soh rkfJB f;ZyD tkb/ e[ZM pZfunK ~ w?_ 

fwfbnk s/ g[ZfSnk, @@id'_ w?_ s[jkv/ fiZvk ;K, fdb eodk ;h b/ye pDK. 

fJt/* s[jkv/ e[ZM iwksh pZu/ fuZsoekoh f;Zy oj/ jB. s[;h_ ;zrhs f;ZyD 

dh rZb feT[_ ;'uh< fJZe B/ fejk, @@b/ye ns/ fusoeko, i/ ukj[D sK 

nkgD/ j[Bo dh ;jkfJsk Bkb fe;/ dk fdb d[yk ;ed/ jB, wiake 

T[vk ;ed/ jB, M{m p'b ;ed/ jB. ;kia nfijk Bjh_ eod/. ;zrhseko 

ukj/ sK th Bjh_. e'Jh ;kfiazdk tZvk j? e'Jh S'NkHHHmhe, go ;zrhs ;ZN 

Bjh_ wkodk, jZse Bjh_ eodk, M{m Bjh_ p'bdk. fJj ;G ~ fgnkohnK 

s;ZbhnK fdzdk j?.## 

w?_ ebk; o{w ftu ;zrhs nfXnkge ~ fejk, @@nZi eZbQ pZu/ 

seV/ rZgh j' rJ/ jB. Bzpo tZX b?D dh bkb;k Bkb ;zrhs gVQd/ 

jB go rZbK tZvhnK-tZvhnK ;[DkT[*d/ jB.## nfXnkge B/ fejk, @@fi; 

pZu/ Bkb s[;h_ rZb ehsh T[j ftfrnkB dk ftfdnkoEh j? ns/ T[; B/ 

ca?;bk ehsk j'fJnk j? fe ;zrhs ~ edh ;b/p; d/ ftF/ ti'* Bjh_ 

bt/rk.## 

wjkB f;skotkde T[;skd okw BkokfJD ih dh fJzNoftT{ gVQh. 

;kozrh d/ F"e pko/ g[ZSD s/ T[BQK fejk, @@nkdwh ~ jzeko j' frnk 

;h fe T[; dh nktkia s'_ wX[o j'o e'Jh nktkia Bjh_. w?_ ukfjnk fe 

bZeV dh fBeh fijh fJe fBofizd ;zd{eVh nkdwh dk jzeko s'V/. 

nfijk eoB bJh fJe iBw sK b/y/ bZr frnk go ;zs'y fwfbnk.## 

gzikph gkme, BkokfJD ih dh e?;N yohd e/ id'_ G?oth ftu ;kozrh 

dhnK X[BK ;[DBr/ sK wzB ikDr/ fe eJh iBwK dk ezw fJe iBw 

ftu fBp/fVnk frnk. 

rZb GkJh wodkBk ih pko/ eoBh j? go j'o rZbK fJXo'* T[Xo'* 

T[v e/ ftueko nk rJhnK. fJt/* jh j'Dk ;h. T[BQK pko/ nukBe rZb 

F[o{ Bjh_ j' ;edh. fJT[* eoBk p/-ndph j't/rh. gfjbK ebw ;[o eo 

bJhJ/. 

GkJh r[odk; ih B/ ;jh fbfynk fe pkfpnK B/ Xosh ;'XD fjs 

uVQkJh ehsh. T[BQK dh fJZSk ;h fe Xosh d/ N'J/ fNZp/ gZXo eoe/ fJ; 

~ ;''jDh ;wsb pDkJhJ/. fJ; we;d bJh jb ;[jkr/ dh EK pkDh 

ns/ opkp dh tos'_ ehsh. 

GkJh wodkBk ih pko/ fbyD bJh ;kohnK iBw-;kyhnK dk d[pkok 

gkm ehsk. iBw-;kyhekoK B/ tZy-tZy sohfenK Bkb fJ; caeho d/ nzdo 

dh Mks g[nkJh j?. r[o{ ih Bkb gqhs ns/ d'jK dh b'eK Bkb gqhs d/ 

G/d, ;kyheko fpBK fe;/ yk; soZdd d/ ;fji ;[Gkn y'bQdk iKdk j?. 

r[o{ pkpk ih id'_ edh pzdrh eofdnK ;wkXh ftu bhB j' iKd/ 

sK GkJh wodkBk thj-gZuh edw d{o ofj e/ brksko gfjok fdzd/ fe 

;wkXh ftu e'Jh ftxB Bk gt/. fe;/ ~ B/V/ Bk ikD fdzd/. go id'_ 

pkpk ih rkT[D brd/ sK opkp b? e/ fJzBK B/V/ p?md/ fe r'v/ Bkb 

r'vk yfjzdk. e[dos T[BQK dhnK ;[oK Bkb obe/ rkT[D brdh. BkEK, 

i'rhnK, pqkjwDK, ekiahnK, w"bthnK Bkb ftuko tNKdok eofdnK id'_ 

frnkB dh jB/oh trdh sK pkpk ih nkyd/, @@wodkfBnk opkp T[mkfJ. 

pkDh nkJh j?.## ehosB dh pkoF j[zdh sK ;koh rod ra[pko X[b 

iKdh s/ nkekF fBowb j' iKdk. fjzd{ nkyd/, @@fJBQK ftu pqjw dk 

;zg{oD gqek;a j?. gqsZy fd; ofjnk j?.## ekwb caehoK Bkb w/b j[zdk 


sK T[j efjzd/, @@;bkwkb/ez BkBe ;akj caeho, ;kfjp d/ o;hd. s{z tZvk 

p}[ortko jkJh. n;K e{ d[nk d/j fe ;kvh Gh ;kfjp Bkb T[t/* pD 

nkJ/ fit/_ s?*v/ Bkb pD nkJh j?.## e'Jh j'o nkT[*dk sK nkydk, 

@@wod jB g{o/. Gb/ jB e'Jh. y[dkfJ d/ ;kfde j?B tZv/.## 

GkJh wodkBk ih wjkoki s'_ d; ;kb tZv/ ;B. pugB ftu d'tK 

~ ne;o fJeZfmnK d/fynk iKdk. fgsk, wksk iK G?D BkBeh B/ id'_ 

r[o{ ih ~ d[BhnKdkoh dh e'Jh rZb ;wMkT[Dh j[zdh sK T[j GkJh 

wodkBk ih ~ p[bk e/ nkyd/ fe T[BQK ~ wBkT[. GkJh ih ub/ sK 

iKd/ go T[BQK ~ ;wMkT[D dh EK ;wM e/ nk iKd/. fJj rZbK gVQfdnK 

w?_ ;'udk fe GkJh wodkBk ih dh rZb id'_ wzBd/ Bjh_ ;B, fco th 

gfotko d/ ihn T[BQK ~ jh feT[_ d[pkok G/id/< gsk bZfrnk fe pkpk 

ih, GkJh dh rZb ;[D sK b?_d/ ;B, j'oK dhnK B;hjsK T[j eJh tko 

;[DB bJh th fsnko Bjh_ ;B. 

pkpk ih sbtzvh s'_ ;[bskBg[o b'Xh B"eoh eoB ub/ rJ/. wjhB/ 

bzx rJ/ sK wkfgnK B/ GkJh wodkBk ~ T[BQK dh yapo ;ko b?D bJh 

G/ifdnK fejk- fJe tko nk e/ fwb ikD. GkJh ih s[o gJ/. ;[bskBg[o 

g[Zi/. ya?o ;[Zy g[ZSh, dZ;h s/ fejk, @@wK s/ fgsk :kd eod/ jB. gfotko 

~ fwb nkU.## pkp/ B/ fejk, uzrk j'fJnk GkJh s[;h_ nk rJ/. nkgDk 

gfotko pVk tZvk j?. d{o-d{o nkgD/ ihnK ~ fwbD ikDk j?. s[;h_ 

Bkb ub'. fJeZm/ uZbKr/ sK yoh y[Fh fwb/rh. 

GkJh ih B/ fejk- @@go yktKr/ eh< youKr/ eh

skoh j'fJnk. pkpk ih B/ gq;zB j' e/ GkJh wodkBk ih ~ n;h; fdZsh, 

@@s[;K ~ GkJh sko dk r[D pyf;nk. fJj nZr? t/uDk Bkjh*. e/;K 

dh p/ndph Bjh_ eoBh. nzfwqs t/b/ T[m e/ pzdrh eoBh s/ do nkJ/ 

;tkbh ~ fBok; Bjh_ w'VBk.## 

nrb/ fdB pkp/ B/ GkJh wodkBk ih ~ god/; uZbD bJh fejk 

sK T[j fgSfbnK dk fcaeo w[V eoB bZr/. pkp/ efjnk, @@mhe j? 

GkJh ih. sbtzvh ftu y[;hnK jB. y/V/ jB, w"iK jB. ;kv/ gk; Bzr 

G[Zy jkJh. ikU GkJh. s[;h_ sbtzvh ikT[. p/p/ ~ dZ; iktDk.## 

GkJh wodkBk phph BkBeh ih d/ xo rJ/. dZf;nk fe pkpk d{o 

d/;h* uZfbnk j? s/ tfoQnK pknd gos/rk. fco dZf;nk fe w?_ tkg; 

sbtzvh uZfbnk jK. phph dhnK nZyK ftu'_ jzM{nK dhnK XkoK tr 

gJhnK. T[BQK dk nkgD/ nkg T[go ekp{ Bk fojk. gsh GkJh i?okw ih 

nk rJ/. fJ; gqeko dh jkbs d/y e/ p'b/, @@J/j eh j'fJnk BkBeh 

ih< n;h_ id'_ edh GNed/, s[;h_ ;k~ T[gd/;d/. j[D s[;h_ i[ v'b/ j' 

sK ;kvk eh pD/< fJzi Bk eo' ih.## 

phph B/ nkfynk, @@GkJh wodkBk Bkb j[zd/ ;k~ fceo edh okJh 

dk BKj ;h. j[D fdb Bjh_ Ezwdk.## 

GkJh i? okw efjD br/, @@GkJh wodkBk Bkb ikDr/. GkJh ih 

s[;h_ Bkb oj' ih. s[;K dk i'V ftSVBk ;a'Gdk Bjh_. fgS/ dk fceo 

BKj eoBk. s[;K d/ pkb ;kv/ pkb pZu/ j'J/. f;oh uzd Gh sK n;K 

nkgD/ gk; oZy fbnk j?. sbtzvh n;h_ iktKr/. s[;K BkBe ih Bkb 

iktDk.## 

GkJh wodkBk ih wzB rJ/. opkp T[mkJh s/ pkpk ih gk; fgzv'* 

pkjo ik g[Zi/. efjnk, @@w?_ s[;K d/ Bkb uZbKrk pkpk.## r[o{ ih ~ 

pVh y[;ah j'Jh. s[oB s'_ gfjbK GkJh wodkBk ih efjD bZr/, @@p/p/ ~ 

fwb e/ c/o uZbDk j?.## pkp/ B/ fejk, @@s/ok nkyk w'VBk Bkjh_ GkJh. 

s/o/ sZe ;k~ tZvk ezw j?.## 

xo g[Zi/ sK M[e e/ phph B/ pkp/ d/ uoBh_ jZE bkT[D/ ukj/. d[jK 

jZEK ftu phph dk wZEk EzwQ fbnk. efjD bZr/, @@w?_ J/; eoe/ s[;K d/ 

gk; nKtdk jK i[ wZEk fNektK< p/p/ s{z n;KE'I tZvh j?_ no[ gow/;o dh 

fgnkoh ph. s/ok w/ok ;pzX i[ZrK dk j?. j[zdk nkfJnk j?. s{z i' g?oK 

tZb d/ydh j?_ sK ;k~ tZvk nT[rD brdk j?.## 

phph fejk, @@Gbk j? GkJh. fiT[* s[;h_ okih fsT[* n;h_ okih. 

go ;Zu fJj j? i' s[;K ~ GokT[ eoe/ Bjh_ ikDdh. gow/;o eoe? 

ikDdh jK. GkJh wodkB/ ~ ;cao tk;s/ g?;/ n;K nkg fdZs/ ;B. y[;h 

Bkb. fJj w'V/ feT[_ jB

EZed/, G[Zy so/j brdh sK GkJh wodkBk pkp/ nr/ fJ; gqeko 

noia eod/, @@pkpk s{z nshs g[oy j?_. Bk s?~ G[y ;skJ/ Bk so/j. 

Bk Bh_d Bk EekD. w?_ ;kdk pzdk jK pkpk. feogkb{ j'j. iK w?~ 

nkgD/ fijk nshs eo. i/ nfijk eoBk Bjh_ GKtdk sK e[M ykD ghD 

~ d/j.## pkpk nkydk, @@Gbk wzfrnk Jh wodkfBnK, Gbk wzfrnk Jh. 

b'e t;sK wzrd/ jB. s{z ;zs'y wzrdk j?_.## 

fJe tko GkJh wodkBk G[Zy Bkb vkjY/ nks[o j' rJ/. efjD 

bZr/, @@p; pkpk j'o Bjh_ s[fonk iKdk n;K E'*. J/; doys j/m p?m 

frnk jK. ykD ~ e[M fwb/ sK s[oK. Bjh_ p?mk jK.## pkpk fe;/ 

nkpkdh tZb fBeb frnk s/ ykD bJh d'jK jZEK ftu e[M fbnKdk. 

GkJh wodkBk ih B/ nkgD/ d't/_ jZE nZr/ c?bkJ/ sK pkp/ B/ r'fvnK 

Gko j' e/ fejk, @@GkJh ih fJ;/ soQK ykt'.. ;kv/ jZEK ftu jh Se'. 

;k~ nfijk jh Gbk brdk j?.## ;kjwD/ p?m e/ GkJh ;kfjp B/ pkp/ 

d/ jZEK ftu'_ ykDk yk e/ fejk, @@pVk nkBzd nkfJnk j? pkpk. J/Bk 

;[nkdh G'iB ed/ Bjh_ ykXk.## pkp/ B/ fejk, @@T[E/ sK j'o fJ; s'_ Gh 

;tkdb/ getkB gJ/ ;B. go s[;h_ tXhe ftnke[b j' rJ/. ;' w?_ Mpd/ 

i' ;kjwD/ fdf;nk, u[fenk s/ sNcN b? nkfJnk. Xhoi oZyd/ j'o Gh 

;[nkdb/ getkB b? nkT[*dk.## 

:ksok ftu'_ dh phph ~ ;[bskBg[o fwb iKd/ s/ fco tkg; god/; 

~ uZb g?*d/. phph e[M fdB o[eD bJh nkydh sK efjzd/, @@jkb/ ;cao 

ftu nkj/. s{z o;s/ ftu nk yb'Jh. ni/ ;cao yasw Bjh_ j'fJnk. ;kv/ 

okjtK ftu tXhe Bk yb'fJnk eo.## fJj nky e/ wZEk N/ed/ fco s[o 

g?*d/. 

f;Zy d/ wB ftu r[o{ pkp/ dh fJeZfbnK dh s;tho edh Bjh_ 

nkT[_dh. nk jh Bjh_ ;edh. opkp w'Y/ s/ bNekJh T[j nBzs d/ ;cao 

ftu Bkb-Bkb jB jw/;ka. fJe gk;/ GkJh pkbk d{i/ gk;/ wodkBk. 

;kyhnK ftu eJh o"ue fdq;a nfs T[sZw ;kfjs d/ Bw{B/ jB. 

T[j row ns/ y[Fe wko{Eb ftu'_ dh bzx oj/ jB. g+vk w[ZeD ftu 

Bjh_ nk fojk. ;kyheko fbydk j?- T[gZo sko/HHH j/mK o/s. j'o fes/ 

e[M Bjh_ ;h. Bk gF{, Bk gzyh, Bk xkj Bk o[Zy. GkJh wodkBk nXho 

j' e/ nkyd/, @@pkpk fes/ e[ZS Bdfo Bjh_ nKtdk. i/ d/; dk fes? e[Zsk 

Gh fwb?, fs;d/ jT[* rb br e/ o'tK.## pkpk ih nkyd/, @@fJBQK 

wko{EbK ftu sd nkJ/ jK GkJh i[ Bk e'Jh e[Zsk bZr? Bk GT[_e?. fco 

GkJh wodkBk nkyd/, @@feE/ wkfonk Jh, pkpk, fJE/ sK r'o'* yZcD' Gh 

rJ/ (Bk yZcD fwb/rk Bk epo pD/rh).## pkpk j"*;bk fdzdk s/ nrbh 

tkN cVd/. eJh wjhfBnK d/ ;co fgS'_ nkpkdh nkJh. b'eK ~ d/y 

e/ GkJh B/ fejk, @@pkpk fe; d/; nk rJ/ jK< fJBQK b'eK ~ Bk ;kvh 

p'bh dh ;wM. Bk ;k~ fJBQK dh p'bh dh ;wM. eT[D d/; j? fJj

T[j ;w/* ns/ ;EkB dhnK frDshnK s'_ gko ;B. fJe nBzs s'_ 

pknd T[j nrbk nBzs ;B. 

d'jK pkfpnK ftueko fwZsoK dh ;KM tkbhnK rZbK j[zdhnK. p?fmnK 

p?fmnK GkJh ;kfjp B/ fJe fdB pkp/ d/ uoB S{j/ sK pkpk ih B/ 

fejk, @@n? wodkfBnK s{z nZi feT[_ g?oh* gtdk j?_

d/ e/ rbteVh ftu b? n;h;K dh MVh bk fdZsh. fco d't/I p?m rJ/. 

GkJh wodkBk ih dh :kd ftu d'tK B/ ehosB ehsk. fJbkjh ehosB 

d/ fJ; trd/ dfonk ftu sbtzvh fgzv d/ t;BheK B/ ya{p shoE fJ;aBkB 

ehsk. 

fizBk ;wK r[o{ pkpk ;oho d/ ikw/ ftu oj/, GkJh ;akjiakd B/ 

edh T[BQK dk ;kE BjhI SZfvnk. ;kyheko ;fseko ti'I T[BQK ~ @@@@eeooww 

eekk ppbbhh ;;aakkjjiiaakkdd.. ;;kkvvkk ffggnnkkookk ;;aakkjjiiaakkddkk GGkkJJhh ;;aakkjjiiaakkdd yykkBB#### fbydk 

j?. 

GkJh wodkBk ih dh p/Bsh ep{b j'Jh. T[j ftS[V/ BjhI. ehosB 

pD e/ T[j r[o{ rqzE ns/ r[o{ gzE ftu ;Ekgs j' rJ/ jB.* 

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 

* w?_ nkgD/ fwZsoK ~ fJe fdB dZf;nk fe gq'H ;kfjp f;zx dh fbys nB[;ko GkJh 

wodkBk B/ sbtzvh fgzv s'_ b? e/ e[Zow dfonk sZe 54 ;kb dk ;kE fBGkfJnk. nwoihs 

f;zx p'fbnk- s{z fJj 54 ;kb dh frDsh feT[_ eodk j?_< fJj frDsh sd eoBh T[fus 

j[zdh i/ fJzB/ ;kb pknd T[j ;kE SZv e/ fgzv nk iKd/. T[BQK dh sK t;hns th nBzs 

fwbkg dh j?. T[j ;kbK ns/ whbK dh frDsh s'_ gko j'J/. 

pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo 

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih 1708 ftZu i'sh i's ;wk rJ/ sK f;ZyK ftZu 

fJZe tko nBkE j' ikD tork nfj;k; j'fJnk. r[o{ ih d/ ihtBekb 

d"okB Gkt/I jiakoK dh frDsh ftZu f;zx :'X/ tZy-tZy xNBktK ftZu ;ajhd 

j' rJ/ ;B go pkeh pfunK B/ edh Yfjzdh ebk tb o[y BjhI ;h 

ehsk feT[Ife Bhb/ dk ;tko T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ ;h. fizBk fuo sZe dhB 

ns/ d[BhnK dk wkbe nzr-;zr ;h T[d'I sZe T[BQK ~ woB dk vo BjhI 

;h feT[Ife T[BQK ~ ft;atk; ;h fe ebrhXo fgsk B/ ;ajkdsK nikJhI 

BjhI ikD d/DhnK. id'I w[rab ;oeko dk yzio j'o fsZyk j' e/ T[BQK 

dhnK SkshnK tb tZXdk nk fojk ;h sK d[oGkr t; itkB T[wo/ 

d;w gks;akj dk nekb ubkDk j' frnk. fJZe tkoh f;Zy ;zrs s/ 

ykb;k gzE ~ fJT[I gqshs j'fJnk fit/I T[BQK dk ;{oi n;s j' frnk 

j'J/ s/ u[c/o/ nzXeko g;o frnk j'J/ fi; ftu'I e'Jh nk; dh feoB, 

e'Jh o;sk Biao BjhI nkT[Idk. Gkt/I r[o{ ih uzrh soQK fdqVQ eotk rJ/ 

;B- fe fiE/ gzE ns/ rqzE fJeZm/ j'Dr/ w+ T[E/ j'tKrk go T[BQK ~ 

Xotk; d/D tkbk e'Jh gqsZy BjhI fd;dk ;h. 

fJ; ;w/I pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ ykb;/ dh ewkB ;zGkbh. pkpk pzdk 

f;zx dk fjzd[;skB d/ fJfsjk; ftZu nukBe gqrN j'Dk fe;/ eokwks 

s'I xZN BjhI bZrdk. gzikp s'I d{o, f;Zyh s'I tzfus fJZe p?okrh gjkVh 

okig{s dZyD ftZu v/ok iwk e/ foZXhnK f;ZXhnK d/ ia'o T[s/ F[jos ftZu 

;zs[;aN jh BjhI ;h ;r'I jzeko frnk j'fJnk ;h. T[j ;'bK ;kb s'I 

BKd/V ftZu ;h fiE/ T[; ~ wzBD tkfbnK dh uzrh u'yh frDsh ;h. 

T[; ~ ikDB tkb/ pkeh ;kX{ ;zs T[; ~ fJ; bJh Bkg;zd eod/ ;B 

feT[Ife T[j nkJ/ rJ/ ftdtkB ns/ ceho dh p/fJiash eoB'I fMiedk 

BjhI ;h. T[; ~ nkgD/ sg, p[ZXh ns/ ftdtsk T[go cyao ;h. 

r[o{ ih id'I n"ozria/p Bkb w[bkeks eoB bJh dZyD tZb ik oj/ 


;B sK oki;EkB ftZu T[BQK ~ yapo fwb rJh fe n"ozria/p dh w"s 

j' rJh j?. i?g[o fty/ wjzs i?s okw r[o{ do;aBk bJh nkfJnk. r[o{ 

ih B/ fejk - n;K j[D BKd/V tb ikDk j?. e'Jh r[Dh ;ZiD j? sK 

dZ;', e'Jh nfijk Xowkswk g[oy fi; dh ;zrs eoe/ bkjk b? ;ehJ/< 

i?sokw ih B/ e[M ftneshnK d/ Bkw dZ;/ go Bkb jh fejk - T[E/ 

wkX'dk; BK dk fJZe p?okrh j? fijVk eokwksK d/ jzeko ftZu, nkJ/ 

rJ/ dh ne;o jZse eodk j?. T[; ~ Bk fwbDk feT[Ife T[j ;bhek, 

ndp s/ ;fseko SZv frnk j'fJnk j?. 

r[o{ ih B/ T[E/ ike/ ca?;bk ehsk fe gfjbK wkX'dk; ~ fwfbnk 

ikt/. T[; pko/ gqf;ZX ;h fe i' e'Jh T[; d/ nk;D T[go p?m iKdk 

;h T[; ~ d?th ;aesh d/ ;jko/ j/mK frok fdzdk ;h. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx 

ih id'I T[; d/ v/o/ ftZu rJ/ sK wkX'dk; izrb tZb frnk j'fJnk ;h. 

r[o{ ih T[; d/ nk;D T[go fpokiwkB j' rJ/. wkX'dk; ~ gsk bZrk 

sK T[; B/ gqkgs ehshnK ;aeshnK okjhI r[o{ ih ~ j/mK frokDk ukfjnk. 

nfijk j' Bk ;fenk. T[j s/iah Bkb nkgD/ v/o/ ftZu nkfJnk s/ r[Z;/ 

Bkb g[ZfSnk, 

- s[;hI e"D j' < 

- T[jh fi; ~ sz{ ikDdk j?I. 

- fe; ~ ikDdk jK w+ < 

- fi; dh sbk;a ftZu sz{ EK-EK GNfenk . 

- fes/ s[;hI r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx sK BjhI < 

- T[jh jK. sz{ dZ; sz{ e"D j?. 

- ih w+ s[jkvk pzdk jK. 

- pzdk j?I sK pzfdnK fij/ ezw eo. 

wkX'dk; r[o{ uoBk ftZu fvr fgnk. T[d'I r[o{ ih dh T[wo 42 

;kb ;h s/ pzdk f;zx 38 ;kb dk ;h. fJj ;h ;zy/g rZbpks fijVh 

wkX'dk; ns/ d;w gks;akj ftueko gfjbh tko j'Jh. e[M fdB r[o{ 

ih T[; d/ v/o/ ftZu fNe/ fiE/ T[BQK B/ wkX'dk; ~ nzfwqs SekfJnk ns/ 

pzdk f;zx Bkw oZfynk. T[BQK B/ pzdk f;zx ~ dZf;nk fe gzikp ftZu 

ia[bw dh jB/oh tr ojh j?. sz{ gzikp otkBk j' fiE/ gzE s/oh ;jkfJsk 

eo/rk. sz{ fJ; ia[bw ~ ;wkgs eo. pzdk f;zx B/ fejk - go je{ws 

pVh skesto j? - w+ fJeZbk eh eo ;eKrk < w?~ e'Jh nfijh eokwks 

py;a' fe w+ nfijk eo ;eK. wjkoki B/ fejk - r[o{ xo ftu nBzs 

;aeshnK ns/ poesK jB. n;hI fJj ;kohnK r[o{ rqzE s/ r[o{ gzE ~ 

d/ fdZshnK jB. s?~ id'I ;aesh dh iao{os gt/ sd r[o{ rqzE ns/ r[o{ 

gzE nr/ nodk; eohI. s?~ T[j e[M gqkgs j't/rk fi; dh T[whd BjhI 

ehsh ik ;edh. fJj xNBk ;szpo 1708 Jh;th dh j?. 

n"ozri/ap dh w"s T[gozs ski syas dh gqkgsh tk;s/ T[; d/ gZ[soK 

ftueko ykBkizrh F[o{ j' rJh sK r[o{ ih B/ pjkdo;akj ~ ;G s'I 

tZvk j'D ekoB syas dk tko; wzfBnk s/ T[; dh ;jkfJsk bJh ca""i 

G/ih. pjkdo;akj fJ; bVkJh ftZu ;cb j'fJnk sK T[; B/ r[o{ ih 

dk ;fseko ehsk. g[;ake ns/ ;[rksK fijVhnK pkd;akj tZb'I nkgD/ 

F[GfuzseK ~ fdZshnK ikfJnk eodhnK ;B - wfjb d/ d;s{o nB[;ko 

T[j ;[rksK b?D tkbk nkg fJBQK ~ u[Ze e/ wfjb ftu'I pkjo nkT[Idk 

;h. 

fe;/ nfsnzs ;fseko:'r w[;bwkB ceho ~ e/tb fJj jZe gqkgs 

jz[dk ;h fe T[j ;[rksK nkgD/ ;/tkdko s'I u[etk e/ fbnkJ/. r[o{ ih 

Bkb rJ/ GkJh dfJnk f;zx ih B/ fJj ;[rksK gqkgs ehshnK s/ ;fseko 

;fjs r[o{ ih ~ wfjb ftu'I ftdk ehsk frnk. 

fJBQK ;kohnK xNBktK dh ypo tiaho ykB sZe nZgV ojh ;h. 

T[; ~ fJj th gsk ;h fe rZdh B;ahBh bJh r[o{ ih B/ pkd;akj dh 

ca""ih wdd ehsh j? s/ pkd;akj B/ r[o{ ih dk pj[s ;fseko ehsk j?. 

T[; ~ nkgD/ ehs/ j'J/ e[eowK s'I G? nkT[D bZrk. T[; ~ vo j' 

frnk fe fes/ pkd;akj r[o{ ih Bkb e'Jh ;zXh Bk eo bt/. nfijk 

j'D dh ;{os ftZu T[; ~ nkgD/ ehs/ dh ;ik G[rsDh gt/rh. T[; 

B/ d' gmkD r[o{ ih dk esb eoB dh ;kfia;a Bkb G/i/. fJj gfjb'I 

fdZbh wksk ;[zdoh ih gk; rJ/ s/ T[E'I r[o{ ih dk f;oBktK fbnk. d't/I 

gmkD iK fJBQK d/ pia[or edh r[o{ xo d/ B/V/ oj/ brd/ jB feT[Ife 

fJBQK ~ ;G gs/ fNekD/ dZ; fdZs/ rJ/ s/ r[o{ ih d/ e?Ig; ftZu th 

;t/o ;akw jkiao j[zd/ oj/. fJBQK T[s/ fe;/ B/ ;aZe Bk ehsk. fJj w"e/ 

dh sbk;a ftZu ;B s/ fJZe fdB w"ek fwbfdnK jh id'I wjkoki ;[Zs/ 

gJ/ ;B, S[o/ Bkb jZbk eo fdZsk. iayw vz{xk ;h go r[o{ ih B/ 

S[o/pkia ~ EKJ/I sbtko d/ tko Bkb ;'X fdZsk s/ d{ik GZiD bZrk 

f;zxK B/ esb eo fdZsk. 

pj[s ;ko/ ;wekbh d;skt/iK s'I ;kps j[zdk j? fe r[o{ ih B/ 


pzdk f;zx ;w/s gzikp ftZu nkT[Dk ;h go fJ; jwb/ dh d[oxNBk 

eoe/ T[BQK ~ o[eDk g? frnk. r[o{ ih dh fJZSk ;h fe pjkdo;akj 

Bkb f;Zy w;b/ dk e'Jh jZb s?n eo fbnk ikt/ go pkd;akj B/ gqshs 

ehsk fe w[;bwkB fJ; Bkb Bkokia j' ikDr/. T[j ni/ pj[s ;aesh;akbh 

BjhI ;h j'fJnk, nzdo'I nzdoh ;aoheK tb'I ;Zsk tk;s/ jzGb/ wko/ ik oj/ 

;B. ;' pr?o fe;/ ;EkJh jZb d/, r[o{ ih dk pjkdo;akj Bkb'I ;ztkd 

N[ZN frnk. r[o{ ih iaywh j' rJ/ sK pzdk f;zx ~ gzikp fJeZfbnK 

nkT[Dk fgnk. T[; B/ d{o B/V/ dhnK f;Zy ;zrsK ~ j[ewBkw/ fby/ ns/ 

Xow :[ZX ftZu Fkwb j'D dh noia ehsh. f;ZyK tb'I T[; ~ GotK 

j[zrkok fwfbnk. f;obZE r?ostzd :'fXnK B/ T[; tZb tjhoK xZs 

fdZshnK. fJBQK ;zs f;gkjhnK B/ T[j ;aesh;akbh rVQ s'V/ fe gzikp N[ZN 

frnk s/ fdZbh syas sZe XweK ;[DhnK rJhnK. 

pkpk pzdk f;zx, fiBQK dk gfjbk Bkw bSwD d/t ;h dk iBw 

16 nes{po 1670 Jh;th ftZu j'fJnk. fgsk okwd/t g[DS fiab/ d/ fgzv 

oki"Vh d/ okig{s Gkodtki ;B s/ y/shpkVh dk ezw eod/ ;B. bSwD 

d/t Gkt/I dofwnkB/ eZd dk ;h go T[j pVk c[oshbk s/ fjzwsh i[nkB 

;h. ftjkoe ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh s/ y/sh d/ ezw ftZu wkfgnK dk jZE 

tNkT[Idk. x'V ;tkoh dk ;a"e ;h ns/ ne;o f;aeko y/vD dhnK w[fjzwK 

T[s/ iKdk. ;a;so ftfdnk T[BQK fdBK ftZu jo i[nkB dk ;a"e th j'fJnk 

eodk ;h s/ wip{oh th. jfEnko s'I pr?o xo'I pkjo fBebDk p[ok 

wzfBnk iKdk ;h. izrbK ftZu ikBto ;B s/ izrbK s'I pkjo fcod/ 

wB[ZyK dk ftjko ikBtoK s'I pdso ;h. 

fgsk ih Xkofwe o[uhnK tkb/ ;B. ne;o ;kX{nK dh ;zrs eod/ 

ns/ ;kX{nK ~ xo p[bk e/ G'iB SekT[Id/. ikBeh dk; p?okrh nkJ/ 

sK T[BQK dh ;zrs dk bSwD d/t T[s/ pVk vz{xk gqGkt fgnk s/ uVQdh 

T[wo/ fJj i[nkB xo pko fsnkr e/ p?okrh ;kXK d/ N'b/ ftZu Fkwb 

j' frnk. ;kX{nK B/ T[; dk Bkw wkX'dk; oZfynk. ;kX{nK Bkb d/; 

oNB eodk-eodk Bkf;e ;afjo nZgV frnk fiE/ gzutNh d/ ;EkB s/ 

n"xV BkE ;kX{ ofjzd/ ;B. n"xV BkE foXhnK f;XhnK dk wkbe wzfBnk 

gqwzfBnk j'fJnk sgZ;th ;h. wkX'dk; B/ n"xV dh ;akfrodh ep{b ehsh 

s/ T[BQK dh pVh ;/tk ehsh. i' r[D s/ ;aeshnK pkpk n"xV gk; ;B 

T[j ;G wkX'dk; ~ d/ fdZshnK. T[BQK B/ nkgDk fJZe rqzE th wkX'dk; 

~ fdZsk s/ 1691 Jh;th ftZu n"xV gqb'e f;Xko rJ/. T[; ;w/I wkX'dk; 

dh T[wo 21 ;kb ;h. Bkf;e s'I uZb e/ wkX'dk; BKd/V nk frnk s/ 

fJE/ T[; B/ nkgDk gZek fNekDk pDkT[D dk ca?;bk ehsk. fJE/ b'eK 

ftZu T[; dhnK eokwksK, ;aeshnK dh uouk d{o-d{o sZe c?b rJh s/ 

T[j fJZe seV/ wZm dk BkE j' frnk. id'I T[j wkX'dk; s'_ pzdk f;zx 

pfDnk sK fJfsjk; ftZu Bt/I nfXnkfJ dh F[o{nks j'Jh. fJe BtK 

:[Zr nkozG j'fJnk. 

T[; ~ r[o{ ih B/ j[ewBkwk, gzi sho, fB;akB ;kfjp s/ Brkok 

pyf;ank. Ekgh d/ e/ pjkdo dk fyskp fdZsk. GkJh fpB'd f;zx, GkJh 

ekjB f;zx, GkJh pki f;zx, GkJh dfJnk f;zx ns/ GkJh oD f;zx 

gzi fgnko/ ns/ 25 j'o f;zx T[BQK Bkb G/i/. n;h;K d/ e/ r[o{ ih B/ 

pzdk f;zx ~ gzikp tZb xZfbnk s/ gzE dh skfpnk ftZu ofjD dk j[ew 

fdZsk i' j[ew pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ ;ajkds sZe fBGkfJnk. 

j[D id'I gzikp tb pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ e{u ehsk sK e/tb 25- 

30 f;zxK dk fJj fBZek fijk iZEk ;h. go gzikp dh Xosh tZb fiT[I 

fiT[I T[j tfXnk :'X/ T[; Bkb obd/ rJ/ s/ fJZe fBZeh ;?fBe N[eVh 

tZv/ ekcb/ ftZu spdhb j' rJh. d[BhnK d/ nDyh t;BheK ~ nkgDk 

BkfJe fwb frnk sK fco ikBK dh gqtkj fe; B/ eoBh ;h< 

;kfjpiakfdnK ~ pZeo/ tKr r'v/ j/m d/ e/ e'j-e'j wkoB dh ftfEnk 

Gkos ftZu fiE/ fiE/ th fi;-fi; B/ ;[Dh jo fe;/ dk y{b y"b frnk 

;h go T[BQK gk; e'Jh iE/dko BjhI ;h. pzdk f;zx d/ ;[B/j/ gZ[id/ rJ/ 

s/ b;aeo tZvk j[zdk frnk. gzikp d/ t;BheK B/ ia[bw dk yzio nkgDh 

Sksh s'I go/ XZeD dk fJfsjk;e ca?;bk ehsk. ;G s'I gfjbK gkDhgZs 

;afjo T[s/ jZbk p'fbnk s/ fJ; ;afjo T[go fB;akB ;kfjp bfjok fdZsk. 

yiakBk b[ZN fbnk frnk s/ x'V/, jfEnko t;{b bJ/. T[; fgS'I ;wkD/ 

tZb e{u eoB dk c?;bk ehsk go o;s/ ftZu gsk bZrk fe e?Eb ftZu 

Gkoh yiakBk fgnk j?. e?Eb T[go uVQkJh eoe/ yiakBk b[ZN fbnk. fJE/ 

tZvh bVkJh BjhI j'Jh feT[Ife fe;/ B/ w[ekpbk eoB dh fjzws BjhI 

ehsh. e?Ebgsh B/ pzdk f;zx dh JhB wzB bJh. ;kok yiakBk f;zxK 

ftZu tzv fdZsk. 

;wkDk ;afjo ;Z:dK dk x[Zr t;dk nwho ;afjo ;h. ;Z:dK ~ 

T[uh e[b tkb/ wzfBnk iKdk j? fJ;/ eoe/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih ns/ 

;kfjpiakfdnK ~ ;ajhd eoB dk @g[zB-ekoi# ;Z:dK ~ ;_"fgnk frnk ;h. 

w[;bwkBK dk ft;atk;a ;h fe fe;/ seV/ ekco ~ esb eoB Bkb 


;[or gqkgs j[zdk j?. ;Z:d feT[Ife ;fseko :'r b'e ;B fJ; bJh 

fJj esb T[BQK B/ ehs/. id'I cehoK ns/ r[o{nK d/ nDwB[Zyh Yzr Bkb 

esb eoB ~ gz[B-ekoi fejk ikt/ T[d'I fco oZp pkpk pzdk f;zx fij/ 

;{ophoK ~ Xosh T[go'I }[bw dh iVQ eZYD bJh G/idk j?. ;wkD/ T[go 

jZbk p'bD dk ekoB fJj' ;h fe Bkt/I gks;akj ih dk eksb iZbkd 

ibkb[dhB s/ ;kfjpiakfdnK d/ eksb d' Gok ;ak;ab p/r s/ pk;ab p/r 

fJE'I d/ pkf;zad/ ;B. 

;wkD/ d/ nkb/-d[nkb/ seVh T[uh ezX ;h s/ ;afjo dk jo xo 

fJZe rVQh tKr ;h. nwho ;Z:dK B/ nksw oZfynk bJh nkgD/ xoK 

~ fBZe/-fBZe/ fefbQnK tKr T[;kfonk ;h sK fe ;[oZfynk gZy'I e'Jh e;o 

Bk oj/. frnkoK Btzpo 1709 ~ F[eotko d/ fdB ;t/o ;ko fJ; f;Zy 

ioB?b B/ jZbk p'b fdZsk. f;ZyK B/ ;Z:dK ~ fJj w"ek jh BjhI fdZsk 

fe T[j dotki/ pzd eo ;ed/. fJj jZbk fpibh dh fb;aeko tork 

;h fi; d/ ;kjwD/ fe;/ dh g/;a Bk rJh. fJ; ;afjo nzdo d; jiako 

dh frDsh ftZu ;Z:d ns/ w[rb esb ehs/ rJ/ s/ jiakoK ;kbK s'I 

x[Zr t;dk o"DeK Gfonk nwho ;afjo E/j j' frnk. w[V e/ fJj ;afjo 

mhe Yzr Bkb edh th BjhI tZ; ;fenk. w[;bwkBk B/ fJ; EK ~ 

pdfe;ws ikD e/ fco fJXo fNekD/ BjhI pDkJ/. ;wkD/ dk ;{p/dko 

cfsj f;zx ~ Ekg e/ nrbk fB;akBk ;ojzd dh ;akB ~ g?oK ftu 

o'bD dk ;h. tiaho ykB B/ fJE/ x'o gkg ehsk j'fJnk ;h s/ fdb 

dk fJj vz{xk cZN ni/ skiak ;h. fJE/ fBZehnK fizdk Bkb tZv/ ;ke/ j'J/ 

;B. 

pzdk f;zx ;wkD/ s'I ;ojzd tZb BjhI tfXnk ;r'I gfjb'I ehosg[o 

;kfjp tb ukb/ gk fdZs/. T[; ~ gsk bZrk ;h fe T[; gk;/ s'I pj[s 

;ko/ f;zx T[; dh ;?Bk ftZu obD bJh nk oj/ ;B go okj ftZu o'e 

bJ/ rJ/ ;B. okj ftZu xVkw ;afjo ;h fiE/ d/ B?p ;{p/dko B/ pzdk 

f;zx ~ o'eD dk :sB ehsk. xVkw T[go jZbk eoB dk pzdk f;zx 

dk e'Jh fJokdk BjhI ;h go xVkwhnK B/ tzrkfonk sK f;zxK B/ uVQkJh 

eo fdZsh. w[rb pVh pjkdoh Bkb bV/ go gSkV fdZs/ rJ/ s/ xVkw 

;afjo b[ZN fbnk frnk. T[E'I nr/ w[;sckpkd T[s/ epiak eo fbnk. 

fJE'I T[; B/ ;Y"o/ tZb uVQkJh dk o[y eo fbnk sK f;aekfJs fwbh fe 

eg{oh dk jkew edw[ZdhB fJbke/ dhnK n"osK dh gZs b[ZNdk j? s/ e'Jh 

r?ow[;fbw n"os ;[oZfyns BjhI. eg{oh T[s/ jZbk p'b e/ edw[ZdhB dh 

jt/bh ~ nZr bk fdZsh fi; ftZu d"bs sK G;w j'Jh jh edw[ZdhB 

th oky j' frnk. 

;Y"o/ dk jkew T[;wkB ykB pVk iakbw ;h. T[; s'I pdbk b?D 

dk ssekbh wB'oE fJj th ;h fe T[; B/ B/e fdb fJB;kB gho p[ZX{ 

;akj ~ s;hj/ d/ d/ e/ wkfonk ;h feT[Ife T[; B/ GzrkDh d/ :[ZX ftZu 

r[o{ ih dh ca""ih ;jkfJsk ehsh ;h. ;Y"o/ T[s/ jZbk p'b fdZsk frnk 

sK ;skJ/ b'e tZvh frDsh ftZu pzdk f;zx dhnK ca"iK Bkb nk ob/ s/ 

esfbnkw dk e[jokw wuk fdZsk. fezB/ jiako w[rb esb ehs/ rJ/, 

e'Jh gZeh frDsh BjhI go ;afjo g{oh soQK popkd j' frnk. 

j[D T[BQK :'fXnK B/ o'gV tb ukb/ gk fdZs/. tiaho ykB brksko 

f;ZyK dhnK fJBQK ;orowhnK T[s/ Biao oZy fojk ;h s/ T[j G?Ghs ;h. 

T[; B/ d/fynk fe pzdk f;zx dhnK ca""iK dk w[ekpbk eoB dh fe;/ dh 

;Zfsnk BjhI ojh. i/ ehosg[o d/ fJbke/ tb o'e/ f;zxk d/ ekcb/ fJBQK 

Bkb ob rJ/ fco fJj ;ojzd ftZu ftnkge spkjh wuk d/Dr/. T[; 

B/ s[ozs wb/oe'Nb/ d/ Btkp ;a/oykB ~ fbfynk fe d'jK ekcfbnK ~ 

fJeZm/ j'D s'I o'fenk ikJ/. fJj T[jh w[jzwd ;a/o ykB ;h fi; B/ 

;kfjpiakfdnK d/ esb eoB dh tkodks dh fBzfdnk ehsh ;h feT[Ife 

T[j efjzdk ;h fe n;{b fJj j? fe fJBQK d/ tv/fonK Bkb w?dkB/ izr 

ftZu b'jk fbnk ikt/. T[; B/ nkgD/ Gok fyiaoykB ns/ d' GshfinK 

B;aso ykB s/ tbh w[jzwd ykB ;w/s nkgDh g{oh ;?Bk Bkb b?; j' 

e/ wkM/ s/ d[nkp/ d/ o[e/ ekcb/ T[s/ jZbk p'b fdZsk. f;ZyK dh frDsh 

xZN ;h s/ izrh ;kwkB g{ok BjhI ;h. go T[j fiZs jko dk fynkb 

sK fsnkrh p?m/ ;B-T[BQK B/ sK woBk ;h s/ e'Jh ;aesh T[BQK ~ o'e 

BjhI ;edh ;h. ;kok fdB nzsK dh tkY j'Jh. w[rb b;aeo pj[s 

tZvk ;h fi; ~ ;o eoBk fJBQK E'V/ fij/ f;zxK bJh nk;kB BjhI ;h. 

gfjb/ fdB :[ZX j[zdk fojk s/ oks g? rJh. oks' oks nk;/ gkf;UI j'o 

f;zx iE/ fJBQK wM?bK Bkb nk rJ/. 

fyiao yakB B/ ;t/o ;ko jZbk p'fbnk s/ s/iah Bkb f;ZyK tZb 

tZXD bZrk. T[; ~ nkgDh ;aesh ekoB fiZs dk g{ok ft;atk; ;h. 

f;zxK B/ g{oh skes Bkb nfijk jZbk p'fbnk fe fyiao ykB esb eo 

fdZsk. j[D w[jzwd ;a/o ykB d't/I GshfinK Bkb nZr/ tfXnk sK f;zxK 

B/ B;aso ykB ns/ w[jzwd ykB Xosh T[s/ ;[ZN bJ/ ns/ Btkp ;a/o 

ykB p[oh soQK iaywh j' frnk. i/ T[; dh e'Jh gqkgsh ;h sK e/tb 


fJj fe T[; dh ikB pu rJh ns/ T[j pVh w[;afeb Bkb nkgD/ Gok 

ns/ GshfinK dhnK bk;aK dcB eoB tk;s/ fbik ;fenk. fJBQK fszBK 

dhnK bk;aK f;ZyK s'I y'jD tk;s/ T[; ~ fGnzeo :[ZX eoBk fgnk ;h. 

fJ; s'I pknd fJj izrh iEk cfsj d/ i?eko/ p[bkT[Idk id'I pkpk pzdk 

f;zx gk; g[Zik, T[j fJBQK d/ T[E/ g[ZiD s'I gfjbK jh pB{V T[go epik 

eo u[Zek ;h. d'tK ifEnK B/ fwb e/ r[o{ ebrhXo ~ :kd eofdnK 

n;wkB i?ekfonK Bkb r[zik fdZsk. J/Bh ;aesh e/Idfos j' rJh sK 

;[Gkte ;h fe nrbk fB;akBk r[o{ wkoh ;ojzd ~ pDkfJnk iKdk. 

;ojzd dk rtoBo tiaho ykB fuzsk rq;s sK ;h go T[j uzrk 

j";b/ tkbk bVkek ;h. T[; B/ febQ/ dh uzrh soQK ;[oZfynk dk pzd'p;s 

eo fbnk ns/ ;ojzd d[nkb/ tbh c;hb T[go ca"i s?Bks eo 

fdZsh. T[; gk; s'gK th ;B pzd{eK th, uzr/ x'V/ ;B s/ ekch jkEh. 

f;zxK gk; tX/o/ eoe/ feogkBk ns/ B/ia/ ;B. go i' f;zxK gk; ;h 

T[j tiaho ykB d/ f;gkjhnK gk; BjhI ;h, T[j ;h ;ajkds dk nB{gw 

ukn, fe ibdh r[o{ uoBk ftZu ikJhJ/, T[; r[o{ d/ uoBk ftZu fi; 

B/ fJBQK f;ZyK bJh nkgDk e[M th b[ek e/ puk e/ BjhI ;h oZfynk. 

pzdk f;zx Bkb ;?IefVnK dh frDsh ftZu nfij/ fsnkrh f;Zy :'X/ ;B 

fiBQK B/ nkgDk xo xkN s/ iawhBK t/u e/ jfEnko s/ x'V/ yohd/ ;B 

s/ Xow :[X d/ ukT[ Bkb Go/ ;ojzd tZb tZX oj/ ;B. 

tiaho ykB gk; gzdoK jiako dh nkgDh ca"i ;h s/ J/Bh e[ T[; 

B/ nkgD/ gorfDnK s'I wzrtk bJh. fJ; s'I fJbktk fgzvK ;afjoK ftZu 

j'e/ fdZs/ rJ/ fe iZjkd ftZu ekcoK fto[ZX nkw b'e th Gkr b?D. 

fJT[I T[; dh frDsh ekch ;h. T[j s[og ukbK ftZu th gqphD ;h. 

