Shrawan 1-15 2069

^) /demd
cfzfnfUbf] km8\sf]
lkmNd k9]sf / /Ëd~rdf
vfl/Psf lgb] {zs÷snfsf/
x¿sf] cfudg;Fu} g]kfnL
l;g]dfn] ult ;dft]sf] 5 .
cfj/0f t:aL/M dLg/Tg ah|frfo{, l8hfOgM efg' e§/fO{
l/kf]6{
/f;folgs dnM ;w} + xfxfsf/
j}b]lzs /f]huf/M 9'Sssf] 7uL
hftLo kf6L{M kmnfdsf] lrp/f
;/sf/L Aofª\sM 8'Ag] af6f]df
l;d]G6 pTkfbgM lgof{tsf] ;Defjgf
ljb]zL pBf]uLM cfj/0f Pp6f, wGbf cs} {
;f];n ldl8ofM l8lh6n ;fd|fHo
cGtjf{tf{M wg/fh u'?ª
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
ljqmd /fO{
!#
!$
@$
$)
$@
$*
%$
lxdfn
va/klqsf
jif{ @@, cÍ &, k"0ff{Í #!$
!–!% ;fpg @)^(, 16-30 July 2012
www.nepalihimal.com
;DkfbsLo
lr7L
of] kIf
lj:d[t s[lt
cy{ ahf/
psfnf] nfUbf
k':ts
clGtd kfgf
l6Kk0fL÷ljZn]if0f÷ljrf/
/fhgLltM /fh;L ;kgf /===
lrlgofF /fhgLltM g]t[Tjsf] dxf;+u|fd
/fhgLltM ;xdlt geP /fi6«klt
@* cfj/0f
zlQm ;Gt'ng lgofNb}
;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts ;+s6
hl6n aGb} hfFbf ;xdltsf
nflu 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn]
rfNg] sbd s:tf] xf]nf eGg]
cfd lh1f;f r'ln+bf] 5 .
@^
#$ l/kf]6{ ah]6
cFWof/f]lt/ b]z
afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] ;Qfx7n]
d'n'snfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf
lgik§ cGwsf/tkm{ ws]Nb}5 .
#* lhNnfsf] ah]6
$
^
*
!@
%@
%&
%*
^$
!&
!*
#@
3

;DkfbsLo
lj
kIfL bn, ljz]ifu/L g]kfnL sf+u| ];n] afa'/fd e§/fO{–
ljhos'df/ uR5bf/ u7aGwg ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqL
afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ kb:yfkg ug] { JolQmsf] gfd cl3 g;fbf{sf]
kl5Nnf] k|xf/ d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdfly k/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgtM
kbd'Qm ;/sf/n] ah]6 Nofpg gkfpg] k|fjwfgcg';f/ d'n'sn]
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] k"0f{ jflif{s ah]6 gkfpg] ePsf]
5 .
jflif{s ah]6 gcfpg' d'n'ssf] cy{tGqnfO{ oyf]lrt v'/fs gk'Ug'
xf] . o;sf] /fhgLlts–;fdflhs k|efj rflx+ /f]huf/L / pTkfbgsf]
dfWodaf6 k5{ . ah]6af6 ljsf; lgdf{0fdf x'g] nufgLn] /f]huf/L
/ pTkfbg a9fpg] xf] . /f]huf/L / pTkfbg gx'Fbf
To;sf] c;/
JolQmsf] cfDbfgL / ahf/sf] d"Nodf k5{ . cfDbfgLn] ahf/leqsf]
dfunfO{ k|efljt u5{ eg] pTkfbgn] cfk"lt{nfO{ . dfu / cfk"lt{sf]
;Gt'ngdf to x'g] d"No g} k|f0f /xg] ahf/sf]
lqmofzLntfsf nflu cfDbfgL / pTkfbg o:tf
cjoj x'g\, h;sf] j[l4 / ;+s'rgdf g]kfn h:tf]
d'n'sdf ;/sf/L ah]6s} d'Vo e"ldsf x'G5 .
b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf cfpg] x|f;;Fu}
j[l4 x'g] d"Nosf] ;fdgf ;+s'lrt cfDbfgLn] ug{
;Sb}g . o;n] ;dfhsf] ;Gt'ng laufl/lbG5 .
o;/L /fhgLlts ¿kdf c;kmntfsf] l8ndf
k'¥ofpg vf]lhPsf] d'n'sdf ah]6 pknAw gx'g'
cfly{s ¿kdf 6f6 pN6\ofpg] k|of;sf] yfngL dfGg ;lsG5 .
d'n'snfO{ 6f6 pN6\ofpg Pp6} ah]6 sfkmL x'Fb}g, t/ uGtJo
6f6kN6]sf] d'n's xf] eg] kl5Nnf] ah]6 k|s/0f To;sf nflu
k|:yfg laGb' aGg ;S5 .
;+j}wflgs hl6ntf, /fhgLlts cGof]n / ;fdflhs lg/fzf—
d'n'ssf] clxn]sf] cj:yf xf] . xfn ljBdfg kl/l:yltn] ;+ljwfgtM
;xh lgsf; kfpg] cj:yf 5}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] sNkgf
gu/]sf] kl/l:yltdf clxn] d'n's 5 . ;+ljwfgtM xn ug{ g;lsg]
cj:yfdf cl3 a9\g'kg] { /fhgLlts lqmofzLntfnfO{ e§/fO{–uR5bf/
u7aGwg ;/sf/n] pk]Iff u/]sf] 5 eg] bnx¿ klg kl/l:ylt
;DxfNg c;dy{ b]lv+b} uPsf 5g\ . /, /fhgLlts ¿kdf kl/l:ylt
;DxfNg] bfloTjaf6 zLtnlgjf; qmdzM lylr+b} uPsf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] cj;fg u/fP/ lg/+s'z 9+uaf6 b]z / ;dfhnfO{
aaf{bLlt/ x'Tofpg] e§/fO{–uR5bf/ ;/sf/sf] lgis06s bf}8 tyf
;/sf/sf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ 5f8]/ /fi6«kltsxfF xf/u'xf/df ;Lldt
ljkIfLx¿sf] /fhgLlts ls+st{Joljd"9tfaf6 oltv]/ zLtnlgjf;
k|tfl8t 5 . ;QflnK;fdf 8'a]sf] e§/fO{–uR5bf/ u7aGwg ;/sf/
/fhgLlts lgsf;sf nflu cu|;/ x'g grfxg'sf] ds;b huhfx]/
lxdfnldl8of k|f=ln= sf nflu, k|sfzsM sgsdl0f bLlIft, ;DkfbsM ls/0f g]kfn
;Nnfxsf/ ;DkfbsM ab|L kf}8\ofn, k|aGw ;DkfbsM OGb| >]i7 ;x–;DkfbsM cfgGb kL /fO{, /fdhL bfxfn
ljz]if ;DjfbbftfM 8Da/s[i0f >]i7, /fd]Zj/ af]x/f, ;/f]h bfxfn, ;+jfbbftfM z}nL a:g]t, ;Gt ufxf du/, k|eft e§/fO{
pk–;DkfbsM wd{/fh bfxfn, kmf]6f]u|fkmLM dLg/Tg ah|frfo{, u|flkmS;M cg'/fu clwsf/L, ;fg'afa' tfdfª
dfs] {l6ªM ch'{g
sfsL{, ;'/]Gb| zdf{, /fds[i0f a~hf/f -k|efjlkmr/_, skf{ ]/]6 u|flkmS;M k|bLk a:g]t, cfO6LM ;'j0f{ yfkf, k|zf;g÷n]vfM hLkL d}gfnL, ljzfn s];L
ljt/0f÷u|fxs;]jfM ;Gtf]if cof{n, dgf]x/l;+x s]=;L=, ljlkg ;fx, /]e]Go'M /jLGb|dfg hf]zL, pd]z v8\sf, /fhLj aflgof, c~hgf bfxfn
sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/M clwjQmf /ljg s]=;L=, kqfrf/ 7]ufgfM kf]=a=g+= &@%!, sf7df8f} +, kmf]gM %@%)###, %@%)*$%
ˆofS;M %@%!)!#, pkTosf ljt/sM sfi7d08k l8li6"Jo'zg k|f=ln=, ‰f]5] F, kmf]gM $@$&@$!, zfvf sfof{nox¿M lj/f6gu/– vu]Gb| s§]nM )@!–%@%^^!
kf]v/f– b'uf{k|;fb x'dfufO{ +M )^!–%#*(!#, g]kfnu~h– )*!–%@#*$*, :SoflgªM :Sofg lk|G6, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, kmf]gM %)!)*)!
5kfO{M hubDaf k| ];, xfQLjg, nlntk'/, kmf]gM %@%))!&, %@%))!*, hkp@himalmedia.com, www.himalkhabar.com
4
sf+u| ];M pDd]bjf/ b]pm
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
g} 5, t/ ljkIfLx¿ To;df klg sf+u| ]; h:tf] k'/fgf] kf6L{ p;nfO{
/fhgLlts ¿kdf nnsfb} { lgsf;sf nflu cfˆgf] bfaf k]z ug'{sf]
;f6f] zLtnlgjf;df ;Lldt x'g' rflx+ a'l‰g;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
lg/+s'z e§/fO{–uR5bf/ u7aGwg ;/sf/sf] r'gf}tL ;fdgf
ug] { gofF ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cfˆgf] bfaL k]z u/]/ xf] . /,
o;sf] lhDd]jf/L d"ntM g]kfnL sf+u| ];s} xf] . ljutsf ;d‰bf/Lsf]
cfwf/df klg o:tf] bfaL k]z ug] { cfwf/ sf+u| ];;Fu 5 . ;/sf/
lj/f]wL lsQfdf /x]sf ljkIfL /fhgLlts bnx¿sf nflu :jLsfo{
pDd]b\jf/ sf+u|];sf tkm{af6 k|:t't x'g' g} gofF ;/sf/ u7gsf]
ljlwjt\ ;'?cft xf] . t/ ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj lng vf]lh/x]sf] g]kfnL
sf+u| ]; clxn];Dd o;sf nflu tof/ b]lvPsf] 5}g . /, sf+u| ];sf] of]
ls+st{Joljd"9tfsf] kl/0ffd xf]— kbd'Qm ;/sf/sf] lg/Gt/tf .
;+ljwfg;efsf] cj;fg;Fu} /fi6«kltaf6 k|fKt …sfdrnfpÚ eGg]
:d/0fkqsf] :jLsf/f]lQm;Fu} e§/fO{–uR5bf/ u7aGwg
;/sf/ kbd'Qm eO;s]sf] 5 . clxn] rflxPsf]
gofF ;/sf/sf nflu a[xt\ /fhgLlts :jLsfo{tf
;lxtsf] g]t[Tjsf] bfaf xf], hf] /fi6«kltsxfF uP/}
ul/G5 . t/, of] k|lqmofut sfd ug{ 5f8]/
sf+u| ]; kbd'Qm k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] k'gM
kbd'lQmsf] dfudf clN‰Psf] 5 . sf+u| ];n] cfˆgf]
pDd]b\jf/L k|:t't gubf{ p;sf] clxn]sf] ;/sf/sf]
lj/f]w ;doqmddf gSsnL 7xl/g]5 .
;+j}wflgs, /fhgLlts / sfg"gL s'g} klg lx;fan] d'n'ssf]
/fhgLltdf /fi6«kltsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /xFb}g . /fi6«k|d'v, ;+ljwfgsf
;+/Ifs, /fli6«o Pstfsf ;Da4{s ePsf sf/0f klg /fi6«kltnfO{
ljjfbxLg cj:yfdf /fVg zLtnlgjf;dfly of] rf}x2L sfod ul/Psf]
xf] . d'n'ssf x/]s hfthflt, efiffefifL, If]q jf ln+usf gful/sn]
k|j]z kfpg] of] kb ax'njfbL nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ul/df
ePsf]n] klg of] rf}x2Lk|lt ;a}sf] ljZjf; ag]sf] xf] .
t;y{, l;+uf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;f‰f ;+:yfsf ¿kdf /x]sf]
/fi6«kltk|lt sfod o; ljZjf;nfO{ wd{l/g glbg' ljkIfLx¿sf] klg
st{Jo xf] . of] st{Joaf6 Ro"t gx'g ljkIfL, d"ntM g]kfnL sf+u| ];n]
e§/fO{–uR5bf/ ;/sf/sf] k|lt:yfkgdf cfˆgf] pDd]bjf/sf] tTsfn
3f]if0ff ug'{k5{ . o;}n] g} lg/+s'z e§/fO{–uR5bf/ ;/sf/af6
d'n'snfO{ qf0f lbg]5 / ljBdfg /fhgLlts hl6ntfsf] ufF7f] km'Sb}
cy{tGqnfO{ /;ftntkm{ hfgaf6 /f]S5 . �
lxdfn va/klqsf
b+= g= ^%÷)$%–)$^
nlntk'/

lr7L
6
æ;Rrf
;]jfeQm s];Ln] :jb]zdf dfq
geO{ ljb]zdf ;d]t u/La, b'MvL, af9L
kLl8t tyf e"sDku|:t If]qdf /ftlbg
lgMz'Ns pkrf/ u/]sf 5g\
Æ
.
k|]/0ffbfoL 8f= s];L
lxdfn -!^–#! c;f/_
cfj/0fdf k|sflzt
8f=uf]ljGb s];L ;DaGwL
lj:t[t hfgsf/L;lxtsf]
;fdu|Lsf nflu lxdfn
nfO{ wGojfb . s];L ;Rrf
;]jfeQm x'g\, h;n] :jb]zdf
dfq geO{ ljb]zdf ;d]t
u/La, b'MvL, af9L kLl8t
tyf e"sDku|:t If]qdf
/ftlbg lgMz'Ns pkrf/
u/]sf 5g\ . s];Ln] krxQ/}
lhNnfdf k'uL ^) eGbf a9L
:jf:Yo lzlj/ ;~rfng ub} {
u/La b'MvLsf] nflu lg:jfy{
¿kdf ;dlk{t JolQmsf]
kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ . s];Ldf
nf]e / dxŒjfsf+Iff gx'g'
dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . cfkm"
sfo{/t lzIf0f c:ktfndf
jl/i7tf, Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf
cfwf/df kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm
ug'{k5{
eGg] dfu;lxt
cfd/0f cgzg ug'{
;/fxgLo sfd xf] .
8f= s];L cfˆgf] cleofgdf
cf+lzs ¿kdf ;kmn eO{
lzIf0f c:ktfndf gofF 8Lg
lgo'Qm ePsf] ;dfrf/ k9\g
kfOof] . pgsf] cleofgn]
eljiosf 8fS6/nfO{ klg
u/La b'MvLsf] lgMz'Ns
;]jf ug{ k| ]/0ff ldN5 h:tf]
nfU5 .
a'g' rf}w/L yf¿
r}nfxL–^, bfª
xfnM sLlt{k'/
/fhgLlt ug{ vf]Hg] / u/L
lx+8\ ]gx¿n] 8f= s];Laf6 Ps
k|ltzt dfq} l;s] klg slt
xf] slt x'g]lyof] . t/ s]
ug'{
o:tf] g}ltsjfg dfG5]nfO{
cfbz{ dfGg] g]tfx¿ e]l6P
kf] Û
gj/fh zdf{
lxdfnva/ 86sdaf6
vf]qmf] /fi6«jfb
lxdfn -!^–#! c;f/_ df
k|sflzt …vt/fdf g]kfnsf]
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
kfgLÚ k9] + . g]kfndf ePsf]
hn;|f]tsf] clwstd kmfObf
s;/L lng ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
b'j} b]zaLr cfk;L ;d‰bf/Laf6
x'g'k5{ . vf]qmf] /fi6«jfbn] dfq
s]xL x'g]jfnf 5}g . s'g}a]nf
blIf0f Plzofdf g]kfneGbf
u/La e'6fgn] hnljB't\åf/f
of] If]qdf ;a} b]znfO{ k5fl8
kfl/;s]sf] 5 . ljZj AofÍsf
k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;d]t z+sf ug] {
cfkm" rflx+ s]xL ug{ g;Sg]
l:yltdf ef/t;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/
cl3 a9\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g .
g]kfnsf hn;|f]tljb\,
g]tfx¿, a'l4hLjL ;a}n] of]
a'´g' h?/L 5 ls clxn]sf]
cfjZostf eg]sf] hn;|f]tsf]
;b'kof]u l56f]eGbf l56f] u/]/
ljsf; / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/
h'6fpg'df g} g]kfn / g]kfnLsf]
lxtdf x'G5 . d]/f] uf]?sf]
afx| } 6Ssf tyf cGw /fi6«jfb
a]sf/sf] jfbljjfbdf ;do v]/
kmfNg' d"v{tf dfq 7xl/g]5 .
zfGtf af]x/f
lxdfnva/ 86sdaf6
lg?T;flxt u/f} +
lxdfn -!^–#! c;f/_ …gfdsf]
lgwf] { gSsnÚ k9]kl5 5Ss
k/] + . lkmNdn] /fi6«, ;dfhsf]
klxrfg lbg'k5{ t/ oL gfd
x]bf{ t o;df g]kfnL lkmNdsf]
5gs st} kfO{ +b}g . of] xf]8n]
klg xfd|f rnlrqsdL{ af}l4s
¿kdf slt bl/b| 5g\ eGg] k|i6
x'G5 . g]kfnL lkmNdsf] gfd
;d]t ultnf] /fVg ;Sb}gg\
eg] g]kfnL lkmNd x]g{ hfg'sf]
s] cy{ < o:tf lkmNdnfO{
lg?T;flxt ug{ 'k5{ .
clgz e§/fO{
lxdfnva/ 86sdaf6
• • •
zxl/of o'jf / Kn; 6'
h]g]/]zgnfO{ tfGg c+u]hL gfddf
rnlrq aGg' :jfefljs eP
klg ljifo k|:t'ltsf] lzNkdf
ultnf] sfd gu/] klg o:tf
gfdd} hf]8 lbg] unt ;+:sf/sf]
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . syfsf]
cfjZostfeGbf km];gsf sf/0f
hah{:t o:tf gfd /fv]sf]
kfOG5 . rnlrqsdL{n] ;f]Rg]
a]nf cfPsf] 5 .
v8fgGb zdf{
xdfnva/ 86sdaf6
x'Dnfsf] kL8f
lxdfn -!^–#! c;f/_ sf]
clGtd kfgfdf k|sflzt
…rfdnsf] dfgÚ k9]kl5
ToxfF gk'u] klg k|ToIf
b]v]sf] cg'ej eof] .
ToxfFsf ;f]‰f;f‰f bfh'efO,
lbbLalxgLsf] kL8fsf]
dx;"; ePsf] 5 . dnfO{
nfU5 ;8s lj:tf/ g}
Tof] cj:yfdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] ljsNk x'g;S5 .
csf] { ljsNk s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{
cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L pTkfbg
a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L,
u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]q
;a} ldn]/ j}slNks pkfo
ckgfpg ;s] ;d:ofaf6
d'lQm kfOPnf .
lªdf kflv|g
lxdfnva/ 86sdaf6
dw]zaf/] unt
a'emfO
hgtfsf] ;jfn p7fpFb}
cfPsf] lxdfn ljutdf lgs}
nf]slk|o lyof] . t/ of]
aLrdf vf]h kqsfl/tfsf]
nflu ;/nf uf}tdsf] …dlng
ldlynfÚ zLif{ssf] ;dfrf/n]
b'Mlvt agfPsf] 5 . xf]
dw]z cfGbf]ngkl5 s]xL
kxfl8of ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿
lj:yfkgdf k/] . t/ ToxL
kL8f / b'Mvb\ If0fnfO{ k6s
k6s n]Vg'sf] p2]Zo s] xf] <
o:t} ;dfrf/ j}zfv c+sdf

xfd|f] ;+nUgtf 5}g
lxdfn -!^–#! c;f/_ df k|sflzt …g]tfsf sn]hÚ zLif{ssf]
;dfrf/df g]skf Pdfn]sf dxf;lrj O{Zj/ kf]v/]nsf] ;fpy
j]i6g{ sn]hdf nufgL /x]sf] eGg] s'/fk|lt pxfFn] cfZro{ JoQm
ug'{ePsf]
5 . sn]hdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] :ki6
kfb} {, pxfFn] cfd kf7snfO{ e|ddf gkg{ cfu|x ug'{ePsf]
5 .
bLk]Gb| >]i7, :jsLo ;lrj, dxf;lrjsf] ;lrjfno,
g]skf -Pdfn]_
• • •
o; uf]N8]gu]6 sn]hdf g]skf Pdfn]sf g]tf kz'klt rf}nfufO{ +sf]
nufgL 5 eGg] unt ;dfrf/ ;+k| ]if0fn] xfdL ddf{lxt ePsf
5f} + . o; sn]hsf ;+:yfksx¿ lzIffljb\ Pj+ lzIff;]jLx¿ dfq}
/x]sf] /, s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfsf] ;+nUgtf gePsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f} + .
/d]z l;njfn, sfo{sf/L k|d'v, uf]N8]gu]6 OG6/g]zgn
sn]h, k|sflzt ;dfrf/af6 kg{ uPsf] c;'ljwfk|lt ;v]b
Ifdf rfxG5f} + .– ;Dkfbs
k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] …;Daf]wg
rflxof]Ú zLif{sdf .
o;/L k6s–k6s Pp6}
;dfrf/ k|sflzt u/]/
dw]znfO{ unt 9+un] k|:t't
gug{ cg'/f]w 5 . dw]zdf
cfh klg ls;fgn] dn kfpg
k|x/Lsf] s'6fO vfg' k/]sf] 5 .
gSsnL OGsfpG6/sf] gfpFdf
xTof x'G5 . Totflt/ lsg
Wofg hfFb}g < dw]zsf hgtf
s] rfxG5g\ eGg]lt/ klg
lxdfn sf] Wofg hfg'k¥of] .
jL/]Gb| /d0f
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ ljdfg:yn
lxdfn -!^–#! c;f/_ df k|sflzt ljdfg:yn ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{
zLif{ssf] ;dfrf/ k9\bf …h'g hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sfÚ eGg]
pvfgsf] ofb cfof] .
ef/t;Fu !(%) sf] c;dfg ;lGw, kf/jxg ;lGw, hn;|f]t
;DaGwL c;dfg ;lGw, g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldf ;lGw, ;'k'b{uL ;lGw,
Pc/ dfz{n /fVg] eGg] s'/f ef/tn] af/Daf/ p7fpFb} cfPsf]
lyof] . To;}nfO{ 3'dfp/f] kf/fdf dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/n] sfod ug{
vf]h]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . b]zsf] Psdfq cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn h'g s]xL
lbgcl3 PlzofnL ljsf; a} +ssf] C0f ;xof]udf g]kfn gful/s
p8\8og k|flws/0fn] sfd cf/De ug] { eGg] ;dfrf/ lyof] To;nfO{
a]jf:tf ub} { lsg ef/tLo sDkgLk|lt olt df]x <
Go"xf] nfdf Xof]Ndf]
lxdfnva/ 86sdaf6
7

of] kIf
8
lxdfn 8fo/L
' {
{
!^ c;f/M lrtjgsf] e/tk'/l:yt bafakl5 cg;g eË .
kf6L{ sfof{no s;n] lng] eGg] ljifodf
Pdfcf]jfbL / gjul7t g]skf–dfcf]jfbLaLr
ePsf] ‰8kdf uf]nL k|xf/ .
!& c;f/M k"0f{ ah]6 /f]Sg dfu ub}{
k/]sf] l/6df ;jf] {Rr cbfntåf/f cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ug{ gkg] km};nf . ;QfkIf /
k|ltkIfL bnåf/f cf–cfˆgf JofVof .
!* c;f/M dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d
-u0ftflGqs_sf gGbgs'df/ bQ ;d"xåf/f
kf6L{sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf /fhlszf]/
@% c;f/M /fhwfgLdf Pdfcf]jfbL kf]ln6Ao"/f]
a}7s z'¿ . kf6L{ cWoIf k'iksdn
bfxfnåf/f /fhgLlts k|ltj]bg k|:t't .
ofbjnfO{ ;~rf/ dGqLaf6 lkmtf{ af]nfpg
dfu ub} k|wfgdGqLnfO{ kqfrf/ .
!( c;f/M bfr{ 'nfsf] UjfgL uflj;df a;
klN6+bf cf7 hgfsf] d[To' .
ljiffn' Rofp vfP/ kfNkfsf] x]Snfª– *
sf Psaxfb'/ /fgf -!!_, s'zn /fgf -%_
csf{sL >LdtL eufPsf]
cf/f]kdf Pdfcf]jfbL
cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnsf
5f]/f k|sfz g]jf /fHo
;ldlt ;b:oaf6 lgnlDat
/ ls/0f ;f? -!!_ sf] d[To' .
@) c;f/M ;/sf/n] k"0f{ ah]6 k|:t't ug{
ePsf 5g\ .
vf]h] To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ /fi6«kltnfO{ dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnsf 5f]/f
g]kfnL sf+u| ]; / Pdfn]nufotsf k|ltkIfL k|sfz csf{sL >LdtL eufPsf] cf/f]kdf
bnx¿sf] cfu|x .
g]jf /fHo ;ldlt ;b:oaf6 lgnlDat .
g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;dfof]hgsf nflu Pdfcf]jfbL ef/tLo ;]gfWoIf hg/n ljqmd l;+x kfFrlbg]
n8fs" 5gf]6 k|lqmof z'¿ .
g]kfn e|d0fsf nflu sf7df8f} +df .
@! c;f/M /fHok'g;{ +/rgfsf] ljifodf kf6L{ @^ c;f/M ;Qf?9 Pdfcf]jfbL / sf+u| ];,
;+:yfkg;Fu c;Gt'i6 cflbjf;L hghflt Pdfn]nufotsf k|ltkIfL bnsf g]tfx¿
/ dw]zL ;d'bfosf g]tfnfO{ ;ft lbgleq k"0f{ ah]6 gNofpg ;xdt .
lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{ Pdfn] cg'zf;g
cfof]usf] lgb] {zg .
@& c;f/M b]xJofkf/sf nflu ^
o'jtL a]r]sf] cleof]udf lhNnf cbfnt
@@ c;f/M s[i0f yfkf dfl;s ?=%) xhf/ l;Gw'kfNrf]såf/f lzv/k'/– ( sf
kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L nIdL x'08fO{ dgfª alh/l;+ tfdfª -#&_nfO{ !&) jif{ s}bsf]
d:of{ª\bL Snasf] k|lzIfsdf cg'alGwt . km};nf .
@$ c;f/M 8]9 dxLgfb]lv ckmuflg:tfgdf @* c;f/M ;x;lrjx¿ b'uf{lglw zdf{,
aGws !) g]kfnL :jb]z lkmtf{ . 1fgbz{g pbf;, ;"o{ l;njfn / wgaxfb'/
cfˆgf dfux¿ cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq k'/f tfdfª ;lrjdf a9'jf .
ePsf] eGb} cfd/0f cg;gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf dsjfgk'/sf] e} +;]– @ df n'6]/f ;d"xåf/f
lbg rfx]sf lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfnsf k|f= rGb|dfof yfkf -%&_ / pgsL 5f]/L
8f= uf]ljGb s];Låf/f ;dy{sx¿sf] ;d]t nIdLdfof -#&_ sf] xTof .
dg k/]sf] :6f6;
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
!) jif{
cl3faf6
!–!% ;fpg @)%(
!–!% ;fpg @)%( sf] lxdfn
n] wflbª, hf]ludf/fsf Ps
bh{g u/La kl/jf/n] a]xf]l//x]sf]
/fHo lgld{t qf;b kL8fnfO{
cfj/0f ;dfrf/ agfPsf] lyof],
hf] cfˆgf 8]9 bh{g xf]gxf/
lk|ohgnfO{ lsl/of pN6fP/
3/leq x'Ng] kvf{Odf lyP .
dhb"/L ug{ hfFbf wfgsf] eft
vfg kfOG5 / clnslt k};fsf]
hf]xf] klg x'G5 eg]/ sfnLsf]6sf]
sf]6jf8f ljdfg:yn vGg k'u]sf
pgLx¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] cf/f]kdf
tTsfnLg zfxL ;]gfn] ;fd"lxs
xTof u/]/ nfz;d]t lbPsf]
lyPg . 7Ls !) jif{kl5 /fHo
;Qf ToxL dfcf]jfbLsf] xftdf
5 / ljb|f]xsfndf g[z+; xTofdf
;+nUg p;sf g]tf–sfo{stf{
kf6L{sf] x}l;ot cg';f/ /fHosf
lhDd]jf/ kbdf . kl/0ffd,
hf]ludf/fsf h:tf xhf/f} + kLl8tn]
Gofo kfpg] s'/f 6fl9Psf] 5 . �

eg]sf] ;'g]sf]
‘‘ hghflt ss;
agfPsfn] Pdfn]n] b'Mv
kfO/x]sf] 5 . sf+u|];df
klg ePsf] ‘‘ ToxL xf] .
s'naxfb'/ u'?ª
g]tf, g]kfnL sf+u|];
gful/s b}lgs, @@ c;f/ @)^(
‘‘
df]xg j}BhLnfO{ dxfg
7fGg' efÚxf]nf, pxfFn] t
3} +6f] g} l/TofOlbg'x'G5 .
‘‘
x]dGtk|sfz cf]nL
kf]ln6Jo"/f] ;b:o, Pdfcf]jfbL
a'waf/ ;fKtflxs, @) c;f/ @)^(
aGb/lzk
k6s]
s]bf/ zdf{
g/fd|f] gx]g{ ', g/fd|f] g;'Gg', g/fd|f]
gaf]Ng' Û
g/fd|f s'/faf6 k/x]h ug{ ;fjwfg
u/fpg] cfFvf, sfg / d'v y'g]sf tLg
a'l4dfg afFb/ ;+;f/ k|lz4 5g\ .
…ufGwLhLsf afFb/Ú eg]/ klg lrlgg] tL
afFb/x¿ hfkfgsf lzGtf]–tfcf] k/Dk/fsf
snfs[ltdf ztfAbLof} +b]lv ljBdfg 5g\ .
tL afFb/ k'/fgf x'g\, k|lz4 5g\ /
;/n 5g\ . ltgnfO{ k|tLssf ¿kdf
lng;s] dfG5] g/fd|f] x]g{, g/fd|f] ;'Gg,
g/fd|f] af]Ngaf6 ;fjwfg x'g;S5g\ . t/
…xfdLnfO{ k|tLssf ¿kdf lng] dfG5]n]
ug{ x'g]–gx'g] s'/f xfdLn] g}
lgwf{/0f ug{ ] xf]Ú eg]/ tL afFb/n]
dfG5]sf cfFvf, sfg / d'v
y'lglbg yfn] eg] cgy{ x'G5 .
clg ltgLx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;~rf/
dGqfno cGtu{tsf] ;]G;/ af]8{df
nu]/ /flvlbP x'G5 .
k|j[lQ k'/fgf] xf], 36gf cg]s
5g\Ù tfhf k|;Ë xf] rnlrq
xfOj] sf] ;]G;/sf] . dfG5]sf]
af]nLrfnLdf cfpg] ;fdfGo zAbx¿
;]G;/af]8{nfO{ kr]g . Pp6f kfqn] af]n]sf]
km* eGg] c+u| ]hL zAbnfO{ pgLx¿n]
…o:tf] gfdL kqsf/sf d'vaf6 of] zAb
;'xfPgÚ eg], 8fO/]S6/ bLks /f}lgof/n]
sf6] . cGTodf pgLx¿sf] Wofg /fhdfu{
aGb ug] { qmddf cfGbf]ngsf/L kfqx¿sf]
…lnDa"jfg\ lhGbfjfbÚ eGg] gf/fdf k'Uof] /
Tof] klg x6fpg eg] . /f}lgof/n] ax;
ul/6f]kn], æoxfF s;}nfO{ d"bf{jfb elgPsf]
5}g . lhGbfjfbsf] gf/f x/]s lbg sxL+
g sxL+ 3lGs/x]s} x'G5 Û /]l8of] /
6]lnlehgaf6 klg o:tf gf/f 3/–3/df
k'lu/x]s} 5 . lkmNddf rflx+ lsg ToxL
s'/f ;'lgg gx'g] Job[Zo
;fdu|Lx¿ 3/3/df l5g{ ;Sb}gy],
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
To;a]nf dfG5]n] s] x]g{x'G5 / s] x'Fb}g
eGg] s'/fsf] 7]s]bf/L /fHon] uYof]{ .
gful/sx¿n] s] x]g{x'G5 / s] x]g{x'Fb}g
eGg] s'/fdf c+s'z nufpg' plrt lyPg,
t/ ;Dej lyof] . t/, hdfgf sxfFaf6
sxfF k'Uof] . k|ljlwn] ;+;f/sf] gS;f
km]l/lbof] . g]kfnsf] cfsfzdf slxNo}
glrtfOPsf gf/fx? 3lGsP, glrtfPsf]
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g cfof] . t/ x}sd
uPg, ctfls{s lgodx¿ uPgg\ .
;+ljwfgdf ;+3Lotfsf s'/f 5g\,
;+3Lotfs} j};fvL 6]s]/ k|wfgdGqL
vf]Rofª vf]Rofª ub}{5g\ . otf Pp6f
;x;lrj Pp6f k|:tfljt ;+3Lo
/fHosf gfddf lhGbfjfbsf] gf/f
nufpg;Dd lb+b}g .
crDd s] 5 eg], g]kfnLx¿n] lx+;f
x]g{x'G5 . s/La !$ xhf/ dfG5] df/]sf]
;z:q o'4nfO{ dxfg hgo'4 eGbf x'G5 .
lx+;fnfO{ dlxdfdl08t ug{x'G5 . tyfslyt
d"nwf/sf l;g]dfdf aGb"sn] xfg]/ dfG5]
/utfDd] ePsf] / kSnSs kSnSs 9n]sf]
x]g{x'G5 . sf6]sf] df/]sf] x]g{x'G5, t/
lhGbfjfb eg]sf] x]g{ 'x'Fb}g
. ;]G;/af]8{df
a;]sfx¿ tkfO{ +sf d'v y'lglbG5g\,
cfFvf y'lglbG5g\, sfg y'lglbG5g\ .
pgLx¿ g/fd|f] x]g{, ;'Gg / af]Ngaf6
gful/sx¿nfO{ hf]ufpF5g\ . t/ tL afFb/n]
…g/fd|f] gug{Ú geg]s}n] xf]nf, To;} qmddf
cfkm" eg] lgs} g/fd|f] sfd u5{g\ .
gful/sx¿nfO{ …g/fd|f]Ú x]g{af6
hf]ufpg] sd{rf/Lx¿ ;/sf/L x}l;otdf
a;]/, rnlrq ;]G;/sf] ;/sf/L sfd
u/]afkt pBdLx¿af6 ;/sf/L vftfdf
ghfg], s/ gltg] { / ekf{O{ glbg] u/L
eQf vfG5g\ . lgdf{tf÷lgb] {zsx¿ af]Ng
;Sb}gg\, lsgeg] rnlrq b]vfpg xtf/
eO;s]sf] x'G5 . …lnDa"jfg lhGbfjfbÚ
eg]sf] sfl6g' eg]sf] /fhgLlts s'/f xf] .
d eg] Pp6f c/fhgLlts gf/f nufpF5',
aGb/lzk d"bf{jfb Û �
9
efg' e§/fO{

kf“r k|Zg
…pkef]Qmfn] dfof u/] aR5 jgÚ
@$ c;f/df ?=! nfv /fzLsf] u0f]zdfg l;+x ;fd'bflos jg /fli6«o k'/:sf/ kfPsf]
;'Gb/L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, cd/fk'/L gjnk/f;Lsf cWoIf ab|Lk|;fb ;fksf]6f
-xl/of] :sfkm{df_ eG5g\, æpkef]QmfnfO{ nfe k'¥ofpg ;s] jg hf]lu+bf]/x]5 .Æ
;'Gb/L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] lsg
k'/:sf/ kfP h:tf] nfU5 <
xfd|f] ;d"xn] jg ;+/If0f;Fu} u/LaL
Go"gLs/0f, ckfËtf k'g:yf{kg, g]t[Tj ljsf;
h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . ;d"xsf
clt ljkGg ju{sf ;b:odWo] !@ kl/jf/nfO{
3/ agfOlbPsf 5f} + . s'l/nf]v]tL, aª\u'/kfng,
s'v'/fkfngdf ;xof]u u/]sf 5f}+ . ljkGg
pkef]QmfnfO{ sf7 rflx+bf ;x'lnotdf pknAw
u/fpF5f} + . dlxnf, hghflt / blnt ;lDdlnt
;dfj]zL ;ldlt 5 .
cfbz{ ;fd'bflos jg s:tf] x'G5 <
;s];Dd 89]nf] gnfu]sf], nfluxfn]
tTsfn lgoGq0f u/]sf], pkef]Qmf cfkm}+n]
u:tL u/]sf], pkef]Qmf ;ldlt kf/bzL{ / /fd|f]
Joj:yfkg ePsf] tyf pkef]QmfnfO{ leq}b]lv
jg xfd|f] xf], o;nfO{ hf]ufpFbf xfdLnfO{
kmfObf x'G5 eGg] efjgf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
slt 7fpFdf ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿s}
;+nUgtfdf jg kmF8fgL / sf7 rf]/L–t:s/L
ePsf] ;dfrf/ klg cfO/x]sf 5g\ lg Û
o:tf] ;d:of w]/}h;f] k|:tfljt jg
pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿df b]lvPsf] 5 . jg
c+s / cy{
10
km8fgL sd{rf/L / /fhgLlts ;+/If0fdf
x'G5, t/ ;f]‰f–;f‰f kml;/x]sf x'G5g\ .
sd{rf/L, /fhgLlts g]tf–sfo{stf{, 7]s]bf/
cflb;Fu ;fd'bflos jgsf kbflwsf/Lx¿
klg t ldNg] u/]sf 5g\ lg, x}g / <
lhNnf jg sfof{noaf6 lgodk"j{s
x:tfGt/0f eP/ rn]sf ;fd'bflos jgsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿ sd}sf] ldn]dtf] xf]nf . ;fdflhs
sfo{stf{sf] ¿kdf ;ldltdf a:g]x¿ t:s/Ldf
;+nUg x'G5g\ h:tf] nfUb}g . /fhgLlts
bafadf ^–^ dxLgfdf clwj]zg u/]/ kb
xTofpg] sltko ;d"xsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ o:tf]
sfddf kmF;]sf] h:tf] nfU5 .
jgdf rf]/L–t:s/L lgoGq0f ug{ s] s]
ug' {knf{ <
;a}eGbf klxnf pkef]Qmfx¿df jg
xfd|f] xf] eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' /
o;sf nflu Jojxf/d} pgLx¿nfO{ kmfObf x'g]
sfdx¿ ug'{k5{
. k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ /fhgLlts
bafasf] e/df jg x:tfGt/0f ug'{x'Fb}g .
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] Ps 8]9 jif{;Dd ¿v
sf6\g lbg'x' Fb}g . /fli6«o jg qmdzM ;d'bfodf
x:tfGt/0f ub} { hfg'k5{ . �
?=!,)$,*(,$@,))) Dofgkfj/ sDkgL /
Ph]G6x?n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg nfu]sf g]kfnLx?af6
kl5Nnf] !! dxLgfdf 7u]sf] /sd .
?=#,!(,(&,))) dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf
rfnsaf6 6«flkms k|x/Ln] ;+sng u/]sf] /fh:j .
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
;dfrf/
dgsf/L
bftf
k"jL{ g]kfnsf] cf]vn9'+uf
lhNnfl:yt
dxfb]j:yfg dfWolds ljBfno
lxn]kfgL, yfSn]nfO{ Pshgf
dgsf/Ln] cfly{s ;xof]u u/]/
ljBfnonfO{ 7"n} u'g nufPsf
5g\ . g]kfnL sf+u| ];sf o'jfg]tf
/fdxl/ vltj8fsf] kxndf g]kfn
lgdf{0f Joj;foL dxf;+3sf cWoIf
ho/fd nfld5fg]n] ljBfnosf
nflu ?=! nfv ;xof]u u/]sf
x'g\ . dxf;+3sf cWoIf nfld5fg]n]
ljBfno ;+rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf
u+ufaxfb'/ /fO{nfO{ sf7df8f} +df
cfof]lht sfo{qmddf ;f] /sd
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf x'g\ .
;+rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf /fO{n]
;xof]u /sd ljBfyL{sf] lxtdf vr{
ul/g] atfP .
@)!^ ;fndf :yflkt
dxfb]j:yfg @)^^ ;fndf
dfWolds ljBfno ePsf] lyof] .
$)% hgf ljBfyL{ cWoog/t ;f]
ljBfnodf @)) hgf 5fqf 5g\ .
b'O{ hgf blnt ljBfyL{ cWoog/t
;f] ljBfnodf c¿ ;a} hghflt
5fq5fqf 5g\ . �

Onfdsf] /lj–lr;fkfgL–bds ;8s
v08df kg] { /t'jf vf]nfl:yt rk]6Ldf bds–
lr;fkfgL–/lj ;8s pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] 9f6
5 . ptf bzdL–k~rdL–;fskmf/f v08sf]
dfjfvf]nfl:yt km'OFs]df ;fskmf/f uflj;n]
csf]{ 9f6 t]:of{Psf] 5 . oL b'j} 9f6
u}/–sfg"gL ¿kdf s/ c;'Ng /flvPsf x'g\ .
bds–lr;fkfgL–/lj ;8s pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf
cWoIf ;'/]z ;'Aaf eG5g\, æ;8s xfdLn]
vGof} +, s/ klg cfkm} + p7fpF5f} + .Æ
;'Aafn] cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^( sf nflu
?=^ nfvdf k6s] s/ 7]Ssf lbPsf] /
x/lx;fa x'g afFsL /x]sf] atfP . pgsf
cg';f/, 7]s]bf/n] of] ;8sdf u'8\g] hLkaf6
k|lt k6s ?=!#), 6\ofS6/ / 6«saf6 ?=@$)
c;'N5 . ;fskmf/f uflj;n] t 7]s]bf/dfkm{t
k|lt hLk ?=^), 6\ofS6/af6 ?=$)) /
6«saf6 ?=()) c;'nL /x]sf] 5 . hals,
k6s] s/ p7fpg] cflwsfl/s lgsfo lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltn] lng] k6s] s/df hLkn] ?=!),
6\ofS6/n] ?=!% / 6«s÷a;n] ?=@% ltg' {k5{ .
/dfOnf] s] 5 eg], rk]6L / km'OFs]df kfFr jif{
b]lv lgjf{w rn]sf] of] u}/–sfg"gL c;'nLaf/]
s'g} hfgsf/L gePsf] Onfd lhlj;sf :yfgLo
ljsf; clwsf/L ;'dg l3ld/]n] atfP .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cg';f/,
o:tf] c;'nL ;/f;/ u}/–sfg"gL xf] .
:yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s k|zf;g_
lgodfjnL @)^$ n] uflj; sfof{non]
wd{sf] cfj/0fdf
/fhgLlt
s/sf gfddf
u}/sfg"gL c;'nL
uflj;leqsf] ;8sdf s/ nufpg kfpg]
Joj:yf u/] klg ;fskmf/fn] uflj; 5f]P/
uPsf] ;8sdf olt dxFuf] s/ nfu" u/]sf]
5 . uflj; ;lrj /fdrGb| uh'/]n k6s]
s/af6 p7]sf] /sdsf] @% k|ltzt 7]s]bf/n]
lng] u/]sf] atfpF5g\ . ;fdfGotM k6s] s/sf]
/l;bdf 7]s]bf/sf] gfd;lxt ;a} ljj/0f x'G5
/ lhlj;sf] 5fk nufP/ k|of]u ul/G5 .
o:tf] /l;bsf] Psk|lt s/ ltg] {nfO{ lbOG5
d's]z kf]v/]n
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
eg] csf] { Psk|lt lhlj;df a'‰fOG5 . t/,
rk]6L / km'OFs]df /sd c;'Ng]x¿n] of] lgod
kfng u/]sf 5}gg\ .
:yfgLo:t/df s]xL /sd p7fP/ ljsf;df
vr{ ug' { cfkm} +df /fd|f] sfd eP klg Onfdsf
oL b'O{ uf}+8fdf eO/x]sf] rsf]{ c;'nLn]
eg] /fHosf ljlwljwfgx¿nfO{ 7f8f] r'gf}tL
lbO/x]sf 5g\ . �
/f]lxtrGb| e§/fO{, Onfd
ljgf ;+ljwfg, ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g eP/ /fhgLlts
;+qmd0f nlDaPsf] ;donfO{ k"j{ /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] wfld{s
ultljlwdfkm{t /fhgLlts 7fpF agfpg] cj;/sf] ¿kdf
pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgsf] o:tf] ;lqmotfaf6
/fhfjfbLx¿ pT;fxL b]lvG5g\ . !%–@! c;f/df ?kGb]xL,
gjnk/f;L / slknj:t'sf zlQmkL7x¿df k"hf ug{ cfpFbf
cfˆgf] hohosf/ ug] { eL8 b]v]/ xf}l;Psf 1fg]Gb|n] gofF
zlQmsf] pboaf6 dfq} d'n'sn] lgsf; kfpg] atfP .
…l56f] ;lqmo x'gÚ cfu|x ug]{ ;dy{sx¿nfO{ pgn]
eg], ædf};d c‰} cg's"n eO;s]sf] 5}g, w}o{ u/f} + .Æ
of] tLyf{6gaf6 sf7df8f} + kms] {nuQ} pgn] lbPsf]
6]lnlehg cGtjf{tf{df @)^@÷^# sf] cfGbf]ngdf
/fh;+:yf gkmfNg] ;xdlt ePsf] bfaL u/], h;sf]
g]kfnL sf+u|]; / Pdfn]sf g]tfx¿n] v08g u/]sf
5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf pkfWoIf /x]sf k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd
e§/fO{n] t ;/sf/L ;'ljwfx¿ /f]lslbg] r]tfjgL;Dd
lbP . hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efåf/f !%
h]7 @)^# df /fhl;+xf;gaf6 x6fOPsf 1fg]Gb| o;cl3
!^–@! r}t @)^* df ;'b"/klZrd / !* kmfu'g @)^*
df ;'g;/Lsf dlGb/x¿df k'u]/ cfˆgf ;dy{sx¿;Fu
enfs';f/L u/]sf lyP . 1fg]Gb|n] k'; @)^* df …cGt/f{li6«o
;dy{g h'6fpg]Ú @) lbg] ef/t e|d0f u/]sf lyP . �
d's]z kf]v/]n, e}/xjf
11
/f]lxtrGb| e§/fO{

lj:d[t s[lt
12
adf{sf] ;D‰gf–!&
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] dWolt/ adf{df /x]sf /0fz"/ lnDa"n] n]v]sf] / aL;
jif{kl5 hubDaf k|sfzgn] 5fk]sf] adf{sf] ;D‰gf clxn] lj:d[ltdf k'u]sf] 5 .
adf{df 5Fbfsf] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL hflt / efiffk|lt k| ]d ‰Nsg] lnDa"sf]
k':ts k7gLo x'g] 7fg]/ qmdzM k|sflzt u/]sf 5f} + . – ;Dkfbs
; /sf/sf] x's'd, sfobf sfg"g kmf}h a;]sf 5]p5fp dfq}
dflgg], cln 6f9f kg{ uPsf] 7fpFsf dflg; ;a} /fhf
x'gyfn], clg cfˆg} ufpF 3/df a;]sf dflg;sf] klg ckdfg
ug{, 3/ hnfO{ lbg, dflg;;DdnfO{ dfg{ nfu] . ufpFsf d'lvof
clg c+u| ]hL /fhdf gf}s/L u/]/ 7"nf ePsf k'ln;sf OG:k]S6/
x¿nfO{ eGgnfu]– c+u| ] ]h x'~Hofn t ltdLx¿ xfd|f pk/ cg]s
k|sf/sf x's'd rnfpFYof}, xfd|f dfly cTofrf/ ub{Yof} +, xfdL
ltd|f] z/0f k/L k/L laGtL ubf{ xfdLnfO{ dflg;} g;DemL ltdL
cfˆgf dfg kfPsf cx+sf/df d:t e} 6]/} nfpFb}gYof}, tL hDd}
s'/fx¿sf, tL kfksf k|folZrt ca ltdLx¿n] ug{k5{ egL
sltnfO{ sfl6df/L lbP /], sltsf 3/ hnfOP /] egL eGby] .
clg wgL wgL dflg;x¿af6 klg o:tf kfk eO{ g} /x]sf]
x'G5 / OlvPsf dflg; Ov af]sL /fV5g\, df}sf nfu]sf] a]nf
;f6f] km]5{g\ . efUg] dflg; t efluuf], p;sf 3/e/L sk8fsf]
yfg, nfvf} +sf] dfn 5 . nfpm cfuf] . x'?? 3/} kf]lnlbP .
o:tf] s'/fx¿ w]/ pxL 7fpFdf x'guf] hxfF hfkfgL cfO gk'u]sf,
c+u| ]hrflx+ efluxfn]sf lyP .
nf]c/ adf{sf] n8fOF a9\b} a9\b} ck/ adf{df cfof] .
d6L+nfaf6 hfkfgLx¿sf] a9fp df08n]lt/ clg hxfhsf] af6f]
Ogfgsf} / e+uf]Plt/ x'guf] . ptf efUg]x¿ ef/t k'Ug yfn],
otf xjfOhxfhn] ;d:t ck/ adf{ ys{dfg kfg{ yfNof] . n8fOF
sxfF x'Fb}5
yfxf 5}g . 8fFs tf/ /]l8of] aGb e}uf] . /+u"gsf
7"nf 7"nf clwsf/L, 7"nf 7"nf bˆt/ a} +s sDkgL ef/t k'Ug
yfn] . ck/ adf{df klg efufefu x'g yfNof] . nf]c/ adf{ /
ck/ adf{sf] ;a} s'/f] Ps} xf] . yf]/} df}sf w]/ nf]c/ adf{eGbf
ck/ adf{nfO{ efUgdf ldNof] . ck/ adf{df klg ;/sf/L 3/
bˆt/ uf]bfd efUbfv]/L hnfO{ 5f8\g'k5{ egL bfp/f cf];f/L
k]6«f]n tof/ kf/L dflg; v6fO{ tof/ kf/] . n8fOFn] ;d:t
adf{ cfqmfGt kf¥of] . hfkfgLx¿nfO{ /f]Sg ;s]g . kmf}hx¿
efufefu u/L 5l/P/ la5'§ eP . ck/ lrG8jLgsf nflu
NofPsf] vhfgf rL08jLg gbLdf nuL hxfhn] df‰df ?lkofF
hlt kmfn] clg gf]6x¿ hnfOP, uf]bfdsf lrgL, g"gsf af]/fdf
dl§t]n xflnlbP, cln cln y'lg/fv]sf s}bL 5fl8lbP . /+u"g
df08n]sf w]/} s}bL t klxNo} 5fl8Psf lyP . kmf}h klg
kl5 kl5 5'6\t} sn]jf cfP . ptf hfkfgL kmf}h a9\b} 5g\ .
hfkfgLx¿sf] a9fp ck/ adf{df ePkl5 dgLk'/ hfg] af6f]sf]
3'OFrf] bf]a/ x'guf] . dflg; dg] { dl//x]sf 5g\, la/fdL
ePsf kl8/x]sf 5g\ . cfu] x]/] dflg;sf] w'O/f] kl5 cfFvfn]
EofP;Dd pxL w"nf], 3'OFrf] . sxL+ af´b}5g\, sxL+ ?jfaf;L,
sxL+ rf]/L Û wgL lgw{g, kl08t d"v{ Ps} af6fdf Û dg] { d/],
afFr]sf td" k'u] . td"af6 ef/t k'UgnfO{ kxf8L af6f] sf6L
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
kn]nsf] d}bfgdf k'luG5 . td";Dd t s]xL df]6/ uf8fn] ef/L
af]Sg] sfd u/] . kxf8df ca el/ofsf] e/ kg{ k¥of] . ;:tf]
dxFuf] dfndQfsf] ckmfntkmfn kf/L dflg; kn]n k'u] . td"sf]
d}bfgdf sfd ug{ yflnPsf kN6gsf, nflu 3/ aGg nfu]sf
hDd} /f]lsP . dgLk'/sf oL kxf8df kN6g a9\g nfu] . oL
8fF8f sfF8f hDd} l;kfxLx¿n] 9fsL hfkfg cfPdf n8\gnfO{
l7Ss x'g nfu] . g]kfnL /fi6«sf] :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug] { kmf}h
klg s/La $ kN6g;Ddg\ ef/tsf] /Iff ug{ kn]n 5]p5fp
5g\ eGg] yfxf ef] . c¿ slt kN6g cfP/ a;]sf 5g\ p;sf]
s]xL cGt} gfxL+ . oL td"sf kxf8Ldf aGg nfu]sf af6f] agfpg
5fl8lbP . sf/0f, af6f] tof/ ePsf]df zq'l;t h'´bf cln
kl5 x6\g' k/] Tof] af6f]df ‰§} df]6/ OToflb c¿ ;jf/L rnfO{
cfˆgf af6fn] kl5 cfkm} +nfO{ kL/ k'¥ofpg] xf]nf egL aGb u/] .
hfkfgLx¿n] ;d:t adf{df clwsf/ u/] . ;Ldfgfdf a;]sf
kmf}h ca cfof], ca cfof] egL tof/ eP . clg n8\gnfO{
l7Ss eO/x]sf lyP, t/ hfkfg cfu] cfPg . cfpg] gcfpg]sf]
/fd| } yfxf ePsf] lyPg . o:t} a]nfdf ;Ldfgfdf a;]sf
l;kfxLx¿dWo] @)–@% hgfn] dtf] u/] 5g\ ls, oL c+u| ]h
;f/} g} r9]sf 5g\ clg logLl;t l/; km]g] { a]nf klg oxL
xf] . xfdL ;a} ldnLj/L hfpF / hfkfgl;t ldnf} + clg pgsf
kmf}h;Fu ldnL c+u| ]hL ;Ldfgfdf a;]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ wkfpF /
df}sf nfu] oL s'O/]x¿nfO{ klg latfpF egL ;Nnfx u/]/ uf]nL
u6\7f aGb"s vfg] lkpg] lhlg; vRr/df nbfO{ /ftL lx+8]5g\ .
clg cfˆgf kmf}hL ckm;/sf gfpFdf Pp6f kq n]vL 5f8]5g\ .
kqdf n]v]5g\– …va/bf/, xfdLnfO{ kqmg clg xfdLnfO{ kL5f
u/]/ sf]xL cfpg] 5}gf}, xfd|f kL5f u/] uf]nL vfpnfÚ OToflb .
/ftel/ lx+8]/ ef]lnkN6 ltgLx¿ hDd} hfkfgL SofDkdf k'u]5g\ .
SofDkdf aGb"ssf] ;fy uP hfkfgLn] dfl/lbg] . aGb"s n'sfO{
/fvL Ps b'O{ hgf uP/ eg]5g\, xfdL c+u| ]hx¿sf] zf;g cfˆgf
b]zdf rfxGgf} + . oL c+u| ]hx¿nfO{ wkfpg] xfd|f klg dg;'jf
5, cfkm"x¿sf] ljho b]v]/ xfdL v'; 5f} + . cfkm'x¿l;t ldnL
xfdL klg c+u| ]h wkfpg] sfo{df ;/Ls x'g rfxG5f} + . clg
xfdLn] pxfFsf hDd} uf]nL aGb"s vRr/ lnP/ cfPsf 5f} + egL
eg]5g\ . cR5f ltdLx¿n] lnO{ cfPsf aGb"s uf]nL vRr/
Nofp egL af]nfP5g\ / ca :ofaf;L kfpFnf egL cfz u/L
a;]sf a]nf pxfFsf ckm;/n] aGb"s uf]nL vRr/rflx+ cfˆgf
l;kfxLx¿sf lhDdf lbP5g\ clg tL efu]/ uPsf dflg;x¿nfO{
;'gfP5g\, ltdL cfˆgf gdssf] ;f]‰f] ug{ ghfGg] d"v{ dflg;
/x]5f} . l;kfxLsf] of] wd{ xf]Og . cfˆgf ckm;/nfO{ 5n]/
cfpg] dflg;sf] xfdL ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb}gf} + .
qmdzM

l/kf]6{ /f;folgs dn
;w} + xfxfsf/
;/sf/L cIfdtfsf sf/0f /f]kfO{sf] a]nf /f;folgs dn
gx'Fbf
of] jif{ wfg pTkfbg 36\g] b]lvG5 .
…dn, aLp ;:tf] / ;'ne x'g'k5{ .
ls;fgx¿nfO{ pTkfbgsf] plrt d"No
/ ahf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{
.Ú
;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf tTsfnLg cWoIf
afa'/fd e§/fO{n] @! df3 @)%@ df k|wfgdGqL
z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ a'‰fPsf] $) a' Fb] dfusf]
## gDa/ a'Fbf
xf] of] . of] a'Fbf;lxtsf
$)
a'Fb] dfu k"/f gePsf] axfgfdf e§/fO{n]
z'¿ u/]sf] lx+;fTds ljb|f]xdf !$ xhf/eGbf
a9L g]kfnLn] Hofg u'dfP . ltg} e§/fO{
clxn] d'n'ssf] sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqL 5g\, t/
s';L{df a:g' cufl8 pgn] p7fpg] u/]sf
ls;fgsf ;d:of / hghLljsfsf ;jfn
clnslt klg k|fyldstfdf k/]sf 5}gg\ .
;/sf/n] d'Vo k]zf s[lif /x]sf] g]kfndf
;dod} dn / aLpsf] Joj:yf ug' {kg] { bfloTj
la;] {sf] 5 . c;f/sf] clGtd ;ftf;Dd klg
wfg /f]Kg /f;folgs dn gkfPkl5 af/f–k;f{
If]qsf ls;fg lgs} lrlGtt 5g\ . ef]ln
o;sf] c;/ d'n'ssf] l;+uf] cy{tGqdf kg] {
dn v/Lbsf nflu ;b/d'sfd l;Gw'nLdf9L
l:yt l;4]Zj/ ax'd'vL ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf
tF5f8d5f8 ub}{ s[ifs .
x'gfn] dnsf] cefjdf pTkfbg sd x'g'
ls;fgsf] dfq ;d:of xf]Og . wfgsf nflu
d'n'se/ jflif{s & nfv *% xhf/ 6g
/f;folgs dnsf] dfu eP klg ;/sf/n]
clxn] Nofpg nfu]sf] !@ xhf/ %)) 6gdWo]
&%)) 6g dfq g]kfn lelqPsf] 5 .
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
cfPsf] dn klg ;Lw} geO{ ;xsf/Ldfkm{t
laqmL ubf{ sfnf]ahf/L ug]{x¿sf] lbg
lkm/]sf] 5, ls;fgsf] ;d:of ;'N‰]sf] 5}g .
s[lif dGqfnonufot lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf
clwsf/Lx¿ Pscsf{df bf]if kG5fP/ a;]sf
5g\ . dfu cg';f/ cfk"lt{ geP klg
pknAwtfsf cfwf/df ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ dn
k7fO/x]sf] / ls;fgn] dn kfO/x]sf] bfaL
s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgLsL clws[t s';'dntf
/fhe08f/L ul5{g\ .
/f]kfO{ +sf a]nf dnsf] xfxfsf/ dlRrg]
u/]sf] rf/ jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5 . k;f{sf]
lgr'6f uflj;sf v'/;]b cfnd o;kfln t
‰g} xfxfsf/ ePsf] atfpF5g\ . la?jfu'7Lsf
h+uaxfb'/ bf; rf}w/L eG5g\, æv8]/L k/]sf]df
To;dfly dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/n] dn klg lbPg .
o;cl3 olt ufx|f] k/]sf] lyPg .Æ lhNnf
s[lif ljsf; sfof{no k;f{sf cg';f/ ut jif{
c;f/ d;fGt;Dd lhNnfsf] &% k|ltzteGbf
a9L v]tdf /f]kfO{+ eO;s]sf] lyof] eg]
o;k6s () k|ltzt afF‰} 5 .
k;f{df $^ xhf/ &)) x]S6/df wfg
v]tL x'G5 . o;sf nflu !$ xhf/ %)%
6g 8LPkL, o'l/of / kf]6f; dn rflxg]df
^&^ 6g o'l/of dfq cfPsf] 5 . ls;fgsf]
nflu v]tLkftLsf] d'Vo l;hgdf aLp, dn;Fu}
l;+rfOsf nflu rflxg] l8h]nsf] cefj a]xf]g' {
k/Dk/f h:t} ePsf] 5 . �
cnL c;u/, jL/uGh
/f;;
13

l/kf]6{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/
('Sssf]
&uL
lgodgsf] cefjdf j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ v'n]cfd 7uLsf] dfWod
alg/x]sf] 5 .
;'zLnf a'9fyf]sL
g] kfnLx¿sf] k|d'v cfsif{0f j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf 7uL klg TolQs} 5 . ljb]z
uP/ k};f sdfpg] nfn;fn] dflg;x¿ s]xL
ga'‰L / e/kbf]{ sfuhft gvf]hL cfFvf
lrDn]/ /f]huf/ Joj;foL / bnfnx¿nfO{
k};f a'‰fpF5g\ . g]kfnL sf+u| ];sL g]t[ cf/h'
b]pjf elG5g\, æcd]l/sf n}hfg] eg]/ d}n]
lrGb} glrg]sfn] d]/f] gfddf ;d]t k};f
p7fP5g\ .Æ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foL ;+3sf
k"j{ cWoIf ;f]dnfn a6fh' o; If]qdf ePsf]
7uLn] Dofgkfj/ Joj;foLs} ;fv lu/]sf]
:jLsf5{g\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;3fO/x]sf]
lkk'n kmf]/dsf clwjQmf jL/ansfhL /fO{
w]/}h;f] ufpFb]lv g} 7luP/ cfpg] u/]sf]
atfpF5g\ . jL/u~hsf df]xDdb ldofF -h]D;_
n] O/fs / lrtjg e/tk'/–!! sf efuL/y
kf}8]nn] blIf0f clk|msfdf dfl;s o"P; 8n/
!))) sf] sfd kfOg] cfzdf tgx"Fsf
/fdk|;fb kf]v/]nnfO{ ?=% nfv %) xhf/
a'‰fP, t/ g hfg kfP g k};f lkmtf{ .
nlntk'/ afu8f]nsf lhtaxfb'/ a:g]tnfO{
k|lt JolSt ?=@ nfv %) xhf/ lt/]/
@@ k'; @)^* df b'aO{ / To;kl5 O/fg
14
k'u]sf ‰fkfsf rf/ o'jf ToxfF sfd gkfP/
c¿;Fu vr{ dfUb} g]kfn kmls{P . æTolQsf
k};f dfof dfg] { s'/f ePgÆ, hf]/f]kfgL–& sf
ljs]zs'df/ /fhj+zL eG5g\, æt/, clxn]
lhtaxfb'/ ;Dks{d} cfpFb}gg\ .Æ
PgPkm;L ODKnf]Od]G6 Dofgkfj/af6
8«fOe/sf] sfd ug{ stf/ k'u]sf l;Gw'kfNrf]s
;fFufrf]ssf /fh' lu/Ln] ;D‰f}tfcg';f/
sfd gkfP/ kms]{kl5 dfq km/s–km/s
Dofgkfj/af6 sfdbf/ le;f / >d
:jLs[lt lgsflnPsf] yfxf kfP . sf7df8f} +
dxf/fhu~hsL h'g'b]jL yklnof Dofgkfj/n]
k|lt JolQm ?=@% xhf/ le;f z'Ns lnP/
klg cfˆgf] dfdfsf b'O{ 5f]/fnfO{ b'aO{
gk7fPkl5 k};f p7fpg j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefu wfO/x]sL l5g\ . elG5g\, æTolt yf]/}
k};f klg lkmtf{ lb+b}gg\, d'2fdfldnf u/f}+
p7\g] k};feGbf w]/} vr{ xf]nf ÛÆ
ljb]z hfg] o'jfnfO{ 7Ug] sd{df j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ Joj;foL / ltgsf bnfn dfq
xf]Og xf]6n Joj;foL, sG;N6\ofG;L, :jf:Yo
;+:yf, 6«fen Ph]G;L, u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnL,
u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf, v]ns'b ;+:yf / pRrkb:y
;/sf/L sd{rf/L ;d]t nfu]sf j}b]lzs
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
sf7df8f}
+ dxf/fhu~hsL
h'g'b]jL yklnof Dofgkfj/n]
lnPsf] k};f p7fpg j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ ljefudf ph'/L lb+b} .
/f]huf/ ljefudf k/]sf] ph'/Ln] b]vfpF5g\ .
k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf :yflkt …x]nf] ;/sf/Ú
df cfPsf u'gf;f]sf cfwf/df e|i6frf/
w]/} b]lvPsf !@ lgsfodf j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefu, s]Gb|Lo /fxbfgL sfof{no / cWofudg
ljefu klg kb{5g\ .
uPsf] #) kmfu'gdf tTsfnLg >d
tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqL ;l/tf lu/Ln]
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsaf6
x6fPsL k"0f{rGb| e§/fO{sf] k'gj{xfnLkl5 cj}w
sfd u/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf s]xL Dofgkfj/
sDkgLsf kmfOn /f]lsPsf 5g\, JolStut
>d :jLs[ltdfly s8fO ul/Psf] 5 . t}klg
bnfnx¿sf] rnv]n rln/x]s} 5 . dxflgb] {zs
e§/fO{ eG5g\, ælhNnfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefu;Fu ;DalGwt sfof{no gx'gfn] lgodg
k|efjsf/L x'g;s] ]sf] 5}g . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{ gLlt, lgod / lgb]{lzsfx¿ agfPsf
5f} + . ljefudf tLg lgb] {zs ylkPsf 5g\ .Æ
7u g} alnof
sfg"gn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf s;'/df
b08;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, t/ s}of} + d'2f
;xdltd} 6'+lug]
u/]sfn] 7ux¿ sf/afxLaf6

hf]luG5g\ . ljefusf cg';Gwfg clws[tx¿
d'2f w]/} kg]{ x'gfn] rfF8f] 6'+uf] nufpg
;xdltdf hf]8 lbg] ul/Psf] atfpF5g\, t/
o;n] /fd|f–g/fd|f b'j} vfn] Joj;foLnfO{
Pp6} lsQfdf kf/]sf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foL ;+3sf
;Nnfxsf/ x+;/fh jfUn] cfrf/;+lxtf
s8fOsf ;fy kfngf u/fpg' h?/L b]V5g\ .
t/, of] klg ukmd} ;Lldt 5 . :jf:Yo
h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf ;d]t ljgf hfFr
sfdbf/sf] d]l8sn l/kf]6{ agfpg] / cg'dlt
gkfPsfn] ;d]t of] sfd u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
g]kfn :jf:Yo Joj;foL dxf;+3sf k"j{cWoIf
v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7sf cg';f/ :jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf]
cg'dlt kfPsf @^ ;+:yfdf lg/LIf0f ubf{
;ft j6fsf] dfkb08 k'u]sf] lyPg, t/
ltgnfO{ vf/]h ug{ k6s–k6s l;kmfl/;
ubf{ klg sf/afxL ePsf] 5}g . vf8Lsf
nflu :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg] …uNkm ck| 'E8
d]l8sn ;]G6/ P;f]l;P;g g]kfnÚ -ufDsf_ df
cfa4 !@ dWo] ;ft ;+:yfn] ljgf :jLs[lt
:jf:Yo k/LIf0f ul//x]sf] tYo aflx/ cfpFbf
klg sf/afxL ePg . jfl0fHo ljefusf]
cg';Gwfgdf ufDsf g]kfnn] sfdbf/x¿af6
;'zLnf a'9fyf]sL
ph'/Lsf] y'k|f], gu0o sf/afxL
ljifo JolStut ;+:yfut cf=j @)^*÷^(
j}zfv d;fGt;Ddsf]
ph'/L ;+Vof !)#& ^!^ !^%#
bfaL /sd ?= &%,^^(%%%# !*,&!#*$#@ ($,#*##(*%
km/kmf/s /sd ?= #,$))&()) !(,#*)(&$$ @@,&*!&^$$
hfx]/L km/kmf/s ;+Vof @!( !%$ #&#
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ;+Vof !#@ $ !#^
cbfntdf ljuf] bfaL /sd ?= @*,&&^!@!& !!,%%%#!$$ $),##!$#^!
ph'/L lkmtf{ !&! !$# #!$
7lug] uGtJo
d'2fsf] lsl;d uGtJo d'n's kLl8t ;+Vof bfaL /sd -Ifltk"lt{;lxt_
JolStut
/d]z Gof}kfg] / cGo
8f]d]lgs l/klAnsf,
hlh{of, gofFlbNnL,
xfO6L, ;]g]un .
!& #,)%,$),)))
l8NnL tfdfª
;+:yfut
b'aO{, ckmuflg:tfg @$ !,@%,^!,)))
ck/Ro'lg6L Dofgkfj/ dsfp $)* @,(!,*$,)))
ldzg cf]e/l;h O/fsnufot cGo @& !,!),#(,*)*
k|f=ln
d'n's
j]n OG6/g]zgn
Dofgkfj/ k|f=ln
kf]Nof08 ^!( *,!#,&&,$))
c/]laog ODKnf]Od]G6
sG;N6]G;L
– #$ !,%%,@),)))
;/sf/n] tf]s]eGbf a9L /sd c;'n]sf] /
/fh:j 5n]sf] ;d]t k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
ckmuflg:tfg hfg vf]Hbf b'aO{df
c8\lsP/ 7luPsf] yfxf kfPsf dsjfgk'/
Okf–% sf ;fu/ 3nfg cfkm"nfO{ n}hfg]
dflg; e]l6P klg ljefun] sf/afxL ug{
g;s]sf] atfpF5g\ . d'gnfO6 ;le{;]h eGg]
x'Fb}
gePsf] sDkgLsf] n]6/Kof8 k|of]u u/]/
cd]l/sf k7fOlbG5' egL vf8Ldf sfd ug] {
w]/} g]kfnLnfO{ 7u]sf dx]z /f0ff klg
a]kQf 5g\ . ljefudf #) j6f ph'/L k/]sf]
sf7df8f}+ a;'Gw/fl:yt e]/L P08 s0ff{nL
Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsL ;~rfns sNkgf
/fptn] lbPsL a} +s ckm sf7df08", nIdL,
Unf]an, lxdfnog / :6fG88{ rf6{8{ a} +ssf
r]sx¿ afpG; ePsf kLl8tx¿ atfpF5g\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df v'nf gul/Psf O/fs /
ckmuflg:tfg k7fpg ;d]t k};f p7fPsL
sNkgfnfO{ ljefun] @! r}tdf sfuh u/]/
5f8]sf] lyof] . xfn pgL …km/f/Ú l5g\ .
kfof]lgo/ cf]e/l;hsf ;~rfns
;'saxfb'/ u'?ªsf cg';f/ sltko
Dofgkfj/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o 7un] k|of]u
ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgL eG5g\, ædsfpaf6
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
cfpg] &% k|ltzt / blIf0f clk|msfaf6
cfpg] !)) k|ltzt dfu gSsnL x'G5, t/
sltko Dofgkfj/ ltgs} k5fl8 bf}l8/x]sf
5g\ .Æ ljb]zsf bnfnn] g]kfnsf sDkgLnfO{
sld;gsf] nf]edf kf/]/ tna ;'ljwf
36f36df sfdbf/ n}hfG5g\ . g]kfn 6«]8
o'lgog dxf;+3 -lhkmG6_ sf ljb]z ljefu
;lrj /d]z a8fnsf cg';f/, bnfn /
Dofgkfj/ sDkgLsf] o:tf] rnv]n dfq
/f]lsg] xf] eg] g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] (% k|ltzt
;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 . pgL eG5g\, æof] sfd
ug{ ;lsG5 . rf/ jif{cl3;Dd dn]lzofdf
klg o:t} x'GYof], t/ clxn] pgLx¿ sfdbf/
d}qL ePsf 5g\ .Æ vf8L If]qsf w]/}h;f]
/f]huf/bftf sDkgLn] k|foM lgMz'Ns le;fdf
sfdbf/ dufpF5g\ / sfdbf/sf] cefj ePsf
a]nf lgMz'Ns xjfO l6s6 klg lbG5g\ . otf
Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿ To:tf] le;f / l6s6sf]
;d]t k};f c;'Ng kl5 kb} {gg\ .
g]kfndf Dofgkfj/ sDkgL w]/}
zlQmzfnL ePsf] cg'ej u/]sL stf/df
xfn} lgo'Qm g]kfnL /fhb"t dfofs'df/L zdf{
cfˆgf k"j{jtL{n] sf/afxLsf nflu l;kmfl/;
u/]sf s'g} sDkgLnfO{ ;/sf/n] 5'g g;s]sf]
15

