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K.Karnan P.G.Economics, Govt. Hr.Sec.School, Samayanallur, Madurai District. www.kalvisolai.com 

rhpahd tpilia Njh;T nra;jy;: 

ghlk;-1 

1 nry;t ,yf;fzj;jpd; Mrphpah; 

m)My;/gpuL khh;\y; M),yady; uhgpd;]; ,)Mlk; ];kpj;


ghlk;-4 

1 gz;lj;jpw;fhd Njit ,jid rhh;e;jJ 

m)gz;lj;jpd; tpiy M)rhh;e;j gz;lq;fspd; tpiy ,)tUkhdk;


m)Gj;jhf;fk; Gidjy; M),lh;ghLfis 

,)cw;gj;jp myfpd; ,lj;ijj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;


ghlk;-7 

1 cz;ik nryT vd;gJ 

m)Jd;gk; kw;Wk; jpahfKk; M)cs;Szh;T ,)Kaw;rpAk;.jpahfKk;


ghlk;-10 

1 Nghpay; nghUspapay; rpe;jidapy; xU Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpath; 

m)Nltpl; hpfhh;Nlh M) J.M.fPd;]; ,)Mlk; ];kpj;


Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gjy; 

ghlk;-1 

; 

1 Ez;zpay; vd;gJ-----MFk;. rpwpa 

2 cw;gj;jp vdg;gLtJ----cUthf;FtjFk;. gad;ghLfis 

3 gz;lq;fSf;Fk; gz;lq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;tJ----MFk;. gz;lkhw;W Kiw 

4 nghUshjhuk; vd;gJ----mwptpayhFk; 

r%f 

5 gy jug;gl;l nryltj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L----. 

ghlk;-2 

rKj;jpuk; 

1 

2 

goikg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; mbg;gil nghUspay; gpur;ridfid---kw;Wk;-----------jPh;j;J 

itf;fpwJ. kuGfSk;> gof;ftof;fq;fSk; 

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy; midj;Jtif nghUshjhu 

eltbf;iffSk;---ikakhff; nfhz;Nl nray;gLfpwJ. tpiyf;fUtp 

3 cw;gj;jp tha;g;G tisNfhL----vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. cw;gj;jp tha;g;G vy;iy 

4 rkjh;kg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;----; r%f / $l;Leyk; 

5 

fyg;G nghUshjhuj;jpd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis 

fl;LgLj;JtJ----MFk;. 

ghlk;-3 

jdpahh; kw;Wk; nghJ 

1 .----------vd; ;gJ gz;lfis,gzpfis gad;gLj;JtjhFk; Efh;T 

2 tpUg;gq;fs; vd;gJ----kw;Wk;----MFk;. 

Nghl;bapLgit>xd;iwnahd;W 

rhh;e;jit 

3 khh;\ypd; gad;ghl;L mZFKiw vd;gJ----gFg;gha;thFk;. ,ay;ngz; gad;ghl;L Ma;T 

; 4 

,Wjpepiyg; gad;ghL g+[;[pakhFk; NghJ nkhj;j gad;ghL---- 

MFk; 

cr;rk; 

5 rkNehf;F tisf;NfhL ikaj;ij Nehf;fp----fhzg;gLk;. 

ghlk;-4 

Ftpe;J 

1 Njitf;NfhL fPo;Nehf;fp tUtjw;F fhuzk;-----. 

Fiwe;Jnry; ,Wjpepiy 

gad;ghl;Ltpjp 

2 jdpegh; Efh;T ml;ltizfis xd;W Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ----MFk;. mq;fhbj; Njit ml;ltiz 

3 rKjha me;j];Jf;fhf Njitg;gLk; gz;lq;fs;----tpisthFk.; ntg;sd; tpisT 

4 Njit nefpo;r;rp vd;w fUj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;----. My;gpuL khh;\y; 

5 tpiy khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLk; mspg;G khw;w tPjk;----vdg;gLk;. mspg;gpd; nefpo;r;rp 

ghlk;-5 

1 .-------mspg;igj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. tpiy 

2 Ntshz;ik njhopy; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; gfph;T Nghd;wit----MFk;. cgKiwfs; 

3 

.----tpiyapy; ve;j rf;j;jpAk; tpiyiaNah msitiaNah khw;w 

KbahJ. rkepiy 

4 etpd nghUspay; ty;Yeh; fhyj;ij----kw;Wk;----fhykhf gphpj;jdh;. 

5 mq;fhbf; fhyj;jpy; mspg;Gf;NfhL----. 

6 

FWfpa fhyk; kw;Wk; ePz;l 

fhyk; 

nrq;Fj;jhf Y ;mr;Rf;F 

,izahf


1 

ghlk;-6 

epyKk; ciog;Gk;----cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; MFk; ;. mbg;gilf;fhuzpfs; 

; 

2 

ehLfspd; nry;tKk; mij cUthf;Ffpd;w fhuzpfisg; gw;wpa 

Ma;T vd;w Eiy vOjpath;----. Mlk;];kpj; 

3 Xh; mq;fthbapd; tphpT----Kiwapy; msit jPh;khdpf;fpwJ. Ntiyg;gFg;Gkiw 

4 

5 

.--------vd;gJ NtW gy gz;lqlfis cw;gj;jp nra;jpl kdpj 

Kaw;rpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. %yjdk; 

.--------vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; cs;sPL ntspaPLfSf;F ,ilNa 

cs;s ,ay;ghd njhlh;ghFk;. cw;gj;jp rhh;G 

ghlk;-7 

1 gzr; nrytpid---- vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;. ngausT nryT 

2 

3 

nghUshjhu ,yhgk; vd;gJ nkhj;j tUtha;f;Fk;----cs;s 

NtWghL. nghUshjhu nryT 

;khwhf; fhuzpfs; khWk; fhuzpfis----y; kl;LNk NtWgLj;j 

,aYk; FWfpafhyk; 

4 nkhj;j nryT vd;gJ----. 

nkhj;j khwhr; nryT + 

nkhj;j khWk;nryT 

5 ,Wjpepiy nryT tisf;NfhlhdJ----tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. 

ghlk;-8 

U tbtk; 

1 epiwTg; Nghl;bapy; epWtdq;fs;----nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. xj;jg;gz;lk; 

2 

epWtdj;jpd; ruhrhp tUthahdJ ruhrhp nryit tpl mjpfkhf 

,Ug;gpd; me;epWtdk;----


1 

ghlk;-11 

gz;lq;fisf; nfhLj;J gz;lq;fis thq;FtJ--------vd 

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gz;lkhw;W thzpfk; 

2 gz thl;lk; vd;gJ tpiyfs;--------Fwpf;Fk; ; tPo;r;rp 

3 ghpkhw;wr; rkd;ghL MV=PT vd;gij mspj;jth;------- ,h;tpq; gp\h; 

4 jhTk; gztPf;fj;ij--------- vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;. 

kpifNtf gztPf;fk;/XLk; 

gztPf;fk; 

5 gzf;nfhs;if---------fl;LgLj;j cjTfpwJ. gz;l NtWghL 

ghlk;-12 

1 .-------vd;gJ gy;NtW topfspy; muRf;F tUk; tUtha;. murpd; epjp 

2 

Neub kw;Wk; tpfpjhr;rhu rYif ngwhky; Nghtij ,t;thW------vd;W 

miof;fpd;Nwhk;. rhpaPL 

3 thptpjpg;gpd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghil------vd;Wk; miof;fpd;Nwhk;. thptpjpg;Gf; nfhs;if 

4 

5 

Neub kw;Wk; kiwKf thp tpjpg;G Kiw--------mbg;gilahf 

nfhz;L tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epfOk; khw;wk; 

.--------thp vd;gJ tsh;tpj thpiaAk; tpfpjr;rhu thpiaAk; 

cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;. kPj tsh;tPj 

nghUj;Jf 

; 

1 Gdpj thp tpjpg;Gkiw 

ghlk;-1 

Mlk; ;;];kpj; 

2 Kjy; Nehgy; ghpR bk;gh;fd; kw;Wk; gphp; ;\; 

3 epjpf;nfhs;if js;SgbAk; cjtpj; njhifAk; 

4 nry;tk; ,Ug;G 

5 rkr;rPh; epjpepiy mwpf;if tUthAk; nryTk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; 

ghlk;-2 

1 fld; msT fl;Lg;ghL tl;btPjk; 

2 tha;g;Gr; nryT mLj;j rpwe;j khWgl;l gz;j;jij nfhLj;jy; 

3 kypTg; gzf;nfhs;if Fiwe;j tl;btPjk; 

4 Ml;rpahshpd; Mjpf;fk; rkjh;kk; 

5 gzj;jpd; kjpg;G gzj;jpd; thq;Fk; rf;jp 

ghlk;-3 

1 xl;Lnkhj;j Njit C+I+G+(X-M) 

2 nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfs; khh;\y; 

3 K 1/1-MPC 

4 rkNehf;F tisNfhL rhjhuzjuk; 

5 fPd;R ePh;iktpUg;gk; 

ghlk;-4 

1 vr;rchpik $ypf;Nfhl;ghL thf;fh; 

2 NjdPh; kw;Wk; fhgp gjpyPl;Lg; gz;lq;fs; 

3 fld;epjpf; Nfhl;ghL Gjpa njhd;ik fhy Nfhl;ghL 

4 ePz;lfhy mspg;Gf;NfhL mjpf nefpo;r;rpAilaJ 

5 ,lh;jhq;Fk; ,yhgf; Nfhl;ghL `hNy 

8


; 