T[; B/ fJZe ;kfia;a sfjs nkgD/ dhtkB ;[Zuk Bzd d/ Gshi/ ~ fJZe 

jiako dh ca""i d/ e/ pzdk f;zx gk; G/fink. T[; B/ pzdk f;zx gk; 

nk e/ fejk, w+ nkgD/ p}[orK dhnK eos{sK s'I ;aofwzdk j' e/ r[o{ gzE 

dh ;aoD ftZu tiaho yK fto[ZX prkts eoe/ nkfJnk jK. ykb;k w?~ 

;aoD d/t/. T[; ~ jdkfJs fJj ;h fe u"e; oj', id'I dkn bZr/ pzdk 

f;zx ~ esb eo fdU. i/ nfijk Bk j' ;e/ sK :[ZX ftZu fgS'I pzdk 

f;zx d/ pzfdnK s/ Xktk p'b fdU. fJ; Bkb T[BQK d/ j";b/ Yfj 

ikDr/. pkpk pzdk f;zx dh T[wo ;kX{nK ;zsK ftZu bzxh ;h. T[; B/ 

fJ; T[s/ fJspko ehsk. 

tiaho ykB xZN pjkdo :'Xk BjhI ;h. T[; B/ ca?;bk ehsk fe 

;ojzd pzdk f;zx ~ g[ZiD jh BjhI d/Dk. fiE/ T[j fNfenk j'fJnk j? 

T[E/ jZbk p'b fdZsk ikt/. pzdk f;zx ~ Btkp dh uVQkJh dh ypo fwbh 

sK T[; B/ ;kEhnK ~ jdkfJs ehsh -- fijV/ w[;bwkB JhB wzB b?D 

T[BQK ~ BjhI wkoBk. fijV/ fjzd{ p'dh fdyk d/D T[BQK T[s/ so; eoBk. 

fJ;sohnK ns/ pZfunK T[go jZE BjhI u[ZeDk. 

pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ nkgDhnK ;?fBe N[eVhnK dh tzv eo e/ GkJh 

pkia f;zx, GkJh cfsj f;zx, GkJh Xow f;zx, GkJh nkbh f;zx s/ GkJh 

eow f;zx jZE ewkB ;"Ig fdZsh s/ nkg T[j T[uh fNZph s/ uVQ frnk 

sK fe :[ZX uko/ gkf;U d/y e/ iao{oh jdkfJsK ikoh eodk oj/. tiahoykB 

B/ yz{yko jZbk ehsk sK fJZe tkoh f;zxK d/ g?o fjZb rJ/. ;[Zuk Bzd 

dk Gshik jiako ;?fBeK ;w/s g[Zmk d"fVnk sK f;zxK d/ j";b/ Yfj rJ/. 

go s[ozs GkJh pki f;zx B/ fgS/ jN oj/ f;zxK ~ jZbk;a/oh fdZsh s/ 

nZr/ tZXD bJh fejk. g{ok e[jokw wZu frnk. uko/ gkf;UI f;zxK B/ 

w[rbK ~ gSkVBk F[o{ eo fdZsk. pki f;zx B/ nkgDk x'Vk ;ogN 

d"Vk e/ tiaho ykB gk; b? nKdk s/ nkjw' ;kjwDh :[ZX F[o{ j' frnk. 

pki f;zx B/ tiaho ykB T[s/ B/ia/ Bkb jZbk ehsk sK B/iak x'V/ d/ wZE/ 

ftZu ik y[ZGk. tiaho ykB B/ sho Bkb pki f;zx dh pKj iaywh eo 

fdZsh s/ fco sbtko jtk ftZu bfjok e/ pki f;zx tZb s/iah Bkb 

tfXnk. tiaho ykB d/ fgSb/ gk;/ x'Vk d"Vk e/ cfsj f;zx nk frnk 

s/ T[; B/ n?B Biadhe nk e/ d'tK jZEK Bkb sbtko dk J/vk ;ys 

tko ehsk fe sbtko ;Zik w'Yk uhodh j'Jh yZph tZyh ftu'I fBeb rJh 

s/ tiaho ykB d/ d' N'N/ j' rJ/. fJj wjkB ekoBkwk 12 wJh 1710 

Jh;th F[eotko ~ j'fJnk. wb/oe'Nb/ dk Btkp F/o ykB th fJ; fdB 

fJ; izr ftZu bVdk j'fJnk wkfonk frnk. 

ykch ykB fbydk j? fe w"sK dh frDsh dk e'Jh fj;kp BjhI ;h, 

E'V/ e[ jh fe;ws tkb/ pu ;e/ s/ T[j e/tb ikB puk gkJ/, Bk 

;a;so fbik ;e/ Bk x'V/. fJ; ;ko/ ;kwkB T[go f;zxK dk epiak 

j'fJnk s/ g?db f;Zy f;gkjh x'V ;tko j' rJ/. tiaho ykB dh ca"i 

dk w[ezwb ;ckfJnk j' frnk. f;zx j[D ;ojzd ;afjo tb uVQ/. ;afjo 

tk;h bzwk ;wK w[ekpbk eoB d/ ;woZE BjhI ;B. T[j e/tb fJZe 

fdB bJh 13 wJh ~ f;Zy ca"iK ~ o'e ;e/ go fJBQK ;{ofwnK d/ jVQ 

~ e"D o'eD tkbk ;h. 14 wJh ~ T[j ;ojzd ;afjo ftu dkyb j' 

rJ/. 


tiaho ykB dk p/Nk d"bs ykB ykbh jZEhI ikB puk e/ gfotko 

;w/s fdZbh d"V frnk. fJt/I jh ;[Zuk Bzd ;ojzd ftu'I jZb/ s'I gfjbK 

jh d"V frnk. f;zxK B/ ;[Zuk Bzd dh jt/bh T[s/ jZbk ehsk s/ fJE'I 

pj[s XB fwfbnk fijVk ekbhnK eos{sK okjhI dhtkB B/ fJeZmk ehsk 

j'fJnk ;h. fco jt/bh ~ nZr bk fdZsh rJh s/ E'V/ ;w/I ftZu jh 

fJj jt/bh E/j j' rJh. g{o/ ;ojzd ;afjo ftZu b[ZN wko nkozG j' 

rJh s/ fJ; rZb d/ u'y/ ;p{s jB fe fe;/ w;fid ~ B[e;kB BjhI 

g[ukfJnk frnk. ;ojzd dk ;{p/dko pki f;zx ~ Ekfgnk frnk. 

id'_ f;Zy ca"iK XB b[ZN ojhnK ;B, pkpk ih B/ GkJh nkbh f;zx 

~ p[bkfJnk s/ fejk ;k~ T[; XB e'b b? ub fi; tork fe;/ ;z;ko 

ftu j'o Bjh_ j?. nkbh f;zx T[; ezX e'b b? frnk fi; ftu 

;kfjp}kfdnK ~ fufDnk frnk ;h. pzdk f;zx B/ i'V/ T[sko/. fJe-fJe 

fJZN T[s/ jzM{nK dh w[jo bkJh s/ fejk- fJj y}kBk ;k~ B;hp j'fJnk 

j?. e"D XBh j? ;kv/ fijk< fJj ;zGkb e/ iktKr/. fJj jho/ r[nkuD/ 

Bjh_ ukjhd/. N'nk g[ZfNnk. nodk; eoe/ T[; ftu ;fseko Bkb fJZNK 

oZyhnK s/ fBFkBh oj/, fJ; bJh T[go fwZNh dk T[uk EVk T[;ko fdZsk. 

;ojzd dh fti? s'I pknd gzikp ftZu je{ws dk bZe N[ZN frnk 

s/ feXo/ th pzdk f;zx ~ w[;aeb g/;a BjhI nkJh. fJ; fgS'I x[VkDh, 

wb/oe'Nbk nkfde ;afjo nkokw Bkb cfsj eoe/ ;oeko ykb;k dk 

f;Zek ns/ ;zws ikoh ehsk. f;Ze/ T[go fJj ;apd T[eo/ j'J/ ;B Ld/ra’ 

s/r' cfsj' B[;ofs p/fdozr . 

:kcs nia BkBe r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx .. 

(d/r s/r cfsj s/ ;/tk fB;au/ Bkb 

r[o{ BkBe d/t ns/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih s'I gqkgs ehsh) 

rzrk iwBk s'I b? e/ okth sZe s/ f;atkbe gjkVhnK u'I b? e/ 

oki;EkB dhnK jZdK sZe ykb;k ca""iK dk dpdpk g{oh soQK ekfJw j' 

frnk ns/ f;zxK ~ fJj ft;atk;a gZek j' frnk fe r[o{ d/ puB nNZb 

jB. fgnko Bkb d;w gks;akj fejk eod/ ;B fe s[;hI oki eo'r/ - 

fJj tke ;Zu j' oj/ fdZ;D bZr/. 

fJ; ;w/I pkd;akj pjkdo ;akj dZyD dh prkts dpkT[D bJh 

frnk j'fJnk ;h. T[; gk; cotoh 1710 s'I jh tiaho ykB ysK okjhI 

fJsbkj G/i fojk ;h fe gzikp ftZu f;ZyK s'I w[;bwkBK ~ Gkoh ysok 

g?dk j' frnk j?. pkd;akj ~ rVpV dk sK gsk ;h go fJj J/Bh 

fGnkBe spkjh wuk d/Dr/ fe tiaho ykB ;w/s ;koh ;?Bk ysw j' 

ikt/rh, fJ; dk pkd;akj ;w/s fe;/ ~ ykp' fynkb th BjhI ;h. pkd;akj 

B/ c?;bk ehsk fe gzikp dh prkts T[j nkg ik e/ dpkJ/rk. pkd;akj 

d/ fJ; ca?;b/ dk vN e/ fto'X gqXkB wzsoh w[Bhw ykB B/ ehsk s/ 

fejk, fJj ;kvh ;aesh;akbh w[rb je{ws dh jZse j? fe pkd;akj 

;bkws y[d gzikp ikD. fJBQK xf;nkfonK ~ sK w+ jh yd/V ;edk 

jK. w[Bhw ykB B/ fejk fe pkd;akj ~ oki;EkB ftZu okig{sK dh 

prkts dpkT[D ikDk ukjhdk j? feT[Ife T[j tXhe ysoBke jB. 

pkd;akj B/ fejk, w+ f;ZyK ~ th ikDdk jK okig{sK ~ th. okig{s 

e[M b? d/ e/ okihBkwk eo b?Dr/. f;Zy nfijk BjhI eod/. T[j tXhe 

ysoBke jB. w+ sK gzikp dh prkts dpkT[D iktKrk jh, w[Bhw ykB 

th uZbD s/ nkgD/ i"jo fdykT[D. pkd;akj B/ 17 i{B 1710 ~ gzikp 

tZb e{u ehsk. pkd;akj B/ ;Zm jiako dh ca""i fsnko eoB dk j[ew 

ehsk. T[; B/ nkgD/ g[Zso niahw[Z;akB ~ th Bkb fbnk. f;zxK Bkb 

o;s/ ftZu MVgK b?Idk j'fJnk T[j 24 Btzpo 1710 ~ ;Y"o/ g[Zik. J/v/ 

tZv/ b;aeo Bkb f;Zy f;ZXh bVkJh BjhI bV ;ed/ ;B. T[j ;ZfiUI 

yZfpUI ed/ fgS'I edh nZr'I jwbk eod/, Gkoh spkjh wukT[Id/ s/ coko 

j' iKd/. ;akjh ca""ik ~ izrb dhnK w[;hpsK MZbD dh nkds BjhI ;h. 

MkVhnK ezfvnK ftu'I bzxd/ j'J/ T[BQK d/ fi;w bj{ b[jkD j' iKd/ s/ 

T[j f;zxK dk fgSk Bk eo ;ed/. 

pzdk f;zx b'jrVQ d/ feb/ ftZu ;h s/ fJ; feb/ dh T[; B/ nkg 

jh w[ozws ehsh ;h. T[; feb/ ftZu ykD ghD dk tX/ok ;wkB BjhI 

;h. uko/ gk;/ pkd;akj dhnK c""iK B/ x/ok gk fbnk ns/ ;oed/ ;oed/ 

B/V/ j[zd/ rJ/. fJj x/ok w[Bhw ykB dh ca""i dk ;h s/ w[Bhw ykB B/ 

pkd;akj ~ fejk j'fJnk ;h fe ibdh jh T[j nkg pzdk f;zx ~ fiT[Idk 

cV e/ g/;a eo/rk. fJZe d;zpo 1710 ~ g{o/ ia'o Bkb id'I jZbk p'fbnk 

sK ca""i feb/ ftu dkyb j'Jh. go nc;';, pzdk f;zx oks' oks ;yas 

x/o/ ftu'I fBeb u[Zfenk ;h. w[Bhw ykB jZE wbdk ofj frnk. 

T[; ~ gsk ;h fe pkd;akj ;bkws ;yas Bkoki j'Dr/. T[; B/ 

pkd;akj ~ fwbD dh nkfrnk wzrh sK pjkdo;akj B/ BKj eo fdZsh 

s/ j[ew fdZsk fe T[; s'I Brkok y'j fbnk ikt/. T[j Brko/ dk jZedko 

BjhI. pkd;akj B/ fejk, jiakoK e[ZfsnK d/ x/o/ ftu'I frZdV pu e/ fet/I 


zx frnk< s[jk~ ;aow BjhI nkT[Idh < w[Bhw ykB d/ ;aoheK B/ T[; 

dk oZi e/ wiake T[vkfJnk. T[j gqXkB wzsoh dh j'Jh p/fJiash s'I y[;a 

;B. J/Bh p/fJiash dk ;dwk w[Bhw ykB MZb Bk ;fenk s/ fpwko g? 

frnk. YkJh wjhfBnK pknd T[; dh w"s j' rJh. 

pzdk f;zx pjkdo BkjB tZb dhnK gjkVhnK ftZu nkgDhnK ca"iK 

;w/s fy;e frnk. w?dkBK ftu i/ T[j ;akjh ca""iK dk Nkeok eoB d/ 

;woE BjhI ;h sK fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhI fe gjkVK ftZu T[j fNe 

e/ p?mk fojk. T[; B/ gjkVh okfinK ~ th ;pe f;ykT[Dk ;h fijV/ 

r[o{ ih ~ ne;o szr eod/ ofjzd/ ;B. 

1 nr;s 1711 Jh;th ~ pkd;akj brGr ;tk ;kb fgS'I bkj"o 

g[Zik. pzdk f;zx ns/ f;Zy ca"iK brksko T[; d/ e[{u ftZu ftxB gk 

ojhnK ;B. bkj"o d/ feb/ ftu ik e/ T[j ;[oZfyns j' frnk ns/ 

fiXo'I th pzdk f;zx dk gsk brdk T[; dk fgZSk eoB bJh ca""iK G/idk 

ofjzdk. T[; B/ ;akjh c[owkB th ikoh ehsk fe f;zxK dk fiaeo eofdnK 

T[BQK d/ Bkw Bkb e[Zsk iK rXk io{o fbfynk ikfJnk eo/. nfijk 

ehsk ikD bZrk. J/BhnK MVgK ns/ szrhnK ekoB pkd;akj dk fdwkr 

fNekD/ f;o Bk fojk. T[; B/ ;akjh j[ew ikoh ehsk @@bkj"o d/ ;G 

e[Zs/ ns/ rX/ wko fdZs/ ikD.## rfXnK ns/ e[ZfsnK dh ;akws nk rJh. 

x[fwnko nc;oK gk; cfonkdk eod/ fe fJBQK p/iapkBK dk eh e;{o 

j?< nc;o so; yk e/ efjzd/ - ;akjh j[ew j? wzBDk sK gt/rk jh. 

go s[;hI fJT[I eo' fe rfXnK ;w/s bkj"o ;afjo SZv e/ ub/ ikU. 

fJT[I jh j'fJnk. bkj"o ftZu e'Jh rXk Bk fojk. go rohp e[ZfsnK 

bJh fe;B/ jkn dk Bknok wkoBk ;h< nwhBdhB fbydk j? fe ;?IeV/ 

e[Zs/ ;t/o ;ko okth dfonk ftu SkbK wkod/, s?od/ j'J/ ;afjo'I pkjo 

ub/ iKd/. ;kok fdB pkjo ofjzd/ s/ oks g?D s/ G[Zy/ wod/ fco okth 

ftZu SkbK wkod/ s/ ;afjo ftZu dkyb j' e/ i' bGdk yk e/ ;t/o ;ko 

fco d"V iKd/. 14 cotoh 1712 ~ bkj"o ftu ypo ;[Dh rJh fe 

pkd;akj ;bkws dh w"s j' rJh. ;akjiakfdnK ftZu sys tk;s/ ykBkizrh 

fSV gJh. ;akjiakdk niahw[Z;akB, fijVk pkd;akj Bkb jh bkj"o f;ZyK dh 

prkts dpkT[D nkfJnk ;h B/ syas dk wkbe j'D dk n?bkB eo 

fdZsk. T[j f;o s/ ski oZy e/ jkEh T[go ;tko j' bkj"o ;afjo dk 

uZeo bkT[D bZrk. ;akjiakd/ d/ jkEh ~ s'g dk r'bk bZrk sK T[j 

p/ekp{ j' frnk s/ p/sjk;ak d"VB bZrk. T[; B/ okth dfonk ftu Skb 

wko fdZsh. ;w/s okie[wko d/ fJj jkEh v[Zp e/ wo frnk. ykBk izrh 

ubdh ojh. nkyo 2 cotoh 1713 ~ niahw[;akB dk g[Zso co[Zy;hno 

syas s/ p?mk. brGr fJZe ;kb ubdh j'Jh fJ; ykBkizrh dk pzdk 

f;zx B/ g{ok ckfJdk T[mkfJnk ns/ fijV/ fNekD/ y[Z; rJ/ ;B T[BQK 

T[go epik eo fbnk. 

co[Zy;hno pzdk f;zx dhnK ekotkJhnK s'I fuzsks[o ;h. T[; B/ 

yiakBk ns/ ca""iK bkj"o d/ ;{p/dko npd[Z;wd ykB gk; G/ihnK fe pzdk 

f;zx ~ fiT[Idk iK w[odk g/;a ehsk ikt/. T[j pV/ jZb/ eodk go pzdk 

f;zx ekp{ Bk nkT[Idk. nkyo T[; B/ oki;EkB tkb/ gk;/ GZNhnK ~ 

dpkT[D dk ca?;bk ehsk. GZNh e'Jh tZvh w[;hps BjhI ;B ;r'I Btkp 

pzdk f;zx s'I vodk Nb frnk ;h. ;?BkgshnK ~ eKpk ufVQnk j'fJnk 

;h. T[; ~ pkd;akj B/ tkg; nkT[D dk j[ew fdZsk fe pzdk f;zx dh 

prkts dpkT[Dh iao{oh j?. T[j nk sK frnk go bZyh izrb tb 

fy;e frnk id'I fe pzdk f;zx T[; gk;/ j? jh BjhI ;h. pkd;akj B/ 

T[; dh itkp-sbph ehsh s/ ;yas skVBk ehsh fe pzdk f;zx dk fgZSk 

ehsk ikt/. 

pzdk f;zx nkgD/ f;Zy ;kEhnK Bkb r[odk;g[o fiabQ/ ftZu ;h. T[; 

~ gsk bZrk fe nukBe w[rb ca""iK T[; dk fgSk eodhnK nk rJhnK 

jB. r[odk; Bzrb Bkw d/ fgzv ftZu d[Bhuzd dh jt/bh ;h. fJj e'Jh 

febQk BjhI ;h p; nkb/ d[nkb/ T[uh ezX ;h. ftueko y[ZbQk ftjVk. 

pzdk f;zx B/ fJ; dh dhtko ~ wiap{s ehsk. nkyo Btkp 25 jiako 

dh ;?Bk b? e/ nk frnk s/ fJ; euh rVQh ~ x/o fbnk. pzdk f;zx 

gk; pj[s E'Vh ;?Bk ;h s/ E'V/ jfEnko. ykD ghD dk ;kwkB th pj[sk 

BjhI ;h. j?okBh j[zdh j? fe 14 ngq?b 1715 ~ fgnk fJj x/ok nZm 

wjhB/ sZe nzdo ikD dh fjzws Bk eo ;fenk s/ 7 d;zpo 1715 ~ 

pzdk f;zx nkgD/ G[Zy/ fsjkJ/ ;kY/ ;Zs ;" ;kEhnK ;w/s frqcsko ehsk 

frnk. 

pkpk fpB'd f;zx B/ eJh tko pkpk pzdk f;zx ~ fejk fe oks 

~ fJe jZbk eo e/ d"V ikJhJ/ go pzdk f;zx BjhI wzfBnk. fJe tko 

sK d'jK dk seoko J/Bk tZX frnk ;h fe fpB'd f;zx B/ sbtko 

fwnkB ftu'I eZY bJh ;h. sd pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ fejk, nkgK ~ bVBk 

F'Gdk BjhI. s[;hI ub/ ikU. w+ BjhI iktKrk. fpB'd f;zx d[;awD dhnK 

;cK uhodk j'fJnk ;[oZfyns nkgD/ ;kEhnK ;w/s d"V frnk. pzdk f;zx 


nr/ eJh tko d"V ikfJnk eodk ;h, go fJ; tkoh T[; B/ feT[I T[E/ 

jh fNeD dk ca?;bk eo fbnk fJ; rZb dk e'Jh gsk BjhI bZrdk. 

id'I w[rb sbtkoK X{j e/ jt/bh nzdo tV/ sK w[ekpbk fe; B/ 

eoBk ;h< f;Zy G[Zy Bkb nXwo/ gJ/ ;B. T[BQK B/ nkgD/ gF{ wkowko 

e/ yk bJ/ ;B. pkbD BjhI pfunk ;h sK eZuk wk; ykDk F[o{ 

eo fdZsk. fJ; Bkb y{B d/ d;s bZr e/ eJh f;zx dw s'V rJ/ 

;B. w[rbK B/ pj[s ;ko/ f;ZyK d/ g/N sbtkoK Bkb fJ; bJh uho 

fdZs/ fe ;akfJd fJBQK B/ w[joK fBrb oZyhnK j'D. rVQh ftu'I e[b 600 

o[gJ/, 23 ;'B/ dhnK w[joK s/ E'VQ/ fij/ jfEnko gqkgs j'J/. 

npd[Z;wd ykB rtoBo bkj"o y[d fdZbh pzdk f;zx ~ b? e/ 

pkd;akj d/ ;kjwD/ g/;a eoB dk wkD gqkgs eoBk ukj[zdk ;h go 

pkd;akj B/ fejk fe s[;hI bkj"o jh oj' s/ nkgD/ p/N/ ~ G/i fdU. 

sd T[; dk p/Nk iaeohnk ykB 740 pzdhnK ns/ d' ;" f;oK ;w/s fdZbh 

tZb ~ ub fgnk. T[; B/ ;'funk fe d' ;" f;o b? e/ ikDk e'Jh yk; 

;{owrsh BjhI brdh. fJ; bJh T[; B/ ;ys j[ew ukVQ fds/ fe fit/I 

woiah eo', fiE'I woiah fbnkU j'o f;o tZY'. wk;{w b'eK dk esfbnkw 

eoe/ ;Zs ;" rZv/ f;oK d/ Go/ rJ/ s/ fdZbh e{u ehsk. 

pkpk pzdk f;zx b'j/ dhnK iziahoK ftZu ieV e/ fgzio/ ftu pzd 

eoe/ jkEh T[s/ fpmkfJnk frnk s/ T[; d/ Bkb jh fJe Bzrh sbtko 

cVh f;gkjh fpmkfJnk frnk sK fe izihoK s/ fgziok s'V e/ i/ pzdk 

f;zx d"VB dk :sB eo/ sK T[; ~ esb eo fdZsk ikJ/. T[; d/ 

jk;'jhD/ eZgV/ g[nkJ/ rJ/ ;B s/ f;o s/ N'gh fdZsh j'Jh ;h, fJt/I jh 

pkeh e?dh izihoK ftZu pzBQ e/ fJe d{i/ tZb fgZm eoke/ d'-d' dh frDsh 

ftZu fpBK ekmh T{mK s/ fpmkJ/ rJ/. G/vK dhnK yZbK d/ e'N gfjBkJ/ 

s/ f;oK s/ ozr pozrhnK N'ghnK fdZshnK j'JhnK ;B. 29 cotoh 1716 

~ tZv/ ib{; dh ;aeb ftZu T[j fdZbh bkb feb/ e'b dh bzxkJ/ rJ/. 

bZyK wod n"osK fJj swk;ak d/yD bJh eskoK ftZu yb's/ ;B. 

fJ; ;w/I pj[s ;ko/ w[;bwkB ns/ e[M Jh;kJh fJfsjk;eko 

u;awdhd rtkj dZ;d/ jB fe T[BQK B/ fe;/ fJe th f;Zy ~ T[dk; 

BjhI d/fynk. T[j ;apd rkT[Id/ g{o/ ikj' ibkb ftu ik oj/ ;B. fJBQK 

nDyhb/ :'fXnK dh ;akB fBokbh ;h. iaeohnK ykB ~ pkd;akj co[Zy;hno 

B/ yk; fyZbs, jho/ iVh ebrh, x'Vk ns/ jkEh fJBkw ti'I fdZs/. 

fJoftB B/ cV/ rJ/ jfEnkoK dh S'Nh fijh ;{uh fdzfdnK fbfynk, j?okBh 

j[zdh j? fe J/B/ e[ ;kwkB Bkb T[BQK B/ Gkos dh ;aesh;akbh je{ws 

Bkb e/tb NZeo jh BjhI bJh ;r'I fJ; ~ fjbk e/ oZy fdZsk ;h. 

jo o'ia ;"-;" dh frDsh ftu nkw b'eK d/ ;kjwD/ f;ZyK ~ esb 

ehsk iKdk s/ fJj esfbnkw fJe jcsk ubdk fojk. 12 wkou 1716 

~ ;ko/ f;Zy pzdh w[ek fdZs/ rJ/. jo/e ~ g[ZfSnk iKdk ;h fe i/ 

fJ;bkw Xow XkoB eo bt' sK ikB pu ;edh j?, fJZe th f;Zy B/ 

Xow BjhI pdfbnk. pzdk f;zx ~ i{B sZe s;hj/ d/ d/ e/ g[ZfSnk iKdk 

fojk fe yiakBk feE/ dZfpnk j'fJnk j?. T[; B/ eh dZ;Dk ;h feT[Ii[ 

yiakBk T[; B/ edh dZfpnk jh BjhI ;h. i' e[M T[; gk; j[zdk T[j 

f;zxK ftZu tzv fdzdk ;h. 

nkyao 9 i{B 1716 ~ pzdk f;zx ~ ;ajhd eoB dk ca?;bk j'fJnk. 

T[; Bkb 26 f;Zy ioB?b j'o ;B s/ fJBQK ;GBK ~ gfjbK tKr jh 

ib{; dh ;aeb ftZu e[sp whBko bkr/ fbikfJnk frnk. pzdk f;zx ~ 

th g[ZfSnk frnk fe fJ;bkw ep{b eoBk j? fe w"s, sK pzdk f;zx B/ 

fejk, w"s. T[; dk uko ;kbK dk p/Nk ni?gkb f;zx T[; dh r'd ftZu 

fpmkfJnk frnk s/ jZE ftZu S[ok cVk e/ j[ew fdZsk fJ; ~ esb 

eo. pzdk f;zx B/ nfijk eoB' fJBeko eo fdZsk. T[; d/ ;kjwD/ 

ibkd B/ pZu/ dh Sksh ftZu S[ok wko e/ T[; dk sVgdk fdb eZY 

e/ pzdk f;zx d/ wz{j ftZu s[zBD dk :sB ehsk. T[; d/ tkb, T[go 

fgzio/ Bkb pzBQ e/ T[; dk wk; iw{oK Bkb s'fVnk frnk s/ row 

;bkyK yG'JhnK rJhnK. T[j nfjb nv'b s/ ;aKsfus yb'sk fojk. 

T[; d/ j'mK s/ f;oc tkfjr[o{ ;apd dh X[Bh ;h. 

gqXkB wzsoh nwhB ykB fJ; ekco dh ;ajkds nZyhI d/yD bJh 

esbrkj fty/ g[Zik. T[j pzdk f;zx d/ fujo/ dk ibkb d/y e/ dzr 

ofj frnk s/ g[ZfSnk, fJZe ceho bJh eh fJj T[fus ;h fe fJj' fijk 

esfbnkw wukT[Idk< pzdk f;zx B/ fejk, id'I s/o/ tor/ b'e ia[bw dh 

nZs u[ZeD sK w/ok r[o{ w/o/ fifjnK ~ EkgVk d/e/ s'o fdzdk j? fe 

ia[bw ysw eoB. go w? i/ tXhe eoK sK w/ok r[o{ w?~ fco s/o/ 

jtkb/ eo fdzdk j?. nwhB ykB B/ fco g[ZfSnk - go s[;hI efjzd/ j' 

s[jkvk r[o{ ;op ;woZE s/ wddrko j?. fco fJ; ;zeN dh xVh T[j 

s?~ feT[I BjhI pukT[Idk< pzdk f;zx B/ fejk-w/ok r[o{ fwjopkB j?. T[j 

w?~ nkgD/ uoBK ftZu fpmk e/ oZyD dk fJS[Ze j? feT[Ife T[j w?~ 

fgnko eodk j?. w/o/ ehs/ gkgK dh ;iak T[j Xosh T[go jh d/ e/ 


fco nkgD/ gk; oZy/rk. T[j nBzs ;akBk dk wkbe, ebrhXo fgsk, 

nd[Zsh ftjko eodk j?. 

ibkd B/ gfjbK T[; dh ;Zih nZy eZYh fco yZph fco T[; dk 

yZpk g?o tZY fdZsk frnk s/ fJ; s'I pknd d't/I jZE eZN fdZs/ rJ/. 

p/nzs y{B tfj ikD ekoB T[j p/j';a j' frnk sK T[; dk f;o eZN 

fdZsk frnk. fi;w dh p'Nh-p'Nh eoe/ ektK e[ZfsnK d/ ykD tk;s/ ybko 

fdZsh rJh. 

fJj' fij/ bk;kBh ;ajhd fJfsjk; ftZu pV/ xZN go f;ZyK ftZu 

pj[s j'J/ jB. pkeh d/ ;kEhnK ~ th fJ;/ Yzr Bkb esb ehsk 

frnk. fi; fe;/ B/ th fJj fdq;a d/y/, ukj/ w[;bwkB ukj/ fjzd{ iK 

Jh;kJh, ;GBK B/ pzdk f;zx dh ;ajkds ~ r?ph toskt/ tkbh wzfBnk 

j?. fJj xNBk e'Jh nkw BjhI ;h. ykb;k gzE dk fJj f;Zy id'I ;ajhd 

j'fJnk sK e/tb nZm ;kb d/ E'V/ fij/ ;w/I ftZu T[j e"wh jho' pD 

frnk. 

p/;ae T[j ;ajhd j' frnk s/ pVk xZN ;wK T[; ~ je{ws eoB 

dk fwfbnk go gzikp d/ bskV/ j'J/ b'eK dhnK nZyK ftZu T[; B/ 

;t?wkD ns/ nkiakdh d/ uokr pkb fdZs/. fjzd[;skB ftZu fJj gfjbh 

tko gzikp ftZu pzdk f;zx B/ ehsk ;h fe r[bkw fe;kB fijV/ fe 

w[iko/ ;B s/ iawhB tZv/ fiwhdkoK dh ;h, fJ; iawhB d/ wkbe pDk 

fdZs/. pzdk f;zx dk n?bkB ;h iawhB T[;/ dh j? fijVk fJ; ~ tkj 

fojk j?. pzdk f;zx sK ;ajhd j' frnk go je{ws fe;kBK s'I iawhB 

dh wkbeh dk jZe pknd ftu th Bk y'j ;eh. 

f;Zy izrbK ftZu t;d/ ;B. i/ e'Jh rohp fgzv ftZu ofjzdk ;h 

sK T[j BhthI iks dk ftobk NktK j[zdk fi; s'I w[;bwkB e/tb rzdrh 

dh ;ckJh dk ezw b?Id/. iK fco e[M e[ f;Zy uwko ;B fijV/ yZbK 

bkj[D s/ uwVk ozrD dk ezw eod/. fJj' fij/ r[bkw rohp f;Zy id'I 

pzdk f;zx gk; jkiao j[zd/ sK T[j T[BQK ~ nkgDk j[ewBkwk, fB;akB s/ 

T[; fgzv dh wkbeh dk nyfsnko d/ e/ tkg; G/idk, fgzv d/ fJZisdko 

s/ tZv/ ykBdkBh w[;bwkB esko pzBQ e/ T[BQK d/ ;tkrs bJh yb's/ 

j[zd/. T[j d[;awD :'X/ fijV/ izr ftZu ikBk tkoB bJh fBeb s[od/ 

;B j[ew d/ skfpnkdko j' iKd/. nZm ;kb d/ ;zy/g ;w/I ftZu T[; B/ 

fijVhnK eokwksK toskJhnK T[BQK ~ jh Btkp eg{o f;zx ns/ iE/dko 

iZ;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk B/ nZr/ s'fonk s/ fJBQK ;{ophoK dhnK tkjhnK 

j'JhnK s/rK ;dek 1799 ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh ;odkoh j/m 

bkj"o d/ feb/ T[s/ fB;akB ;kfjp bfjok e/ ;oeko ykb;k dh ;EkgBk 

ehsh rJh. 

joh okw r[gsk fbyd/ jB, @@T[j Bk fJ;bkw dk fto'Xh ;h 

Bk w[;bwkBK dk. T[;B/ ebkB"o ftZu 5000 w[;bwkB Gosh ehs/ s/ 

T[BQK ~ pKr Bwkia dh nkiakdh ;h. T[; ~ i/ r[Z;k ;h sK e/tb 

iakbwK fto[ZX. w[rbK dh Biao ftZu T[j f;o/ dk bj{ fsjkfJnk oky;a 

;h, fjzd{nK bJh Fq'wDh BkfJe ns/ f;ZyK bJh T[j gfjbk pkd;akj ;h. 

T[j o{jkBh, f;nk;h ns/ :[ZXBhsh d/ nwb dk ihBhn; ;h. ukj/ e'Jh 

;a?skB ej/ ukj/ ceho, T[j nkgDh fw;kb nkg ;h. ft;at fJfsjk; 

ftZu T[; dk o[spk f;ezdo, Bkdo;akj, npdkbh ns/ B?g'bhnB s'I xZN 

BjhI.## 

gq'c?;o g{oB f;zx nkgD/ fBpzX phosk ftZu fbyd/ jB, :'Xk gsbh 

NhB dk ghgk BjhI j[zdk fe iaok e[ ;/e bZrk sK ftubk fxU gzxo 

frnk s/ osk e[ mzYk p[Zbk nkfJnk sK iw frnk. :'X/ ~ ibdh 

ehfsnK r[Z;k BjhI nkT[Idk. T[; ~ r[Z;/ eoB tk;s/ ;dhnK brdhnK 

jB. gzit/I gks;akj, B"t/I gks;akj ns/ ;kfjpiakfdnK ;w/s jiakoK wk;{wK 

d/ esbK B/ pzdk f;zx ~ r[Z;/ eo fdZsk. fJj' fij/ ioB?b id'I r[Z;/ 

ftZu nk ikD sd T[BQK dk r[Z;k T[soB ftZu th eJh ;dhnK bZrdhnK 

jB. 


wjkokik oDihs f;zx 

wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ fi; ;w/I ftu ft;akb gzikp dh tkrv'o 

;zGkbh T[; ;w/I d/ jkbks ikD/ pra?o wjkoki/ dh ;aya;hns dk ;jh 

w[bKeD BjhI j' ;edk. T[; Bkb ;pzXs ;wekbh ;o'sK dh e'Jh xkN 

BjhI go T[; pko/ ikDB tk;s/ d/yDk j't/rk fe fNZgDhekoK dh y[d 

dh fgZmG{wh ns/ tckdkoh fe; gqeko dh j?. pj[s ;ko/ gZSwh 

fJfsjk;ekoK B/ u/sB j' e/ T[; fto[ZX rbs fNgZDhnK fdZshnK jB sK 

fe gkmeK d/ wB ftu T[; pko/ tXhe ;fseko Bk pD/. f;nkD/ 

fJfsjk;eko fpBK pkekfJdk goy eoB d/ ;[DhnK ;[DkJhnK rZbK ~ 

nkgDh ;kwZroh ftu Fkwb BjhI eod/ go nzro/iaK B/ yak; wB'oE Bkb 

nfijk ehsk. wjkokik J/Bk ;aesh;akbh fJB;kB ;h fe T[; d/ fiT[Id/ 

ihn J/;ahnk dhnK e""""wK sK eh nzro/iaK ;w/s fe;/ e"w B/ gzikp s/ 

jwbk BjhI ehsk. rtKYh d/; u"e; j' e/ T[; gk;'I fvc?I; pDkJh oZyD 

d/ fJS[Ze sK ;B go nfijk j"I;bk ncrkBk ftu th BjhI fojk ;h 

fe gzikp tb o[ya eoB jkbK fe oDihs f;zx s'I gfjbK gzikp ~ 

brksko bskVd/ ofjDk ncrkBK s/ w[rbK dk F[rb w/bk fojk ;h. 

w[rbK ns/ gmkDK dh fJ; f;aekorkj ~ wjkoki/ B/ y[;ajkb ;N/N 

pDkfJnk s/ fJ; dh frDsh ;z;ko dhnK skesto e"wK ftu j'D bZrh 

;h. fJj j?okBhiBe sZE j? fe wjkoki/ dh w"s s'I pknd p/;ae nzro/iaK 

jZE'I ykb;k ca"iK jko rJhnK ;B go nzro/iaK dk j"I;bk BjhI g?Idk ;h 

fe T[j gzikp ftu o;wh s"o s/ je{ws ;zGkbD bJh bkj"o nk ikD. 

gfjb'I T[j nkgDhnK ;{jhnk J/iz;hnK okjhI gsk brkT[Id/ oj/ fe eh 

f;Zy T[jBK dh jkiaoh ~ podk;as eo b?Dr/< d; ;kb sZe T[j d{o'I 

gko'I gqpzX ubkT[Id/ oj/ fi; eoe/ nkw ejkts pD rJh j'Jh j?, fe 

wjkoki/ B/ sK 40 ;kb ;akBdko oki Gkr ubkfJnk jh T[; fgS'I d; 

;kb sZe T[; dh wVQh oki eodh ojh. 

wjkoki/ dk iBw pvo[ZyK (fiabk ;zro{o) ftu BkBe/ xo j'fJnk 

;h fe r[ioKtkb/, fJ; pko/ fJfsjk;ekoK ftu ;dk fttkd fojk j? go 

fJ; pko/ e'Jh fttkd BjhI fe iBw dh fwsh 13 Btzpo 1780 ;h. 

fJj sZE tXhe wjZstg{oB BjhI fe iBw BkBe/ j'fJnk fe dkde/ xo 

ftu. ikDB:'r T[j jkbks iao{o jB fiBQK d/ fgS'eV pko/ frnkB 

gqkgs eoB T[gozs ;jh f;ZN/ fBeb ;eDr/. oDihs f;zx nukBe 

n;wkB s'I N[ZNk e'Jh skok sK nkyoeko j? BjhI ;h fi; dk e'Jh 

fgS'eV Bk j't/. g{opbk r[o-fJfsjk; ns/ nmkothI ;dh dk ;zrhB 

f;Zy-fJfsjk; T[; dk ;akBdko fto;k ;h, nfijk fto;k fijVk w[ofdnK 

ftu ikB gk e/ BtK ok;aNo fBowkD eoB d/ ;woZE j?. 

r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ ;t?-wkD dh fiazdrh pshs eoB dk okj y'jfbnk 

Gkt/I fJ; okj ftu nB/e n"eVK feT[I Bk j'D. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih 

;kjwD/ GkJh bkb' fijk rohp fJB;kB ns/ pkpo fijk ;aesh;akbh 

jwbkto fJe' fij/ toskT[ d/ jZedko ;B. g[ikoh ns/ F[{do fJe' 

gqeko d/ ;BwkB d/ nfXekoh ;B. f;Zy ;zrs B/ nZyhI d/y fbnk fe 

;kXkoB w[bkiaw d/ xo iBw b? e/ sbtzvh fgzv dk fJe i[nkB J/;ahnK 

~ ;zp'XB eoB dh ;wZoEk b? e/ nkfJnk j?. gzit/I ns/ B"t/I r[o{ 

;kfjpkB dhnK ;ajkdsK fJj ;pe d/ rJhnK fe nwb, ihtB s'I fes/ 

tv/o/ jB s/ n;{b dh okyh bJh ikB e[opkB eo d/Dh T[sZw ekoi 

j?. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh ;aya;hns ftu'I bk;kBh e[opkBh ns/ 

pkd;akjs, d'tK dk ib" gqrN j'fJnk f;ZyK B/ d/fynk ns/ wkfDnk. 

syas, uto, ukBDh, ebrh ns/ Brkok nkfde fB;akBhnK r[o{ ih B/ 

ykb;k gzE ~ ;"IghnK sK T[BQK dhnK nZyK ftu je{ws dh o';aBh nk 

rJh. p[iafdbh dh EK ;{owrsh B/ gqt/;a ehsk sK pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ 

BKd/V s'I gzikp tZb e{u ehsk. 1708 Jh;th ftu thj f;zxK d/ ekcb/ 

Bkb s[o e/ 1710 Jh;th ftu d' ;kb d/ nzdo-nzdo tiahoyakB ;{pk 

;ojzd s'I je{ws y'j e/ feb/ s/ fB;akB ;kfjp M[bkfJnk ns/ r[o{ 

;kfjpkB d/ Bk dk f;Zek ubk e/ ;oeko ykb;k ekfJw ehsh. pkpk 

pzdk f;zx dk oki e/tb 6 ;kb, 1716 Jh;th sZe fojk go J/B/ E'V/ 

ekoiekb d"okB f;ZyK ~ nfj;k; j' frnk fe T[j r[bkwh dk i{bk 

rodD T[go'I bkj[D d/ fpbe[b ;woZE jB. nmkothI ;dh ftu T[BQK 

d/ f;oK d/ w[Zb g?d/ oj/ s/ jo o'ia f;aeko j[zdk go fgSb/ fJfsjk; 

B/ fijVk nksw ft;atk; f;oi fdZsk T[; ~ fwNk d/Dk ;"yk ezw BjhI 


;h. fJ; ;ko/ ;zxo;a dh bVh dk f;ZNk wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ oki 

ti'I ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. fJT[I soshp Bkb xNBktK dk nfXn?B eoKr/ 

sd ;jh gsk bZrk ;e/rk fe wjkokik nkgD/ nkg ~ @wjkokik# iK 

@;oeko# nytk e/ feT[I y[;a BjhI j[zdk ;h s/ GkJh ;kfjp, f;zx ;kfjp 

nkfde ;zp'XB T[; ~ feT[I uzr/ brd/ ;B. T[; B/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ 

Bkw dk T[j f;Zek (d/r'a' s/r', cfsj B[;os p/dozr. :kcas nia BkBe 

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx) ubkfJnk fijVk gfjbh tko pkpk pzdk f;zx B/ ikoh 

ehsk ;h. rtKYh okiK Bkb ehshnK ;zXhnK T[go oDihs f;zx d/ 

d;yasK dh EK ;oeko ykb;k dh w[jo j?. ;sjh ;{uBk gqkgs eoB 

T[gozs fijV/ nbg p[ZX ;kfjseko$ fJfsjk;eko fJj efjzd/ jB fe 

T[j e/tb f;ZyK ~ y[;a eoB bJh nfijk eodk ;h T[BQK ~ fJj 

ikDekoh BjhI fe T[; dh ;aesh;akbh ;N/N ftu f;Zy sK 8 gqsh;as ;B. 

pkeh 92 gqsh;s b'e sK T[; dhnK fJBQK rZbK ;dek Bkokia j' ;ed/ 

;B. e"D fe; ~ gyzv Bkb nXh ;dh sZe y[;a eo ;edk j?< fJj 

rZb fJe gk;/ oZy d/JhJ/ sd gsk br/rk fe oDihs f;zx dh ;oeko 

s'I gfjb'I fe;/ r?o-w[;fbw ;N/N d/ okigqw[Zy B/ fJj ysok w[Zb BjhI 

fbnk ;h fe T[j w[;bwkBK ~ wzsoh wzvb ftu Fkwb eo/ ns/ ca"iK 

d/ ioB?b Ekg/. seVhnK w[;bwkB ;N/NK d/ n?B ftueko p?m e/ 

wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ fJj db/oh Go/ ekoBkw/ ehs/. f;ZNk fJj 

fBefbnk fe fiBQK fdBK ftu r?ao fJ;bkwh ;oekoK w[;bwkBK ~ tZv/ 

o[sp/ d/ e/ nkgD/ bJh ysok w[Zb b?D dhnK fJS[Ze BjhI ;B, wjkoki/ 

d/ w[;bwkB ioB?b T[; dh w"s s'I pknd th nzro/iaK fto[ZX bVd/ 

oj/. fJj' fijk :'Xk s/ f;nk;sdkB ;dhnK pknd edh g?dk j[zdk j?. 

g{oti L 

wjkoki/ dk pkpk ;H uVQs f;zx ;h s/ ;H uVQs f;zx dk pkpk, 

p[ZYk f;zx ;h. p[ZYk f;zx s'I gfjbK dk ;k~ e[M gsk BjhI brdk. 

;Hp[ZYk f;zx 25 J/eV iwhB, fJe y{j ns/ fszB jbK dk wkbe ;h. 