atfpFl5g\ . 7ux¿ sf/afxLaf6 aRg /
cg';GwfgnfO{ k|efljt ug{ cg]s k|k~r
/R5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf cg';Gwfg
clws[t xl/l;+x wfdL hlt 7"nf 7u plt w]/}
k};f / zlStsf] rnv]n x'g] u/]sf] atfpF5g\ .
bnfn dfnfdfn
g]kfndf rf/ Dofgkfj/ sDkgL ;Da4
cf7 hgf dfq j}wflgs Ph]G6 5g\, t/
ufpF–ufpFdf Dofgkfj/sf] Ph]G6 eg]/ dflg;
hDdf ug]{ bnfnx¿ ^) xhf/ xf/fxf/L
ePsf cWoogn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . k|jf;L g]kfnL
;dGjo ;ldltn] hgj/L @)!! b]lv dfr{
@)!@ sf] aLrdf ‰fkfdf u/]sf] cWoogaf6
lhNnfdf ;lqmo !)% Dofgkfj/dWo] !! j6f
dfq j}w ePsf], t/ ;a}n] bnfn kl/rfng
u/]sf] / bnfnx¿n] vf8L / dn]lzof hfg]
sfdbf/af6 ?=#–$ nfv c;'n]sf] e]l6Psf]
5 . ;ldltsf cWoIf dx]Gb| kf08] eG5g\,
æs]xL jif{cl3;Ddsf ef]sfgfËf bnfnx¿
clxn] zx/df 3/–;DklQsf dflns /
k|efjzfnL JolQm ePsf 5g\ .Æ
ljb]z hfg vf]Hg]x¿nfO{ bnfnn] k|foM
cj}wflgs af6f]af6 k7fpg] x'gfn] gSsnL
wGbf klg al9/x]sf] 5 . :6]zg/L k;n,
16
Dofgkfj/af6 7luPsf ‰ffkfsf
ljs]zs'df/ /fhj+zL .
sDKo'6/ OlGi6Ro'6, z}lIfs k/fdz{ ;+:yf,
tflnd s]Gb|, :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ;+:yf, dgL
r]Gh/ / Dofgkfj/ sDkgLx¿sf] ldn]dtf] x'g]
o:tf] wGbfdf pgLx¿ kf;kf]6{ / gful/stfb]lv
sfdbf/sf] dfukq, >d :jLs[lt, b"tfjf;sf]
n]6/Kof8, 5fk / x:tfIf/ lst] { u5{g\ .
?=% xhf/b]lv ?=@% xhf/df pknAw
x'g] gSsnL kf;kf]6{ Pdcf/kL cfPkl5 klg
/f]lsPsf] 5}g, t/ sfg"gsf] kmGbfdf kf;kf]6{
af]Sg]x¿ k5{g\ eg] 7ux¿ plDsG5g\ .
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
cgnfOgdfkm{t
3/]n' sfdbf/sf
nflu dfluPsf]
gSsnL
cfj]bg .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] ;g\ @)!! df
&^ dlxnf / #@ k'?ifnfO{ hfnL /fxbfgL
/ gSsnL le;f af]s]sf] cleof]udf d'2f
rnfPsf] 5 . uPsf] @( kmfu'gdf l;nu'9LsL
sfG5L tfdfª -bhL{_ 7f]lS;nf–( pbok'/sL
hfg'sf ;'j]bLsf] kf;kf]6{df / bfhL{lnªsL
lk+sL k|wfg wflbªsL ;'lgtf tfdfªsf]
kf;kf]6{df s'j]taf6 kmls{Psf lyP . lk+sLsf
cg';f/ pgLx¿ !& hgfnfO{ g]kfnL dlxnfsf]
kf;kf]6{df s'j]t nluPsf] lyof] . �

l6Kk0fL
k'?iff]Qd bfxfn
/fh;L ;kgf /
bnsf] dgf]lj1fg
; xdltsf] efiff af]Nbfaf]Nb} g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt k"j{/fhf
1fg]Gb|sf] kl/qmdf ug{ k'u]sf] 5 . /fhgLltsf dxfkl08t–
ljZn]ifsb]lv bnsf g]tf;Dd dl/;s]sf] 3f]8fsf] kL7df rfa's
a;f{O/x]sf 5g\ . @)#^ ;fnlt/ aLkL sf]O/fnf k~rfotsf
ljifodf eGg] ug'{x'GYof],
æd/]sf] 3f]8fdf rfa's nufpg'
;do / ljrf/ b'j}sf] aaf{bL xf] .Æ t/, clxn]sf g]tfx¿
d'n'ssf hNbfaNbf ;d:ofaf6 hgtfsf] Wofg x6fpg / cfˆgf]
c;kmntfdf kbf{ xfNg, dl/;s]sf] 3f]8fdfly rfa's a;f{pFb}5g\ Û
cleefjsTj / eo
uPsf] b'O{;ftf k"j{/fhf 1fg]Gb| b]zsf ;a}
;d:ofnfO{ kG5fP/ rrf{ / ax;sf] s]Gb|df
/xg ;kmn eP . u2LRo"t ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5
pgn] hgtfsf] cleefjs x'g] ;kgf b]v]5g\ .
nf]stGqdf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ;d'bfosf] ;b\efj
/ PstfnfO{ s'l07t gkf/L s'g} ljrf/ k|s6
ug{ tyf ;kgf b]Vg–;'gfpg kfOG5 . @)%)
;fndf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnn] klg
o:t} ;kgf b]v]sf lyP, t/ To;n] !% xhf/
gful/ssf] Hofg lnof], b'O{xhf/ eGbf a9LnfO{
ufoa u¥of], xhf/f} +nfO{ ckfË agfof] / b]zsf]
c/af} +sf] ;DklQ :jfxf kf¥of] . lj:yflkt /fhf
1fg]Gb| klg To:t} s'g} kl/jt{gsf] ;kgf b]lv/x]sf 5g\ .
1fg]Gb|nfO{ ;kgf gb]Vg k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd e§/fO{, ;Qf?9
bnsf cWoIf bfxfn;lxt k|ltkIfL sf+u| ]; / Pdfn]sf zLif{g]tf
;a}n] ;'ljwf vf]:g] r]tfjgL lbP . ;ft jif{df /fhgLlts
g]t[Tj slt sdhf]/ eO;s]5 Û k"j{/fhfn] af]Nb}df b]zdf
nf]stGq / u0ftGqsf] cj;fgsf] eo k}bf eP5 . k"j{/fhf
/ /fhfjfbL s;/L kl/jt{g lj?4 af]Ng] ;fx; ug{ k'u] < s]
;f9] b'O{bzs zf;g u/]/ Wj+; ePsf] ;fdGtL /fh;+:yfsf Ps
;b:o kl/jt{gsf] k|jfx ljsf; u/]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿ eGbf
zlQmzfnL ePsf x'g\ <
s]xL lbgcl3 Go"h @$ 6]lnlehgdf k"j{/fhf 1fg]Gb| !!
j}zfv @)^# sf] 3f]if0ffk"j{ /fh;+:yf /fVg]–g/fVg] ljifodf
s'g} 5nkmn / ;xdlt gePsf] ljifodf hf]8 lb+b} lyP . t/
pgn] s] a'‰]gg\ eg] ;a} ljifo ;xdlt / ;d‰bf/Lsf e/df
dfq rNg h?/L x'Fb}g
. cfh /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf w/fkdf
k/]sf] / hfltjfbL ax;n] g]kfnLnfO{ cfdg];fdg] pEofPsf] 5 .
g]kfn hftLo lje]b / ljefhgsf] lzsf/ ePsf], b]zsf] Pstf
/ ;fj{ef}d ;jf] {Rrtf lj?4 vt/f x'g;Sg] tyf ;dfh cfxt
dgl:yltdf k'u]sf] ljifodf 1fg]Gb|sf] rf;f] Pj+ lrGtf ;sf/fTds
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
bnx¿ cfkm\gf] csd{0otfaf6 aRg
k"j{/fhfsf ljrf/nfO{ cgfjZos
;]t' agfO/x]sf 5g\ .
5 . t/ o;nfO{ pkof]u u/]/ lgliqmo /fhfsf ¿kdf g]kfn /
g]kfnLsf] cleefjs x'g] rfxgf /fVg' cfkm} +df xf:of:kb x'g]5 .
;f+:s[lts /fhfsf kIfdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ / …a]aL lsªÚsf
ljifodf lul/hfk|;fbn] ax; rnfPsf j]nf 1fg]Gb|n] To;nfO{ ;xL
t/Lsfn] cg'ej u/]sf eP 1fg]Gb|–kf/;n] u2L 5f8\g'kg] { cj:yf
t cfpFYof] t/ /fh;+:yfn] labf x'g'kg] { lyPg . t}klg, pgn]
cfhsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g lj?4 s]xL 7f]; oyfy{tfsf cfwf/df
cf} +nf] 78\ofPsf 5g\ . pgnfO{ ufnL u/]/ jf ;'ljwf vf]:g]
wDsL lbP/ Tof] cf} +nf] efFlRrg] jf To;n] lbPsf
;+s]tx¿ ;fDo x'g] 5}gg\ . cfhsf] /fhgLlts
g]t[Tjn] k"j{/fhfsf] ;kgfdf cfˆgf] c;kmntfsf]
k|ltlaDj b]Vg' cfjZos 5 .
d's]z kf]v|
]n
;kgfsf] dlnnf] e"ld
;f+:s[lts cltqmd0f / hfltjfbL /fHosf] dfu
tyf ;d'bfoaLr k|ltzf]w, 3[0ff, lje]b / ljå]if
tLj| ePsf 5g\ . /fh;+:yf lj:yflkt eP
klg /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf s7d'NnfjfbL ;fdGtL
g]t[Tj if8\oGqd"ns 9+un] b]znfO{ cg]s v08df
ljeflht u/L :yfgLo /fhf x'g] pkqmddf 5g\ .
jiff} { +b]lvsf] ;kgfnfO{ lsgf/f nufpF5 eGg]
ljZjf;sf ;fy lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efn] rf/–rf/
jif{ hgtfnfO{ d"v{ agfpg] / /fli6«o 9's'6L l/Tofpg] afx]s
s]xL u/]g . b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'df ‰]Ng' k/]sf] sl7gfO{ /
;]jfu|fxLsf kL8f /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf nflu r'gf}tL ag]sf 5g\ .
cfly{s Jolerf/b]lv ck/fwj[lQ / b08xLgtfsf] kxf8 clUn+b}5 .
hgtfsf] dt kfPsf ;a}h;f] bndf wfFhf kl//x]sf] 5 . ljb]zL
rnv]n a9]sf] / g]kfnL /fhgLlts g]t[Tj dbf/Lsf] sfG5f] h:tf]
x'gk'u]sf] 5 . lxhf]sf lbgdf zfGt s"6gLltdf ljZjf; /fVg]
rLgb]lv dfgjclwsf/df ;Lldt klZrdf cfh leGg :jfy{sf]
8'Ëfdf r9]/ g]kfndf tfut / kx'Fr
lj:tf/ ug{ h'6]sf 5g\
eg] k/Dk/fb]lvsf] ldq ef/t cfˆgf] kx'FrnfO{
h/};Dd k'¥ofpg
;lqmo 5 .
hgtfsf ck]Iff / /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] k"j{ k|lta4tf ljk/Lt
ljsf; ePsf] o:t} cj:yfsf] cf8df k"j{/fhfn] cleefjsTjsf]
;kgf b]v]sf] x'g'k5{ . Tof] ;kgfnfO{ lgikmn agfpg g]t[Tjn]
/fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf, ;fj{ef}d ;jf] {Rrtf, hftLo lje]baf6
pGd'lQm, gful/s lje]bsf] cGTo, ;d'bfoaLr ;b\efj, /fhgLlts
ljZj;gLotf;lxt :yfloTj / ljsf;sf] ;kgf ;fsf/ kfg'{
cfjZos 5 . cGoyf >Lk]r u'dfPsf /fhfn] hgtfnfO{ ;kgf
;'gfP/ x}/fg kfg] { / e|ldt t'Nofpg] v]tL ug{ 5f8\g] 5}gg\ . �
17

ljZn]if0f lrlgofF /fhgLlt
rLg
g]t[Tjsf]
dxf;+u|fd
18
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
l; lhªlkª -%*_ kf]ln6Ao"/f]
:yfoL sld6Ldf 5}6f} + jl/otfsf
;Ln] lrlgofF /fHo;Qfsf tLg
j6} c+usf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf x'
lhGtfcf]nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug] {5g\ .
lrlgofF qmflGtsf klxnf] k':tfsf
g]tf l; ‰ff]ª;'gsf 5f]/f ePsf]n]
;Ln] lrlgofF /fhgLltdf …/fhs'df/Ú ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ .
l;GXjf ljZjljBfnoaf6 OlGhlgol/ªsf :gfts / …dfS;{jfbL
l;4fGt / j}rfl/s lzIffÚ df ljBfjfl/lw l; lhªlkªnfO{ ;f+3fO{
u'6sf] ;xfg'e"lt 5 . l;n] ;g\ !(&^ kl5sf] /fhgLlts hLjgdf
clwsf+z ;do km'lhofg, ‰f]lhofª / ;f+3fO{ h:tf ;d[4 t6Lo
k|fGtdf sfd u/] . logsf a'af l; ‰ff]ª;'g ;f+:s[lts qmflGttfsf
k|ltqmflGtsf/Lsf] cf/f]kdf h]n rnfg x'g'cl3;Dd pkk|wfgdGqL
lyP . kl5 b]ªåf/f u'cfª 8f]ª k|fGtsf ueg{/ lgo'Qm ePsf
pgL …;]gh]g ljz]if cfly{s If]qÚsf] Ps k|d'v kl/sNkgfsf/ /
ltofgfGd]g 36gfsf k|v/ cfnf]rs lyP .
+
+
+
o'jf lnu, l;Gx\jf, ;f+3fO{ /
/fhs'df/– d"ntM rf/ j6f
k|efjzfnL u'6df ljeQm lrlgofF
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] cfufdL !*
nL s]Rofª -%^_ /fi6«klt x'
lhGtfcf]sf] ;dy{g /x]sf] dflgPsf
kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6Ldf ;ftf}
jl/otfsf ln, kk'ln:6 ;d"xsf]
cu'jf dflgG5g\ . sDo'lg:6
o'jf lnusf] g]t[Tjaf6 p7]sf
cf} dxflwj]zgdf o'jf lnu–
l;Gx\jf tyf ;f+3fO{–/fhs'df/
logL l;lkl; zf;gsf] Oltxf;d}
;aeGbf sd pd]/df ueg{/ ePsf
lyP, x]gfg k|fGtsf] . x]gfgsf] sfo{sfn c;kmn eP klg x'
u'6af6 ag]sf] dxfu'6sf] zlQm
;Gt'ngdfkm{t g]t[Tjsf]
rog x'g uO/x]sf] 5 .
lhGtfcf]sf] cfzLjf{b / o'jf lnu u'6sf] ;dy{gsf sf/0f pgn]
lnofcf]lgª k|fGtsf kf6L{ ;lrjdf kbf]Gglt kfPsf lyP . gDa/
Ps aGg] bf}8df kf6L{ e]6«fg / ;De|fGt ju{sf] c;xof]u a]xf]/]sf
logL cfkm\g} k'/fgf c;kmntfsf sf/0f b'O{ gDa/df a:g afWo
5g\ . /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd :jfefljs af6f]df cl3 a9]df jt{dfg
sfo{sf/L pkk|wfgdGqL tyf hgsf+u|]; pkk|d'v ln, lk|ldo/
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn
-k|wfgdGqL_ aGg]5g\ .
ljZj /fhgLltdf ;g\ @)!@ dxfzlQm /fi6«x¿sf] g]t[Tj 5gf]6sf]
jif{ /Xof] . ¿; / k|mfG;n] g]t[Tj rog ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg]
;dflji6 eP/ ;xh ;d[l4tkm{ nDsg]nufotsf ljsNkx¿ 5g\ .
rLgn] oLdWo] h'g;'s} af6f] ckgfP klg To;df ljZj /fhgLlt,
@@ gf]e]Da/df x'g] cd]l/sL /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg tyf cS6f]a/df dxfzlQm /fi6«x¿sf] rnv]n / cfGtl/s /fhgLltsf] k|d'v e"ldsf
x'g] lrlgofF sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -l;lkl;_ sf] !*cf} dxflwj]zgn] oL b'O{ /xg]5 .
b]zsf] g]t[Tjdf s;nfO{ NofpF5g\ x]g{ afFsL 5, h;df pbf/jfbLx¿ dfcf]T;]t'ªkl5 rLgnfO{ cfly{s ;'wf/sf] af6f]df lx+8fpg] b]ª
;Qfdf cfP ljZj /fhgLltn] ;xsfo{sf] af6f] ;dfpg]5 eg] :ofcf]lkª -cu:t !()$–km]a'|c/L
!((&_ s} of]hgf cg';f/ cfpg
s§/kGyLx¿ cfP k|lt:kwf{ tLj| x'g]5 .
nfu]sf] gofF g]t[Tjn] rLgsf] cfly{s–/fhgLlts pbonfO{ lg/Gt/tf
cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf a]Olhªsf] a9\bf] dxŒjsf ;fy} Plzof lbg] dfq x}g, a9\bf] cfGtl/s :jfy{ ;d"xx¿sf] 6s/fj, s]Gb|b]lv
/ vf; u/]/ 5/l5d]sdf lrlgofF rf;f]n] l;lkl;sf] dxflwj]zg :yfgLo tx;Dd v's'ln+bf] kf6L{ lgoGq0f, hg:t/df a9\bf] lj/f]wsf] klg
pT;'stfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . lrlgofF /fHo;Qf ;~rfns bnsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]
{5 . ltAat / tfOjfg h:tf /fli6«o Pstf cleofgsf
dxfe]nfn] of] k6s qmflGtsf] cg'ej ePsf] t];|f] / rf}yf] k':tfaf6 k'/fgf 3fp cf]efO;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] l;lGhofªsf] :jfoQtfsf] dfu
To:tf] cg'ej gePsf] kfFrf}+ k':tfdf b]zsf] g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f / ljv08g ultljlw, ;fpy rfOgf ;Ldf l5d]sLx¿;Fusf] ljjfb /
ub} {5 . jt{dfg ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] cfly{s / ;}Go dxfzlQm tyf klZrdfx¿;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{n] 3]/faGbLsf] ¿k lnO/x]sf] 5 .
s"6gLlts If]qdf klg ;kmn /fi6« rLgdf cfpg] gofF g]t[Tjsf cufl8
!*–!(cf}+ ztfAbLsf] o'/f]k h:tf] cnuynu x'g], zLto'4sfnsf] ;+qmd0f / zlQm ;+3if{
h:tf] e"/fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{df plqg] jf ljBdfg ljZj Joj:yfdf l;lkl;sf] g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0fsf] zlQm ;+3if{ a'´g lrlgofF sDo'lg:6

!*cf} + dxflwj]zgsf] ;DefJo kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6L
jfª rL ;fg -^$_ a]Olhªdf …;+s6df]rsÚ sf ¿kdf kl/lrt kf]ln6Ao"/f] ;b:o jfª xfn pkk|wfgdGqLsf] ¿kdf
ljQLo If]q x]5{g\ . rfOgf sG:6«S;g Aof+ssf cWoIf, lkk'N; Aof+s ckm rfOgfsf 8]k'6L ueg{/ nufotsf kb
;Dxfn]sf jfªn] ;g\ @))# sf] dxfdf/Ltfsf a]Olhªsf] d]o/sf] lhDd]jf/L klg kfPsf lyP . ToxL sfo{sfndf pgn]
a]Olhª cf]nlDkssf] ;kmntfsf] >]o kfP . k"j{ pkk|wfgdGqL ofcf] Olngsf HjfO{ + jfª k"j{ k|wfgdGqL ‰f' /f]ª‰fLsf
lgs6:y dflgG5g\ . ;kmn …6«\ofs /]s8{Ú sf sf/0f k|wfgdGqLsf] bfj]bf/ dflgP klg pd]/ xbsf sf/0f Ps
sfo{sfn dfq sfd ug{ kfpg] ePsfn] jfª hgs+u|];sf cWoIf aGg] ;+efjgf 5 .
lnp ofª8f]ª -^&_
pd]/sf] xb nfu]g eg]
kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6Ldf
cfpg] klxnf] dlxnf
aGg]l5g\, lnp . PsLs[t
df]rf{sf] lgb] {zs /lx;s]sL
lnpn] l;l;jfO{Pnaf6
/fhgLlts hLjg z'? u/]sL x'g\ . k"j{ s[lif ;xfos dGqL
lnp ?Onf]ªsL 5f]/L lnp, /fi6«klt x'sL lgs6:y /
l;l;jfO{Pn–kk'ln:6 u'6sL x:tL dflglG5g\ .
jfª ofª
-%&_ ;fFlRrs}
;j{xf/fju{af6
p7]/ kf6L{sf]
pRrtd txdf
k'u]sf ;'wf/jfbL
g]tf x'g\, jfª .
sfo{sf/L pkk|wfgdGqLsf] kb kfpg] ;+efjgf
af]s]sf jfª l;l;jfO{Pn–kk'ln:6 u'6nfO{
k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ .
o" ‰f]ª;]ª -^&_ ;f+3fO{–;De|fGt u'6sf
kf]ln6Ao"/f] ;b:o o"n] kf6L{ :s"n cWoIf
kfpg] ;+efjgf 5 . t/ logsf] klg
pd]/ xb ;d:of aGg ;S5 .
ln o"Grfcf] -^@_ l;l;jfO{Pn–kk'ln:6
u'6sf nL n] s]Gb|Lo cg'zf;g
cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L kfpg] ;+efjgf 5 .
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
lnp o'G;fg -^%_ kf]ln6Ao"/f]
;b:o lnp l;l;jfO{Pn–kk'ln:6
u'6sf x'g\ . logL xfn k|rf/
ljefu x]5{g\ .
‰ffª ufp–nL
-^^_ s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/åf/f ;f]‰f}
;~rflnt rf/
gu/kflnsfdWo]
Ps ltoflGhgsf
k|d'vsf
?kdf sfo{/t ‰ffª cy{zf:qL x'g\ . ;f+3fO{
;De|fGt u'6sf kf]ln6Ao"/f] ;b:o /x]sf ‰ffª
lhcfldg ljZjljBfnosf pTkfbg x'g\ .
+ +
+
{
{
{
+
kf6L{sf] Oltxf; s]nfpg'k5{ . kf6L{n] /fHo;Qf sAhf ug'{ Ps ;+3if{s} kl/0ffd lyP, h;df pgn] hgd'lQm ;]gfnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s
bzs cufl8 ;g\ !(#* sf] 5}6f} s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] 5}6f} Kn]gddf kl/rflnt u/] . kl5 ToxL ;]gfsf] ;xof]udf dfcf]sL >LdtL ljofª
cWoIf dfcf]n] Rofª sfO{;]ssf] sf]ldGtfª ;/sf/;Fu …Pstf / lsª g]t[Tjsf] s§/kGyL u'6 …Uofª ckm kmf]/Ú nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ u/]/
;+3if{sf]Ú gLlt lnPsf lyP eg] csf{ g]tf jfª ldªn] …lgs6tfÚsf] . b]ª zlQm ;+3if{df ljhoL eP .
To;df dfcf]sf] ljho;Fu} jfªsf] cj;fg eof] . l;lkl;df lhTg]nfO{ l;lkl;df g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0fsf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf nfu" u/]sf b]ªn]
xl:tgfk'/sf] /hfO{ / xfg] {nfO{ rk/Ld'lgsf] af;df k'¥ofpg] k|j[lQsf] klg cfˆgf k|yd pQ/flwsf/L x' ofcf]jfªnfO{ …klZrdf lgs6 /
;'?cft ToxL+af6 ePsf] lyof] .
j}rfl/s ¿kdf ktLtÚ ePsf] cf/f]kdf ;g\ !(*& df kbRo"t u/] .
dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] ;g\ !($( sf] ;QfsAhf / To;kl5sf] To;sf] b'O{ jif{kl5 x'sf] d[To' x'Fbf
>4f~hnL lbg ltofgfGd]g rf]sdf
zlQm ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] qmddf l;lkl;sf] cfGtl/s ;+3if{sf s'/f aflx/ ePsf] e]nfn] g[z+; bdg v]Kg' k¥of] / of] 36gf;Fu} b]ªsf csf{
cfPgg\ . To;sf] b'O{ bzskl5 !(^( df dfcf]n] cfˆgf k|yd pQ/flwsf/L ‰fcf] lhofªsf] klg /fhgLlts hLjg ;dfKt eof] .
pQ/flwsf/L n'O{ ;fcf]rLnfO{ kbRo"t u/], h;sf] d[To' h]nd} eof] . cGt/;+3if{sf aLr cGttM b]ªn] ;Qf x:tfGt/0f u/]sf lhofª hldgn]
!(&! df /x:odoL ljdfg b'3{6gfdf dfl/Psf bf];|f pQ/flwsf/L !# jif] sfo{sfn k"/f u/]kl5 b]ªs} of]hgfd'tfljs z'¿ ePsf] x'
lng ljcfcf]nfO{ d[To'ko{Gt u2f/ 3f]lift ul/of] eg] t];|f pQ/flwsf/L lhGtfcf] g]t[Tjsf] !) jif] sfo{sfn cfufdL cS6f]a/df k"/f x'Fb}5
.
x'cf uf]km]ªn] klg To:t} lgolt ef]Ug'k¥of] . ;g\ !(^( / !(&^ df cfw'lgs rLgsf lktf dflgPsf b]ªn] pbf/Ls/0f / k'glg{df{0f;Fu}
dfcf]n] g} b]ª :ofcf]lkªsf] kf6L{ /fhgLlt ;dfKt kfg] k|of; u/] . lrlgofF ;Qfdf l;lkl;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf lglDt s]xL clnlvt ljlwljwfg
dfcf]sf] …u| ]6 lnk km/jf8{Ú / …;f+:s[lts qmflGtÚ klg cfGtl/s zlQm tof/ kf/]sf lyP, h;cg';f/ !^cf} dxflwj]zgdf lhofª hldgaf6
19

x'df zflGtk"0f{ tj/n] g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f eof] / x'eGbf jl/i7 g]tfx¿
;xh ¿kdf cjsfzdf uP . dfcf]sf] kfnfdf :yflkt cfhLjg
/fi6«k|d'v kf6L{sf] klg k|d'v /xg] rngn] g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0fdf ;+s6
ef]u]sf b]ªn] !(*@ df kf6L{ / /fHosf clwsf/Lx¿sf] kbf]Ggltdf
cg'ej / of]Uotf;Fu} kbfjlw tyf pd]/ xb lgwf{/0f u/]sf lyP,
h; cg';f/ /fi6«klt, hgsf+u|]; cWoIf / /fHokl/ifb\ cWoIfsf]
kbaxfnLsf] pd]/ ^% jif{ / sfo{sfn b'O{ j6f tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
b]ª :jod\ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf kf6L{ k|d'vsf] kb Tofu] klg ljleGg
x}l;otdf !$cf} + dxflwj]zg -cS6f]a/ !((@_ ;Dd zlQmsf] s]Gb|df
/lx/x] . pgsf rf/ pQ/flwsf/L x'jf uf]km]ª, x' ofcf]jfª, ‰fcf]
lhofª / lhofª hldgn] b]ªs} 5fofFdf kf6L{ cWoIf / dxf;lrj
rnfP . b'O{ sfo{sfn k"/f u/]/ x' lhGtfcf]nfO{ pQ/flwsf/ ;'Dk]sf
lhofªn] !(($ df cfˆgf] zlQm ;'b[9 u/]kl5 rLgdf b]ªsf] k|efj
;lsPsf] lyof] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k !((& sf] !%cf} + dxflwj]zgdf
lhofªn] pd]/ xbsf] / ln k]ªn] kf]ln6Ao"/f] :yfoL sld6Ldf
tyf ltofg o'cfg / ln 6fOO{ªn] kf]ln6Ao"/f]df t];|f] sfo{sfnsf]
5'6 kfP . !^cf} + dxflwj]zgdf dxf;lrj x' lhGtfcf], hgsf+u| ];
cWoIf j' aªufcf] / j]g lhcfafcf]n] klg o:t} 5'6 kfP . t/,
kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]t[Tjsf] x:tfGt/0fdf u'6x¿sf] df]ndf]nfO /
zlQm ;Gt'ngn] v]Ng yfn]sfn] /, b]ªs} lgod qmdzM ;+:yfut
x'g] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 .
kf6L{–;/sf/ g]t[Tj
kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6L, /fHosf s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo lgsfo
tyf ;]gf / s]Gb|Lo ;}Go cfof]udf ^% jif{sf] pd]/ xb nfu"
5 . oBlk, kf6L{ k|d'vsf] x}l;otaf6 cf}krfl/s labf lnPsf]
Ps bzskl5;Dd b]ªn] kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6L / s]Gb|Lo ;}Go
cfof]usf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ cfkm";Fu} /fv]h:t} !^cf} + dxflwj]zgkl5 lhofª
hldgn] ;}Go cfof]u cWoIf 5f8]gg\, kf6L{ dxf;lrj / /fi6«kltdf
x' lhGtfcf] cfpFbf;Dd klg . t/, !*cf} + dxflwj]zgkl5 /fi6«klt
x'n] eg] To:tf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ g/fVg] jf yf]/} cjlwsf nflu /fVg]
cg'dfg ul/+b}5 .
rLgdf kf6L{ / ;/sf/k|d'v cnu JolQm /xFbf k|z:t zlQm
;+3if{x¿ eP . rf}wf}+ dxflwj]zgkl5 lhofª hldgn] kf6L{ /
;/sf/df zlQm ;'b[9 ub}{ dxf;lrj / /fi6«klt rnfP . pgsf]
;dodf kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6Lsf ln k]ª, Rofcf] ;L / ln
?Ox'cfg qmdzM k|wfgdGqL, /fli6«o hgsf+u|]; cWoIf / /fli6«o
hg;Nnfxsf/ ;Dd]ngsf cWoIf lgo'lQm ePkl5 kf6L{–;/sf/ b"/L
;lsof] . clwsf+z k|fGt, :jzfl;t If]q / gu/kflnsfdf klg of]
lgod nfu" eof] . ;Qfdf ^ bzssf] cg'ej / kf7sf cfwf/df
l;lkl;n] a;fn]sf o:tf cf}krfl/s–cgf}krfl/s ljlwljwfgn] !*cf} +
dxflwj]zgnfO{ lgb] {lzt ug] {5g\ .
l;lkl;sf] g]t[Tjdf rf}yf] k':tfsf x' lhGtfcf] cfPkl5 zlQm
;Gt'ngsf] kl/kf6L ;+:yfut ePsf] 5 . kf6L{df bf];|f] jl/otfsf
j' aªufcf] /fli6«o hgsf+u| ];sf cWoIf eP eg] o'jf lnu u'6sf
jfª ‰fcf]u' pkfWoIf . kf6L{ ;+u7g ljefusf k|d'v ;f+3fO{ ;d"x
/ /fhs'df/ u'6sf l; lhªlkªnfO{ sDo'lgi6 o'jf lnu u'6sf
ln o'rfcf]n] ;Gt'lnt u/]sf 5g\ . kf6L{sf k|d'v lgsfox¿df b'O{
u'6n] Ps–Ps JolQmsf] cfwf/df zlQm ;Gt'ng u/]sf 5g\ . g]t[Tj
x:tfGt/0f a'´g o;sf tLg k|d'v kIf l;lkl;, hgd'lQm ;]gf /
/fHokl/ifb\ -;/sf/_ sf] g]t[Tjsf] >]0fL ljefhg / x:tfGt/0f k|lqmof
a'´g'k5{ . lsgeg], l;lkl;sf] g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f eg]sf] ;/sf/, ;]gf
nufot /fHoJoj:yfsf ;a} kIfsf] g]t[Tj km]/abn xf] .
20
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
s]Gb|Lo sld6L

j}slNks
jt{dfg kf]ln6Ao"/f]
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
leq / kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6L leq
rf]ªlsªsf k|d'v af] l;nfO{ sf/afxLdf k/]kl5 kf]ln6Ao"/f]df Ps :yfg vfnL 5 .
%–% jif{df x'g] dxflwj]zgdf ‰f08} @%)) sfo{stf{sf aLraf6 @)$ hgf k"0f{
/ !^& j}slNks ;b:o;lxtsf] s]Gb|Lo sld6L, @% ;b:oLo kf]ln6Ao"/f] /
To;leq gf} hgfsf] kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6L rog x'G5 .
n]lggjfbL ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t l;lkl;sf] k|To]s kfFr
jif{df x'g] dxflwj]zgdf ljleGg txaf6 cfpg] -of] jif{ @$))–@%))_
sfo{stf{sf aLraf6 @)$ hgf k"0f{ / !^& j}slNks ;b:o;lxtsf]
s]Gb|Lo sld6L, @% ;b:oLo kf]ln6Ao"/f] / To;leq gf} hgfsf]
kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6L rog x'G5 . of] k|lqmofdf kf6L{sf jl/i7
g]tf, zlQm s]Gb| / u'6x¿aLrsf] …afu]{lgªÚ n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]N5 . kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6L, ;/sf/ / ;]gfeGbf dflysf] lgsfo
xf] . /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] gLlt s]Gb|Lo sld6Ln] agfpF5, t/
kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6L zlQmsf c;nL s]Gb| x'g\ .
l;lkl; g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0fsf cf}krfl/s–cgf}krfl/s ljlw cg';f/
o; jif{ kf]ln6Ao"/f] :yfoL sld6Laf6 l; lhªlkª / ln s]Rofªafx]s
x' lhGtfcf] / j]g lhcfafcf];lxt ;ft hgf aflxl/+b} 5g\ . kl/l:yltdf
gf6sLo ptf/r9fj cfPg eg] clxn]sf] kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6Ldf
5}6f}+ jl/otfsf l; lhªlkª kf6L{ dxf;lrj, /fi6«klt / ;}Go
cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;ftf} + jl/otfsf ln s]Rofª lk|ldo/ -k|wfgdGqL_
x'g]5g\ . pQ/flwsf/ k|flKtsf] nfOgdf cfPsf l; clxn] kf6L{
;+u7g ljefu k|d'v, pk/fi6«klt / kf6L{ :s"n ljefusf lk|lG;kn
klg x'g\ . lrlgofF hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] …sdf08 P08 sG6«f]nÚ s]Gb|Lo
sld6Låf/f lgjf{lrt !! ;b:oLo s]Gb|Lo ;}Go cfof]usf] xftdf 5,
h;df /Iff dGqfnon] ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]N5 . /fHokl/ifb\ elgg]
lrlgofF /fHo;Qfsf] t];|f] kIf ;/sf/sf] k|wfgdGqLdf ln s]RofªnfO{
sfo{sf/L pkk|wfgdGqL agfP/ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . gf} ;b:oLo
:yfoL sldl6sf vfnL ;ft ;L6sf nflu cf7 hgf k|lt:kwf{df 5g\ .
/fi6«klt x'n] cfˆgf pQ/flwsf/L l; lhªlkªnfO{ @))* sf]
kf6L{ Kn]gdaf6 ;}Go cfof]usf] pkfWoIfdf lgo'lQm ug]{ ck]Iff
ul/Psf]df To;f] gx'Fbf
x'n] klg b]ª / lhofªn] h:t} cjsfzkl5
;]gfdf k|efj sfod /flv/fVg rfx]sf] / l;l;jfO{Pn -rfOgf
sDo'lgi6 o'y lnu_ u'6sf cfˆgf lgs6:y nL s]RofªnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . t/, @))( df ljgf s'g} ljjfb
;}Go cfof]u pkfWoIfdf lgo'Qm ePkl5 l; …sdf08/ Og rLkmÚ /
;}Go cfof]usf] cWoIf aGg] lglZrt eof] . ;}Go cfof]udf x'afx]s
l; dfq u}/;}lgs clwsf/L x'g\, h;n] kbef/ u|x0f u/]kl5 dfq
;]gfdf cfˆgf] lgoGq0f alnof] agfpg'kg] {5 . cfufdL /fi6«klt l;n]
hgd'lQm ;]gfdf klZrdfk|lt cg'bf/ dflgg] hg/n n'O{ o'cfsfnfO{
pkfWoIf agfpg] cfsng 5 .
:yfoL sld6Lsf] ;ft l;6sf Ps k|efjzfnL k|lt:kwL{ af]
l;nfO{sf] s]xL dxLgf cufl8 Pp6f xTofsf08df d'l5P/ /fhgLlts
ktg ePsf] 5 . rf]ªlsª k|fGtsf kf6L{ k|d'v /x]sf af] e|i6frf/
lj/f]wL cleofg / gjdfcf]jfbL /fHos]lGb|t cfly{s df]8]nsf
nflu rlr{t lyP . kf]ln6Ao"/f]–:yfoL sld6Lsf nflu kf6L{leqsf]
ckf/blz{tfaLr u'6, pku'6 / :jfy{ ;d"xx¿sf] rsf]{ rnv]n
rln/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . g]t[Tjdf cfpg zlQms]Gb|x¿aLr rsf{]
afu]{lgª x'g] eP klg cfˆgf] ?‰fgaf/] sf]xL gv'Ng] ePsfn]
7Dofpg ;lhnf] 5}g .
21