1 cyf mq;fhb 

ghlk;-5 

jq;fk; kw;Wk; nts;sp 

2 kpifj;Njit D>S 

3 njd;Mg;gphpf;fh ituk; 

4 Ed>1 kpifj;Njit nefpo;r;rp 

5 Kw;Whpikahsh;Nghl;b E.H.Nrk;gh;spd; 

ghlk;-6 

1 ruhrhp njhiyT Xh; myF nryT 

2 Ntiy gFg;Gkiw Mlk; ];kpj; 

3 ePz;lfhy ruhrhp nryT tisNfhL jpl;ltisNfhL 

4 Nja;TtPj thp thptpjpg;GtPjk; FiwAk; 

5 ,yhgk; TR-TC 

ghlk;-7 

1 njhopy; KidNthh; Xh; Gj;jhf;fg;gzp Nguhrphpah; Rk;gPl;lh; 

2 nkhj;jnryT TFC+TVC 

3 cw;gj;jprhh;G fhg; lf;s;]; 

4 ,lh;ghLfspd; njhFg;G `hNy 

5 cly; my;yJ mwpT ciog;G khh;\y; 

ghlk;-8 

1 rkepiy tpiy kw;Wk; mstpd ,iz 

2 Efh;Nthh; Nfhyhr;rk; epiwTg; Nghl;b 

3 js;Sgbtpiy my;yJ fopT tpiy Mz;L ,Ug;ig tpw;W jPh;f;f 

4 MCn TCn-TC(n-1) 

5 Fwfpafhy tpiy NjitAk; mspg;Gk; 

ghlk;-9 

1 tpiy Njit Neubahd cwT ntg;sd; tpisT 

2 fhj;jpUj;jy; tl;bf; Nfhl;ghL khh;\y; 

3 ,U Gs;spfSf;fpilNaAs;s ghpT tisT 

4 njhopy;El;g Kw;Whpik Nfh-Nfh-Nfhyh 

5 FWf;Fj; Njit nefpo;r;rp G+[;ak; X kw;Wk; Y mspg;Gilad my;y 

ghlk;-10 

1 tpUg;gq;fs; tpsk;guq;fs; 

2 rhpTf;Nfhl;ghL nrq;Fj;J kw;Wk; fpilkl;lk; 

3 mjpfgl;r ed;ikfs; `Pf;]; kw;Wk; lhy;ld; 

4 ,aq;Fepiy ,yhgNfhl;ghL fpshh;f; 

5 Mlk;gu gz;lq;fs; itu Mguzq;fs; 

ghlk;-11 

1 Fiwe;jgl;r cw;gj;jp nryT mjpfgl;r ed;ikfs; 

2 fld;jd;ik fl;LghL mwpTWj;jy; 

3 jdpahh; nrhj;Jhpik jiyaplhf; nfhs;if 

4 Y C+S 

5 re;ij rf;jpfs; mspg;G> Njit> tpiy 

ghlk;-12 

1 nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfs; khh;\y; 

2 tsh;tpjthp rpwe;j thpKiw 

3 ,aq;Fepiy mZFKiw 

$ypAk; tpiyAk; xd;iwnahd;W 

fhyfl;lk; 

4 js;SfpwJ Ch;e;J nry;Yk; gztPf;fk; 

5 tUkhdk; Xl;lk; 

9


xhpU thh;j;ijfspy; tpilasp 

ghlk;-1 

1 nghUshjhuj;jpd; NtW ngah; vd;d? 

vf;dhnkl;hpf;]; vdg;gLtJ ve;nje;j ghlq;fis 

murpay; nghUshjhujk; 

2 cs;slf;fpaJ? Gs;spay;> fzf;Fg;nghUspay; 

3 hpf;Nfhh;lh ve;j Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpdh;? 

,ytr gz;lq;fSf;F ,uz;L vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; 

gFj;jha;Tkiw 

4 jUf? fhw;W> #hpa xsp 

; 

5 gz tUkhdj;jpw;F NtW ngah; vd;d? ngausT tUkhdk; 

ghlk;-2 

1 

goikg; nghUshjhuk; Xh; jd;dpiwTg; 

nghUshjhukh? 

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpy; cw;gj;jp Vd; 

Mk; 

2 mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? ,yhgNehf;F 

3 msTf;fjpfkhd cw;gj;jpapd tpisT ahJ? 

nghJTlikg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ntw;wpngw;w 

tPo;r;rp 

4 ,UehLfisf; $Wf? rP Pdh> fPA+gh 

5 fyg;G nghUshjhuj;jpy; jpl;lkpLjy; cz;lh? 

ghlk;-3 

Mk; 

1 gad;ghl;il tiuaW? 

rk - ,Wjpepiyg; gad;ghl;bw;F NtW ngah; 

tpUg;gq;fis epiwTnra;Ak; rf;jp 

2 vd;d? fh]d; ,uz;lhk;tpjp 

rkNehf;F tisNfhL vd;gJ ,uz;L 

gz;lq;fspd; gy;NtW ,izg;Gfspd; %yk; 

3 rkNehf;F tisNfhL vd;why; vd;d? 

fpilf;Fk; 

rkNehf;F njhFjp vd;gJ ,uz;L 

gz;lq;fSf;fhd ntt;NtW epiyahd 

4 rkNehf;F njhFjp vd;why; vd;d? 

gad;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; 

5 epjpepiy Nfhl;bw;F NtW ngah; vd;d? 

ghlk;-4 

nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gil vLf;Nfhs;fs; 

tpiy tpfpjNfhL 

1 ahit? kw;wit khwhjpUf;Fk;NghJ 

nrOikapd; NghJk;>ke;jj;jpd; NghJk; Njit nrOikapd;NghJ Njit mjpfhpf;Fk; 

2 vt;thW khWgLfpwJ? 

ke;jj;jpd;NghJ Njit FiwAk; 

ep=Njitf;Nfhl;bd; fPo;gphpT/NjitNfhl;bd; 

3 Gs;sp Kiwapd; tha;ghLfs; vd;d? 

Nky;gphpT 

tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jhy;> Njitapy; 

4 tUkhd Njit nefpo;r;rp vd;why; vd;d? 

ciog;gpd; Njit nefpo;tjw;wjhf 

,Uf;Fk;NghJ>xU njhopw;rq;fk; Cjpaj;ij 

Vw;gl;l khw;w msT 

5 cah;j;j KbAkh? 

ghlk;-5 

Mk; 

1 nghJ rkepiy vd;why; vd;d? 

Njitf; Nfhl;bid ,lk; ngaur; nra;Ak; 

khw;wj;jpw;fhd #oy; fhzg;glhjepiy 

2 fhuzpfs; ahit? tUkhdk;>Rit>gjyPl;Lg; gz;lj;jpd;tpiy 

3 fhyj;jpd; gq;fpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? khh;\y; 

fl;blk;>fduf ,ae;jpuq;fs;> KjyPl;L 

4 epiyahd KjyPl;bw;F xU cjhuzk; nfhL? rhjdq;fs; 

1


5 mq;fhbf; fhyj;jpy; mspg;G epiyahdjh? Mk; 

ghlk;-6 

1 rKjha khw;wk; fhZk; Kfth; ahh;? njhopy;KidNthh; 

2 mfr;rpf;fdq;fs; vt;thW Njhd;WfpwJ? epWtdj;jpd; cs;spUe;J 

3 rk msT cw;gj;jpf; Nfhl;bw;F NtW ngah; ahJ? 

cw;gj;jpahsh; rkepiyia mila epge;jid 

rk cw;gj;jpNfhL 

4 ahJ? MRTSxy=Px/Py 

5 fhg;-lf;y]; cw;gj;jp rhh;gpidf; $Wf? 

ghlk;-7 

Q=bLaCb 

ruhrhp tUtha; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk; 

MR khwhky; ,Uf;Fk; /ARTld; 

1 NghJ>,Wjpepiy tUthapd; epiy vd;d? 

nghUe;jptUk; 

2 ,Wjpepiy tUtha; vd;gJ vd;d? nkhj;jtUthAld; Nrh;e;j $Ljy; 

3 rkKwpTg; Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? ,yhgKk;>e\;lKk; ,y;yhepiyg;Gs;sp 

FWfpafhy nryT Nfhl;bd; xUnjhFjp / 

4 ciw tbt tisf;NfhL vd;gJ vd;d? 

jpl;l tisNfhL 

5 ruhrhp nryit vt;thW fzf;fpLtha;? TC/Q 

ghlk;-8 

1 njhopw;rhiy vd;why; vd;d? gyepWtdq;fisnfhz;lJ 

2 nghJ gad;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;gth; ahh;? murpay; nghUshjhujk; 

3 murhq;fk;>Kw;Whpikia vt;thW fl;LgLj;Jk;? 