J/Bh e[ iawhB tkb/ pzd/ ~ pj[s nwho sK BjhI frfDnk iKdk go uzrk 

yKdk ghIdk ;odko io{o j[zdk j?. fJ; iawhB ftu T[; dk ;aohek ephbk 

tZ;D bZrk sK fJj fJe fBZek fijk fgzv pD frnk fi; ~ F[eouZe 

efjzd/ ;B. F[eo ;apd dk noE S'Nk jh j[zdk j?. nkozG ftu i[nkBh 

d/ fdBh T[j fBehnK w'NhnK pdwk;ahnK ns/ u'ohnK eoB dk F[ehB th 

fojk go r[o{ jfo okfJ ih d/ do;aB eoB T[gozs T[BQK dk f;Zy pD 

frnk s/ wkV/ ezwK s'I s'pk ehsh. T[; B/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih gk;'I 

nzfwqs Sfenk. bVkJhnK ftu r[o{ ih dk ;kE fdZsk s/ T[BQK s'I fgS'I 

pkpk pzdk f;zx dh ;?Bk ftu fwb e/ w[rbK fto[ZX feogkB tkjh. T[j 

fJzBk db/o ns/ c[oshbk ;h fe B"itkB T[; dk w[ekpbk eoB d/ T[d'I 

th ;woZE BjhI ;B id T[j nX/V T[wo NZg frnk ;h. id'I 1716 

ftu T[;dh w"s j'Jh sd T[; d/ fi;w T[go sbtko d/ nB/e iaywK 

d/ fB;akB ;B s/ B" fB;akB pzd{e dhnK r'bhnK tZiD d/ fd;d/ ;B. 

fJbke/ ftu T[; dk uzrk dpdpk pD frnk ;h fi; eoe/ fgzv F[eouZe 

ftu T[; B/ fJe fBek fijk febQk T[;kfonk. 

p[ZYk f;zx ;odko d/ xo iBfwnk B"X f;zx ;[DZyk i[nkB fBefbnk. 

wihm/ d/ seV/ ;odko r[bkp f;zx B/ fJ; ;aos s/ nkgDh p/Nh dh 

wzrDh dh g/;ae;a ehsh fe B""""X f;zx nzfwqs Se bJ/. T[; B/ nfijk 

jh ehsk s/ Btkp eg{o f;zx dh ;?Bk ftu Gosh j' frnk. T[j fgsk 

tKr s/ia soko izrpkia pD frnk s/ T[; dhnK T[d'I sK g{o/ fJbke/ 

ftu X[zwK g? rJhnK id'I 1749 Jh;th ftu T[; B/ nfjwd;akj npdkbh 

dh ;?Bk T[go jZbk p'b e/ b[ZN d/ wkb ftu'I pj[s tZvk fjZ;k db 

ykb;k d/ ;g[od ehsk. fJe fdB T[; ~ ypo fwbh fe o;{bg[o d/ 

fiawhdko ;[bskB ykB B/ S/ f;ZyK d/ e/; ipod;sh eZN e/ fJ;bkw 

ftu Fkwb eoB dk n?bkB eo fdZsk. B"X f;zx B/ nkgDh ;?fBe N[eVh 

Bkb o;{bg[o s/ uVQkJh eo fdZsh. pzdh S[vtkJ/ s/ gmkD dh ;koh 

ikfJdkd b[ZN bJh. fJt/I jh ;ajkp[dhB B/ efonkbk fgzv d/ f;ZyK ~ 

e?d eoe/ T[BQK d/ e/;K dh p/ndph ehsh. B"X f;zx B/ ;ajkp[dhB T[go 

uVQkJh eo fdZsh. T[; dh ikfJdkd b[ZN bJh s/ T[j y[d wkfonk 

frnk. ;G f;ZyK ~ d[pkok nzfwqs SekfJnk frnk. Jh;th 1752 ftu 

T[j ncrkBK fto[ZX i{Mdk j'fJnk ;ajhd j'fJnk. 

uVQs f;zx dk iBw 1732 Jh;th ftu j'fJnk. fgsk dh w"s t/b/ 

T[j Go i[nkB j' u[Zek ;h. T[; B/ d/fynk fe ;H iZ;k f;zx dk dpdpk 

g{o/ gzikp ftu ekfJw j' fojk j?. T[; B/ nkjb{tkbhJ/ fJ; ;odko 

Bkb vz{x/ ;pzX pDk bJ/. T[; B/ d/fynk fe nkjb{tkbhnk pVk fBg[zB 

gq;ak;e j?. T[; B/ gzikp d/ fe;kBK dh oytkbh tk;s/ @okyh gqDkbh# 

dk w[ZY pzfBQnk fi; Bkb XkVthnK jZE'I j[zdk B[e;kB xN frnk. gfjb'I 

uVQs f;zx GzrhnK fw;b ftu th Fkwb fojk go fco S/sh jh T[; 


B/ 400 x'V ;tkoK dh fJe ;?fBe N[eVh ekfJw eo bJh. T[; dk 

;j[ok nwho f;zx r[ZioKtkbhnk seVk fiawhdko ;h fi; dk gzE ftu 

uzrk ;fseko ;h. T[; dhnK B/e ;bkjK B/ uVQs f;zx ~ ;cbsk tZb 

s'fonk. T[; dh fJj ;aos j[zdh ;h fe fi; B/ w/oh ;?Bk ftu Gosh 

j'Dk j? T[; bJh gfjbK nzfwqs SeDk iao{oh j?. nkgD/ fgzv d/ Bkw 

T[go T[; B/ nkgDh BthI fw;b @F[eouZehnk# pDkT[D dk n?bkB eo 

fdZsk ns/ eJh fJbke/ nkgDh okyh gqDkbh nXhB eo bJ/. b{D dhnK 

ykDk dh okyh eoB ;dek T[; dh nkwdB ftu uzrk tkXk j'fJnk. 

T[j J/Bk db/o j' frnk ;h fe rtoBo bkj"o dh gqtkj BjhI eodk 

;h. fJe tko rtoBo ytkik T[p/dykB B/ r[ioK tkb/ feb/ ftu T[; 

~ x/o fbnk. T[j okshI r/N y'b e/ nfij/ yz{yko jZb/ eodk fe ;?IeV/ 

bkj"ohnK ~ w"s d/ xkN T[skodk. pj[s ;kok ikBh ns/ wkbh B[e;kB 

eotk e/ p/fJias Btkp bkj"o gofsnk. fJt/I jh id'I nfjwd ;akj 

npdkbh Bkb w[mZG/VK j[zdhnK ;B sK db ykb;k d/ w'johnK ftu uVQs 

f;zx j[zdk. fJe tko T[; B/ npdkbh d/ ioB?b B;hoykB, i' pkoK 

jiako ;?fBeK dk nkr{ ;h, ~ seVh jko fdZsh, T[; dk x'Vk wo frnk 

s/ T[j ikB puk e/ g?db d"V frnk. 

;'jB bkb ;{oh ns/ p{N/ ;akj fbyd/ jB fe npdkbh dk ukuk 

;op[bzd ykB d; pkoK jiako dh ;?Bk b? e/ e;awho s'I ekpb tb ik 

fojk ;h sK nNe dfonk bkr/ uVQs f;zx B/ T[; s/ jZbk p'b fdZsk. 

;?Bk yd/V fdZsh s/ e;awho dk fJj rtoBo pzdh pDk fbnk. d' bZy 

o[gJ/ t;{b eoe/ T[;dh fojkJh ehsh. 1770 Jh;th ftu T[;dh w"s 

j'Jh. p/;ae T[; dk p/Nk wjK f;zx fJ; ;w/I d; ;kb dk ;h, go 

T[j seV/ fto;/ dk wkbe pfDnk. fgsk dh nukBe j'Jh w"s t/b/ 

feT[Ife wjK f;zx ni/ pZuk ;h, fw;b dk gq;ak;B wksk d/;K B/ ;zGkb 

fbnk i' nZS/ ftjko tkbh db/o fJ;soh ;h. ;ko/ fo;as/dko seV/ 

;odko j'D ekoB T[; dk nZSk dpdpk ;h. wjK f;zx fi; dk iBw 

1760 ftu j'fJnk ;h B/ 1779 ftu S/ jiako ;?fBe b? e/ o;{bBro 

d/ gho w[jzwd ~ jok fdZsk. T[; dh ikfJdkd iaps eo bJh. Gkt/I 

uZfmnK B/ pdbk b?D tk;s/ eJh t/o prakts ehsh go ;cb Bk j'J/ 

;r'I jo/e prkts wro'I wjK f;zx j'o tXhe fJbke/ T[go epiak iwk 

b?Idk. uZfmnK T[go cfsj gqkgs eoB T[gozs wjK f;zx ~ y[;aypoh 

fwbh fe T[; d/ xo p/N/ B/ iBw fbnk j? sK fiZs dh tik eoe/ 

g[Zso dk Bkw oDihs f;zx oZfynk frnk. iBtoh 1784 ftu T[; B/ 

izw{ fonk;s d/ wkbe okik fpqi oki d/T[ s/ jwbk eo fdZsk. okik 

vo e/ d"V frnk sK wjK f;zx d/ jZE fJe eo'V o[gJ/ dh oew bZrh. 

fJfsjk;eko fJ; Bkb ;fjws jB fe fJ; t/b/ F[eouZehnK fw;b dh 

;?Bk dh frDsh x'V ;tko ns/ g?dbK ;w/s gZuh jiako ;h. ;qHwjK 

f;zx B/ nkgDh okiXkBh r[ioKtkbk oZyh ns/ EK-EK mkD/ ns/ ndkbsk 

ekfJw ehshnK. gNtkoh, ek~r', w[eZdw ns/ ekodkoK s'I b? e/ 

tiahokpkd ftu nkgDk rtoBo sZe fB:[es ehsk. id'I fJ; ;odko 

dh p[yko ns/ g/u;a Bkb nukBe w"s j'Jh sd T[; dh T[wo e/tb 

30 ;kb ;h. i/ fes/ fJj d[oxNBk Bk tkgodh sd ;H wjK f;zx B/ 

bkj"o T[go fB;akB ;kfjp bfjok e/ ykb;k ;oeko ekfJw eoBh ;h. 

go fJfsjk; ~ fJj wBia{o ;h fe ykb;k ;N/N ekfJw eoB bJh w"ek 

wjK f;zx d/ p/N/ oDihs f;zx ~ gqkgs j't/. eBQjhnk fw;b dk i? 

f;zx ;odko ns/ T[; dk p/Nk r[opy;a f;zx F[eouZehnK dh uVQs s'I 

Jhoyk yKd/ ;B. nkg; ftu d'jK fw;bK dhnK eJh MVgK j'JhnK fiBQK 

ftu jo tkoh wjK f;zx i/s{ j[zdk s/ fJe MVg ftu i? f;zx dk p/Nk 

wkfonk frnk. i? f;zx ns/ T[; dh ~j ;dk e"o, (r[opy;a f;zx dh 

ftXtk) B/ fJj d[;awDh w[ekT[D bJh oDihs f;zx Bkb nkgDh p/Nh 

dh wzrDh eo fdZsh. fJj pVk d{o nzd/;a ca?;bk ;h fi; Bkb d' 

skesto fw;bK fJeZmhnK j' rJhnK. 15 ngq?b 1790 Jh;th ftu ;qH 

wjK f;zx dh w"s j' rJh sd oDihs f;zx d; ;kb dk ;h. fw;b 

dh fBrokBh ;Z; ;dk e"o d/ jZEK ftu nk rJh fijVh T[; B/ pky{ph 

fBGkJh. 

S/ ;kb dh T[wo ftu T[j fsy/ t/r ftu tfjzd/ MBk dfonk ~ 

gko eo b?Idk ;h. d; ;kb dh T[wo d/ pkbe oDihs f;zx ~ gVQBk 

fbyDk f;ykT[D tk;s/ GkJh Gzrk f;zx d/ v/o/ ftu dkyb eotkfJnk 

frnk. v/ok xo'I d{o j'D eoe/ oDihs f;zx x'V/ s/ ;tko j[zdk ns/ 

v/o/ ftu ikD dh pikfJ okth dfonk ftu s?odk iK ;kEh pZfunK ~ 

Bkb b? e/ f;aeko y/vdk. f;oc fJjh BjhI fe y[d gVQB ftu p/fXnkBh 

fdykJh, eJh ;kEhnK ~ th gVQkJh Bkb'I f;aeko y/vD dh wjZssk 

;wMkJh. fJj fBeh fijh i[zvbh y/vK ftu w;s ofjzdh. d{o d[okv/ 

izrbK ftu x[zwDk s/ ysoBke ikBtoK Bkb w[ekpb/ eoB/ T[; dk 

g;zdhdk ezw ;h. 


[ioKtkb/ d/ Bkb brdk fJbkek uZfmnk dk ;h. uZfmnK dk 

;odko j;aws ykB jzekfonk j'fJnk pzdk ;h i' fjzd{nK f;ZyK ~ szr 

eoe/ y[;a j[zdk. ;qH wjK f;zx gk; T[; dhnK f;aekfJsK g[ZihnK ;B sK 

fJe ;?fBe N[eVh b? e/ T[; B/ j;aws ykB T[go uVQkJh eoe/ T[; 

~ cV fbnk. wko e[NkJh uzrh ehsh go fJ; ;aos s/ ikB py;ah fe 

nr'I ~ mhe-mke oj/rk ns/ rtKYhnK Bkb uzrk ftjko eo/rk. fJe 

fdB oDihs f;zx nkgDh N'bh ;w/s f;aeko y/vdk-y/vdk okj G[Zb frnk 

s/ ;kEhnK s'I ftS[V e/ fi; gk;/ ik fBefbnK T[j uZfmnK dk fJbkek 

;h s/ fJsckeB j;aws yakB T[; gk;/ f;aeko y/vD nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. 

T[; B/ oDihs f;zx ~ gSkD fbnk. uZm/ ;odko dhnK orK ftu y{B 

B/ T[pkbk ykXk. wjK f;zx dk p/Nk ekp{ nk frnk. j[D SZvDk BjhI 

ukjhdk. s/ia x'Vk d"Vk e/ T[; B/ oDihs f;zx ~ x/o fbnk s/ sbtko 

dk ipod;as tko ehsk. fpibh dh c[osh Bkb oDihs f;zx B/ nkgDk 

pukn ehsk s/ uZm/ ;odko T[go tko eoB bJh feogkB X{j bJh. 

fJj nXyV T[wo dk uZmk ;kY/ S/ c[ZN bzwk pVh ;[v"b vhb v"b tkbk 

wiap{s pzdk ;h. oDihs f;zx B/ T[; T[go s/ia soko tko ehsk sK 

j;aws ykB dh rodD T[v rJh. r[ioKtkb/ tkg; nk e/ id'I oDihs 

f;zx B/ fJj n?bkB ehsk fe nZi s'I pknd w+ uZfmnK dk th ;odko 

jK s/ T[BQK dk fJbkek w+ nkgD/ epia/ ftu b? fbnk j? T[d'I T[; dh 

T[wo s/oK ;kb dh ;h. fJ; fBZeh T[wo ftu fJj T[; dh gfjbh 

;akBdko fiZs ;h. BiaokBk d/ e/ uZfmnK B/ T[; dh nXhBsk wzB bJh. 

fgsk ;qH wjK f;zx B/ db ykb;k d/ w[yh ;qH iZ;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhJ/ 

Bkb s'V sZe gqhs fBGkJh ;h.;HiZ;k f;zx d/ d/jKs fgS' nkjb{tkbhnk 

fw;b dk iE/dko ;qH cfsj f;zx Ekfgnk frnk. oDihs f;zx ~ 

nkjb{tkbhnk dh pjkdoh ns/ uVQs dk gsk ;h. T[j cfsj f;zx gk; 

frnk ns/ T[; ~ r[od[nko/ ikD bJh p/Bsh ehsh. d't/I wZEk N/e e/ 

p?m/ sK oDihs f;zx B/ fejk, @@cfsj f;zx sz{ w/ok tZvk Gok j?_. r[o{ 

wjkoki dh ji{oh ftu w/o/ Bkb gZr tNk. w+ jw/;Ka s/ok ;kE 

fdnKrk##. d'tK B/ gZrK tNkJhnK s/ tckdkoh dh ;j[z u[Zeh. fJj xNBk 

1796 Jh;th dh j? id'I oDihs f;zx 16 ;kb dk ;h. T[; dh T[wo 

dh ikDekoh fJ; eoe/ fBozso fdsh ik ojh j? sK fe ikfDnk ik 

;e/ fe fezBh S'Nh T[wo ftu T[j tZv/ ns/ d{o nzd/;ah d/ ca?;b/ eoB 

br fgnk ;h. 

nfjwd;akj npdkbh dk g'sok iawkB ;akj Gkoh ;?Bk b? e/ nkfJnk 

s/ bkj"o s/ Xktk p'b e/ 3 iBtoh 1796 ~ nkgD/ epia/ j/m eo 

fbnk. go T[; dh wkVh fe;ws fe T[; d/ Gok wfjw{d ;akj B/ 

prkts eo fdZsh ns/ nkgD/ nkg ~ ncrkfB;skB dk pkd;akj j'D 

dk n?bkB eo fdZsk. ;akj iawkB B/ nfjwd;akj ;akjkBuh ~ fJ; ;zeN 

d/ ;w/I ftu bkj"o dk ;{p/dko w[eZoo ehsk s/ nkg ekpb gos frnk. 

;{p/dko bkj"o gk; pkoK jiako dh ;?Bk ;h. oDihs f;zx B/ cfsj 

f;zx Bkb fwb e/ bkj"o s/ jwbk eo fdsk. fJe fdB tk;s/ th 

;{p/dko f;Zy ;?Bk dk w[ekpbk Bk eo ;fenk. T[j wkfonk frnk s/ 

T[; dh ;?Bk fJXo T[Xo fyZbo rJh. 

;akj iawkB B/ ekp[b dh prkts dpk fdZsh go T[; ~ f;ZyK 

T[go eo'X ;h s/ nkgD/ ;{p/dko d/ esb T[gozs j'Jh nkgDh jZse 

dk pdbk b?D bJh 27 Btzpo 1798 ~ T[; B/ fco bkj"o s/ jwbk 

eo fdZsk. pkpk ;kfjp f;zx p/dh dk ykb;k gzE ftu pVk ;fseko 

;h feT[Ife T[j r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dh pz;ktbh ftu'I ;B. nekbh c{bk 

f;zx s'I gfjb'I ;op gqtkfBs Xkofwe ;aya;hns T[j' ;B. T[BQK B/ f;yK 

nr/ nghb ehsh fe ;G nkg'-nkgD/ wsG/d G[bk e/ ;ops ykb;/ dh 

fJeZsosk ftu g[Zi'. ;kohnK fw;bK d/ w[yh jkiao j'J/. e/tb c{behnK 

fw;b dk gfNnkbth okik ;kfjp f;zx BjhI nkfJnk. fit/I tv/ xZb{xko/ 

t/b/ pkpk nkbk f;zx B/ f;ZyK dh wdd eoB s'I fJBeko eo fdsk ;h 

T[t/I jh ;kfjp f;zx fJ; MrV/ s'I nbZr ofj e/ ;[ofyns fojk. ;akj 

iawkB B/ bkj"o b[ZN fbnk. f;ZyK B/ fJ; dk e'Jh fto'X BjhI ehsk 

feT[Ife T[BQK ~ gsk ;h fe fJ; fgZS'I T[j nzfwqs;o b[ZND wkoB ntZ;a 

nkJ/rk. dopko ;kfjp dh spkjh f;ZyK dh nkD dk ykswk ;wMh 

ikfJnk eodh ;h. T[j nzfwqs;o tZb tfXnk sK ;afjo'I pkjo bkj"o 

fd;ak tb ;ops ykb;k T[; ~ fwbD bJh fsnko p?mk ;h. pj[s 

yz{yko izr j'fJnk go f;Zy T[; ~ fgS/ Xed/-Xed/ bkj"o b? rJ/. id'I 

T[j bkj"o d/ febQ/ ftu ik tfVnk sK f;Zy ca"iK nzfwqs;o dh okyh 

eoB fjs tkg; nk rJhnK. 

jo oks oDihs f;zx nbp/b/ wBub/ i[nkBK dk fJe izrh iEk 

b? e/ bkj"o nZgVdk s/ fGnkBe e[jokw wuk e/ tkg; gosdk. T[j 

febQ/ d/ ;zwB p[oi sZe nZgV e/ bbekodk, @@npdkbh fdnk g'sfonk 

uVQs f;zx dk g'sok s?~ pkjo B/V/ yb'sk tzrko fojk j?, pkjo fBeb 


s/ w[ekpbk eo##. pkeh fizB/ fdB ;akj bkj"o ftu fojk febQ/ s'I pkjo 

BjhI fBefbnk. fJe oks u[g u[ghs/ u'oK tKr ncrkfB;skB d/ nfijk 

o;s/ fgnk fe w[V fJXZo edh gzikp tb wz{j Bk ehsk. 

7 i[bkJh 1799 ~ id'I nkgDh ;?Bk b? e/ bkj"o cfsj eoe/ 

febQ/ T[go fB;akB ;kfjp bfjok fdsk T[d'I T[; dh T[wo 19 ;kb dh 

;h. T[j fJZvk ;kj;h ns/ nkswft;atk; tkbk B"i[nkB ;h fe f;yK B/ 

fBofttkd T[; ~ nkgDk j[ewokB wzB fbnk. oDihs f;zx tb'I bkj"o 

epia/ ftu b?D ;dek nZm ;" ;kb fijVk jwbktoK XkVthnK dk 

dotkiak fJXZo y[Zfbnk fojk ;h T[j ;dk bJh pzd j' frnk. 

12 ngq?b 1801 ~ ft;kyh d/ fdB pekfJdk o;wK fBGkT[D T[gozs 

T[; ~ oki f;zxk;B T[go fpokiwkB ehsk frnk. pkpk ;kfjp f;zx 

p/dh B/ okifsbe bk e/ @;oeko# dk fyskp gqdkB ehsk. fJ;/ fdB 

i?ekfonK dh r[ziko ftu fijVk f;Zek ikoh ehsk frnk T[; T[gZo T[jh 

gzeshnK doi ;B fijVhnK pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo d/ f;e/ T[gZo 

T[eZohnK j'JhnK ;B. 

@@rohpK bJh d/ra (bzro) ns/ ewia'oK dh oZfynk bJh s/r, 

r[o{ BkBe ns/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh feogk ;dek gqkgs j'Jh.¿ 

r[bkp f;zx Gzrh ~ oDihs f;zx dh uVQs uzrh BjhI brdh 

;h. T[; B/ nkgD/ Bkb eJh jwi'bh fJeZm/ eo bJ/. e;{o d/ ;{p/dko 

fBiakw[dhB ~ nkgD/ Bkb obk fbnk s/ bkj"o oDihs f;zx tb uVQkJh 

eo fdZsh. oDihs f;zx ;afjo ftu'I y{B yokpk pukT[D bJh nkgDhnK 

ca""""""iK b? e/ bkj"o s'I 12 whb d{o G;hB fgzv se pkjo nk frnk. 

;kjwfDUI nkT[IdhnK jwbkto c"iK o[e rJhnK. oDihs f;zx th o[fenk 

fojk s/ T[vhedk fojk fe ed'I jwbk j't/. nkg jZbk eoB dh EK T[j 

jZb/ dk itkp d/D dk fJS[Ze ;h. d't/I gkf;nK dhnK ca""""""iK d' wjhB/ 

nkjw'-;kjwD/ vNhnK ojhnK, fe;/ B/ gfjb eoB dk ysok BjhI 

T[mkfJnk. r[bkp f;zx ;aokp dk ;a"ehB sK j? jh ;h go fJe ;akw 

J/Bh gh frnk fe T[; dh w"s j' rJh. T[; dhnK ;jkfJe ca"iK ;fji/ 

;fji/ fy;e rJhnK s/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx bkj"o tkg; gos 

nkfJnk. 

bkj"o tor/ wjKBro T[go epiak eoB fgS'I fJj ;zGt jh BjhI 

;h fe nzfwqs;o tb T[j fXnkB Bk eodk. f;Zy oki/ dk oki nzfwqs;o 

pr?o nX{ok ;h. nzfwqs;o T[go r[bkp f;zx Gzrh dh ftXtk gsBh 

wkJh ;[ZyK dk epiak ;h. oDihs f;zx nkgDh ;?Bk b? e/ nzfwqs;o g[Zik 

ns/ jwb/ dhnK fsnkohnK dk w[nkfJBk eo fojk ;h fe nzdo'I s'gK 

roihnK. wkJh ;[ZyK B/ r'fbnK dk whIj toQk fdZsk. T[j epiak SZvD 

dh EK bV e/ woB dh fJS[Ze ;h go nekbh c{bk f;zx B/ s[ozs wkJh 

Bkb ;zgoe ehsk s/ r'bkpkoh pzd eotkJh. i/ nekbh ih ;[bkj Bk 

eotkT[Id/ d'tK gkf;nK dk Gkoh B[e;kB j'Dk ;h. wjkoki/ gk;'I nekbh 

ih B/ wkJh ~ fgzi"o pkr ;w/s doiDK fgzv irho ti'I fdtk fdZs/ sd 

24 cotoh 1805 Jh;th ~ wjkokik nzfwqs;o ftu ftiJh j' e/ dkyb 

j'fJnk. gfjb'I T[; `B/ dopko ;kfjp wZEk N/e e/ F[eokB/ dh nodk; 

ehsh s/ fco T[E/ jh eko ;/tk nkozG eoB dk n?bkB eo fdZsk. ;/tk 

nekbh c{bk f;zx dh fBrokBh nXhB eotkT[D dk ca?;bk j'fJnk. 

;zrwowo ns/ ;'B/ T[go BZek;ah dk ezw eoB tk;s/ wfjzr/ s'I wfjzr/ 

f;abgeko wzrtkJ/ rJ/. nZi sZe dopko ;kfjp d/ dotki/ dh u[rkm 

d/ T[go eoe/ fJj ;apd T[eo/ j'J/ fd;d/ jB, @@fJj ;/tk ;qh r[o{ 

wjkoki ih B/ nkgD/ ;/te oDihs f;zx T[go ngko dfJnk eoe/ 

eotkJh##. 

e[dos dk nNZb fB:w j? fe jo/e d[y fe;/ tZyoh gqeko d/ 

;[y dk ekoB pDdk j[zdk j?. nmkothI ;dh ftu w[rbK ns/ gmkDK 

B/ f;ZyK dk Bkw fB;akB fwNkT[D bJh w[fjzwK nkozGhnK sd f;ZyK B/ 

nkgD/ nkg ~ fJe wiap{s iziho ftu ;zrfms eo fbnk, ;G ~ fJe 

d{i/ Bkb i'VB tkbh fJ; iziho dk Bkw ;h ykb;k gzE. ncrkBK d/ 

brksko fjzd[;skB T[go jwfbnK B/ w[rbK dk bZe s'V fdZsk. wokfmnK 

ns/ okig{sK dh tXdh ;aesh ~ th gmkDK B/ ;ZN wkoh. fJ; ;fEsh 

dk db ykb;k B/ g{ok bkG T[mkfJnk. fw;bdko ;odko fJbkfenK dh 

tzv d/ w[Zd/ T[go ne;o nkg; ftu bV th g?Id/ ;B go ;kjwD/ ;KMk 

d[;awD d/y e/ J/ek eo b?Id/ ;B. f;Zy ;odkoK ~ fJj gZek :ehB 

j' frnk ;h fe gzikp d/ ;jh tko; e/tb T[jh jB. fJjh ekoB j? 

fe fJ; ;dh ftu gzikp T[go edh w[rb je{ws j' iKdh edh gmkD 

epiak eo b?Id/, wokfmnK ns/ nzro/iaK B/ ekpia j'D d/ :sB ehs/ go 

f;yK B/ fe;/ d/ th ge/ g?o BjhI iwD fdZs/ s/ n;EkJh ;oekoK fBozso 

pdbdhnK ojhnK. f;zX s'I b? e/ fdZbh sZe e/tb db ykb;k n;onzdkia 

fojk. fJ; fgZm G{wh ftu'I wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh skes T[Go e/ 


nkJh. e/tb fgZm G{wh th eh eo/rh i/ T[; ~ ezNo'b eoB bJh 

ftnesh ftu e[;absk Bk j't/. b'jk g{ok row ;h s/ fJ; ~ BtK 

nkeko d/D tk;s/ feE/ ;ZN wkoBh j?, fezB/ e[ i'o Bkb s/ fezBh e[ 

d/o pknd fJ; dk frnkB oDihs f;zx s'I tXhe i/ fe;/ j'o ~ j[zdk 

sd T[j fJ; fyZs/ dk j[ewokB j[zdk. oDihs f;zx B/ ;kps ehsk fe 

T[; ftu pj[s d{o sZe d/yD ns/ ekoi f;o/ uVQkT[D dh ;jh ;woZEk 

;h. Jh;th 1783 ftu ikoi cko;No ns/ 1784 ftu tkoB j/;fNzria 

tb'I fby/ ;apd ;Zuh GftZy pkDh ;kps j'J/. fJBQK B/ fbfynk ;h fe 

gzikp dh spkjh ftu'I ;aesh fJeZmh eoe/ ibdh e'Jh ;odko seVh 

je{ws ekfJw eoB tkbk j?. 

bkj"o s'I pknd wjkoki/ dhnK fiZsk dk f;bf;bk no[e uZfbnk. 

1800 Jh;thI ftu T[; B/ izw{ tZb e{u ehsk. izw{ d/ oki/ ftu w[ekpbk 

eoB dh ;Zfsnk BjhI ;h. T[; B/ thj jiako o[fgnk d/ e/ nksw 

;wogD eo fdZsk. ngwkB eoB dh EK oDihs f;zx B/ T[; ~ d[;akb/ 

d/ e/ ;BwkfBs ehsk. 

wjkoki/ B/ j[ew fdsk fe r[ZioKtkb/ s'I ;kok izrh ;ki'a ;kwkB 

bkj"o fbnKdk ikt/. r[ioks dk fJbkek ;kfjp f;zx Gzrh d/ nXhB 

;h. T[; B/ fJokdk pDkfJnk fe r[ioKtkb/ s/ jwbk eoe/ fJj ;kwkB 

b[ZN fbnk ikt/. fJ; rZb dh ypo oDihs f;zx ~ fwbh sK T[j 

nkgDh ;?Bk b? e/ r[ioks tb tfXnk. Gzrh w[ekpbk BK eo ;e/ s/ 

r[ioks oDihs f;zx B/ ;zGkb fbnk. feT[Ife ;kfjp f;zx dh ;kia;a 

ftu nekbrVQhnk ;odko db f;zx th Fkwb ;h fJ; eoe/ T[; d/ 

fJbke/ th oDihs f;zx B/ nkgD/ epia/ ftu b? bJ/. 

Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh B/ T[; dh uVQs d/y e/ d';sh dk jZE 

tXkfJnk ns/ nkgD/ d{s w[B;ah :{;c nbh okjhI yas ns/ d; jiako 

o[fgnk BiaokBk G/fink. wjkoki/ B/ d{sK ~ pj[s ehwsh s[jc/ ns/ 

ezgBh ~ fwbtosD d/D s/ d';skBk yas ns/ XzBtkd gZso G/i/. 

e;{o dk ;{p/dko fBiakw[ZdhB ;oeko ykb;k fto[ZX ;kia;aK oudk 

ofjzdk ;h. wjkoki/ B/ Gkoh ;?Bk Bkb T[; T[go uVQkJh eo fdZsh. 

fBiakw[dhB jko frnk s/ 1801 ftu e;{o gzikp oki ftu Fkwb j' 

frnk. fBiakw[dhB ;kbkBk wkbhnk d/Dk wzB frnk. 

fJ;/ ;kb eKrV/ d/ okik ;z;ko uzd T[go jwbk ehsk frnk 

feT[Ife T[; B/ okDh ;dk e"o d/ fJbke/ dk e[ZM fjZ;k nkgDh fonk;s 

ftu fwbk fbnk ;h. T[j r[o{ ;kfjpkB fto[ZX wzdh Gk;ak tosdk ;h 

s/ y[;ates okfJ nB[;ko fejk eodk ;h fe w+ f;ZyK d/ tkbK d/ oZ;/ 

tZNKrk. ;z;ko uzd ikB puk e/ GZi frnk. 

ufBUN T[go eow f;zx d/ p/N/ iZ;k f;zx dk epiak ;h. T[j 

b'eK ~ ne;o szr eodk ofjzdk. oDihs f;zx gk; fJj f;aekfJsK 

g[ZihnK sK goik ~ nkgD/ tZb d/y e/ fJ; fJbke/ T[go 1802 Jh;th 

ftu epiak eo fbnk. 

1803 Jh;th ftu w[bskB T[go epiak eo fbnk frnk. fJ;/ 

;kb ibzXo ns/ crtkVk fiZs e/ cfsj f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk d/ ;g[od 

eo fdZs/. nzro/iaK B/ 1805 ftu i;tzs okU j'beo ~ bVkJh ftu 

jok fdZsk s/ ikB pukT[D bJh T[j nkgD/ pu/ j'J/ ;?fBeK ;w/s gzikp 

ftu dkyb j'fJnk s/ ;aoD wzrh. wjkoki/ B/ T[; ~ ;aoD fdZsh. 

ioB?b b/e T[; dk fgZSk eodk nk fojk ;h s/ id'I oDihs f;zx d/ 

oki dh jZd F[o{ j'Jh b/e o[e frnk s/ wjkoki/ gk; gZso G/idk fojk 

fe feT[Ife nzro/iaK ~ wjkoki/ B/ fwZso wzB fbnk j? fJ; eoe/ j'beo 

T[; d/ ;g[od ehsk ikt/. wjkoki/ B/ pzdh d/ o{g ftu j'beo ~ 

nzro/iaK jtkb/ BjhI ehsk ;r'I ;wMkT[Idk fojk fe i/ s[;hI nkgD/ oki 

ftu nwB ekfJw eoBk j? sK j'beo dk ;BwkB pjkb eoB bJh 

e[M ;aosK nXhB T[; d/ oki ftu tkg; G/i fdZsk ikt/. nzro/ia fJj 

rZb wzB rJ/ s/ j'beo nkgD/ fJbkfenK ftu tkg; ubk frnk. 

1807 ftu B/gkbh r'ofynK B/ ;kok gjkVh fJbkek nkgD/ epia/ 

ftu b?D dh mkD bJh s/ nwo f;zx Ekgk dh nrtkJh ftu eKrV/ 

s/ epiak eoB bJh nk rJ/. wjkoki/ B/ T[BQK T[go uVQkJh eo fdZsh 

feT[Ife T[j r'ofynK ~ nkgDh ;ojZd d/ B/V/ yasoBke ;wMdk ;h. 

Ekgk dh ;?Bk d"V rJh. fJ;/ ;kb Mzr, pjktbg[o ns/ nyB{o nkgD/ 

oki ftu fwbk bJ/. 1810 Jh;th ftu r[ioks, ;akjhtkb, izw{ ns/ 

tiahokpkd s'I fpBK c?iabg[ohnk, BeZJh ns/ eBQZJhnk fw;bK th nkgD/ 

nXhB eo bJhnK. pj[s E'V/Q ;w/I ftu jh f;zX s'I b? e/ iwBk sZe 

wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk dpdpk j' frnk s/ fJ; gk;/ fjzd[;skB tb 

T[j j'o Bk tX/, nzro/iaK B/ T[; Bkb ;sb[i dh ;zXh ehsh. 

ncrkfB;skB dk pkd;akj ;akj F[ik prkts Bk dpk ;fenk s/ 


Zdh ;akj wfjw{d B/ ;zGkb bJh. ;akj F[ik ~ pzdh pDk e/ e;awho 

ftu G/i fdZsk. Jh;th 1812 ftu wjkoki/ B/ e;awho T[go jwbk eoB 

dh mkD bJh sK ;akj dh gsBh fJ; fynkb Bkb G?Ghs j' rJh fe 

T[; dk yktzd fJ; w[fjzw ftu wkfonk ikt/rk. T[j wjkokik oDihs 

f;zx ~ fwbh s/ tk;sk gkfJnk fe i/ w/o/ gsh dh ikB py;a fdsh 

ikt/ sd fJ; pdb/ T[j e'fjB{o jhok wjkoki/ ~ d/ d/t/rh. dhtkB 

w[jew uzd B/ e;awho dh w[fjzw dh nrtkJh ehsh s/ feb/ ftu'I 40 

bZy o[fgnk ns/ j'o ehwsh t;sK d/ Bkb-Bkb pzdh pDkfJnk ;akj 

;[ikn frqcsko eo fbnk. ;akj ~ bkj"o fbnKdk frnk fiE/ bzwh fYZb 

wZm pknd T[; B/ e'fjB{o wjkoki/ ~ ;"Ig fdZsk. 

1818 Jh;th ftu ykb;k ca"iK B/ g/;akto T[go jwbk ehsk i' 

ncrkfB;skB T[gZo tZvh ;ZN ;h gozs{ g/;akto ~ g{oB s"o s/ gzikp 

d/; dk fjZ;k 6 wJh 1834 ~ pDk e/ ezto B"fBjkb f;zx ~ fJ; dk 

rtoBo fB:[es ehsk frnk. ezto dh T[wo fJ; t/b/ 14 ;kb ;h. 

ncrkB pkd;akj d';s w[jzwd g/;akto ftu f;yK dk epiak podk;as 

BjhI eo ;edk ;h. T[; B/ ;oeko ykb;k ~ yas fbfynk @@i/ fdnkb{ 

j' e/ pkd;akj ;bkws (wH oDihs f;zx) g/;akto ;k~ tkg; eo d/D 

sd fJ; d/ pdb/ n;hI T[BQK ~ T[BK wkbhnk d/D ~ fsnko jK fizBk 

;[bskB wfjw{d fdnk eod/ ;B. go d{o nzd/;a pkd;akj B/ i/ bkbu 

t; nfijk Bk ehsk s/ w/oh p/Bsh tb e'Jh stZi' Bk fdZsh sd w+ 

ewoe;k e; e/ :[ZX d/ w?dkB ftu NZeoKrk s/ s[jkv/ prhu/ ftu ezvk 

pD e/ oVedk ojKrk. w+ nkgD/ e[Zb izrpkiK ~ fJeZmk eoKrk fijV/ 

woB s'I fJbktk j'o e[ZM ikDd/ jh BjhI. w+ uko/ gk;/ nfijh spkjh 

wuktKrk fe fenkws Biao nkJ/rh##. wjkoki/ B/ itkp G/fink, @@n;hI 

pkrhnK dk f;o GzB fdZsk j'fJnk j? ns/ d[;awD BZm rJ/ jB. i/ 

bkbu ftu nzBQk d';s w[jzwd nkgDh E'Vh fijh puh y[uh ca""""""i Bkb 

jwbk eoB dk ca?;bk eodk j? sK nkt/. n;hI w?dkfB izr ftu T[; 

dk ;kjwDk eoB bJh uZb gJ/ jK##. 

nzro/iaK B/ Jh;N fJzvhnk ezgBh tb'I p/;ae gfjbk fwsoskBK yas 

1800 Jh;th ftu oDihs f;zx tb xZfbnk ;h go 1805 ftu nzro/iaK 

dk GikfJnk j'fJnk wjkokik i;tzs okU j'beo id'I bkj"o dopko 

ftu gBkj b?D nkfJnk T[d'I nzro/iaK B/ rzGhosk Bkb fwsosk dk jZE 

wH oDihs f;zx tb tXkfJnk. fJ; xNBk s'I gqGkfts j' e/ nzro/iaK 

B/ gfjbh ;zXh wjkokik oDihs f;zx Bkb 1806 JhH 1 iBtoh ~ ehsh 

fi; sfjsL 

1H wjkokik oDihs f;zx j'beo ~ ej/ fe T[j nzfwqs;o s'I 

shj feb'whNo g{op tb nkgDh ;?Bk ;w/s e{u eo/ s/ fJBQK 

dh ca""""""ih ;jkfJsk Bk ehsh ikt/. 

2H GftZy ftu j'beo iK T[; d/ fwsoK Bkb ;oeko ykb;k 

e'Jh ;o'eko BK oZy/. 

3H wH oDihs f;zx nzro/iaK d/ fJbkfenK ftu dyab Bk dJ/. 

e[M b'eK B/ wH oDihs f;zx dh nkb'uBk ehsh j? fe T[; B/ 

i;tzs okU dh ca"ih ;jkfJsk feT[I BjhI ehsh. fJ; d/ ekoB fJj jB 

fe nzro/iaK dh skes dk wH oDihs f;zx ~ gsk ;h. d{ik T[; d/ 

oki dhnK jZdK nzro/ia oki Bkb sK brdhnK ;B i;tzs okU j'beo 

dhnK jZdK Bkb BjhI. shi/ T[; ~ j'beo dh Go';/:'rsk T[gZo ;aZe 

;h i' ;aZe pknd ftu ;jh ;kps j'fJnk. u"E/ T[j nzro/iaK Bkb gzrk 

b? b?Idk sd w"e/ dk bkG T[mk e/ ncrkBK B/ jwbk eo d/Dk ;h. 

id'I oDihs f;zx gk;'I wZdd BK fwbh sK j'beo B/ ncrkfB;skB dh 

;oeko Bkb ;jkfJsk bJh ;zgoe pDkfJnk fijVk fe ;oeko ykb;k 

d/ fjsK d/ fto[ZX ;h. 

1806 ns/ 1807 ftu oDihs f;zx B/ ;sb[i'I g{oph fj;/ s/ iwBk 

sZe brksko uVQkJhnK ehshnK ns/ g{oph gzikp dhnK fonk;sK gk;'I 

Gkoh oewK BiaokB/ d/ o{g ftu t;{bDhnK F[o{ eo fdZshnK. fonk;sh 

okfinK ftu ybpbh wZu rJh feT[Ife T[BQK ~ brdk ;h fe wjkokik 

T[BQK dhnK wbehnsK jVZgD bJh ssgo ;h. fonk;sh okfinK B/ 

gfNnkbk fonk;s d/ w[yh ;kfjp f;zx okjhI nzro/iaK gk; fdZbh ik e/ 

cfonkd ehsh fe T[BQK dh ;zgsh dh ;[oZfynk gqdkB ehsh ikt/. Jh;th 

1803 ftu fdZbh T[go nzro/iaK dk epiak j' u[Zek j'fJnk ;h, T[j th 

oDihs f;zx dk g{op tb tXDk nkgD/ bJh yasok gqshs eod/ ;B. 

pj[s ;ko/ gZSwh :kso{ ns/ ;?fBe Bhsh d/ wkfjo fJj GftypkDh eo 

oj/ ;B fe i/ T[; dhnK rshftXhnK ~ Bk o'fenk frnk sK fi; s/iah 

Bkb T[j oki ft;Eko eo fojk j?, J/;ahnk ftu T[; dk w[ekpbk eoBk 

w[;aeb j' ikt/rk. 

bkov fwzN' B/ wjkoki/ Bkb d';skBk ;zXh eoB dk ca?;bk ehsk 


s/ fJ; pko/ 11 i[bkJh 1808 JhH ~ ys fbfynk fe ;kvk d{s w?Nekc 

bkj"o nk fojk j?. w?Nekc dh T[wo fJ; t/b/ 23 ;kb dh ;h s/ T[j 

poskBhnk dk pj[s d{o nzd/;a shyD p[ZX tkbk j'Djko e{N BhshtkB 

;h. w?Nekc 28 i[bkJh ~ fdZbh s'I s[fonk sK gfNnkb/ d/ okik ;kfjp 

f;zx B/ T[; dk ;akBdko ;tkrs ehsk. wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ dhtkB 

w[jew uzd ns/ ;qH cfsj f;zx nkjb{tkbhnk ~ y/w-eoB fty/ T[; d/ 

;tkrs bJh s?Bks ehsk. d; jiako dh frDsh ftu g{o/ ;i/ j'J/ f;Zy 

;?fBe T[; ~ T[vhe oj/ ;B. w?Nekc d/ nzr ofyneK dh N[eVh d/ 

f;gkjh frDsh gy'I E'V/ e[ ;B s/ T[j Bk ;i/ Xi/ ;B Bk e'Jh o[jpdkp 

tkb/ ;B. w?Nekc B/ fNZgDh ehsh, @@wjkoki/ dh Bhs nzro/iaK T[go 

o[jp gkT[D dh j?.¿ 12 ;szpo 1808 ~ w?Nekca bkj"o d/ feb/ ftu 

fwfbnk. T[; dk ;tkrs ehsk frnk. wjkokik pKj ftu pKj gk e/ 

e[o;h sZe fbnkfJnk ns/ pj[s ;ko/ ehwsh s[jc/ nkgD/ wfjwkB ~ 

fdZs/. go w?Nekc nB[;ko wjkoki/ tb'I i' ;fseko gqrN eoBk ukjhdk 

;h T[j BjhI j'fJnk. nzro/ia d{s ukj[zdk ;h fe T[; ~ b?D bJh 

wjkoki/ ~ feb/ s'I pkjo nkT[Dk ukjhdk ;h feT[Ife T[j e'Jh nkw 

wfjwkB BjhIl ;aesh;akbh fpqfN; ;oeko dk ;akjh d{s ;h. 

wjkoki/ B/ g[ZfSnk fe dfonktK ftu jVQ nkJ/ j'J/ jB s/ rowh 

th i'o dh g? ojh j?. s[jk~ nkT[D dh eh ekjbh ;h< ukob; w?Nekc 

B/ fejk, @@nzro/ia ;oeko s[jkv/ Bkb d';skBk ;zXh eoB dh fJS[e j? 

s/ s[jkvk j[zrkok ;[DB s'I pknd w+ fJzrb?Iv gosDk j?##. wjkoki/ B/ 

T[; ~ ehwsh d[;akb/, ehwykp d/ EkB, r[bkpdkB, jhfonK ifVnk ;'B/ 

dk e?Imk, jkEh, x'Vk ns/ jiakoK o[gJ/ fdZs/. jkEh dk j"dk ns/ x'V/ 

dh ekmh ;'B/ Bkb wVQh j'Jh ;h. d[pkok 16 ;szpo ~ w?Nekc fco 

wjkoki/ ~ fwfbnk s/ T[; B/ ;'B/ uKdh iV/ j"fdnK tkb/ fszB jkEh s/ 

j'o pj[s ;kohnK ;[rksK fdZshnK. w?Nekc dh fJj f;aekfJs fe fij' 

fijh yksodkoh dk T[j jZedko ;h T[j BjhI fwbh, ;jh ;h feT[Ife 

okid{s B/ wjkoki/ d/ e[ZM f;y ;odkoK ns/ wjkoki/ dh ;Z; okDh ;dk 

e"o Bkb r[gs whfNzrK ehshnK sK wjkoki/ B/ T[; fgS/ nkgD/ ;[{jhJ/ 

bk fdZs/ ;B. 

w?Nekc dh tkg;h fgS'I fco wjkoki/ B/ wkbt/ d/ okfinK T[gZo 

uVQkJh eo fdZsh. wb/oe'Nb/ d/ Btkp gk;'I fJe bZy o[fgnk T[rokfjnk. 

fJe nes{po 1808 ~ cohde'N fiZs fbnk. T[j fco s/iah Bkb iwBk 

sZe d/ fJbkfenK ftu'I dh BiaokB/ gqkgs eodk fojk sK nzro/iaK B/ 

fJ; rZb dk rzGho B'fN; fbnk fe w?Nekc d/ ;zXh d/ :sBK ~ ikDp[ZM 

e/ g?oK j/m bskfVnk ik fojk j?. fJj nzro/iah oki bJh yaso/ 

dh xzNh ;h. rtoBo iBob tb'I wjkoki/ ~ fJe gZso fbfynk frnk, 

@@fjia bkovfFg ~ fJj ikD e/ j?okBh ns/ fuzsk j'Jh j? fe s[;hI 

;sb[i s/ iwBk ftuekob/ fj;/ T[gZo ekpia fonk;sh okfinK ~ nkgD/ 

nXhB eoBk ukj[zd/ j'. wokfmnK ~ jokT[D pknd n;hI fJ; d/; d/ 

jZeh wkbe pD rJ/ jK s/ bkov b/e B/ s[jk~ ;jh ;bkj fdsh ;h 

fe s[jkv/ ns/ nzro/ia oki ftueko ;sb[i ~ ;ojZd wzB fbnk ikt/. 

fJ; gZso okjhI n?bkB ehsk iKdk j? fe fJBQK fonk;sh okfinK ~ 

nkgD/ nXhB eoB dk ftuko fsnkr fdT[ feT[Ife fJj poskBth 

;[oZfynk ftu nk rJ/ jB. ;oeko nk;tzd j? fe fiBQK fJbkfenK T[go 

;sb[i d/ g{op tb wjkoki/ B/ epia/ ehs/ jB T[j SZv d/D. n;hI 

wjkoki/ Bkb fwsosk d/ ;pzX oZyD d/ fJS[e jK##. 

wjkokik nfij/ yas bJh nk;tzd BjhI ;h. fJe tko sK T[; B/ 

nzro/iaK Bkb NZeo b?D dh th mkDh go e[M f;nkD/ pzfdnK B/ wjkoki/ 

dk ;[B/jk nzro/iaK se g[ukfJnk fe ub' n;hI fJBQK EktK s/ dyb BjhI 

fdzd/ go fonk;sh oki/ ;oeko ykb;k ~ jo ;kb gozgok nB[;ko 

wkwbk fdzd/ ofjD s/ fJ; dh rozNh nzro/iah ;oeko d/t/. fJj rZb 

th nzro/iaK B/ BjhI wzBh. wjkokik pVk eo'XtkB j'fJnk. nyasob'Bh 

4 cotoh 1809 ~ gfNnkb/ g[Zik. okDh dfJnk e"o B/ T[; gk; p/Bsh 

ehsh fe nzpkbk w/ok j?, fJ; T[go wjkoki/ s'I w/o/ jZe ftu epiak 

S[vtkfJnk ikt/. bkj"o dhnK ca"iK B/ nzpkbk SZv fdsk. fco 9 cotoh 

~ bkj"o ~ yas G/fink frnk fe yoV ns/ yakBg[o ftu'I ykb;k ca"iK 

fBeb ikD BjhI sK nzro/ia ekotkJh eoBr/. wjkokik fJ; t/b/ th 

nzro/iaK Bkb izrh w?dkB ftu NZeoB bJh fsnko ;h go ftd/;a wzsoh 

ceho niahiaT[dhB p[yakoh B/ nfijk eoB s'I wBQk eo fdZsk s/ fJBQK 

EktK s'I ca"iK tkg; p[bk bJhnK. nkyao pj[s ;yas e;awe;a ns/ rzGho 

ftuko tNKdo/ pknd n?Irb' f;Zy ;zXh j'Jh fi; T[go 25 ngq?b 1809 

~ d'tK fXoK d/ d;syas nzfwqs;o fty/ j'J/. fJ; ;zXh nB[;ko L 

1H bkj"o ;oeko ns/ nzro/ia ;oeko ftu fwsosk oj/rh s/ 

fit/I wjkoki/ dk e'Jh sZbe ;sb[i d/ g{op tZb d/ 

fJbkfenK T[go BjhI j't/rk fJ;/ gqeko ;sb[i d/ gZSwh 


fJbkfenK T[go nzro/iaK dk e'Jh tk;sk BjhI oj/rk. 