Ps kf6L{ b'O{ dxfu'6
cfˆgf pQ/flwsf/Ln] k|ltåGåLsf] ¿k lng
yfn]kl5 dfcf] / b]ªn] rf/–rf/ ;d"xnfO{
;vfk kf/] klg l;lkl;sf] g]t[Tj t];|f]–rf}yf]
k':tfdf cfOk'Ubf u'6aGbL ;+:yfut ePsf] 5
eg] cGt/;+3if{ …zlQm ;Gt'ngÚ sf] v]ndf
kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . b]ªn] cfkm" k5fl8 cnu
cfwf/, k|j[lQ / Ifdtfsf b'O{ k':tfsf] g]t[Tjsf]
pQ/flwsf/nfO{ of]hgfj4 9+un] cufl8 a9fPsf
lyP . o;/L cfPsf lhofª hldgnfO{ ;d[4
t6Lo If]q / /fhs'df/ eg]/ lrlgg] k"j{ kf6L{
g]tfx¿sf ;Gtfgsf] ;dy{g lyof] eg] jt{dfg
/fi6«klt x'nfO{ kf6L{ ;+u7g, leqL k|fGt /
k|rf/ ljefusf] .
lhofª hldgsf] sfo{sfndf ;f+3fO{df
sfo{/t tyf k"j{ g]tfsf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ g]t[Tjsf]
s]Gb|df Nofpg] pgsf] cleofgn] …;f+3fO{
u'6Ú hGdfof] eg] o'y lnudf sfo{/tx¿sf]
…l;l;jfO{Pn u'6Ú aGg k'Uof] . kf6L{ Oltxf;df
22
b'O{ dxfu'6sf] d'Vo
;}4flGts cGt/ cfly{s
ljsf;sf] df]8n / s'g
ef}uf]lns If]qdf a9L
nufgL ug] { eGg]df 5 .
kk'ln:6x¿ cfly{s–
;fdflhs–/fhgLlts
;'wf/ / v'nfkgsf] kIfdf
5g\ eg] ;De|fGtx¿
alnof] /fHo, /fHo
lgolGqt cy{tGq /
gjdfcf]jfbL j}rfl/s
wf/sf] .
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
dxfu'6df kl/0ft x'Fb}5g\ . o'jf lnu / l;GXjf
;d"xaf6 kk'ln:6 -;'wf/jfbL_ dxfu'6 aGb}5,
h;nfO{ pbLodfg dWodjuL{o pBdL, leqL k|fGt
/ ;f+u7lgs k|zf;gdf /x]sfx¿sf] ;dy{g 5 . ptf
;f+3fO{ / /fhs'df/ u'6 PsLs[t x'Fb}
;De|fGtx¿sf]
dxfu'6 ag]sf] 5, h;nfO{ /fHo lgolGqt Jofkfl/s
k|lti7fg / ljQLo If]qdf sfd ug] {x¿sf] ;dy{g
5 . o;/L Ps kf6L{ b'O{ dxfu'6df kl/0ft eO/x]sf]
l;lkl;nfO{ b'O{ dxfu'6sf] zlQm ;Gt'ng / g]t[Tj
x:tfGt/0fn] k'gtf{huL / l:y/tf k|bfg ub} { So'jf
jf pQ/sf]l/ofsf] h:tf] hxflgofF kf6L{ x'gaf6
hf]ufPsf] 5 .
cd]l/sfsf] jfl;Ë6gl:yt a| 'lsª\; OlGi6Ro'6df
rLgsf] cGt/kf6L{ ;+3if{ / g]t[Tj dfldnfsf lj1
r]ª nL cfufdL g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0fn] rLgdf tLg j6f
…kfj/ l;ˆ6Ú lgDTofpg] ljZn]if0f u5{g\— sdhf]/
g]tf–alnof] dxfu'6, sdhf]/ ;/sf/–alnof] :jfy{
;d"x / sdhf]/ kf6L{–alnof] d'n'ssf] . kf6L{sf]
zf;gdfly r'gf}tL ylkO/x]sf] ;+s]t ug] { of] kl/jt{g
klxnf] k6s zflGtk"0f{ ;Qf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] !^cf} + dxflwj]zgdf cln ljjflbt 5 . oL afx]s c¿ 7"nf …kfj/ l;ˆ6Ú klg ;xh}
log} u'6x¿sf] zlQm–;Gt'ngaf6 ;fd"lxs g]t[Tjsf] cEof; cufl8 b[li6uf]r/ x'G5g\— kf6L{sf] j}wflgstfsf] ;+s6 6fg{ kl/rflnt
a9]sf] lyof] . !*cf}+ dxflwj]zgsf] ;F3f/df klg o'y lnu u'6 /fi6«jfbL gf/f / hf/L cfly{s j[l4n] ;fdflhs c;Gt'li6 y]Ug g;Sg]
;jf{lws k|efjzfnL 5 . ;+VofTds lx;fan] l;lkl;leqsf] ;a}eGbf u/L a9]sf] k|bz{g tyf lj/f]wsf :j/x¿ . o:tf] …kfj/ l;ˆ6Ú;Fu
7"nf] / ;+ul7t of] u'6 kf6L{ ;+u7g, :yfgLo tyf k|fGtLo lgsfo hf]l8Psf] cfufdL g]t[Tjn] lng] gLltsf] cfsng b'O{ dxfu'6sf]
/ leqL e"efux¿df k|efjzfnL 5 . o;sf g]tfx¿ k|rf/, ;+u7g j}rfl/s cGt/ / ;dfgtf s]nfP/ dfq ;Dej 5 .
/ k|zf;gdf dflx/ 5g\ . /fi6«klt x' / cfufdL k|wfgdGqL ln b'O{ dxfu'6sf] d'Vo ;}4flGts cGt/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] df]8n
s]Rofª oxL ;d"xsf g]tf x'g\ .
/ s'g ef}uf]lns If]qdf a9L nufgL ug] { eGg]df 5 . kk'ln:6x¿
csf] { 5, /fhs'df/x¿sf] ax'rlr{t u'6 h;df l;lkl;sf] klxnf] cfly{s–;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ;'wf/ / v'nfkgsf] kIfdf 5g\ eg]
k':tfsf g]tfsf ;Gtfgx¿ k5{g\ . ;f]leot ;+3df h:tf] s'g} ;De|fGtx¿ alnof] /fHo, /fHo lgolGqt cy{tGq / gjdfcf]jfbL
uf]ef{r]e hGd]/ l;lkl;sf] ;Qf 8'afpg] ;Defjgf /f]Sg rflnPsf] j}rfl/s wf/sf] . kk'ln:6x¿ cfly{s ;d[l4 ePsf 7"nf zx/,
of]hgfj4 cleofgcGtu{t kf6L{df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg ePsf k'/fgf t6Lo If]q / clt sd ljsl;t leqL k|fGtaLr ;Gt'ng rfxG5g\
g]tfsf ;Gtltx¿ clxn] bf];|f] alnof] u'6sf ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf eg] ;De|fGtx¿ cfly{s j[l4sf nflu t6Lo If]qdf nufgL a9fpg .
5g\ . kb, k|lti7f / cfly{s nfesf :jfy{x¿n] of] ;d"xnfO{ ;+ul7t /fhgLlts kf/blz{tf;Fu} kf6L{, ;/sf/ / ;]gfsf] ;+:yfut ;DaGwdf
x'g eg] lbPsf] 5}g . t6Lo zx/, ljz]if cfly{s / ljQLo If]qsf hf]8 lbg] kk'ln:6x¿ ;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs ;lxi0f'tf / ;dfgtfsf
;De|fGtx¿df of] u'6sf] a9L ks8 5 .
kIfkftL 5g\ eg] ;De|fGtx¿ cfly{s pGgltdf a9L s]lGb|t .
t6Lo, ljz]if cfly{s / ljQLo If]qdf x's] {sf] csf] { zlQmzfnL cfly{s df]8nsf ;Gbe{df ;De|fGtx¿ /fHo lgolGqt sDkgLnfO{
;d"x klg 5— ;f+3fO{ u'6 . xfnsf] :yfoL sld6Ldf of] u'6sf] k|f]T;fxg ug{ rfxG5g\ eg] kk'ln:6x¿ cfd pBdLx¿nfO{ psf:g .
ax'dt 5 . t/, lhofªsf] sfo{sfnsf] cGTo / ;f+3fO{sf x:tL k//fi6«gLltsf] ;Gbe{df kk'ln:6x¿ klZrdL d'n's;Fu ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw
dflgPsf k"j{ kf6L{ ;lrj r]g lnofgo'nufotsf g]tfx¿ e|i6frf/df / ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿k|lt pbf/ ;xof]usf] efjgf /fV5g\ eg]
d'l5Pkl5 of] u'6 qmdzM cnf]slk|o / sdhf]/ aGb}5 . ;De|fGtx¿ klZrdf /fi6«x¿ ljz]iftM cd]l/sf;Fu a9L k|lt:kwf{Tds
l;GXjfnufotsf ;d"xx¿ klg u'6sf] /fhgLlts b[Zodf 5g\ . ?‰fg /fV5g\ eg] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿k|lt kf/:kl/s kmfObfsf]
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsfnb]lv g} cfly{s–/fhgLlts ;'wf/ / v'nfkgsf] ;DaGwdf hf]8 lbG5g\ .
s]Gb| /x]sf] l;GXjf ljZjljBfnodf k9]sf g]tfx¿sf] l;GXjf u'6 sd oL b'O{ dxfu'6aLr /fHo;Qfdf l;lkl;sf] ;jf] {Rrtf / lg/Gt/tf,
;+ul7t / a9L cgf}krfl/s 5 . ;'wf/jfb / v'nfkgdf ljZjf; ug] { ljZj Joj:yfdf lrlgofF >]i7tf / pRr k|lti7f tyf cGt/f{li6«o
xfnsf k|wfgdGqL j]g lhcfafcf] k|d'v g]tf /x]sf k|fljlws lzIff cfly{s Joj:yfdf rLgsf] pRr :yfgsf ljifodf eg] ;dfg wf/0ff
k|fKt / k]zfut bIftf ePsf 6]Sgf]qm\of6x¿sf] ;d"x klg cGo 5 . km/s Jofj;flos k[i7e"ld / cnu gLltsf] ;dGjon] Ps
u'6df ljnLg x'Fb}5
. ljb]zdf k9]kl5 kms] {/ kf6L{df sfd ug] {x¿sf] lsl;dsf] ;Gt'ng NofPsfn] b'j} kIfsf g]tfx¿ Pscsf{sf] kl/k"/s
;d"x klg 5, hf] Tolt k|efjzfnL 5}g . cfly{s pGglt;Fu} hGd]sf e"ldsfdf b]lvG5g\ . zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] of] l:yltdf b'j} u'6 Ps
dWodju{sf] ljleGg :jfy{ ;d"xx¿ eg] qmdzM alnof] aGb} uPsf csf] {nfO{ ;dfKt kfg] { ;fdYo{ /fVb}gg\ . Psn] csf{nfO{ ;dfKt kfg] {
5g\ . /fHo lgolGqt pmhf{ sDkgLsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sfx¿sf] of] ;d"xn] txsf] zlQm ;+3if{df nfUbf rLgdf l;lkl;sf] zf;g g} vt/fdf
gjdfcf]jfbsf] cEof;sf nflu bafa l;h{gf ub} {5 .
kg] { dx;"; pgLx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . �
l;lkl;df Psflt/ ;–;fgf u'6 / :jfy{ ;d"xx¿ tLj| | ¿kdf -cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLltsf zf]wstf{ kf}8\ofn xfn h]g]efl:yt Ps
hf]l8+b}5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ 7"nf u'6x¿ qmdzM w|'jLs[t x'Fb} b'O{ lyÍ6\ofÍdf sfo{/t 5g\ ._

l/kf]6{ hftLo kf6L{
kmnfdsf]
lrp/f
cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cnUu} kf6L{ vf]Ng]
s;/t t ePsf] 5, t/ o:tf /fhgLlts
;d"xnfO{ g]kfnL dtbftfn] gkTofPsf]
ljut r'gfjx¿sf] cg'ej 5 .
;Gt ufxf du/
g] kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3, hghflt
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3, hghflt
jlsnx¿sf] ;d"x / lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efsf]
cflbjf;L hghflt ;ef;b\ ;ef -ss;_ n]
@!–@@ c;f/df /fhwfgLdf u/]sf] /fhgLlts
;Dd]ngn] cflbjf;L hghfltsf] 5'§} kf6L{
cfjZos ePsf] 7x/ u¥of] . hghflt
dxf;+3sf cWoIf /fhs'df/ n]vL ljZj
cflbjf;L lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/]/ ( cu:t
-@% ;fpg_ df gofF kf6L{ 3f]if0ff ug] { tof/L
eO/x]sf] atfpF5g\ . t/, hghfltsf gfddf
o;cl3 v'n]sf kf6L{x¿k|lt dtbftf Tolt
cfslif{t ePsf] b]lv+b}g .
@* r}t @)^$ df ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef
r'gfjdf hftLo d'2f af]s]sf ;ft j6f
kf6L{af6 s;}n] klg k|ToIf lgjf{rg lht]gg\
eg] ;dfg'kfltsdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs /fli6«o
d~r -;+nf]/fd_ / /fli6«o hgd'lQm kf6L{
-/fhd'kf_ sf b'O{–b'O{ tyf g]kfM /fli6«o
kf6L{sf Ps hgf ljhoL eP . lgjf{rgdf
;ft bndWo] s;}n] klg v;]sf] dtsf] Ps
k|ltzt klg kfPgg\, hals @)%* ;fnsf]
hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfndf cflbjf;L hghflt
g} s/La #& k|ltzt 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjdf ;+nf]/fdn] &!,(%*,
/fhd'kfn] %#,(!), g]kfMn] #&,%%&, k/z'/fd
tfdfªsf] tfD;flnª g]kfn /fli6«o bnn]
@),^%& / hghflt pTkL8g af/]sf] rlr{t
24
lstfa g]kfndf cb]vf ;RrfO sf n]vs
uf]kfn u'?ªsf] d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zgn]
!!,%&*Ù g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{n] $,^(& /
hgd'lQm kf6L{ g]kfnn] #,#(^ ef]6 kfPsf
lyP . oLafx]s hftLo d'2f p7fpg] k|hftflGqs
hgd'lQm kf6L{, g]kfn hfu[lt bn / g]kfnL
/fli6«o hgefjgf kf6L{ ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf
;xefuL g} x'g;s]sf lyPgg\ .
s'g} hflt, efiff, wd{, ;Dk|bfosf
JolQm dfq ;b:o /x]sf] bnnfO{ lgjf{rg
cfof]udf btf{ ug{ gkfpg] k|fjwfgsf sf/0f
;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgcl3 uf]kfn u'?ªsf]
d+uf]n cu{gfOh]zgn] hgtfdf hfg] cj;/
kfPsf] lyPg . hftLo d'2f p7fpg] bnsf
pDd]b\jf/ To;cl3sf cfd lgjf{rgx¿df
klg ljhoL x'g;s]sf lyPgg\ . @)%^ sf]
k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgdf !#) :yfgdf
pDd]bjf/L lbPsf] /fhd'kfn] ($,*^) / @$
pDd]bjf/ v8f u/]sf] hgd'lQm kf6L{ g]kfnn]
(,^!^ dt kfPsf lyP . @)%! sf] cfd
r'gfjdf /fhd'kfn] &(,((^ / 8f= xif{axfb'/
a'9f du/sf] /fli6«o hgtf kf6L{ - /fhkf_
n] !,%@% dt kfPsf lyP . @)$* sf]
cfd lgjf{rgdf /fhkfn] $,$)^, sfhLdfg
sGbª\jfsf] g]kfn /fli6«o hg kf6L{n] %,&#@
/ PdP; yfkfsf] g]kfn /fli6«o hgd'lQm
df]rf{n] #$,%)( dt NofPsf lyP . yfkf
clxn] /fhd'kfsf] g]t[Tj u5{g\ .
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
afn'jfaf6 t]n
dflysf b[i6fGtn] hftLo ljifodf dfq s]lGb|t
/fhgLlts bnk|lt sd} dtbftf cfslif{t
ePsf b]vfpF5g\ . @)$^ ;fndf ax'bnLo
Joj:yf k'g:yf{kgf ePotfsf rf/ j6f
lgjf{rgdf /fhd'kf afx]s c¿n] lg/Gt/tf
lbg ;d]t ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . @)$* df g]kfn
/fli6«o hg kf6L{n] dfq r'gfj n8\g ;Sof]
eg] @)%! kl5 /fli6«o hgtf kf6L{sf] cl:tTj
g} d]l6of] . @)%^ / @)^$ df r'gfj n8]sf]
hgd'lQm kf6L{ g]kfn /fhd'kfaf6 ljeflht
eP/ ag]sf] xf] . b'O{ ;dfg'kflts ;ef;b\
lht]sf] ;+nf]/fd dfcf]jfbLaf6 aflxl/Psf
nId0f yf¿ tyf /fhd'kf 5f]8]sf s'df/
lnª\b]g / ;Gh'xfª kfn'ª\jfn] u7g u/]sf
lyP . /fhd'kfsf Ps ;+:yfks uf]kfn ls/ftL
ls/ft js{;{ kf6L{ x'Fb} clxn] Pdfcf]jfbL
kf]ln6Ao"/f] ;b:o 5g\ .
vf; wfld{s / hftLo clwsf/sf nflu
kf6L{ vf]Ng] rng k'/fg} xf] . ;fs{ /fi6«x¿
ef/t, >Ln+sf, kfls:tfg / a+unfb]zdf
klg o:tf kf6L{ lqmofzLn 5g\ . ef/tLo
hgtf kf6L{ -lah]kL_ To:t} Pp6f kf6L{
xf], hf] /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy cufl8
a9]/ k|efjzfnL ePsf] 5 . t/ g]kfnL
;dfhsf] ldl>t ;+/rgf, hftLo d'2fk|lt
/fli6«o kf6L{x¿sf] ;+j]bgzLntf / hftLo
kf6L{ vf]Ng] g]tfx¿sf] n3'b[li6sf]0fn]

ljut r'gfjdf hghflt dt
kf6L{ @)^$ @)%^ @)%! @)$*
/fli6«o hgd'lQm kf6L{ %#,(!) ($,*^) &(,((^ #$,%)(*
]
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs /fli6«o d~r &!,(%* – – –
g]kfM /fli6«o kf6L{ #&,%%& – – –
tfD;flnª g]kfn /fli6«o bn @),^%& – – –
d+uf]n g]zgn cu{gfOh]zg !!,%&* – – –
g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{
$,^(& – – –
hgd'lQm kf6L{, g]kfn #,#(^ (,^!^ – –
/fli6«o hgtf kf6L{ – – !,%@% $,$)^
g]kfn /fli6«o hg kf6L{ – – – %,&#@
s'n kfPsf] dt @,)#,&%# !,)$,$&^ *!,%@! $$,^$&
v;]sf] dt !,!!,$^,%$) **,($,%^^ &^,@%,#$* &@,(!,)*$
*g]kfn /fli6«o hgd'lQm df]rf{sf] gfddf r'gfj n8]sf] .
x'g;S5, g]kfndf To:tf] :t/df hftLo
kf6L{x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5}g . g]kfndf rsf] {
hftLo gf/fsf ;fy hftLo bn vf]Ng]x¿df
k|foMh;f] b/af/ ;dy{s / cj;/jfbL
/fhgLltsdL{ 5g\ .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfdf
lqmofzLn …PlS6lei6Ú x¿n] klg hftLo bnsf]
k}/jL ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljho uR5bf/sf]
dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -nf]stflGqs_,
h]kL u'Ktfsf] dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d
-u0ftflGqs_ / z/tl;+x e08f/Lsf] /fli6«o
dw]z ;dfhjfbL kf6L{sf] dfp pk]Gb|
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
;|f]tM lgjf{rg cfof]u
ofbjsf] dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d, g]kfn
klg z'¿df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf g} lyof] .
dw]z cfGbf]ngnuQ} bn btf{ ePsf] kmf]/dn]
;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf kfPsf] ;kmntf /
To;kl5 dw]zjfbL g]tfx¿n] u/]sf] /huh
b]v]/ klg sltko hghflt …PlS6lei6Ú x¿n]
cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3nfO{ kf6L{sf] ?k
lbg rfx]sf] x'g;S5 . hghflt kf6L{df Ps
bzs latfPsf gfd pNn]v ug{ grfxg]
Ps g]tf eG5g\, æ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgkl5
;Qfsf] cfwf lx:;f dw]zL g]tfsf nflu
cf/lIft ePsf] ;a}n] b]v]sf 5g\ . t/
cflbjf;L hghflt /fhgLlts ;Dd]ngnfO{
rflx+ afn'jfaf6 t]n lgsfNg] k|of; eGg'k5{ .Æ
tL g]tfsf] ljZn]if0fdf, u};;sf
…PlS6lei6Ú xfjL ePsf /fhgLlts ;Dd]ngsf]
cjwf/0ffkq g]kfnsf pTkLl8t ;d'bfosf]
;fd"lxs cfjfh eP klg Tof] /fhgLlts
bz{gljxLg 5 . æbz{gljgfsf] bn / ltgsf
g]tf cj;/jfbL / df};dL dfq x'gk'U5g\Æ, pgL
eG5g\, ædf};d x]/]/ ;Mz'Ns …PlS6leHdÚ jf
/fhgLlt ug] {x¿n] bn vf]Nb}df pTkLl8tx¿sf]
pTyfg x'G5 eGg ;lsGg .Æ
…jfx'gjfbL, lkt[;QfjfbL / Psn
pRrhftLo k|e'TjjfbL g]t[Tjsf] sAhfdf /x]sf
k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿n] l;+uf] d'n'snfO{
;d]6\g g;s]sf] x' Fbf dfgjclwsf/, ;fdflhs
Gofo, ;dfgtf / cflbjf;Ljfbdf cfwfl/t,
;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL /fhgLlts bnsf]
lgdf{0f cfjZos ePsf]Ú eGg] ;Dd]ngsf] 7x/
lyof] . ToxL ;Dd]ngn] …;fF3'/f] hfltjfbsf]
lzsf/ ePsf hghfltdf Pstf / /fli6«o
b[li6sf]0f tyf ltgsf g]tf–sfo{stf{df b"/b[li6
/ /fhgLlts rl/qsf] cefjÚnfO{ ;d:ofsf]
¿kdf cf} +NofPsf] 5 . cjwf/0ffkqn] cflbjf;L
hghflt kf6L{ hftLo d'2fdf dfq s]lGb|t x'g'
/ ;fdflhs Gofo tyf /fHo ;~rfngsf
a[xQ/ d'2fdf c:ki6 x'g'nfO{ hghflt kf6L{
rNg g;Sg] sf/0f dfg]sf] 5 .
;+:yfkg;Fu c;Gt'i6 Pdfn] kf]ln6Ao"/f]
;b:o ljho ;'Aaf kf6L{ vf]Ng] cj:yf cfPdf
g]t[Tjtxd} cGo hfltsf] klg ;dfg'kflts
;xeflutf u/fpg] ljwfg agfOg] atfpF5g\ .
;Dd]ngsf] cjwf/0ffkq n]Vg]dWo]sf Ps
vu]Gb| dflvd klg d]rL–sfnL ;d]6]/
/fli6«o:t/sf] kf6L{ agfpg] bfaL u5{g\ .
dflvd c?0fk"j{sf gf} lhNnfnfO{ lnDa'jfg
k|b]z agfpg rfxg] ;+nf]/fdsf dxf;lrj
x'g\ . t/, ;fpgdf gofF kf6L{ 3f]if0ff ug{ tof/
kfl/Psf] cjwf/0ffkq hghfltsf] clwsf/
eGbf aflx/ lg:sg ;s]sf] 5}g . csf] {lt/,
Pdfn] / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf c;Gt'i6 afx]s
Pdfcf]jfbL / g]skf–dfcf]jfbLsf hghflt
g]tfn] o;df ?lr b]vfPsf 5}gg\ .
Pdfn]af6 /fhLgfdf lbP/ 5'§} kf6L{
agfpg ;lqmo k"j{;ef;b\ kf;fª z]kf{ eg]
k|d'v bnx¿af6 hghfltn] clwsf/ kfpF5g\
eGg] ljZjf; x/fPsf]n] gofF kf6L{sf] eljio
b]V5g\ . @( k|ltzt ef]6 kfpg] Pdfcf]jfbL
;+ljwfg;efdf ;aeGbf 7"nf] bn ag]sf]
cj:yfdf #& k|ltzt hghfltsf] /fhgLlt
rfgr'g] gx'g] z]kf{sf] a'‰fO 5 . sf+u|];
g]tf eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª eg] hghfltn] k|d'v
bnx¿d} a;]/ clwsf/ vf]Hg'kg] { atfpF5g\ .
g]tf tfdfª eG5g\, ænf]stGq / /fli6«o lxt
gx]g] { s'g} klg kf6L{ :yfoL x'Fb}g
. �
25

cGtjf{tf{
…hft xf]Og,
ljrf/sf]
/fhgLlt u5'{Ú
26 226
wg/fh u'?ª
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, g]kfnL sf+u| ];
u0f]z cfrfo{
lxdfn lx lxdf lxdfn df d n va/klqsf va va/k va/klqsf / lqsf � � � !–!% !–! !–!% ;fpg @)^(
;ef;b\ eP/ cfPkl5 JolQmut ¿kdf tkfO{ +nfO{ ;+ljwfg aG5
eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] <
!@ a'Fb]af6
cf/De ePsf] ofqf olt ;lhn} if8\oGqd"ns 9+uaf6
6'6\5 eGg] nfu]sf] lyPg . ToxfFleq km/s–km/s bz{g af]s]sfx¿
eP klg ldn]/ uOG5 eGg] nfu]sf] lyof], t/ ePg .
tkfO{ +sf] a'‰fOdf !@ a' Fb]kl5sf] …sf];{Úsf] uGtJo s] lyof] <
!@ aF'b]
;xdltkl5sf] uGtJo ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t /fli6«o ;xdlt
u/L d'n'snfO{ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo agfpg] lyof] . Tof]
…sf];{Ú cl3 a9fpg] qmddf ;+ljwfg;efsf] z'¿s} lbg ePsf] /fhtGq
cGTosf] P]ltxfl;s k|of]uaf6 ax'njfbL nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf]
uGtJodf k'Ug ;S5f} + eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] .
;+ljwfg;ef, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] …Kn]6kmd{Ú eP klg Tof] ;QfEof;sf]
ynf] dfq lsg aGg k'Uof] <
/QmkftnfO{ h;/L klg /f]Sg'k5{ eGg] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] lgSof]{n
xf] . kf6L{n] sfo{stf{sf] /utsf] cfxfndfly 6]s]/ eP klg zflGtsf
nflu ;xdltsf] /fhgLlt u¥of] . d'n'snfO{ gofF 9+uaf6 cufl8
a9fpg] qmddf oxfF;Dd cfof}+ . t/ kl5Nnf lbgdf dfcf]jfbLn]
vf]nf] t/]/ nf}/f] la:of] { .
;+ljwfgn]vgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]sf] eP o:tf] b'b{zf ef]Ug'kg]{
lyPg . dfcf]jfbL ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg'sf] ;f6f] ;QfsAhf
ug] { /0fgLltdf nfUof] . z'¿d} k|r08hLn] k|wfg;]gfklt s6\jfnnfO{
avf{:t u/]/ To:tf] cEof; ug''{eof] . aflx/L zlQmsf] rnv]n
klg eof] . clxn]sf] ;/sf/ pQ/sfnLsf] dGq hKb} blIf0fsfnLsf]
kfpdf 9f]u]/ ag]sf] xf] .
;+ljwfg;efsf] ;a}eGbf gsf/fTds kIf s] /Xof] <
rf/ jif{cl3 sf+u| ];, Pdfn], dfcf]jfbL, dw]zL cflb 6f]kL nufP/
;+ljwfg;ef k;]sfx¿dWo] !$ h]7 @)^( sf] /flt lgl:s+bf sltkon]
hftsf] 6f]kL nufPsf lyP .
of] kl/l:ylt lsg / s;/L aGof] <
@)$^ ;fnkl5 klg ax'bnLo k|hftGqdfly k|xf/ ePs} xf] .
z]kf{, tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, /fO{, lnDa"nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ nf]stGq dfly
k5fl8af6 aGb"s xfGg] sfd ul/of] . hftLotfsf] s'/f p7fP/
nf]stGqjfbL / k|hftGqjfbLnfO{ l5GgleGg agfpg] cleofg rNof] .
To;sf] g]t[Tj uf]/]axfb'/ vkfËL du/n] u/]sf lyP . pgn] bz} +
eg]sf] If]qL–afx'gn] z]tfdu'/fln dfly u/]sf] ljho pT;j xf] eg] .
r'Rr] afx'gsf] gfs sf6]/ cflbjf;L h:tf] agfpg' k¥of] eGb}
hftLo ;b\efjdfly k|xf/ u/] . u'?ªn] u'?ª, du/n] du/, afx'gn]
afx'g vf]Hb} lx+8\g'kg]{ cj:yf agfpg vf]lhof] . 1fg]Gb|n] ;Qf
lnPkl5 z]tfdu'/flnsf] g]tf vkfËLnfO{ dGqL agfP/ gf/fo0flx6L
b/af/df bz}+sf] 6Lsf nufPkl5 ;a} s'/f v'n:t eof] . clxn]
;+3Lotfsf] gfddf !)@ eGbf w]/} hfthflt ldn]/ a;]sf] d'n'snfO{
ljefhg u/fP/ tdf;f b]vfpg vf]lh+b}5 . lxhf];Dd kf]ln6Ao"/f]
/ :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o ePsfx¿ clxn] d /fO{ x'F,
u'?ª x'F
eGg
yfn]sf 5g\ .
s;n] / lsg ul//x]sf] 5 o:tf] <
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq grfxg]x¿n] . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqfTds /fHo;Dd k'Ug] xfd|f] nIo k"/f gx'Fb} 8'Ëfdf Kjfn
kfg] { if8\oGq xf] of] .
sf+u| ]; / Pdfn]n] hftLo /fHo dfg]sf] eP t ;+ljwfg cfOxfNYof]Ù
lsg gu/]sf] To:tf] <
Psn hftLotfsf] cfwf/df k|b]z agfpFbf hftLo åGå lglDtG5 .
hftLo /fHosf kIfw/x¿ …ef/tdf tldngf8", gfufNof08 ag]sf] 5,
oxfF lsg agfpg gx'g]Ú eGg] ts{ u5{g\ . t/, tldngf8" aGb} ubf{
ToxfF *) k|ltzt tldn a:y] / gfufNof08df klg *) k|ltzteGbf