Kw;Whpik Nghl;bapd; Kf;fpakhd rpwg;gpay;Gfs; 

thptpjpg;G / rl;lKiw 

4 vit? gz;l NtWghL 

5 MRTP-rl;lk; ve;j Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ? 

ghlk;-9 

hpf;fhh;Nlhtpd; $w;Wg;gb vy;yh epyq;fSk; tsk; 

1969 

1 ngWfpd;wd? 

midj;J epyq;fSk; rk mstpy; tsk; 

,y;iy 

2 nghUe;jpa epykhf ,Ue;jhYk;> thuk; vOkh? Mk; 

3 V[pNah tl;b Nfhl;ghl;bd; Mrphpah; ahh;? Nghk;-NghFth;f; 

4 ,yhg-thuNfhl;ghl;bd; Mrphpah; ahh;? thf;fh; 

5 Rk;gPl;lhpd; ,yhg Nfhl;ghl;bd; ngah; vd;d? 

ghlk;-10 

,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; jilapy;yh 

Gj;jhf;fk; Nfhl;ghL 

1 thzpf nghUshjhuj;ij Klf;fpaJ ahJ? ngUke;jk; 

2 J.B Nrapd; re;ij tpjpiaf; $Wf? 

Ntiytha;g;G>tl;b kw;Wk; gzk; gw;wpa nghJf; 

mspg;G mjd; Njitia cz;lhf;Fk; 

3 Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpath; ahh;? 

xl;Lnkhj;j NjitAk;>>xl;Lnkhj;j mspg;Gk; 

fPd;R 

4 re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spf;F vd;d ngah;? fPd;RFWf;F 

5 ngUf;fpapd; tha;g;ghl;il vOJf? 

ghlk;-11 

K=1/1-MPC 

1 ehl;bd; gz mspg;igf; fl;LgLj;Jk; tq;fp vJ? 

mUikg; gzf; nfhs;if vg;nghOJ 

ikatq;fp 

2 filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ? 

tpiyapy; khw;wkpy;yhj NghJ Vw;gLk; gztPf;fk; 

gztPf;ffhyj;jpy; 

3 ahJ? fl;LgLj;jg;gl;l gztPf;fk; 

4 ‘$yp’Fiwg;G gzthl;lj;jpw;F xU jPh;T MFkh? ,y;iy 

5 kpifNtf gztPf;fj;jpid re;jpj;j xU ehL vJ? n[h;kdp 

1


ghlk;-12 

1 thp vd;gJ vd;d? fl;lhak; nrYj; ;jy; Ntz;Lk; 

2 VAT vdlwhy; vd;d? kjpg;G $l;Lthp 

3 tpfpjr;rhu thp tpjpg;GKiw vd;why; vd;d? XNu khjphpahd thptpfpjk; 

rkepiy kw;Wk; rkepiyaw;w epjpepiy 

4 epjpepiy mwpf;ifapd; tiffs; ahit? 

mwpf;if 

5 nghJf;fld; vd;gJ vd;d? nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J fld;ngWtJ 

%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:- 

ghlk; -2 

mbg;gilg; nghUspay; gpur;ridfs; 

1. ve;j xU rKjhaj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gilg; gpur;ridfs; ahit? 

ve;j xU rKjhaKk; fPo;f;fhZk; gpur;ridfis Kd; itj;Nj njhpTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; 

Ntz;Lk;. 

1. ve;jg; nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ> vt;tsT cw;gj;jp nra;tJ? 

2. gz;lq;fs; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;? 

3. gz;lq;fs; ahUf;fhf jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;? 

2. nghJthd nghUshjhu Kiwfspd; ngaHfisf; $Wf. 

1. gioikg; nghUshjhuk; 

2. Kjyhspj;Jt / mq;fhbg; nghUshjhuk; 

3. nghJTilik / fl;lisg; nghUshjhuk; 

4. fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuk; 

3. nghJTilikapd; mbg;gilr; rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; $Wf. 

nghJTilikapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;: 

1. ,yhg Nehf;fpd;wp r%f eyNd Kf;fpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs; 

2. jdpahH nrhj;Jhpikapd;ik 

3. nghUspay; nfhs;if KbTfis ikaj; jpl;lf;FO Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; 

4. mq;fhbr; rf;jpfs; ,y;iy 

4. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; fyg;Gg; nghUshjhukh? tpthp;. 

Mk;. ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; fyg;Gg; nghUshjhuNkahFk;. Vnddpy; xU fyg;Gg; nghUshjhu 

mikg;gpd; nghUshjhur; nray;ghLfspy; murpd; ,af;fKk;/ mq;fhb rf;jpfspd; ,af;fKk; xU 

Nruf; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpy; jdpahUk;> muRj; JiwfSk; xU Nruf; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,e;jpah xU 

fyg;Gg; nghUshjhu ehlhFk;. 

5. tha;g;Gr; nryT vd;why; vd;d? 

tha;g;Gr; nryT vd;gJ rpy tha;g;Gfis ,og;gjhy; Vw;gLk; nrythFk;. mjhtJ me;j 

tha;g;Gfspd; %yk; ngw;wpUf;f$ba ed;ikfs; MFk;. (v.fh) njhiyf; fhl;rpapy; fphpf;nfl; ghHf;f 

Ntz;Lnkdpy; gbf;Fk; Neuj;ij ,of;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; $Ljyhf ngwf;$ba 

kjpg;ngz;fis ,of;f NehpLk;. 

1


ghlk; - 5 - rkepiy tpiy 

6.rkepiy tpiy vd;why; vd;d? 

xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy; thq;FgtHfspd; tpUg;gKk; tpw;gtHfspd; tpUg;gKk; rkkhFk;. 

,e;epiyapy; thq;FgtHfs; thq;f tpUk;Gk; msTk;> tpw;gtH tpw;f tpUk;Gk; msTk; rkkhFk;. 

,t;tpiyNa rkepiy tpiy vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpiyapy; Njitf;NfhLk;> 

mspg;gf; NfhLk; re;jpg;gJ rkepiyahFk;. gy mq;fhbfspy; Njit>mspg;G rkepiyNa 

nghUshjhur; rkepiyahFk;. 

7.Njitapy; khw;wk;> Njitf;NfhL ,lk; ngaHjy; Ntw;Wikg;gLj;Jf. 

tpiy khWk; NghJ Njit khWk; ,J Njit khw;wkhFk;. ,jdhy; Njitf;NfhL khwhJ. 

Njitapd; mstpy; kl;Lk; khw;wkpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; tUkhdk; Rit> gjpypg; gz;lq;fspd; tpiy 

Nghd;w Njitiaj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; fhuzpfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; Njitf; Nfhl;il ,lk; ngaur; 

nra;Ak;. 

8.mspg;Gf; NfhL ,lk; ngaHjYf;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit? 

re;ijapy; mspg;gtH my;yJ tpw;Nghhpd; vz;zpf;if cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfspd; tpiy 

Nghd;wit mspg;ig ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfspy; mlq;Fk;. ,f;fhuzpfs; tpiyapy; khw;wk; 

Vw;glhtpl;lhYk; mspg;gpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. 

9.. ePz;l fhyk;> FWfpa fhyk; vOJf? 

ePz;l fhyk;: 

ePz;l fhyk; vd;gJ midj;J cs;sPl;Lg; nghUs;fisAk; khw;wpf; nfhs;sf; $ba fhy 

fl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. 

FWfpa fhyk;: 

xU epWtdj;jpd; FWfpa fhyk; vd;gJ cs;sPl;Lg; nghUs;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iw khwhj 

cs;sPlhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhy msitf; Fwpf;Fk; FWfpa kw;Wk; ePz;l fhyk; 

epWtdj;jpw;F epWtdk; khwhFk;. 

10. mq;fhbf; fhyk; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. 

mq;fhbf; fhyk;: 

mq;fhbf; fhyk; vd;gJ> Njitapy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g mspg;gpy; vt;tpj khw;wKk; 

nra;a ,ayhj epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. mq;fhbf; fhyj;jpy; mspg;gpd; mstpy; khw;wk; epfohJ. 

,f;fhyj;jpy; Njitapy; khw;wk; Vw;glf;$Lk;. ,t;tq;fhbf; fhyj;jpy; rkepiy tpiyahdJ Njit. 

khw;wj;jpdhYk;> epiyahd mspg;gpdhYk; epHzapf;fg;gLfpwJ. (v.fh) fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs;> kyHfs; 

Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd mspg;Gfs;. 

ghlk;. 6. cw;gj;jp 

11. gad;ghl;bd; tiffisf; $Wf? 

tbtg;gad;ghL: xU nghUspd; mikg;ig khw;Wk; NghJ mjd; gad;ghL mjpfhpf;ff; $Lk;. 

,lg;gad;ghL: 

xU gz;lkhdJ xU ,lj;jpypUe;J NtnwhU ,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;tjhy; mjd; 

gad;ghL mjpfhpf;Fk;. 

fhyg;gad;ghL: 

gz;lkhdJ xU ,lj;jpypUe;J NtnwhU vjpHfhyg; gad;ghl;bw;fhf NrHj;J 

itf;fggLk;NghJ mjd; gad;ghL caHfpwJ. 

cilikg; gad;ghL;: cilik my;yJ gz;lq;fspd; cilik xUthplkpUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;F 

khWtJ cilikg; gad;ghL MFk;. 

12. ciog;G vd;why; vd;d? 

cw;gj;jpg; ghijapy; ciog;G vd;gJ kdpj ,LnghUs; MFk;. “xU gzpia xUtH 

nra;jpLtjhy; mtUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kdepiwT kl;Lkpd;wp mjid nra;tjw;fhf ifkhW vjpHghHj; J 

kdpjd; jd; cly; my;yJ mwpit KOikahfNth gFjpahfNth gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;Sk; 

Kaw;rpNa ciog;ghFk;” vd My;gpul;khH\y; $WfpwhH. 