2H ;sb[i d/ ezfYnK T[go wjkokik tXhe ;?Bk s?Bks BjhI 

eo/rk. 

3H d'tK ;oekoK d/ tko; th fJj ;aosK wzBD d/ gkpzd j'Dr/ 

s/ fJe ;aos dh T[bzxDk dk noE ;zXh Gzr j'Jh j't/rk. 

fJ; ;zXh T[go 21 wJh 1809 ~ bkov fwzN' rtoBo iBob d/ 

d;yas j'J/. ;zXh dk ;G s'I tXhe fto'X dhtkB w[jew uzd ns/ nekbh 

c{bk f;zx B/ ehsk fijV/ fJ; ~ gkV e/ :[ZX eoB d/ fJS[e ;B. 

oDihs f;zx d/ g{oph gzikp tb tXD ns/ oki ft;Eko eoB T[go 

g{oB gkpzXh bZr rJh. fiBQK b'eK ~ wjkoki/ dh fJ; ;zXh ~ gqtkB 

eoB fgS/ ekfJosk fdZ;h j?, T[j sZEK s'I tkec BjhI. wjkoki/ ~ nkgDh 

;fEsh dk ;jh gsk ;h. T[j nzro/iaK Bkb gzrk b? b?Idk sK ncrkBK 

B/ gzikp T[go N[ZN g?Dk ;h s/ fonk;sh oki/ nzro/iaK Bkb obD/ ;B. 

T[j ;ko/ fw;bdko nzdo'I oDihs f;zx d/ fybkc ;B fiBQK dhnK 

wkbehnK wjkoki/ B/ y'j bJhnK ;B. fJ; ;zXh dk bkG fJj j'fJnk 

fe T[j g{op dh ;ojZd tb'I fB;afuzs j' frnk fi; ;dek T[; B/ 

;kohnK gjkVh fonk;sK izw{ ;w/s epia/ ftu eo bJhnK ns/ e;awho 

s'I fJbktk f;zX sZe dpdpk ekfJw eo fbnk. w[bskB, e;awho ns/ 

j'o eJh gkf;U nzro/iaK gk; wjkoki/ fto[ZX ;zXh dhnK fumhnK rJhnK 

go fizBk fuo oDihs f;zx fiT[Idk fojk nzro/iaK B/ T[; Bkb fwZsosk 

oZyh. ft;at dh ;aesh;akbh je{ws ~ nkgD/ gZy ftu eoBk e'Jh xZN 

wjZstg{oB gqkgsh BjhI ;h. pj[s fwjBs Bkb pDkJh je{ws ~ T[j 

ykjwykj r[nkDk BjhI ukj[zdk ;h. oDihs f;zx B/ nzro/iaK Bkb e[M 

nfjdBkw/ nkgDh woiah d/ fybkc th ehs/, T[dk; th j'fJnk go 

wZro?ro oDihs f;zx dk eEB fJT[I fpnkB eodk j?, @@w+ nzro/iaK ~ 

XZe e/ fJZe tko nbhrVQ sZe fbik ;edk jK go fco T[j w?~ w/oh 

;bsBs s'I pkjo sZe XZe d/Dr/##. 

wjkokik oDihs f;zx B/ nkgD/-nkg ~ jw/;a G[ZbDjko ;wfMnk. 

T[; B/ ceho B{o-T[d-dhB ns/ ;qH nwho f;zx ~ fby e/ fJj c[owkB 

;"Ifgnk fe w+, w/ok e'Jh ;akjiakdk iK gqXkB wzsoh i/ e'Jh nfijk j[ew 

ikoh eo d/D fijVk b'eK dh GbkJh d/ fto[ZX iKdk j't/ sK do[;s 

eotkT[D bJh iK tkg; b?D bJh w/o/ gk; fbnkU. ;z;ko ftu nfijh 

e'Jh j'o T[dkjoD ;k~ gqkgs BjhI. T[j nekbh c{bk f;zx d/ j[ew 

T[gZo c[Zb uVQkT[D bJh e'V/ ykD tk;s/ nekb syas nr/ g/;a j' ;edk 

;h. 

7 ngq?b 1831 ~ bfjDk f;zx wihmhnk ns/ ioB?b t?Bs{ok B/ 

pjktbg[o T[go uVQkJh eoBh ;h sd wjkoki/ B/ T[BQK ~ fejk, @@rohpK 

ns/ ewia'oK dk fXnkB oZyDk sK fe T[j nkgD/ xoK ftu t;d/ o;d/ 

ofj ;eD. fes/ pdfe;ws fGykoh Bk pDk d/Dk goik ~##. fJt/I jh 

id'I y[;ajkb f;zx 1833 ftu e;awhohnK gk;'I tZvh oew BiaokBk t;{b 

e/ fbnkfJnk sK wjkokik pj[s T[dk; j'fJnk feT[Ife T[E/ sK ekb 

fgnk j'fJnk ;h. T[; B/ jiakoK yZuoK T[go nBki bZdtk e/ wzdoK 

ns/ w;fidK ftu g[ukfJnk fiE'I b'Vtzd goik g/N Go ;e/. w[bkiawK 

ns/ nca;oK dh sBykj fjzd[;skB ftu fJzBh fes/ BjhI ;h fizBh wjkokik 

fdzdk ;h. T[; dh goy e/tb :'rsk j[zdh ;h. i/ :'r pzdk fwb frnk 

sK g?;/ dh ewh BjhI ofjD fdzdk ;h. e;awho d/ Bkfiaw feogk okw 

dh sBykj fJe bZy o[fgnk ;kbkBk ;h. ekodko T[; d/ nXhB j[zd/ 

;B s/ T[BQK dk ezw fefbQnK ftu nBki d/ Gzvko iwK eoBk j[zdk ;h. 

fJj nBki w[bkiawK ~ sBykj ti'I th fdZsk iKdk ;h s/ id'I ca"iK e{u 

eodhnK ;B T[d'I bzro d/ th ezw nkT[Idk ;h. 

gq;ak;B fJzBk e[;ab ;h fe u'ohnK vke/ pzd j' rJ/ ;B. thj 

d;zpo 1810 ~ wjkoki/ gk; yapo g[Zih fe phsh oks vke{, ;[fBnkfonK 

gk;'I ;'Bk b[ZN e/ b? rJ/ jB. wjkoki/ B/ EkD/dko ~ j[ew fdZsk fe 

s[ozs ekotkJh eo/ s/ ;ko/ vke{ g/;a eo/. pkJh d;zpo ~ EkD/dko 

pjkdo f;zx B/ d' vke{ wjkoki/ nr/ g/;a eo fdZs/ sK wjkoki/ B/ 

fejk, @@d' BjhI, ;ko/ vke{ g/;a eo ns/ Bkb jh T[j wkb g/;a eo 

fijVk fJBQK B/ b[ZfNnk ;h. i/ nfijk Bk ehsk sK s?~ ;iak fdnKrk##. 

fBnK tk;s/ w[Ybh ndkbs gzukfJs ;h. gzukfJs d/ c?;b/ dk 

;BwkB ehsk iKdk ;h. gzukfJsh c?;b/ fto[ZX ekodko dh ndkbs ftu 

nghb j' ;edh ;h s/ ekodko fto[ZX Bkfiaw gk;. j?Boh d[oKs fbydk 

j? fe w+ g/;akto d/ Bkfiaw nthsfpb/ ~ fwbD frnk sK T[j nkgDh 

ndkbs ftu ca?;b/ eo fojk ;h. T[; dh ndkbs ftu iZiK dk fijVk 

p?Iu ;h T[; ftu d' w[;bwkB, d' fjzd{ ns/ d' f;Zy ;B. wjkoki/ dk 

;yas j[ew ;h fe fJB;kc sK s[ozs d/Dk jh j?, iZi ofjwfdbh s'I 

ntZ;a ezw b?D. iZi ~ ekiah fejk iKdk ;h. tZy-tZy XowK dhnK ftfGzB 


gozgoktK ~ fXnkB ftu oZy e/ c?;b/ ;[DkJ/ iKd/ ;B. wjkoki/ B/ 

nkgD/ ekoiekb d"okB fe;/ fJe pzd/ ~ th w"s dh ;iak BjhI fdZsh. 

T[; ~ th BjhI fi; B/ wjkoki/ T[gZo jwbk ehsk. tvh s'I tvh ;iak 

d/; fBekbk ;h. gzikp T[BQK fdBK ftu ;[or s'I xZN BjhI ;h s/ gzikp 

s'I pkjo fBebDk Boe ftu XZe/ ykD pokpo ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. 

ca"ihnK ~ uzrh sBykj fwbdh ;h s/ ca""""""i dh frDsh fB;afus 

BjhI ;h. ;zeN ;w/I ca"i dh frDsh b'V nB[;ko tXk bJh iKdh ;h. 

1810 ftu wjkoki/ gk; bkj"o fty/ shj jiako x'V ;tko j[zd/ ;B s/ 

jo o'ia fJe jiako x'V/ ;t/o/ w[nkfJB/ bJh ybko/ iKd/ ;B. wjkokik 

e'Jh fJe x'Vk u[Ddk s/ d"V b[nkT[Idk. eJh tko po/eck;N T[j x'V/ 

dh ekmh T[go jh eo b?Idk. fJT[I shj fdBK ftu shj jiako x'fVnK 

dh goy j' iKdh s/ ;zGkb eoB tkb/ ;[;s BjhI j' ;ed/ ;B. :'r 

pzd/ ~ pj[s ibdh soZeh d/ w"e/ fwbd/ ;B. wjkokik w/fbnK ftu 

pjkdoK d/ ekoBkw/ d/ydk sK T[E/ jh B"eohnK d/D dk n?bkB eo 

fdzdk. iaksgks ekoB wjkoki/ B/ fe;/ Bkb edh ftseok BjhI ehsk. 

wjkoki/ dh dfonkfdbh ekoB jh r[;?b/ f;Zy i[nkB T[; dk efjD wzB 

iKd/ ;B Gkt/I fe :{oghnB ioB?bK nXhB ezw eoBk T[BQK ~ g;zd 

BjhI ;h. edh edkJhI w[;aebK yVQhnK j[zdhnK sK wjkokik jZb eo 

b?Idk. 

;'jB bkb wjkoki/ d/ d{s ti'I cako; d/ ;aakjiakdk nZpkb fwoiak 

~ fwfbnk. Jhd T[b fcso d/ i;aBK ftu ;akjiakd/ dk ;akfwnkBk pj[s 

;ikfJnk frnk ;h. ;akjiakd/ B/ ;'jB bkb ~ g[ZfSnk, @@eh wjkokik 

oDihs f;zx dk dopko fJj' fijh ;iXi tkbk jh j?, s/ eh wjkoki/ 

dh ;?Bk th fJj' fijh pjkdo ns/ nB[;akf;s j? fij' fijh w/oh##< ;'jB 

bkb B/ fBwosk Bkb itkp fdZsk, @@w/oh ;oeko d/ dopko dh SZs 

e;awhoh g;awhfBnK ns/ ;akbK Bkb iVh j'Jh j? s/ co;a T[go th 

e;awhoh ;akb ftS/ j[zd/ jB. fiE'I sZe pjkdoh dk ;tkb j?, i/ ;kvk 

ioB?b joh f;zx Bb{nk f;zX dfonk NZg nkt/ sK s[;hI tkg; spo/ia 

gosDk mhe ;wM'r/##. nZpk; fwoiak B/ fejk, @@y{p. pj[s y{p##. 

wjkokik ;kdk fbpk; gfjBdk. T[; B/ e'Jh ft;a/;a syas BjhI 

pDtkfJnk. fJe ;[zdo e[o;h pDtkJh rJh fi; T[go ;'Bk bfrnk 

j'fJnk ;h go T[; dh fdZy ;kXkoB ;h. fJj e[o;h bzvB d/ fwT{fianw 

ftu gJh j?. go wjkokik fiE/ fes/ j[zdk T[E/ jh ca?;b/ ;[DkT[Idk 

ofjzdk. eJh tkoh sK iawhB s/ u"eVh wkoh T[j fBnK eodk. w[bkeksK 

eoB tkb/ nkgDh-nkgDh j?;hns w[skpe BiaokB/ G/N eod/. T[; dh 

jkiaoh ftu b'e y"caiadk BjhI j[zd/ ;B. b/jbVhnK eYtkT[DhnK iK 

fwbD s'I gfjbK iawhB s/ f;o bk e/ wZEk N/eD torhnK gozgoktK dk 

T[; ~ fpbe[b ;a"e BjhI ;h. go T[; B/ nkgD/ tiahoK, ioB?bK, 

okie[wkoK ns/ nca;oK ~ j[ew fdZsk j'fJnk ;h fe T[j g{oh soQK 

;iXi Bkb e'oN ftu g/;a j'D. okik r[bkp f;zx ns/ ;akjiakdk jhok 

f;zx ;G s'I tXhe ;i/ j'J/ ftnesh j[zd/ ;B. fijV/ pzd/ wjkoki/ dh 

w[bkiaws ftu j[zd/ ;B T[BQK T[go d' pzd;aK bkiaw ;B. fJe tkb BjhI 

w[zBD/ d{i/ swke{ dh tos'I BjhI eoBh. fJj j[ew :'oghnBK, fjzd{nK 

ns/ w[;bwkBK ;GBk T[go bkr{ ;B. nkw BkrfoeK T[go fJj pzd;a 

bkr{ BjhI ;h. fijV/ d/;h ftd/;h wfjwkB w[bkeks bJh nkT[Id/ wjkokik 

nkgD/ pokpo nkgD/ torh e[o;h T[go fpmkT[Idk id'I fe T[BQK fdBK 

ftu nfijk fotki BjhI ;h fe e'Jh th pzdk j[ewokB d/ pokpo p?m/. 

wjkoki/ dh nZy e/tb :'rsk T[go j[zdh ;h s/ fJ;/ ekoB irhoK T[; 

B/ iZdh BjhI pDB fdZshnK. i/ fgsk irhodko j? sK T[; dh irho 

dh tkfo; ;[s/f;ZX T[; dh ;zskB BjhI j' ;edh ;h. ioB?b joh f;zx 

Bb{J/ dh ;kbkBk irho nZm bZy o[gJ/ ;kbkBk ;h. T[; dh n"bkd 

T[; tKr :'r f;ZX BK j'Jh sK Bbtk dh ikfJdkd T[; dh w"s T[gozs 

ips eoe/ j'oBk :'r pzfdnK ftu tzv fdZsh. 

wjkoki/ d/ okigqpzX ftu fszB v'rfonK dk Bkw yk; j?. fXnkB 

f;zx gqXkB wzsoh ;h. r[bkp f;zx ioB?b th fojk rtoBo th s/ 

fJBQK dk shik Gok ;[u/s f;zx dopko d/ ezwK ekiK ftu jZE tNkT[Idk 

;h. fJBQK fszBk GoktK dh uVQs s'I f;y ;odko Jhoyk eod/ ;B. fJt/I 

jh fszB w[;bwkB Gok tv/ o[sfpnK ~ wkDd/ oj/. ceho niahiaT[dhB 

ftd/;a wzsoh fojk, ceho B{o[ZdhB bkj"o febQ/dko fojk s/ yikB/ dhnK 

ukphnK dk wkbe th. wjkokik T[; dk pVk ;fseko eodk ;h. wjkoki/ 

dk ykDk T[; dh fBrokBh ftu fsnko j[zdk ;h. shik Gok ceho 

fJwkw[dhB r'fpzdrVQ ns/ nzfwqs;o d/ fefbQnK dk oytkbk ;h. bZyK 

o[gJ/ T[; d/ yiakB/ ftZu ;oeko tb'I iwK ofjzd/ ;B. T[j rtoBo 

th fojk. 

wihmhnk ;odkoK ftu'I d/;k f;zx s/ bfjDk f;zx ;Zsk d/ Gkrhdko 

oj/. ;zXktkbhJ/ ;odkoK ftu nwho f;zx, nso f;zx, bfjDk f;zx s/ 


p[ZX f;zx pV/ ;fseko:'r ;B fiBK ~ bZyK o[fgnk irhoK ti'I fwbdk 

;h. ;akw f;zx nNkoh tkbk wjkoki/ dk fo;as/dko ;h. T[; dh p/Nh 

ezto B"fBjkb f;zx ~ ftnkjh rJh. T[j pVk seVk :'Xk ;h s/ nzro/iaK 

fto[ZX bVdk j'fJnk 1846 ftu ;ajhd j'fJnk. ;o b?gb rfofcB T[; 

pko/ fbydk j?, @@;akw f;zx iZNK ftu'I ;G s'I tXhe pjkdo ;h s/ 

pjkdoh, JhwkBdkoh, skes ns/ j"I;b/ ftu iZN d[BhnK dh fe;/ B;b 

s'I fgS/ BjhI jB##. 

joh f;zx Bb{J/ pko/ wjkokik fejk eodk ;h, @@je{ws ubkT[D 

tk;s/ fJj' fij/ ioB?bK dh b'V j[zdh j?##. iwo"d d/ febQ/ ftu'I ncrkBK 

Bkb bVdk j'fJnk ngq?b 1837 ftu T[j ;ajhd j'fJnk. wjkokik 

wjhfBnK sZe T[dk; fojk s/ dopko ftu ;G ~ fJj B;hjs ehsh 

rJh ;h fe Bb{J/ ;odko dh rZb wjkoki/ ;kjwD/ BjhI eoBh. 

ekdo:ko B/ id'I Bb{J/ dh tko fby e/ fbnKdh sK wjkokik T[; ~ 

;[D e/ o' fgnk s/ ;akfJo ~ fJe y{j ;w/s w[oZpk iawhB fdZsh. 

fjzd{ ioB?bK ftu'I ;G s'I tXhe s/itkB dhtkB w[jew uzd ;h. 

T[; B/ ;sb[i ;ojZd dh oytkbh wjkoki/ s'I wzr e/ bJh ;h s/ cb"o 

dk febQk i' j[D g[bh; No/fBzr ;e{b j? T[;/ dk pDkfJnk j'fJnk j?. 

nzro/iaK ~ T[j ;yas Bcos eodk ;h. nekbh c{bk f;zx ns/ w[jew 

uzd d't/I nzro/iaK Bkb ;zXhnK eoB d/ ;yas fto[ZX ;B. nzfwqs;o ftu 

nekbh ih B/ sK w?Nekc dh ;[oZfynk rkod ~ e[ZN fdsk ;h. bkj"o 

ftu ;zXh eoB t/b/ id'I T[j nkgDh rZb T[s/ nV iKdk sK dhtkB 

w[jew uzd ~ pVk p[ok brdk. T[; B/ w?Nekc ~ fejk, @@:[ZX d/ 

w?dkB ftu brdk j? f;ZyK ~ s[;hI d/fynk BjhI j?. id'I d/y'r/ sK ikD{ 

j' ikUr/##. fJ; s/ w?Nekc B/ fejk, @@s[;hI th nzro/iaK ~ nZi/ d/fynk 

BjhI.¿ 

dhtkB w'sh okw gfjb'I ibzXo dk fco e;awho dk rtoBo fojk. 

T[j w[jew uzd dk g[Zso ;h. v'ro/ T[; fto[ZX ;kia;aK eod/ ofjzd/ ;B 

fi; ekoB T[j bkj"o SZv e/ pBko; ubk frnk ;h. w'sh okw dk 

p/Nk okwfdnkb ca""""""ih nc;o ;h s/ T[j gmkDK fto[ZX bVdk j'fJnk 

1820 ftu 28 ;kb dh T[wo ftu ikB tko frnk. okw fdnkb dk 

Gok feogk okw ibzXo dk gq;ak;e bZrk fojk. fJ; fto[ZX th v'ro/ 

r'IdK r[zdd/ oj/ fi; eoe/ fJj th nkgD/ fgsk gk; pBko; ubk 

frnk. 

dhtkB GtkBhdk; ekpb ftu ;akj F[ikn dk wkb nca;o ;h. 

fe;/ ekoB ;akj T[; Bkb Bkoki j' frnk sK T[j ekpb SZv e/ 1808 

ftu bkj"o nk frnk s/ wjkoki/ ~ fwb e/ nkgDh :'rsk dZ;h s/ 

B"eoh bJh noia ehsh. pkfJZias wjkoki/ B/ T[; ~ ;N/N d/ ;ko/ 

noEuko/ dh fBrokBh ;'"Ig fdZsh. T[; B/ gfjbh tko ;jh b/yk i'yk 

oZyD dh fgos gkJh. eJh yiakBk dcaso y'jb/. T[j fe;/ th irhodko 

iK ;{p/dko s'I fj;kp wzr ;edk ;h. pVh tko T[j gVskbhnk nca;o 

bZrk. 

iwkdko y[;ajkb f;zx w/om fib/ dk pqkjwD ;h fi; B/ wjkoki/ 

gk;'I 17 ;kb dh T[wo/ gzi o[gJ/ wjhBk f;gkjh dh B"'eoh gqkgs ehsh 

go fsZyh ;wM ;{M ;dek nfijk wjkoki/ dh Biao ftu ufVQnk fe 

bkj"o febQ/ dk fvT{Yhdko bZr frnk. e'Jh tZv/ s'I tZvk nc;o iK 

tiaho T[; dh nkfrnk pr?o wjkoki/ Bkb fBZih rZb BjhI eo ;edk 

;h. y[;ajkb f;zx dk Gshik s/iokw th bkj"o nk frnk s/ nzfwqs Se 

e/ s/ik f;zx pfDnk. T[j soZeh eodk-eodk ioB?b d/ o[sp/ sZe g[Zik. 

oDihs f;zx dh w"s s'I pknd T[; B/ ;N/N Bkb rZdkoh ehsh s/ 

nzro/iaK Bkb fwb frnk. 

dhtkB rzrk okw pBko; dk pkf;azdk ;h. T[; B/ rtkbhno d/ 

wjkoki/ gk; B"eoh gqkgs ehsh. e[;absk ns/ JhwkBdkoh ;dek T[; 

dk nZSk o;{y pfDnk. id'I wjkokik f;zXhnk ~ nzro/iaK B/ jok fdZsk 

sK 1803 ftu T[j fdZbh nk tf;nk. fe;/ B/ 1813 ftu T[; dh 

fbnkes pko/ wjkoki/ gk; rZb ehsh sK T[; B/ s[ozs rzrk okw ~ 

bkj"o p[bk fbnk ns/ ftsh wkwfbnK dh d/yo/y eoB bJh fejk. ;N/N 

dh ;akjh w[jo T[;/ gk; j[zdh ;h. 

dhtkB ni'fXnk gq;akd rzrk okw dk r'dh fbnk g[Zso ;h. T[j 

15 ;kb dh T[wo ftu bkj"o nkfJnk. gfjb'I f;gkjh Gosh j'fJnk s/ 

fco soZeh eodk-eodk ioB?b t?Bs{ok dk b?cNhB?IN iBob pD frnk. 

nzro/iah ns/ coK;h;h ftu fBg[zB j'D eoe/ T[j wjkoki/ gk; d[Gk;ahJ/ 

dk ezw th eodk ;h. wjkoki/ Bkb ezw eoB s'I fJbktk T[; B/ ezto 

yVe f;zx ns/ ezto ;a/o f;zx Bkb th ezw ehsk. wjkoki/ dh w"s 

s'I pknd th T[; B/ nfjw fvT{NhnK fBGkJhnK. id'I f;Zy nzro/iaK gk;'I 

jko rJ/ sd th T[; B/ nzro/iaK gk;'I ezto dbhg f;zx dh fBrokBh 

eoBh wzrh. id'I se ezto dbhg f;zx ~ fJzrb?Iv BjhI G/fink frnk 


ni'fXnk gq;akd B/ T[; dh fBrokBh dk ezw pky{ph fBGkfJnk. T[j pVk 

fdnkb{ ns/ fJB;kc g;zd ;aKs ;[Gkn wB[Zy ;h. nzro/iaK B/ T[; ~ 

bkj"o dk w?fi;No/N fB:[es ehsk. fJj T[; dh ftfdne fBg[zBsk eoe/ 

j'fJnk. 

fJt/I jh okik dhBk BkE, fw;o dhtkB uzd, fw;o o{g bkb, p/bh 

okw ns/ ;ktD wZb nkgDh ekpbhns ;dek fBehnK EktK s'I T[m e/ 

pj[s tv/-tv/ o[sfpnK T[gZo uVQ/. 

ftd/;ah ioB?bK ftu ihB coKf;; n?bkov, t?Bs{ok, nftsfpb/ e'oN 

nkfde T[u e'Nh d/ ;{ophoK B/ pVk Bkw ewkfJnk. F[o{ ftu f;ZyK B/ 

T[BQK dk wy"b T[vkfJnk s/ T[BQK nXhB ezw eoB s'I nkBkekBh th 

ehsh. go/v ~ f;Zy g;zd BjhI eod/ ;B s/ fJ; ~ eziohnK dk Bku 

nkyd/ ;B. go j"bh-j"bh ;G wjkoki/ dh rZb wzB rJ/ fe ca"i ftu 

nB[;ak;B ekfJw oZyD bJh go/v pj[s iao{oh j?. fJBQK ftd/;ah ioB?bK 

B/ ysoBke w[fjzwK ftu fjZ;k fbnk. wjkoki/ B/ e'Jh nzro/ia fe;/ T[u 

nj[d/ T[go s?Bks BjhI ehsk. 

fi; :kso{ B/ gzikp d/yDk ukfjnk, T[j wjkoki/ ~ fwbD s'I 

pr?o tkg; BjhI gofsnk. w[bkeks bJh e'Jh w[;aeb BjhI nkT[Idh ;h. 

wjkokik nkgD/ Biadhe o[gJhnK ns/ w[joK dhnK E?bhnK oydk. 

:kso{nK ~ w[mK Go-Go XB fdzdk. e[M :'oghnB :kso{nK B/ id'I fJ; 

rZb dk p[ok wBkfJnk fe T[j g?;/ b?D Bjh nkJ/ sd T[BQK ~ df;nk 

frnk fe j/mh eoB bJh BjhI, ;tkrs eoB bJh fJj fJE'I dk fotki 

j?. nkT[Id/ iKd/ nkgD/ fgnkfonK ~, fo;as/dkoK ~ fJt/I b'e g?;/ fdzd/ 

jB. eJh fusoeko nkJ/ i' wjkoki/ dh s;tho pDkT[D d/ fJS[e ;B. 

T[j wBQK eo fdzdk s/ nkydk, @@okik fXnkB f;zx dh s;tho pDk 

bU, T[j pVk ;[jDk j?. wjkokDh fizdK dh g/fNzr pDkU##. T[BQK ~ 

XB d/ e/ s'o fdzdk feT[Ife T[; ~ nfj;k; ;h fe w+ ;'jDk BjhI jK. 

n";p'oB fbydk j?, @@gfjbh Biao/ d/fynK fdb s/ ;ZN tidh j? fe 

f;yK dk okik fJj' fijk j?< gZek ozr, wksk d/ dkr, dofwnkBk eZd, 

fJj'' ekDk id'I fgm fgS/ Ykb pzBQ e/ x'V/ dh ekmh s/ ;tko j' nZvh 

bkT[Idk j? sd T[j fJe feq;awk pD iKdk j?. T[; dk ;oho BjhI 

fd;dk, T[; dh pbtkB o{j d/ dhdko j[zd/ jB. :ehB BjhI nkT[_dk 

fe fJj T[jh ;ay; j? fijVk j[D/ d/fynk ;h##. b?gb frqfcB fbydk 

j?, @@bkj"o, nzfwqs;o ns/ fdZbh ftu fi; ~ p[o;a ubkT[Dk nkT[Idk 

j? iK bZeV$gZEo s/ Bek;ah eoBh nkT[Idh j? T[j wkbkwkb j' frnk 

j?. T[; dhnK s;thoK XVkXV fte ojhnK jB. T[; dhnK s;thoK 

wfjbK s'I b? e/ M"IgVhnK d/ nzdo se g[Zi rJhnK jB. T[j pzdk 

fijVk ;[jDk BjhI, jo/e fdb ftu tZ;D bZr frnk##. 

w?ero?ro fbydk j?, @@T[; dh w[;ekB wBw'Ijdh j?. T[; dh 

;kdrh eoe/ wkj"b ;[yktK ofjzdk j? s/ pzdk p/fMie rZb eo ;edk 

j?. fi; ft;a/ s/ woiah rZb eo', T[j s[ozs sfj sZe g[Zi iKdk j? s/ 

T[; gk; ;apdK dh edh xkN BjhI nkJh, Bk ftukoK dh ewh fd;h. 

:[ZX ftu uVQkJh t/b/ T[j ;kfonK s'I nZr/ j[zdk s/ tkg;h t/b/ ;G s'I 

fgS/. ;koh fizdrh T[; B/ :[ZXK ftu bzxkJh. nZi th ;akBdko wfjbK 

ftu ofjD dh EK T[; ~ szp{ ftu p?mDk tXhe g;zd j?##. 

pkoe B/ fbfynk, @@T[;B/ ykjwykj nkgD/ jZEK s/ y{B d/ dkr 

BjhI bZrD fds/. pr?o ia[bw ehfsnK J/Bh tZvh je{ws ekfJw eoB 

ftu T[; dh fw;kb j'o fes/ BjhI fwbdh##. n?uHJhH c/B 1837 ftu 

bkj"o nkfJnk s/ fNZgDh fdsh, @@fwjopkBhnK Bkb T[j BZe' BZe Gfonk 

j'fJnk j?. j?okBh j[zdh j? fe w"s dh ;iak ysw eoB T[gozs th T[j 

nkgj[do/ iKrbh b'eK ~ f;XkD ftu ekw:kp j'fJnk##. ioB?b 

nftsfpb/ B/ g/;akto ftu wjkoki/ dh nkfrnk pr?o e[ZM vke{nK ~ 

cK;h dh ;iak d/ fdZsh sK wjkoki/ B/ T[; dh itkpsbph eoe/ nkgDh 

Bkokiarh gqrNkJh. wjkoki/ B/ fejk, @@sz{ T[BQK ~ pzdh pDk b?Idk. vok 

vo{ e/ fco Gik fdzdk. fJjh ekch ;h##. d[y ftu gF{ gzSh d/ eokj[D 

dh nktkia T[; ~ p/u?B eo fdzdh. coK;h;h :kso{ i?ew'IN fbydk j?, 

@@i/ oDihs f;zx ca?;bk eo bJ/ fe e[M fdB gzikp s'I pkjo r[ikoB/ 

jB sd ncrkfB;skB fiZs b?Dk T[; bJh e'Jh w[;afeb BjhI.¿ 

1808 ftu pzrkb oiw+N dk fJe nc;o wjkoki/ ~ fwbD 

nkfJnk fbydk j?, @@feb/ d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ T[uh ezX BjhI j?. T[; ~ 

fwbD bJh w[;aeb BjhI nkJh, tXhe ;[oZfynk ;?fBe s?Bks BjhI ;B. 

T[j w?~ fJe jkb ftu b? frnk fijVk ;" c[ZN bzwk ;h s/ SZs ftu 

;ah;a/ iV/ j'J/ ;B. ekch ;ko/ ;ah;a/ N[ZN/ j'J/ d/y e/ w+ g[ZfSnk fe fJj 

fet/I N[ZN rJ/< T[; B/ dZf;nk, @@f;ZyK B/ pzd{eK edh toshnK BjhI ;B. 

id'I jZE nk rJhnK sK fJE/ ;ahf;anK s/ fB;akB/ bk e/ d/yd/. w+ wBQK 

ehsk. T[BQK B/ sK ;ko/ ;ah;a/ s'V d/D/ ;B##. 


T[; dh ;kdrh nZr/ je{wsK dh ;i Xi, ;akB-;a"es wZmh j' iKdh 

;h. fJe nwoheB gkdoh ikB b'oh bkj"o nkfJnk s/ wjkoki/ gk; 

;[Mkn oZfynk fe w?~ nzro/iah ;e{b y'bQD dh nkfrnk fdT[. wjkoki/ 

dh th fJZSk ;h fe T[; d/ s/ T[; d/ tiahoK ioB?bK d/ pZu/ nzro/iah 

f;ZyD s/ j'oBK ftfdnktK ftu fBg[zB j'D. gkdoh ~ fejk fe bkj"o 

d/ nk; gk; fijVh EK uzrh brdh j? s/ fizBh ukjhdh j?, ;ot/ eo 

nkT[, T[j d/ fdnKrk. fco gkdoh B/ T[;koh d/ you pkps rZb s'oh 

sd T[j ;theko eo bJh rJh. gkdoh B/ fejk fe ;Nkc T[j nkgDh 

woiah dk oZy/rk s/ sBykj ;oeko dJ/rh. fJj th wzB fbnk frnk. 

wjkoki/ B/ g[ZfSnk, go fJ; ;e{b ftu nzro/iah gVkT[r/, pkJhpb sK 

BjhI

nkca dh T[foiB n?Iv gq'ro?; nkc #d f;Zy;$nwoBkE, iacoBkwk fJ 

oDihs f;zx$c'o;No, J/ ioBh cokw pzrkb N{ fJzrb?Iv$ukob; rc, 

fd f;Zy; n?Iv fd f;Zy tkoia$pkoB fjT{rb, No?tbia fJB e;awho n?Iv 

gzikp$ceho tjhd[ZdhB, fd ohnb oDihs f;zx$vpfbT{H ihH n";p"oB, 

dh e'oN n?Iv e?Ig nkc oDihs f;zx. 

o{; dk uofus ;kX ok;g[fsB 

ok;g[fsB pkps w?@ ekbi ftu ;[fDnK, fi; nypko iK o;kb/ 

ftu T[; pkps Sfgnk d/ydk, gVQdk. T[; pkps pj[s wkVk fbfynk 

frnk, fe T[j ;aokph ;h, n"osK dk ;aehB ;h s/ iakfoBk Bkb T[; dk 

fJ;ae ;h. fijVh T[; dh s;tho efwT{fB;N ;'thns ;N/N t/b/ g/;a 

rJh, T[jh ;jh ikDh rJh. j[D, nb?e; vhH iKi dh ;fuZso nzro/iah 

feskp @r/qroh ok;g[fsB dk ihtB ns/ ;wK#, ekfbBia B/ rbk;r' sA'A 

Skgh j?. ;tk uko ;" gzfBnK dh fJ; feskp d/ 22 nfXnkJ/ jB s/ 

5 ;" jtkfbnK Bkb nkgDk wZs g/;a ehsk j?. fJj feskp gVQB T[gozs 

ok;g[fsB d/ B?D Be;a pdbd/ jB. 

;kfJp/ohnk tkb/ gk;/ fiE/ T[ikV jh T[ikV j?, rohp fe;kB d/ 

xo ftu 1864 ftu T[; dk iBw j'fJnk. b'e d[[o/v/ gzX x'Vk rZvhnK 

s/ s?n eod/, fdB oks s[od/ ofjzd/. fJe tko eJh fdB nkpkdh Bk 

fdZ;h sK oks B{z fJe w[;kcao e'utkB B{z efjD bZrk-- nj[ T[Xo dht/ 

ir oj/ jB, T[; nkpkdh tb Bk uZbhJ/< e'utkB B/ xpok e/ fejk- 

T[Xo T[Irb Bk eo', dht/ BjhI fJj, pfxnkVK dhnK nZyK fb;aedhnK 

jB. 

fJe tZvh G?D wkohnk ;h s/ d' ;kb tvk Gok dfwZsqh. wkohnk 

dh w"s S'Nh T[wo ftu j'Jh s/ Gok dfonk ftu fvr e/ wfonk. fBeh 

T[wo/ wK ftj{Dk j' frnk. fJBQK ;ZNK B{z Bk G[Zb ;eD eoe/ ok;g[fsB 

B/ nkgDh Xh dk BK wkohnk ns/ p/N/ dk Bkw dfwZsqh oZfynk. fBZek 

jz[dk T[j fejk eodk ;h fe w?Bz{ u'o tb'@ u[eh ik ojh, S[gkJh ik 

ojh t;s{ fd; iKdh j?. ;kEh pZu/ jZ; g?Id/. frnkoK e[ ;kb dh T[wo/ 

id'@ T[j p[yko Bkb fBYkb wzi/ s/ fgnk ;h, S/ ;Zs rtKYh, fgsk 

gk; xo nZr ;/e oj/ ;B. fJe B/ fejk-- w/o/ u'oh j'J/ x'V/ dk 


e'Jh gsk BjhI brdk. fpwko ok;g[fsB B/ p?m/ pzfdnK ftu'I fJe tb 

T[Irb eoe/ fejk-- s/ok x'Vk fJ; B/ u[okfJnk j?. fi; tZb fJ;akok 

ehsk frnk T[j pzdk r[;/ Bkb T[m e/ s[o fgnk sK fgsk B/ wkch 

wzrh fe fpwkoh ekoB w[zv/ dk fdwkr mhe BjhI, fJ; dk p[ok Bk 

wBkJhI. ;G b'e ub/ rJ/. x'V/ d/ wkbe B/ e[M j'o pzfdnK ;w/s 

;aZeh pzd/ d/ xo d[nkb/ S[g e/ okshI gfjok bk fdsk. nZXh oks u'o 

B/ x'Vk nkgD/ sp/b/ ftu'I eZY e/ fes/ ;[oZfyns EK fbikDk ukfjnk 

sK cafVnk frnk. p/jZd e[NkJh ehsh s/ x'Vk S[vkfJnk. ok;g[fsB fejk 

eodk ;h-- w/ok th u'oh eoB B{z ne;o ih eodk j? go w?@ vo 

iKdk jK fe fit/I u'o ns/ u'oh dhnK t;sK w?B{z fdykJh fdzdhnK jB 

fJ;/ soK w?I th j'oK B{z u'oh eodk fd;dk j'tKrk. 

T[; dh Xh wkohnk B/ T[; pko/ fszB feskpK fbyhnK fiBQK ftu 

T[j d;dh j? fe S'Nh T[wo ftu T[j GftypkDh eodk ;h, T[j e[M 

nfijhnK ntkiK eZY b?Idk ;h fe vo/ j'J/ iK G{so/ j'J/ ikBto ;aKs 

j' iKd/ ;B. nb?e; fJBQK rZbK s/ fJj efj e/ ;aZe eodk j? fe 16 

d;zpo 1916 B{z xo'I ;Zd e/ id'I T[; B{z esb ehsk frnk, T[d'I T[; 

B{z feT[I gsk Bk bZrk< fgS'I ik e/ n;hI d/yKr/ fe T[; B{z nkgDh w"s 

dk gsk ;h. fco T[j eksb d/ xo feT[I ubk frnk< fJj ojZ; 

nD;[bM/ jB. 

1917 dk efwT{fB;N fJBebkp nkfJnk sK ok;g[fsB pkps 

gVskbhnk efw;aB p?fmnk. T[; ftu rtkjhnK d/ nkXko s/ ok;g[fsB 

B{z jzfYnk b[Zuk pdwk;a f;X ehsk frnk. gVskbhnk efw;aB dh fog'oN 

;aZeh j? feT[Ife T[; B/ T[j' f;ZX eoBk ;h i' ;N/N ukj[zdh ;h. ;oeko 

s'I vo/ b'e ok;g[fsB d/ jZe ftu fet/I p''b ;ed/ ;B< fJ; eoe/ 

nb?e; B/ fJ; feskp d/ BkfJe dh ;ay;hns dk nkXko Bk T[; dh 

Xh dhnK fbysK B{z pDkfJnk j? Bk efw;aB dh fog'oN B{z. ;p{s T[; 

d/ jZe ftu iKd/ jB, Bk fe ;oeko d/ jZe ftu. 

nkgDh g;zdhdk e[Vh Bkb ftnkj eokfJnk, pZu/ j'J/ go gfotko 

B{z SZv e/ ;kfJp/ohnk dhnK T[ikVK ftu fJeKs dh sbk;a ftu fBefbnk 

eJh ;kb Bk gofsnk. id'I T[j xo nkfJnk sK gfotko s'I gSkfDnK 

BjhI frnk ;h. swke{ ns/ ;aokp ghDh SZv u[ek ;h s/ d;dk ;h fe 

T[j ;kbK pZXh pzdrh eodk fojk. rZbK eofdnK T[j g{o/ tke Bk 

p'bdk, eJh tko ;wM Bk brdh efj eh fojk j?. nyK fb;aedhnK, 

s/ia T[IrbK bzwh dkVQh ftu c/odk j'fJnk e[M ejh iKdk fi; dk e'Jh 

noE Bk j[zdk. tZvk irhodko fwykJhb'ftu fejk eodk ;h-- e'Jh pzdk 

BjhI fwfbnk fijVk ej/ fe T[j ok;g[fsB B{z ikD frnk j?. 

fJbhnkv'o B/ ok;g[fsB d/ p'b 1907 ftu ebw pzd ehs/. fJe 

EK ok;g[fsB efjzdk j?, @@w/o/ T[go ikBb/tk jwb/ j'J/. wkbe B/ puk 

fbnk. nB/eK tko pfxnkVK B/ jZb/ p'b/, e[M BjhI ftrfVnk. dfonktK 

feBko/ s[oBk uzrk brdk feT[Ife fJE/ oZp t;dk j?. e[dos tXhnk 

Nhuo j? feT[Ife p;zs o[s pkps doys s'I tXhnk e"D ikDdk j?

dh d[orzX f;o B{z uVQ iKdh. go ;akjh wfjwkB pkps Bk e'Jh e[;e 

;edk ;h Bk jZ; ;edk ;h. T[j sK X'J/ eZgV/ fJ; eoe/ gfjB b?*dk 

fe wfjbK ftu ikDk j? BjhI sK w?b/ gkJh fcodk ofjzdk. iako B/ e[M 

rZbK ehshnK, ;kX B/ ;XkoB fij/ itkp fds/. iakfoBk B/ gqkoEBk ehsh- 

- wjkswK w/o/ ;akjiakd/ dk y{B trD' BjhI o[edk. s[;hI fwjopkB j't'. 

;kX B/ fejk-- vkeNoK B{z gfjbK pkjo eZY'. T[j pZu/ B{z jZE Bk 

bkT[D. vkeNo pkjo fBeb rJ/. e/tb wfjb dk uhc ;oiB nzdo 

ofj frnk. y{B trD tkb/ iayw T[go x[N e/ pzBQh j'Jh gZNh B/ y{B 

o'e e/ oZfynk j'fJnk ;h. ok;g[fsB nzdo frnk. gfjbK E[Zfenk, fco 

pZu/ d/ f;o s/ jZE c/fonk. ;[Zsk pZuk ikfrnk s/ ;kX tZb d/y d/ 

w[;eok fgnk. fJj' fijk T{N gNKr fe;w dk pzdk gfjbh tko d/fynk. 

ok;g[fsB B/ ;fji/ ;fji/ iayw s'I gZNh y'bQh, iayw s/ jZE c/fonk, y{B 

trD' o[e frnk. ;kX jZ; e/ efjD bZrk-- s{z mhe j' frnk j?I e[wko. 

;[yh oj/I. 

iako ns/ iakfoBk B/ noia ehsh fe e[M fdB wfjbK ftu oj'. 

T[; B{z j'o eh ukjhdk ;h< fsB/ okie[wkohnK u"Ek okie[wko ;kok fdB 

T[; s'I ejkDhnK ;[Dd/ ofjzd/. jikoK whbK dk gzX T[j eJh ;kb 

eodk fojk ;h, T[; e'b ;ZuhnK rZbK J/BhnK ;B fe goh ejkDhnK 

dh eh b'V ;h< pZu/ T[; s'I tZy j'D bJh fsnko BjhI ;B. go ;kX 

B/ fJe fdB fejk-- j[D w?I iktKrk. p/F[wko ehwsh ;[rksK d/ e/ T[; 

B{z s'fonk frnk. 

p/gqtkj ;kX{ B{z id'I e'Jh efjzdk fe s{z eJh rbshnK eo fdzdk 

j?I sK T[j T[so fdzdk- gSsktk Xow j?. fijV/ rbshnK BjhI eod/ 

T[j g;aukskg BjhI eod/, T[j Xkofwe BjhI j' ;ed/. oZp dh oiak 

ftu oj'. fes/ e[M rbs BjhI j?. i/ rbs bZrk, fywK wzr'. 

wfjb ftu T[; d/ dkyb/ dk p[ok wBkfJnk frnk. ykBdkBh b'eK 

B{z bZrk fit/I wfjb fGZfNnk frnk j't/. T[u/ spe/ fyMd/ ;B id'I T[j 

efjzdk fe w?I ;kX jK. t?;/ T[; dhnK fiBQK ewia'ohnK dk fiaeo ehsk 

iKdk, gZSw ftu T[BQK dk e'Jh B'fN; BjhI b?Idk. ioB?b d/dhfbB B/ 

y[chnk ftGkr B{z ok;g[fsB d/ fgS'eV s/ toswkB pkps gsk eoB d/ 

j[ew d/ fds/. fog'oNK wkVhnK nkJhnK. gqXkB wzsoh ;NkbhfgB B?/ 

d[pkok iKu eokJh. fog'oN ftu nkfJnk fe fJ; dk wfjb ftu nkT[D 

ikD mhe BjhI. gqXkB wzsoh B/ okiXkBh ftu T[;d/ dkyb/ T[go gkpzXh 

bk fdsh. gqXkB wzsoh B/ pkd;akj B{z ok;g[fsB pko/ dZf;nk sK T[; 

B/ jZ; e/ fejk-- uzrk, j[D BjhI T[jB{z nkgK fJE/ tVB fdzd/. go 

fJj iapkBh j'Jh rZb ;h. ok;g[fsB B{z okiXkBh ftu d/yD fgS'I T[; 

B{z frqcsko eoBk pDdk ;h. fJe fdB T[j okiXkBh ikD tkbh o/b 

rZvh ftu ufVQnk sK y[chnk g[bh; dh joes skV frnk. T[; B/ 

ubdh rZvh ftu'I Skb wkoh, d"V e/ eko ftu p?fmnk, fwbhs;k vZu?; 

d/ wfjb nzdo ik tfVnk. nZm gfjo g[b; B/ wfjb x/oh oZfynk. 

g[fb; T[E'I T[d'I jNh id'I rtoBo dk j[ew nk frnk fe ok;g[fsB 

;N/N dk wfjwkB j?. g[b; w[yh B/ gqXkB wzsoh B{z fJj rZb dZ;h sK 

T[j jZ; fgnk. rZb ysw. 