a9L gfufx¿sf] a;f]af; 5 eGg] tYonfO{ pgLx¿ la;{G5g\ . ;+o'Qm
clw/fHo a]nfots} s'/f ug] { xf] eg] :s6Nof08df &) k|ltzt eGbf
a9L :sl6; efifL / cfo/Nof08df ^% k|ltzteGbf dfly cfOl/;
efiff af]Ng]x¿ 5g\ . clg aGof] c+u| ]hx¿sf] OËNof08, :sl6;x¿sf]
:s6Nof08 / cfOl/;x¿sf] cfo/Nof08 ldn]/ a]nfot . g]kfndf
sxfF, s'g hftsf] 5 To:tf] afx'No < clg nf]stGqdf cNkdtn]
ax'dtdfly zf;g ug{ ldN5 < oxfF t ;a} cNkdtdf 5g\ . g]jf
elgPsf] /fHodf #) k|ltzt g]jf/ 5g\ . Psflt/ xfdLn] #)
k|ltztn] &) k|ltztnfO{ zf;g ug] { Joj:yf vf]h]sf] xf]Og eg]
csf] {lt/ hftLo w| 'jLs/0f lgDTofP/ cNkdtdf /x]sf hflt slxNo}
klg ;Qfdf k'Ug g;Sg] cj:yf klg rfx]sf] xf]Og .
hftLo /fHodf cu|flwsf/sf] s'/f 5 lg t <
cu|flwsf/ b'O{ sfo{sfn cyf{t\ !) jif{sf nflu xf] . To;kl5
s] ;+ljwfg Roft]/ kmfNg] < ;+ljwfg !)) jif{ rNof] eg] g]jf/n]
cu|flwsf/sf] gfddf !) jif{ vfg] clg () jif{ r'gfj xfg]{ <
To;}n] Psn hftLo cfwf/df k|b]z agfpg' eg]sf] h'g hftsf]
gfddf k|b]z aG5, ToxL hft xfg] { v]n xf] .
tkfO{ +sf oL s'/f hftLo /fHosf] jsfnt ul//x]sf g]tfx¿n] lsg
ga'‰]sf t <
ga'‰]sf] xf]Og, z]tfdu'/flnsf] csf] { ¿kdf lg:s]sf] xf] . o:tf
dfG5] b'O{–rf/ hgf x'G5g\ kl5nfUg]x¿nfO{ yfx} x'Fb}g
. vkfËLsf]
s'/f ;'g]/ w]/}n] bz}+ alxisf/ u/] . hftLo s'/f p7fO;s]kl5
dfG5]x¿ ga'l‰sg klg ;8sdf cfpF5g\ .
Pdfcf]jfbLn] rfx]sf] eP !$ h]7df hftLo /fHo;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg
cfpFYof] eGg] tkfO{ +nfO{ nfUb}g <
!$ h]7cl3 If]qL, afx'g;Fu …tkfO{ +x¿sf] af/]df af]n]sf] 5' ;8s
ttfpg' k¥of]Ú eGg] k|r08n] pgLx¿ ;8sdf cfPkl5 cflbjf;L
g]tfx¿nfO{ …tkfO{ +sf] kIfdf d 5Fb}5', Psn klxrfg agfpg'k5{ t/
If]qL afx'gsf] cfGbf]ngsf] k|ltsf/ ug{ 'k5{Ú eg] . o;af6 Pdfcf]jfbL
Psn hftLo /fHosf] kIfdf 5}g eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . ljjfb ;dfwfg
pk;ldltsf ;+of]hs k|r08 g} lyP . pgn] Psn hftLo klxrfgs}
cfwf/df km'n xfp;df hfg] eg]sf] eP c¿sf] s] nfUYof] / < xfdL
t hDdf !!$ lyof} + . To;df klg xfd|f s]xL ;fyLx¿ w/d/ lyP .
Tof] cj:yfdf Psn hftLo cfwf/df k|b]z aGg] lyof] . sltko
km6fxf dfG5]n] rsn]6 vfP/ To;sf] vf]ndf 9'+uf
/fv]/ s]6fs]6LnfO{
vfp eGb} lbG5g\ . 7\ofSs} ToxL u/]sf x'g\ k|r08n] .
@)^@–^# sf] cfGbf]ngsf] ch]08f ;+3Lotf geP klg cfh o;af6
k5fl8 x6\g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g, x}g <
hgtfnfO{ kx'Fr
/ ;fdYo{ k'¥ofpg ;+3Lotf rflxg] xf] . t/ oxfF
eO/x]sf] ;+3Lotfsf] v]nn] d'n'snfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] ePsf] 5 .
;+3Lotfaf6 kmls{g} ;ls+b}g eGg] s'/f d dflGbgF . ;+3Lotf;lxtsf]
;+ljwfg n]Vg ;s]gf}+, cNdlnof}+ . ca ;+3Lotf;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg
agfpF ls ;+3Lotf/lxtsf] eg]/ hgtf;Fu ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . of]
k|hftflGqs ljlw klg xf] .
tkfO{ + hgdt ;+u|xsf] jsfnt ub} { x'g'x'G5 <
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt ;+3Lotfsf] gfddf lgs} kmf]xf]/ ePsf] 5 . hgdt
;+u|xdf hfFbf Tof] ;kmf x'G5 . hgtf;Fu hfg 8/fpg' klg x'Fb}g
.
sltko hghflt cu'jfx¿sf] egfOdf clxn] hftLo /fHosf] lj/f]wdf
s'/f ug' { cfˆg} ;d'bfoaf6 alxis[t x'g' xf]Ù tkfO{ +nfO{ To:tf] nfUb}g <
hftLo klxrfgsf] cfwf/df k|b]z agfpg'k5{ eGg]x¿n] cfˆgf]
v'§fdf cfkm}+n] aGr/f] xfg]sf t 5}gg\ < dnfO{ 8/ 5}g . d
ljrf/sf] /fhgLlt u5'{, hftsf] ulb{gF . To;}n] Tof] ;d'bfoaf6
alxisf/ x'G5' h:tf] nfUb}g .
td'jfg eGg]ljlQs} tkfO{ +nfO{ cfˆgf]kgsf] cg'e"lt t x'G5 xf]nf lg Û
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
clxn] jsfnt ul/Psf] td'jfgleq !^ k|ltzt u'?ª a:5g\ .
cyf{t\ u'?ªafx]ssf *$ k|ltzt hflt a:5g\ . u'?ªx¿n] cfˆg} gfddf
o'u–o'u;Dd r'gfjdf xfl//xg] td'jfg lsg rflxof], a'´g'k¥of] .
sltn] eGnfg\ xfdLnfO{ du/n] klg ef]6 xfN5g\ . ;a} cflbjf;Ln]
u'?ªnfO{ ef]6 xfN5g\ eGg] e|d kfNg'x'Fb}g
. td'jfgleq du/, tfdfª,
/fO{, lnDa', If]qL, afx'gsf] :jfoQ If]q klg x'Gg . :jfoQ If]q ;d]t
gkfpg] ePkl5 s;}n] u'?ªnfO{ dfq ef]6 xfNb}gg\ .
u'?ª ;d'bfon] of] s'/f a'‰]sf 5g\ t <
a'´b} 5g\ . td'jfgn] clGtddf td'nfO{ aaf{b agfpF5 .
td'jfg k|b]z agfof] eg] To;leq g]kfnel/sf ## k|ltzt u'?ª
k5{g\ . ca d}n] u'?ªs} jsfnt ubf{ klg ## k|ltztsf] ls ^&
k|ltztsf] nflu ug] { < csf] { s'/f td'jfgleqsf ^& k|ltzt …/}tLÚn]
rf/ jif{cl3
sf+u| ];, Pdfn],
dfcf]jfbL, dw]zL cflb
6f]kL nufP/ ;+ljwfg;ef
k;]sfx¿dWo] !$ h]7
@)^( sf] /flt lgl:s+bf
sltkon] hftsf] 6f]kL
nufPsf lyP .
s]xL clwsf/ gkfpg] eP . clxn] h'g 9+uaf6 k|b]zsf] afF8kmfF8
ul/Psf] 5 To;nfO{ x]g] { xf] eg], &^ uflj;df u'?ª ax'dtdf 5g\
t/ cfk;df ghf]l8Psf . hf]8\g ldNg] uflj;x¿ %* dfq 5g\ .
ltgnfO{ dfq k|b]z agfpFbf ToxfFsf] hg;+Vofdf rflx+ u'?ªx¿sf] %!
k|ltzt ax'dt t x'G5, t/ ;Dk"0f{ u'?ª hg;+Vofsf] ^& k|ltzt
t aflx/} k5{g\ . To;}n] ], ldl>t ;dfh ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'snfO{
hftLo /fHosf] gf/fn] 7Ls 7fpFdf n}hfFb}g .
;+ljwfg;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf jf o;sf] csf] { r'gfj jf ;+;b\sf] r'gfj
h:tf ljsNkx¿dWo] tkfO{ +sf] k|fyldstf s]df xf] <
k'g:yf{kgf ePdf dxfufO{hfqf x'g]jfnf 5 . s] cfwf/df s]sf
nflu k'g:yf{kgf ug] { < c¿ rf/ jif{ o:t} hfqf b]vfpg] < k'g:yf{kgf
clxn]sf] lgsf; x}g . ;+ljwfgsf] kfFr k|ltzt sfd afFsL 5 eg]
To;nfO{ aflx/} ldnfP/ @–$ 306fsf] nflu k'g:yf{kgf ubf{ 7Ls
x'G5 ls eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] dnfO{ klg z'¿sf lbgdf . t/, s]xL
;dosf nflu k'g:yf{kgf ubf{ klg 9f]sfaf6 l5g] { lalQs} k|r08n]
…d}n] t vf/]h u/] lg lxhf]sf] ;xdltÚ eg]/ efif0f ub} { lx+8] eg]
km]l/ lxhf]sf] ufO{hfqf bf]xf]l/G5 .
casf] lgsf; ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfj klg xf]Og . afwf c8\sfp
km'sfp k|of]u u/]/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] s]xL wf/f kl/jt{g u/L @$)
;Ddsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] lgjf{rgdf hfg'k5{ . lgjf{rgkl5 klxnf]
^ dxLgfdf ;+ljwfg agfpg] / afFsL ;f9] rf/ jif{ Joj:yflksf
;+;b\sf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{k5{
. o;af6 lg:sg] lgsf;n] d'n'snfO{
åGåaf6 hf]ufpF5 . r'gfjcl3 ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtdf Go"gtd ;xdlt
eg] x'g}k5{ . �
k|:t'ltM ls/0f g]kfn
-cGtjf{tf{sf] ;D kflbt c+z PG6]gf kmfpG8];g g]kfnsf] sfo{qmd
g]kfn rf}tf/L af6 k|;f/0f ePsf] 5 ._
27

cfj/0f
28
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(

dLg/Tg ah|frfo{
/fi^«kltn] s] d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs /
/fhgLlts ;+s6 ‰fg\–‰fg\
hl6n aGb} uPsf] cj:yfdf
cfkm\gf] ljjfb/lxt 5ljk|lt
;r]t k|yd /fi6«klt
8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] rfNg]
sbd s:tf] xf]nf eGg]
unf{g\ < ;'jf;
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
lh1f;f a9]sf] 5 .
b]jsf]6f
8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] hjfkm eg] pgLx¿;Fu klg 5}g . ;fpgdf gofF ;/sf/ Û
/fi6«klt
!$ h]7nuQ} …:d/0fkqÚ lbPkl5 ljZn]ifs gLnfDa/ cfrfo{sf egfOdf, ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ a]u/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fnufot
sfdrnfp ag]sf] afa'/fd e§/fO{ ljgf ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g / csf] { ;+qmd0fsfn 6'+Uofpg] ljifox¿df ;xdlt
g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] To;otf 8]9 dxLgf ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ cGtl/d gaGg] ePsfn] k|ltkIfL bnx¿ gofF ;/sf/
u'hfbf{ ;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts k|Zgx¿ ;+ljwfgnfO{ lns aflx/ k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . u7gsf nflu tflQPsf 5g\ . ptf lgjf{rg
‰g\–‰g\ uDeL/ aGb} uPsf 5g\— oxL To;sf/0f, clxn]sf ;a} ;d:ofsf] /fhgLlts cfof]un] & d+;L/df r'gfj u/fpg ;+ljwfg
;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfpnf of csf{ ] ;/sf/ ;dfwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/fx¿df x}g, To;sf] ;+zf]wg / cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{
aGnf < ;/sf/ km]l/g] xf] eg] To;sf] k|lqmof efjgfdf vf]lhg' pko'Qm x'G5 . æ;a} lg0f{o clgjfo{ ePsfn] & ;fpgleq oL sfd
bnx¿sf] kxn jf /fi6«kltsf] cu|;/tf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xdltdf x'g' cGtl/d gu/] r'gfj gx'g] hgfp ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf]
s]df slxn] / s;/L z'¿ xf]nf < clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ ePsf]n] bnx¿sf] ;xdltdf 5 . ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;+ljwfg;ef
s]Gb|Lo /fhgLltdf ;jf{lws k]lrnf] ag]sf oL /fi6«kltn] clxn]sf] cK7\of/f] km'sfpg ;S5g\Æ, lgjf{rg x'G5, x'Fb}g eGg] cf}krfl/s 6'+uf]
k|Zgsf] pQ/ sd ljjfbf:kb x'g] 5}g, en} cfrfo{ eG5g\, æo;df bnx¿n] cu|;/tf & ;fpgleq nfUg]5 . To;kl5 d'n'snfO{
kl5Nnf] 8]9 dxLgfdf /fi6«kltaf6 rflnPsf lnPgg\ cyf{t\ sfdrnfp k|wfgdGqLsf] /fhgLlts tyf ;+j}wflgs cGof]naf6 d'Qm
sbdx¿ ljjfb/lxt lsg gx'g\ . ljsNk vf]h]gg\ eg] rflx+ /fi6«kltnfO{ cl3 ug{ bnx¿aLr csf{ ] ;xdlt clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
k|wfgdGqL 5fGg ;+;b\ rflxG5, t/ a9\g ;lhnf] x'g] 5}g .Æ
k|ltkIfL bnx¿n] e§/fO{ ;/sf/ lj36g geO{
!$ h]7df ;+ljwfg;ef;Fu} Joj:yflksf– To;sf/0f, bnx¿ k|wfgdGqLsf] ;xdltsf] k|lqmof cl3 ga9\g] c8fg /fv]sfn]
;+;b\ klg lj36g ePsfn] e§/fO{ ;/sf/sf] pDd]bjf/ to u/]/ /fi6«kltsxfF uPkl5 ;fpg klxnf] ;ftfkl5 csf{ ] ;/sf/ u7g
ljsNk p;n] grfx];Dd vf]Hg g;lsg] dfq e§/fO{ ;/sf/sf] lj:yfkg k|lqmof k|lqmof cufl8 a9\g] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
Psy/Lsf] ts{ 5 . vf;u/L e§/fO{ kIfw/ cl3 a9\g;Sg] cfrfo{ atfpF5g\ . ;+j}wflgs ptf k|d'v ;Qf?9 bn gofF ;/sf/sf
Pdfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿ k|wfgdGqL aGg ;+;b\ sfg"gsf hfgsf/ 6Lsf/fd e§/fO{sf] klg lglDt tof/ gePsf]n] of] k|lqmof ;xh
;b:o x'g}kg{] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf oxL wf/0ff 5 . pgsf cg';f/, bnx¿n] eg] x'g] 5}g . Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn
cg';f/ clxn] sf]xL k|wfgdGqL aGg g;Sg] k|wfgdGqLsf] ljsNk tof/ u/]eg] /fi6«kltn] bfxfnn] kf]ln6Ao"/f] / s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt a}7sdf
atfpF5g\ . e§/fO{n] cfkm} + kb 5f8\bf jf pgn] sfdrnfp k|wfgdGqL ;d]tsf] ;Nnfxdf k]z u/]sf] /fhgLlts k|ltj]bgdf clxn]
/fi6«kltnfO{ ;xdltsf] k|wfgdGqL agfpg] gofF k|wfgdGqLsf] af6f] vf]Ng ;S5g\ . ;/sf/ 5f8\g' 3fts x'g] pNn]v u/]sf
kxn ug{ cfu|x ubf{ dfq gofF ;/sf/ æbnx¿n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] Tof] cj:yfdf 5g\ . t/, r'gfj klg gx'g] / ;+qmd0fsfn
lgdf{0fsf] af6f] v'Ng] pgLx¿sf] ts{ 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* -!_ cg';f/ cGTosf] csf] { af6f] klg km]nf gkg{ ] l:yltdf
To;f] eP :jod\n] kb g5f8] e§/fO{ cs06s ufF7f] km'sfpg' /fi6«kltsf] st{Jo x'g]5Æ, cGo bnx¿n] ;xdltsf] k|wfgdGqL tof/
k|wfgdGqL /lx/xg ;S5g\ t < of] k|Zgsf] e§/fO{ eG5g\ .
kfbf{ To;nfO{ :jLsfg{ Pdfcf]jfbL afWo
29

x'g] cj:yf 5 . To;dfly bfxfnn] o;cl3
g]kfnL sf+u| ];sf ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfnfO{
k6s–k6s e]6]/ ;xdltsf] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj
lng cfu|x ul/;s]sf klg 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgkl5 Pdfcf]jfbL
/ Pdfn]n] b'O{–b'O{ k6s ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj
ul/;s]sf] / @ h]7df k|d'v bnx¿aLr csf{ ]
;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj sf+u| ];n] ug{ ] ;xdlt ePsfn]
klg Pdfcf]jfbL grfx]/ klg ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj
5f8\g ljjz x'g] b]lvG5 . Pdfn];lxt ljkIfL
u7aGwgsf bnx¿n] klg efjL ;/sf/sf]
g]t[Tj sf+u|];nfO{ lbg] df]6fdf]6L lg0f{o
ul/;s]sf 5g\ . t/, sf+u| ];df k|wfgdGqLsf
nflu ;efklt sf]O/fnfdfly bafa k/]sf],
ptf a9L cfsf+IfL jl/i7 g]tf z]/axfb'/
b]pjf / pk;efklt /fdrGb| kf}8]n ePsfn]
;xofqL bnx¿sf] cfu|x adf]lhd p;n]
pDd]bjf/ lbg;s]sf] 5}g .
e§/fO{ ;/sf/sf] lj:yfkg l9nf] x'g'df
c¿eGbf sf+u| ];leqsf] oxL cGof]nnfO{ k|d'v
sf/0f 7fGg]x¿ klg 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] egfOdf,
;fpg klxnf] ;ftf ljsl;t x'g] /fli6«o
kl/l:yltaf6 sf+u| ];dfly k|wfgdGqLsf] 6'+uf]
nufpg] lg0ff{os bafa kg] {5 .
30
& ;fpgn] & d+;L/df lgjf{rg gx'g]
gofF ;/sf/ u7gsf] kxn 6'+uf] nufof] eg] e§/fO{ ;/sf/sf] g}lts
ubf{ l;h{gf x'g] ljjfbaf6 / /fhgLlts ;+s6 yk ulxl/g]5 . Tof]
cj:yfdf e§/fO{dfly ljkIfL bnx¿af6 dfq
hf]lug] zLtnlgjf;sf] k|of;n] geP/ cfd¿kd} kb 5f8\g bafa kg{ ]5 . cfd
cfkm\gf] cfo' nDAofpg]
hgtfsf] gh/df pgL ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfj klg
afn'jf6f/sf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ ug{ g;Sg] clg d'n'snfO{ clg0f{osf] aGbL
agfpg klg g5f8\g] k|wfgdGqL x'g]5g\ .
d'n'ssf] abln+bf] zlQm
Tof] cj:yfdf Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf bfxfnn]
;Gt'ngn] w]/} sdhf]/
rfx]/ klg of] ;/sf/nfO{ af]s]/ lx+8\g ;Sg]
agfO;s]sf] 5 .
5}gg\ . Pdfcf]jfbL ljeflht ePsfn] bfxfn
p;} klg e§/fO{nfO{ dfq ;Gt'i6 agfP/
a:g ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gg\ .
;+j}wflgs–/fhgLlts ;+s6sf] of] 8]9
dxLgfdf /fi6«klt 8f= ofbjn] rfn]sf
sbdx¿nfO{ Pdfcf]jfbL / :jod\ k|d e§/fO{
;d]tn] ljgf ljjfb dfg]sfn] zLtnlgjf;sf]
:jLsfo{tf a9]sf] 5 . e§/fO{ ;/sf/nfO{
…sfdrnfpÚ eGbf xf];\ of kf/:kl/s
sfg"gL ;xfotf / ;'k'b{uL cWofb]z hf/L
ubf{, /fi6«kltn] ;j{:jLsfo{ ljlw ckgfPsf]
b]lvG5 . /fi6«kltn] cfufdL ah]6 t[tLof+z
dfq Nofpg klg ;/sf/nfO{ dgfPsf 5g\ .
d'n'ssf] /fi6«klt elgg] ;+:yfsf] 5ljnfO{
s~rg /fVg k|lta4 8f= ofbjsf] efjL
sbd klg /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xdltd}
x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
/fi6«kltn] kl5Nnf] ;do /fhgLlts
k/fdz{ tLj| agfpFb} ;/sf/nfO{ …& ;fpg;Dd
kv{g]Ú hgfp lbPsf 5g\ . /fli6«o ;xdlt
abln+bf] zlQm ;Gt'ng
/ kl5Nnf] zlQm–;Gt'ngnfO{ ;d]t Vofn
gofF ;/sf/ u7gsf] kxn ubf{ l;h{gf x'g] u/]/ pgn] rfNg] sbd e§/fO{n] rfx] h:tf]
ljjfbaf6 hf]lug] zLtnlgjf;sf] k|of;n] cfˆgf] ljjfbf:kb x'g] ;Defjgf sd} b]lvG5 .
cfo' nDAofpg] afn'jf6f/sf] ljZn]if0fnfO{
d'n'ssf] abln+bf] zlQm ;Gt'ngn] w]/} sdhf]/ l;4fGt ljk/Lt Jojxf/
agfO;s]sf] 5 . /, To;af/] /fi6«klt a]va/ Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf bfxfnn] w]/}sf] ck]Iff
g/x]sf]df k|d e§/fO{ klg ;r]t 5g\ . 7Ls ljk/Lt kf6L{sf] kf]ln6Ao"/f] / s]Gb|Lo sld6L
oxL a]nf e§/fO{sf] kf6L{ Pdfcf]jfbL df]xg a}7sdf …hgjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgfsf nflu
j}Bsf] g]t[Tjdf ljeflht ePsf] 5 / p;n] an k|of]u ug{ ]Ú dfGotfnfO{ k'gM cl3 ;f/]sf
klg of] ;/sf/sf] lj:yfkgnfO{ k|d'v d'2f 5g\ . sf+u|];, Pdfn]nufotsf bnx¿;Fu
agfPsf] 5 . o;aLrdf csf] { ;Qf?9 bn dfq geP/ ev{/} cfkm} +af6 ljeflht df]xg
dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -nf]stflGqs_ klg j}B g]t[Tjsf] dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;d]t ;'dw'/
km'6]sf] 5 / z/tl;+x e08f/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf ag]sf] ;DaGw /fVg k|oTg/t bfxfnsf] of] ljrf/
gofF kf6L{ klg ;/sf/ lj:yfkgs} kIfdf 5 . Jojxf/eGbf 7Ls pN6f] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf
;Qf?9 / ljkIfL b'j} u7aGwgdf pgn] …;+ljwfg;ef aflx/af6 ;+ljwfg Nofpg]
g/x]sf] g]kfn dhb"/ ls;fg kf6L{ /fli6«o k|of; ul/P an k|of]uaf6 ;Qf sAhf ug{ ]Ú
;+s6 ;dfwfgsf] kxn /fi6«kltaf6 x'g'k5{ eg]sf 5g\ .
elg/x]sf] 5 . sf+u|];, Pdfn], dw]zL Pdfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] j}slNks
hgclwsf/ kmf]/dnufot b'O{ bh{g bnn] t Joj:yf gu/L ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g u/]sf],
e§/fO{ ;/sf/sf] lj:yfkgnfO{ Go"gtd zt{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg gu/L r'gfj 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
g} agfPsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;ef lj36gkl5 / ;+j}wflgs–/fhgLlts ;+s6nfO{ sf/0f
d'n'ssf] zlQm–;Gt'ngdf lg0ff{os x'g b]vfpFb} ;Qf g5f8\g rfx]sf] cj:yfdf
nfu]sf] km]/abnn] ;/sf/sf] lj:yfkgnfO{ bfxfnn] kf6L{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ lgsfodf o:tf]
qmdzM glhs NofPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{nfO{
;fdfGo ¿kdf lng
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
ljqmd /fO{

g;lsg] ljZn]ifsx¿ atfpF5g\ . gjul7t
g]skf–dfcf]jfbLsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o dx]Zj/
bfxfn eg] o;nfO{ bfxfnsf ukm dfq eGg
?rfpF5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æPsnf}6L ;Qf
sAhfsf] l;4fGtaf6 bLlIft sfo{stf{x¿nfO{
gofF kf6L{df hfgaf6 /f]Sg dfq k|ltj]bgdf
tL zAb k|of]u ul/Psf x'g\ .Æ
Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf bfxfnn] sfo{stf{x¿nfO{
j}B ;d"xdf hfgaf6 /f]Sg cGo c:qx¿
klg 5f]8]sf 5g\ . km'6]/ uPsf j}Bnufotsf
g]tfx¿;Fu u/]sf] jftf{ / kf6L{sf] ;DklQaf/]
ePsf] 5nkmnnfO{ klg To:t} c:qsf
¿kdf cYof{Psf 5g\, gjul7t dfcf]jfbLsf
g]tfx¿n] . bfxfnn] …;'dw'/ jftf{Ú rln/x]sf]n]
Pstf x'g] ;Defjgf afFsL /x]sfn] gofF
kf6L{df hfg' gkg]{ e|d 5g{ vf]h]sf] yfxf
eP klg kf6L{sf] ef}lts ;DklQ ;lhnf]
tl/sfaf6 lng cfkm"x¿ jftf{df a;]sf] j}B
kIfLo g]tfx¿ atfpF5g\ .
cGo kf6L{ ljefhg x'Fbf
dxLgf} + af]nrfn
aGb, ufnLunf}h / d"7e]8 b]v]sfx¿nfO{
eg] b'O{ dfcf]jfbLsf] …;'dw'/ jftf{Ú cfkm} +df
cfZro{hgs 5 . o;n] an k|of]uaf6
;QfsAhfsf nflu ;/;Nnfxd} ljefhg
ePsf] t xf]Og eGg] cfz+sf klg pAhfPsf]
5 . t/, b'j} dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfx¿ ;}4flGts
sf/0fn] ljefhg ePsfn] cGo kf6L{sf]
a]d]n eGbf km/s ePsf] atfpF5g\ . nfdf]
;do ljrf/ ;d"xsf cfwf/df leGg kf6L{sf]
cEof; u/]sfn] klg kf6L{ ljefhgn] b'j}
kIf efjgfdf gau]sf] pgLx¿sf] egfO 5 .
sltko ljZn]ifs eg] o;nfO{ b'j} dfcf]jfbLsf
g]tfx¿df JofKt …k|of]ujfbLÚ /fhgLltsf]
s/fdt dfG5g\ . s'g}j]nf dfcf]jfbLd} /x]sf
ljZn]ifs e/t bfxfn pkof]usf] /fhgLltdf
bfxfn dflx/ eP klg …u'? eP r]nfsf]
vfFrf] gx'g]Ú atfpF5g\ .
j}B ;d"xn] efjL af6f] to ug{ g;s]sf]
b]lvP klg Pdfcf]jfbL pmeGbf w]/} cK7\of/f]df
5 . kl5Nnf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt a}7sdf bfxfnåf/f
k|:t't k|ltj]bgsf] zLif{s …kf6L{ / qmflGtdf
pTkGg ;+s6af/]Ú n] g} o;af/] w]/} s'/f
af]n]sf] 5 . kf6L{leq c‰} klg rsf{ ] u'6aGbL
5 . j}Bx¿ uP klg ToxfF c‰} tLg u'6 /
cg]s pku'6 5g\ . e§/fO{ / csf{ pkfWoIf
gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7sf u'6x¿ bfxfnsf nflu
kmnfdsf] lrp/f ePsf 5g\ . pgnfO{ ca
kf6L{ PsLs[t /xFbf h:tf] u'6x¿aLr v]Nb}
cfkm"nfO{ zlQmdf /flv/fVg] ;'ljwf 5}g .
nfdf] cGt/;+3if{sf sf/0f e§/fO{
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
;d"xsf g]tf–sfo{stf{ / bfxfn kIfaLr
k/:k/ /fd|f] d]n 5}g eg] >]i7 kIfLo g]tf–
sfo{stf{ zflGtsfndf cfPsfn] pgLx¿nfO{
bfxfn :jod\n] /fd|/L a'´g;s]sf 5}gg\ .
Pstfs]Gb|af6 cfPsf pgLx¿ klg bfxfnnfO{
o'4sfnLg dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] h;/L …g]tfÚ
dfGb}gg\ . oBlk, Pdfcf]jfbL km]l/ km'6\g]
;Defjgf rflx+ b]lv+b}g . ljefhg x'Fbf
j}B
;d"x :jtM alnof] eP/ cfkm"x¿sf] /fhgLlts
cl:tTj g} vt/fdf kg{ ] ;Defjgfk|lt tLg
j6} u'6sf g]tfx¿ xf]l;of/ 5g\ .
oBlk, bfxfnn] jt{dfg ;/sf/ lj:yfkgsf]
dgl:ylt agfpFbf e§/fO{ ;+u7gfTds ¿kdf
clxn]eGbf sdhf]/ x'g] ePsfn] lrl9P/
zq'tfk"0f{ cj:yfdf k'Ug ;S5g\ . ;Qfsf]
zlQmaf6 tflgP/ lgs6 x'g cfOk'u]sf
g]tf–sfo{stf{x¿ k|wfgdGqL g/xgf;fy
e§/fO{af6 6fl9g ;S5g\ . To;kl5 pgn]
…h;sf] ljrf/ p;}sf] l;4fGtÚ eGg] gf/f
cl3 ;fg{ ] 5g\ . …zflGt / ;+ljwfgÚ eGg]
Pdfcf]jfbLsf] jt{dfg sfo{gLlt e§/fO{s}
ePsfn] To;a]nf bfxfnnfO{ g}lts cK7\of/f]
kg{]5 . pkfWoIf >]i7df eg] ;s] kf6L{df
x}l;ot a9fpg], g;s] l6s]/ a:g] eGbf
a9L rfxgf b]lvGg . �
31

32
cfj/0f l6Kk0fL
xl/x/ lj/xL
k|efjL aGb}
/fi6«klt
;+ ljwfg;efaf6 klg cfˆgf] ceLi6 k"/f
gx'g] ePkl5 Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLn] /fli6«o
;xdltaf6 ag]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgnfO{ ckfË
agfOlbof] . ;+ljwfg gagfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef
lj36g ug] { ck/fw u/]sf]df Pdfcf]jfbL /
ljkIfL g]tfx¿n] ;~rf/dfWodb]lv 6'Fl8v]n;Dd
Ifdfofrgf u/]/ uf]xLsf] cfFz' aufP . o;n]
g]tfx¿sf] ;f]r / z}nLdf kl/jt{g gcfPsf]
k|i6 kfb{5 .
d'n's sAhf ug] { p2]Zosf] dfcf]jfbL]
s'l6ntfaf6 ;+ljwfg;ef c;kmn ePkl5
/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] klxnf] ch]08f ;xdlt
x'gg;s]sf ;jfnx¿sf] lg?k0f x'g'kb{Yof] . t/,
/fi6«df uDeL/ ;+j}wflgs ;+s6 ;[hgf ePsf] a]nf k|ltkIfLsf]
efjgfnfO{ sb/ ub} { ;xh jftfj/0f agfpg cu|;/ x'g'kg] {
k|wfgdGqL g} /fli6«o ;xdltsf] af6f]df tuf/f] ag]sf 5g\ .
o;n] d'n'snfO{ g;f]lrPsf] ;+s6df kmF;fpg] / ;+ljwfgn] lgsf;
lbg g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] cj:yf k|:6 kfb} { nu]sf] 5 .
uNtL ;Rofpg] df}sf
bnx¿sf nflu of] …z"Go ;doÚ cfˆg} cg'xf/ x]/]/ lalu|Psf]
5lj b'?:t kfg] { cj;/ klg xf] . t/ nf]e, cfsif{0f / e|ddf
k/]sf k|foM ;a} bnsf] df}lnstf / klxrfgdf s]xL g s]xL bfu
nfu]sf] 5, dfcf]jfbLsf] cg'xf/df t ;fgf]ltgf] Knfl:6s ;h{/Ln]
x6fpg g;Sg] bfu nfu]sf] 5 . hGdsfnb]lv /fli6«otf, nf]stGq
/ ;fdflhs Gofosf] df]rf{sf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u| ]; s]xL
;dootf s'lx/f]sf] sfu h:tf] ePsf] 5 . g jfdkGyL g
nf]stGqjfbL cj:yfsf] Pdfn]n] ;Qfsf nflu u/]sf cjfl~5t
sfdaf6 To; kf6L{sf xhf/f} + Odfgbf/ sfo{stf{ nHhfaf]w
ul//x]sf 5g\ . dft[;+:yf kmf]b} { df]rf{, kmf]/d / kf6L{ cflbdfkm{t
t/fO{–dw]zsf hgtfnfO{ clwsf/;DkGg agfpg lx+8]sf slyt
dw]zjfbL g]tfx¿sf] lgot 5/k:6 eO;s]sf] 5 .
/fhgLlts bnx¿df h]–h:tf ljs[lt b]lvP klg nf]stGqdf
/fHo ;+rfngsf] lhDd]bf/L pgLx¿s} x'G5 . bnx¿k|lt
hgc;Gtf]if / cgf:yf a9\g' nf]stGq / /fi6« sdhf]/ x'g' xf] .
t/, g]kfnsf g]tfx¿ cfˆg} kf6L{sf] eljioaf/] klg lrlGtt
5}gg\ . of] dWofGt/df ;a} bnx¿ oyfy{sf] w/ftndf pleP/
cf–cfˆgf] e"ldsf, sdhf]/L Pj+ hgck]Iffsf] d"NofÍg ub} { cfkm"nfO{
;Rofpg'kg] {df cfk;L slrËnd} cN‰]sf 5g\ . ;xdltsf]
laGb' km]nf kf/]/ /fi6«sf] ;+s6df]rgsf ;fy} cfˆgf] eljio
;'lglZrt ug' {kg] {df ;do To;} v]/ kmfln/x]sf 5g\ . o;df
/fhgLlts bnx¿ km]l/ /fi6«sf] cd"No ;do
v]/ kmfn]/ slr+undf nfu]sfn] /fi6«fWoIfsf]
k|efjzfnL cu|;/tf a]u/ nf]stGqsf] /Iff /
;+j}wflgs ;+s6sf] lgsf; ;Dej b]lvGg .
;/sf/sf] s'l6n /0fgLlt lgs} lhDd]jf/ 5 .
;QfsAhfnfO{ d'Vo Wo]o agfPsf] bnn]
cfkm"n] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] a]nf ;+;b\
lj36g x'g'nfO{ b[li6ljxLgn] cfFvf kfP;/x
7fg]sf] 5 . /fli6«o lxt ljk/Lt c8fg lnP/
tyf ljleGg b[Zo–cb[Zo zlSt;Fu ;D‰f}tf u/]/
xfl;n u/]sf] of] cj;/nfO{ k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd
e§/fO{ cfˆgf] u'6sf] nflu pkof]u ug{ pBt
5g\ . afa'/fd–k'iksdn /fi6« / bnsf] nflu
x}g, cfˆgf] lghL :jfy{ / u'6sf] nflu ;Qfsf]
b'?kof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .
s'g} klg k|wfgdGqLn] cfˆgf cfnf]Ro sfdsf]
lhDd]bf/L kf6L{ jf cGo ;xofqLnfO{ af]sfpg'
/ ;QfRo"t x'g] a]nfdf kbdf a:g] OR5f 5}g eGg' kfv08 xf],
h;df afa'/fd e§/fO{n] ;a} k"j{jtL{nfO{ pl5g]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o
;xdltsf] dd{ / hgefjgf ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf], hftLo ;b\efjgf
vNaNofPsf] nufot sf/0fn] cljZjf; k|:tfj cfpg] ;'O{ +sf]
kfPkl5 ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;+;b\df ¿kfGtl/t x'g glbg', ;+j}wflgs
af6f] cj?4 u/]/ r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff ug' { / r'gfj geP;Dd cfkm"
k|wfgdGqL /lx/xg] x7 b]vfpg'n] pgsf] lgot pbfË kf/]sf] 5 .
;xdltsf] efjgf cg';f/ sfd ug] { jrgk|lt clGtdkN6 ljZjf;
u/]/ ;xefuL ePsf] s]xL lbgd} ckdfg / wf]sf Joxf]b} { lg:s]sf
sf+u| ]; / Pdfn] ca cfˆgf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/df ;fd]n x' Fb}gg\ eGg]
afa'/fdn] a'‰]sf 5g\ . e§/fO{n] sf+u| ];–Pdfn]n] ;/sf/df ;fd]n
eP/ b]vfPsf] ;bf;otfsf] b'?kof]u gu/]sf] eP ;DejtM k|ltkIf
olt s7f]/ x'g] lyPg . o;n] jt{dfg ;/sf/nfO{ z+sfsf] nfe
;d]t lng g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
sf+u| ];–Pdfn]n] Psn hftLo klxrfgdf cfwfl/t /fHo
k'g;{ +/rgfsf] k|:tfj :jLsf/]sf] eP !$ h]7d} ;+ljwfg hf/L
x'g] / ef]lnkN6 sf+u| ];n] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj kfpg] lyof] . t/
sf+u| ];n] ;/sf/sf] nf]e gu/]/ /fi6«nfO{ u[xo'4sf] vt/faf6
hf]ufof] . p;nfO{ ;Qfsf] k|nf]eg lbP/ cjfl~5t zt{ t]:of{pg'
/fhgLlts …ANofsd]lnªÚ xf] . pm ‰ngfy vgfnn] Pdfcf]jfbL;Fu
/ afa'/fdn] dw]zjfbL;Fu u/] h:tf] ;D‰f}tf ug{ tof/ 5}g .
rqmJo"xdf nf]stGq
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf x'g\ jf kf6L{leqsf sfd/]8 of ldq/fi6«Ù
cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ], ;'lw|g] df}sf lbg] / eljiosf] af6f]
b]vfpg]x¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn] z'¿b]lv g} d"v{ agfpg] k|oTg
u¥of] / of] pkof]ujfbL gLlt hf/L /fv]sf] 5 . t/ ca
sf+u| ];, Pdfn]nufot ;fgf kf6L{ ;k{nfO{ b"w VjfP/ kfNg tof/