1


13. Ntiyg; gFg;GKiw vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? 

Mlk; ] ;kpj; 

jdJ ‘ ehLfspd; nry;tk; ’ vd;w E}ypy; Ntiyg; gFg;G Kiwia 

mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;shH. 

xU cw;gj;jp Kiwia ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ntt;NtW cl;gphpTfshfg; gphpj;J me;j 

cl;gphpTfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;l ciog;ghsp my;yJ ciog;ghsH FOtpdhplk; 

xg;gilj;jNy Ntiyg; gFg;G Kiw vdg;gLk;. (v.fh)Ma;j;j Mil> jahhpg;gpy; ifg;gFjp> 

cly;gFjp> fOj;Jg;gFjp vd jdpj;jdpahf itj;J xd;whf;fp rl;ilahf;Fjy;. 

14. %yjdj;jpd; tbtq;fs; ahit? 

1. gUkg; nghUs; %yjdk; (m) nghUl;rhH %yjdk; 

(v.fh) ,ae;jpuq;fs;> fUtpfs;> fl;blq;fs; 

2. gz %yjdk; (m) gztpay; tsq;fs; Mjhuq;fs; 

(v.fh) gzk;>tq;fp> ,Ug;g> gq;F gj;jpuq;fs; 

1. kdpj %yjdk; (m) kdpjj;jpwd; tsq;fs;: 

fy;tp> gapw;rp> cly;ey KjyPL. 

15. cw;gj;jp rhHG vd;why; vd;d? 

cw;gj;jp rhHG: 

cw;gj;jprhHG vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; cs;sPL ntspaPLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ,ay;ghd 

njhlHghFk;. cs;sPL vd;gJ cw;gj;jp;f;Fg; gad;gLk;. epyk;> %yjdk;> ciog;G> njhopyikg;G 

Mfpa cw;gj;jpf;fhuzpfshFk;. ntspaPL vd;gJ cw;gj;jppad; nkhj;j msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. 

ghlk; - 7 

nryTk; tUthAk; 

16. FWfpa kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F cs;s NtWghL ahJ? 

FWfpafhyj;jpy; rpy cw;gj;jp fhuzpfis khw;wKbahJ. vdNt Njit 

khw;wjpw;Nfw;g>%yjdf; fUtpfs; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; msit me;epWtdk; khw;wKbahJ. 

ePz;lfhyj;jpy; midj;Jf; fhuzpfis khwf;$bait. vdNt Njitapd; 

khw;wjpw;Nfw;g>%yjdf; fUtpfs; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; msit me;epWtdk; khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;. 

17. tha;g;Gr; nryT vd;why; vd;d? 

xU gz;lj;jpd; rpwe;j gad;ghL Njh;e;njLf;fgLtjhy; mLj;j rpwe;j gad;ghL tpl;Lf; 

nfhLf;fgl Ntz;bAs;sJ. vLj;Jfhl;lhf NfhJikiag; gapupLk; coth; jd;dplk; cs;s mNj 

cw;gj;jp fhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp cUisfpoq;if rhFgb nra;ayhk;. xU Ftpz;lhy; NfhJikapd; ;; 

gpwtha;Gr; nryT ahnjdpy; tpl;Lj;je;j cUisf;fpoq;fpd; ; cw;gj;jp msNtahFk;. 

18. nghUshjhu nryT vd;why; vd;d? 

nghUshjhu nryT: 

ntspAW nryTfs; kl;Lkpd;wp cs;shHe;j nryTfisAk; NrHe;j nkhj;jf; njhifNa 

nghUshjhur; nrythFk;. jd;Dila Ra ciog;G> Kaw;rp> rpe;jid kw;Wk; jdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd 

fhuzpfis xU njhopy; KidNthH cw;gj;jpapy; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mr;Ra Nritf;fhd ntFkjpNa 

cs;shHe;j nrythFk;. ,jw;F kiwe;jpUf;Fk; nryT vd;w ngaUk; cs;sJ. 

nghUshjhur; nryT = ntspAW nryTfs; + cs;she;j nryTfs; 

1


19. ,Wjp epiy nryT vd;; ;;why; vd;d? 

,Wjpepiy nryT 

Vw;fdNt cs;s cw;gj;jp mstpy;> xU myF cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;gpdhy;> nkhj;j nrytpy; 

Vw;gLk; $Ljy; epfu msT nryNt ,Wjpepiy nryt vd;w tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. 

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU epWtdk; 99 myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a &.9000k; nrythfpwJ. 100 myFfs; 

cw;gj;jp nra;a &.10>000k; nrythfpwJ vdpy; ,Wjpepiyr; nryT &.1000/-k; MFk;. 

MCn = TCn – TC(n-1) 

MCn = ,Wjp epiyr; nryT 

TCn = n myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a MFk; nkhj;j nryT 

TCn-1 = n-1 myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a MFk; nkhj;jr; nryT 

20. MC kw;Wk; AC-f;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s cwTfisf; $W. 

MC & AC-f;F 

,ilNaAs;s njhlHG: 

1. ,Wjpepiy nryT ruhrhp nryittpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> ruhrhp nryT Fiwfpd;wJ. 

2. ,Wjpepiy nryT ruhrhp nryit tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ruhrhp nryT 

mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. 

3. ,Wjpepiyr; nryT tisNfhL ruhrhp tisNfhl;by; jho;e;j (Fiwe;j) Gs;spapy; fPopUe;J 

ntl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ruhrhp nrytpd; (AC) Fiwe;j Gs;spapy; MC. AC f;F rkkhf 

,Uf;Fk;. 

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; 

1) ePz;lfhy ruhrhhp nryT gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. 

ePz;l fhyj;jpy; midj;Jf; fhuzpfSk; khwf; $bait. vdNt Njitapd; 

khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g> %yjdf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; msit me;epWtdk; khw;wpf; nfhs;sf; 

$Lk;. ePz;l fhy ruhrhp tisNfhL ntspapL cw;gj;jpf;Fk;> ePz;l fhy cw;gj;jp nrytpw;Fk; 

,ilNa cs;s njhlHgpid tpsf;FfpwJ. 

1


ePz;lfhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp mstpy; xU epWtdk; gy;NtW gjpypfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;w 

vLNfhspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ. SAC – NfhL xU epWtdj;jpd; FWfpa fhy nryitAk;> 

mjd; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; cs;s njhlHigf; Fwpf;fpwJ. 

Nkw;fhZk; tiuglj;jpy; 

SAC1 – rpwpa epWtdj;ijAk; 

SAC2 – eLj;ju epWtdj;ijAk; 

SAC3 – nghpa epWtdj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk; 

FWfpa fhyj;jpy; OA – msT cw;gj;jp Njitg;gLk; Nghy Fiwe;jsT cw;gj;jpiaAk;> OB – 

msT Njitg;gLk; NghJ eLj;ju cw;gj;jpiaAk;> OD- msT Njitg;gLk; NghJ nghpa msT 

cw;gj;jpiaAk; NjHe;njLf;Fk;. 

ePz;l fhyj;jpy; me;epWtdk; xU njhopw; rhiyapypUe;J kw;nwhd;wpw;F khWfpwJ. 

cw;gj;jpasT khWgLk; nghOJ xU Gjpa epWtdk; NrHf;fg;gLfpwJ. epWtdj;jpd; msT cl;gl 

midj;J cs;sPLfSk; khWk; nghOJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l msTcw;gj;jp epiyf;F> ePz;lfhy cw;gj;jpr; 

nrythdJ Fiwe;jgl;r cw;gj;jp nrythf ,Uf;Fk;. 

ePz;l fhy ruhrhpr; nryT tisNfhL jpl;l tisNfhL vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Vdnddpy; 

,t;tisNfhL xU epWtdj;jpw;F ntt;Ntwhd cw;gj;jp msit jpl;lkplg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,J ciw 

tbt tisNfhL vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,J gy FWfpa fhyr; nryT NfhLfis 

cs;slf;fpaJ. 

Nkw;fz;l tiuglj;jpypUe;J> ePz;l fhy ruhrhp nryT tisNfhL Kjypy; xt;nthU myF 

mjpf cw;gj;jpAld; Fiwe;J xU Fwpgpl;l Gs;spf;F gpwF mjpfhpj;J xU glF tbt tisNfhl;il 

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. 

2) AR kw;Wk; MR NfhLfspd; ,ilNaAs;s cwTfs; vOJf. 

ruhrhp tUtha; (AR) ,Wjpepiy tUtha; (MR) 

tisNfhLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhlHG: 

ruhrhp tUtha; (tpiy) epiyahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,Wjpepiy tUthAk; epiyahf ,Ue;J 

,uz;Lk; XNu tisNfhlha; NrHe;J tpLk;. 

tpw;gid 

nra;ag;gLk; 

myFfs; 

tpiy nkhj;j 

tUtha;(TR) 

ruhrhp tUtha; 

(AR) 

1 10 10 10 10 

2 10 20 10 10 

3 10 30 10 10 

4 10 40 10 10 

5 10 50 10 10 

6 10 60 10 10 

tpiy 

P AR = MR 

O msT X 

1 

,Wjpepiy tUtha; 

(MR)


Fiwe;j tpiyapy; kl;LNk xU epWtdk; mjpfgl;rk; nghUl;fis tpw;ff;$Lk;. me;epiyapy; 

ruhrhp tUtha; (tpiy) Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;Yk; AR FiwAk; NghJ MR k; FiwAk; Mdhy; 

,Wjpepiy tUtha; ruhrhp tUthia tpl $Ljyhff; FiwAk;. ,jdhy; ,Wjpepiy tUtha;f;F 

fPo; mikj;J tpLk;. 

tpw;gid 

nra;ag;gLk; 

myFfs; 

tpiy nkhj;j 

tUtha;( TR) 

ruhrhp tUtha; 

(AR) 

1 10 10 10 10 

2 9 18 9 8 

3 8 24 8 6 

4 7 28 7 4 

5 6 30 6 2 

6 5 30 5 0 

,Wjpepiy tUtha; 

(MR) 

3. FWfpa fhy ruhrhp tisTf;Nfhl;il tpthpf;fTk;? 

FWfpa fhy ruhrhp tisTf;NfhLfs;: 

ruhrhp nryT vd;gJ> cw;gj;jpapd; xU myfpw;fhd nrythFk;. ,Jnkhj;j nrytpid 

cw;gj;jp myFfshy; tFf;Fk; NghJ> fpilf;Fk;


FWfpa fhy ruhrhp nryT tisNfhLfs;: 

ruhrhp nryTf;NfhL ruhrhp khWk; kw;Wk; khwhr; nryTf; Nfhl;bd; mbg;gilapy; mikAk;. 