Jh;kJh ;kX{ fJbhnkv'o o{;h uou dk ;aesh;akbh nkr{, ftdtkB 

ns/ tXhnk p[bkok ;h. T[; d/ T[gk;aeK dh frDsh bZyK ftu ;h fi; 

eoe/ T[j ;N/N dh nkb'uBk s'I th goj/ia BjhI ;h eodk. iako B{z T[; 

dhnK joesK uzrhnK Bk bZrhnK sK ;iak ti'I T[; dh pdbh ;kfJp/ohnk 

d/ uou ftu eo fdsh rJh. ;kJ/p/ohnk B{z ;kv/ ekb/-gkDh dh ;iak 

tKr ;wM'. ok;g[fsB T[; ;kjwD/ e[M BjhI ;h. fJbhnkv'o ok;g[fsB 

B{z uzrk pzdk BjhI ;wMdk ;h. d'tK dk fJe ;KMh EK w/b j'fJnk. 

ok;g[fsB B/ Jhbhnkv'o B{z icah ftu x[N fbnk. rotB?;Z n?Bk B/ 

ok;g[fsB nZr/ r'fvnK goB/ p?m e/ T[; dk jZE u[zfwnk. iakfoBk T[; 

B{z ;fseko Bkb fwbh. fJj dZ;D bJh fe w?I eh jK-- ok;g[fsB 

Jhbhnkv'o tZb d/y e/ w[;ekfJnk s/ iako B{z fejk, @@fJBQK dh pdbh 

tkg; okiXkBh ftu eoBh j?.## pkd;akj fBe'b; p'fbnk, @@go fJ; 

spkdb/ d/ j[ew T[go sK n;hI nkg d;ys ehs/ jB

p?mhnK T[BQK B/ ed/ BjhI d/fynk ;h. wjkokDh d't/I okie[wkohnK B{z 

fwbtkT[D fJT[I b?e/ nkJh fit/I fJe' gfotko j't/. wkohnk B/ wjkokDh 

B{z e/tb fJe ;tkb g[ZfSnk-- fJzB/ jiko B"eoK dk s[;hI eh eod/ j' 

wkbeD< wjkokDh jZ; gJh. ok;g[fsB dhnK g/Iv{ XhnK ;fjwhnK j'JhnK 

yb'shnK d/ye/ wjkokDh B/ d'tK B{z iZch ftu b? fbnk. fco uko/ e[VhnK 

fBvZo j'e/ nkg' ftu rZbK eoB bZrhnK. i/ g/Iv{ e[VhnK B/ edh 

okie[wkohnK BjhI d/yhnK ;B sK d{i/ gk;/ okie[wkohnK B/ th fJj' 

fijhnK e[VhnK gfjbh tko d/yhnK. ok;g[fsB dh tvh Xh wkohnk B/ 

fgsk pkps fgS'I ike/ id'I feskp fbyh, fJBQK gbK dk fiaeo :kdrkoh 

th j?, ;{yw th. 

wfjb ftu ;akjh pZfunK dh ;KG ;zGkb eoB tkbh (rtoB?;Z) 

s{u/tk B/ iako B{z fJe fdB fejk-- ok;g[fsB mhe nkdwh BjhI wjkoki. 

okie[wkohnK Bkb fit/I T[j f;Xw f;XhnK rZbK eodk j? T[j wfjb 

dhnK otkfJsK nB[;ko ;fGne BjhI. iako B/ fejk-- @@s{z th u[rby'oK 

ftu ;akwb j' rJh j?I . w[;hps d/ ;kbK ftu T[; dhnK gqkoEBktK 

B/ w?B{z pukfJnk. F[eor[iako jK w?I T[; dk.## fJj efjzfdnK pkd;akj 

B/ rtoB?;Z B{z wfjb ftu'I ;/tkw[es eo fdsk. 

ok;g[fsB ;wM frnk fe T[; d/ fto'Xh bkwpzd j' oj/ jB. 

;zeN NkbD tk;s/ T[; B/ n?bkB eo fdsk fe w?I shoE :ksok s/ ik 

fojK. T[; B/ okiXkBh SZv fdsh. d{o d[okv/ dhnK :ksoktK eoBk T[; 

dk ;a"e jh ;h. e[M ;kbK pkd fco okiXkBh gos nkfJnk. 

iako ns/ iakfoBk B/ fJe tv/ ;wko'j ftu ;akwb j'D eht ;afjo 

ftu ikDk ;h. fi; pkiako ftu'I dh ;akjh i'Vh B/ bzxDk ;h T[E/ ;tkrs 

eoB tkb/ b'eK dh esko ftu ok;g[fsB th yb' frnk. wjkokDh B/ 

id'I ok;g[fsB B{z d/fynk sK y[;ah ftu jZE fjbkfJnk. ;akjh pZxh d/ 

fgSbh rZvh T[go gqXkB wzsoh ;NkbhfgB nk fojk d/fynk sK ok;g[fsB 

dk ozr nukBe ghbk j' frnk s/ T[uh T[uh uhfenk-- @@s/o/ fgS/ w"s 

s[o ojh j? ghNo ;NkbhfgBHHH w"s ! s?B{z Bh fd;dh< nj[ d/y.## 

T[; ;koh oks ok;g[fsB gk;/ pdbdk fojk. pko pko nkydk 

fojk, @@fGnkBe tkodks j'J/rhHHH w?I w"s d/yhHHHgo w?I e[M eo BjhI 

;edk.## 

T[;/ oks eht Ug/o/ ftu ykVe{ p'ro't B/ ;NkbhfgB B{z r'bh 

Bkb c[zv fdZsk. eksb T[s/ gfjbK th fJe esb dk w[eZdwk uZb fojk 

;h, fco th T[; B{z Ug/o/ ftu nkT[D dk ;oekoh ;Zdk gZso fet/I fwb 

frnk, fJ; gq;aB s'I iakjo ;h fe fJj tvh ;kia;a dk Bshik ;h. 

ok;g[fsB iako iakfoBk e'b nca;'; eoB frnk sK fejk-- j[D nr/ dh 

;'u' wjkoki. i' j'fJnk ;' j'fJnk. T[; dh EK j[D e'e';'t mhe oj/rk. 

nkgD/ fwZso ;/pbo B{z T[; B/ o{;h uou dk w[yh btkfJnk s/ 

fJ; d/ Bkb jh e?pfBN ftu uou-gqpzX dk wzsoh fB:[es eotk fdsk. 

;akjh ykBdkB f;aeko bJh izrb tb fBefbnk. T[E/ ;akjiakdk 

nb?e;h fJe d[[oxNBk ftu v{zxh ;ZN yk p?mk. d/o dk o[fenk y{B 

fco trD bZrkHHH T[j' g[okDh fpwkoh. gfjbK ;akjikdk d/o se dod 

Bkb T[uh T[uh uheK wkodk fojk go id'* EZe rnk sK Xhwh ;[o 

ftu, p?m/ rb/ Bkb ftbedk fojk. T[;B{z gsk bZr frnk fe w"s B/V/ 

nk rJh j?. wK B{z g[fSnk- @@woB fgS'* dod jN iKdk j? wK< w/oh 

epo T[go fJe fBek gZEo nkgD/ jZE Bkb oZyh* wkwk. oks d/ B/oQ/ 

ftu Bk w?B{z dZph*. fdB ftu, Bhb/ nkek;a j/m dcBkJh*.## wK ikD 

rJh fe nZm ;kbk okie[wko ihtB d/ nzsw ;Zu B{z d/y ns/ ;wM 

frnk j?. c?d'o't s/ okZe; d' ;oiB okiXkBh ftu'* p[bkJ/ rJ/. pZu/ 

dh iKu eoB fgS'* d'jK B/ f;o fjbk e/ fejk- j[D fJ; ftu eh 

ofj frnk j?< c?d'o't B/ gZNh y'bQD s'* fJj efj e/ fJBeko eo 

fdsk- id'* w?B{z gsk j? y{B Bjh* o[e/rk, nkgD/ jZEh* ;akjiakd/ B{z feT[* 

wkoK< fizB/ ;kj fby/ jB, b?D fdT[. ;akjiakd/ dh w"s T[gozs fijVk 

p[fbfNB eZYDk j?, ;Nkc ns/ vkeNo fsnko eoB br gJ/. nzsw 

;w/* dhnK Xkofwe o;wK F[o{ j'JhnK . nukBe wjkokDh B/ n?Bk B{z 

fejk- ok;g[fsB d{o nkgD/ fgzv ftu j?. T[;B{z sK fJj ypo d/ d/j 

fe ;afjiakdk ik fojk j?/. n?Bk B/ sko d/ fdsh. ok;ag[fsB dh p/Nh 

wkohnk nkgDh feskp ftu fbydh j?- gkgk o'Nh yk fojk ;h id'A sko 

fwbh. ykDk SZv e/ T[j s[ozs pzdrh eoB bZr fgnk. d/o sZe 

gqkoEBk eofdnK T[;dk ozr iaod j' frnk s/ ;kok ;oho g;hB/ Bkb 

fGZi frnk. T[j s/ia-edwh vkeyakB/ frnk s/ fJj sko G/ih, @@okie[wko 

dh fpwkoh rzGho BjhA j?. vkeNoK B{z ej' T[;B{z EekT[D BK.## E'Vh 

e[ d/o pkd fJe j'o sko G/ih, @@oZp B/ w/oh cfonkd ;[D bJh j? 

wjkokDh. nb?e;h mhe j?.## 

;akjiakd/ dh jkbs ;[XoB bZr gJh, nrbh ;t/o T[BQK jh vkeNoK 


B/ fejk - fJj j[D yaso/ s'A pkjo j?/. c?;bk j'fJnk fe j[D wohia 

BPz wfjb ftu fbikfJnk ikJ/. gZSwh o/bt/ ewKvo j;feE B/ wfjew/ 

B{z g{oh ;ktXkBh tosD bJh fejk fe o;s/ ftu fes/ jue'bk Bk bZr//. 

okj ftu fJe tko th rZvh B{z po/e BjhA bkJ/ rJ/. 

d{o p?mk ok;g[fsB N?bhc'B okjhA th nkgD/ w[ohdK B{z okiah eo 

fdzdk ;h, nfijhnK ncatkjK gfjbK th s[o ojhnK ;B go fJBQPK B{z 

;aoXkbP{nK d/ rg"V fejk iKdk ;h. ;akjiakd/ tkbh ssekbh xNBk d/ 

rtkj sK fe;/ soKa th T[; d/ jZe ftu BjhA ;B. wfjb d/ nzdo 

ns/ pkjob/ b'eK B/ vkeNoK B{z fJ; xNBk pko/ g[fSnk, vkeNoK dk 

T[so j[zdk- gsk BjhA. w"s tkg; ubh rJh. 

ok;g[fsB d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ pj[frDsh ;zrs rohp fe;kBK s/ wiad{oK 

dh i[Vdh, N[ZN/ j'J,//////// E[VK d/ wko/ b'e. e'Jh tiaho nkT[*dk, XBh nkT[dk, 

g?f;nK dk Y/o bk fdzdk sK ;kX nk; gk; p?fmnK ftu tzv fdzdk. 

;ko/ g?;/ BjhA tzavdk ;h, ;ko/ nkgD/ e'b th Bjh oydk ;h.A e'Jh 

XBkv ykbh jZE nk iKdk sK efj th fdzdk- g?;/ fbnkfJnk eo. g[zB 

eohdk j?. d';s't;eh ns/ Nkb;NkfJ dk ft;atk;a ;h oP; dh w[esh 

nBgVQ, g/Av{nK okjhA j't/rh. ok;g[fsB dk nkbk d[nkbk fJBQK ;fjseowhnK 

d/ ozrwzu tork ;h. 

T[j izr d/ fybkca ;h. ;kb 1913 ftu dZyDh ;bktK ns/ s[oeK 

ftueko pbekB ftu :[ZX fSV frnk. o{;h d/;a GrsK B/ fejk- ;kB{z 

nkgD/ Jh;kJh Xow d/ pzfdnK dh wdd eoBh ukjhdh j?. ok;g[fsB 

B/ fJ;dk fto'X ehsk. nyapko B{z fdsh fJzNothT{ ftu T[;d/ ;apd 

jB- @@s[oe ns/ ;bkt fJe d{i/ B{z yKd/ jB sK ykD. i/ T[j nzBQ/ 

j' rJ/ jB sK woBr/ jh. w?A nkgD/ pZfunK B{z feT[@ woB fdnK< 

nyapko dh yapo Bkb T[;B{z ;po BjhA nkfJnk. T[j iako B{{z fwbD 

frnk, T[;d/ ;kjwD/ r'fvnK Gko j'e/ gqkoEBk ehsh fe d{o p?m e/ 

swk;ak d/yDk j? d'y'. w/ok d/;a fJ; ftu ;akwb BjhA j't/rk. iako d/ 

;bkjeko efj oj/ ;B fe fJBQK d'tK d/;aK B{z jok e/ pbekB s'A b?e/ 

e[;s[Bs[Bhnk sZe o{; dk Mzvk bfjokJ/rk.T[jd/ efjD T[Zs/ iako B/ :[ZX 

s'A feBkok eo fbnk. 

ok;g[fsB iako B{z ne;o efjzdk fe gkobhw?A*N (v{wk) dk ;fseko 

eo'. iako dk T[Zso j[zdk- T[E/ rX/ p?m/ jB. eh eoBk T[BQK dk< iako 

B/ T[; B{z ;oekoh ;ZdkgZso d/ e/ fejk fe ik e/ v{wk dh ekotkJh 

d/y/. T[j ;i Xi e/ nzdo ik e/ p?m frnk. v{wk dk gqXkB o'iaKe', 

ok;g[fsB Bz{P Bcaos eodk ;h. T[; B{z d/y e/ T[j s?;a ftu nk frnk 

s/ e'b ik e/ fejk- Gb/ wkD;K tKr pkjo ikJ/A*rk fe eZYK< ok;g[fsB 

B/ ;N/N dk ;Zdk-gZso i/p ftu'A eZY e/ fdykfJnk sK gqXkB j'o GVfenku[g 

eoe/ T[m ikj BjhA ;[oZfynk nwb/ B{zz nky e/ u[etk fdnKrk. 

ok;g[fsB T[fmnk, fJj efjzdk j"bh j"bh s[o fgnk- fJj' fij/ gkghnK 

B{z wkca eoh*AAA wkbe. r[;?bh Biao Bkb gqXkB tZb sefdnK T[j pkjo 

ubk frnk. T[j ukj[zdk sK iako e'b f;aekfJs eo ;edk ;h feT[@fe 

fJj sK wfjb dk ngwkB j'fJnk ;h, go T[;B/ fJj efj e/ rZb 

Nkb fdZsh- w;K w;K rohpK dh ntkia wfjb d/ nzdo ikD bZrh j?, 

nkgK tZfvnK d/ nkg;h w;fbnK s'A eh b?Dk< v{wk ikD/ iK pkd;akj 

ikD/. 

fJbhnkv'o, fi;B{z pkd;akj s'* g[m/ d;ys eotke/ ;kfJp/ohnk dh 

e?d s'* pukfJnk, T[;dk d[;awD j' frnk. T[;d/ t?oh T[; B{z esb 

eoB dhnK ftTsK pDkT[D bZr/. fiBQK n"osK pkps ;[fDnk ;h fe 

ok;g[fsB B/ T[BQK Bkb pd;b{eh ehsh, T[BQK B{z tosD d/ :sB j'J/ 

feT[@fe ;G s'* nk;kB o;sk fJj' ;h. e'Jh fsnko Bk j'Jh. fJe 

t/;tk B{z fsnko ehsk frnk. fiZXo dh ok;g[fsB B/ bzxDk ;h T[; 

o;s/ ftu wzrsh dk G/y Xko e/ yb' rJh, B/V/ nkfJnk sK g?;/ bJh 

jZE nZv/, id'* g?;/ eZYD bJh ok;g[fsB B/ i/pK ftu jZE gk bJ/ sK 

s/iah Bkb n"os B/ T[;d/ g/N ftu S[ok wkfonk. S[ok Sksh dhnK 

g;bhnK sZe g[Zi frnk. T[j d[pkok fco S[ok x'gD bZrh sK iaywh 

j'D d/ pkti{d ok;g[fsB B/ T[;B{z go/ XZe fdsk. T[j GZi rJh s/ 

ok;g[fsB Xosh s/ fvr fgnk. 

vkeNo tbkdhwho, fsT{wB ;afjo ftu ;h. wohia sZe g[ZiD bJh 

T[;B{z S/ xzN/ bZr//. ;kX B/ vkeNo B{z fejk- nB?;Eh;hnk BjhA b[nkDk. 

fJ;/ soK ngo/a;aB eo. fJ;/ soQK nkgo/;aB ehsk frnk. nkgo/;aB d"okB 

T[j p/j';a j' frnk ;' e'Jh ftxB Bk fgnk. go vkeNo B/ d/fynk 

fe iayw pVk yasoBke j?. T[;B/ fsT[wB j;gskb ftu fbikD dk 

j[ew d/ fdZsk. o;sk j[ifenK tkbk th ;h bzwk th. e'Jh vkeNo 

fJ; jkbs ftu J/B/ bzw/ ;cao dh f;cakfo;a BjhA eodk. go T[j 

;bkws g[Zi rJ/. d/o sK bZrh, ok;g[fsB mhe j' frnk. ikB pukT[D 

d/ fJBkw ti'* wjkokDh B/ vkeNo B{z ;'B/ dh xVh fJBkw fdZsh. 


T[;dhnK fuZmhnK d/ d' e[ jtkb/ d/ d/D/ mhe ofjDr/. T[;dh 

fbykJh rzdh ;h, rokwo nkT[@dh BjhA ;h s/ ;apdi'VK dh jkbs J/Bh 

wkVh fe @@o{;## Bjha fbyDk nkT@dk ;h, fes/ fes/ gsk Bjh bardk 

efj eh foj?. g/;a j? gfjb/ ft;at :[ZX s'A gfjbK iako B{z fbfynk gZso 

fi; ftu T[j izr s'A puD bJh fbydk j?L 

fgnko/ fwZso, 

o{; T[go iakbw BQ/oh M[Zb ojh j?. d[y, ;zeN, BQ/ok. o';aBh s'A 

fpBK ;G e[ZM. nDfrDs jzM{nK dk ;w[zdo. bj{ jh bj{. eh ejK< 

fizB/ s[jkv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ s[jkv/ tcakdko fwZso jB ;G s[jkB{z izr ftu 

obD dh ;bkj d/ oj/ jB. T[BQK B{z spkjh dk gsk BjhA. w?B{z fd; 

ojh j?. oZp id'AI pzfdnK s/ Bkokia j[zdk j? sK wZs wko fdzdk j?. nzs 

dh F[o{nks j' rJh j?. s[;hA iako j', goik d/ fgsk. gkrbK dh rZb 

Bk ;[D'. s[jkvh ns/ d/;a dh spkjh :ehBh j?. caoia eo bt' iowB 

B{z jok fdT[r/. sK th w?A efjzdk jK y{B ftu BjkT[Dk mhe BhA j[zdk.rq?roh 

iako B/ izr dk n?bkB eo fdsk. ok;g[fsB B/ pV/ :sB ehs/ 

fe fJe tko wfjb ftu iako Bkb fwbe/ rZb eo/. T[;dk okpsk 

wfjb Bkb'I s'fVnk frnk. nyho sZe T[j fejk eodk ;h- fwb ;edk 

sK w?A iako B{z o'e b?Dk ;h. j[D eh eoK< w/oh ns/ iako dh fe;ws 

fJZe Xkr/ Bkb pzBQh rJh j?. 

fJeZbk ok;g[fsB BjhA, T[; tor/ j'o th ;B i' izr d/ fyabkc 

;B. wjkokDh iowB ;h, ;or/Jh ftZNh, iowB dk jwkfJsh ;h, fJj 

;ko/ iowB fto[ZX :[ZX dk n?bkB eoB d/ fto'Xh ;B. ;or/Jh fbydk 

j?- @@fJj nkdwh fe; jZd se dkB;ato j?, s[jkB{z BjhA gsk. o{; dh 

o{j, fjod/ ns/ fd;ak pkps T[; s'a tXhe fe;/ B{z ;wM Bjh@. e'Jh 

fdZp fdq;aNh j? T[; ftu. frnkB dh shih nZy.## 

T[;B/ iako BPz fbfynk- p[ok j'fJnk iK Gbk, e'Jh gsk 

Bjh@, w?A nkgDh fe;ws wfjbK Bkb nkg i'Vh. w/oh spkjh 

pkd wfjb ns/ wfjb dh spkjh pkd w?I Bjh ofj ;eKr/. 

j[D id'@ s[;hA w/oh ;bkj d/ T[bN :[ZX S/V fdsk j? sK w/o/ 

e'b cfsj bJh n;h; d/D s'A fJbktk eh j?< w?A s[jkBz{ fJj 

th fejk ;h fe w?A nkgDh ;koh pzdrh oki e[wko dh fiazdrh 

pukT[D d/ b/y/ bk fdsh. w?A ;akjh y{B trD s'A o'e fdsk. 

s[;hAA wjkokia w/o/ pZfunK dk d/;h y{B tjkT[D dk c?;bk feT[@ 

eo fbnk< 

@nr;s 1914# Bktb d/ nzs ftu ;'bia/fBsf;B fbydk j?, @@o{; 

T[go gkrbK dk oki j'J/rk. j'o o;sk BjhA pfunk.## 

2 iBtoh 1915 B{z rtoB?;Z n?Bk rZvh ftu ;cao eo ojh ;h 

sK n?e;hv?AN j' frnk. o/vhJ/No B/ Neok e/ bZsK s'V fdZshnK, 

j;gskb fbikD sZe pj[s ;wK bzx frnk. T[j p/j';a j' rJh, p/j';ah 

ftu th ok;g[fsB dk BK b? b? e/ nkydh- w/o/ bJh d[nk eo pkpk. 

w?B{z puk. nrb/ fdB ok;g[fsB T[; B{z fwbD s[o fgnk. fpBK dZ;/ 

g[ZS// T[j nzdo ik tfVnk. iako iakfoBk ns/ vkeNo T[E/ p?m/ ;B. 

p/j';a n?Bk d/ puD dh T[whd bZE rJh. ok;g[fsB T[; e'b frnk, 

jZE cV e/ fejk, @@ikr n?Bh. d/y e"D nkfJn?.## wohia B/ nZyK 

y'bQhnK- @@s[;h@ nk rJ/< F[eo n? oZpk w/fonk.## ok;g[fsB B/ jkiaohB 

B{z fejk- pu rJh j?. bZsK ewia'o ofjDrhnK. fJj nky e/ T[j d{i/ 

ewo/ ftu frnk s/ p'j';a j' e/ fvr fgnk. ;kok ;oho g;hB/ Bkb 

B[uVD bZrk. eJh fdBK pkd id'A n?Bk dhnK rZbK j'D bZrhnK sK 

T[;B/ fejk- Y/o ;kohnK bk;aK ftu gJh n?Bk B{z gSkD e/ w?A* u[e 

fbnkfJnk. j[D e'Jh fcaeo Bjh. 

;oeko ftu T[;dk fezBk n;o o;{y ;h, fJ; pko/ ;jh Bshik 

edh Bjh fwb/rk, J/Bh rZb iao{o ;Zuh j? fe fijVk tiaho T[;dk 

fBokdo eodk T[;dh S[ZNh j' iKdh. wfjb nzdo d' XV/ ;B, fJe 

;kX d/ jZe ftu d{ik fyabkca. d't/A iako d/ tcakdko ;B go nkg; 

ftu vN e/ fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh. :[ZX wzsoh g'bhtb't B/ ok;g[fsB s'A@ 

;oekoh rZvh tkg; b? bJh sK T[; B{z wzsokb/ s@' jZE X'D/ g? rJ/. 

fJZe fwZso B/ fJ; poyk;s tiaho B{z fejk, @@;[fDnk j? s?B{z fJ; eoe/ 

jNkfJn? fe s{z iowBK Bkb ob frn?*.## wzsoh B/ jZ; e/ fejk, @@p/te{ca 

j' ;edK, rZdko Bjh*.## 

;iak :kcask b'eK dhnK nDfrDs ofjw dhnK nghbK iako e'b 

g[[idhnK, J/BhnK B{z sK gVQBk ;[DBk th ;zGt Bjh* ;h. b'e ok;g[fsB 

e'b nkT[@d/. T[j jo/e dh noiah T[go ofjw eoB bJh f;ckfo;a fby 


fdzdk. fe;/ B{z edh BKj Bjh* ehsh. e[ZM e[ d';sK B/ N'fenk th- 

@@fJBQK ftu'* eJh ;jh ;iak d/ jZedko jB, ngokXh jB. s[;h jo/e 

dh f;cko;a eoh iKd/ j'.## T[; B/ fejk- @@w/oh fJj ;woZEk j? fe 

w?* fi; B{z ukjK ;iak eotk fdnK. fe;/ B{z ;iak eotkT[D bJh fi; 

fdB w?A f;cko;a fbyh, w/o/ jZE tZY d/D/ T[; fdB. fejVk p/e;{o fd;d? 

fJE/< oZp B/ ;Zfsnk fdZsh sK wkchnK eoktKrk. fijVk woiah nk ikJ/.## 

T[;d/ d;ys tkbk ekria eoz;h pD iKdk. 

T[j edh fJj gotkj Bjh* eodk ;h T[; dhnK f;ckfo;aK dk 

eh j' foj?. nkydk- @@j[D iako ikD/ T[;dk ezw ikD/. w?* nkgDk ezw 

eoKrk, iako nkgDk eo/. uzr/ ezw eo/rk sK ;[y gkJ/rk.## 

feT[*fe T[j iowB fto[ZX izr dk fto'Xh ;h, T[;d/ d[;awDK B/ 

T[;d/ fybkc ncatkjK T[vkJhnK fe T[j iowBk dk J/izN j?, iowBk 

B{z puk fojk j?, o{; B{z jok fojk j?. okDh th iowB j'D eoe/ o{;h 

ca"iK B{z wotk ojh j?. fJj' fij/ d';a wjkokDh fizdK T[go bZr/ ;B. 

d'F bkT[D ns/ T[;B{z ;Zu wzBD tkb/ gkrbK B{z fJj Bjh* gsk fe 

e'Jh wK nkgD/ p/N/ dk ski fe;/ j'o d/ f;o s/ Bjh* d/y ;edh j[zdh. 

e[fwZ;o't, g[b; tb'* bkfJnk T[;dk nzr oZfyne ;h. fJe ;akw 

ok;g[fsB d';sK ftu p?mk Xow pkps d/o sZe rZbK eodk fojk sK 

efwZ;o't T[uh nktkia ftu p'fbnk- @@pzd eo' o{jkBh rZbK s/ gftso 

eEk. dko{ ghU s/ neb dh rZb eo'.## ok;g[fsB jZ; fgnk. fij' 

fijk T[j nkg T[j' fij/ pzd/ g;zd eodk. ;kfonK B/ ikw SbekJ/. 

S[ok tZiD dh xNBk fgS'* T[j Fokp ghD bZr frnk ;h fi;B{z fe 

eJh djke/ jZE Bjh* ;h bkfJnk. 

fJe fdB iakoeh ;/b' ;N/;aB T[s/ o/b rZvh ftu p?mk T[j tXhe 

dko{ gh frnk s/ efjD bZrk- id'* se rZvh o[eh j?, iok Nfjb btK< 

T[;d/ bVyVKd/ edwK B{z d/y e/ e[fwZ;o't B/ fejk- J/Bh gh e/ b'eK 

ftu fcoBk mhe Bjh*. i/ wjkokDh sZe ypo g[Zi rJh c/o< T[;B/ 

wjkokDh B{z T[j rkb tkjh fe e[fwZ;o't B/ fJj' fij/ Fpd edh Bjh* 

;[D/ ;B, T[; d/ o"*rN/ yV/Q j' rJ/, Mzi'V e/ efjD bZrk- w[V e/ 

w/o/ ;kjwD/ fJT[* rkbK fdshnK sK w?* r'bh wko fdnKrk. ;?w[nb 

fbydk j?, @@r'r'b dh ebw tk;s/ 1916 ftu nfij/ pj[s gkso w"i{d 

;B.## 

iako d{o d[okv/ w[fjzwK s/ iKdk sK iakfoBk ysK ftu T[; B{z 

nfijk e[ZM fbydh, @@oZp B/ fwjopkB j' e/ ;kB{z d' d';s fds/. fJe 

fcfbg d{ik ok;g[fsB. ok;g[fsB dhnK rZbK fXnkB Bkb ;[DBhnK io{oh 

jB, T[BQK T[go nwb T[; s'* th io{oh. id'* edh T[;dk nkyk w'fVnk, 

w[;hps d/yh. T[; tb'* ehsh gqkoEBk ns/ jdkfJs d'tK dh ;kB{z b'V 

j?.## 

ghso'rokd d/ j;gskbK ns/ nkpkdhnK ftu ik ik e/ iako b'eK 

d/ jkb ukb g[fSnk eodk ;h. o[M/t/* tXD eoe/ T[;dk c/ok s'ok 

xN frnk. wzsohnK B/ ok;g[fsB B{z fejk- fJj iako dh rbsh j?, go 

;kvh rZb Bjh* ;[Ddk. ok;g[fsB B/ wjkokDh Bkb rZb ehsh. iako 

d[pkok b'eK ftu ikD bZrk. 

izrh dcaso d{o ;h. iako B/ ca?;bk ehsk fe okie[wko Bkb 

ikJ/rk. wjkokDh nfijk Bjh* ukj[zdh ;h. T[;B/ ok;g[fsB B{z fejk, 

pkd;akj B{z ;wMkJ/ fe :[toki dk wfjb ftu ofjDk mhe j?. efjDk 

wzBDk sK fJe gk;/, pkd;akj ok;g[fsB Bkb r[Z;/ j' frnk. okDh ns/ 

;kX u[g eoe/ p?m rJ/. pkd;akj :[toki ;w/s o/b rZvh ftu ;tko 

j' e/ izrh j?vZe[nkoNo B{z ub fgnk. :ksok d"okB :[toki dk wZEk 

fyVeh Bkb Neok frnk s/ Be;ho c[ZN gJh fijVh pzd j'D ftu Bk 

nkJh. ;oiB B/ tkg; uZbD bJh fejk. rZvh o[eh. tkg;h dk j[ew 

j'fJnk. fizBh Xhwh rsh j' ;edh ;h, T[Bh j"bh j"bh s[oh. wfjb 

ftu nkT[*fdnK jh oksh* ok;g[fsB B{z c'B ehsk s/ wfjb ftu 

p[bkfJnk. ihtB ftu gfjbh tko T[;B/ pkd;akj dk j[ew wzBD' fJBeko 

ehsk. c'B T[go e[M jdkfJsK d/ fdshnK. y{B pzd Bk j'fJnk. nrb/ 

fdB ekch b/N wfjb ftu dkyb j'fJnk. okie[wko d/ BZe w{zj s/ jZE 

oZfynk. y{B pzd j' frnk. fJj th uouk uZbh fe ok;g[fsB o[jp 

gkT[D bJh nkg/ y{B trkT[*dk j? nkg/ pzd eodk j?. EK EK T[; 

pkps J/Bh uouk j'D bZr gJh ;h fe j'Nb wkbeK B/ vkfJfBzr 

ewfonK ftu fJj p'ov Nzr fds/ ;B- @@fJE/ n;h* ok;g[fsB dhnK 

rZbK Bjh* eod/.## 

ysK ftu ns/ rZbK pksK ftu T[j iako B{z fgsk ns/ okDh B{z 

wkwk fejk eodk ;h. T[;dk fJj fta;tk; ;h fe okik okDh goik d/ 

wkg/ j[zd/ jB. o{; ftu coK; d/ okid{s wkfo; B/ 26 ngq?b 1916 B{z 

nkgDh vkfJoh ftu ok;g[fsB tb'* ej/ rJ/ fJj Fpd fby/L 


gs? s[jkB{z fe w?* d[ydkJh w"s woKrk< go eh eohJ/, 

oZp B/ w?B{z Xosh s/ G/fink jh fJ; bJh j? fe w?* o{; tk;s/ 

ns/ pkd;akj tk;s/ pbhdkB fdnK. gkgh j'D d/ pkti{d w?* 

fBZek :;{ w;hj jK. 

;/*N ghNo s/ ;/*Ngkb d/ feb/ bkfrU* bzxfdnK T[;B/ fejkL 

fJE/ s;hj/ d/ e/ wko/ ik oj/ b'e w?B{z fdZ; oj/ jB. 

fJZek d[Zek Bjh*, GhVK dhnK GhVK. b'EK d/ pZdb T[v oj/ 

jB fiBQK ftu nwho th jB tiaho th, nB/e fvT{e ns/ ;?*eV/ 

ekT{*N. B/tk y{B Bkb bkb j' ikJ/rk. 

wfjb d/ dopkB B/ ok;g[fsB tb'* fejk fJj tke foekov ehsk- 

@@soEZbh wZu/rh. nkgK ;G ckj/ bZrKr/. fejVk fe; yzG/ T[go bNfenk 

fdZ;/rk, fJ; Bkb eh coe g?*d?

:{;'g't j'o pzd/ bZGD s[o fgnk. g[fo;ae, v{wk dk w?*po ;Zih 

fXo ;h, :kBh fe ;oeko tZb. T[j wfjb dk J/Bk Grs ;h fe T[; 

pko/ fJj fNZgDh gquZbs j' rJh- g[fo;ae J/Bk ;Zi/ ubdk j? fe T[;d/ 

;Zi/ gk;/ ezX nk ikJ/ sK o[edk j? Bjh* sK j'o ;Zi/ ubk ikt/. 

ok;g[fsB dh tik eoe/ T[j th Bokia j' frnk. T[;B/ gkobhw?*N ftu 

ipod;s seoho ehshL 

d/; :[X ftu rq;s j?. nkgK nkg' ftu i' woiah j'JhJ/ 

izr fiZsDk ;G dh fJZSk j?. ;kv/ i[nkB XVk XV wo oj/ 

jB. ;oZjd s/ T[d'* fiZsKr/ id'* fgS/ tkbk ofjzdk w[be ;jh 

j't/rk. fJE/ ok;g[fsB ;oeko ubk fojk j?. fdyktK s[jkB{z 

T[j fuZmhnK s/ skoK fijVhnK T[j tihoK ns/ ioB?bK B{z nkgD/ 

ezw eoB pko/ fbydk j?< fijVk tiaho T[;dk fejk Bh* wzBdk 

T[;B{z xo s'o fdsk iKdk j?. ub' nkgK ;ko/ iako nZr/ f;nkgk 

eohJ/ fe J/; G{s B{z eZY s/ o{; B{z puk. gkobhw?*N B{z puk. 

v{wk dh ;Zih fXo, yZph fXo, ftuekobh fXo, ;G B/ skVhnK 

dh r[ziko Bkb fJe iapkB j' e/ fejk- ;akpak;a g[fo;ae/! ;akpk;a! 

fJ; Gk;aD t/b/ :{;'g't 19 Btzpo 1916 B{z gkobhw?*N jkT{; ftu 

p?mk ;h. fJjh sK T[;d/ fdb ftu ;h. nkgDh vu?;Z wK B{z T[;B/ 

fbfynk- n;h* T[; EK s/ p?m/ jK fiE/ ;G B{z gsk j? i[nkbkw[yh cN/rk. 

ezto B/ g[fo;ae/ Bkb esb dh rZb ehsh sK T[;B/ s[ozs jK eo fdsh. 

fJe i[nkB nc;o ;[ykfsB s/ vkeNo bia'to Fkwb eo bJ/. 

fJe d;zpo B{z j'Jh whfNzr ftu c?;bk j'fJnk fe fvT{e d/ ;G 

s'* tv/ wfjb ftu ok;g[fsB B{z ;Zfdnk ikJ/. T[;B{z ejKr/ fe nkfJohBk, 

fvT{e dh gsBh mhe Bjh* ofjzdh. T[;dk fJbki eoBk j?. fco Fokp 

ftu ;kfJBkJhv fwbk e/ fgbk fdnKr/. i/ Fokp ghD s'* fJBeko ehsk 

sK ;kfJBkJhv tkb/ fp;e[N y[nktKr/. T[; fdB nkfJohBk d{i/ wfjb 

ftu d{o j't/rh. d' jcfsnK pkd dh sohe 16 d;zpo fwEh rJh. 

J/Xo ok;g[fsB nkgD/ gq;az;eK ns/ wjkokDh B{z dZ; fojk ;h fe 

T[j fJ; tko dh efo;w; Bjh* d/y ;e/rk. izrh cozN s'* fJe jcs/ 

dh S[Nh eZND bJh iako wfjb ftu nkfJnk. ok;g[fsB B{z ;Zd e/ 

n;h; wzrh. n;h; dh EK ;kX B/ fejk- nZi sK w?B{z s{z n;h; d/j 

pkd;akj. fJj nky e/ nkyoh tko T[;B/ iako dk jZE u[zfwnk. 

gfotko d/ ih d;d/ jB fe d;zpo d/ gfjb/ d' jcs/ T[j T[dk; 

fojk. nkgDh ;eZso ;hwkB'ftu B{z fejk- s/iah Bkb ezw Bp/V. s/oK 

d;zpo B{z T[;B/ nkgDk p?*e p?b?*; Xh wkohnk d/ Bkw eo fdsk s/ 

;ko/ ekria gZso ;kV fds/. fJE'* fJj sK brdk j? fe T[; B{z nkgDh 

w"s dk gZek gsk ;h go i/ fJj rZb ;h sK c/o T[;B/ :{;'g't dk 

;Zdk gqtkB feT[ ehsk< fijVk j'oK B{z fiT[*d/ eo ;edk j?, nkg feT[* 

woB bJh s[o fgnk< T[;d/ w[ohdK e'b fJ; dk e'Jh T[sZo Bjh*. 

T[;d/ jZEh* fbfynk fJj yas fgnk j?L 

fgnkfoU, 

ysok f;o T[go uZeo eZN fojk j?. w[;hps nkJ/rh Gkoh. oZp 

dh fdnkb{ wK dk fujok ekbk g? frnk j?. o{j oks dh ykw';ah ftu 

;wk rJh j?. n;wkB r[;?bk j? s/ bkfJbki, fbfynk j'fJnk j?j'f;anko 

ypodko. Bk xVh dk gsk Bk gb dk. vo Bkb bj{ iw 

frnk j?. J/Bk B/oQk fe jZE B{z jZE Bjh* fd;dk. w?* wjkB Fjkds 

ghnKrk. nkgD/ eksbK B{z wkc eoe/ gqG{ d/ uoBK ftu EK gktKrk. 

tv/ sK wo ikD/ jB, S'N/ G[rsDr/. nDfrDs woBr/. Gok jE'* Gok 

esb j'J/rk. Xosh ezp/rh, G[Zy, ;'ek, ekb, d[BhnK d/y/rh. y[Fjkbh 

edh c/o mfjo e/ nkJ/rh. 

12 d;zpo B{z iakoeh ;/b' wfjb ftu wjkokDh Bkb T[;B/ nkyoh 

ykDk ykXk. iakfoBk B{z fejk- pkdFkj B{z efjDk seVk oj/. j"*;bk 

oZy/. T[;B/ nkgD/ gfotko d/ w?*poK B{z g[fSnk- w/o/ fpBK ezw ubk 

bT[r/ Bk< d{i/ Ffjo ikD bZr/ p/N/ B{z fejk- i/ n?seh dh efo;w; 

d/y bJh c/o e[M Bh* j[zdk. go w/oh o{j dod ftu j?. nkokw gb 

Go Bjh*. 

ok;g[fsB B/ :{;'g't dk fgnkok Bkw- @S'N{#, oZy fbnk ;h. T[; 

s'* T[j d/;h fig;h rhs ;[Ddk s/ ;[D e/ efjzdk- ykBkpd';aK B{z b? 

e/ nkJh* nrbh tko. T[BQK d/ w{j'* ;[DKr/. :{;'g't B/ T[;B{z c'B eoe/ 

fejk-, @@w/oh gsBh, mhe Bjh* ofjzdh. T[; bJh gqkoEBk eoB wkJhek 

wfjb ftu s[;h* 16 d;zpo B{z nkT[Dk.## ;kX B/ fejk- b? ikJ/*rk sK 

uZb gT{*rk. 15 d;zpo B{z vkeNo B/ T[; eko dk jo gy'* w[nkfJBk 

eoe/ @@f;js ;/tktK## fbytkfJnk fijVh nrb/ fdB tosh ikDh ;h. 

fJ;/ ftu ;kX dh bkF dfonk ftu trkj[Dh ;h. 


16 d;zpo dh ;t/o pj[s mzYh ;h, e[jok fgnk j'fJnk. ok;g[fsB 

ibdh T[fmnk. u[;sh c[osh Bkb BjkfJnk. fco froi/ wZEk N/eD 

frnk. frnkoK ti/ jo o'ia tKr ;zrs do;aB F[o{ j'fJnk. fJe n"os 

nzdo nkJh s/ T[Xo p?m rJh fiXo fJe gk;/ pkeh n"osK p?mhnK ;B. 

T[j u/szB ;kfjseko, gZsoeko s/ d/FGrs phph ;h fi; B{z brdk ;h 

;kX d/; dk B[e;kB eo fojk j?. T[j v/oktkd d/ fybkc ;h. fJjh 

rZbK T[j ;kX Bkb eoB nkJh ;h. ;kX T[fmnk s/ T[; gk;/ ubk 

frnk. n"osK yVQhnK j' rJhnK, e[ZM T[;d/ jZE u[zwD brhnK e[M u'b/ 

B{z u[zwD bZrhnK. T[;B/ ;kohnK B{z go/ XZe fdsk s/ Bth* nkJh n"os 

Bz{ B/V/ ik e/ T[; tZb d/yD bZrk. T[j d;dh j?- T[; dhnK nZyK 

ftu eh ;h gsk Bjh*, w?* T[; tb'* Biao jNk Bk ;eh, T[;B/ nkg/ 

d{i/ gk;/ w{zj ehsk sK w?* g[ZfSnk fe eh s[jkB{z gsk j? s[;h* fezBk 

B[e;kB eo oj/ j'< eh s[jkB{z o{; d/ fJfsjk; dk gsk j?, eh s[;h* 

iako B{z fgnko eod/ j'< T[;B/ T[sZo fdskL 

;Zu wzB, w?* fJfsjk; Bjh* gfVQnk. w?* f;ZXV nBgVQ 

;kX jK, nfrnkBh. f;oc gVQ b?*dk jK. fbys dk fJj jkb 

j? fe w?E'* w/ok fbfynk gVQ Bjh* j[zdk. ps"o fJe fe;kB, 

w?* iako B{z fdb'* fgnko eodk jK. w?B{z gsk j? w?E'* T[;dk 

ns/ T[;d/ gfotko dk B[e;kB j'fJnk j? go w?* ;j[z ykBk, 

fBZeh wK, fe w/ok fJokdk B[e;kB eoB dk Bjh* ;hHHH S'Nh 

wK w/ok nzs B/V/ j?. w?B{z wkoBr/, w/oh w"s d/ fszB wjhfBnK 

s'* tX ski Bjh* pu/rk. s{z nkJh, uzrk j'fJnk. w?* ikD 

frnK, s{z fdb'* w/oh rZb ;[Dh j?. s?B{z fwbDk uzrk th bZrk, 

vo th bZrk. 

T[j n"os p/fMie j' rJh s/ g[ZfSnk- s[jkv/ u/b/ s[jkB{z gftZso 

;zs feT[* wzBd/ jB< fgsk efj e/ feT[* p[bkT[*d/ jB< 

T[; B/ f;ZXk T[sZo fdsk- nfj p?m/ B/ s/o/ ;kjwD/. fJBQK s'* 

g[ZS. w?E'* eh g[ZSDk< i/ fJBQK B{z w/o/ ftu nfijhnK y{phnK fdZ; ojhnK 

B/ fijVhnK w/o/ ftu Bjh* jB, sK w?* e'Jh p/te{c nK fe fJBQK B{z 

nkgDh fJZis eoB' jNktK< 

ikD bZrh sK ok;g[fsB p'fbnk- w?B{z s/oh n;h; ukjhdh j? nZi. 

w/oh o{j T[go tvk Gko j?. 

d[gfjo t/b/ T[j EZe frnk. fes'* p/Bkwh c'B nkfJnk, fejk fe 

s[jkB{z esb eoB dh ftT[*s j?. c'B dk tXhe n;o Bjh* j'fJnk. 

dko{ ghDh F[o{ eo fdsh. J/Bh gh bJh fe fJe j'o c'B nkfJnk sK 

u[Zfenk Bk frnk. fco T[j Fkw sZe ;[Zsk fojk. 

Fkwh rtoB?;Z o{p'tk s/ w{Bk nkJhnK sK pVk ;[jDk p[Zs fdykfJnk 

fijVk wjkokDh B/ ok;g[fsB B{z s[jc/ ti'* G/fink ;h. fJ; d/ fgS/ 

wjkokDh B/, :[toki B/ ns/ :[tokDhnK B/ d;ys ehs/ j'J/ jB. 

T[;B/ o{p'tk s/ w{Bk B{z dZf;nk fe d/o oks B{z :[;'g't B/ p[bkfJnk 

j?. fJohBk dh sphns mhe Bjh*. e[VhnK r[;/ Bkb p'bhnK- oks 

B{z feT[* p[bkfJn? T[jB/< fdB ftu p[bkT[*fdnK pdBkwh j[zdh j?< oksh 

Bjh* ikDk T[E/. ok;g[fsB B/ fejk- mhe n?, mhe n?. Bjh* iKdk. 

oks g?D bZrh, fJ;aBkB eoe/ wywb d/ Bt/* t;so gfjB/. Bt/* 

p{N gkJ/. eYkJh ehsh o/;awh ewhia gfjBh, bZe d[nkb/ BkGh ewo-pzd 

bg/fNnk. B"eokDh fJtkB'tk B{z fejk- S'N{ tZb iktKrk. uzrk< 

fJ; fdB ;t/o;ko ezto :{;'g't th froi/ ftu wZEk N/eD frnk 

feT[*fe gftso ekoi fBGkT[Dk ;h. fco T[j T[; ewo/ dh fJz;g?e;aB 

eoB frnk fiE/ ok;g[fsB B{z wkoBk ;h. oks gJh sK T[j wfjb d/ 

fgSb/ gf;U* dh ;kX B{z nzdo b? e/ nkJ/rk sK fe e'Jh d/y/ Bk. 

wfjb d/ fJe e'B/ ftu T[uh nktkia ftu rqkw'c'B ti/rk, dZ;Kr/ fe 

gkoNh j' ojh j?, fJohBk T[Xo j,? fe ghD ykD s'* fgS'* T[; B{z 

fwbktKr/. oks d/ frnkoK ti/ Nhw d/ pkeh w?*po g[Zi rJ/. vkeNo 

B/ d;skB/ gfjBe/ eohw fp;e[NK ns/ e/e T[go ;kfJBkJhv X{fVnk. 

fco d{i/ ewo/ ftu ub/ rJ/. ft;eh tkb/ rbk;K ftu ;kfJBkJhv 

gkfJnk. fJj fXnkB oZfynk frnk fe d/o se fgnk oj/ sK iafjo 

T[v iKdk j?. T[d'* X{fVnk id'* ok;g[fsB B{z d/Dk ;h. :[;{g't B/ fejkfJzB/ 

e[ iafjo Bkb wo th ikT{rk T[j< vkeNo jZ; fgnk- fJe tkoh 

Bjh*, eJh tko wo/rk fJ; Bkb sK. 

fvT{e ok;g[fsB d/ xo g[Zik, xzNh wkoh, ok;g[fsB B/ fejkfJeZbk 

Jh nK S'N{, T[go nk ikj, pu/ ;"* rJ/ jB. B"eokDh ikrdh 

;h. T[;B/ fJj rZbK ;[DhnK s/ d'tK B{z pkjo fBebfdnK d/fynk. wfjb 

ftu g[Zi rJ/. fBx/ ewo/ ftu p?m/. ezto Bkb d/ ewo/ ftu'* fp;e[NK 

dh gb/N fbnkfJnk. ok;g[fsB B/ ykD s'* fJBeko eo fdZsk. fco 


e/e g/;a ehsk sK ;kX B/ fJj efj e/ wBQK eo fdsk- w/oh Xh B/ 

fejk j'fJn? J/Bk fwZmk Bjh* ykDk. ezto B/ fiaZd ehsh- f;oc fJe. 

p; fJe. T[;B/ fJe fp;e[N s/ fJe gh; e/e dk yk fbnk. rZbK 

eoB bZr/. ezto d/ydk fojk. iafjo dk n;o Bjh* j' fojk. ezto 

xpok frnk. fcao iafjo tkbk rbk; u[e fbnkfJnk s/ ft;eh ghD 

bJh fejk. @@ft;eh Bjh* ghDh##, ok;g[fsB B/ fejk. nZSk tkJhB 

(cbK dh ;aokp) fbnkT[*dk jK. rbk; Go e/ ;kfJBkfJv fwbk e/ 

tkJhB fbnKdh. T[j gh frnk. rZbK eodk fojk. e'Jh n;o Bjh*. 