+
{
Û
{
{
5}gg\ . kf6L{leqsf sd/]8x¿n] ljb|f]xsf] lau'n km'ls;s]sf lrGtg ljk/Ltsf] k|:tfjdf k|r08nfO{ 3'F8f
6]sfPsf afa'/fdn]
5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf k| ]/0ff;|f]t dfcf]T;]t'ªsf] b]z rLg, g]kfn j}Bx¿nfO{ wf]jL3f6 a}7sdf yfª\gfdf ;'tfP/ nfdf] km8\sf]
;/sf/sf kl5Nnf gLltk|lt slt c;Gt'i6 5 eGg] s'/f xfn} df/]sf lyP . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf pgsf] lxDdt a9\g' c:jfefljs
sf7df8f} cfPsf g]tf cfO lkª k|wfgdGqL afa'/fdnfO{ ge]6]/ xf]Og . pgn] …;Qf 5f]8]/ k|r08n] u/]h:tf] uNtL gug] {Ú 3f]if0ff
/ df]xg j}B;lxtsf] d08nLnfO{ e]6L a]Olhª e|d0fsf] lgDtf u/L cWoIf bfxfnnfO{ csf] ‰6\sf lbO;s]sf 5g\ .
lbP/ hfg'n] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . xfn;fn} ePsf] l/of] ;Dd]ngdf !$ xhf/eGbf a9L g]kfnLn] hLjg u'dfPsf] o'4 lhTg
klg lrlgofF k|wfgdGqL j]g lhofafcf]n] afa'/fdnfO{ e]6 lbPgg\ . g;s]/ lbNnLdf !@ a'Fb]
;d‰bf/L u/]sf k|r08n] To;kl5
rLgsf k|wfgdGqLn] o;cl3 %–& k'; @)^* df lgwf{l/t …kmf}hL 9+un] eO/x]sf] k'/fgf] uf]nrSs/ tf]8\b} 9f8df 6]s]/
g]kfn e|d0f /2 u/]sf / ljleGg dfWodaf6 /f]O–s/fO{ u/]kl5 6fpsf]df xfGg] /0fgLltÚ agfPsf lyP . k|r08–afa'/fdn]
dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] OHht /flvlbg ‰08} dxLgf lbgkl5 rf/ 306fsf] nf]stGqsf] 6fpsf]df xfGg] Tof] Wo]o c‰} 5f]8]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n]
nflu cfPsf lyP . k|wfgdGqL ag]sf] olt nfdf] ;do lalt;Sbf nfdf] ;dob]lv d'n'snfO{ cl:y/ / clg0f{osf] aGbL agfP,
klg e§/fO{nfO{ a]Olhªn] e|d0fsf] lgDtf] lbPsf] 5}g . zflGt k|lqmof 6'+lug
/ ;+ljwfg aGg lbPgg\ . zflGt k|lqmofsf
kl5Nnf] k6s lrlgofF sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 afFsL sfd rfF8} ;s]/ ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj sf+u| ];nfO{ ;'Dkg] xfn}sf]
…g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts j:t'l:ylt a'´gÚ lkªsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] kfFra'Fb]
sa'nnfO{ klg afa'/fdn] /2Lsf] 6f]s/Ldf kmflnlbP .
^ ;b:oLo 6f]nLn] …;+3Lotf ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ g]kfnn] xtf/ ;jf] {Rr cbfnt, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/, nf]s;]jf cfof]u
gu/f];\Ú eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . Tolt dfq x}g, ef/tlt/ yf]/} h:tf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo g]t[TjljxLg ePkl5 ca rfF8} dfcf]jfbL
/ rLglt/ w]/} k|b]z agfpg] dfcf]jfbLsf] k|:tfjk|lt p;n] z+sf tf08j z'¿ x'g]5— ;+ljwfgleq} a;]/ d'n's
klg u/]sf] 5 . Psn hftLo k|b]z g]kfnsf] nflu lxts/ gx'g] sAhf cfhsf] /fhgLlts cGof]n nlDaof] eg] g]kfnL hgtfn]
lrlgofF /fo o;} klg gofF x}g .
afa'/fdn] rfx]sf] clGtd sfd kmQ] ePsf] x]g] 5g\ .
t/, ljåfg sxnfOPsf afa'/fd e§/fO{ hgtf / z'elrGts o;/L ;+ljwfgnfO{ ckfË agfpFb} nf]stGqnfO{ ;'lgof]lht
dfq x}g 5/l5d]s ;d]t cfkm";Fu 6fl9Psf] tyf cfˆgf] sf/0fn] rqmJo"xdf kmF;fOPsf] kl/j]zdf /fi6«kltn] cfˆgf] lhDd]bf/L /
d'n's /;ftnlt/ uO/x]sf] b]v]/ klg kl/l:yltnfO{ ‰g\ hl6n st{Jo Vofn u/L d'n'snfO{ lgsf; lbg'sf] ljsNk b]lvGg .
agfpg] v]ndf nfu]sf 5g\ . ;+;b\ lj36g / j}B ljb|f]xkl5 nf]stGq vt/fdf k/]sf], d'n's clg0f{osf] aGbL ag]sf],
‰g\ xf}l;Psf pgL /fli6«o ;xdltsf] jftfj/0f agfpg'sf] ;f6f] ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿ c:tJo:t ePsf] / /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;xdlt
;Qfsf] b'?kof]u ub} ldl8ofsf] d'v y'Gg], ljv08gjfbLx¿nfO{ sfod ug{ ljkmn ePsf] cj:yfdf /fi6«klt klg pkb]zs dfq
an lbg] / n8fs"x¿nfO{ prfNg] sfd ub} {5g\ . @)^@ c;f]hsf] eP/ a:g] xf] eg] ;+j}wflgs /fi6«kltsf] cf}lrTodfly ;d]t k|Zg
r'gjfª a}7stfsf k/Dk/fut dfcf]jfb tyf k|r08–j}B p7\g ;S5 . �
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
33

l/kf]6{ cy{tGq
cFWof/f]lt/ b]z k|eft
cfly{s ;d[l4sf s'/f u/]/ gyfSg]
k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd e§/fO{n] d'n'ssf]
enf] rfx]sf eP ;+ljwfg;efsf] cj;fg;Fu}
s';L{ 5f]8]/ /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/sf]
af6f] vf]Ng] lyP . cfh PsltxfO{ ah]6sf]
;§f ;dod} ;xdltsf] k"0f{ ah]6 cfpFYof]
/ To;n] /fhgLlts z"Gotfdf klg b]zsf
cfly{s tGt'x¿df /Qm;~rf/ ub{Yof] .
@)^@–^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ;+ljwfg;ef
lgjf{rg cl3;Dd d'n'ssf] cfly{s ultljlw
bnx¿sf] ;xdltdf rn]sf] lyof] . kl/0ffd,
cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷^% sf] h:tf] nIoeGbf
a9L k" FhLut vr{ slxNo} ePg . To; jif{
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]t[Tjsf] ;xdtLo
;/sf/sf cy{dGqL /fdz/0f dxtn] ?=%%
ca{ @^ s/f]8sf] k" FhLut ah]6 5'6\ofPsf]df
?=%% ca{ %! s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] tyf %
k|ltzt nIo ul/Psf] cfly{s j[l4 %=^
k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] .
k"0f{ ah]6 Nofpg kfP d'n'ssf ;a}
;d:of kf/ nufpg] bfaL ug]{ k|wfgdGqL
afa'/fd e§/fO{n] cfkm" cy{dGqL 5Fbf cfj
@)^%÷^^ df NofPsf] nx8L ah]6sf] kL8f
34
clxn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqn] ef]lu/x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgn]vg / zflGt k|lqmofsf] z'¿s}
r/0fdf NofOPsf] cl3Nnf] eGbf $) k|ltzt
7"nf] ah]6 nIocg'?k k"FhLut vr{ x'g
g;s]/ / rfn' vr{ a9]/ ;jf{lws dxËf]
;fljt eof] .
To;kl5sf ;/sf/n] ah]6sf] cfsf/ t
36fP, t/ e§/fO{sf] …5nfªÚ n] cy{tGqdf
kf/]sf] Ejfª 6fNg ;s]gg\ . cy{ljb\x¿
eG5g\, æah]6 d'n'ssf] bL3{sfnLg cfly{s
nIonfO{ lglb{i6 ug]{ af6f]af6 ljrlnt
x'g'x'Fb}g
.Æ ah]6 NofpFbf ;/sf/n] cfkm"n]
vr{ ug]{eGbf klg lghL If]qn] vr{ ug]{
jftfj/0f agfpg'kg]{ xf], 9'nd'n] ah]6 /
kk'lni6 efif0fn] nufgLstf{nfO{ cndNofpg]
afx]s s]xL ub} {g .
cfly{s k|of]u
ah]6 /fhgLlt ldl>t cfly{s b:tfj]h xf] .
t/, o;sf] d"n p2]Zo k"FhLut nufgL
a9fP/ cfly{s j[l4 / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{
g} x'G5 . ;Qf?9 bnn] sfo{stf{–dtbftfnfO{
v'zL kfg{ ah]6df *–( k|ltzt;Dd kk'lni6
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
afa'/fd e§/fO{sf]
;Qfx7n] d'n'snfO{
cfly{s ¿kdf
cGwsf/tkm{ ws]Nb}5 .
efg' e§/fO{
e§/fO{ / /d]z s'df/
sfo{qmd /fVg] ul/P klg ;du|df d"n
gLltaf6 ljrlnt eof] eg] o;n] cy{tGqdf
bL3{sfn;Dd c;/ kfl//xg] cy{zf:qLx¿
atfpF5g\ .
tTsfnLg cy{dGqL e§/fO{n] @)^%÷^^
sf] ah]6 k|:t't ubf{ eg]sf lyP, æ;k{h:tf]
l3l;|g] xf]Og, Eofu'tf]h:tf] pk|mg] cfly{s
j[l4b/ lgsfNg 5nfª cfjZos 5 .Æ t/
pgsf] 5nfª ?U0f ;/sf/L pBf]unfO{ lj36g
xf]Og k'ghL{jg lbg] eGb} k};f afF8\g /
;/sf/L AofÍaf6 lnPsf] C0f ldgfxf ug{
s]lGb|t eof] . s[lif ljsf;, ;fgf ls;fg
ljsf;, /fli6«o jfl0fHo / g]kfn AofÍaf6
lnOPsf] ?=#) xhf/;Ddsf] C0fsf] ;fFjf–
Jofh tyf ?=! nfv;Ddsf] Jofh / xhf{gf
ldgfxf ug{ e§/fO{n] ?=$) s/f]8sf] ah]6
5'6\ofPsf lyP, cGttM ;/sf/L 9's'6Laf6
?=^ ca{ afF8\g' k¥of] . x]6f}+8f sk8f,
jL/u~h lrgL / s[lifcf}hf/ sf/vfgf k'gM
;~rfng tyf uf]/vsfnL /a/ pBf]u /
lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldnsf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/
ug{ e§/fO{n] ?=#) s/f]8 vr{ u/] . tL
pBf]uaf6 k|x/L / ;]gfsf nflu sk8f, s[lif

kl%Nnf 14 jif{sf] ah]^ ljlgof]hg -?= ca{_
{
{
{
{
{
{
+
{
{
+
{
cfj
@)%%÷%^
;fwf/0f
#!=(%
ljsf;
#&=&$
s'n ah]6
^(=^(
ah]6 j[l4
-k|ltzt_
–
cy{dGqL
/fdz/0f dxt
k|ltzt k'¥ofof] / cfly{s j[l4nfO{ $=%
k|ltztdf ;Lldt u¥of] . cl3Nnf] cfly{s
jif{df &=% k|ltzt /x]sf] d"Noj[l4 o;/L
a]kQf a9\g'sf] sf/0f k|rf/d'vL eP/ 5l/Psf]
k};f lyof] . Pp6f ah]6n] af6f] la/fpFbf
@)%^÷%&
@)%&÷%*
#%=#*
$#=%!
$!=*%
$*=!)
&&=@#
(!=^@
!)=*!
!*=^#
dx]z cfrfo{
dx]z cfrfo{
d'n'sn] slt xflg Joxf]g'{k5{ eGg] k|df0f
klg xf], Tof] ah]6 . To;kl5 cf]/fnf] nfUg
yfn]sf] d"Noj[l4 ( k|ltzteGbf tn ‰g{
@)%*÷%(
@)%(÷^)
$(=#@
%&=$$
%)=$&
#*=^&
((=&(
(^=!@
*=(!
-#=^&_
/fdz/0f dxt
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
;s]sf] 5}g .
ah]6 NofpFbf nlIft pknlAw xfl;n
ug] cfwf/ k|i6 gu/L nf]slk|o s'/f dfq
@)^)÷^! ^)=%% $!=*! !)@=$ ^=%# k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL ug] k|j[lQn] cy{tGqdf vf8n agfpFb} nu]sf]
@)^!÷^@ ^&=^) #!=%& !!!=^* (=)^ e/tdf]xg clwsf/L
cy{dGqfnosf Ps ;x;lrj atfpF5g\ .
æcfkm"nfO{ dg nfu]sf] 7fpFdf k};f afF8\g
@)^@÷^#
@)^#÷^$
&%=*%
*#=&^
#&=@#
$$=(&
!@^=**
!$#=(!
!#=^!
!#=$@
dw's/ /f0ff
/fdz/0f dxt
;|f]t ePg eg] ah]6df xr'jfsf e/df
/fh:jaf6 a9\g] pNn]v ul/G5Æ, dGqfnosf
Ps ;x;lrj eG5g\, æo;}sf/0f xfd|f] /fh:j
@)^$÷^% (*=!& %%=@^ !^*=(( !&=$@ /fdz/0f dxt gLlt klg j}1flgs x'g;s]sf] 5}g / ah]6
@)^%÷^^ !@*=%! (!=#! @#^=)! #(=&! afa'/fd e§/fO{
klg lgb] {lzt l;4fGtx¿sf] bfo/faf6 ljrlnt
ePsf] 5 .Æ
@)^^÷^& !^)=^# !)^=@* @*%=(# @!=! ;'/]Gb| kf08]
cfly{s j[l4 x'g ;dodf ah]6 Nofpg'
@)^&÷^*
@)^*÷^(
!()=#!
@@^=^!
!@(=%#
&@=^!
##&=()
#*$=()
!*=!&
!#=(
;'/]Gb| kf08]
e/tdf]xg clwsf/L
/ ;kmn sfof{Gjog ug{ 'k5{ . @)$^ kl5sf]
klxnf] bzssf] cf};t %=! k|ltzt cfly{s
j[l4n] ;/sf/sf] gLlt / ah]6sf] ;kmn
sfof{GjognfO{ bzf{pF5 . To;a]nf ;fdflhs
gf]6M cl3Nnf cfly{s jif{df C0f tyf z]o/ nufgL afktsf] /sd ;d]t k"FhLut vr{df
;dfj]z ug] ul/Psf]df cfj @)^*÷^( b]lv oL b'O{nfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . ;f] cfjdf ?=@%
ca{ C0f tyf z]o/ nufgLsf nflu ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] .
;'wf/;Fu} cfly{s ljsf;sf k|z:t ;+/rgf
lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . k|wfgdGqL e§/fO{sf]
d'n's cfkm"n] eg] h;/L rNg'k5{ eGg] x7
/ ah]6sf] cfsf/ a9fP/ nf]slk|otf sdfpg]
rfxgf g} clxn] d'n'ssf] qmlds cfly{s
ljsf;sf] afws ag]sf 5g\ . æcy{tGqsf]
pks/0f Pj+ ;/sf/L df]6/sf nflu 6fo/
d'n'sd} pTkfbg u/]/ cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]
…kk'lni6Ú efif0f u/]sf pgn] rf/ jif{kl5
cfkm} k|wfgdGqL x'Fbf
ljb]zL nufgL leœofpg
ef/t;Fu …laKkfÚ ;D‰f}tf u/]sf 5g\ .
clxn] tL pBf]usf] k'ghL{jgsf] nflu
afFl8Psf] k};f afn'jfdf kfgL vGofP;/x
ePsf] 5 . æe§/fO{n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s
gLltdf vf;} Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g u/]gg\Æ,
cy{zf:qL 8f= lr/~hLjL g]kfn eG5g\,
æt/ efif0fdf ;:tf] nf]slk|otf xfl;n ug]
gfddf cgfjZos 7fpFdf h;/L k};f afF8]
To;n] d'n'snfO{ k|of]uzfnf agfof] .Æ C0f
ldgfxf ug{ kmh'ndf afFl8Psf] caf}+{ ?k}ofF
hgtfnfO{ cfxt agfpg] d"Noj[l4sf] sf/s
ag]sf] pgsf] syg 5 .
e§/fO{n] ah]6sf] cfsf/ a9fpFbf cfly{s
j[l4 cfkm} jif{G5 eg]h:tf] u/]/ cl3Nnf] jif{
?=!^# ca{ vr{ ePsf]df ?=@#^ ca{sf] ah]6
k|:t't u/]sf lyP . æTo;a]nf z'¿ ePsf]
ah]6sf] cfsf/ a9fpg] xf]8 g} dxËL /
cfoft j[l4sf] cfwf/ xf]Æ, cy{zf:qL g]kfnsf]
egfO 5, æo;/L 7f]; gLlt / sfo{qmdljgf
g} d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] r/d b'?kof]u
ePsf] 5 .Æ bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 cfly{s
j[l4 / lj:tf/df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg]
;D‰gnfos ah]6 gcfPsf] atfpFb} pBf]uL
/fh]Gb| v]tfg yK5g\, æcy{tGq rnfpg h'g
;'‰a'‰ rflxG5 To;sf] cefj b]lvPsf]
5 . ah]6 h:tf sfo{qmdn] cy{tGqnfO{
km/flsnf] kfb}{ n}hfg'kg]{df ‰g\ ;+s'lrt
kfl/Psf] 5 .Æ
sdhf]/ a'‰fO
lgjf{rgaf6 s'g} bnn] k|i6 ax'dt k|fKt
u/]/ ;/sf/ lgdf{0f u/]kl5 Nofpg] ah]6sf]
t'ngfdf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg ah]6 ;+j]bgzLn
x'g] x'Fbf
cfly{s d'2fdf bnx¿aLr ;xdlt
x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 . To:tf] ah]6n] nIo u/]sf]
cfly{s pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7g x'g] x'gfn]
sd vr{df w]/} pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ u/L
th'{df
ul/g'kg] cy{zf:qLx¿ atfpF5g\ .
k|wfgdGqL e§/fO{n] cfj @)^%÷^^ df
cfly{s j[l4 & k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] / d'b|f:kmLlt
&=% k|ltztdf ;Lldt ug]{ dxŒjfsf+Iff
/fv]/ NofPsf] ah]6n] d"Noj[l4nfO{ !#=@
cfotg lj:tf/ ug] cfwf/ x'g'kg] {df cfDbfgL–
vr{sf] cfFs8f ldnfP/ k|rf/ ug] dfWod
dfq aGof] ah]6Æ, Joj;foL v]tfg eG5g\,
æo:t} tl/sfn] t ah]6 cfpg'–gcfpg'df
vf;} cy{ b]lvGg .Æ
ah]6sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog x'g lgoldt
;dodf cfpg'kg]{ / Jofjxfl/s w/ftndf
cfwfl/t sfo{qmd x'g'kg] cy{;lrj /fd]Zj/
vgfnsf] wf/0ff 5 . ælgoldt ;dodf ah]6
gcfpFbf cy{tGqsf] rqm g} vNalnG5Æ,
pgL eG5g\, æof] jif{ lgoldt ;dodf ah]6
gcfpFbf df]6fdf]6L ?=@& ca{ %) s/f]8
Iflt x'g] cg'dfg 5 .Æ pgsf cg';f/,
o:tf] cj:yfdf b]zsf] cfly{s gLltaf/]
lghL If]q cGof]ndf kg]{ x'Fbf nufgL klg
lg?T;flxt x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] s'n vr{df ;/sf/L vr{ #)
k|ltzt xf/fxf/L dfq eP klg lghL If]qsf]
&) k|ltzt nufgL kl/rfng ug{ ;/sf/n]
g} vr{ ug{ yfNg'k5{ . csf] {tkm{, b]zsf !!
xhf/ lgdf{0f Joj;foL -7]s]bf/_ dWo] !)
xhf/ (%) sf] 7]Ssf ;/sf/L lgdf{0f;Fu}
;DalGwt x'G5 . cy{ dGqfnosf k|jQmf
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
35

{
+ ]
/fhg vgfnsf cg';f/ lgoldt ah]6 ;/sf/ l;d]G6sf] Jofkf/sf] lgwf{/0f ;/sf/L vr{sf]
cfkm"n] vr{ ug{ eGbf klg lghL If]qnfO{ cg'dfgdf s]lGb|t x'G5 .
nufgLsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug{ ‰g\ h?/L x'G5, l56f]l56f] ablng] ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff ug]
t/ To;sf nflu lghL nufgL / ;'/Iff d}qL gf}/ËL ah]6sf sf/0f cy{tGqsf] d'Vo nIo
gLlt eg] cfjZos k5{ .
/ lbzf cndlnPsf]n] klg o;n] ck]lIft ult
ah]6sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog /fhgLlts lng g;s]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf k"j{
/ k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjsf] OR5fzlQmdf klg pkfWoIf 8f= hubLzrGb| kf]v/]nsf] a'‰fO
lge{/ ub{5 . c;f/sf] clGtd ;ftf;Dd k"0f{ 5 . æ@)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 d"n ¿kdf
ah]6sf] /6fg g5f8]sf k|wfgdGqL e§/fO{ b]zn] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt ;dft]sf] eP
/ cy{dGqL jif{dfg k'gn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klg ;/sf/x¿sf] cfly{s gLltdf :ki6tf /
lgjf{rgkl5 klxnf] k6s c;f/leq} cfPsf] gLltut lg/Gt/tf gx'Fbf
lghL If]q ;z+lst
cfj @)^*÷^( sf] ah]6df !) dxLgf sfd ag]sf] 5Æ, pgL eG5g\, æbL3{sfnLg gLlt k|i6
ug{ kfP/ klg sfof{Gjogdf Wofg lbPgg\ . / lghL If]q cfZj:t geP;Dd nufgL a9\g
clxn] k" FhLut vr{ ug{ g;s]/ jif{sf] cGTodf ;Sb}g . ah]6sf] lbzf k|i6 / sfof{Gjog
…lan ldnfpg]Ú sfd ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] k|efjsf/L gag];Dd nIo xfl;n x'g;Sb}g .Æ
clgoldttf /f]Sg tLg jif{b]lv cjnDag kf]v/]nsf cg';f/ ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf]
ul/Psf] cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd tLg dxLgfdf clglZrttf / l9nfOsf] d'Vo c;/ Jofkf/
k" FhLut ah]6sf] $) k|ltzt / Ps dxLgfdf rqm, ljsf; lgdf{0f ultljlw / nufgLdf kb{5
@) k|ltzteGbf a9L vr{ ug{ gkfOg] eg] ;/sf/L nufgLsf] lglZrttf geO{ lghL
Joj:yfnfO{ klg cy{dGqL k'gn] tf]l8lbPsfn] If]q klg nufgLsf nflu pT;flxt x'Fb}g
/
c;f/sf] clGtd ;ftfb]lv ljleGg 7]Ssfsf pTkfbgd"ns If]q ;':tfpF5 . c‰, /fh:j b/df
;"rgf k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf lyP . ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g gx'Fbf
;/sf/L cfDbfgL
o:t} x]nr]qm\ofO{ ug{ xf] eg] ah]6 cfly{s sd x'g], ljsf; geP klg tnaeQf cflbsf]
jif{ z'¿ x'g' b'O{–tLg dxLgfcl3 g} cfP vr{ x'g] x'Fbf
dxFuL a9\g] pgL atfpF5g\ .
klg s]xL gx'g] hfgsf/x¿ atfpF5g\ . gf} ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgotfsf x/]s cfly{s
lhNnfsf] sf/f]af/ lghL If]qn] wfg]sf] b]zdf jif{df % k|ltzt cfly{s j[l4sf] nIo /flvPsf]
afFsL ^^ lhNnfdf ;dodf ;/sf/L ah]6 lyof] . t/, ah]6 ;dodf gcfPsf / cfP klg
vr{ gx'Fbf
cfly{s ultljlw k|foM 7Kk x'g] sfof{Gjog gePsfn] cf};t #=% k|ltzt dfq
k"j{ cy{;lrj vgfn atfpF5g\ . tL lhNnfdf xfl;n ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf
v'b|f k;ndf ;fdfg :6s /fVg]b]lv 58 / pkfWoIf bLk]Gb|axfb'/ If]qL x/]s jif{sf] oxL
36
ah]6 ;dodf gcfP / sfof{Gjog geP s] x'G5 <
bLk]Gb|axfb'/ If]qL
pkfWoIf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• efjL lbgsf] cfocfh{gsf] cfwf/
/f]lsG5 .
• cfly{s j[l4 / /f]huf/L l;h{gfdf
z"Gotf cfpF5 .
• hgtfsf] /fHok|ltsf] e/f];f 36\5 .
• dxËL / cl:y/tf a9\5 .
/fd]Zj/ vgfn
k"j{ cy{;lrj
• lghL If]qdf cGof]n a9\g] x'Fbf
nufgL 7Kk x'G5 .
• ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ult /f]lsG5 .
• ;/sf/L vr{af6 cfly{s ultljlw
z'¿ x'g] ^^ lhNnfsf] cy{tGq
w/f;foL x'G5 .
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
8f= hubLzrGb| kf]v/]n
k"j{ pkfWoIf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
• nufgL / Jofkf/ rqmdf c;/ k5{ .
• c;dfg ljsf;nfO{ dnhn k'U5 .
• s/df eb|uf]n x'Fbf ;/sf/L
cfDbfgLdf cGof]n x'G5 .
• ;du| cy{tGq w/f;foL eP/ cfly{s
jif{ v]/ hfG5 .
!=% k|ltztsf] gf]S;fgLn] d'n'snfO{ w]/} 3f6f
k'¥ofPsf] atfpF5g\ . æclt hf]lvdk" "0f{ ljifo
rflx+ hgtfsf] dgf]lj1fg vl:sP/ /fHosf
;a} ;+/rgfk|lt cljZjf; a9\g] kf] xf] ls
eGg] 5Æ, pgL eG5g\ .
cy{ dGqfnosf k"j{ cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/
s]zj cfrfo{ cfj @)^%÷^^ kl5 ah]6df
ePsf ljleGg cj/f]wsf sf/0f cfly{s j[l4
v'lDrPsf] atfpF5g\ . g]kfnsf bL3{sfnLg
of]hgf;Fu ah]6sf] /fd|f] tfnd]n gePsf]n]
klg ;d:of kl//x]sf] pgsf] a'‰fO 5 . cfrfo{
ah]6 lgoldt ;dodf gcfpFbf / ;kmn
sfof{Gjog gx'Fbfsf] c;/ ;du| cy{tGqd}
hf]lvdo'Qm x'g] atfpF5g\ . ;/sf/L ah]6
gcfpFbf gofF kl/of]hgf cfpFb}gg\ / qmdfut
cfof]hgfsf 7]Ssf klg /f]lsG5g\ . To:t},
;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] nufgL /f]ls+bf afXo
nufgL lelqg] ;Defjgf sd x'g], ;/sf/L
/sd ckJoo x'g], k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] sfo{
;~rfng k|0ffnLdf dgf]j}1flgs k|efj kg] {
h:tf ;d:of cfpF5g\ .
yf]/}n] gk'Ug] xf]8
ah]6sf] nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un]
dGqfnox¿;Fu vr{sf] ;Ldf dfu ubf{ cfpg]
k|:tfj b]v]/ cfof]usf clwsf/Lx¿ rlst
x'G5g\ . æx/]s dGqfnoaf6 ;|f]t cwLgdf
/fVg] dfgl;stfn] ah]6df 5'6\ofOg] eGbf
tLg–rf/ u'0ff a9L k};fsf] dfu x'G5Æ, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf If]qL eG5g\, æt/

s]zj cfrfo{
k"j{ cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/ cy{ dGqfno
• ;/sf/L / lghL b'j} nufgL /f]ls+bf
afXo nufgL lelq+b}g .
• gofF cfof]hgf cfpFb}g, qmdfut
cfof]hgfsf] 7]Ssf klg /f]lsG5 .
• lgdf{0f nfut a9]/ t'ngfTds
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf 36\5 .
dfusf] Psrf}yfO{ k};f klg vr{ ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtf x'Fb}g
.Æ l56f]l56f] ;/sf/ kl/jt{g,
sd{rf/L g]t[Tjdf km]/abn / kof{Kt u[xsfo{
ljgf sfo{qmd lgdf{0fn] k"FhLut vr{ x'g
g;s]sf] xf] pgsf] 7DofO 5 .
lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cefjdf bnsf
sfo{stf{ xfjL ePsfn] klg ufpFdf cfPsf]
ljsf; ah]6 b'?kof]u jf lk|mh eO/x]sf]
cy{dGqfnosf k"j{ ;Nnfxsf/ cfrfo{
atfpF5g\ . æ/fhgLlts JolQmx¿n] gLlt /
sfo{qmd agfP/ s]Gb|df k|zf;lgs lgsfosf
JolQm / :yfgLo:t/df pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ vr{
ug] { clwsf/ lbg] xf] eg] ;|f]tsf] b'?kof]usf]
;Defjgf sd x'G5Æ, pgL eG5g\ .
;fwf/0f vr{sf] t'ngfdf k"FhLut vr{
cfj @)%(÷^) b]lv sd x'g yfn]sf] xf] .
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] ;+;b\
lj36g u/]/ cWofb]zdfkm{t NofPsf] ;f]
jif{sf] ah]6df dfcf]jfbL lj?4sf] sf/afxL
/ r'gfjsf nflu ?=%& ca{ ;fwf/0f vr{
/ ljsf;sf nflu ?=#* ca{ dfq k" FhLut
vr{ 5'6\ofPsf lyP . To;kl5 /fhfsf]
zf;gsfnb]lv nf]stGq axfnLkl5 klg Tof]
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]g .
afa'/fd e§/fO{ cy{dGqL ePsf a]nf ?=(!
ca{sf] ljsf; ah]6af6 ?=&# ca{ / ;fwf/0f
ah]6af6 ?=!@@ ca{ vr{ ePsf] lyof] . cfj
@)^*÷^( df C0f tyf z]o/ nufgLsf]
?=@% ca{ afx]s ?=&@ ca{ ljsf; ah]6
5'6\ofOPsf]df uPsf] c;f/ klxnf] ;ftf;Dd
b]zn] y]Ug g;s]sf] ef/M cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷^^ sf] ah]6 k|:t't ug{ ] tof/L tTsfnLg cy{dGqL
afa'/fd e§/fO{ . pgL cy{dGqL x'Fbf -cf=j= @)^%÷^^_ NofPsf] $) k|ltzt 7"nf] ah]6 nIocg'?k
k"FhLut vr{ x'g g;s]/ / rfn' vr{ a9]/ ;jf{lws dxËf] ;fljt eof] . & k|ltzt nIo /flvP klg
cfwf -#=* k|ltzt_ dfq cfly{s j[l4 ePsf] pQm jif{ d"Noj[l4 !# k|ltztsf] pRr laGb'df k'u]sf]
lyof] . ;f] jif{ ljsf; ah]6sf] ^) k|ltzt dfq vr{ ePsf] lyof] .
?=@* ca{ %@ s/f]8 dfq vr{ ePsf]
lyof] . afFsL tLg ;ftfdf To;nfO{ bf]Aa/
a9fP/ *) k|ltzt gf3]sf] cfFs8f k|:t't
ug] { tof/L cy{dGqfnon] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n]
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ah]6 jQmJo eGbf o;sf]
sfof{Gjog g} hl6n d'2f aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
lghL If]qsf] x'6x'6L
cy{dGqL k'gn] c;f/sf] z'¿df Joj;foL;Fusf]
Ps e]6df k"0f{ ah]6 gcfP d'n's w/f;foL
x'G5 eGb} o;lglDt kxn ul/lbg lghL
If]qnfO{ u'xf/]sf lyP . To;kl5 g]kfn
pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm
sd;{ nufotsf Jofj;flos ;+3;+:yfsf
kbflwsf/Ln] x/]s bnsf g]tfsf b}nf]–b}nf]df
k'u]/ k"0f{ ah]6 Nofpg dfu u/] . t/,
k|wfgdGqL e§/fO{n] x7 g5f]8]sfn] Ps
t[tLof+z vr{ ;Ldf;lxt gofF k"0f{ ah]6sf]
k|ltIff ug'{afx]s
c¿ ljsNk afFsL /x]g .
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] k|:yfg laGb'
;/sf/L ah]6 x'g] ePsfn] To;sf] lgoldt
cfudgk|lt lghL If]qn] rf;f] /fVg' :jfefljs
eP klg sfof{Gjogdf jf:tf gug'{ b'vb\
/x]sf] cy{zf:qLx¿ atfpF5g\ . lghL If]qn]
;dodf ah]6 cfP 7]Ssfk§f lng kfOG5 eGg]
;f]r dfq kfNg' eGbf ;dodf sfo{qmdx¿
sfof{Gjogsf nflu hf]8 lbP a]lylt sd
x'g] pgLx¿sf] egfO 5 .
dxf;+3n] g} lgsfn]sf] ljj/0f cg';f/
o;cl3sf ah]6df 3f]if0ff ePsf 8]9 bh{g
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
a9L sfo{qmd yftL /x]sf 5g\ . k|wfgdGqL
e§/fO{ cy{dGqL x' Fb} NofOPsf] ;'ky d"No k;n,
dlb/f / c¿ ;fdfg laqmL ug] { cnu–cnu
k;nsf] Joj:yf h:tf hglxtsf/L sfo{qmd
;d]t sfof{Gjog ePsf 5}gg\ . To;afx]s
k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] ;xh cfk"lt{, sfnf]ahf/L
cGTo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if :yfkgf, :yfoL
n]vf gDa/ lnPsf /lhi68{ bnfndfkm{t
3/hUufsf] sf/f]af/, gofF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]gsf] Joj:yf, u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf
ljb]zLnfO{ l/on:6]6df nufgL v'nf, d'n'ssf]
hnljB't\sf] s'n ;+efJotf cWoog, sf7df8f} +
t/fO{ b|'tdfu{sf] 6«ofs lgdf{0f, hnljB't\
ljsf; sDkgLsf] ?=* ca{sf] pkof]u,
a"9Lu08sLsf] 8LkLcf/ h:tf ljsf;sf
sfd x'gg;s]sf] dxf;+3n] hgfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] qm]tf ;/sf/ xf] .
k"0f{ ah]6n] ;/sf/nfO{ v/Lb k|lqmof cufl8
a9fpg] clwsf/ lbG5 . t/, !) dxLgf r'k
nfu]/ clGtd b'O{ dxLgf dfq tfTg] ;/sf/L
k|j[lQ cGTo geP;Dd ah]6 cfpg'–gcfpg'n]
vf;} km/s kb}{g . cy{zf:qL 8f= g]kfn
lghL If]qn] gLltut :yfloTjdf hf]8 lbg'kg] {
atfpF5g\ . æg]tfsf] 3/–3/ k'u]/ ah]6sf]
b:tfj]h dfu ug'{sf] ;§f cfly{s gLltsf]
:yfloTjsf nflu nlaª u/]sf] eP lghL
If]qsf] e"ldsf k|v/ x'g]lyof]Æ, pgsf] egfO
5, æsfdrnfp ;/sf/n] h:tf];'s} k"0f{ ah]6
NofP klg To;n] :yfloTj gkfpg] x' Fbf To;af6
lghL If]qn] s]xL k|fKt ug]{ lyPg .Æ �
37