Jtf;fj;jpy; ruhrhp khWk; kw;Wk; khwhr; nryT Fiwtjhy; ruhrhp nryTk; FiwfpwJ. 

ruhrhp khWk; nryT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ ruhrhp khwhr; nryT nrq;Fj;jhf rhpfpwJ. cw;gj;jp 

mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ ruhrhp khWk; nryT mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ruhrhp khwhr; nryT njhlHe;J rhpfpwJ. 

,jdhy; ruhrhp nryT NfhLk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ruhrhp nryTf; NfhL ruhrhp khwhr; nryTf; 

Nfhl;il Nghd;W Kjypy; Fiwe;J xU FiwTg; Gs;spia vl;baTld; cauj; njhlq;FfpwJ. 

,J ‘U’ –tbtj;jpy; mikfpwJ. 

4. ,Wjpepiyr; nrytpid rhpahd tpsf;fj;Jld; $Wf. 

,Wjpepiyr; nryT(Marginal 

cost) : 


Vw;gLk;> $Lfpd;w epfu msT nryNt ,Wjpepiy nryT vd;W tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. 

,Wjpepiyr; nryT fzf;fPL: 

cw;gj;jp myFfs; nkhj;jr; nryT ,Wjpepiyr; nryT 

0 20 -- 

1 40 20 

2 50 10 

3 55 5 

4 65 10 

5 85 20 

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU epWtdk; 100 myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. ,Wjpepiyr; nryT 

vd;gJ 100 myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a MFk; nkhj;j nrytpypUe;J 99 myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a 

MFk; nrytpid fopj;jhy; fpilg;gNj MFk;. me;epWtdk; 99 myFfis cw;gj;jp nra;a &.9000/= 

nkhj;j nrythfpwJ vd;W itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; 100 myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a &.10>000 nrythFk; 

NghJ &.1000/= ,Wjpepiy nrythFk;. me;epWtdk; xU myF nghUs; $Ljy; cw;gj;jp nra;a 

&.1000/= nryT nra;Js;sJ FwpaPLfspy; 

MCn = TCn – TCn-1 

MCn = ,Wjp epiyr; nryT 

TCn = n myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a MFk; nkhj;j nryT 

TCn-1 = n-1 myFfs; cw;gj;jp nra;a MFk; nryT 

1


,Wjpepiy tisNfhL U tbtj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t;tbtj;ij khWk; tpfpj tpisT 

tpjp jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. tsHe;J nry; tpisT tpjpapd; ,af;fj;jpdhy; ,Wjpepiy tisNfhL rhpe;J 

tpLk;. Vdnddpy; cw;gj;jp myFfs; $Lk; nghOJ nryT Fiwe;JtpLk;. Fiwe;J nry; tpisT 

tpjp ,aq;FtjhYk; cw;gj;jp mstpy; rpf;fdkpd;ikahYk; ,Wjpepiy tisNfhL mjpfhpf;Fk;. 

Vdnddpy; tsHe;J nry; nrytpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpwJ. 

5. SAC kw;Wk; SMC –f;Fk; cs;s cwtpidf; $Wf. 

FWfpa fhy ruhrhp tisNfhl;bw;Fk; FWfpa fhy ,Wjpepiy nryT tisNfhl;bw;Fk; 

,ilNa cs;s njhlHG fzpj hPjpapy; tpsf;Fjy; vspjhf mike;Js;sJ. 

ruhrhp nryT: 

ruhrhp nryT vd;gJ nkhj;j nryit cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l myFfshy; tFj;jjhy; 

fpilf;ff; $baJ MFk;. 

,Wjpepiyr; nryT: 


Vw;gLk;> $Lfpd;w epfu msT nryNt ,Wjpepiy nryT vd;W tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. 

ml;ltiz: 

tiuglk; 

cw;gj;jpr; nkhj;jr; ruhrhp ,Wjpepi 

myFfs; nryT nryT y nryT 

1 50 50 ---- 

2 80 40 30 

3 90 30 10 

4 108 27 18 

5 150 30 42 

6 240 40 90 

7 350 50 110 

,tw;wpd; njhlHfis fPo;fz;lthW mspf;fyhk;. 

1. ,Wjpepiy nryT ruhrhp nryit tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ruhrhp nryT Fiwfpd;wJ. 

2. ,Wjpepiy nryT ruhrhp nryit tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ruhrhp nryT 

mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ 

3. ,Wjpepiy nryT tisNfhL ruhrhp tisNfhl;bd; jho;e;J (Fiwe;j) Gs;spapy; fPopUe;J 

ntl;l Ntz;Lk; ,t;thW ruhrhp nrytpd; (AC) Fiwe;j Gs;spapy; 

MC> AC f;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 

1


6. Nrapd; mq;fhb tpjpapd; FiwghLfisf; $Wf? 

1. cyfg; ngUke;jj;jpdhy; ‘Nr’ tpjpapd; Gfo; kq;fpg; NghdJ. 

2. Nrkpg;G midj;Jk; KjyPL nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy 

4. ,t;tpjp mq;fhb gw;wpa jtwhd Ma;tpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 

5. “xl;Lnkhj;jk;” vd;w jtwhd fUj;jhy; ,J ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ 

6. xl;L nkhj;j mspg;Gk;> xl;L nkhj;jj; NjitAk; vg;NghJk; rkkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy 

7. tl;b tpfpjk; rkg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpay;y. 

8. Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw vg;NghJk; jd;idj;jhNd rhp nra;J nfhs;shJ. 

9. ‘epiwTg; Nghl;b’ vd;gJ cz;ikaw;w xU vLNfhs; MFk;. 

10. nghUshjhuj;jpy; ‘gzk;’ xU Kf;fpar; ‘rf;jp’ahFk;. 

11. ,t;tpjp ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk; 

12. gz;lkhw;Wg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F kl;LNk “Nr” tpjp nghUe;Jk; 

7. fPd;R Nfhl;ghl;bd; rhuhk;rj;ij glk; tiue;J tpsf;Ff. 

tUkhdk; Ntiytha;g;igg; gw;wpa fPd;rpd; jfty; glk; 

2


8. EfHTr; rhHig tiuglj;Jld; tpsf;Ff? 

EfHTr;rhHG: 

kf;fs; ngUthhpahd tUkhdj;ij gz;l EfHTfSf;Fr; nrytpLfpd;wdH. rpyH 

tUkhdj;ij KOtJkhf nryT nra;fpd;wdH. NtW rpyH xU gFjpiar; nryT nra;J 

kPjj;ij Nrkpf;fpd;wdH. nkhj;jj;jpy; rKjhak; vt;tsT nryT nra;fpwJ? vt;tsT Nrkpf;fpwJ? 

,J tUkhdj;jpw;Fk; EfHtpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlHghFk;> ‘EfHTr; rhHG’ vd;gJ 

tUkhdj;jpw;Fk; EfHtjw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlHgpid tpsf;FfpwJ. EfHT rhHG vd;gJ 

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nky; cs;s khwpypfs; njhlHig Fwpf;Fk;. 

tUkhd epiyfspy; EfHtpw;fhfr; nrytplg;gl;l tUkhdk; ‘EfHr;rp ehl;lk;’ MFk; 

tUkhdj;jpw;Fk;>EfHtpw;Fk; Neubj; njhlHGs;sJ vd;fpwhH fPd;];> EfHTr;rhHG 

my;yJ EfHr;rp ehl;lk; vd;gJ tUkhdj;jpw;Fk; EfHr;rpf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s rhHe;j 

tpfpjhr;rhuNk MFk;. fzpjKiwg;gb ,j;njhlHKiw fPo;fz;lthW Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. 

c = a+by 

c = 4+0.8y 

Nkw;gb rkd;ghL $Wtnjd;dntd;why; EfHT vd;gJ tUkhdj;ij (Y) nghUj;J ‘+’ FwpaPL 

Fwpg;gpLtJ tUkhdk; cau EfHTk; caHtilfpd;wJ vd;gJ njspT. Mdhy;> tUkhdk; 

caHtile;j mstpw;F EfHtpw;F caHT tPjk; mjpfhpf;fhJ. Vdnddpy; nrytopf;fg;glhj 

tUkhdj;jpd; xU gFjp Nrkpf;f;ggLk;. ,r; Nrkpg;G ‘fPd;];’ EfHTf; Nfhl;ghl;by; 

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘ cstpay; hPjpahd rKjhaj;jpy; cz;ik tUkhdk; caUk; NghJ xl;L 

nkhj;j EfHT mjpfhpf;Fk;. Mdhy; tUkhdk; caHe;j msTf;F my;y’ 

vd;fpwhH fPd;];’ 

C = 4 + 0.8Y –y; tUkhdNk ,y;yhtpl;ljYk; fld; thq;fpahtJ &.4 nryT 

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 0.8y –y; tUkhdj;jpy; 80% nrytopf;fg;gLfpwJ. 20% Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 

,Wjpepiy EfHT ehl;lk; vd;gJ “tUkhdj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l EfHT khw;wj;jpd; tPjk;” 

MFk;. vdNt ,Wjpepiy EfHT ehl;lk;> EfHT khw;wj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tPjk; msT MFk;. 