T[; dh w"s dk fJj gZy ;G s'* tXhe uofus fojk fe T[; 

T[go ;kfJBkJhv dk n;o feT[* Bk j'fJnk. eksb e'Jh pZu/ Bjh* ;B, 

vkeNo T[BQK ftu w"i{d ;h. fco ra?o e[dosh toskok feT[*< eksb 

fJj th Bjh* ukj[zd/ j[zd/ fe wes{b B{z T[BQK d/ fJokfdnK dk gsk bZr 

ikJ/. xpokjN ftu fvT{e rZbK th ikoh Bjh* oZy ;edk ;h. d' tko 

g"VhnK uVQ e/ dZ;D tk;s/ T[go frnk fe iafjo p/n;o j?. pdo{jK 

T[; dhnK wddrko jB, fJj ;'u e/ vkeNo p/j';a j' frnk. 

frNko T[go Biao gJh sK ok;g[fsB B/ fejk- S'N{, frNko sK 

tik iok. tikJh sK go fejVh ;[o fBebdh T[; t/b/< N{z NK ehsh 

p/eko. w"s B/V/ s/V/ th Bjh*. go nZi Bjh* sK edh Bjh*. fvT{e 

d{i/ ewo/ ftu'* fotkbto u[e fbnkfJnk. ok;g[fsB e[o;h s'* T[m e/ 

NfjbD bZrk, fco fvT{e B{z fejk- fig;hnK d/ rhs ;[DB uZbhJ/< 

fvT{e B/ fejk- Bjh*, j[D d/o j' u[eh j?. j[D Bjh*. ewo/ ftu 

;[jDk eokZ; ;h. ;zs, eok; bkr/ ik e/ nkgDk jZE T[go j/m ;Zi/ 

yZp/, ;bkw eoB jh bZrk ;h fe ezto B/ fejk- s/ok nzs nk frnk. 

fotkbto skDh yb's/ w/iapkB tZb wfjwkB B/ r[Z;/ Bkb Bjh* d/fynk. 

;aKs fojk. ezto T[;d/ fgSb/ gk;/ ubk frnk s/ fgS'* dh r'bh dkr 

fdsh. ;kX j/m ftSh foZS dh yZb T[go fvr fgnk. 

r'bh dh nktkia ;[D e/ pkeh j/m nk rJ/. yZb T[go'* bk;a u[e 

bJh sK fe T[; T[go tXhe y{B Bk iw ikJ/. ;t/o/ 3 ti/ dk ;wK 

;h. fJe dh fvT{Nh bj{ fGi/ eZgfVnK B{z nZr ftu ;kVB dh ;h. 

pkeh d/ T[;B{z Bdh ftu ;[NDr/. ;ko/ j'*;b/ ftu j' rJ/ fe d/; B{z 

fJe gkgh s'* w[esh fwbh. 

pkehnK B{z pkjo bknB ftu Sv e/ ezto fJe tko c/o T[;/ 

ewo/ ftu ubk frnk. nkgD/ fFeko B{z d[pkok d/yDk ukfjnk. T[j 

d;dk j?- @@w?* M[fenk, Bpia d/yh, o[e rJh ;h. w?B{z J/Bk r[Z;k ufVQnk 

j'fJnk ;h fe w?* T[;dk ;oho Mzi'V fdsk. w?B{z dfjb g? frnk id'* 

w?* d/fynk, gfjbK yZph, c/o T[jB/ ;Zih nZy y'bQh. nukBe ok;g[fsB 

ezto d/ g?oK tb bgfenk s/ j/m ;[ZN e/ fJT[* cfVnk fit/* rb 

x[ZNDk j't/. w{zj ftu'* y{B ns/ MZr fBebdh ojh s/ pko pko w/ok 

BK b?*dk fojk.## 

w;K nkgD/ nkg B{z S[vk e/ T[j ;kEhnK e'b frnk. w'Y/ s'* 

ewhia cN rJh. ;kEhnK B{z dZf;nk fe ni/ fiT[*d?. T[j rZb eo jh 

fojk ;h fe Gko/ edwK dh nktkia ;[DkJh fdsh, dotkiak y[ZbQk. ok;g[fsB 

ftjV/ tb s[odk nk fojk ;h s/ T[uh T[uh efj fojk ;h- s/oh eos{s 

wjkokDh B{z dZ;Krk. f;nk;sdkB g[foFe/ uzrk fB;akBuh j'D dk dkntk 

efonk eodk ;h go d' fB;akB/ T[eZ rJ/. shik T[; dh fgZm ftu 

tZik. T[j o[e frnk. thj edwK dh ftE ;h. g[fo;ae/ B/ u"Eh r'bh 

wkoh sK fvr fgnk. g[fo;ae/ B/ yZph g[Vg[Vh T[s/ i'odko m[Zv/ wko/. 

fJ; tko ezw ysw. 

T[;dh bkF dfonk ftu ;[ZN fdsh rJh. rbsh Bkb fJe p{N 

bfj e/ g[b T[go fvr fgnk, i' eksbK B{z Bk fdf;nk. p{N gSkD e/ 

g[b; B/ r'sky'o wzrtk e/ bk;a eZYh. wfjb ftu r'bhnK dh nktkia 

;[D e/ r;as eodk f;gkjh nkfJnk s/ :{;'g't B{z g[ZfSnk- eh rZb j?< 

ezto B/ fejk- e[M Bjh*. fB;akB/ bk oj/ jK. f;gkjh ubk frnk s/ 

egskB B{z dZf;nk. egskB nkfJnk. :{;'g't B/ T[;B{z fJe gk;/ fbik 

e/ fejk- s{z iako dk tckdko n?* Bk< egskB B/ jK fejk sK :{;'g't 

p'fbnk- ok;g[fsB tkbk ezw eo fdsk. fe;/ Bkb rZb Bk eoh*. T[;B/ 

fejk- mhe. tkg; nk e/ T[;B/ g[bh; w[yh B{z dZf;nk, g[b; w[yh B/ 

wjkokDh B{z. iako izrh e?*g s'* tkg; gos nkfJnk. 

pVhnK nctkjK T[mhnK, fJj' fijhnK th, fe r[Z;?b/ :{;'g't B/ 

b[Zu/ ;kX dk fbzr tZY fdsk fijVk j[D se g?fo;, ckowbhB ftu 

;zGkfbnk fgnk j?, fe ehwsh w[zdoh T[skoB bJh T[*rb tZY fdsh i' 

eth :?ts{;aze{ e'b j?. fJj ;G rg"V jB. g';NwkoNw dh fog'oN 

w[skpe ;ko/ nzr ;kps ;B. fwjd/ ftu Gkoh wksok ftu iafjo dh 

g[;aNh j'Jh go J/Bh d/o fet/I ihftnk, vkeNoK e'b T[sZo BjhI. fdbu;g 

rZb fJj fe w?vheb fog'oN w[skpe Bdh ftu ;[ZN/ ikD sZe T[j 

fiT[Idk ;h feT[Ife c/cfVnK ftu gkDh fwfbnk. 


g/*v{nK ftu T[; dh w"s Bkb ;'r c?b frnk. fJj' fij/ tke 

;[D/ rJ/-- @@fJe g/Iv{, wfjb ftu ik tfVnk fJj podk;as Bk j'fJnk. 

tZv/ ykBdkBh b'eK B/ ob e/ rohp wko fdsk.## pj[fsnK B/ T[; B{z 

;ajhd fejk. @@T[j rohp b'eK B{z ;iaktK s'I pukT[Idk ;h fJ; eoe/ 

nwhoK B/ T[jB{z wkfonkHHH##. 

ykBdkBh b'eK B/ iako T[go BowkJh tosD bJh dpk gkfJnk sK 

T[; B/ fejk-- ok;g[fsB B{z fiT[D dk jZe fet/I BjhI ;h< ukj/ fvT{e 

j?, gfoz; iK fe;kB, eksb eksb j?. esb ftu ;akwb pzfdnK Bkb 

jwdodh BjhI. go fes/ ;aZe Bk gt/ fe iako ibdpkiah ftu ;iaktK d/ 

e/ nfBnK eo fojk j?, T[; B/ Xhoi Bkb gVskb eoB bJh fejk. 

22 d;zpo T[; B{z okiXkBh d/ uou ftu dcBkfJnk frnk. bk;a 

g[ZiD s'I gfjbK wjkokik, wjkokDh, :[toki, okie[wkohnK ns/ fo;as/dko 

yb's/ ;B. g[b;-t?B ftu'I eokZ; ifVnk skp{s T[skfonk sK wjkokDh 

dk ozr ghbk g? frnk, uheK wkohnK. fco T[; B/ epo ftu oZyD 

bJh ;[rks u[eh, T[; fgS/ nkgD/ d;ys ehs/, okie[wko ns/ 

okie[wkohnK B/ d;ys ehs/. iako ykw';a yb'sk fojk s/ wfjb ftu ik 

e/ ;akjh o'iaBkwu/ ftu nkgD/ jZE Bkb fJj ;apd fby/L 

nZm ti/ gfotko uou ftu frnk. nG[Zb rq?roh d/ ;oho 

tkbk skp{s T[sZfonk. ;'bK sohe dh oks B{z dfozfdnK B/ 

:{;'g't d/ wfjb ftu esb ehsk. dcB eo nkJ/ jK T[; 

B{z. iako fBe'b;H 22H12H1916 

woB s'I wjhBk gfjbK ok;g[fsB B/ wjkokDh B{z fJj ys fbfynk 

;hL 

fbys[w g'eo't;eh fgzv dk rq?roh ok;g[fsB. o{;h b'eK 

B{z, gkgk (iako) B{z, o{; dh wksk B{z dZ;Dh j? w?I fJe rZb. 

i/ w/o/ g/Iv{ GoktK B/ w?B{z wko fdsk fco wfjb, pZu/ ns/ o{; 

;bkws ofjDr/. j/ o{; d/ wkbe, c/o G'ok fceo Bk eohI. 

i/ wfjbK d/ pkf;azfdnK B/ wkfonk sK Gok Gok d/ rb tZY 

d/Dr/. ;akjh ykBdkB ftubk e'Jh BjhI pu/rk. id'I uou dk 

xzNk n?bkB eo/ fe rq/roh BjhI fojk sK s[ozs gsk eoBk 

eksbK dk. w"s dk gZek gsk j?, eksb fd;d/ BjhI. fJj ys 

fiT[Id/ pzd/ dk fbfynk j'fJnk BjhI. w/o/ bJh d[nk eoBh. 

fiT[Id/ oj'. rq?roh. 

1917 ftu fJBebkp nk frnk. T[; dh bk;a epo ftu'I eZYh. 

ozr ekbk j' u[ek ;h. wjkokDh d/ d;ysK tkbh ;[rks fJe XBh 

nwoheD B/ Bhbkwh ftu yohdh. bk;a B{z fgnkB' tkb/ vZp/ ftu pzd 

eoe/ d{o fwbNoh NoZe ftu fbike/ ;kV fdsk. mzYh j'Jh oky jtk 

ftu T[vk fdsh.o{; ftu fJ; soQK d/ rhs ou/ rJ/L 

T[j gkDh ftu wfonk. Xosh ftu dcB j'fJnk. 

nZr ftu ;fVnk, c/o jtktK ftu fwb frnk. 

iako ns/ T[; dk gfotko esb j'fJnk. ;akjh ykBdkB dk 

;ckfJnk j' frnk. BtK bkb o{; d[BhnK d/ Be;a/ T[go nkfJnk. 

ftd/;aK ftu b[e/ p?m/ o{; d/ efwT{fB;N bhvoK B{z nfj;k; BjhI ;h 

fJT[I j' ikt/rk feT[Ife E'Vk ;wK gfjbK 1905 ftu fJBebkp c/b j' 

e/ jfNnk ;h. fJBebkp d/ fgS'eV pkps p/nzs feskpK fbyhnK rJhnK 

jB go fJj rZb e'Jh BjhI wzBdk fe ;kX d/ esb ekoB o{;h fe;kBh 

dh jwdodh wfjbK Bkb'I N[ZN rJh ;h. ;kb 1916 ftu fbfynk T[; 

dk ys j?L 

w{oyK B{z eh gsk w?I eh jK. ikd{ro< j' ;ed?. ikd{ro 

B{z nZr ftu ;kfVnk iKdk j?. bkT[D w?B{z nZr. BjhI ikDd/, 

w?B{z ;kVBr/ o{; ;V/rk. w?B{z dcBkT[Dr/ o{; dcB j'J/rk. w?I 

ns/ o{; fJe jK. 

okigbNk nkT[D Bkb ok;g[fsB d/ eksb ;iak s'I pu rJ/. 

sqks;eh fij/ gqpZ[X efwT{fB;N BhshtkBk B// fJ; esb B{z fBzfdnk s/ 

fbfynk, @@pdBhs b'eK B/ wkVk ekok ehsk.## r[zso rok; B/ fejk, 

@@n"osK T[; B{z wzBdhnK ;B, nc;o T[; e'b'I Gid/ ;B.## jzpoh 

ftbhnwia B/ fejk-- aaaaaaaaaa@@;ko/ o{;h fJfsjk; T[go Biao wkfonK fd;dk j? 

fe ok;g[fsB d/ esb B{z fizBk woih ikfJia ej', fJ; fJe xNBk ekoB 

o'wB't ;bsBs v[Zp rJh.## w/io iBob tkJhe't B/ fejk, @@n;hI ;G 

d/ ;G wjKgob' ftu fxo/ j'J/ jK.## fbvhnk uet;ehnk B/ fbfynk, 

@@popkdhnK tk;s/ b?fBBrokd ;G s'I tXhnk EK j?. mzY/ dfonk T[go 

Gko/ pZdb SkJ/ ofjzd/ jB, XwehnK fdzdk fdzdk ;{oi fSgdk j?. 

vokT[Dk uzd uVQdk j?. ekb/ gkDh ftu ghb/ fb;aeko/ fd;d/ jB. fJj 

;kok e[M dfjb gk fdzdk j?.## 

f;nk;h i'V xNkT[ ;dk j[zd/ ofjDr/ go BhshtkBk B/ wzfBnk fe 


fJj esb e/tb ngokX BjhI, gkg th ;h. f;cfb; dh wohia t/;tk 

B{z GkVk d/ e/ wzrsh pDkfJnk. dkB wzfrnk frnk. ;kX fGfynk d/D 

bJh i/pK ftu jZE gk fojk j? s/ wzrsh tb'I n;h; dh EK S[ok fwb 

fojk j?. fvT{e fJj efje/ ;kX B{z ;Zd fojk j? fe vu?; B{z n;h; 

d/Dh j?, T[j fpwko j?. jehw xo g[Zi frnk j?. w/iapkB nkgD/ 

fwjopkB wfjwkB B{z ;kfJBkJhv fgbk fojk j?. r'bhnK Bkb ftzBQ fojk 

j?. bk;a B{z m[Zv/ wko fojk j?. fJj T[; o'wB't ;akjh ykBdkB d/ pzfdnK 

dh eos{s j? fi; d/ pia[or fejk eod/ ;B, @@:[ZX eo'. bVfdnK th 

s?;a ftu BjhI nkT[Dk. d[;awD B{z ;ao/nkw bbeko e/ wko', ;kia;K Bk 

xV'.## 

wes{b B/ ;kps eo fdsk fe iako d/ Gshi/ :{;'g't B/ fJe 

fe;kB B{z BjhI, nkgD/ ;dhnK g[okD/ ;kwoki B{z nkg v/frnk. o{; d/ 

ro?Iv fvT{e nb?riaKdo B/ edh phs/ ;fwnK ftu fJj n?bkB ehsk 

;h-- @@fJ; gftso Xosh T[go rbsh BjhI eoBh, feT[Ife fJE/ ikw 

BjhI, r?bD SbekJ/ ikDr/. t'dek d/ BjhI ;a?wg/B d/. rbsh Bjh* 

eoBh.## 

sk;eh 

fJ;jke fvT{;ao o{; d/ nkX[fBe fJfsjk; dk rzGho do;aBt/sk 

j?. w{b ;o'sK dk ;jkok b?*fdnK T[; B/ fszB fibdK ftu 1600 gzfBnK 

dk sk;eh-ihtB fbfynk j?. fJ;jke dh 650 gzfBnK ftu fbyh ;NkfbB 

dh ihtBh th gqkgs j?. fJj ;ko/ ;q's rzGho ;wZroh jB. fJj b/y 

gVQ e/ ;akfJd gkme w{b feskpK gVQB bJh oiakwzd j' ikD. ;apd 

Trotsky gzikph iapkB bJh ;[yktK Bjh_. b/y fbyD fgS'_ d' wjhB/ fJj' 

w[;aeb ;kjwD/ ojh. fJe ;akw fv;etoh u?Bb s/ T[; dk ihtB 

fdykfJnk frnk sK T[; dk Bkw sk;eh fbnk ik fojk ;h NqkN;eh 

Bjh_.o{;h }pkB ftu N?_e/ dh X[Bh Bjh_ j?. 

o{; d/ iako dh ;Ekgsh fto[ZX izr S/VB ns/ cafsj jk;b eoB 

ftu nB/e fJBebkph Fkwb j'J/ go fit/I B/iak, :'X/ d/ jZE ftu j'D 

d/ pkti{d T[; s'I nZr/-nZr/ ubdk j?, sk;eh fJ; ;zrokw dk jho' 

;h. edh ;kfJp/ohnk dh e?d ftu fdB eN fojk j[zdk, T[E'I Gr"Vk j' 

e/ iako fto[ZX fco nzd'bB S/V fdzdk. T[; dh eoBh ~ wkBsk fwbh. 

id'I 1917 ftu fJBebkp ;cb j' frnk sK b?fBB B/ T[; ~ d/; dk 

gfjbk ok;aNogsh Bkwiad ehsk. fJ; ;akBdko gqkgsh ~ T[; B/ b?fBB 

d/ jtkb/ eofdnK fejk- w+ d{o sko/ s'I ;fGnsktK c?bdhnK ns/ roe 

j[zdhnK d/ydk jK. b?fBB b'eK d/ tXhe B/V/ j?, T[j Xosh dk pkf;azdk 

j?. oki feT[Ife Xosh s/ eoBk j?, fJ; bJh w+ ok;aNogsh dh T[gkXh 

b?fBB d/ jtkb/ eoe/ ;[oyo{ j[zdk jK. 

T[j :{og dhnK ;kohnK Gk;aktK ikDdk ;h ns/ nzsook;aNoh 

e{NBhsh dk wkfjo ;h fi; eoe/ b?fBB B/ T[; ~ nkgDk gfjbk ftd/;a 

wzsoh ;Ekgs ehsk fijVh gdth E'VQ/ jh ;w/I ftu T[; B/ SZv fdsh. 

b?fBb sZe ;G mhe fojk go b?fBB dh w"s wro'I ;NkfbB B/ sk;eh 


d/ T[BQK gfotkoe w+poK ~ th esb eotkfJnk fiBQK dk okiBhsh Bkb 

e'Jh ;pzX BjhI ;h. nkgD/ g{o/ ykBdkB dh popkdh T[; B/ nZyh* d/yh 

s/ nyho ftu ;NkfbB d/ y[chnk ;e[n?v d/ pzd/ B/ w?e;he' ftu 

ibktsBh G'r oj/ fJ; BkfJe ~ poc s'VB tkbh e[jkVh f;o ftu 

wko e/ wkfonk. 

fJ;jke fvT{;ao fbydk j?- sk;eh dh ihtB eEk fJ; soQK dh 

j? fit/_ fw;o d/ fe;/ fgokfwv ftu wjkB pkd;akj dk epo ftu ;aoho 

j't/, nkb/ d[nkb/ ehwsh t;sK j'D ns/ :kdK ;'B/ dhnK syshnK s/ 

fbyhnK j'D go vke{ fJ; fgokfwv ~ b[ZN b?D ns/ fgzio s'_ fpBK 

e[ZM BK SZvD. ;?bkBh fJj sK ikD ikDr/ fe fJE/ pj[s ehwsh 

fJfsjkf;e ;wZroh ;h go eh-eh ;h, e'Jh gsk Bjh_. T[j feT[_fe 

efwT{fB;N ;h fJ; eoe/ ra?o efwT{fB;NK ~ T[; d/ ihtB ns/ ezwK 

ftu fdbu;gh Bjh_ ;h. ;NkfbB dh ewkB j/m o{; dh ;oeko B/ T[; 

fto[ZX pdBkwh dk T[j d"o ubkfJnk fe T[; d/ fe;/ jwdod B/ i/ 

nfijk eoB s/ fJsokia ehsk sK iK ckfJozr ;e[n?v iK ;kfJp/ohnk 

;kjwD/ fdZf;nk. fszB djkfenK ftu ;NkfbB B/ bZyK dh frDsh ftu 

nkiakdh x[bkNhJ/ efwT{fB;N esb ehs/, i' pu/ T[BQK B/ ibktsBhnK 

G'rhnK. 

T[; Bkb ;pzXs g[ok-;kfjs (nkoekJhtia) jkotov :{Bhtof;Nh 

nwohek dh j?fNB bkfJpo/oh ftu ;[oZfyns fgnk j?. sk;eh dh fjzws 

;dek o{; s'_ pkjo j'D eoe/ fJj pu ;fenk j?. fJ;/ soK 

eBfcT{f;an; Bkb j'fJnk ;h. uhB dh ;oeko B/ eBfcT{f;an; (600 

g{ot Jh;k) dhnK fbysK T[go gkpzdh bkJh. goik ~ j[ew fdsk frnk 

fe fi; gk; T[; dh fbys j? EkD/ iwK eotk dJ/ iK nZr bk dJ/. 

eBfcT{f;an; dk fijVk ;kfjs j[D gqkgs j?, fJj T[jh j? fijVk EkD/ 

ftu pzd fgnk j'D eoe/ ;[oZfyns ofj frnk. g[oksB uhB ftu fJT[* 

j'fJnk ;h. nkX[fBe o{; B/ T[; dh e'Jh :kd oZyD :'r t;s{ pkeh 

Bjh_ SZvh. efwT{fB;N fBiakw dh ;wkgsh fgS'_ j[D o{;hnK dh fdbu;gh 

fco sk;eh tb w[Vh j? ns/ Bt/_ sZE T[ikro j' oj/ jB. ngokXhnK 

ns/ ik;{;K tKr ;NkfbB dk jo ezw r[gs j[zdk ;h. T[j nkgD/ 

BiadhehnK Bkb th y[bQ e/ rZb Bjh_ eodk ;h. fJ; d/ T[bN sk;eh 

niBphnK nr/ th y[ZbQh feskp ;h. fJjh ekoB j? fe shj ;kb oki- 

;Zsk wkDB T[gozs ;NkfbB d/ pj[s gZy jB/o/ dh ukdo ftu fbgN/ 

gJ/ jB s/ sk;eh fiE/-fiE/ fojk, T[; Bkb ;pzXs pzfdnK B/ pj[s okia 

y'bQ/ jB. 

sk;eh pkps gVQfdnK ns/ B'fN; b?*fdnK w/o/ wB ftu pko-pko 

fJj fynkb nkfJnk fe oZp s'_ fJBekoh wjkswk p[ZX B/ ;aesh;akbh 

Xow ;Ekgs eoe/ fit/_ nuzGk fdykfJnk ;h, T[;/ soQK gdkoEtkdh 

cb;c/ ~ oki f;zxk;B T[go fpmkT[D tkbk ;kvk fJj jho' gdkoEe 

bkb;ktK s'_ fJ; soQK w[es ;h fit/_ sgZ;th ;kX{. fit/_ e'Jh shoE 

:ksok s/ fBefbnk j't/. T[uh gjkVh T[go g[ZiDk j? f;yo. o;sk gsk 

Bjh_. jikoK ;kEh Bkb jB. edh ;i/ tb w[ZV' edh yZp/. edh j/mK 

T[so', fco T[go uVQ', i/ nukBe e'Jh Gkok poc dk s'dk j/mK nk 

ikJ/ s/ ;G dp e/ wo ikD sK gzi ;s pu/ j'J/ pzd/ efjDr/- fJj 

;kvk d[;awD fBefbnk. wotkT[D ~ Bkb-Bkb bJh fcodk ;h. i/ f;yo 

T[go g[Zi frnk- fco fJj th s/ pkeh ;z;ko th ej/rk fe sk;eh 

fBg[zB BkfJe ;h s/ nkgDh e"w ~ f;yo T[go nBzs ;akBK d/ feBko/ 

s/ g[uk frnk. fJias ns/ p/fJiash, ihtB ns/ w"s tKr n?B Bkb-Bkb 

yfj-yfj ubdhnK jB. 

iako nb?ri?_vo d{i/ (1855-81) d/ okiekb d"okB o{; ftu T[; 

tb'_ ehs/ rJ/ ;[XkoK d/ n?bkB ftnkge pdnwBh dk ekoB pD/. T[;B/irhodkoK 

d/ nfXeko xNk fds/ s/ fe;kBK ~ fejk s[;h_ nkiakd j', 

s[jkE'* trko Bjh_ bJh ikJ/rh. fe;kBK dk fynkb ;h fe ;ak;e tor 

ewia'o j'D Bkb T[BQK ~ iawhB fwb/rh go nfijk Bjh_ j'fJnk ;r'* 

T[j eoia/ ns/ rohph ftu woB bZr/. T[Xo irhodkoK e'b iawhB sK 

ofjD fdsh go iawhB s/ J/Bk N?e; bk fdsk fijVk T[j Go jh Bjh_ 

;ed/ ;B. jo tor ftu p/u?Bh g?dk j'D Bkb iako;akjh yso/ ftu 

g? rJh. fJj T[jh ;wK j? fi; ftu sk;eh dk iBw j'fJnk. 

wiad{oK ns/ fe;kBK ~ bkwpzd eoB bJh p/u?B j'fJnk gfVQnk 

fbfynk tor ;afjoK dh EK fJBebkp dh sbk;a ftu fgzvK tZb s[o 

fgnk. ykVe{ jwfbnK dh e'Jh :'iBk Bjh_ ;h go j"bh-j"bh jkbks 

T[XZo tb ikD bZr/. g[b; B/ fJe f;nk;h e?dh dh J/Bh jZse ehsh 

fe t/ok }{fb;a BK dh n"os B/ r[Z;/ ftu nk e/ g[bh; d/ ioB?b so/g'D 

~ r'bh wko e/ wko fdZsk. ia{fb;a B/ g[bh; fto[ZX iZiK gk; i'-i' G/d 

y'bQ/, ndkbs ns/ goik sokj-sokj eo T[mh. ndkbs B/ T[; ~ poh 

eo fdsk. ndkbs s'_ pkjo fBebD ;ko g[b; B/ T[; ~ fco frqcsko 


eo fbnk sK jikoK dh frDsh ftu fJeZso j'Jh GhV B/ y'j bJh s/ 

;[oZfyns GZi rJh. iako B/ fJ; xNBk s'_ pknd j[ew fdsk fe f;ftb 

ndkbsK Bjh_, f;nk;h e?dhnK fto[ZX ca"ih ndkbsK w[edw/ ubkT[DrhnK. 

fJ; c?;b/ B/ jfEnkopzd efwT{fB;N fJBebkp tZb o;sk y'bQ fdsk. 

sk;eh dk fgsk d/ftd poK;shB nBgVQ go fjzwsh fe;kB ;h i' 

fwjBs eoe/ tvk fiawhdko pDB dk fJS[Ze ;h. wK Uvh;k gVQh fbyh 

:j{dD ;h s/ Xow ftu gZeh, id'_ fe d/ftd ~ Xow eow ftu tXhe 

fdbu;gh Bjh_ ;h. 26 nes{po 1879 ~ sk;eh dk iBw j'fJnk s/ 

gfotkfoe Bkw fbT[ d?ftd'ftu oZfynk frnk. fJ;/ ;kb ;NkbB dk 

iBw j'fJnk ;h. fJ;/ SZph nes{po dh sohe ~ 38 ;kb pknd sk;eh 

B/ ghso'rokd ftu fJBebkph ekotK dh nrtkJh ehsh ;h. uzr/ ;[Gkn 

;dek fJ; o"Deh pZu/ ~ gfotko d/ ihn ns/ wiad{o pVk fgnko eod/ 

;B. 

T[j ;[Ddk fe T[; d/ fgsk ~ edh edkJh* wiad{o nkg' ftu 

rZbK eod/ rkbK d/ oj/ j[zd/. T[j d[yh j[zdk. fBehnK-fBehnK E[VK d/ 

wko/ wiad{o nkgDh wzr wBtkT[D bJh fBe/-fBe/ ftdo'j eod/, w{X/ w{zj 

b/N iKd/ s/ BzrhnK bZsK fjbkJh iKd/. pkg{ id'_ T[BQK ~ sop{i fdzdk, 

;[Zeh wZSh s/ s{Vh d/ fdzdk sK T[j y[;a j' iKd/, edh-edh sK y[;ah d/ 

rhs rkT[D brd/. T[; ~ fJj ;G pVk tfuZso brdk. fJe fdB 

T[; d/ fgsk B/ fJe wid{o dh J/Bh jZse ehsh fe ;Zs ;kbk pZuk 

e[M eo sK ;edk Bjh_ ;h, ;ojkD/ ftu w{zj x;' e/ d/o sZe o'fJnk. 

T[v/;k ;afjo s'_ T[; dh wK dk Gshik wkfJ;h S[ZNhnK eZND fJBQK 

d/ xo nk frnk. wkfJ;h fsy/ fdwkr tkbk fjzwsh i[nkB ;h. sk;eh 

~ wkfJ;h s/ wkfJ;h ~ sk;eh uzrk brdk. 

wkfJ;h B/ fejk- fJ; ~ w?_ T[v/;k d/ uzr/ ;e{b ftu gVQktKrk. 

wkg/ wzB rJ/ s/ 1888 ftu wkfgnK s'_ ftdkfJrh bJh. ;e{b ftu 

gVQB ~ T[j fsZyk fBefbnk go fejk eodk ;h- ;afjo sK p; gVQB 

tk;s/ mhe j?. ojKrk w?_ fgzv ftu jh. 

w?e; Jh;Nw?B i' T[; dk gq;az;e Bjh_, ;e{b d/ fdBK pko/ fbydk 

j?- sk;eh nZSh B;b d/ f;XkJ/ x'V/ tork ;h i' fJe nZy Bkb nZr/ 

d/ydk s/ia d"Vdk j?, d{ih nZy Bkb fgS/ d/ydk j? fe e'Jh w/o/ B/V/ 

s/V/ sK Bjh_. 

T[; dk wB :{Bhtof;Nh ftu rfDs ;ak;so gVQB dk ;h s/ Ee/tK 

bkj[D bJh ;kfjs gVQ b?*dk. T[;B/ ekob wkoe; dk Bkw 18 ;kb 

dh T[wo se Bjh_ ;[fDnk ;h, Bk f;nk;s ftu T[; dh e'Jh o[uh ;h. 

;kb 1890 ftu fJBebkphnK B/ iako esb eo fdsk. b'eK B/ fJ; 

xNBk tb e'Jh fXnkB Bk fdZsk. fJBebkph cK;h uVQ rJ/ s/ e'Jh 

bfjo Bk ubh. fe;kB dZ[yh ;B go ;'ud/ ;B fe fJj esb wfjb 

dhnK ;kia;aK dk Bshik jB. 

;e{b'* gosfdnK T[;B/ fJe fdB Uv/;h dk rtoBo pZxh ftu 

iKdk d/fynk i' n?B sfDnk yb'sk fJXo T[Xo w{zj eoe/ T[uh-T[uh 

rkbK dh MVh bk fojk ;h. jfEnkopzd g[b;hJ/ ;b{N wko oj/ ;B, 

b'e N'ghnK T[sko M[e oj/ ;B, pzd dotkfiU* T[jb/, pkohnK dhnK 

MhsK ftu'_ ghb/ vo/ j'J/ fujo/ T[; tZb d/y oj/ ;B. sk;eh B/ w'Y/ 

s/ p;s/ dk gNk mhe ehsk s/ xo nk e/ fJ; ;oekoh ibt/ dh Mbe 

;[DkJh. :j{dh wkfgnK dk T[; T[go g{ok Xkofwe n;o ;h fi; ;dek 

uVQdh itkBh ftu eJh ;kb T[; B/ wkoe;tkd dh fyZbh T[vkJh. 

1895 ftu ekbiK :{Bhtof;NhnK d/ nfXnkgeK ftfdnkoEhnK ftu 

;wkie ;wZf;nktK ikDB ns/ jZb eoB dh nekdwe o[uh gqpb j' 

ojh ;h go ;oeko ~ fJj ysoBke o[MkD brdk ;h. pj[s ;ko/ y[bQ/ 

ftukoK tkb/ gq'c?;o fv;fw; ehs/ rJ/, i/Hn?;H fwZb, jopoN ;g?*;o 

ns/ wkoe; pko/ rZb eoB s/ gkpzdh bZr rJh. ghNo;por, wk;e' 

ns/ eht d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ~ fejk frnk fe iako bJh tckdkoh dh 

;j[z u[e', ftfdnkoEhnK B/ fJBeko eo fdsk. wJh 1896 ~ ghNo;por 

ftu shj jiako wiad{oK B/ jVskb ehsh i' gfjbh fJBh tvh jVskb 

;h. 

1897 ftu T[; B/ c;N ebk; ftu nkBoia Bkb ro?i[J/;aB ehsh 

s/ S[ZNhnK ftu fgzv nk frnk. pkg{ ~ T[j e[M pdfbnk pdfbnk 

bZrk. fJe fdB sk;eh B/ fejk fe b'e szr nk e/ iako dk oki 

gbN d/Dr/. pkg{ p'fbnk- ;[D T[J/ w[zfvnk, fJj Bjh_ j'Dk, fszB ;dhnK 

ftu th Bjh_. 

j"bh-j"bh sk;eh ~ b'eK dk d[Zy ns/ ;N/N dk ipo ;wM nkT[D 

bZrk. iE/pzde joesK ekoB ;kEhnK ;w/s T[; ~ i/bQ G/fink frnk. 

rtoBo B/ i/bQ dk d"ok ehsk sK g[b; B/ fJe e?dh ~ ekb e'mVh 


ftu fJ; eoe/ fJeZbk pzdh eo fdsk feT[_fe rtoBo ~ d/y e/ T[; 

B/ N'gh Bjh_ T[skoh ;h. sk;eh B/ i/bQ rkov ~ fejk- s{z ;kfJoB dk 

pNB dpk, rtoBo nkJ/rk, n;h_ ;kjwD/ yb'tKr/ s/ N'ghnK Bjh_ 

T[skoKr/. d/yKr/ eh eo/rk. rkov wzfBnk Bjh_ sK T[j rofink- s?~ 

e/tb d' fwzN fds/ B/! d' fwzN phs rJ/. sk;eh B/ i'o Bkb rkov 

~ go/ XZe e/ ;kfJoB dk pNB dZp fdsk. rtoBo rkod ;w/s nkfJnk 

sK ;ko/ i[nkB N'ghnK gfjBh yb's/ fd;/. T[; B/ iE/ d/ B/sk sk;eh 

~ o'jp Bkb fejk- N'gh feT[_ Bjh_ T[skoh T[J/ s{z w?~ d/y e/< sk;eh 

B/ T[;/ roi Bkb fejk- s{z feT[_ Bjh_ T[skoh< w?~ d/y e/ s{z N'gh 

feT[_ Bjh_ T[skoh T[J/< rkod B/ cV e/ T[; ~ th ekb e'mVh ftu 

pzd eo fdsk. 

@@ebk ebk bJh j?## dk Bkjok p[bzd ;h sK sk;eh fejk eodkfJj 

sK T[j rZb j'Jh, e'Jh ej/ jtk gszr bJh gszr jtk bJh. 

gszr ukj/ pZdbK sZe g[i ikJ/, T[J/ Gb/wkD;' v'o cVh pzdk Xosh s/ 

yb'sk j? sK ;wM' gszr Xosh s/ jh j?. 

sk;eh T[; dk Bkw Bjh_ ;h. fJj coiah Bkw sK T[; B/ puD 

tk;s/ oZy e/ gk;g'oN pDtkfJnk ;h. i/bQ d/ fdBh fJe i/bQo dk Bkw 

T[; B/ nkgD/ bJh oZy fbnk- sk;eh. fJj' Bkw ;koh T[wo T[; Bkb 

ufbnk. nes{po 1902 ftu ;kfJp/ohnk ftu T[j e?dh ;h s/ fJ; 

w[;aesh e?*g ftu T[; dh gsBh ns/ gzi ;kb dh p/Nh th ;h. T[; 

B/ gsBh ~ nkgDh d"VB dh :'iBk dZ; fdsh. szp{ ftu xkjc{; dk 

g[sbk pDk e/ T[gZo ezpb ftSk fdsk sK fe d/o se gsk Bk bZr/ 

fe T[j d"V frnk j?. ;t/o/ Xh B/ fp;so/ s/ jZE wko e/ fejk- gkgk 

T[m'. go T[E/ sK c{; dk g[sbk ;h. wK B/ j"ek b? e/ fejk- s/ok 

gkgk j[D edh fwb/rk fe Bjh_ gsk Bjh_. nes{po 1902 ftu T[j 

bzvB ftu b?fBB ~ gfjbh t/o fwfbnk i' T[E/ fBe/ fij/ ewo/ ftu 

o{g';a fiazdrh r[iako fojk ;h. id'_ ;t/o ;ko T[; B/ dotki/ s/ d;se 

fdsh sK tk;st ftu T[j fJfsjk; dk p{jk yVek fojk ;h. p/;ae 

;[Gkn ty-ty ;B go ;koh T[wo d';sh fBGh. 

rzGho ftdtkB j'D d/ pkti{d T[j fe;kBK ~ ;zp'XB eoB t/b/ 

p'bh ns/ fbys dh ;a?bh fJT[* pDk b?*dk fit/_ pugB ftu nkgD/ fgsk 

d/ B"eoK Bkb y/sK ftu rZbK eohdhnK jB. fJe tzBrh d/y'L 

^ gs? ghN;por ftu iako nkgDh goik ~ fet/_ fwfbnk< 

^ b'e T[; ~ nkgD/ d[y dZ;D tk;s/ xo'* s[o/. 

^ gsBhnK nkgD/ gshnK Bkb s/ g's/ g'shnK nkgD/ pkfpnK dh 

T[*rb cV e/. 

^ 9 iBtoh n?stko dk fdB. iako ~ fwbD? Bk, nkgD/ pkd;akj 

~, ;' ;G B/ ;''jD/ eZgV/ gfjB/. 

^ d' bZy dk ekcbk s[fonk. 

^ wfjb ;kjwD/ eskoK ftu jfEnkopzd ca"ih fB;akB/ ;/Xh yb's/ 

;B. 

^ p[fYnK B/ r'fvnK goB/ M[e e/ fejk- ih n;h_ pkd;akj ~ 

fwbD nkJ/ nK. 

^ n"osK pZfunK B/ jZE pzBQ/, frVfrVkJ/, ih iako ~ fwbk fdT[. 

;kv/ pkd;akj ~. 

^ fco pzd{eK roihnK. uko/ gk;/ y{B y{B. 

^ fJT[* fwfbnk iako nkgDh goik ~. 

^ ;[Dh rZb GkJhU< fJT[* fwfbnk eod? iako d[y dZ;D rJ/ 

o{; d/ rohpK ~. 

pj[s tvh jVskb j'Jh sK iako B/ ;zftXkB ftu ;'XK eoe/ nkiakdh 

d/D dk n?bkB ehsk. bZyK dh frDsh ftu fe;kB ns/ wiad{o 

N?eBkb'iheb ekbi d/ ;kjwD/ nkgDh gqkgsh s/ y[;a y[;a fJeZm/ j'J/. 

;G s'_ ;''jDk s/ bzwk Gk;aD 17 nes{po 1905 ~ sk;eh B/ fdsk, 

@@d';s', je{ws dh rodD T[gZo s[;h_ g?o Xfonk sK niakdh dk tkfJdk 

ehsk iako B/. ypodko ofjDk. rZdh T[s/ p?mk pzdk nDEZe iZbkd j?. 

y[;ah Bk wBkT[. ni/ e/tb tkndk j? fJj. ekria s/ fbfynk fJe 

feb' ;'B/ dk tkndk feb' ;'B/ Bkb'* pj[s jbek j[zdk j?. ;k~ ;'Bk 

fwb/rk, y[;ah wBktKr/. ni/ ekria fwfbnk j?. ni/ i/bQK d/ dotki/ 

Bjh_ y[bQ/. ni/ ;kv/ T[iV/ Gok ;kfJp/ohnk ftu'_ tkg; Bjh_ nkJ/. ;kv/ 

T[go ckfJo y'bQD t/b/ iako dk j[ew j'fJnk eod?- f;gkjhU, r'bhnK 

puk e/ oZyD bJh Bjh_ fdshnK. T[; B/ jZE ftu iako dk n?bkBBkwk 

T[uk eoe/ fejk- GkJhU nfj j? iako dk tkndk. nZi fJj tkndk 

;kv/ jZE cVk fdsk, id'_ s[;h_ ;aKs j' rJ/- eZbQ ~ T[j fJ; ~ gkV 


dJ/rk, fJj efj e/ sk;eh B/ T[j ekria g[oia/-g[oia/ eoe/ py/o fdsk 

s/ djkfVnk- ekria dk tkndk Bjh_, iako s/o/ s'_ ;[szso j'Dk j?. nfj 

rJh s/oh ekriah nkiakdh. 

o{; dh okiXkBh B/ gfjbh tko nfij/ pkrh dh f;zx-roiDk 

;[Dh. 

nyapko iK fo;kb/ ftu i/ r'oeh, b?fBB ns/ sk;eh dhnK fbysK 

SghnK d/yd/, b'e ;G s'_ gfjbK sk;eh ~ gVQd/. id'_ c?eNoh ekfwnK 

~ nZm xzN/ ezw eoB dk jZe fwfbnk sK sk;eh d/ p'b ;B- n;h_ 

ekfwnK tk;s/ nZm xzN/ Bjh_ fis/, nZm xzfNnK okjh* n;h_ ekw/ fiZs 

bJ/ jB i' j[D ;kv/ Bkb-Bkb s[oBr/. 

1905 dk fJBebkp c/bQ j'fJnk sK T[; ~ frqcsko eo fbnk 

frnk. T[; B/ e'Jh G/d Bk y'fbQnk s/ db/oh Bkb fejk- iako d/ fybkc 

:[ZX bfVnk s/ bVKrk. T[; dk ewok y{p;{os bkfJpo/oh pD frnk 

fiE/ ;kok fdB gVQdk s/ fbydk. T[j y[;a j' e/ fejk eodk- j? Bk 

ewkb, j[D w?~ frqcskoh dk fceo Bjh_. o{; ftu e"D j? fi; ~ 

frqcskoh dk y"c Bk j't/< noE;ak;so ns/ f;nk;s d/ ft;a/ T[j iowB 

Gk;ak ftu fbydk s/ ;kfjse b/y coK;h;h ftu. T[;B/ 80 gzfBnK dk 

fJBebkph ftXh ftXkB fsnko ehsk. T[; dh fJ; fbys dk o{; ftu 

T[jh EK pD frnk i' d[BhnK ftu ekob wkoe; d/ w?Bhc?;N' dk ;h. 

id'_ g/;ah G[rsD bJh ndkbs ftu g[bh; fbiKdh sK gqFz;eK dk 

jVQ nkfJnk j[zdk, ;[rksK ns/ r[bd;fsnK Bkb bZfdnk iKdk. g[b; 

nc;o, ;oekoh tehb s/ iZiK d/ w[B;ah, b'eK s'_ r[bd;s/ cV-cV nkg 

sk;eh ~ d/ fdzd/. id'_ T[; T[go prkts dk d';a bZrk sK T[; B/ 

ndkbs ~ fejk- iako B/ nkiakdh dk i' n?bkB ehsk, w?_ T[; dh g{osh 

bJh vN frnk, w/o/ fwZso vN rJ/. j[D ndkbs dk ca?;bk d[BhnK 

~ dZ;/rk fe nkiakdh f;oc iako bJh j? fe d/; bJh. fJj' ndkbs 

iako ~ p[bk e/ g[ZS/ fe T[j tkndk eoe/ feT[_ w[efonk s/ d/; Bkb 

fJeoko eoe/ w[eoB dh eh ;iak j[zdh j?. i/ w/o/ T[go prkts d/ 

d';a bZr oj/ jB sK fJ; dk fiaw/tko iako j? w?_ Bjh_ feT[_fe w?_ iako 

d/ n?bkBBkw/ ~ nwbh ikwk gfjBkT[D dk gkpzd jK. T[; B/ fJe 

ioB?b d/ fpnkB dk jtkbk fdsk, ioB?b d/ p'b jB- @@n;h_ id'_ 

ukjhJ/ wbhnkw/N eo dJhJ/. d; pzd/ wkoB/ jB fe d; jiako, ;kvh 

woiah.## 

T[; B/ fejk- w/o/ T[go ;oeko T[ykVB dk d';a j?, fJj d';a sK 

T[d'* brdk i/ ;oeko BK dh uhia fes/ j[zdh. fiT[_dk wB[yh wk; tY 

tY rbhnK ftu ybkoB tkbh N'e/ dh w;ahB ~ ndkbs i/ ;oeko 

wzBdh j? sK nc;';. T[; dh nktkia uko/ gk;/ r{zidh, b'e ntke d/yd/ 

ofjzd/, :j{dh fgT[ cyo Bkb nkgD/ p/N/ tZb d/ydk, wK fJj ;'u e/ 

brksko T[E/ o'_dh ofjzdh fe ;iak j'J/rh pj[s Gkoh. s/oK nes{po ~ 

B"'eoh s'_ eZfYnk g[b; ioB?B b'gfyB ndkbs ftu jkiao j' frnk s/ 

fpnkB d/D dh nkfrnk wzrh. T[; B/ fejk- g[b; d/ dcso ftu T[j 

fJ;afsjko Skg/ rJ/ fijV/ sk;eh tb'_ Skg e/ tzv/ rJ/ dZ;/ jB. g[b; 

esb'rkos eoBk ukj[zdh sK fJBebkph Nkb fdzd/. w?_ fJj ;kohnK rZbK 

gqXkB wzsoh ;NkbhfgB ~ fby e/ G/ihnK j'JhnK jB, T[; dh ckJhb 

sbp ehsh ikt/. ndkbs B/ d' Btzpo 1907 ~ ca?;bk ;[DkfJnk. 

prkts dk d';a Bjh_ wzfBnk frnk fi; eoe/ w"s dh ;iak Bk j'Jh. 

pkeh d';aK ~ ;jh wzB e/ d';ah ~ T[wo Go bJh ;kfJp/ohnk G/iD 

ns/ o{;h Bkrfoe tZi''_ T[; d/ ;ko/ jZe y'jD dk j[ew j'fJnk. 

i/bQ ftu GKs-GKs d/ e?dh ;B fiBQK ftu fJe u'o-gks;akj ;h 

fi; B/ nZXh rb'p ftu'* u'ohnK ehshnK. T[j sk;eh ~ g[SD bZrks[;h_ 

;koh d[BhnK pko/ ikDd/ j'. e?B/vk ftu w/ok u'oh dk eko'pko 

fet/_ oj/< sk;eh B/ fejk- T[E/ g{zih sK b'eK e'b j? Bjh_, T[*i j?D 

;ko/ g{zihgsh s/ g{zihtkdh, ;' mhe ub/rk. gz{ihtkd u'oh eoe/ b? nk. 

wkou 1917 ftu yapoK nkT[D bZrhnK fe o{; ftu e[M rVpV 

j?. 13 wkou ~ sk;eh B/ n?bkB ehsk- d{i/ o{;h fJBebkp d/ n;h_ 

u;awdhd rtkj jK s/ fJ; ftu e[Zd gJ/ jK. e[;s[Bs[BhnK fiZsD tk;s/ 

Bjh_ fBeb/, tkjhekoK ~ iawhB fdtkT[D ub/ jK. T[; pkps fJj' fij/ 

tke th ;[D/ rJ/- fpBK ca"i s'_ fJj ewkb dk ioB?b j?. 

d; i{B ~ b'eK B/ yapo gVQh fe 18 i{B ~ ghsorokd ftu 

ft;akb o?bh j'Dh j?. J/Bh T[whd Bjh_ ;h go gzi bZy b'e fJeZm/ 

j'J/. ;oeko tb'_ e'Jh dyb Bjh_ fdsk frnk, o?bh g{oB ;aKs s/ ;cb 

ojh. fJBebkphnK dk f;Zek iw frnk. do;aeK B/ fejk- b?fBB pj[s 

f;nkDk B/sk j? go sk;eh ;kjwD/ nkT[*fdnK T[j X[zdbk iKdk j?. 

b'eK ftu p/u?Bh tX ojh ;h sK b?fBB B/ sk;eh ~ fejk- ;oeko 

nkgK ~ fpBk w[eZdwk ubkJ/ r'bh wko/rh. ub' nzvo rokT[*v j'JhJ/. 

sk;eh B/ fejk- fpbe[b Bjh_. e?d eoB iK wko d/D, mhe j?. b[e 


J/ sK b'eK dh nrtkJh e"D eo/rk< b'e nkgK ~ Gr"V/ ;wMDr/. 

b?fBB nfrnkstk; ubk frnk. j[D ewkB ;zGkbD tk;s/ fJeZbk sk;eh 

ofj frnk. 

b'eK B/ fijV/ ;';afb;aN u[D e/ iako dh gkobhw?_N(v{wk) ftu G/i/ 

T[BQK B/ gpfbe ~ ;zp'XB eoB bJh whfNzr oZyh fiE/ sk;eh g[Zfink. 