l/kf]6{ ljsf; ah]6
afn'jfdf
kfgL
;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? ljsf;
lgdf{0fdf ah]6 5 eGg] s'/f !!
dxLgf;Dd yfx} geP ‰f} + u5{g\ /
c;f/ nfu]kl5 afn'jfdf kfgL;/L
aufpF5g\ .
; /sf/n]
;bf ‰} + o;kfln klg k" FhLut
ah]6sf] clwsf+z lx:;f cfly{s jif{sf]
clGtd dxLgf c;f/df vr{ u¥of] . s]xL
7fpFdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t …sfd ;DkGg
ul/of]Ú eg] s]xLdf lhlj;d} a;]/ …of]hgf
;DkGg ePsf]Ú k|ltj]bg agfOof] . Pp6f
sfdsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 cGoq vr{
klg eof] .
g]kfndf x/]s jif{ ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf]
;lqmotfdf o:tf] sfd eO/xG5 . cfly{s
jif{leq} sfd g;s] ah]6 lk|mh x'g] ePsfn]
;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ o;f] ug{ …afWoÚ x'G5g\ .
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj zLtnafa'
/]UdL ljsf; ah]6 lk|mh gx'g] sfg"gL
Joj:yf geP;Dd o:tf] …afWotfÚ gx6\g]
atfpF5g\ .
xtf/df ljsf; ug]{ of] sfdsf] yk
/dfOnf] kIf s] 5 eg], :yfgLo lgsfosf
;j{bnLo ;+oGq vf/]h eO;s] klg of]
a]nf lapFltG5g\ . sltko lhNnfdf c3f]lift
;j{bnLo ;+oGqsf] af]njfnf x'G5 . ;/sf/L
clwsf/L klg bnsf :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ;Nnfxd}
sfd u/]/ ljjfbaf6 aRg ?rfpF5g\ .
;fpgb]lv h]7;Dd r'krfk a;]/ c;f/df
h'd'{/fpFbf
sltko lhNnfdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt
aGg} kfpFb}g / 7]s]bf/ sDkgLnfO{ ldnfP/
…ljsf;Ú ul/G5 .
38
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no, k;f{af6 rkL{ lgdf{0f ug{ v/Lb ul/Psf] ;fdu|L .
‰fkfM bnLo babaf
bnLo ;+oGq lj36g eP klg ‰fkf lhlj;sf]
of]hgf th{ 'dfdf bnx¿s} x}sd rN5 . of]hgf
zfvf k|d'v s]zj d}gfnL bnx¿sf] ;xdltdf
sfd ubf{ lj/f]w gx'g] atfpF5g\ . ut cfjdf
‰fkf lhlj;n] th{ 'df u/]sf] ?=& s/f]8 @%
nfvsf $)! of]hgfdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ?=!*
nfvsf] s]/vf–SofDkf ;8s v08sf] !)!@
ld6/ sfnf]kq] lgdf{0f lyof] . l8s] lgdf{0f
;]jfn] 7]Ssf lnPsf] ;f] ;8ssf] sfd cfwf
klg ePsf] 5}g . pQ/L ‰fkfsf] v'b'gfaf/L
uflj;sf nflu ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 cfPsf] ?=!% nfvsf]
ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;'/;f/} 5}g .
k;f{M gSsnL ljsf;
lhlj; k;f{n] u|fe]n, sNe6{, sfnf]kq], kvf{n
lgdf{0fnufotsf] sfddf ;D‰f}tf u/]sf
!%) pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L @#–@$
c;f/df lhlj;d} k|fljlws k|ltj]bg tof/
kfb} { lyP . of]hgf clws[t z]/] d':tkmf cfj
leq} sfd ;Sg] zt{df pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿nfO{
7]Ssf lbPsf] atfpF5g\ . t/fO{–dw]zsf
wfld{s:yn ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+:s[lt, ko{6g
tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnon] pknAw
u/fPsf] ?=%@ nfvsf] ah]6df cfj ;lsg
!* lbg afFsL 5Fbf lhlj;n] 7]Ssf nufof] .
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
jL/uGh pdgkfdf–!% sf] dl:hb / !&
sf] ax'c/Lsf] sla|:tfg, cnf}sf] ;fj{hlgs
kf]v/L / kf]vl/ofsf] xg'dfg dlGb/sf nflu
?=!) nfvb]lv ?=!@ nfv;Ddsf 7]Ssf
nufOPsf] lyof] . olt ubf{ klg k;f{df of]
jif{ ;dod} 7]Ssf gnufpFbf sl/a ?=%
s/f]8 ah]6 lk|mh ePsf] n]vf zfvfsf
;'zLn tfdfªn] atfP .
;Kt/LM ;j{q clgoldttf
;Kt/L lhlj;n] uflj; ;lrjx¿nfO{ Nofk6k
sDKo'6/ lbg 5'6\ofPsf] ?=! s/f]8 $@
nfv %) xhf/df Jofks clgoldttf ePsf]
5 . /fhlj/fhsf] sflnsf sDKo'6/ P08
;Knfo;{dfkm{t ljgf sf]6]zg v/Lb ul/Psf]
;fdfgsf] gSsnL lan k]z ul/of] . o;sf
nflu ?=! nfv !) xhf/b]lv ?=! nfv
%) xhf/df Nofk6k lsGg] eg]/ ufpF
kl/ifb\af6} lg0f{o u/fOPsf] lyof] . sflnsf
;Knfo;{;Fusf] ;D‰f}tfdf 8]n sDkgLsf]
$)%) df]8]nsf] Nofk6k ?=%^ xhf/,
lk|06/ ?=!% xhf/, ;ftlbg] tflnd ?=%
xhf/ / j]ak]h l8hfOgsf nflu ?=! nfv
!) xhf/sf b/n] *@ uflj;;Fu ;D‰f}tf
ul/Psf] lyof] .
lhlj;n] b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L ;+3;+:yf /
JolQmnfO{ k'/fgf] ldltdf ;D‰f}tf u/]/ gofF

of]hgf lbPsf] 5 . df6f] eg] { Pp6f of]hgfdf
tLg dxLgfcl3sf] ldltdf ;D‰f}tf u/]/
@% c;f/df ?=@ nfv && xhf/sf] r]s
lbOPsf] 5 . o;af/] k|fljlws t]hgf/fo0f
jfhk]oLdfly 5fglag eO/x]sf] :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/L s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6fn] atfP .
vf]6fªM uf]i7L g} pknlAw
lhlj; vf]6fªn] cfj @)^*÷^( df ?=@
s/f]8 *! nfv ljsf; ah]6 vr{ u/]sf]
k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/] klg tflnd, uf]i7L
/ Pp6f k|;"ltu[x lgdf{0f afx]s c¿
pknlAw b]lvb}g . lhlj;sf] ?=& nfv
ah]6af6 l;DkfgL SofDk;n] w]/}h;f] /sd
k|zf;lgs sfddf vr{ u/]sf] / lstfa
lsg]sf] lan ldnfPsf] SofDk; k|d'v /fhg
9sfn :jLsf5{g\ . cfly{s jif{ ;lsg}
nfUbf @@ j6f u|fdL0f ;8ssf nflu
;D‰f}tf u/]/ k]ZsL /sd afF8]sf], t/
pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf cfˆgf sfo{stf{ etL{
ug]{ bnx¿sf] :jfy{n] sfd x'g g;s]sf]
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L o'j/fh clwsf/L
atfpF5g\ . bnsf sfo{stf{n] e'QmfgL lnP/
kmhL{ lan a'‰fpg] u/]sf] n]vfkfn e'jg
cfrfo{ atfpF5g\ . vf]6fªn] o'jf tyf
v]ns'b k"jf{wf/df ljlgof]lht ?=@ nfv
%) xhf/ rGbfdf l;4\ofPsf] 5 .
/fd ;/f{km
df]/ªM 7]Ssf g} laqmLdf
df]/ªsf] ky/L–8fOlgof #) lsnf]ld6/
;8ssf] @@ lsnf]ld6/ sfnf]kq] ug]{
lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] Pds] lgdf{0f ;]jfn]
aGb–x8\tfnsf sf/0f sfd ug{ g;s]sf]
kq k7fPkl5 sDkgLsf] gfddf @^ h]7df
uf]/vfkq df ;"rgf g} hf/L eof] . ut
k';d} k"/f ug'{kg]{ sfd yk ^ dxLgfdf
klg gePsf] lhlj;sf OlGhlgo/ ;d/axfb'/
vgfn atfpF5g\ . PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s,
a]nfot ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; sf]ifsf]
;xof]udf ul/g nfu]sf] lgdf{0fsf] ?=%
s/f]8 $! nfv ^$ xhf/sf] 7]Ssf Pds]
lgdf{0fn] lnP/ af]x/f sG6«S;gnfO{ sfd
lbPsf] lyof] . af]x/f sG6«S;gsf s[i0f
af]x/f ;dodf /sd lgsf;f gePsf]n] sfd
ug{ g;lsPsf] atfp“5g\ eg] OlGhlgo/
vgfn 7]Ssf a]lrPsf]n] sfddf l9nfO
ePsf] atfpF5g\ .
df]/ª lhlj;sf] k"FhLut / rfn' u/L
?=!& s/f]8sf] ah]6df s/La ?=! s/f]8
afFsL ePsf] :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L
lzj/fd kf]v/]n atfpF5g\ . @% c;f/;Dd
lhlj;sf] &) k|ltzt ah]6 vr{ ePsf]
5 . lkmgNof08 ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f
ug{ nfluPsf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg s]Gb|
hfg] ;8ssf nflu cfPsf] ?=^) s/f]8
eg] :yfgLo ljjfbsf sf/0f lkmtf{ x'g]
ePsf] 5 .
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
;8s l8lehg sfof{no d'h]lnofn] Pp6}
lgdf{0f sDkgL;Fu ^–^ j6f 7]Ssf ;D‰f}tf
ug{ vf]Hbfvf]Hb} ah]6 lk|mh ePsf] lyof] .
lrtjgM 7]s]bf/ g} pkef]Qmf
of] jif{ klg lhlj; lrtjgsf clwsf+z 7"nf
of]hgfsf] @% k|ltzt sfd klg ePg .
lhlj;sf] ?=!& s/f]8 ^! nfv (! xhf/
##% dWo] @& c;f/;Dd ?=!) s/f]8 &)
nfv *#% vr{ x'g afFsL 5 . cy{dGqfnosf]
/ftf] lstfadf k/]sf lhNnfsf !!* of]hgfdf
lhlj;n] 5fg]sf !% j6fdWo] rf/ j6fsf]
sfd ;lsPsf] of]hgf clws[t k|sfz
kf}8]nn] atfP . e/tk'/ gkfn] pkef]Qmf
;ldltaf6 u/fpg'kg{ ] ?=%) s/f]8sf] !@&
j6f of]hgf 6]08/ cfXjfg gu/L /f]on
ljN8;{ sDkgLaf6 u/fof] .
afFs]M k|fyldstfsf] b'u{lt
;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfk|fKt l;S6f l;+rfO
cfof]hgfsf] ?=!% s/f]8 @! nfv &%
xhf/ lk|mh x'Fb}5
. sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f
sfof{no g]kfnuGhsf clws[t uf]/v zfxLsf
cg';f/, ;dod} sfd gubf{ dWoklZrd ;8s
l8lehg sfof{no afFs]sf] ?=$ s/f]8 @@
nfv / l;+rfO l8lehg sfof{no afs]sf]
s/La ?=@) nfv klg lk|mh x'Fb}5
.
;do u'hf/]/ ah]6 l;Wofpg] rng klg
sfod} /Xof] . c;f/df afFs]df rfn' vr{tkm{
?=@$ s/f]8 & nfv ($ xhf/ / k" FhLuttkm{
wg'iffM dgf]dfgL of]hgf
?=! ca{ $# s/f]8 $$ nfv vr{ eof]
wg'iffdf nvf}/L kjf{xfsf] Pp6} of]hgfdf pkef]Stf ;ldltdfkm{t x'g] lgdf{0f /fhgLlts
lhlj;af6 ?=$ nfv / l;+rfO sfof{no efuaG8fsf cfwf/df ul/P . pkef]Stf
dxf]Q/Laf6 ?=% nfv lgsf;f ePsf] 5 . ;ldltsf] cWoIf s'g kf6L{sf] x'g] eGg] ljifodf
c;f/ klxnf] ;ftf lhNnf 5f8]sf wg'iffsf bnsf sfo{stf{aLr s'6fs'6 ;d]t eof] .
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L s]bf/axfb'/ af]u6Ln] pkef]Stf ;ldltn] lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L
$) j6f of]hgf sf7df8f} +d} a;]/ :jLs[t klg ljjfbf:kb g} /Xof] . ?=!! nfvsf]
u/fP . af]u6Lcl3sf ;"o{sfGt ‰fn] ;?jf cu}of–lagf}gf–a}hfk'/ s[lif ;8s lgdf{0fdf
ePkl5 @) j6f of]hgf :jLs[t u/]sf lyP . pkef]Stf ;ldltsf sf]iffWoIf /x]sf
u/La;Fu ljZj]Zj/, blnt tyf lk58fju{, Pdfcf]jfbL Pl/of sld6L a}hfk'/sf ;b:o
PghLcf] kl/rfngnufotsf sfo{qmdsf] ljgf]b yf¿ / lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nosf
gfddf ?=$) nfveGbf a9L /sd k'/fgf] uf]ljGb dxt/fsf] ldn]dtf]df e|i6frf/ ePsf]
ldltdf km5\of} {6 ul/Psf] 5 . lhlj;n] h]7 tyf cf]e/l;o/ dxt/fn] lgsf;f ePsf]
clGtd ;ftf ;D‰f}tf u/]sf !^) of]hgfdWo] /sdaf6 kfFr k|ltzt 3'; lnPsf] cf/f]k
?=@ s/f]8 %) nfvb]lv ?=# s/f]8sf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿n] nufPsf 5g\ . lhlj;
^% j6fdf k'/fgf] ldlt /flvPsf] 5 . afFs]af6 lgsf;f ePsf] ?=#( nfv !)
sfuhdf ;Lldt To:tf of]hgf klg xhf/dWo] ?=!! nfv ^ xhf/ e|i6frf/
#)–$) k|ltzt;Ddsf] clu|d sld;gdf ePsf] bnLo cg'udg ;ldltsf ;b:o t'n;L
v/LblaqmL ePsf] dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d yf¿ atfpF5g\ . �
g]kfnsf lhNnf cWoIf z]ifgf/fo0f ofbj uf]kfn u8\tf}nf ‰fkf, sdn cf/Pn
atfpF5g\ . sltko of]hgfsf] sfd} gyfnL lj/f6gu/, >j0f b]j /fhlj/fh, ;OGb| /fO{
k|ltj]bg a'‰fP/ e'QmfgL lnOPsf] 5 . vf]6fª, O{Zj/rGb| ‰f hgsk'/, /lj bfxfn
csf{lt/, ;dodf sfd gePsf]df wg'iffaf6 jL/u~h, gf/fo0f 9'+ufgf
lrtjg / s[i0f
?=!) s/f]8 lkmtf{ ePsf] 5 . ut cfjdf clwsf/L g]kfnuGh .
39

l/kf]6{ ;/sf/L Aofª\s
*'Ag] af^f]df
bftfsf] cg'bfg / C0fdf ;~rflnt
ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] cGTo;Fu}
g]kfnsf b'O{ 7"nf ;/sf/L Aofª\sdf
k'/fg} /f]u alN‰fPsf] 5 .
k|eft e§/fO{
; /sf/L :jfldTjsf /fli6«o jfl0fHo
/ g]kfn AofÍ hyfefjL C0f k|jfx
ul/Psf]n] 8'Ag} nfu]sf lyP . ljQLo If]q
;'wf/ sfo{qmdkl5 Tof] ef;af6 lg:sg
cfF6]sf oL b'O{ 7"nf AofÍnfO{ /fhgLlts
cfu|x / bafadf x'g] C0f k|jfxn] km]l/
8'afpg nfu]sf] 5 .
ljZj AofÍ / a]nfotL cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]u lgof]u …8LPkmcfO{8LÚ sf] ;xof]udf
rn]sf] ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v
nIo b'O{ ;/sf/L AofÍsf] ;'wf/;Fu} g]kfn
/fi6« AofÍ / shf{ ;'/If0f lgudsf] gofF
;+/rgf lgdf{0f tyf C0f c;'nL GofofwLs/0f
:yfkgf ug'{
lyof] . To;} cg';f/ NofOPsf]
ljb]zL Joj:yfkgn] b'j} AofÍ ;'lw|g] ;Defjgf
b]vfof] . t/, ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] cGTo;Fu} a9]sf]
/fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] b'ikl/0ffd AofÍx¿sf]
jf;nftdf km]l/ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
bIftfsf] cefj
clxn] b'j} AofÍsf] ;~rfng d'gfkmf
cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] 5 . AofÍx¿sf] tTsfnsf]
cfDbfgL–vr{af6 ;~rfng d'gfkmf / klxn]
v/fa ;"rLs[t C0fsf] e'QmfgL jf c¿ s'g}
u}/–;~rfng cfDbfgL hf]8]/ v'b d'gfkmf
lgsflnG5 . oL AofÍsf] v'b Jofh cfDbfgLsf]
clwsf+z lx:;f tnaeQfd} ;lsG5 .
@)^& k';df ‰08} ?=$^ s/f]8 ;~rfng
d'gfkmf sdfPsf] g]kfn AofÍn] @)^* k';df
?=@ s/f]8 ^* nfv ;~rfng gf]S;fgL
40
a]xf]¥of] . AofÍsf] r}tsf] v'b d'gfkmf klg
?=!* s/f]8 *% nfv dfq} 5 . r}t;Dd
ePsf] ?=! ca{ @* s/f]8 @) nfv v'b
Aofh cfDbfgLdWo] ?=! ca{ @# s/f]8
^^ nfv sd{rf/L / ;~rfng vr{df
uPsf] 5 .
rfn' cfjsf] r}t;Dddf ?=! ca{ $%
s/f]8 $! nfv Aofh cfDbfgL u/]sf]
/fli6«o jfl0fHo AofÍn] ?=(( s/f]8 (!
nfv sd{rf/Lsf] tnadf vr{ u/]sf] 5 .
@)^& r}tdf ?=(@ s/f]8 &) nfv ePsf]
;~rfng d'gfkmf of] jif{ ?=! s/f]8 &*
nfvdf ‰/]sf] 5 . ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
z'¿ ubf{ ‰08} ?=@$ ca{ C0ffTds /x]sf]
AofÍsf] hu]8f sf]if clxn] klg ?=( ca{eGbf
a9L C0ffTds 5 .
b'j} AofÍn] lghL If]qsf c¿ k|lt:kwL{
AofÍn] gkfPsf] ;/sf/L sf/f]af/af6 jflif{s
?=$)–%) s/f]8 sld;g kfpF5g\ . t/,
tnaeQfdf x'g] 7"nf] vr{n] ubf{ o:tf]
cfDbfgLn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ psf:g d2t
u/]sf] 5}g . ;'wf/ of]hgf z'¿ ePkl5 %)
k|ltzt sd{rf/L 36fOPsf g]kfn AofÍdf
clxn] klg s/La #@ ;o / jfl0fHodf @*
;o sd{rf/L 5g\ . æc‰} %) k|ltzt 56gL
x'g'k5{Æ, ;'wf/sf qmddf jfl0fHo AofÍsf]
k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t /x]sf hgfb{g cfrfo{
eG5g\, æjfl0fHosf s'ndWo] ;'wf/ of]hgf
z'¿ ePkl5 lgo'Qm s/La $) k|ltzt gofF
sd{rf/Ln] AofÍ wflg/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
AofÍsf] cj:yf klg o:t} xf] .Æ
g]kfn /fi6« AofÍsf clwsf/Lx¿sf
cg';f/ Jofj;flos bIftfsf] sdLn] ;/sf/L
AofÍx¿sf] gfkmfdf wSsf nfu]sf] xf] . /fi6«
AofÍsf 8]k'6L ueg{/ dxfk|;fb clwsf/L
;/sf/L AofÍx¿sf] ;'gfdLsfn elgg]
@)%)–%% df C0f k|jfx ubf{ ;fdfGo
Aoflͪ k4lt klg gckgfOPsf] atfpF5g\ .
pgL eG5g\, æclxn] Jofj;flostfdf ;'wf/
cfP klg lbuf] ;antfsf nflu k|lt:kwL{
Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] 5}g .Æ
:yfloTj dxŒjk"0f{
g;'lw|Psf AofÍx¿n] b'O{–b'O{ k6s ;Í6u|:t
3f]lift / /fi6« AofÍn] ;d]t dfof dfg{
nfu]sf] n'lDagL AofÍaf6 lzIff lng
;S5g\ . z'¿df /fi6« AofÍ cfkm}+n] ;'wf/
u/]/ k|a4{sx¿nfO{ lkmtf{ lbPsf] AofÍ k'gM
;+s6u|:t ePkl5 :jtGq Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf]
lhDdf nufOPsf] lyof] .
cfj @)^@÷^# df $) k|ltzt k'u]sf]
n'lDagLsf] v/fa shf{ clxn] )=(# k|ltztdf
‰/]sf], !% k|ltzt C0ffTds /x]sf] k"FhL
kof{Kttf @# k|ltzt ;sf/fTds x'gk'u]sf]
/ ?=*) s/f]8 eGbf a9Lsf] v'b gf]S;fg
?=!) s/f]8 &* nfv v'b d'gfkmfdf kl/0ft
ePsf] 5 . k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t zf]egb]j
kGt -x]=cGtjf{tf{_ :yfloTjnfO{ g} pknlAwsf]
cfwf/ dfG5g\ .
/fli6«o jfl0fHo / g]kfn AofÍdf klg

:yfloTjs} vfFrf] 5 . ut jif{ lghL If]qsf
cGo jfl0fHo AofÍn] pRr t/ntf cefj
‰]n]sf a]nf ;/sf/L AofÍn] cGt/AofÍ
nufgLdfkm{t dgUu] k};f sdfPsf lyP, t/
clxn] cfkm";Fu ePsf] lgIf]k sxfF nufgL
ug]{ eGg] r'gf}tL 5 . To;sf nflu klg
:yfloTj g} klxnf] zt{ xf] .
ljb]zL Joj:yfkgsf] a]nf g]kfn AofÍaf6
k|jflxt C0fsf] Ps k|ltzt eGbf sd c+z
dfq v/fa shf{df kl/0ft ePsf] lyof], t/
To;cl3 / kl5sf] shf{sf sf/0f @)^&
r}t;Dd klg %=)* k|ltzt /x]sf] s'n
v/fa shf{ km]l/ a9\b} uPsf] r}tdf %=$$
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ljb]zL Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf]
;b:o eP/ g]kfn AofÍdf sfd u/]sf
AofÍ/ kz'{/fd If]qLsf cg';f/ tTsfnLg
Joj:yfkgn] shf{ gjLs/0f h:tf] ;fdfGo
sfd ;d]t gubf{ @)%& kl5sf] b'O{ jif{df
v/fa shf{ #*–#( k|ltztaf6 a9]/ ^@
k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] .
ljb]zL uPkl5 g]kfn AofÍsf]
Joj:yfkgdf /fi6« AofÍn] lgb]{zs txsf
clws[t k7fPsf] 5 . t/, s]Gb|Lo AofÍdf
jfl0fHo Aoflͪsf] cEof; gx'g] ePsfn]
ltgn] s'zn Joj:yfkssf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x
ug{ g;s]sf] ljZn]ifsx¿ atfpF5g\ . ;/sf/
kl/jt{glkR5] af]8{ km]l/g] / cfˆgf dfG5] egf{
ul/g] k'/fgf] /f]u km]l/ alN‰Psf] 5 . o;
lx;fan] b'j} AofÍsf nflu ;/sf/L :jfldTj
klg 7"n} ;d:of ePsf] b]lvG5 .
s'n ?=& ca{ ah]6 ePsf] ljQLo If]q
;'wf/ sfo{qmdcGtu{t jfl0fHo / g]kfn
AofÍnfO{ qmdzM ?=@ ca{ %) s/f]8 /
?=! ca{ *) s/f]8 ;x'lnot C0f pknAw
u/fOPsf] lyof], sd{rf/Lsf] :j]lR5s cjsfz
of]hgfsf nflu . t/, :j]lR5s cjsfz
of]hgfsf] vr{ cfˆg} sdfOn] k'u]kl5 b'j}
AofÍn] Tof] k};f ljb]zL C0fkqdf nufgL
ug{ ;d]t ;s]sf lyP . o;nfO{ To;a]nfsf]
/fd| } ;'wf/ dfGg'k5{ .
clxn] ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] o'jf
:j/f]huf/ sfo{qmdsf] ?=# ca{dWo] /fli6«o
jfl0fHo, g]kfn AofÍ / s[lif ljsf; AofÍn]
!%–!% lhNnfdf s'n ?=!–! ca{ ljt/0f ug] {
lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . t/ o;/L afFl8Psf] C0fdf
/fhgLlts x:tIf]k x'g] ePsfn] clwsf+z
lx:;f gp7\g] ;Defjgf k|an 5 . g]kfn
AofÍsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf Ps ;b:o
o:tf] sfo{qmdn] ;/sf/L AofÍaf6 C0f
lnPsf] k};f ltg'{
gkg] { dfGotf ljsf; x'Fb}
hfg] atfpF5g\ .
;/sf/L AofÍx¿sf] ;DklQ x8Kg] sfd
eO/x]s} 5 . xfn dfcf]jfbLsf] d'Vofno /x]sf]
k]l/;8fF8f /fli6«o jfl0fHo AofÍn] ;sf/]sf]
;DklQ xf] . t/, Tof] x7ft\ ;:tf] b/df
lnnfdL ;"rgf ;d]t glgsfnL dfcf]jfbLnfO{
ldnfOof] . dfcf]jfbLs} jfO{l;Pnn] sAhf
u/]sf] nlntk'/sf] vGgf ufd] {G6 klg jfl0fHo
AofÍs} ;DklQ xf] . dfcf]jfbLsf] xfnLd'xfnL
/x] Tof] klg gldnfOPnf eGg ;lsGg . �
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
k|a4{s z]o/ ;d]t
hkmt u¥of} +
zf]egb]j kGt
k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t
n'lDagL AofÍ
AofÍsf] d'Vo ;d:of s] lyof] <
k|a4{sx¿n] cfkm"v'zL C0f lnP/
gltg]{ u/]sfn] AofÍ gfh's cj:yfdf
k'u]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfut ;'zf;g, cg'zf;g
/ AofÍ rnfpg] /0fgLlt lyPg . jf;nft
x]l/g;Sg' lyof] . slt;Dd eg], hDdf
ePsf] lgIf]knfO{ g} gfkmf 7flgPsf] /x]5 .
s;/L ;'wfg' {eof] <
;aeGbf klxn] ;+:yfut ;'zf;gdf
hf]8 lb+b} AofÍdf s;sf] clwsf/ /
bfloTj s] eGg] k|i6 u¥of} + . Ifdtfjfg
sd{rf/L egf{sf nflu k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{Tds
ljlw ckgfof}+ . Joj:yfkgn] Pp6f
:jtGq af]8{sf] gLlt sfof{Gjog u¥of],
df}lvs tf]scfb]z x}g l;:6ddf AofÍnfO{
lx+8fof] . cfkm"v'zL C0f nu]/ gltg]{
k|a4{sx¿sf] z]o/ hkmt u/L lnnfdLdf
laqmL u¥of} + . To:tf] /sdaf6 pgLx¿n]
lnPsf] shf{ r'Qmf u/fof} + .
k|a4{ss} z]o/ ;d]t hkmt ug' {eof] Û
;+:yfnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg] af]8{n] xf] .
af]8{ :jR5 x'g k|a4{sx¿ :jR5 x'g'k5{ .
of] dfGotf nfu" ubf{ cK7]/f] gcfPsf]
xf]Og, z]o/ hkmt x'g]jfnf k|a4{sn]
sd{rf/L o'lgog p7fP/ 8]9 dxLgf AofÍ
aGb u/fP . t/, xfdLnfO{ h;/L klg
AofÍ ;'wfg'{
lyof] . To;dfly xfdL cfpg]
ljlQs} ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;+:yfx¿sf]
k};f gsf/fTds g]6jy{ ePsf ljQLo
;+:yfdf /fVg gkfOg] gLltn] ubf{ xfd|f]
s'n ?=# ca{ $) s/f]8 lgIf]kdWo] ?=!
ca{ ^) s/f]8 aflxl/Psf] lyof] .
AofÍ ca s] ub} {5 <
n'lDagL AofÍ oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ug'sf]
d'Vo cfwf/ :yfloTj g} xf] . of]
:yfloTjsf] lg/Gt/tf n'lDagL AofÍsf]
k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] . af]8{ / Joj:yfkgn]
gLlt km]l//x]sf eP ;kmn eO{+b}gYof] .
k4ltn] ;+:yf rnfpg] / :t/Lo dfgj
;+;fwgaf6 ;~rfng hf]lvdx¿ sd ug] {
r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . �
41

l/kf]6{ l;d]G6 pTkfbg
lgof{tsf]
;Defjgf
l;d]G6sf] ;|f]tdf g]kfn olt wgL 5,
nufgLd}qL gLlt / sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f
eP Ps bzsdf lgof{t ug]{ cj:yfdf
k'Ug ;lsG5 .
/d]z s'df/
{
+
+
{ ]
zx/Ls/0f / ljleGg ljsf; ultljlwsf
sf/0f g]kfndf l;d]G6sf] ahf/ jflif{s
ePsf] ef/tsf] klZrd aËfn, pQ/k|b]z
/ laxf/df sd l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿ 5g\, t/
jl/i7 OlGhlgo/ s[i0fb]j ‰fsf cg';f/
g]kfnsf] dWokxf8L If]qdf dfq b]znfO{ Ps
!) k|ltztn] al9/x]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut lgdf{0f ultljlw tLj| ¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . ztfAbL;Dd cfˆgf] vkt;Fu} lgof{tsf nflu
lgdf{0f z}nL ablnPsf]n] u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t g]kfn l;d]G6 tyf lSn+s/ pTkfbs ;d]t l;d]G6 pTkfbg ug{ k'Ug] ! ca{ &
l;d]G6sf] dfu a9]sf] 5 . ToxL sf/0f, w]/} ;+3sf cWoIf k'?iff]Qd ;+3fO{sf cg';f/, s/f]8 6g r'g9'+ufsf]
e08f/ 5 . l;d]G6
pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux¿ ;':tfPsf] a]nf klg g]kfndf jflif{s s/La ?=$) ca{sf] ^–& tyf lSn+s/ pTkfbs ;+3sf cWoIf ;+3fO{
Joj;foLx¿ l;d]G6 pBf]udf nufgL ug{ s/f]8 af]/f l;d]G6 vkt x'G5 . o;sf] eg] oL b'O{ kbfy{df ef/tdflysf] lge{/tf
pT;'s 5g\ . To;sf nflu vfnL nufgLd}qL ^) k|ltzt :jb]zd} pTkfbg x'g] eP klg x6fpg ;do nfUg] atfpF5g\ .
;/sf/L gLlt / sfd ug] jftfj/0f rflxPsf] &% k|ltzt sRrf kbfy{ ef/taf6 cfpF5, g]kfnsf] r'g9'+ufaf6 pTkflbt l;d]G6
hubDaf l;d]G6sf k|aGw lgb] {zs tyf g]kfn g]kfns} r'g9'+ufaf6 aGg] l;d]G6sf] lx:;f u'0f:t/, tf}n / d"No ;a} lx;fan] /fd|f]
l;d]G6 pTkfbs ;+3sf dxf;lrj lji0f' @% k|ltzt dfq 5 . ef/t / cGo b]zsf dflgG5 . l;d]G6 rfF8f] k|of]u ug{ kfP
Gof}kfg] atfpF5g\ .
l;d]G6 / lSn+s/df g]kfnn] jflif{s ?=@) u'0f:t/ glalu|g] x'gfn] klg pTkfbg x'gf;fy
g]kfndf r'g9'+uf, /ftf]df6f], sf]Onfsf] ca{ vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . w]/} l;d]G6, ahf/df k'Ug;Sg] :jb]zL l;d]G6n] u|fxsnfO{
w"nf] cflbsf] kof{Kt e08f/ ePsf]n] pBdLx¿n] cfoftLt lSn+s/af6 aGbf d"No clej[l4 a9L kmfObf lbG5 . ef/taf6 cfoft ubf{
l;d]G6 pTkfbgsf] 7"nf] ;DefjgfnfO{ a'‰]sf -Eofn' Pl8;g_ sd eP/ b]znfO{ sd nfe af6f]d} w"nf] ‰/]/ tf}n 36]sf] / 9'jfgL tyf
5g\ . g]kfndf clxn] vkt x'g] jflif{s ## eO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] ef/taf6 dfq jflif{s e08f/0fsf] qmddf u'0f:t/ qmdzM x|f; x'Fb}
nfv d]l6«s 6g l;d]G6dWo] #) b]lv $) s/La ?=* ca{sf] l;d]G6 / Tolt g} /sdsf] uPsf] x'G5 .
k|ltzt ef/tLo pTkfbg /x]sf] tYon] klg lSn+s/ cfoft eO/x]sf] 5 . rf]/L k}7f/Lsf] lgs6 eljiod} Ps bh{g l;d]G6 pBf]u
l;d]G6 pBf]usf] Jofks ;Defjgf b]vfpF5 . l;d]G6sf] kf6f] a]Un} 5 .
ylk+b}5g\ . g]kfn l;d]G6 pTkfbs ;+3sf
s]xL jif{cl3;Dd ef/tLo l;d]G6df e/ k/]sf]
g]kfn cfkm} clxn] :yfgLo dfusf] ^) b]lv cyfx e08f/
pkfWoIf w'j| yfkfsf cg';f/ bfªdf 3f]/fxL /
;f]gfk'/, wgs'6fdf lgufn], e}/xjfdf ljzfn,
&) k|ltzt wfGg] cj:yfdf cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf ;fgf–7"nf #& l;d]G6 pBf]udWo] wflbªdf o'gfO6]8, kfNkf / gjnk/f;Ldf
g]kfn /fi6« AofÍsf] Ps cWoogn] ;ft j6fn] cfkm} r'g9' +uf pTvgg\ u/L lSn+s/ ;LhL / /f]Nkfdf /f]Nkf l;d]G6n] pTkfbg
g]kfnL l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿sf] s'n IfdtfdWo] agfpg] / l;d]G6 pTkfbg ug] u/]sf 5g\ . tof/L yfn]sf 5g\ eg] #) j6f sDkgLn]
s/La ^) k|ltzt dfq pkof]u eO/x]sf] o;n] g]kfnsf pBf]ux¿n] :jb]zL sRrf r'g9'+uf
pTvgg\ / !*) sDkgLn] cGj]if0f
b]vfPsf]n] pTkfbg a9fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf kbfy{sf] Jofj;flos pkof]u ug{ g;s]sf] / cg'dlt lnPsf 5g\ . pBf]ux¿sf] of]
klg TolQs} 5 . g]kfnL l;d]G6sf nflu cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;|f]tsf nflu klg k/lge{/ cf]O/f]nfO{ sltkon] c:jfefljs k|lt:kwf{
cg's"ntf slt;Dd 5 eg] ljzfn cfjfbL x'g'k/]sf] b]vfpF5 . vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefusf klg eGg] u/]sf 5g\, t/ :yfgLo dfusf]
42
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(