9. EfHitj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; tUkhdk; jtpu gpw fhuzpfisf; $W? 

EfHit epHzapf;Fk; gpw fhuzpfs;: 

EfHT nra;tjw;F tUkhdk; kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzpahf ,Ug;gpDk;> NtW rpy 

fhuzpfSk; EfHT ehl;lj;ij khw;wkilar; nra;aty;yd. mitahtd. 

. tUkhdg; gfpHT 

. nry;tg; gfpHtpd; msT kw;wk; ,ay;G 

. kf;fs; njhifapd; taJg;ghFghL 

2


. gztPf;fk; my;yJ tpiymsT 

. murpd; nfhs;iffs; 

. tl;btPjk; 

. tpsk;guq;fs; 

. tho;f;ifj;ju tsHr;rp 

. fyhr;rhu khw;wk; 

xl;L nkhj;j Njit ‘EfHTr;rhHG’ kw;Wk; “cw;gj;jpr; rhHG” vd ,UgFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 

vdpDk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; EfHTr;rhHG my;yJ ,Wjpepiy EfHr;rp ehl;lk; khwhjpUf;Fk; vdNt> fPd;]; 

KjyPl;Lr; rhHGf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;shH. 

10. fPd;rpd; tUkhd epHzak; gw;wpa vspa Nfhl;ghl;bd; vLf;Nfhs;fis tpsf;Ff? 

vspa tUkhd epHzaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;: 

FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ehl;bd; tUkhd msT> Ntiy tha;g;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijg; nghUj;J 

khWtjhf fPd;]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. xl;L nkhj;jj; Njitkhw;wk; xl;L nkhj;j mspg;ig nghUj;Nj Ntiy 

tha;g;gsT Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijj; nghUj;J khWtjhf fPd;]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. xl;L nkhj;j Njitf;Fk; xl;L 

nkhj;j mspg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s xg;gPL> tUkhdj;jpd; rkepiy msT MFk;. ,t;tpuz;Lk; rkkhf 

,Uf;Fk; NghJ “KONtiy tha;g;G” epyTfpwJ. ,t;thW tUkhd epHzak;> cw;gj;jp epHzak; kw;Wk; 

Ntiytha;g;G epHzak; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,J gad;gLfpwJ. 

vLNfhs;fs;: 

tUkhd epHzaj;ij tpsf;f fPo;f;fhZk; vLf;Nfhs;fis fPd;R gad;gLj;JfpwhH. 

. ,U gphptdNu cs;sdH EfHNthH (C) kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; (I) 

. nghUshjhuj;jpy; murpd; J}z;Ljy; VJk; ,y;iy (G) NtWtifapy; nrhy;tjhdhy; murpd; nryT 

’G+[;[pak;’ MFk; ‘thpfs;VJk; ,y;yhjjhy; jdpegH tUkhdk; midj;Jk; nrytplf; $ba 

tUkhdNkahFk;. 

. nghUshjhuk; %lg;gl;l nghUshjhuk; MFk; may;ehl;L thzpgj;jhy; J}z;Ljy; VJk; ,y;iy(x-m) 

mjhtJ x-m = G+[;[pak; MFk;. 

. $yp kw;Wk; tpiyapy; khw;wk; VJk; ,y;iy(epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;) 

. Ntiyf;F mkHj;jg;glhj tsq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; ‘KO Ntiytha;g;G’ epiyiatpl Fiwthd epiyNa 

epyTfpwJ. 

. tl;b tPjj;jpy; vt;tpjkhd khw;wKk; ,y;iy. 

. ‘KjyPL’ jd;dpr;irahdJ> vdNt tpiykl;lj;ijg; nghUj;Njh tl;b tpjj;ijg; nghUj;Njh mJ 

miktjpy;iy. 

. EfHT nryT xNu epiyahdJ 

Kjy; %d;W vLNfhs;fspd; fhuzkhf mbg;gil rkd;ghL 

Y = C+I+G+(x-m) vd;w rkd;ghL RUf;fg;gl;L Y = C+I MfpwJ 

2


11. thptpjpg;Gf; nfhs;ifia tpthp? 

thp tpjpg;gpd; tpjpfs;: Mlk;];kpj;jpd; thptpjpg;Gf; nfhs;if gpd;tUkhW: 

1. rkj;Jt tpjp 

2. njspT tpjp 

3. trjp tpjp 

4. rpf;fd tpjp 

1. rkj;Jt tpjp: 

,t;tpjpapd; gb ‘xUtd; jd;rf;jpf;Nfw;g’ thpnrYj;JtNj ,jDila nfhs;ifahFk;. thptpjpf;Fk; 

NghJ thp nrYj;JNthhpd;> rf;jpNfw;g thp tpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Viofs; kpf FiwthfTk;> gzf;fhuHfs; kPJ 

mjpfkhfTk; thp tpjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. thptpjpg;ghdJ epjpapd; mbg;gilapy; mika Ntz;Lk; midj;J 

jug;G kf;fSk; jq;fsJ rf;jpf;Nfw;g thp; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. 

2. njspT 

/ cWjp tpjp: 

xt;nthU FbkfDk; jhd; nrYj;j Ntz;ba thpapd; msT> vg;nghOJ thp nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. 

ahhplk; thp nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt njspT / cWjp tpjpahFk;. 

3 trjp tpjp: 

thp nrYj;Jjy;. thp nrYj;JNthUf;F trjpahfTk; ghuk; Fiwe;jjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 

(v.fh) rk;gsj;jpypUe;J gpbj;jk; nra;ag;gLk; tUkhdthp> gz;lq;fs; kPjhd thpfs; nghUl;fis thq;Fk; 

NghNj ngwg;gLjy;. 

cjhuzk;: mWtilNahL ngwg;gLk; epythp. 

4. rpf;fd trjp: 

,t;tpjp thptpjpg;gpYk;> thp t#ypg;gjpYk; mjpf gzk; tpuakhfhkypUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w 

jj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. ,r;rpf;fd tpjp thpr;rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs; vspjhd jhfTk; kf;fsJ 

tUkhd thpfisf; Fiwe;j mstpy; gad;gLj;JtjhfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. 

12. khepy murpd; Kf;fpa thp tUtha; kw;Wk; thpaw;w tUtha; vit? 

khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs; 

,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G rl;lg;gb khepy muRfs; thptpjg;gpd; %yk; tUkhdk; ngWk; mjpfhuk; 

ngw;Ws;sd. Mdhy; A+dpad; guNjrq;fSf;fhf Neubahd epjpAjtpia kj;jpa murhq;fNk mspj;jJ 

cjTk;. 

khepy murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs; 

. epy tUtha; (thp jPHit t#ypg;G cl;gl) 

. tpw;gid kw;Wk; nra;jpj;jhs; jtpu kw;w nghUs;fs; kPjhd thpfs; 

. Ntshz;ik tUtha; kw;Wk; epyk; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs;. 

. epyk; - kidfs; fl;blq;fs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs; 

. Ntshz;ik epyk; rhHghd Ntshz;gz;iz thpfs; 

. kJtiffs; kPJ tpjf;fg;gLk; Maj;jPHitfs; 

. xU khepyj;jpypUe;J gphpnjhU khepyj;jpw;Fg; gz;lq;fisf; nfhz;LtUk; NghJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs; 

. fdpkg; nghUl;fspd; chpkq;fs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs; 

. kpd;rhu EfHT tpw;gid kPjhd thpfs; 

0. tpyq;Ffs;> glFfs;> thfdq;fs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs; 

1. ,Ug;Gg;ghij cs;ehl;L ePHtop Mfpatw;wpy; nfhz;Lr; nry;Yk; ruf;Ffs;> gazpfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; 

thpfs;. 

2. Kj;jpiuj;jhs; thpfs;> ePjpkd;w fl;lzk; kw;Wk; gjpTf; fl;lzq;fs; 

3. nghOJNghf;fpd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; thpfs; 

4. tpsk;guq;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs; jtpHj;J gpw tpsk;guq;fs; kPjhd thpfs; 

5. njhopy;fs;> tHj;jfk; Ntiyfs; kPjhd thpfs; 

6. ePHg;ghrdk; kw;Wk; fhLfs; %yk; fpilf;Fk; thp tUkhdq;fs; 

7. kj;jpa murpd; khdpaq;fs; kPjhd thpfs; 

8. gpw tUkhdq;fs; mjhtJ gjpTf; fl;lzk;> tUkhd thpapy; xU gFjp Rq;f thpfs; kw;wk; fld;fs; 

kPjhd thpfs;. 

2


13. Mz;L epjpiy mwpf;if vd;gij tpsf;Ff? rkepiy kw;Wk; rkepiyaw;w Mz;L epjpepiy 

mwpf;ifia tpthpf;fTk;? 