;z;dK dh rZb ;[DB ftu fe;/ dh fdbu;gh Bjh_ ;h, GhV sk;eh d/ 

p'b ;[DB dh fgnk;h ;h. sk;eh B/ mow/ Bkb ;ghu F[o{ ehsh- fwso' 

nkgD/ u[D/ j'J/ B[wkfJzd/ nkgK ~ wZsK d/D fJE/ nkJ/ jB. w?_ sK fJj 

;[DB nkfJnK fe s[;h_ ;kv/ bJh eh-eh ehsk. ;k~ s[jkvh ekor[iakoh 

dh fog'oN ukjhdh j? B;hjsK Bjh_ ukjhdhnK. i/ gqkgshnK dZ;'r/ sK 

B;hjsK th ;[D bKr/ s/ XzBtkdh th j'tKr/. w"s dh ;iak pzd j't/, 

fJj ;kvh wzr feE/ rJh< fJj ;[D e/ T[uh nktkia ftu ;K;d eo?*ueh 

p'fbnk- w?~ oZp dh wko gt/ i/ w?_ fJe th pzd/ ~ ckj/ bkT[D d/ 

ekria d/ d;ys eoK. sk;eh p'fbnk- mhe j?, i/ e'Jh pzdk cK;h 

bkT[Dk Jh Bjh_, fco cK;h dh ;iak dk ek~B feT[_ poeoko oj/< s{z 

cK;hnK d/ jZe ftu G[rs frnk j?, s/oh u'oh n;h_ cV bJh j?, Go/ 

fJeZm ftu cV bJh j?. 

23 ;szpo ~ ;op;zwsh Bkb sk;eh ~ ghso'rokd ;'thns dk 

gqXkB u[fDnk frnk sK T[; B/ g{oB fJBebkp dh nkwd ~ ;Zdk gZso 

G/i fdsk. j'Dk fJj ukjhdk ;h fe cb;ck, f;XKs sk;eh fdzdk fi; 

~ b?fBB nwb ftu fbnkT[*dk, go T[bN j' frnk. nfrnkstk;h 

b?fBB b/y fbydk s/ sk;eh nwb eodk b'eK ftu yfjzdk. 

ekoiekoBh ftu ca?;bk j'fJnk fe i/ iowB fisd/ j'J/ nk tV/ 

sK okiXkBh d/ pukT[ bJh jfEnkopzd fJBebkph ew/Nh pDBh ukjhdh 

j?. fJj ;[Mkn 18 ;kb d/ fJe w[zv/ bkiahwho dk ;h. fJ; ew/Nh d/ 

eh Bshi/ j'Dr/ Bk w[zv/ ~ gsk ;h Bk pkehnK ~. fJjh ew/Nh pknd 

ftu bkb ca""i pDh. b?fBB fcBb?*v ubk frnk. sk;eh to'b/ tKr 

;afjo-;afjo Gk;aD eodk fcodk s/ b'e T[; ~ ;[DB tk;s/ ;dk T[sktb/ 

j[zd/. 

16 nes{po ~ id'_ eo?_;eh B/ s'gykB/ ~ ghso'rokd s'_ e{u eo 

e/ pkovo T[go ikD dk j[ew fdsk sK ca""ih j[ew wzBD s'_ fJBekoh 

j' rJ/. sk;eh ~ gsk bZrk sK T[; B/ fJj ikDB bJh fe tkeJh 

fJj prkts j? fe nctkj, s[os ca""i ~ fbysh j[ew G/fink- w?_ pzd/ 

G/i fojk jK. ;k~ gzi jiako pzd{eK ukjhdhnK jB. riap j' frnk. 

gzi jiako pzd{eK g[Zi rJhnK. 

22 nes{po ~ T[; B/ ghgbia jkT{; ;kjwD/ fJfsjk;e Gk;aD 

fdsk- j[D iK fti/ iK w"sHHH j'o e[ZM Bjh_. T[; B/ fejk- tkndk eo', 

;woEB dh e;w ykUHHHH. p/fw;kb jZE bfjoK tKr M{w/. fe;kB ~ 

iawhB, G[y/ ~ o'Nh, p/eko ~ o[iarko ns/ ;'thns d/; ~ fJZias fwb/rh. 

id'_ T[; fgS'_ n?bkB j'fJnk fe j[D cbkDk B/sk p'b/rk, b'e fJj efj 

e/ T[m rJ/- j[D j'o eh ofj frnk pekfJnk< fJeZbk pzdk g{o/ ;w[zdo 

~ fyuh bJh iKdk ;h. 

eo?_;eh prkts e[ubD bJh fsnko ;h. sk;eh T[vhe fojk ;h 

fe ed'_ eo?_;eh e'Jh nfijk ca?;bk eodk j? fi; Bkb b'e prkts 

dk n?bkB eoB. eo?_;eh B/ ekwo/vK dk nypko goktdk pzd eoe/ 

SkgkykBk ;hb eo fdsk s/ SkgkykBk ~ iKdh ;Ve T[s/ s[oB dh wBkjh 

eo fdsh. SkgkykB/ ftu ezw eodh fJe e[Vh ns/ fJe pzdk sk;eh 

gk; nk e/ efjD bZr/- n;h_ ;oekoh ;hbK s'V e/ ezw eoBk ukj[zd/ 

jK, d/yKr/ eh eodh j? ;oeko. ewkb j?- sk;eh dhnK nZyK fb;aehnKriap, 

T[; B/ fejk wkw{bh ;hb N[ZN/rh s/ :[ZX dk n?bkB j' ikJ/rkprkts 

dk n?bkB ! ewkb. T[; B/ fJ; e[Vh Bkb jfEnkopzd i[nkBK 

dh N[eVh fjckias bJh G/ih. fJj rZb 24 nes{po dh j?. ;hbK s'V 

e/ gq?; ukb{ ehsh fi; B/ rZi tZi e/ fJBebkp dk n?bkB eo fdsk. 

eqKsh s'_ gfjbK ;'thns ekoiekoBh dh nkyoh p?me j'Jh fi; ftu Bk 

b?fBB ;h Bk ;NkfbB. jo/e pzd/ ~ fiaw/tkohnK tzv fdshnK rJhnK. 

eo?_;eh B/ sk;eh ns/ pkeh ekfozfdnK ~ frqcsko eoB dk j[ew 

fdsk sK T[; ~ g[fSnk frnk- eo bt'r/ frqcskohnK< eo?_;eh B/ fejkeh 

gskHHH ;akfJdHHH. sk;eh B/ fejk- j[D b'j/ Bkb b'jk fGV/rk. 

sk;eh B/ bkb ;?Bk dh N[eVh p[bkJh. pj[s ;fji Bkb 

ghso'rokd wfjb T[go 24-25 nes{po oksh* epiak eo fbnk, fco 

vkeykfBnK, o/bt/ ;N/;aBK, N?bhc'B n?e;u/*i ns/ p?*eK s/ epia/ ehs/. 

e[M xzfNnK ftu eo?_;eh dh ;oeko ysw j' rJh s/ T[j y[d GZi e/ 

ftd/;ah d{sktk; ftu ik b[fenk. b?fBB ni/ th r[gstk; ftu ;h. 

T[; ~ yapoK dk :ehB Bjh_ nkfJnk. S[g e/ T[; B/ okiXkBh d/yh s/ 

fJBebkph bhvo ezw eod/ d/y/ fiBQK d/ tkb T[bM/ j'J/ ;B, nZyK 

T[Bh_do/ Bkb ;[ZihnK j'JhnK. T[j j[ew d/ oj/ ;B fiBQK dh gkbDk 


j[zdh d/yh. b?fBB B/ fejk- @@w/oh r?o jkiaoh ftu fJBQK B/ gops ;o 

eo fbnk.## sk;eh B/ y"caBke :[ZX bfVnk s/ wjkB cfsj gqkgs ehsh. 

ekfwnK dh frDsh 25-30 jiako ftueko ojh s/ jfEnkopzd bkb ;?fBe 

gzi jiako. 

sk;eh EektN Bkb p/j';a j'D tkbk j' frnk ;h go N?bhc'B 

eZkbK ;[DBhnK, itkp d/Dk, iapkBh ;[B/j/HHH s/iah Bkb G/iD/ ;B. ypo 

fwbh fe ftzNo g?b/; ftu iako dh e?pfBN nksw ;wogD Bjh_ eodh. 

s[os j[ew G/fink- wfjb ftu s'g dk fJe r'bk ;[N'. fco d/yDk 

fet/_ r'fvnK Gko nkT[_d/ jB. fJE/ b?fBB T[; gk; nkfJnk. d't/_ iawhB 

s/ p?m/ ;bkjK eoB bZr/ fe eZbQ ~ Bth* ;oeko dk n?bkB eoe/ o{; 

ns/ ;z;ko ftu nwB ;aKsh dh ekwBk eoKr/. wzsoh ;apd G?Vk j?. 

n;h_ nkgD/ tiaho ~ efwZ;o fejk eoKr/. b'eK dk fwZso B[wkfJzdk. 

;oeko pDB bZrh sK b?fBB B/ fejk- sk;eh ;N/N dk w[yh 

j't/rk feT[_fe fJ;/ ;dek g[okDh ;oeko fvrh. sk;eh B/ fBwosk Bkb 

fJBeko eofdnK fejk- b?fBB w/o/ s'_ ;hBhno j?. b?fBB d/; dh 

nrtkJh eo/rk. b?fBB B/ gkoNh dh gqXkBrh ukjh ;h go sk;eh B/ 

fejk- Bjh_. s?~ fiaw/tkoh s'_ GZiD Bjh_ d/Dk n;h_. b?fBB B/ ukfjnk 

fe sk;eh rqfj wzsokbk ;zGkb/. sk;eh B/ fejk- fJj th Bjh_. w?_ 

:j{dh jK. fes/ ;ysh tosDh gJh sK b'eK ~ sk;eh Bjh_ fJe :j{dh 

fd;/rk. fJ; gZy'_ sk;eh fpbe[b ;jh ;h. T[j ikDdk ;h fe b'eK d/ 

d[;awDK fto[ZX pjkdoh Bkb bVdk sK gq;az;k j[zdh. g/_v{ b'eK ftu B;bh 

ftseo/ pj[s v{zx/ ;B s/ fJBQK ekoB eh ysok j' ;edk ;h- T[j ikD{ 

;h. T[; B/ ftd/;a wzsokbk ;theko eo fbnk. 

fJe gk;/ T[j d't/_ gkb;hnK s?n eod/, ;oeko d/ fiaw/ bZr/ coia 

fBGkT[*d/ s/ edh-edh vo th iKd/ fe eh T[BQK dh ;oeko ;fEo oj/rh< 

fJe fdB b?fBB B/ sk;eh ~ fejk- i/ fe;/ ;k}Fh B/ nkgK d'nK ~ 

esb eo fdsk sK eh ;/ob't s/ p[ykoaB d/; dh ewkB ;zGkbD d/ 

:'r j'Dr/< 

pj[sh tkoh ;oeko ubkT[D dh EK T[j BhshnK xVd/ sK fe 

T[BQK s'_ fgS'_ T[BQK d/ T[sokfXekoh fe;/ j'o o;s/ Bk s[o g?D. fJBQK 

e'b Bk NkJhg-okJhNo ;h Bk e'Jh fveN/;aB b?D tkbk ;N?B'rqkco. i' 

e[M fby e/ G/iDk j[zdk jZEh* fbyd/. dcso d/ fBe/ fij/ ewo/ ftu 

fiE/ ezw eod/, T[E/ jh ;"* iKd/. jo/e pzdk id'_ ukj[zdk fwb ;edk 

;h. nwoheD gZsoeko b{Jh poK fbydk j?- yapoK b?D bJh w?_ sk;eh 

d/ xo iKdk. u[pko/ ftu T[j s/ T[jdh phth ofjzd/. gbkJh Bkb godk 

ehsk j'fJnk ;h, ;;shnK uko e[o;hnK ns/ G?Vk fijk ;ah;ak ;h. fJE/ 

ioB?b nkT[_d/, tiaho nkT[_d/, okid{s nkT[_d/. n;wkB j/m eh eh tkgo 

fojk j?- T[; Bkb T[; pko/ ftuko tNKdok ehsk iKdk. J/B/ ezw Bkb 

T[j fyM iKdk, fejk eodk- fes/ fdwkr Bk fjZb ikt/. 

;j[z u[ZeD s'_ fJe jcs/ pknd T[j ftd/;a wzsokb/ d/ dcso ftu 

frnk sK T[; Bkb fJe ;jkfJe ;h. T[; B/ dcso d/ pzfdnK ~ 

fejk- w?_ fJ; wfjew/ dk tiaho jK. y[chnk foekov dhnK ukphnK 

fdT[. fJe th pzdk N; s'_ w; Bk j'fJnk. fpNo-fpNo d/yd/ oj/. 

T[j tkg; frnk. ca""ih N[eVh fbnk e/ ;ko/ w[bkiaw frqcsko eo bJ/ 

sK ukphnK fwbhnK. d/;K Bkb ehshnK iako tb'_ j;skyfos ;zXhnK T[; 

B/ nypko ftu Sgtk e/ fejk- ;wkitkd ftu e'Jh ca?;bk r[gs Bjh_ 

j'J/rk. 

ioB?b d[y'fBB fJe ca"ih N[eVh Bkb iowB fto[X bVkJh dh 

ewkB eo fojk ;h. sk;eh B/ j[ew G/fink- n;h_ ;zXh eoKr/. iowB 

fto[ZX izr pzd eo'. T[; B/ j[ew nd{bh ehsh. id'_ ;?fBeK B/ d/fynk 

fe sk;eh izrpzdh d/ jZe ftu j? go ioB?b Bjh_ wzBdk sK ;?fBeK 

B/ nkgD/ ioB?b dh Sksh ftu r'bhnK dkr fdshnK. 

o{; ftu g[Zi/ gZSwh d/;K d/ d{sktk; ni/ wzBD ftu Bjh_ nk oj/ 

;B fe ;oeko pdb rJh j? ;'' T[j GKs ;[GKshnK yapoK SgtkT[*d/. 

sk;eh B/ ;G ~ fejk- @@i/ s[;h_ fiazw/tko Bk pD/ sK ;G dhnK d[ekBK 

u[etk fdnKrk.## sk;eh dh gkoNh dk gZsoeko fuu/foB nzro/ia B/ 

bzvB ftu e?d eo oZfynk ;h feT[_fe T[j :[ZX d/ fybkc fbydk ;h. 

poskBth d{s ~ fejk frnk fe fuu/foB ~ fojk eoe/ o{; G/i'. 

fJzrb?*v s/ e'Jh n;o Bk j'fJnk. sk;eh B/ n?bkB ehsk- id'_ se 

fuu/foB d/; tkg; Bjh_ g[idk, fJe th nzro/ia ~ o{; ftu'_ pkjo Bjh_ 

fBebD fdnKrk. pzdh fojk eo fdsk frnk. 

Bth* o{;h ;oeko B/ iowB fybkc izrpzdh dk n?bkB eoe/ 

okiahBkw/ T[s/ d;yas eoB dh wzr ehsh. iowB ;afjB;akj ftbhnw 

e?;o B/ nkgDk d{s G/fink. ca""ih ioB?b pkovo T[s/ ;B. fJXo'* 


sk;eh g[Zik. iowB ;wMd/ ;B fe fJj n?t/* ntkok bVke{ S'eok j? 

fi; d/ g?o j/m ;Zsk dk pN/ok nk frnk s/ fJj pN/ok th g?o j/m'* 

ibdh fBeb ikJ/rk. id'_ ftuko tNKdok F[o{ j'fJnk sK iowB Gk;ak 

p'bfdnK sk;eh dhnK dbhbK ns/ nkswft;atk; dzr eoB tkbk 

d/fynk. ewkb fJj fe o{; ftu ;?Bk ojh jh Bjh_ ;h, fijVh puh 

T[j bVB bJh fsnko BjhI ;h. fJe ewia'o d/; dk B/sk skesto 

;N/N Bkb J/Bh db/oh Bkb fet/I rZb eo ;edk j?, nuzGk ;wM'. T[; 

~ iowB ioB?bK B/ fejk fe izrpzdh wB}{o j? go fizBh o{;h Xosh 

T[[gZo n;hI nr/ tX/ jK T[j BjhI SZvKr/. sk;eh B/ fejk- c/o fJj 

eh ;zXh j'Jh< iowBk B/ fejk- s[;hI ;kv/ fybkc :[ZX dk n?bkB ehsk 

feT[I ;h< sk;eh B/ fejk -w+ BjhI ehsk ;h. fi; iako B/ ehsk ;h Bk 

T[j j? Bk j[D T[; dh ;oeko j?. fijVk e;{o w+ BjhI ehsk T[; dh 

;iak w+ feT[I G[rsK< 

T[; B/ b?fBB Bkb c'B s/ rZb ehsh. b?fBB B/ fejk- i' ;aosK 

wBtkT[Id/ B/ wzB nk. d;yas eo nk. sk;eh B/ fejk- w+ o{;h iawhB 

iowBk ~ d/D tkb/ ekria s/ d;ys eo e/ dkra BjhI b[nktKrk. T[j 

tkg; nk frnk. T[u gZXoh g[bhfNeb whfNzr j'Jh. pj[s fsZyhnK 

dbhbK fdshnK rJhnK. b?fBB d; fojk ;h- fJBebkp ni/ pZuk j?. 

s[oB i'rk BjhI j'fJnk. feT[I wkod/ j' fJ; ~< sk;eh B/ fejk- jZse 

g{oB ;zXh s/ d;yas eoB Bkb fJj S/sh wo/rk. b?fBB B/ fejk- mhe 

j?. w/oh rZb BjhI wzBd/ sK w+ gkoNh ns/ ;oeko d'tK s'I n;shck 

fdzdk jK. sk;eh o{; dh ewkB ;zGkb/, ft;at :[ZX bV/ s/ ftiJh j't/. 

sk;eh B/ fejk- BjhI. w+ n;shck fdzdk jK. s{z i' woiah eo. sk;eh 

B/ n;shck d/ fdsk. T[; dh EK BtK ftd/;a wzsoh iowBK dh wBukjh 

;zXh T[go ;jh gk e/ nkfJnk. 

gkoNh B/ sk;eh ~ oZfynk wzsokbk d/ fdsk. ebw ;[ZN e/ T[; 

B/ pzd{e BjhI u[Zeh, ebw d/ Bkb-Bkb pzd{e u[Zeh. fJBebkp t/b/ T[; 

e'b gzi jiako f;gkjh ;B. YkJh ;kbK ftu T[;B/ 50 bZy jfEnkopzd 

;aesh;akbh ca"i yVQh eo fdsh. :[ZX y/so ftu T[j fi; wjkos Bkb 

ewkB eodk, T[; dh fJ; tfuso ebk dk fe;/ ~ gsk BjhI ;h. 

fJE/ fJj dZ;Dk iao{oh j? fe sk;eh, iako ~ esb eoB d/ jZe 

ftu BjhI ;h. T[j ukob; gfjb/ ns/ b{Jh ;'jbt/I tKr iako T[go 

w[edwk ubk e/ ;iak d/D d/ jZe ftu ;h. T[; B/ fejk- w+ iako d/ 

fybkc gpfbe gok;hfeT{No j'tKrk. d[BhnK ~ gsk bZr/ T[; B/ eh 

eh ehsk j?. ;z;ko, iako ns/ sk;eh ~ nkjw' ;kjwD/ d/y/rk. go 

p'b;afte vo rJ/. T[BQK ;'funk fe ni/ fJBebkp dhnK fto'Xh gkoNhnK 

o{; ftu ns/ d[BhnK ftu ;orow jB. ekw:kp fJ; eoe/ BjhI j' 

ojhnK feT[Ife T[BQK dk fJe e/Idoh B/sk BjhI. iako T[go w[eZdwk ub/rk 

sK d[;awD fJe jho' fgZS/ bkwpzd j' ikJ/rk. ;' T[BQK B/ cNkcaN iako 

ns/ T[; d/ gfotko ~ esb eo fdZsk. 

fJe oiw+N dk ewKvo, ioB?b g?IsbhB ubd/ :[ZX ftu nkgD/ 

e[ZM ;kEhnK ;D/ cozN bkJhB dk ysok Bk ;j/VfdnK fJe ;[oZfyns 

irk s/ ubk frnk. sk;eh B/ T[; ~ frqcsko eoe/ e'oN wko;ab 

eoB T[gozs r'bh wotk fdsh. T[; B/ ca"i ftu n?bkB G/fink- fijV/ 

ekfJo nc;o ns/ ca""ih, d[;awD dh r'bh s'I puDr/ T[BQK bJh w/oh 

r'bh fsnko j'J/rh. 

p'b;afteK B/ sk;eh dh fJj rZb g;zd BjhI ehsh fe iako dh 

;?Bk t/b/ d/ nc;o fJBebkph ca"i dh ewkB eoB. sk;eh B/ fejk- 

Bt/I oeo{NK ~ e"D No/fBzr dJ/rk< w+ iako t/b/ dhnK puhnK y[uhnK 

uhiaK Bkb ezw sK ubkT[Dk jh j?. fJBQK g[okD/ nca;oK B/ sk;eh Bkb 

edh drk co/p BjhI ehsk. r'oeh B/ th b?fBB ~ fejk ;h fe g[okD/ 

nc;o Gosh eoB/ ysoBke j'Dr/ sK b?fBB B/ fejk- J/Bh S/sh J/vh 

seVh c"i yVQh eoBh y/v swk;ak BjhI. w?~ dZ; T[; s'I tXhe ekpb 

j'o e"D j? nZi d[BhnK ftu. fJj ;apd r'oeh B/ y[d fby/ ;B. id'I 

fgZS'I ik e/ ;NkfbB B/ sk;eh ~ d/;a fBekbk d/ fdsk sK r'oeh B/, 

b?fBB Bkb fpskJ/ fdB feskp dh BthI n?vh;aB ftu'I fJj ;apd eZY 

fds/ ;B. 

T[; ~ ca"ihnK B/ dZf;nk fe g'b?Iv dh ca"i B/ o{;h izrh e?dh 

r'bhnK Bkb G[zB fds/ jB, n;hI fJZN dk itkp gZEo Bkb d/JhJ/< T[; 

B/ s[ozs ;oe[bo eZfYnk- fijVk jZE, izrh e?dh ns/ fBjZE/ d[;awD tZb 

jfEnko ;/X/rk, T[j jZE tZY fdsk ikJ/rk. y{Bh :[ZX ftu th w+ s[jk~ 

B/eh fsnkrD dh nkfrnk BjhI fdnKrk. 

1706 ftu sbtzvh ;kp' dh fJe xNBk :kd nkJh j?. GkJh vZbk 

f;zx B/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ~ fejk- w[rb ;kvhnK n"osK ns/ pZfunK 

se ~ esb eo oj/ jB. id'I sZe n;hI nfijk BjhI eod/, T[BQK 

jNDk BjhI. wjkoki B/ c[owkfJnk- n;hI BhuK dh oh; BjhI eoB 


fdnKr/. gzE ~ T[u/ b? e/ ikDk j?, GkJh vZbk f;zx B/ fejk- fJZN 

dk itkp eh gZEo Bkb BjhI d/Dk ukjhdk jia{o< pkpk ih B/ fejkfJe 

oZp ;kvk fgsk j? s/ n;hI gfotko d/ ihn jK, Gok jK. GkJh B/ 

g[ZfSnk- i/ fJj rZb j? sK fco w[rb ;kv/ T[go ia[bw feT[I eod/ 

jB< r[o{ ih B/ fejk- T[BQK ~ ni/ gsk BjhI fe nkgK fJZe d/ pZu/ 

jK. id'I T[BQK ~ ;wM nkJh jN ikDr/. nkgK ~ sK gsk j? Bk.fJ; 

eoe/ nkgK gkg BjhI eoKr/. 

T[j pko{d d/ X{zJ/ dh rzX ftu pkovo s/ p?mk th rzGho b/y 

fbydk. :[ZX d"okB T[; dk fJe b/y j? @gq'b/s/ohnB ebuo# fi; ftu 

fJj ;soK jB- pj[s ;kohnK ftfrnkBK d/ ;jko/ :[ZX bfVnk iKdk j? 

go :[ZX, y[d ftfrnkB BjhI j?. fJj fJe gq?eNheb ebk j?, y/vD 

torh ebk, ikjb s/ y{Bh ebk. e'Jh wkoe;h-:[XBhsh fbyDh T[;/ soK 

soe ofjs ebgDk j? fit/I wkoe;tkd dh wdd okjhI e'Jh GtB 

fBowkD ebk g/;a eo/ iK gF{gkbD dk wkoe;h Yzr fsnko eo/. bVkJh 

bzwh j' ikJ/ sK d[;awD s'I th pj[s e[ZM f;Zyhdk j?. 

fbydk j?- fwbNoh d/ fJj n;{b fe nkgDh ;gbkJh pko/ u/szB 

oj', d[;awD d/ ewia'o fj;/ s/ jZbk p'b'- fJj bZyK ;kb g[okD/ jB. 

rX/ ~ th gsk j? fe dkfDnK dh pzd p'oh ftu w'xk j? sK w'x/ ftu'_ 

dkD/ ykJhd/ jB. rXk ikDdk j? fe N'nk nk frnk j? sK go/ dh j' 

e/ bzxDk j?. fejVh tXhe nebtzdh j? fJE/< :[ZX dk eh cab;cak 

j[zdk j?< nkg pu' d[;awD ~ wko'. ikBto fJj ikDd/ jB. 

1919 sZe jkbs fJj j' rJh ;h fe feT[_fe fBZih yohd t/u s/ 

gkpzdh bZr rJh, fe;kB T[Bh e[ c;b g?dk eodk fizBh e[ T[; d/ 

NZpo ~ fiT[_dk oZyD bJh ekch jz[dh. tkX{ t;sK ca"ih d;s/ y'j 

fbiKd/. ;afjoK ftu nzB Bk frnk sK ;afjo T[iVB bZr/. G[y/ ekw/ 

fet/_ c?eNohnK ftu ezw eod/< i' wkVk w'Nk wkb fsnko j[zdk u[ok e/ 

b? iKd/, pdb/ ftu o'Nh yk b?_d/. fGnkBe ekb B/ ftnkge spkjh 

wukJh. b'eK B/ nkgD/ gF{ ykD/ F[o{ eo fds/. EK-EK fgzio fybo/ 

fd;d/, jo EK pdp{ jh pdp{, fpwkoh jh fpwkoh. b'eK B/ nkgD/ v/Y 

eo'V pbd rktK, uko eo'V G/vK pZeohnK, ;Zs eo'V ;{o s/ ;Zs eo'V 

x'V/ tZY fds/ ;B feT[_fe fJj fejVk T[BQK d/ oj/ ;B, fJj sK ;oekoh 

;B. jo/e fe;kB d/ xo ;aokp dh GZmh pbdh. oZi e/ ;aokp gh*d/. 

whN yKd/, T[bNhnK eod/. d;s brd/. J/Bh ;aokp s/ J/Bh fpwkoh 

edh Bjh_ d/yh rJh ;h. w"sK dh frDsh dk foekov Bjh_. 

sk;eh B/ fejk- fe;kB ~ wBukjh c;b phiD fdT[ s/ t/uD 

fdT[. T[; dh rZb wzBh Bjh_ rJh feT[_fe fJj g{zihtkdh w;atok ;h. 

neb dh rZb eoB t/b/ T[j fJeZbk ofj iKdk ;h. e/tb T[jh wfj;{; 

efonk eodk ;h fe b'e p'b;afteK Bkb'* N[ZN oj/ jB. i/ b'eK ~ 

p'bD dh s/ t'N dh nkiakdh d/ fdsh sK T[j Bth* ;oeko pDk e/ 

ekwo/vK ~ B[Zeo ftu ;[ZN d/Dr/. ;' fveN/Nof;ag mhe j?. go fJT[ 

ipo eoe/ oki eoBk eh B?fse gqpzX j?< e'Jh T[sZo Bk fwbdk. T[j 

pko-pko fejk eodk ;h fe nkg'ih;aB gkoNh j'Dh pj[s io{oh j?. e"D 

;[Ddk< T[; dh rZb ;[D e/ p[ykfoB B/ fejk- d' gkoNh f;;Nw eo 

fdsk sK fJe gkoNh oki eo/rh d{iha i/bQ ftu j't/rh. 

1917 d/ nes{po fJBebkp sZe ;NkfbB dh yk; nfjwhns Bjh_ 

;h. sk;eh B/ T[; ~ pknd ftu th Bjh_ r"fbnk. fJjh T[; dh 

rbsh ;h. dofwnkB/ fij/ fdwkr dk ;kfi;ah o[uhnK tkbk ;NkfbB 

okiBhsh ftu nkgD/ nkg ~ pj[s fwjBs Bkb gZek eodk frnk s/ 

izrbh xkj tKr T[j J/Bk c?b frnk fe b?fBB dh w"s pknd T[j 

T[;dk ikB;hB pD frnk. b?fBB B/ fJe tko fejk th ;h fe ;NkfbB 

~ gkoNh dk ;eZso Ekg e/ T[; B/ rbsh ehsh j?. fJj th pj[s 

b'eK B/ fejk fe fpwko b?fBB ~ ;NkbB B/ iafjo d/ e/ wkfonk j? 

feT[_fe ;NkfbB B/ bk;a dk g';N wkoNw Bjh_ j'D fdsk. sk;eh ~ 

nkT[D Bjh_ fdsk frnk. r'oeh dh w"s ~ th ;NkfbB d[nkok ehsk 

y{B ;wfMnk frnk. 

o{; ftu nB/e ephfbnK, B;bK d/ b'e jB fiBQK ftu'_ w[Zy 

s[oewkB, p/bko{;h, feorhia, T[iap/e, nkiaopkJhikBh, sksko, nkowhBh, 

ikowhBh, skfie, p{VhJ/ ns/ :ke{s T[d'I YkJh eo'V dh frDsh ftu 

;B, ;G nBgVQ, fe;/ ~ wkoe;tkd dk gsk Bjh_. T[BQK ~ e/tb fJj 

;wM bZrh fe j[D nwhoK dk s/ iako dk oki Bjh_ fojk, fe j[D n;h_ 

;[yh tZ;Kr/. 

g'fbN fpT{o' je{ws eoB tkbh ;[gohw pkvh ;h fi; ftu gzi 

w?_po ;B, b?fBB, sk;eh, ;NkbB, ekwhBht ns/ p[ykfoB. ekwhBht ns/ 

iahB'tht b?fBB s'_ fJzB/ gqGkfts ;B fe T[BQK dh fbys b?fBB dh fbys 

Bkb fJzBh fwbdh ;h fe gSkDh Bjh_ iKdh ;h. ;kb 1922 ftu b?fBB 

T[go nXozr dk gfjbk jZbk j'fJnk. T[; B/ gqshs ehsk fe d/; fe;/ 


j'o fd;ak tb s[o fgnk j?. ikoihnk d/ b'e f;aekfJsK eoB nk oj/ 

;B fe ;NkfbB ia[bw eodk j?. b?fBB B/ fejk- @@ikoihnB b'eK dh 

tZy e"w j?, fJe e"w d{ih e"w T[go jwbkto Bjh_ j't/rh. ;NkfbB 

rbs uZb foj?.## 

4 iBtoh 1923 ~ T[; B/ f;js ftrVdh d/y e/ t;hns fbyh 

fi; ftu fJj tke w"i{d jB- @@;NkfbB em'o j?, b'e T[; ~ podk;as 

Bjh_ eod/. w?_ ekwo/vK ~ w;atok fdzdk jK fe ;NkfbB ~ iBob 

;eZso d/ nj[d/ s'_ jNk fdsk ikt/ s/ T[; dh EK tXhe XhoitkB, 

tckdko Bow pzdk bkfJnk ikt/. sk;eh ns/ ;NkfbB ftuekobh 

p/t;kjh wkw{bh Bjh_ j?. fJ; d/ d{o-o; Bshi/ p[o/ fBebDr/.## gsBh 

s'_ fpBK j'o fe;/ ~ fJ; t;hns dk gsk Bjh_ ;h. f;js ftu e[M 

;[Xko j'fJnk sK T[; B/ ;NkfbB ~ 6 wkou d/ gZso ftu fbfynks/o/ 

Bkb j[D w/ok e'Jh ;pzX Bjh_. 

b?fBB feT[_fe mhe Bjh_ ;h, T[; dh EK gzitK pzdk iahB'tht gk 

fbnk. ;NkfbB B/ iahB'tht s/ ekwhBht rzY bJ/. fJj fszB/ fJeZb/ 

fJeZb/ sk;eh nr/ e[ZM th Bjh_ ;B, go fszB fJeZm/ j' rJ/ sK T[; 

dh skes xN rJh. T[BQK dk ca?;bk ;h fe b?fBB s'_ pknd ;Zsk 

sk;eh gk; Bjh_ nkT[D d/Dh. 

21 iBtoh 1924 ~ b?fBB dh w"s j'Jh. sk;eh, eke/e; fJbk; 

tk;s/ frnk j'fJnk ;h. ;NkfbB B/ b?fBB ~ ;akjkBk nzdkia ftu ftdk 

eoB dk gq'rokw s?n ehsk s/ fJj gqpzX th eo bJ/ fe sk;eh ~ 

bkr/ Bjh_ bZrD d/Dk. b?fBB dh d/j ;zGkb e/ nikfJp xo oZyh rJh 

sK fe nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK d/y ;eD. b?fBB dh gsBh ns/ j'o 

pj[s ;ko/ f;nkD/ b'e fJ; ca?;b/ fto[ZX ;B go e[M Bk eo ;e/. gq?;Z 

ftu, gq'rokwK ftu, EK EK e?wfonK ftueko ;NkbB j[zdk- b?fBB dhnK 

rZbK j[zdhnK. T[j b?fBB dk tko; j'D ftu ekw:kp j' frnk. nkgD/ 

Gk;aDK ns/ fbysK ftu T[j EK-EK b?fBB d/ eEBK d/ jtkb/ fdzdk sK 

fe ;kps j'J/ e/tb T[jh b?fBB d/ cb;c/ dk wkfjo j?. 

wJh ftu whfNzr j'Jh sK b?fBB dh t;hns gVQ e/ ;[DkJh rJh. 

;NkfbB ;[zB j' frnk. T[; ~ fJ; dk gsk Bjh_ ;h. b?fBB dh gsBh 

ukj[zdh ;h fJj gq?;Z ~ fdsh ikt/. ekwhBht s/ iahB'tht B/ ;kfonK ~ 

fJ; rZb s/ ;fjws eo fbnk fe fiaw/tko pzfdnK ~ fJ; dh ikDekoh 

fdsh ikt/, SgtkT[Dh fJBebkp d/ B[e;kB ftu j't/rh. fseVh wiap{s 

j' rJh s? sk;eh ykw';a d/ydk fojk. T[; B/ gkoNh pj[ws dk ;BwkB 

ehsk. 

wzdtkV/ ftu b'eK dh rohph so;:'r ;h. sk;eh dk nkyDk ;h 

fe d[BhnK ftu ;wkitkd sd c?b/rk i/ o{;hnK dh nkwdB :'og d/ 

b'eK s'_ tXhe j'Jh. i/ :'og d/ b'eK s'_ xZN ofj rJh sK o{; ftu 

th ;wkitkd dk G'r g? ikJ/rk. ;NkfbB wkoe;h cb;c/ pkps e[M 

efjD bZrk sK ;wkitkdh p}[or ftdtkB oiakB't eVfenk- u[Zg eo 

YZfrnk- y[d dk wiake Bk T[vk. fJj s/o/ t; dhnK rZbK Bh_. 

iahB'tht ns/ ekwhBht ~ gsk bZr frnk fe ;NkfbB sk;eh ~ 

esb eotkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. T[j sk;eh fto[ZX ;B go T[; ~ ikB' 

wkoB d/ jZe ftu Bjh_ ;B. T[BQK B/ fJ; rZb dk fiaeo e[ZM ekwo/vK 

e'b eo fdsk. ;NkfbB B/ d't/_ pzd/ esb eotk fds/ s/ sk;eh ~ 

gkoNh ftu'_ 18 iBtoh 1929 ~ p/dyb eoe/ ibktsB eo fdsk. 

ibktsBh d/ fdBh sk;eh ~ gsk brdk fojk fe fgS'_ p[ykfoB ~ esb 

ehsk, j"bh-j"bh b?fBB d/ ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ fJBebkp ftub/ ;fj:'rh wko 

fds/, wko/ th iabhb eo-eo e/. fbysh fJepkbhnk fpnkB b? e/, 

wkchnK wzrtk e/. 

Btzpo 1932 ftu gsBh Bkdhnk ;w/s ;NkfbB nkgD/ d';s 

t'o'f;ab't d/ xo frnk. g'fbNfpT{o' d/ e[ZM j'o w?_po th ;B. Gfty 

dh Bhsh xVh ikD bZrh. Bkdhnk B/ fejk- s[jkvh Bhsh ekoB bZyK 

pzd/ T[iV rJ/ fi; eoe/ ekb g? frnk s/ wo rJ/. j[D ;oekoh 

nkszetkd s'_ b'e dfj;asiadk jB. ;dkuko fes/ Bjh_ fojk. ;oeko, 

tckdko pzfdnK ~ wkoh iKdh j?. 

;NkfbB, fJe ngokXh tKr gfjbK jh sDkT[ ftu ;h, Bkdhnk 

~ ;G d/ ;kjwD/ rzdhnK rkbK fdshnK. T[j T[mh, xo g[Zi rJh s/ 

;NkfbB d/ gosD s'_ gfjbK nkswjZfsnk eo bJh. fJj fJe c?eNoh 

w}d{o dh ;kT{ e[Vh ;h s/ edh b?fBB dh ;eZso ojh ;h. ;NkfbB 

T[E/ nkT[_dk iKdk j[zdk sK fJBQK dk fJ;ae j'fJnk. id'_ ;NkfbB ;zxo;a 

ftu ;h, T[j fJziBhnfozr ekbi ftu gVQB ikfJnk eodh ;h. 

g{ok wkj"b nkszfes j' frnk. ftdtkB ;NkbBtkdh do;aB T[go 

feskpK fbyD bZr/ s/ ;?whBko j'D bZr/ fiE/ ;NkfbB dh jo Bhsh 

ns/ ca?;b/ ~ Fq'wDh ;theko ehsk iKdk. T[j d/; fi; B/ Nkb;NkfJ, 

dk;s't;eh, u?y't, gb?ykB't, b?fBB s/ sk;eh tor/ wkD:'r fuzse fds/, 


;NkfbB d/ oki ftu Bkw b?D i'rk fJe ;kfjseko Bjh_ fd;dk. r'oeh 

fijVk b?fBB ~ fMVe fdnk eodk ;h, T[; Bkb bV th g?*dk ;h, 

ykw';a j' frnk. 1936 ftu T[; dh w"s j'Jh. ;?;/fBB ns/ wkfJe't;eh 

Bth* Be'o w"fbe ;zt/dBk d/ ;akfJo ;B. d'tK B/ nksw jZfsnk ehsh. 

f;nkD/ y[d u[g eo rJ/, w{oyK ~ u[g eotk fdsk frnk. ;NkfbB 

jZE'* p/F[wko esb j[zd/ d/y e/ sk;eh B/ fejk ;h- fJj pzdk BwehB 

gkDh gh-gh e/ fgnk; p[MkT[Dh ukj[zdk j?. 

10 cotoh 1929 ~ sk;eh, T[; dh gsBh s/ tv/ p/N/ ~ Uv/;k 

pzdorkj T[s/ fbik e/ ;w[zdoh ijkia T[go ukVQ fdsk. fJj ijki 

e/tb sk;eh dh ibktsBh bJh ;h. j'o Bk e'Jh w[;kco ;h Bk ;kwkB. 

f;oc y[chnk g[b;. 

s[oeh d/ feBko/ T[skofdnK y[chnk ewKv' nc;o B/ T[; ~ 1500 

vkbo cVkJ/. T[j b?Dk Bjh_ ukj[zdk ;h go j'o T[; e'b X/bk th 

Bjh_ ;h. ;'thns d/; dh ;oeko gk;'* gqkgs fJj T[; dh nkyoh 

sBykj ;hHHH o{; d/ fgskwk dk i/p you. ewkb gk;ak B/ T[; ~ ;aoB 

fdsh. o{; d/ ;oekoh nypkoK B/ T[; fto[ZX Gzvh gouko dk w'ouk 

y'bQ fdskHHH fe T[j gZSw e'b fte frnkHHH fe g{zihgshnK B/ XB dk 

wh_j toQk fdsk. fJe ekoN{B ftu T[j 25 jiako vkbo dh E?bh cVdk 

fdykfJnk. T[; B/ ;P?ihtBh fbyDh F[o{ ehsh. T[; B/ fbfynk- w/o/ Bkb 

Bk X'yk j'fJnk j? Bk XZek. i/ X'yk j' iKdk w/o/ Bkb, sK th eh ;h< 

fJe pzdk eh j[zdk j? nkyo< w/o/ fgnko/ d/;, o{; Bkb X'yk j' frnk 

j?. 

T[; B/ :'og d/ ;ko/ d/;K ~ f;nk;h gBkj d/D bJh gZso fby/ 

go fe;/ B/ jK Bjh_ ehsh. poskBhnK ftu ;aoB d/D bJh n?uHihH 

t?bia ns/ poBkov ;akn B/ pV/ :sB ehs/ go n;cb.;akn B/ fbfynkb/po 

ns/ ;';afb;N gkoNh dh ;oeko ft;at gqf;X efwT{fB;N 

fJBebkph ~ EK Bk dJ/- bkjBs j?. poskBhnk Bkb'* sK s[oe uzr/ 

fBeb/.sk;eh fbydk j?- fJ; rb'p T[go w/o/ bJh thiak Bjh_ j?. epo 

bJh th Bjh_. 

uoub B/ T[; pko/ fbfynk- ekb/ ;kro d/ feBko/ tZvk yZphykB 

ekwo/v bhoK dk Y/o pfDnk p?mk fdB eNh eo fojk j?. ;a?skB B/ 

pdh dh yZb UVQ oZyh j?. fJ; izrbh w[or/ d/ Gkt_/ yzG e[so' ukj/ 

gzi/ tZY fdT[, ;kv/ d/; ftu fJj G'ok ;fGne Bjh_ pD/rk. 

T[j ikDdk ;h- d[BhnK w?~ pzdk Bjh_, fJBebkp dk itkbkw[yh 

;wMdh j?, fiE/ g?o Xo/rk, ;oekoK pdb ikDrhnK. fJE/ s[oeh dh 

ibktsBh d"okB T[; B/ Gkoh ;kfjs ouBk ehsh i' :'og dhnK ;G 

iapkBK ftu Sgh. wkJheb r'bv B/ fbfynk- sk;eh dk o[spk ;z;ko 

;kfjs ftu T[j' j? i' fusoebk ftu fbT[Bkod' d ftz;h dk. 

o{; d/ b'e x'o rohph tb tX oj/ ;B. p[ykfoB B/ fejkpokpoh 

j' rJh j?. ;ko/ nwho wko fds/. rohp ofj rJ/ jB e/tb. 

;NkbB ns/ p[ykfoB ftu d{oh tX ojh ;h. o'Nh wzrd/ b'eK ~ r'bhnK 

wko fdshnK iKdhnK. ;NkfbB nkgD/ tb'_ tXhnk go w{oyskg{oB e'Jh 

Bth* gkfb;h fbnkT[_dk sK g'fbN fpT{o' d/ w+po nkg; ftu j"bh-j"bh 

rZbK eod/- i/ sk;eh fJE/ j[zdk, T[j Gbk j[D eh efjzdk< 

y[chnk ewKv'ia dk nc;o ftd/;ah d"o/ s'_ tkg;h t/b/ g[okD/ p/bh 

sk;eh dk jkb ukb g[SD T[; dh fojkfJ;a s/ frnk. jwdodh isk 

e/ tkg; o{; ftu nkfJnk sK T[; ~ r'bh wko fdsh rJh. y[cahnk 

nc;o ophB'ftu B/ e[M d';sK gk; fJ; rZb dk dZ[y gqrNkfJnk fe 

;iak d/D s'_ gfjbK w[eZdwk sK ubkfJnk ikt/. r'bhnK Bkb SbDh 

j'Jh ophB'ftu dh bk;a fwbh. 

fJe whfNzr yasw j'D fgS'_ r?o o;wh rb eofdnK uoub B/ 

;NkbB ~ g[ZfSnk- id'_ fe;kBK s'_ iawhB y'jh, T[d'* eh j'fJnk ;h< 

;NkfbB B/ fejk- ;z;ko izr sK e[M th Bjh_ T[; d/ w[ekpb/. YkJh 

eo'V fe;kBK gk;'_ id'_ T[BQK d/ y/s y'j/ rJ/, T[j fdq;a j"bBke jB. 

sk;eh s'_ pknd p[ykfoB, tZvk p'b;afte B/sk pfunk ;h i' 

brksko ;NkbB ~ ;jh o;s/ s/ nkT[D bJh efjzdk. T[; ~ esb 

eo fdsk frnk. fJ; fgZS'_ wjkB ;ckfJnk w[fjzw (The Great Purges) 

d"okB bZyK o{;h wko/ rJ/ s/ bZyK ;kfJp/ohnk dh poc ftu rb/. fiBQK 

dk sk;eh Bkb ed/ ;zgoe Bjh_ fojk ;h ckfJfozr ;e[n?v nZr/ SkshnK 

skD e/ T[j- @@sk;eh fiazdkpkd## Bknok bkT[*d/. ;NkfbB dh r[bkwh 

eod/ ekwo/v d[Zyh j' e/ fejk eod/- ;kv/ Bkb'* sk;eh uzrk fojk. 

;Zuh rZb d[BhnK sZe g[uk sK foj?. 