Mz;L epjpiy mwpf;if 

murpd; thptUtha; kw;Wk; nghJ fld;fisg; gw;wpa jPHkhdq;fs; Mz;L epjpepiy mwpf;ifapy; 

tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tsHr;rpf;Fk;> jpl;lk; jPl;LjYf;Fk; tuT nryTj; jpl;lkhdJ 

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. tsHr;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis mila jpl;ltl;lkhd nfhs;if 

topKiwfis ,t;tuTr; nryTj; jpl;lk; tiue;J jUfpwJ. NkYk; tuTk; nryTk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W 

,izahf eilngwhjjhy; ,e;j tuT nryTj; jpl;lkhdJ mtrpakhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. 

tpsf;fk;: 

tuT – nryT jpl;lk; vd;gJ Mz;L epjpepiy mwpf;ifahFk;. ,J murpd; tuT nryTfNshL 

$ba xU epjp Mz;bw;fhd mwpf;if “gl;n[l; ” vd;Dk; nrhy; gpnuQ;R nkhopr; nrhy;yhd ngsn[l;b - 

vd;Dk; gjj;jpypUe;J cUthdJ ,jw;F “ rpwpa ig” 

vd;W nghUs;. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl 

Ntz;ba ,t;thpf;ifia epjp mikr;rHfs; ,g;igapy; itj;Jjhd; nfhz;LtUtJ tof;fk;. kj;jpa> 

khepy muRfs; xt;nthU epjp Mz;L NjhWk; ,t;thpf;ifiaj; jahhpg;gH. ,e;j jpl;lq;fspy; murpd; 

epjpf; nfhs;iffs;> thpf;nfhs;iffs;> %yjd Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fs; ,lk; ngWk;. 

tiuaiwfs; : 

tuT – nryTj; jpl;lj;jpw;F ntt;Ntwhd tiuaiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. NguhrpaH bkhf; 

mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ “tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fl;lj;jpy; rkkhf fzf;fpl;l 

tuT kw;Wk; nryT” 

vd;fpwhH. NkYk; epHthfj;ijg; nghWj;j tiuapy; Ke;ija nray; ghl;bidg; gjpT 

nra;jy; epfo;fhyj;jpd; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; KiwahfTk; kw;Wk; vjpHfhyj;ij gpujpgypf;Fk; xU jpl;lkhFk;. 

fpshl; ];Nlhd; $w;Wg;gb> “tuT nryTj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ ntWk; vz;zpay; mbg;gilahdJ kw;Wk; 

my;y. Mdhy; jdpkdpjHfspd; nrOik kw;Wk; tFg;gpdhpilNaahd cwT NkYk; murpd; typik 

Mfpatw;wpd; NtH tiu Mapuk; topfSf;F Nky; nry;fpwJ”. 

14. epjpf; nfhs;ifapd; tiuaiw ahJ? 

epjpf; nfhs;ifapd; FiwghLfs;: 

epjpf; nfhs;ifahdJ jdpahH kw;Wk; nghJj; Jiwfspy; Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPLfis mjpfhpf;f 

KLf;fptpLk; Kf;fpa fUtpahf ,Ue;jhYk; ,jpy; fPo;fhZk; FiwghLfs; cs;sd. 

. epjpj; jPHTfspd; msT 

. tzpfr; #oy;fisf;fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; epjpf;nfhs;ifapd; Fiwe;j ntw;wp 

. muR epHthfj;jpy; fhyjhkjk; 

. kw;w FiwghLfs; 

. epjpj; jPHTfspd; msT 

epjpepiy mwpf;if vd;gJ xU rhjhuz tuT – nryT mwpf;if kl;Lky;y mJ xU 

nghUshjhuj;jpd; tbtikg;ghFk;. ,t;tiuT ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; xU rpwpa gFjpahf ,Ug;gjdhy; 

nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd; kPJ tpUk;gj;jf;f ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;j ,ayhJ. ek;ehl;bd; ngUkstpyhd kf;fs; 

Viofshf ,Ug;gjhy; NeHKf thpia mjpf mstpy; ehk; gad;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy. NkYk; nkhj;j 

thptUthahdJ ehl;L tUkhdj;jpy; xU rpW gFjpahf ,Ug;gjdhy; ngUksT epjpahf;fk; Njitg;gLfpd;w 

gpd; jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;w nghUshjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;w ,e;epjp Nghjhjhf cs;sJ. 

2. tzpfr; #oy;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; ePjpf; nfhs;ifapd; Fiwthd ntw;wp: 

xU ehl;bd; Jiwf;fSf;fpilNa xUq;fpizg;G Vw;glhtpl;lhy; epjpf; nfhs;ifapd; fUtpfs; 

me;ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpia tpiuTg;gLj;j KbahJ muR Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vy;yh nray;ghLfSk; 

midj;J JiwfspYk; xNu khjphpahd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ,t;thwhf xU Jiwapy; tpiy Vw;wj;ij 

Vw;gLj;Jk;. gw;whf;Fiw epjpahf;fj;jpd; %yk; Vw;gl;l thq;Fk; rf;jpapd; mjpfhpg;G 1930;k; Mz;bd; ngUk; 

ke;jj;ijg; gw;wpa tpsf;fpa J.M. fPd;]; mtHfspd; ke;jk; jOtpa nghUshjhuq;fSf;F ,d;Dk; 

$Ljyhd tpiy Vw;wj;ijNa mspj;jJ. 

2


3. muR epHthfj;jpy; fhyjhkjk; 

epHthfj;jilfspdhy; ePjpepHthf nfhs;if eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjpy; fhy jhkjKk;> epr;rakw;w 

#oy; kw;Wk; Fog;gepiyAk; Vw;glf;$Lk;. ,jd; tpisthf epjpf; nfhs;ifapd; typik nray; ,of;ff; 

$Lk;. 

4.kw;w FiwghLfs;: 

ngUk; mstpyhd Ntiyf; FiwT nghJ kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; xw;Wikapd;ik> thp 

Va;g;Gf;fs; Fiwthd thp tpjpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wit epjpf; nfhs;ifapd; kw;wf; FiwghLfshFk;. 

15. “NeHKfthp kw;Wk; kiwKfthp” ,tw;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf? 

NeHKf thp kw;Wk; kiwKf thp: 

NguhrphpaH lhy;ldpd; $w;Wg;gb “NeHKfthp” vd;gJ ahH kPJ thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lNj mtNu thp 

nrYj;JtjhFk;. 

kiwKfthp vd;gJ xUtH kPJ thp tpjpf;fg;gl;L> kw;nwhUtH gFjpahfNth (my;yJ) 

KOikahfNth thp nrYj;JtjhFk;. 

NeHKf thpapy; thp nrYj;JgtNu thpr; Rikiar; Rkf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; kiwKf thpapy; 

thptpjpf;fg;gl;ltH NtW> thpr; Rikiar; Rkg;gtH NtW. 

NeHKf thpahdJ kf;fsplkpUe;J Neubahf t#ypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thpahdJ ahHkPJ 

tpjpf;fg;gLfpwNjh mthplkpUe;Nj t#ypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tif thpapy; thp Va;g;G vd;gJ fbdkhFk;. 

kiwKf thpahdJ gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLtJ MFk;. ,jpy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; 

thpapd; Jtf;fr; Rik xUtH kPJ ,Ug;gpDk; cz;ik thpr; RikahdJ kw;nwhUtH kPJkhw;w ,aYk;. 

“epfo;T khw;wk;” vd;gJ ahH thpiar; nrYj;JfpwhNwh? cz;ikapy; thpr;Rikia Vw;gtH ahH vd;gijf; 

Fwpf;fpwJ. NeHKf thpapy; gzr;RikAk;> cz;ikr;RikAk; xUtH kPNj epiy ngWfpwJ. Mdhy; 

kiwKf thpapy; xU Nkhl;lhH irf;fps; tpw;gidahsH thpr;Rikia Jtf;fj;jpy; Vw;gpDk;> nghUis 

thq;FgtNu thpr;Rikiag; gpd; Vw;fpwhH. 

NeH Neh;Kfthp (v.fh) 

1. tUkhdthp 

2. nrhj;Jthp 

3. ntFkjp thp 

4. jPHit thp vd;gitahFk;. 

Ki kiwKf thpf;F (v.fh) 

1.1. Rq;fthp 

2.2. tppw;gid thp vd;gdthFk;. 

2


gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F %d;W gf;f mstpy; tpilaspf;fTk;: 

1. Njit tpjpapid tpgukhf vOJf? 

Njit tpjp: 

tpiyAk; NjitAk; vjpHkiwj; njhlHGilad vd;gij Njit tpjp $WfpwJ. ,J xU 

nghUSf;fhd tpiyiaAk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpy; me;j nghUSf;fhd NjitiaAk; 

Fwpf;Fk;. 

tiuaiw: 

My;/gpuLkhH\ypd; $w;Wg;gb> ||epiwa gz;lq;fis tpw;f Ntz;Lkhapd;> tpiy Fiwthf 

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW tpiy Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; mg;gzlj;ijg; gyUk; thq;FtH NtW 

tpjkhff; $wpdhy; tpiy Fiwtjhy; Njitg;gLk; gzlj;jpd; msT $LfpwJ. tpiy $Ltjhy; 

Njit FiwfpwJ||. /ngH$rd; vd;gthd; $w;Wg;gb> ||tpiyAk; Njitapd; msTk; vjpHfzpaj; 

njhlHG nfhz;Ls;sd. 

Njittpjp: 

kw;wit khwhkypUf;Fk; NghJ xU nghUSf;fhd tpiy FiwAk; NghJ kf;fs; mjpfk; 

mg;nghUis thq;FtH> tpiyVWk; NghJ Fiwthf thq;FtH. 

vLNfhs;fs;: 

m. EfHNthhpd; tUkhdj;jpy; khw;wk; ,I;iy 

M. EfHNthuJ RitapYk; NjHe;njLj;jypYk; khw;wk; ,y;iy. 

,. gpw nghUl;fspd; tpiyapy; khw;wk; ,y;iy. 

xU gz;lj;jpd; 

gy;NtW tpiyfspy; thq;f tpUk;Gk; gy;NtW msit Rlbf; fhl;Lk;. 

ml;ltiz tpsf;fk;: 

tpiy(&) MuQ;R Njit msT 

5 1 

4 2 

3 3 

2 4 

1 5 

ml;ltizapy; MuQ;R goj;jpd; tpiy &.5 Mf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xUgoj;ijNa thq;FfpwhH. 

mg;goj;jpd; tpiy &.4 Mf FiwAk; NghJ> ,U goq;fs; thq;Ffpd;whH. ,t;thW tpiyahdJ 

Fiwaf; Fiwa Njitapd; msthdJ mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;fpwJ 

2


Njit tisNfhL: 

,e;j ml;ltizia Njit tisNfhlhf tiuayhk;. Njit tisNfhL vd;gJ Njit 

ml;ltizapd; tiuglkhFk;. 

1 2 3 4 5 

Njit msT 

DD vd;gJ Njitf;NfhL MFk;. ,j;Njitf; NfhL ,lkpUe;J tykhff; fPo;Nehf;fpr; rhpe;J 

nry;fpwJ. ,jpy; tpiy khw;wq;fSk; mjw;Nfw;g Njitapd; mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSk; Rl;bf; 

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Njitf;NfhL tpiyAk;> NjitAk; vjpHkiwj; njhlHGs;sij fhl;LfpwJ. 

Njit tis NfhL fPo;Nehf;fp rhpe;J nry;tJ Vd;: 

Njitf; NfhL rhptjw;fhd fhuzk;> Fiwe;J nry; ,Wjpepiy gzd;ghl;Ltpjp. ,t;tpjpahdJ 

gz;lq;fs; $Ljyhf EfHtjhdhy; gad;ghlhdJ Fiwe;Jr; nry;fpwJ. mJNghy; Njitf;NfhLk; 

fPo;Nehf;fp rhpe;J nry;fpwJ. 

ml;ltiz tpsf;fk;: 

ml;ltizapy; MuQ;R goj;jpd; tpiy &.5 Mf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xUgoj;ijNa thq;FfpwhH. 

mg;goj;jpd; tpiy &.4 Mf FiwAk; NghJ> ,U goq;fs; thq;Ffpd;whH. ,t;thW tpiyahdJ 

Fiwaf; Fiwa Njitapd; msthdJ mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. 

mq;fhbj; Njit ml;ltiz: 

mq;fhbj; Njitg;gl;bay; vd;gJ> mq;fhbapy; cs;s EfHNthH midthpd; Njit 

msTfis xd;Wf; $l;bdhy; fpilg;gjhFk.; MuQ;R go mq;fhbapy; ,U EfHNthH ,Ug;gjhf 

itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> mq;fhbj; NjitahdJ fPo;fhZk; tifapy; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. 

,uz;L EfHNthuJ Njitg;gl;bay; kw;Wk; mq;fhbj; Njitg;gl;bay;: 

tpiy (MuQ;R) EfHNthH 1 EfHNthH 2 mq;fhbj; Njit 

5 1 -- 1 

4 2 1 3 

3 3 2 5 

2 4 3 7 

1 5 4 9 

2


Efh;Nthh; 1-f;fhd Efh;Nthh; 2-f;fhd mq;fhb Njit 

Njit Njit 

mq;fhbj; Njit Nfhl;bd; tpsf;fk;: ,U EfHNthhpd; nkhj;j Njit> mjhtJ D1 + D2 = DD 

vd;w mq;fhbj; Njitf;NfhUk;> jdp EfHT Njitf; Nfhl;ilg; Nghd;Nw fPo;Nehf;fp rhpe;J 

nry;fpd;wd. ‘DD’ vd;w Njitf;NfhL Njhw;Wtha; Nehf;fp Ftpe;Js;sJ. ,J tpiyf;Fk; Njitapd; 

msTf;Fk; cs;s jiyfPo; njhlHig tpsf;FfpwJ. 

2.tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rpapd; Kiwfis tptukhf vOJ? 

tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rp: 

tpiy khw;wj;jpdhy;> Njitapy; Vw;gLtjhd khw;wk; msNt tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rp MFk;. 

tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rp vd;gJ> xU gz;lj;jpd; Njitapy; Njhd;Wk; khw;wj;jpd; 

tpOf;fhl;bid mg;gz;lj;jpd; tpiy khw;w tpOf;fhl;lhy; tFf;f fpilf;Fk; tpiy khw;w tpOf;fhl;lhy; tFj;J Njit nefpo;r;rpia 

mstplyhk;. ,jd; tha;g;ghL ahnjdpy; 

2


(v.fh) mhprpapd; tpiy 10 rjtPjk; caUk;NghJ mhprpapd; Njit 15 rjtPjkhf Fiwe;jhy; tpiyj; 

Njit nefpo;r;rp (ep) vd;gJ 

ep = 15 = 1.5 

10 

,jd; nghUs;> mhprpapd; tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rpAilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mJNghy; 10% mstpw;F 

mhprpapd; tpiy caUk; NghJ mjd; Njit 5% msT kl;LNk Fiwe;jhy; mhprpapd; Njit 

nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhf cs;sJ vd;w nghUshFk;. 

ep = 5 = .5 

10 

tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rpapd; tiffs;: 

tpiyj; Njitapd; nefpo;r;rpia 5 tifg;gLj;jyhk;. 

1. kpifj; Njit nefpo;r;rp (ed>1) 

2. Fiwthd Njit nefpo;r;rp (ed 1 Ed < 1 

15 

tpiy 10 

10 20 7 10 

Njit msT Njit msT 

2


2. Gs;spKiw: 

Neuhf mike;Js;s Njitf;Nfhl;bd; kPJ cs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy;> tpiyj; Njit 

nefpo;r;rpiaf; fzf;fplyhk;. 

Gs;spKiwapy; tpiyj; Njit nefo;r;rpapd; #j;jpukhtJ: 

Njitf; Nfhl;bd; fPo;gFjp 

tpiyj; Njitnefpo;r;rp = Njitf; Nfhl;bd; Nky;gFjp 

2. D vd;Dk; Gs;spapy; tpiyj;Njit 

Njit nefpo;r;rp = DB = 1 = 0.33 

DA 3 

vdNt Ed < 1 

3. C vd;Dk; Gs;spapy; tpiyj;Njit 

Njit nefpo;r;rp = CB = 3 = 3 

CA 1 

vdNt Ed > 1 

4. B vd;Dk; Gs;spapy; tpiyj;Njit 

Njit nefpo;r;rp = 0 = 0 = 0 

AB 4 

vdNt Ed = 0 

5. A vd;Dk; Gs;spapy; tpiyj;Njit 

Njit nefpo;r;rp = AB = α 

0 

vdNt Ed = α 

3 

Nkw;fhZk; glj;jpy; AB - vd;gJ 4 nr.kP vdf; 

nfhs;Nthk;. ,jid 4 rk gFjpahf gphpj;Jf; 

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 

1. ikag;Gs;sp E - apy; tpiyj;Njit 

Njit nefpo;r;rp = EB = 2 = 

1 

EA 2 

vdNt Ed = 1


3. nkhj;j nryT Kiw: 

xU gz;lj;jpd; tpiy khw;wj;jpdhy;> Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpidf; nfhz;L 

tpiyj;Njit nefpo;r;rpiaf; fzf;fplyhk;. 

,t;ntt;Ntwhd tpisTfisf; fPo;fhZkhW ml;ltizg;gLj;jyhk;. 

tpiy 

khw;wk; 

tpiy 

,wf;fk; 

tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rpapd; tiffis; 

ep = 1 ep < 1 ep > 1 

nkhj;j xJf;fPL 

khwhkypUj;jy; 

tpiy Vw;wk; nkhj;j xJf;fPL 

khwhkypUj;jy 


FiwfpwJ 


mjpfhpf;fpwJ 


mjpfhpf;fpwJ 


FiwfpwJ 

4. tpy; Kiw: 

xU Njit tisNfhl;bd; ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s gFjpNa tpy; vdg;gLk;. tpy; 

Kiwapy; tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rpia fPo;fhZk; Kiwapy; fzf;fplyhk;. 

xU gz;lj;jpd; tpiy khw;wk; ngUkstpy; ,Ue;jhy; tpiyj; Njit nefpo;r;rpia fzf;fpl ,t;tpy; 

Kiwiaf; ifahsyhk;. mt;tpy; Kiwia fPo;fhZk; tiuglk; %yk; tpsf;fyhk;. 

Nkw;fz;l tiuglj;jpy;> tpy; nefpo;r;rpia A&B vd;w Njitf; Nfhl;bd; ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilNa 

fzf;fplyhk;. ,jw;F OP1 kw;Wk; OP2 ,e;j ,uz;L tpiyfSf;fpilNaahd ruhrhpia fzf;fpl;L 

kw;Wk; ,uz;L Njit msTfspd; ruhrhpiaAk; fzf;fply; Ntz;Lk;> ,JNt tpy; nefpo;r;rp MFk;. 

3

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