1930 ftu iowB dh ;fEsh d/y e/ sk;eh B/ GftypkDh ehsh, 

@@fjNbo skes ftu nkJ/rk. :j{dhnK ns/ ekwo/vK d/ f;o iawhB T[s/ 

p[VekJ/ ikDr/. ni/ bVkJh fSVh Bjh_, iowB ekwo/v' w?_ s[jkvh jko 

dk n?bkB eo fojk jK.¿ 


T[; dh Xh iahBk ns/ S'Nk p/Nk ;or/Jh i' ftfrnkBh ;h, o{; 

ftu oj/. iahBk d/ d' pZu/ w[zvk s/ e[Vh ;B. iahBk fpwko ofjD bZrh 

sK ;NkfbB ~ yasK okjh* p/BshnK eoB bZrh fe w?_ fpwko jK, gkgk 

~ fwbDk ukj[zdh jK. gfjbK T[; ~ nkfrnk Bk fwbh go vkeNoK B/ 

id'_ ;kc dZf;nk fe fJj wkBf;e s"o s/ J/Bh N[ZN u[Zeh j? fe edh 

th wo ;edh j? sK ;NkfbB B/ ikD dh nkfrnk fJ; ;aos s/ fdsh 

fe d'jK ftu'_ fJe pZuk w/o/ e'b ps"o iawkBs oZy e/ ik. T[j Xh ~ 

Sv e/ p/N/ ;D/ fgsk e'b g[Zi rJh. g[Zso ;/tk 7 ;kb dk ;h. fgT[ 

s/ Xh d/o pknd fwb/. g[okDhnK rZbK eod/. fJj T[jh e[Vh ;h fi; 

~ ;[Zsh fgnK fBeh fijh ~ T[j ;kfJp/ohnk ftu SZv e/ fy;e nkfJnk 

;h. T[j o{; pko/ rZbK eoB brdh sK fgsk u[g eo iKdk. T[j e'Jh 

f;nk;h rZb Bjh_ eodk ;h sK fe tkg; ik e/ Xh ~ e'Jh w[;aeb 

g/;a Bk nk ikt/. T[j bV g?*dh fe gkgk rZbK feT[_ Bjh_ eodk. fco 

s'_ fpwko j' rJh. fJe fdB efjD bZrh- w?_ ikD rJh jK gkgk. 

pZfunK dh fe;/ ~ b'V E'Vk j[zdh j?. pZu/ sK fgSfbnK gkgK dh ;iak 

G[rsD bJh y[d g?dk j' iKd/ jB. sk;eh B/ fejk- s?~ w?_ XhJ/ fJbki 

bJh iowB G/idk jK. T[E/ w/o/ d';s s/o/ fJbki dk youk eoBr/. 

iahBk ikD bJh fsnko Bjh_ ;h. T[; ~ iapod;sh id'_ ;w[zdoh p/V/ 

T[go uVQkfJnk frnk sK T[j o' o' efjD bZrh- Uj' xkj c{; fwfbnk. 

w?_ nkgD/ gkgk ~ fwbD nkJh ;h. feE/ j? gkgk w/ok< fJj sK T[j' 

g[sbk j? fijVk w?_ fBeh j[zdh B/ d/fynk ;h. xkj c{;. 

iowBh ftu ik e/ e[M ;w/* pknd iahBk B/ nksw jZfsnk ehsh. 

d/o sZe T[; d/ d[nkb/ iahBk xz[wdh ojh. sk;eh p[Vp[VkT[_dk- 

T[; dhnK nZyK w/ohnK nZyK ;B. w/ok BZe, w/o/ p[ZbQ, w/ok ozr. w?_ 

T[; ftu pj[s ;kok w"i{d ;K. fJ;/ soQK eh gsk T[; ftubk gkrbgD 

w/o/ ftu th j't/. jT[ek b? e/ T[; B/ fejk- d[BhnK dk cb;ck ns/ 

ftfrnkB, fgnko nr/ fet/_ bho-bho j[zd/ jB ! frnkB feZvh ewia'o 

uhia j? ! i}pks, neb d/ r'v/ b[nk fdzd/ jB. 

;NkbB B/ fpnkB fdsk- n;h_ ibdh, iowB ftu'_ Bkiahtkd yasw 

eoKr/. sk;eh B/ nkfynk- wiad{oK ~ n?Bh d{o ik e/ bVB dh eh 

b'V< wiad{o dk d[;awD, wiad{o d/ B/V/, fpbe[b B/V/ p?mk j[zdk j?. 

sk;eh Bkb'* gzi ;kb pknd uoub dk 1935 ftu fpnkB nkfJnk 

fe :'og ~ pukT[D bJh i/ iowB fto[ZX NZeo b?Dh gJ/ sK b?Dh 

ukjhdh j?. sk;eh B/ fejk- neb sK fJBQK ~ nkJ/rh go ;fji/- 

;fji/. uoub ~ nk rJh j? ;NkbB ~ Bjh_. 

sk;eh dk tvk p/Nk b'tk iowB ftu ;h. rohph ftu fdB eNh 

eo fojk ;h. fgsk B/ ;'funk, E'Vk wkj"b pdb ikJ/rk, iowBh dk 

N{o eod/ jK. T[j gfotko ;D/ iowB ftu frnk, iowBK ~ gsk 

bZrk sK T[BQK fejk- nfj d/y', iako ykBdkB dk eksb j[D fJE/ nk 

tfVnk j?. iakfoBk, pkd;akj e?;o dh Gshih iowB ;afjiakdh ;h fi; 

eoe/ iowBK B/ sk;eh ~ Bcos Bkb d/fynk. e[M d';sK dh wdd 

Bkb T[; ~ coK; ftu ;aosK d/ nkXko s/ nkoiah thiak fwb frnk. 

T[j edh okiXkBh g?fo; Bjh_ ikJ/rk s/ coK;h;h f;nk;s T[gZo fNZgDh 

Bjh_ eo/rk. 

coK; ftu T[; B/ o{;h fJBebkp dk fJfsjk; fbfynk. d[BhnK 

ftu ;akfJd nfijk ftobk pzdk bZG/ fi; B/ jfEnkopzd :[ZX fiZs e/ 

T[; dk ;akBdko fJfsjk; th nkg fbfynk j'J/. fJj ;aKsfus j' e/ 

fbfynk ebkf;e fJfsjk; j?. T[j ;fgB'iak dk tke tosdk j?- Bk o't' 

Bk jZ;'. ;wMD dk :sB eo'. poskBth fJfsjk;eko o'ia/, sk;eh pkps 

fbydk j?- T[; dh ;a?bh ekobkfJb torh j?. ekobkfJb ftu o{jkBh 

ojZ; j?. sk;eh e'b o{jkBh ojZ; ~ ;wMD tk;s/ sZEK Bkb Gog{o 

fJfsjk;ekoh th j?. uoub B/ th :[ZX dk fposKs fbfynk go sk;eh 

B/ e/tb fposKs Bjh_ fbfynk, T[; dk fposKs fJfsjk; d/ cb;c/ 

ftub/ nBzs G/d y'bQdk j?. T[; dh o{;h p'bh ftu :'og dk ;kok 

ebk;heb ;kfjs p'bdk j?. 

wkoe;h ;e{b nkc EkN d/ j[D sZe j'J/ ;G fJfsjk;ekoK s'_ 

tZvk ihBhn; sk;eh j?. T[; d/ ihBhn; j'D dk ;p{s fJj' ekch j? 

fe ekwo/vK B/ T[; ~ oZd ehsk. nkgDh ;P?ihtBh ftu b?fBB ~ T[j 

y[d s'_ tXhe tfvZsD dk jZedko wzBdk j?. T[j efjzdk j?- b'eK dk 

i';a Gkc tKr j?. Gkc e[M Bjh_ eo ;edh i/ fg;NB ns/ ;bht ftu 

dh Bjh_ bzxkJh iKdh. go o/b rZvh ~ fg;NB ns/ ;bht Bjh_ fyud/, 

Gkc fyudh j?. fbydk j?- woB s'_ e[M ;kb pknd b?fBB w/o/ ;[cB/ 

ftu nk e/ efjD bZrk- s{z ewia'o brdk j?_. fJbki feT[_ Bh 

eotkT[_dk< w?_ efjD bZrk ;K- s/oh w"s fgS'_ pofbB ftu ik e/ fJbki 

eokfJnk ;h w?_l go id'_ d/fynk, T[j sK ;kjwD/ yVQk j?, fco w?_ tke 


pdb e/ fejk- id'_ s{z fpwko ;h, T[d'* fJbki bJh pofbB ubk frnk 

;K. 

fbys dk ;fji ;[Gk d/y'- ghso'rokd B/V/ w?~ ;[DB nkJh GhV 

d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ iako d/ ca"ih x'V;tko pzd{eK Bkb b?; fJe fozr pDk 

e/ d[nkb/ yb's/ ;B. u[g ukg. T[BQK d/ x'fVnK dhnK rodDK j/m'* 

dh, bZsK ftu'_ dh wiad{o fozr nzdo w/o/ tZb nk oj/ ;B. x'fVnK 

dhnK bZsK j/m' dh ;oedk nkT[_dk fJBebkp w?_ nZyh_ d/fynk ;h, iako 

d/ ;?fBe do;ae ykw';a j' e/ d/yd/ oj/ ;B. E'VQ/ fdBK pknd 5 jiako 

pzd{eK fwb rJhnK. fJe s'_ pknd d{ih cfsj jk;b j[zdh rJh s/ 

;kv/ jZE fwbNoh dhnK rZvhnK nk rJhnK. x'fVnK j/mK dh bzx e/ 

nkJ/ wiad{o ca"ih rZvhnK ftu ;tko j' rJ/. 

T[; dk S'Nk g[Zso ;or/Jh o{; ftu nukBe rkfJp j' frnk. 

T[; ~ feE/ fbik e/ fet/_-fet/_ wkfonk edh gsk Bjh_ bZrk. sk;eh 

fbydk j?- w?~ wkoBk ukj[zdk ;h ;NkfbB. w?_ jZE Bjh_ nkfJnk sK 

;or/Jh Bkb ezw ubk fbnk. T[; dk eh e;{o ;h< w?~ fe; gkg dh 

;iak fwbh< w?_ sK iako d/ gfotko ~ wkoB d/ th jZe ftu Bjh_ ;K. 

T[; dh T[wo 55 ;kb dh j' rJh go tXhe p[ZYk j' frnk ;h. 

s[orB/t dk tke T[; ~ :kd nkT[*dk j?- @@gs? ;z;ko ftu ;G s'_ 

p[oh uhia fejVh j?< 55 ;kb dh T[wo gko eoBk.## fco nkgD/ nkg 

~ nkydk j?- b?fBB uzrk fojk, S/sh wo frnk. eh fgn? fJE/< 

;or/Jh dh wK Bskbhnk B/ d[BhnK d/ Bkw fJe y[ZbQ/ ys okjh* 

nkgD/ g[Zso dh wk;{whns dk tk;sk gk e/ T[; bJh ibktsBh wzrh. 

T[; ~ woB s'_ pukT[D dh nghb ehsh. ftnoE. edh T[; dk Ej[ 

gsk Bjh_ bZrk. 

Bkot/ ftu b/po gkoNh dh ;oeko pD rJh sK sk;eh B/ T[E/ 

gBkj wzrh feT[_fe coK; ftu T[; dk ;kj x[Ndk ;h. fJE/ e[M okjs 

fwbh. fbydk j?- o{; ftu }ko dh e?d ftu w?_ pj[s ;kohnK :'oghB 

p'bhnK ftu Sgh pkJhpb gVQdk ofjzdk. fJ; eoe/ Bjh_ fe Xow ftu'_ 

e'Jh ;aKsh fwb/. fJ; eoe/ fe w?_ T[; dk gkm eofdnK-eofdnK :'og 

dhnK BthnK s/ g[okDhnK p'bhnK f;yhnK. fJE/ w/o/ ;kjwD/ Bkot/ihnB 

p'bh ftu Sgh pkJhpb gJh j?. j[D w?_ fJ; dk gkm eoe/ Bkot/ihnB 

f;y btKrk. 

S/sh jh Bkot/ ftu T[; d[nkb/ ;fjw B/ x/ok gk fbnk. o{; B/ 

Bkot/ gk; o'; gqrNkfJnk fe sk;eh T[; d/; ftu'_ nZstkdh ;orowhnK 

ubk fojk j?. fJ; Bkb d'jK d/;K d/ ;zpzXK ~ ysok g?dk j' frnk 

j?. Bkot/ dh g[bh; T[; d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ s?Bks j' rJh ns/ jo fe;w 

dk f;nk;h fpnkB pzd eoB dh jdkfJs ehsh. sk;eh B/ dZ[yh fjod/ 

Bkb fejk- i/ u[g eoe/ p?mDk j[zdk c/o o{; ftu jh p?m iKdk. c/o 

w?~ T[E/ fe;/ B/ eh efjDk ;h< 

b/po gkoNh dk tiaho sfotbh, sk;eh dk g[okDk d';s ;h. T[;/ 

B/ y[;ah-y[;ah sk;eh ~ f;nk;h ;aoD fdtkJh ;h. nk e/ sk;eh ~ efjD 

bZrk- s[jkv/ eoe/ w/o/ fybkc i[zvbh bkwpzd j' rJh j?. s[jk~ u[g 

eoe/ p?mDk gt/rk. i/ f;nk;h b/y SgtkT[_d/ oj/ sd iK s[jk~ d/; 

SZvDk gt/rk iK w?~ e?pfBN ftu'_ eZYDr/. sk;eh r[Z;/ ftu nk frnk, 

rofink- s{z fBeb/_rk sfotbh, :eBhB fBeb/_rk. e/tb ;oeko ftu'_ 

Bjh_ d/; ftu'_ th. Bkiahtkd nr/ s{z r'v/ N/e fds/ jB. w/o/ tKr s{z 

f;nk;h gBkj wzrdk fco/_rk. eZbk s{z Bh. s/oh ;oeko th. s{z do 

do GNe/_rk. 

g?rzpo dh GftypkDh ;[D e/ tiaho ~ so/bh nk rJh, T[j ikD 

bJh T[fmnk s/ jZE tXkfJnk. sk;eh B/ T[; Bkb jZE Bjh_ fwbkfJnk. 

gsBh ;w/s sk;eh w?e;he' bJh otkBk j' frnk. ;NkfbB T[; 

T[gZo ngokXh j'D d/ p/p[fBnkd fpnkB nypkoK ftu Sgtk fojk ;h. 

T[; B/ bhr nkc B/;aBia ~ nghb fbyh- wkB:'r bhr ;NkbB d/ 

f;nk;h nkszetkd pkps efw;aB fpmkJ/. Bkot/ s'_ th w?_ fJj nghb 

ehsh ;h. T[sZo Bjh_ fwfbnk. w?_ d';ah j'fJnk sK ;NkbB d/ jtkb/ 

eo d/Dk. 

uko ;kb pknd sk;eh dk eEB ;Zu j'fJnk. BkiahnK B/ Bkot/ 

T[gZo jZbk p'b fdZsk. tiakos GZi rJh s/ ;w[zdo feBko/ ;kj'-;kj j'J/ 

wzsoh fJzrb?_v ~ ikD tkbh fe;ash dh T[vhe p/;poh Bkb eoB bZr/. 

sfotbh B/ sk;eh dk tke Gr"V/ ;kEhnK ~ ;[DkfJnk. 

fco T[; B/ fBT{:koe fty/ fJe gpfbe whfNzr d/ Bkw ;zd/;a 

fbfynk- w?_ ;p{sK ;w/s fBogZy gVskbhnk efw;aB nZr/ g/;a j'tKrk s/ 

o{; ftu i' j'fJnk s/ j' fojk j? T[; pkps ;z;ko ~ jehes gsk 

br/rh. w?_ n?bkB eodk jK fe efw;aB w?~ M{mk wzB bJ/ sK w?_ ;NkbB 

d/ ckfJfozr ;e[n?v nZr/ yb' iktKrk. ;ko/ ijkB nZr/ w/ok fJj n?bkB 

j?. go i/ ;kps j' frnk fe ;NkbB y{zyko dfozdk j? sK w?_ fJj wzr 


Bjh_ eoKrk fe ckfJfozr ;e[n?v nZr/ T[; ~ yVk eo'. nkT[D tkbhnK 

ghVQhnK T[; ~ d[oekoBrhnK. nBzs ;w/* bJh T[j ebzfes oj/rk. 

T[; bJh fJj' ;iak ekch j?. w/o/ fto[ZX d';a bkT[D tkb/ eo?wfbB ftu 

p?m/ pzfdnK d/ w{zj T[gZo w?_ nkgDk n?bkB trkj wkfonk j?. j[D T[BQK 

dk itkp T[vhe fojK. 

gsBh Bskbhnk d;dh j?, edh-edh fJj th j[zdk- T[j p/nzs 

T[dk;h ftu efjzdk- fe; bJh ih fojk jK< w?_ wo iKdk sK w/ok 

fgnkok g[Zs ;or/Jh sK fiT[_dk ofjzdk. 

fJj xo dhnK rZbK ;B. id'_ J/_ifbek B/ yas fbfynk fe T[j 

wk;e' d/ w[eZdfwnK ns/ esbK ekoB T[dk; j? sK sk;eh B/ itkp 

fdZsk- wB[y dk T[dk; j'Dk e[dosh j? go s/o/ torh pjkdo n"os 

dk T[dk; j'Dk w?_ r?o e[dosh ;wMdK. c/o sK s{z jko rJh. fJfsjk; 

eJh sohfenK Bkb nkdwh ~ fwbdk j?. nkdwh ~ gsk j'Dk ukjhd? 

T[; Bkb fet/_ fwbDk j?. s{z ;Zuh j?_, s?~ i/ brd? fJfsjk; s/o/ s'_ 

rbs ezw eotkT[D bJh s/o/ fto[ZX jZE u[edk j?, s{z T[; fto[ZX d't/_ 

jZE u[Ze. ;[Dh w/oh rZb< 

bhr nkc B/;aBia B/ efw;aB Ekg fdsk. T[; fJfsjk;e w[eZdw/ 

dk itkp fsnko eoB bJh T[; B/ fJ; soQK fwjBs ehsh fit/_ fe 

;NkfbBtkd ;dhnK sZe ekfJw oj/rk. ;NkfbB fto[ZX ;dhnK sZe dk 

itkp fbyDk io{oh j?.ikB v/th dh u/no nXhB efw;aB nkc fJBe[nkoh 

ekfJw eo fdsk fi; B/ 10 ngq?b 1937 ~ ezw F[o{ ehsk. v/th B/ 

o{;h okid{s ns/ d[BhnK dhnK efwT{fB;N gkoNhnK ~ nkgD/ gqshfBX 

G/iD bJh fejk go efwT{fB;NK B/ efw;aB dk pkJhekN ehsk. v/Y 

wjhBk ;kok-;kok fdB pfj; j[zdh. foekov g/;a j[zdk. 

iowB ftu ofjzd/ b'tk ~ fgsk B/ pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkBk s/ b/yeK 

d/ jbchnk fpnkB fJeZm/ eoB bJh fejk. rohph ns/ tXhe ezw 

ekoB b'tk fpwkoh ftu th pj[s ezw eodk, fco th fgsk d/ r[Z;/ dk 

f;aeko j[zdk. eok; n?riakwhB/;aB ftu jo ;tkb dk i[nkp sk;eh moQw/ 

Bkb fdzdk. Nkb wN'b iK X[zdb/gD dk ;tkb jh BjhI ;h. @@p/nzs 

fJZias d/yh, tvhnK ;ZNK s/ jkoK dk ;kjwDk j'fJnk go wB[ysk d/ 

;akBdko Gfty ftu'I w/ok ft;atk; N[ZNk BjhI. fJ; ft;atk; dh b'n 

xNDh sK eh fJ; ftu g[ysrh, gq'VQsk obdh rJh.## efw;aB nZr/ 

fJj T[; d/ nkyoh p'b jB. T[; B/ XzBtkd ehsk s/ p?m frnk. 

T[; dhnK ;aeshFkbh dbhbK B/ efw;aB ~ Mzi'V fdsk. ;G d/ 

;G w?_po d/o sZe u[g ukg p?m/ oj/. ikB v/th o;wh s"o s/ nzsw 

;apd efjDk ukj[zdk ;h, T[; B/ e/tb fJe tke nky e/ ekotkJh 

;wkgs ehsh- w/ok fejk e'Jh th tke fJ; ;G e[M d/ ;kjwD/ s[ZS 

ns/ j/u j't/rk. s/oK ;kb pknd v/th B/ fejk ;h- w+ nkgD/ ;kjwD/ 

;ky;aks ;Zu yb'sk d/fynk. nzro/iah T[; bJh ftd/;ah p'bh ;h go jo 

rZb ;kc j[zdh, dbhbK dk jVQ fbnkT[Idk, e'Jh jko f;azrko BjhI, e'Jh 

Ykb sbtko BjhI, g{oB ib"n ftu. nfiZs nwo ;Zu. 

fJj efje/ fe ;NkbB d/ fybkc ;kfia;a cVh rJh j?, uko ioB?b 

esb eo fds/ ns/ 25 jiako nc;o ;kfJp/ohnk ftu ;[ZN fds/. d{ih 

;z;ko izr s'I gfjbK ca""i bzrVh j' rJh ;h. fJj tZvk ;ckfJnk nKs'B't 

s'I eotkfJnk s/ ezw f;o/ uVQB s'I pknd T[; s/ th ik;{; j'D dk 

d';a bke/ r'bh dkr fdsh. ibkd th ;[oZfyns BjhI ;B. :'og ftu 

y[chnk g[bh; d/ uhc, fJrB; oh; ~ jo d[ZydkJh xNBk dk gsk ;h. 

nZe e/ 18 i[bkJh 1937 ~ T[; B/ nkgD/ n;shc/ ftu fbfynk- w+ 

T[j fyskp, @nkovo nkc dh o?vZ p?Bo# i' w?~ 1928 ftu fwfbnk ;h 

th n;shc/ Bkb tkg; G/idk jK. fJ; ~ gfjBDk w/oh ;akB d/ f]bkc 

j?. uko ;szpo ~ r'bhnK Bkb SbDh j'Jh T[; dh bk;a g?fo; dh 

fJe ;Ve feBko/ gJh fwbh. 

b'tk T[go ng?*v/;kJhN; dk jwbk j' frnk. n?fNBh, T[; dk 

;G s'I Go';/:'r fwso coK;h;h ;oekoh j;gskb fbikD dh EK T[; 

~ S'N/ fij/ j;gskb ftu b? frnk i' fJe o{;h vkeNo dk ;h. T[E/ 

b'tk dk ngq/;aB j'fJnk s/ w"s j'Jh. pknd ftu gsk bZrk, n?fNBh 

o{;h y[chnk J/iz;h dk pzdk ;h fi; B/ b'tk ~ j;gskb ftu esb 

eokfJnk. 16 cotoh 1938, w"s d/ fJ; fdB T[j 32 ;kb dk ;h. 

woB s'I wjhBk e[ gfjbK wK ~ Xotk; fdzfdnK T[; B/ fbfynk 

;h- T[dk; Bk j' wkwk. ;r'I F[eo eo n;hI o{; s'I pkjo jK. i/ T[E/ 

j[zd/, eh pDdk< T[jh Bk, i' ;or/Jh Bkb j'fJnk< 

sk;eh B/ fbfynk- w/o/ Bkb dh ;koh ghVQh ysw eo fdsh j?. 

gfjbK iako B/ esb ehs/, ibktsB j'J/, ekb ftu s/ fpwkohnK ftu 

wo/, ;z;ko izr ftu spkj j'J/. fJBQK ;kfonK s'I tX fJeZb/ ;NkbB 

B/ wko/. e/tb b'tk pfunk ;h fi; B/ ngD/ wK fgT[ ~ T[d'I d/fynk 

;h id'I n;h_ i[nkB ;K. T[j th frnk. iako dh i/bQ ftu w?~ o'Nh 


y[nkT[D nkT[Idk sK i/bQoK Bkb bV g?Idk ;h, id'I Bkb fbnKdhnK 

feskpK T[j w?~ Bk d/D fdzd/. fgnko/ b'tk s{z w/o/ fiw/ fJj ezw feT[I 

wVQ frnk j?_ fe w+ s/oh ;aoXkibh fbyK< j[D s/ohnK :kdK fbyDhnK 

jB p/Nk ikB. 

fgS'I d/o pknd ike/ fJj gsk bZrk fe ;or/Jh ~ cVe/ s;hj/ 

fds/ rJ/, fpnkB b?D bJh fe gkgk fjNbo Bkb fwfbnk j'fJnk j?. 

T[; B/ ngD/ fgsk dh ;akB d/ fybkc fJe nZyo BjhI p'fbnk. u[gukg 

;aKs fuZs, :'fXnK tkr f;de fBGk e/ wfonk. 

;ko/ gfotko ftu'I e/tb d'jsk, ;/tk, iahBk dk g[Zso pfunk ;h 

i' b'tk s/ T[;dh gsBh ihBh B/ ngD/ g[Zso tKr gkfbnk ;h. ihBh 

d/ ;zskB Bk j'Jh. T[j ;/tk p/N/ Bkb y[;a ofjzdh. sk;eh B/ ihBh ~ 

fejk fe ;kvk d'jsk ;kv/ gk; G/i d/j. T[j G/iD bJh fsnko Bk 

j'Jh. d/o pknd BkB/ ~ d'jsk ndkbs okjh* pVh w[;aeb Bkb fwb 

;fenk. 

sk;eh dh fbys ftu :j{dh Jh;kJh ;fGnkuko dhnK T[dkjoDk 

d/ pV/ fgnko/ Bw{B/ fwbd/ jB. fJj d;fdnK fe fJZebk ;NkfbB d/;a 

Grs ofj frnk s/ b?fBB-sk;eh d/ ;ko/ g[okD/ ;kEh rZdko efj e/ 

wko fds/ rJ/, fbydk j?- :;{ d/ pkoK u/fbnK ftu'I e/tb fJZe i{vk 

B/ rdkoh ehsh ;h. i/ fes/ fJeZbk rZdko i{vk ;Zsk ;zGkb ;edk sK 

skes ;zGkbD ;ko pkeh frnkoK ~ rZdko nky e/ ;{bh s/ Nzr fdzdk. 

b{e tkb/ 70 th T[j fiT[Id/ Bk Svdk fe fes/ G/d Bk y[ZbQ ikt/. 

nr;s 1939 ftu ;NkbB B/ iowB-o{; ;zXh eo bJh fi; pko/ 

1933 ftu sk;eh B/ b/y ftu fbfynk ;h fe fJ; s'I fpBk ;NkbB 

bJh j'o okj pu/rk jh BjhI. bkb ca"i ;koh wko fdsh j? sK fjNbo 

Bkb ;[bkj s'I fpBk j'o eh j' ;edk ;h< 

sk;eh fbydk j?- cqK;h;h fJBebkp d/ BkfJeK B/- pokpoh, 

nkiakdh ns/ y[;ajkbh dk Bknok fdsk, go j'fJnk eh< fJBebkp sK 

nk frnk, fJBebkp s'I fgS'I T[d:'r Bkb g{zihtkd nkfJnk. fJt/I jh 

n;hI o{;hnK B/ Bknok bkfJnk ;h- ;wkitkd. fJBebkp s'I pknd jo 

feosh skes ftu fj;/dko j't/rk. go j'fJnk eh< nc;o;akjh B/ ;Zsk 

;zGkb bJh. wiad{o fiE/ ;h, T[E/ dk, T[E/. fJBebkp mfrnk frnk. 

T[; B/ feskp dk Bkw jh @o?t'fbT{;aB fpNo/v# oZfynk j?. T[dk; j' 

e/ nkydk j?- @@wiad{o pjkdo j?, bV ;edk j?, fJBebkp fbnk ;edk 

j? go oki eoB dh :'rsk T[; ftu BjhI j?. fJj wkoe;tkd dk 

;G s'I tvk d[yKs j?. u[;s ubke ngokXh b'e ;Zsk ;zGkb b?Id/ jB. 

b'e i[bw MZbD bJh fco fsnko j' iKd/ jB. fJfsjk;, wid{o d/ 

fybkc j?. w+ wiad{o d/ jZe ftu jK. ikDfdnK j'fJnK fe ;wK pbtkB 

j?, wiad{o ~ ysok j?, w?_ wiad{o Bkb yVQk jK.## 

w?e;he' ftu ofjzfdnK ekwo/v ;aswB s/ wev'Bbv T[; d/ gqz;a;e 

s/ u/b/ j' rJ/. fJe fdB ;aswB B/ sk;eh s'I tZy j'D dk n?bkB eo 

fdsk. gZsoekoK B/ g[ZfSnk sK sk;eh p'fbnk- fJj d't/I p[ZX{ jB. d'tK 

ftu fJBk e[ coe j? fe wev'Bbv ;[;s j?. w?~ p/dktk d/D ftu 

fJj e[M ;wK j'o bkJ/rk. 

fpwko j' e/ e;aN MZb e/ b?fBB tKr woB Bkb'I T[j nksw 

jZfsnk eoBh fpjso ;wMdk ;h. fbydk j?- brdk fJjh j? fe w+ 

nukBe wo iktKrk. ;akfJd fdwkr dh BkVh cND Bkb. fJj ;"yh 

w"s j?. 27 cotoh 1940 ~ T[; B/ t;hns fby fdsh. fszB wkou 

~ vkfJoh ftu fbydk j?- w/oh gsBh B/ w/o/ Bkb ofjzfdnK d[y Mb/. 

go c/o eh j'fJnk< e[ZM ;wK T[; B/ w/oh ;akB th sK d/yh. Bsk;ak 

B/ tZvh pkoh y'bQ fdsh j? fi; Bkb w/o/ ewo/ ftu o';aBh ns/ skiah 

jtk d't/I nk rJhnK jB. jok ;[jDk xkj s/ T[go ;kc Bhbk nkek;a 

fezB/ ;''jD/ jB. J/Bh fBowbsk ftu nkdwh pdh r[bkwh ns/ fjz;k 

feT[_ tkV fdzdk j?< g{ok nBzd feT[I BjhI b?Idk< i/ w+ ns/ Bsk;ak d't/ 

fJeZm/ wo rJ/HHH .## fJE/ T[j tke g{ok BjhI eodk. ;akfJd d'js/ 

pko/ e[M efjDk ukj[zdk j't/. 

fit/I sk;eh ~ wB[ysk d/ Gb/ Gfty dh g{oB T[whd ;h, T[t/I 

;NkbB ~ ngD/ eowK dk Bshik vok fdzdk. sk;eh B/ o{;hnK d/ Bkw 

;zd/;a fbfynk- s[;hI X'yk yk rJ/ fwZso'. s[jkv/ nypko M{m p'b oj/ 

jB. s[jkvh nc;o;akjh fijVh s[jkv/ y{B dh fgnk;h j? s/ gZEo fdb 

th, fjNbo tofrnK nr/ w'w tKr gzxo iKdh j?. s[;hI iako d/ ;zrb 

s'V fds/ ;B. j[D ;NkbB dk y{Bh gzik go/ eoBk j't/rk. ;NkbB 

s[jk~ dZ;dk j? fe cbkDh EK sk;eh B/ o/bt/ bkJhBk T[vtk fdshnK, 

d{ih EK sk;eh B/ ykDk ftu jVskb eotk fdsh, shih EK sk;eh B/ 

bkb ca"i pkrh eo fdsh, j;gskbK ftu vkeNoK ~ s/ y/sK ftu 

fe;kBk ~ sk;eh B/ GVekfJnk. i/ o{; w/o/ efjD/ w[skpe uZb fojk 

j? sk c/o w+ ibktsB j'e/ gBkj bJh ftd/;a ftu feT[I p?mk jK s/ 


;NkbB oki fet/I eo fojk j?< 

T[; d/ F[GfuzseK ~ ysok ;h fe T[s/ jwbk j' ;edk j? fJ; 

bJh u"e;h oZyh j'Jh ;h s/ e[M ;[oZfynk rkov th gfjok fdzd/ ;B. 

23 wJh ~ ;kok fdB fbydk-fbydk Ee e/ ;akwh 4 ti/ gbzx s/ b/N 

frnk. T[; B/ r'bhnK dh nktkia ;[Dh. T[; ~ po{d d/ X{J/I dh rzX 

wfj;{; j'Jh. ;'funk fe pkjo ;akfJd w/o/ tkb/ rkov e'Jh i;aB wBk 

oj/ j'D. ckfJfozr nzdo tb nkT[D brh sK Skb wko e/ T[j e'B/ 

ftu co;a s/ b/N frnk. Bsk;ak T[; T[gZo Ykb pD e/ b/N rJh. 

brksko r'bhpkoh j[zdh ojh. d{i/ ewo/ ftu' d'js/ dh uhe ;[DkJh 

fdsh- BkBkHHH. 

sk;eh fbydk j?- d'js/ dh uhe torh fGnkBe ntki w+I ihtB 

ftu j'o BjhI ;[Dh. ;kvk d'jK dk y{B iw frnk fit/I. d' ;" r'bhnK 

uZbhnK. ;/tk ~ wko rJ/ fe b? rJ/< fco ;/tk d/ ewo/ ftu pzp 

uZbD dk Xwkek j'fJnk. fJe nkdwh B/ d'jK ewfonK ftu Mks wkoh. 

e'Jh BjhI fdf;nk. T[; B/ ;'funk- ezw cfsj j' frnk j?. d/o se 

w"s dh ykw';ah. feXo rJ/ ;G< pkeh ihn< rkov< eh ;ko/ wko fds/< 

d/o pknd ;/tk dh nktkia nkJh- BkBk ! feE/ j'< 

BkBh B/ GZi e/ iZch gk bJh. g?o iaywh j' frnk ;h. wzi/ j/m 

tVe/ T[; B/ ikB pukJh. b[fenk ;'udk fojk, BkBk-BkBh wo rJ/ 

jB. 

sk;eh pkjo nkfJnk. jfEnko ofjs rkov doysK Bkb B{V/ 

gJ/ ;B. T[BQK dZf;nk- uko ti/ d/ eohp g[b; todh ftu thj 

jfEnkopzd pzd/ ;kv/ s/ MgN/ s/ ;kv/ jfEnko y'j e/ ;k~ fJE/ pzBQ 

rJ/. iKd/ j'J/ sk;eh dhnK d' ekoK th b? rJ/. fJj ekoK feb/ tor/ 

xo ftu yso/ ;w/I fsnko pofsnko oZyhnK iKdhnK ;B s/ ukphnK th 

ftu/ j[zdhnK. 

nZX/ xzN/ pknd w?e;he' g[b; dk uhc nkfJnk s/ w"e/ dk w[nkfJBk 

ehsk. sk;eh ~ g[ZfSnk- fe;/ s/ FZe< sk;eh B/ fejk- ;NkbB. j'o 

e"D< 

g[bh; uhc ~ FZe j'fJnk. bZfrnk sk;eh B/ nkg/ vokwk oukfJnk 

j?. J/vh ipod;s ckfJfozr ftu ;ko/ pu rJ/- fJj fet/I j' ;ed?< 

J/vh d[oxNBk fgS'I sk;eh g{ok ;aKs j?. wkwbk ;aZeh brdk j?. r'bhnK 

d/ 72 fB;akB sK uhc B/ nkg frD/< T[; d/ xo d[nkb/ rkod tXkJh 

s/ ezXK j'o T[uhnk ehshnK. T[;koh j[zdh d/y e/ w[;ekT[*fdnK sk;eh 

B/ fejk- ;fGnsk T[;o ojh j?. nkdwh soZeh eo frn?. 

i?e;B BK dk fJe pzdk edh edkJhI T[; ~ fwbD nkT[Idk, ;tkb 

gZ[Sdk s/ nkgDh fbys ;'XD dh p/Bsh eodk. sk;eh ngD/ yor';aK 

~ ukok y[nk fojk ;h fe gsBh B/ fejk- i?e;B nkfJn?. T[j T[fmnk 

s/ wfjwkB gk; ubk frnk. fejk- s{z nZi mhe BjhI brdk. ghbk 

j'fJnk fgn?I. e'Jh dtkJh p{Nh b? GkJh. Bsk;ak d;dh j?- d'jK ~ 

ewo/ ftu fpmk e/ w+ ngD/ ewo/ tZb ubh rJh. sk;eh e[o;h s/ 

p?mk, w/ia s/ ofynk wfjwkB dk b/y gVQB bZrk. ni/ gfjb/ gzB/ T[go 

M[fenk j'fJnk ;h fe f;o T[gZo ipod;s tko j'fJnk. i?e;B B/ g{oh 

skes Bkb poc s'VB tkbh e[jkVh y'gVh ftu wkoh. 

sk;eh B/ T[uh dodBke uhe wkoh s/ yb' frnk. i' i' w/ia s/ 

fgnk ;h, feskpK, g/go-t/N, dtks, N?bhc'B, u[e-u[e eksb d/ wkodk 

fojk. fco T[j eksb T[go MgfNnk s/ T[; ~ cV fbnk, T[; d/ jZE 

s/ p[Vek tZfYnk s/ T[; e'b'I e[jkVh y'j bJh. eksb fJzBk xpok 

frnk fe d{ik tko Bk ehsk, Bk S[ok x'Ifgnk Bk fotkbto ftu'I r'bh 

ubkJh. id'I sk;eh ~ bZrk fe froB bZrk jK, eJh edw fgS/ jfNnk. 

T[j d[;awD d/ edwk ftu BjhI fvrDk ukj[zdk ;h. iaywh uhs/ tKr 

bfVnk. fJzB/ ~ Bskbhnk ns/ rkod nzdo nk rJ/ s/ rkodK B/ 

eksb ~ cV fbnk. T[; ~ pzd{eK d/ pZN wkoB bZr/. eksb uhfenk 

sK sk;eh B/ fejk- wko' Bk. wko' Bk fJj~. fJ; s'I g[S-frZS eo'. 

Bsk;ak dZ;dh j?- y'gVh c[Nh gJh ;h. tZvk iayaw ;h. eh j'fJnk< 

eh j'fJnk sk;eh< T[; B/ rb d[nkb/ pkjK tb bJhnK. sk;eh B/ 

fejk- @@gfjbK sK w?~ bZrk SZs T[s'I e'Jh uhia f;o T[s/ fvr gJh 

j?. fco gsk br frnk sK w?_ eksb ~ cfVnk.¿ 

fco T[; B/ nkgD/ ;?eNoh ~ fejk- i?e;B B/. T[;/ B/ ehsk. 

i' j'Dk ;h j' frn?. e[ZM edw T[j j'o fgS/ jfNnk, fco co;a s/ 

b/N frnk- @@w+ s?~ fgnko eodK Bsk;ak##. fJj ;apd g{o/ ;kc p'b/. 

Bsk;ak B/ f;o j/m ;okDk oZy fdsk ns/ iayw T[s/ poc. 

@@;/tk ~ go/ oZyhI. d{ik tko eoB ~ fsnko ;h i?e;B. w+ 

eoB BhI fdZsk.## 


ngD/ ;eZso jB;B ~ fejk- ezw swkw. jB;B B/ fejk- yk; 

rZb BhI. mhe j'. N;eh B/ fejk- BK. n?seh T[j fiZs rJ/. pko 

pko Bsk;ak d/ jZE T[j ngD/ p[ZbQK sZe fbiKdk. nzro/iah ftu ;eZso 

~ fejk- Bsk;ak dk fXnkB oZyhI. pV/ dZ[y d/y/ fJjB/. Bsk;ak iako-iako 

o'Jh. pko-pko T[; dk iayw u[zwdh. 

eksb B/ rkod ~ dZf;nk- J/Bh i'o dh e[jkVh wkoh ;h w?~ 

:ehB BjhI ;h fe fJe p'b th T[; dk fBeb ;e/rk. w?~ eh gsk 

;h T[j yVQk j' e/ w?~ cV bJ/rk. w/oh wK T[BK B/ pzdh pDk oZyh 

j?. w/oh wK T[BQK e'b j?. w/o/ s'I eotkfJnk frnk. 

vkeNo nkT[D sZe yZpk gk;k ;[zB j' frnk ;h. j;gskb fbikD 

bZr/ sK Bsk;ak dhnK nZyK nZr/ g[Zso B'tk nk frnk. T[j o'Jh- w+ 

BjhI fbikD d/Dk j;gskb. j;gskb ftu vkeNo wko d/Dr/. sk;eh 

B/ j"bh d/ e/ fejk- Bk fbikU T[E/ w?~. jB;B B/ fejk- w+ Bkb 

iktKrk. nkgDh rkod BKb fbiktKrk. w/oh rZb wzB' . o'e' Bk. 

Bsk;ak B/ fejk- uzrk. s/oh woih. w/o/ woih eoB d/ fdB ed/ d/ 

phs u[e/ jB jz;B. 

;No?uo s/ fgnK T[; B/ fejk- w/ok ;G e[M Bsk;ak dk j? jz;B. 

fXnkB oZyhI. id'I fbikD bZr/ sK rkod B/ fejk- ni/ BjhI. j'o c'o; 

b?e/ nkU gfjbK. i/ o;s/ ftu fco jwbk j' frnk< c"oB g[b; uhc 

Gkoh c'o; Bkb nk frnk. uhc dZ;dk j?- ;fseko :'r phph B/ ;c?d 

o[wkb Bkb gsh dk iayw Yfenk j'fJnk ;h. d'jK jEK ftu bj{ Bkb 

u'Idk f;o cfVnk j'fJnk ;h. e/tb f;;ehnK. eksb tk;s/ tyoh 

n?Ip{b?I; nkJh. 

nZr/-nZr/ o;sk ;kc eoB bJh g[bh; d/ w'No ;kJhebK dk 

ekcbk, fgS/-fgS/ s/iah Bkb d"Vdh ;kfJoB tiKdh n?_p{b?_; ;VeK ~ 

uhodh d"Vh. ;kj uZb fojk ;h. j/mK M[e e/ Bsk;ak B/ g[fSnk- fet/I 

j'< T[so fwfbnk- e[M mhe jK. jZE dk fJ;akok eoe/ ;eZso ~ B/V/ 

p[bkfJnk- f;nk;h esb j? fJj. o{; dh y[chnk ewKv' c'o; dk pzdk. 

Bkiah th j' ;edk j?- r?;Nkg'. d'tK B/ fwb e/ th tkodks eotkJh 

j' ;edh j?. tXhe ;aZe o{;hnK T[go j?. d{i/ gk;/ eksb n?Ip[b?I; ftu 

g[bh; ~ nfjw ikDekoh d/ fojk ;h. fJ; esb ftu BkiahnK dk e'Jh 

jZE BjhI ;h. 

j;gskb d[nkb/ GhVK i[VB brhnK. Bsk;ak p'bh- fJBQK ftu ;kv/ 

t?oh j'Dr/. ;kv/ d';s feE/ ub/ rJ/< j;gskb dh Bo; nkgo/;aB s'I 

gfjbK f;o dh jikws eoB nkJh. sk;eh p'fbnk- eZbQ s{z fejk ;h 

Bsk;ak, jikws eotk. b?? j' rJh. fco ;eZso ~ fejk- w/o/ nkyoh 

p'b B'N eo. jB;B ~ o{;h BjhI nkT[Idh ;h. nzro/iah ftu fbykfJnkf;nk;h 

eksb B/ w?~ w"s d/ do T[go g[uk fdsk j?. w/o/ ewo/ ftu 

nk e/ wkfonk. w+ jZE'gkJh ehsh.HHHH n;hI ewo/ ftu tV/HHH T[; B/ 

coK;h;h nzeV/ dZ;D/ F[o{ ehs/HHH fco tko ehskHHH d';sK ~ dZ; d/JhI 

fe ;kvh cfsj j'J/rh :ehBB. u"Eh fJzNoB?;aBb p[bk b?D. 

ngo/;aB tk;s/ Bo;K eZgV/ T[skoB bZr gJhnK sK nyhobk t;so 

T[skoB t/b/ T[; B/ ;ji Bkb fejk- Bo;K jZE Bk bkT[D. Bsk;ak s{z 

w/ok eZgVk T[sko. Bo;K go/ jN rJhnK. Bsk;ak B/ fco T[; d/ p[ZbK 

Bkb p[ZbQ S[jkJ/. T[;B/ uz[wD dk itkp fdsk. fJ; fgS'I p/j';a j' frnk. 

vkeNo y'gVh dk nkgo/;aB eoB bZr/. fszB fJzu v{zxk iayw ;h. y'gVh 

dhnK jZvhnK N[ZN e/ fdwkr ftu X; rJhnK ;B. pkJh xzN/ T[j w"s 

Bkb x[bdk fojk go j';a Bk nkJh. Bsk;ak fdB oks jZE s/ jZE Xoh 

T[; tZb J/; nk; Bkb d/ydh ojh fe T[j nZyK y'jb/rk. nkyoh gb 

pko/ dZ;dh j?, id'I vkeNoK B/ T[; ~ u[Zfenk T[; dk f;o w'Y/ s/ 

bNe frnk. pkjK J/; soQK bwe rJhnK fit/I eok; T[go w;hj/ dhnK 

bwehnK jB. ezfvnK d/ ski dh EK f;o T[go ;c?d gZNh ;h. fujok 

;aKs, gftsZo ns/ ;P?wkD Bkb Gog{o. brdk ;h ngD/ nkg ~ j[D/ 

;zGkb bJ/rk. 

21 nr;s 1940 ~ ;akw ;kY/ ;Zs ti/ ftdk j'fJnk. vkeNoK 

B/ fog'oN ftu fbfynk, T[; dk fdwkr n;kXkoB s"o s/ tZvk ;h, tiaB 

d' g"Iv s/oK n"I;. fdb nkw Bkb'I tZvk. 

;oekoh o{;h nypko goktdk B/ fBeh fijh ypo Skgh- T[; d/ 

f;o fco/ u/b/ tb'I sk;eh dk esb. 

noEh fgS/ jiakoK dk ekcabk s[fonk. ;afjo ftu'I, nwhoK dh 

nkpkdh ftu'I fBeb e/ wiad{oK dhnK p;shnK EkDh bzfxnk. ;Ve d/ 

d'jhI gk;hI Bzr/ g?ohI cN/ eZgV/ gfjBh nDfrDs wiad{oK B/ T[; ~ ;bkw 

ehsk-;a/o sk;eh nwo oj/. ;kvk sk;eh fizadkpkd. s[os c[os, fe;/ 

B/, fJe rhs d/ p'b i'V e/ r[Dr[DkJ/. eth;aoh d/ p'b d[jok-d[jok 


kJ/ rJ/. do;aBk tk;s/ gzi fdB T[; dh noEh oZyh rJh. fszB bZy 

wodK n"osK B/ nzsw dhdko ehs/. xo d/ ftjV/ ftu epo T[go 

;c?d nkfJskeko ;zrwowo oZy e/ T[go bkb Mzvk bfjok fdsk. 

Bskbhnk thj ;kb j'o fiT[Idh ojh. id'I T[mdh, jo ;t/o T[; 

dhnK nZyK ftjV/ ftu gJ/ ;c?d gZEo tZb x[zwdhnK. 

fJ;jke fbydk j?- T[; dh fizdrh e'Jh goh eEk BjhI. ;kvhnK 

nZyK nr/ tkgoh fJj tk;sfte xNBk j? fijVh fwZE s'I nr/ bzx 

rJh. 

fjNbo B/ fJe whfNzr d"okB coK; d/ okid{s okpoN e'bKdo/ 

~ fejk- w/o/ ;ko/ okj gZXo j' rJ/ jB. j[D w/o/ ;kjwD/ ;z;ko fNe 

BjhI ;edk. w+ fti/sk j'tKrk. okid{s B/ fejk- i/ izr bwe rJh, 

wiad{oK fe;kBk dh d;ak ftrVdh rJh sK fJe ;zGktBk j'o th j' 

;edh j?- T[j j? sk;eh. edh ;'fun? fe sk;eh fti/sk j' ;edk j?< 

fJj tke ;[D e/ fjNbo fJT[I G[Vfenk fit/I m{zjk bfVnk j'J/ s/ fejk- 

;akfJd. j' ;ed?. fJj j' ;ed?. 

sk;eh d/ Bc/ B[e;kB pko/ w?~ fNgZDh BjhI eoBh ukjhdh. ikB 

v/th B/ mhe fejk ;h- sk;eh dh rb ;[DB fgS'I e'Jh tke p'bDk 

n?INh ebkJhw?e; j?.

r"sw s'A sk;eh sZe - Gpunjab.com

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