j[l4
/ lgof{tsf] ;d]t ;DefjgfnfO{
x]bf{
o;nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg'kg]{ s;d;
l;d] l;d]G6sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs k|anhË
kf08]sf] kf08] egfO 5 .
g]kfndf ef/taf6 sRrf kbfy{ NofP/
l;d] l;d]G6 pTkfbg ug]{ / cfkm}+n] r'g9'+uf
vg]/ l;d]G6 agfpg] pBf]ux¿df ?=#% ca{
xf/fxf/Lsf] xf/f l:y/ nufgL ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .
ef/taf6 ef/t lSn+s/ NofP/ :jb]zdf l;d]G6
agfpg] agfp ;f9] b'O{ bh{g pBf]udf cf};t ?=#)
s/f]8sf s/f] b/n] ?=( ca{sf] l:y/ nufgL
ePsf] ePs 5 . cfkm}+ lSn+s/ pTkfbg ug]{
pBf]udf pBf] eg] k|ljlw x]/L ?=! ca{b]lv ?=&
ca{ nufgL x'g] l;d]G6 tyf lSn+s/ pTkfbs
;+3sf ;+3s cWoIf ;+3fO{ atfpF5g\ .
;/sf/af6 ;+rflnt x]6f} +8f / pbok'/
l;d]G6 l;d] pBf]usf cltl/Qm lzjd\, c3f{vfFrL,
df?tL, df?t s]kL, a'6jn / l/nfoG;n] cfkm}+
sRrf sRr kbfy{ vg]/ l;d]G6 agfpF5g\ .
/f]6/L /f]6/ KnfG6 h8fg ul/Psf lzjd\, df?tL,
c3f{vfFrL c3f{ h:tf l;d]G6 pBf]usf] nufgL ?=#
ca{eGbf ca{e dfly 5 eg] el6{sn ;fˆ6 lSng
k|ljlw k|ljl ePsf s]kL, l/nfoG; h:tf pBf]udf
?=! ca{eGbf a9L nufgL 5 . :jb]zL
pBf]ux¿n] pBf] ljleGg a|f08df cf]kL;L -cl8{g/L
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
x]6f} +8f l;d]G6 sf/vfgf .
kf]6{Nof08 l;d]G6_ / kLkL;L -kf]6{Nof08
kf]Hof]Nofgf l;d]G6_ pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
;~rfngdf /x]sf #& l;d]G6 pBf]udf ;/b/
@)) hgfsf b/n] &$)) n] /f]huf/L
kfPsf 5g\ . oL pBf]un] jflif{s ?=!) ca{
/fh:j lt5{g\ . l;d]G6 pTkfbgdf kl5Nnf
jif{x¿df g]kfnn] km8\sf] df/] klg u'0f:t/df
eg] plQ Wofg gk'u]sf] sltko atfpF5g\ .
lzjd\ l;d]G6sf cWoIf ;'/]Gb| uf]on eG5g\,
æhnljB't\ nufotsf k"jf{wf/nfO{ cfjZos
43

u'0f:t/Lo l;d]G6 c‰} pTkfbg x'g;s]sf]
5}g .Æ pgL cf]kL;Lsf gfddf sltko pBf]un]
kLkL;L l;d]G6 a]lr/x]sf] ;d]t atfpF5g\ .
;Defjgf k|z:t eP klg ;8s, ljB't\
h:tf k"jf{wf/ / nufgLsf] cefj, /fhgLlts
44
cl:y/tf tyf sltko :yfgdf :yfgLosf]
cj/f]wn] g]kfnL l;d]G6n] ck]lIft km8\sf]
dfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . k"jf{wf/ / cGo cgk]lIft
vr{sf] sf/0f pBf]ux¿sf] nfut a9L 5 .
r'g9'+uf pTvgg\ ug{]x¿n] ;8s lgdf{0fdf
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
Clif/fd s§]n
s/f]8f} + ?k}ofF vr{ ug'{k/]sf]
5 . g]kfndf
:yflkt l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿nfO{ k"0f{ Ifdtfdf
rnfpg ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of ljB't\sf]
cefj 5 . l8h]n KnfG6af6 l;d]G6 pTkfbg
ubf{ k|ltaf]/f ?=$@ nfut a9\g] pBf]uLx¿
atfpF5g\ . ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^(
df ljB't\ / ;8s k"jf{wf/sf nflu ?=@
ca{ &$ s/f]8 ah]6 5'6\ofP klg To;sf]
cfwf sfd klg x'g;s]g, ;/sf/L 7]Ssfsf]
‰G‰l6nf] k|lqmof / k|zf;lgs ;':ttfn] ubf{
ah]6 lk|mh ePsf] 5 .
l;d]G6 pTkfbs ;+3sf pkfWoIf w|'j
yfkf 9'jfgLdf klg w]/} ;d:of b]V5g\ .
pgsf cg';f/, 6«s Joj;foLx¿sf] ldn]dtf]n]
ubf{ t/fO{af6 sf7df8f} +df l;d]G6 NofpFbf
9'jfgL vr{ k|ltaf]/f ?=!%) ;Dd kg{
yfn]sf] 5 . lSn+s/ cfoftdf k|To]s jif{
eG;f/ dx;'n j[l4, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f nfut
/ 9'jfgL vr{n] g]kfndf l;d]G6sf] d"No
;+;f/s} dxFuf] x'gk'u]sf] 5 . æ/fhgLlts
cl:y/tf, c;'/Iff, :yfgLo bafa, k"FhLsf]
;Lldttf cflbsf sf/0f l;d]G6df ck]lIft
kl/0ffd lgsfNg ;lsPsf] 5}gÆ, yfkf
eG5g\, æ/fHon] pBf]unfO{ k|>o lbg] gLlt
glnP;Dd l;d]G6 pBf]un] ck]lIft km8\sf]
dfg{ ;Sb}g .Æ �

!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
45

kl5Nnf jif{x¿df xfplhª, ckf6{d]G6, hnljB't\nufotsf
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f a9]kl5 g]kfnsf 7"nf Jofj;flos 3/fgfx¿
l;d]G6 pTkfbgdf cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . rf}w/L ;d"xn] ;LhL
l;d]G6sf] a|f08df gjnk/f;L / kfNkfdf pBf]u vf]Nb}5 . uf]N5f
;d"xn] pbok'/sf] s6f/Ldf r'g9'+uf
vfgL pTvgg\ cg'dlt lnPsf]
5 . s]Pn b'u8 ;d"xn] wflbªdf cfkm} + r'g9'+uf
pTvgg\ u/]/
o'gfO6]8 a|f08sf] l;d]G6 ahf/df Nofpg nfu]sf] 5 . lqj]0fL
;d"xn] klg 3f]/fxL l;d]G6sf] pTkfbg tof/L u/]sf] 5 . tfon
;d"xn] bfª / wgs'6fdf pBf]u :yfkgf ul//x]sf] 5 .
ef/taf6 lSn+s/ NofP/ l;d]G6 pTkfbg ul//x]sf pBf]uLx¿
klg g]kfnd} r'g9'+uf
vfgLdf nufgL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ljleGg
a|f08df l;d]G6 pTkfbg ul//x]sf] ;f}/e ;d"xn] r'g9'+uf
pTvgg\
ug] { pBf]u :yfkgfsf] tof/L yfn]sf] 5 . s;d; l;d]G6n] klg
pbok'/df r'g9'+uf
vg]/ hgsk'/df lSn+s/ pTkfbg ug] { pBf]u
:yfkgf ug{ nfu]sf] 5 .
:jb]zL 3/fgf dfq} xf]Og, ljb]zLn] klg g]kfnL l;d]G6
pBf]udf rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL l;d]G6sf] ;Defjgfn] ljb]zL
nufgL klg cfslif{t ul//x]sf] 5 . ;LhL l;d]G6df l;+ufk'/ /
a|'gfO{sf b'O{ sDkgLn] s/La ?=$ ca{ nufgL ub}{5g\ . :jL;
sDkgL xf]lNsdsf] z]o/ /x]sf] ef/tsf] cDa'hf l;d]G6n] bfª
l;d]G6sf] *) k|ltzt z]o/ lsg]sf] 5 . �
46
cf}Bf]lus #/fgf / ljb]zLsf] rf;f]
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
lgdf{0ffwLg 3f]/fxL
l;d]G6 sf/vfgfsf]
:s]r .

gofF ahf/ vf]Hg'k5{
kz'klt d'/f/sf
k|aGw lgb] {zs, ;'lk|d l;d]G6
l;d]G6 / lSn+s/ b'j}df g]kfn cfTdlge{/tfsf]
af6f]df uO;s]sf] 5 . a?, cfk"lt{ cg';f/sf]
dfu a9fpg ahf/ lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ . l;d]G6
pBf]u / To;nfO{ rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ gePsf
ef/tsf klZrd a+ufn, laxf/, pQ/k|b]znufotsf If]q g]kfnL
l;d]G6sf] ljzfn ahf/ x'g;S5g\ . 7"nf] ahf/sf nflu ;fgf]
tof/Ln] k'Ub}g . ljB't\, ;8snufotsf k"jf{wf/ / ;/sf/L k|f]T;fxg
o;sf cfwf/e"t zt{ x'g\ . clxn] g]kfndf ljb]zL ;xfotfsf 7"nf
cfof]hgfx¿n] 8\o'6L lk|m ef/tLo l;d]G6 leœofO/x]sf 5g\ . ca
g]kfnL l;d]G6n] k|f]T;fxg kfpg'k5{ .
:jb]zL g} /fd|f] u'0f:t/
;'/]Gb| uf]on,
cWoIf, lzjd\ l;d]G6
pTkfbg nfut / u'0f:t/ b'j} kmfObfhgs
ePsfn] g]kfnL l;d]G6df pT;fxhgs nufgL
ePsf] 5 . ca ;/sf/n] g]kfnL l;d]G6sf] u| ]8
dfkb08 lgwf{/0fdf hfFu/ b]vfpg'k5{ . g]kfndf c‰} klg hnljB't\
nufot 7"nf kl/of]hgfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd …cNsfO{Ú ePsf]
l;d]G6 pTkfbg x'g;s]sf] 5}g . kfgLleq /xg] ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ rflxg]
o:tf] l;d]G6 klxnf] k6s lzjd\ n] pTkfbg ub} {5 . w]/}n] g]kfnL
l;d]G6 ef/tdf lgof{t ug] { eG5g\, t/ pTkfbg nfut, 9'jfgL d"No
cflb sf/0fn] drflx+ Tof] ;Defjgf b]lVbgF . km]l/ ef/tdf clxn]
g} dfusf t'ngfdf l;d]G6 cfk"lt{ a9L 5 .
;/sf/L ;xof]u ePg
cfTdf/fd d'/f/sf
cWoIf, g]kfn l;d]G6 pTkfbs ;+3
ljsf;sf nflu l;d]G6 cfwf/e"t ;fdu|L ePsfn]
g]kfndf o;sf] ahf/ olt 5 eg]/ ;Ldfa4 ug{
;ls+b}g . o;df ;/sf/n] lghL If]qsf] of]ubfgsf]
sb/ ug'{k5{
. t/, kl5Nnf jif{x¿df /fHoljxLgtfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf
x'Fbf
ljleGg ;d"xn] nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ lg?T;flxt agfO/x]sf 5g\ .
xfdLnfO{ cf}Bf]lus/0fsf nflu ;/sf/L c7f]6 rflxPsf] 5 .
lgof{tsf] ;Defjgf 5
k|anhË kf08]
sfo{sf/L lgb] {zs, s;d; l;d]G6 k|fln
g]kfndf 3/]n' pTkfbgn] g} l;d]G6sf] dfu wfGg]
cj:yf cfP klg lSn+s/df c‰} nufgL rflxPsf]
5 . xfdL s/La ?=! ca{ @) s/f]8sf] nufgLdf
lSn+s/ pTkfbgsf] tof/L ub}{5f}+ . ;/sf/n]
l;d]G6 pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug] { xf] eg] of]
d"No / u'0f:t/ :jb]zs} /fd|f]
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � � lxdfn va/klqsf
If]q g]kfnsf] lgof{td'vL pBf]u aGg]5 . jflif{s ^=& ldlnog 6g
l;d]G6sf] dfu x'g yfn]sf] ef/tsf] laxf/df )=& 6gdfq pTkfbg
x'G5 . !* ldlnog 6g dfu x'g] pQ/ k|b]zdf & ldlnog 6g /
& ldlnog 6g l;d]G6sf] dfu x'g] klZrd a+ufndf #=# ldlnog
6g dfq pTkfbg x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;xh ljB't\ cfk"lt{,
vfgL;Dd ;8s lj:tf/ / cGo hl6ntfx¿ ;xh eP xfdL ef/tsf]
Tof] ahf/ lng ;S5f} + .
eG;f/ b/ ;d:of
xl/ Gof}kfg]
cWoIf tyf k|aGw lgb] {zs, cDa] l;d]G6
:jb]zd} kof{Kt lSn+s/ pTkfbg gx'Fbf
g]kfnsf
clwsf+z l;d]G6 pBf]u sRrf kbfy{df c‰}
ef/t lge{/ 5g\ . ;/sf/ eg] ef/taf6 cfoft
x'g] lSn+s/df :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug] {
axfgfdf wfGg} g;Sg] eG;f/ dx;'n lnO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] df/
pkef]QmfnfO{ kg] { xf] . :jb]zL lSn+s/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg /fd|f] s'/f xf],
t/ kof{Kt pTkfbg gx'Gh]n cfoftnfO{ klg dxFuf] agfpg'x'Fb}gYof]
.
of] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] ljB't\ / >d ;d:of klg ;dfwfg gu/]
l;d]G6 pBf]u klg aaf{bLlt/ hfg ;S5 .
u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgdf ;Ifd
k'?iff]Qd ;+3fO{
cWoIf, 3f]/fxL l;d]G6÷ljZjsdf{ l;d]G6
s]xL jif{cl3;Dd ef/tLo l;d]G6df lge{/ g]kfnn] cfTdlge{/tfsf]
af6f] ;dflt;s]sf] 5 . of] If]qdf clxn] s/La ?=$) ca{ nufgL
eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf l;d]G6 pBf]ux¿ u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgsf nflu
k|fljlws ¿kdf klg ;Ifd 5g\ . t/, ljB't\, ;8s nufotsf
k"jf{wf/ / 9'jfgLdf l;l08s]6 h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] g]kfnL l;d]G6sf]
k|lt:kwL{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfO/x]sf] 5 . oL ;d:ofdf ;/sf/n]
Wofg lbof] eg] pkef]Qmfn] ;:tf]df u'0f:t/Lo g]kfnL l;d]G6 k|of]u
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . clxn] lSn+s/sf] sRrf kbfy{ r'g9'+uf
vfgLsf] Jofkf/ vf]nfdf ‰f]nf af]Sg] / hnljB't\ pTkfbgdf cj/f]w
ug{] h:t} a]lyltn] ufFlhPsf] 5 . of] cj:yfnfO{ ;/sf/n] rf;f]
lbP g]kfnL Joj;foLn] lSn+s/ tyf l;d]G6 pTkfbgdf l5§} g}
cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
ahf/ k|lt:kwL{ x' Fb}5
lg/h l;+x, ;'/]z h};jfn
dfs] {l6ª Dofg]h/, j[h l;d]G6
g]kfnL l;d]G6 ahf/ k|lt:kwL{ x'g
yfNbf ;:tf]df u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg
pkef]u ug{ kfOg] l:ylt cfPsf]
5 . g]kfnL pkef]Qmfdf /x]sf]
…ef/tLo l;d]G6 g} /fd|f]Ú eGg] wf/0ff klg abln;s]sf] 5 . sd;n
pTkfbg ahf/df l6Sb}g . l;d]G6 9'jfgLdf hf/L l;l08s]6sf sf/0f
pkef]Qmfn] rsf] { v/Lb d"No r'sfpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . o;df ;/sf/L
lgodg cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .
47

l/kf]6{ ljb]zL pBf]uL
cfj/)f Pp^f
wGbf cs}{
pBf]uLsf] 5b\de]ifdf
lelqg] ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf]
cWofudg sfg"g ldr]/
le;f b'?kof]u u/]sf
dfq xf]Og, u}/–sfg"gL
wGbf ;d]t rnfPsf
5g\ .
/d]z s'df/
lj
{ +
{
{
{
b]zLx¿ ;ˆ6j]o/, xf]6n /]:6'/]G6,
efiff tflnd, sfuf] ;]jf, pTkfbgd"ns
a9L pBf]u rNg' t k/sf] s'/f, :yfkgf g}
gx'g] ljefusf clwsf/Lx¿ cfkm} atfpF5g\ .
pBf]u cflbsf gfddf ;–;fgf] nufgL ug] o;af6 g]kfndf s]xL xhf/ ?k}ofFdf kfOg]
cg'dlt lng] / Jofj;flos le;f lnP/ pBf]uL–Joj;foLsf] kl/rokqsf] cf8df
g]kfn a:g] rng a9]sf] 5 . t/ ltgn] ljb]zLn] cg]s u}/–sfg"gL wGbf ul//x]sf] /
cg'dlt kfPsf sDkgL :yfkgf eP, ePgg\ lgodgsf/L lgsfosf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
/ pgLx¿ sxfF, s] ub} {5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L g d'v–cfFvf y'lgPsf] ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg
pBf]u ljefunfO{ x'G5, g cWofudg jf c¿ ;lsG5 . a]nfa]nfdf cltl/Qm sdfO x'g]
;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ . Pp6f k|of]hgsf] le;f nf]edf sd{rf/Lx¿ sxfF, s] eO/x]sf] 5 rf;f]
lnP/ cs} wGbfdf ;+nUg x'g] u}/sfg"gL sfd t /fV5g\, t/ s]xL b]Vb}gg\ . pBf]u ljefusf
ug] ljb]zLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9\bf] 5 . k|jQmf /fdz/0f lrdf]l/of eG5g\, æpBf]u
g]kfndf k|To]s jif{ btf{ x'g] @)) btf{ u/]sf ljb]zLn] kl/ro b'?kof]u u/]sf]
xf/fxf/L ljb]zL nufgLsf sDkgLaf6 s/La ;'lgG5, t/ lgoGq0fsf] k|of; ePsf] 5}g .Æ
@))) ljb]zLn] Jofj;flos le;f lnO/x]sf]
pBf]u ljefusf] tYofÍn] b]vfpF5 -x]= gSsnL pBf]u
aS;_ . t/ btf{ ePsf () k|ltzteGbf @)^% ;fndf kfFrdlxg] ko{6s le;fdf
48
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
g]kfn cfPsf leotgfdL gful/s xf]ª\u ly
y'o]g a;fO nDAofpg leotgfds} xf]ª ly
bf]gxf]cf, Gof]u'g ly xf]jfn'jf / Gof]u'g ly;Fu
ldn]/ pBf]u btf{ ug] { ;'/ u/] . of] sfddf
pgLx¿nfO{ u|L;sf cfGb|]O; NoflDk|gf];
/ :jL6\h/Nof08sf Pl8«g jf:6/sf] klg
;fy ldNof] . ljleGg wGbf ug{ g]kfn
lelqPsf oL ^ hgfn] 6]s'df sfof{no ePsf]
Ps g]kfnL Ph]G6sf] ;xof]udf sLlt{k'/sf]
dR5]ufpFdf ;+o'Qm nufgLsf] …xf]ª\u xf]6nÚ
vf]Ng] tf/tDo ldnfP/ Jofj;flos le;fdf
;–;Ddfg g]kfn a:g] jftfj/0f agfP .
clxn] /fi6« AofÍsf] ljQLo ;"rgf OsfOn]
…z+sf:kbÚ sf] ;"rLdf /fv]sf oLdWo] xf]ª\u
ly y'o]g u'Dafdf a;]/ wfld{s ultljlw
ul//x]sf] /x:o v'n]sf] 5 .

Jofj;flos le;fdf g]kfndf a;]/
c¿ k]zf, Joj;fo / p2]Zodf lqmofzLn
ljb]zLx¿ c¿ klg w]/} 5g\ . ljb]zLn]
g]kfndf afXo nufgLsf] cg'dlt lnP/
pBf]u ljefudf pBf]u btf{ ug{ kfpF5g\ .
btf{ u/fOlbg] sfd cltl/Qm sdfOsf nflu
h] klg ug{ tof/ ljefusf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu
…/fd|f]Ú ;DaGw ePsf Ph]G6x¿n] u5{g\ .
pBf]u dGqfnosf Ps clwsf/L eG5g\,
æljefusf sd{rf/Lsf] ldn]dtf] ljgf btf{sf]
k|lqmof ldnfpg ;Dej g} x'Fb}g
.Æ slt;Dd
eg], ljb]zLn] pBf]u btf{ ug{ k]z ug'{kg]
{
sfuhft ;d]t ljefus} sd{rf/Ln] tof/
ul/lbG5g\ . gfd gatfpg] zt{df Ps Ph]G6n]
eg], æaflx/ c¿n] tof/ kf/]sf] sfuhft
ldn]sf] 5}g eg]/ sd{rf/L cfkm}+ sfuhft
• rf/ leotgfdL, Ps u|Ls / Ps :jL; gful/ssf] gfddf btf{ ePsf]
…xf]ª\u xf]6nÚ tLg jif{df klg ;~rfng ePg . xf]6n rnfpg] eGb}
…Jofj;flos le;fÚ lnPsf tL ljb]zL u}/–sfg"gL wGbfdf ;+nUg
e]l6Psf 5g\ .
• tLg jif{cl3 7d]ndf lxdr'nL xf]6n tyf /]:6'/]G6 vf]Ng pBf]u
btf{ u/]sf kfFr lrlgofF gful/s ;DklQ z'4Ls/0fsf] cleof]udf
cg';Gwfgdf k/]sf 5g\ . lSjg l‰fof eGg] Ps lrlgofF gful/sn]
g]kfnL le;f lngsf nflu dfq slxNo} ;~rfngdf gcfpg] tLg
j6f pBf]u btf{ u/]sf 5g\ .
• tLg lrlgofF gful/s ‰f' ‰f]p, 8]km]n n" / loª\bf] ‰ffªn] sf7df8f} +sf]
dgd}h'df x'Fb} gePsf] lkG;fg /]l8d]8 ufd]{G6sf gfddf le;f
b'?kof]u u/]sf] e]l6of] .
• tLg sf]l/og gful/s ldls lsd, lDoª\Sjfª\u x\o'ª\ / kfGxf]
kfs{n] hf]/kf6Ldf lau;fOg /]:6'/]G6 :yfkgf ug] { eg]/ btf{ u/]
klg Tof] ;~rfngdf cfPg, a? pgLx¿n] g} pBf]uLsf] cfj/0fdf
u}/sfg"gL sfd u/]sf] e]l6of] .
agfOlbG5g\ / Pp6f pBf]u btf{ ug{ ;xof]u
u/]sf] #) xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd lnG5g\ .Æ
g]kfndf ljb]zLn] pBf]u btf{ ug{ k|lta4tf
hgfPsf] /sdsf] k|df0f / ef}lts ;DklQ
k]z ul//xg' klg kb} {g . pBf]u btf{ ubf{
?=@% nfv;Ddsf] k" FhLdf ?=(%)) / ?=!
s/f]8;Dddf ?=!^ xhf/ /fh:j lt/] k'U5 .
;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefun] ul//x]sf]
vf]hLaf6 sltko pBf]u gSsnL sfuhftsf
cfwf/df btf{ ePsf e]l6Psf] ljefusf
cg';Gwfg clws[t /lj/fh sfˆn] atfpF5g\ .
pBf]u btf{ ePkl5 ljefun] klxnf]
k6s sDtLdf ^ dxLgfsf] le;f lbg
cWofudg ljefunfO{ l;kmfl/; u5{, To;kl5
;fdfGo k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ jif{–jif{sf] nflu
ylkG5 . o:tf] le;f Pp6} pBf]uaf6 w]/}
ljb]zLn] lnPsf x'G5g\ . le;f l;kmfl/;df
klg ljefusf sd{rf/Lsf] rnv]n x'G5 .
sfg"gtM ljb]zL nufgLdf btf{ ePsf]
Ps jif{leq pBf]u ;~rfngdf cfP dfq
;DalGwt pBf]uLn] le;f gjLs/0f u/fpg
kfpF5g\, t/ ;~rfng g} gePsf gSsnL
pBf]usf ;~rfnssf nflu klg le;f
l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . le;f l;kmfl/; ug'{cl3
ljefun] pBf]u ;~rfng ePsf] 5 ls 5}g
eg]/ ug'{kg]
{ …:ynut lg/LIf0fÚ sf] ljj/0f
;d]t sd{rf/Ln] g} agfOlbg] u/]sf] Ps
Ph]G6 atfpF5g\ .
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
wd{k|rf/, hf;";L / ck/fw
pBf]uLsf] e]ifdf lelqPsf ljb]zL
wd{k|rf/b]lv hf;";L / ck/fw;Dd ;+nUg
/x]sf hflgkmsf/x¿ atfpF5g\ . slxn] t
ljefusf clwsf/Lx¿ g} To:tf pBf]uLsf]
hfndf k/]sf 5g\ . b'O{ jif{cl3 ljb]zL
nufgL zfvfsf k|d'v ljkLg /fhe08f/LnfO{
pBf]uLsf] ¿kdf a;]sf Ps sf]l/ofnLn]
…ljz]if sfo{qmdÚ eg]/ jN8{ 6«]8 ;]G6/df
8fs] . pBf]u;DaGwL g} xf]nf eg]/ ToxfF
k'u]sf pgL lqmlZrog wd{;DaGwL sfo{qmd
ePsf] a'‰]kl5 …h?/L sfd k¥of]Ú eGb}
lx+8]sf] ;D‰G5g\ .
/fhe08f/Lsf cg';f/, sltko ljb]zL
gful/s pBf]u :yfkgf u/]sf] h:tf] b]vfP/
klg cGo wGbfdf nfu]sf 5g\ . :joDe"lt/
;fdfGo xf]6n rnfpg] Ps sf]l/ofnL
gful/ssf] d'Vo sfd lqmlZrog wd{
k|rf/ ug'{
/x]sf] pgn] e]6]sf 5g\ . csf{
sf]l/ofnL;Fu ljb]zL nufgLsf] k|df0f dfUbf
sf]l/ofsf] s'g} rr{n] s/La ?=$ nfv g]kfn
k7fPsf] e]l6Psf]n] wd{k|rf/sf nflu y'k|}
ljb]zL lelqPsf] x'g;Sg] pgsf] cfz+sf 5 .
b'O{ 7"nf If]qLo zlQmaLr dxŒjk"0f{
e"/fhgLlts cj:yfdf /x]sf] / cfGtl/s
¿kdf 7"nf] /fhgLlts–;fdflhs pynk'yn
ef]lu/x]sf] g]kfndf hf;";Lsf nflu klg
ljb]zLx¿sf] cf]O/f] nfu]sf] 5 . /fli6«o
49

{
{
{
{
+
{
{
{
{
{ }
{
{
cg';Gwfg ljefusf Ps clwsf/Lsf cg';f/
lyP . To;df 6fFluPsf] btf{ ePsf] xf]6nsf]
pBf]uLsf] e]ifdf hf;";L ug{ ]df rLg, cd]l/sf,
af]8{ ljefusf clwsf/L kms{g] lalQs}
ef/tnufot o'/f]k]nL b]zsf gful/sx¿ 5g\ .
x6fOPsf] lyof] .
/fli6«o lxt ljk/Lt hf;";L ug]{sf] 7"n}
ljb]zLx¿n] cfkm" a:g] rf/sf]7] ˆNof6df
lu/f]x ;lqmo /x] klg g]kfnL kIf a]va/
ljleGg pBf]usf] af]8{ 6fFu]/ wGbf ul//x]sf]
h:t} /x]sf] bfaL ug]{ tL clwsf/L hf;";L
klg e]l6G5 . u|fxs sf]xL geP klg sf/f]af/
ug{ lelqg]sf] ;+Vof vf;u/L @)^@–^# kl5
ePsf] lanljhs hf/L u/]/ pgLx¿n] ;/sf/L
a9]sf] atfpF5g\ . To;cl3 ljb]zLn] btf{
lgsfonfO{ ‰'SofO/x]sf 5g\ . /fhe08f/Lsf
ug] pBf]usf] ;+Vof jif{df !)) eGbf sd
cg';f/, sltko ljb]zLn] cfkm" a:g] 3/sf]
x'GYof] eg] To;kl5 @#) ;Dd k'u]sf] 5
-x]= 6]an_ .
cfly{s jif{ pBf]u btf{ le;f l;kmfl/;
sf]7fdf tLg–rf/ j6f sDKo'6/ /fv]/
;ˆ6j]o/sf] sfd / laqmLljt/0f ul//x]sf]
pBf]uLsf gfddf lelqg] ljb]zLdWo] @)^*÷^( -j}zfv_ !^& !(@& ljj/0f lbG5g\, t/ pgLx¿n] ;ˆ6j]o/
slt t ck/fwdf ;d]t ;+nUg 5g\ . b'O{
jif{cl3 /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefun] df]afOnsf]
cj}w sf/f]af/ ug] b'O{ lrlgofFdfly sf/afxL
u/]sf] lyof] . Ps jif{cl3 sf7df8f}+
/fdzfxkydf t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ a;]sf
@)^&÷^*
@)^^÷^&
@)^%÷^^
@)^$÷^%
@)(
!&!
@#!
@!@
@!$$
!#)&
!!*#
!@!%
agfPsf] xf] ls xf]Og eg]/ lgwf] ug]{
k|fljlws Ifdtf ljefu;Fu 5}g . ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿ Ps csf] {nfO{ bf]if yf]kg{ klg Jo:t
5g\ . pBf]u ljefusf /fhe08f/L cWofudg
ljefun] gSsnL pBf]uLnfO{ lgu/fgL u/]/
csf{ lrlgofFnfO{ k|x/Ln] of;f{u'Daf, ;'gfv/L
dfq le;f hf/L ug'{kg]{ atfpF5g\ . t/,
nufot ax'd"No h8La'6L / jg:kltsf] cj}w ljZjf; ug{ ufx|f] kg] ljefusf clwsf/Lx¿ cWofudg ljefusf lgb] {zs n]vgfy kf]v/]n
sf/f]af/ u/]sf] cleof]udf klqmof] . ;DklQ atfpF5g\ . aNn pgLx¿ yf]/} k};f nufgL eG5g\, ægSsnL pBf]uLsf] ljifodf lhDd]jf/
z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefun] clxn] rLg, ug] k|lta4tf hgfP/ pBf]u btf{ ug{ kfOg] pBf]u ljefu xf], ljefun] l;kmfl/; gu/]
u|L;, leotgfd / :jL6\h/Nof08sf @$ ePsf]n] le;fsf] b'?kof]u x'g yfn]sf] xf] ls xfdL le;f lb+b}gf} .Æ
hgfdfly g]kfndf ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f;DaGwL eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug yfn]sf 5g\ . To;}n], ljb]zL pBf]uLsf] gfddf gSsnL pBf]uLsf]
ck/fw u/]sf] cleof]udf 5fglag ul//x]sf] ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] ca g]kfndf sDtLdf rnv]n a9\g yfn]kl5 aNn dlGqkl/ifb\n]
5 . tLdWo] lrlgofF gful/s lng ;'ª ! nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ -s/La ?=** nfv_ o;sf] 5fglag ug{ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{
h'ªnfO{ uPsf] #! h]7df lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o k" FhLsf] pBf]u–Joj;fo ug'{kg]
zt{ cl3 ;fg{ nufPsf] 5 . ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf ;x;lrj
ljdfg:ynaf6 k|qmfp ul/Psf] lyof] . h'ªafx]s nfluPsf] 5 .
s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n pBf]u ljefu, cWofudg
cGo tLg dfq ljefusf] ;Dks{df 5g\, c¿ pBf]u ljefu ljb]zL nufgL zfvfsf ljefu / cGo sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo u/]/
km/f/ 5g\ . pgLx¿n] sfO{ x' xf]6n P08 k|d'v ljlkg /fhe08f/L sDtLdf ! nfv gSsnL pBf]uLaf/] cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf]
/]:6'/]G6, lkG;fg /]l8d]6 ufd]{G6, lxdr'nL 8n/sf] nufgL dfq :jLsf/ ug] gLlt agfpg] atfpF5g\ . �
ufd] {G6, lxN6g xf]6n, lau;fOg /]:6'/]G6 / xf] eg] le;f b'?kof]usf] ;Defjgf
xf]ª\u xf]6nsf] gfddf pBf]u btf{ u/]sf] sd x'g] 7fG5g\ . To:t}, pBf]u btf{
e]l6Psf] lyof] .
ePkl5 kfOg] le;fsf] ;dofjlwnfO{
s;/L Jojl:yt ug] eGg] ljifodf
lgoGq0f 5}g
klg 5nkmn z'¿ ePsf] 5 .
g]kfndf pBf]u btf{ u/]/ tf]lsPcg';f/sf] o;cl3 7"nf] k"FhLsf] pBf]u btf{
Joj;fod} ;+nUg ljb]zLx¿ klg 5g\ . rLg ug] {nfO{ Ps}k6s kfFrjif] le;f lbg]
/ cGo b]zaf6 sk8f, ljB'tLo ;fdu|L cflb rng eP klg @)^$ ;fnb]lv Tof]
;fdfg NofP/ g]kfndf laqmL ug] sfddf y'k| k|fjwfg x6fOPsf] lyof] .
ljb]zLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf 5 . t/, ljb]zL nufgL ljefusf k|jQmf /fdz/0f
cfslif{t ug]{ gfddf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf 3';]sf lrdf]l/of cfkm"x¿;Fu gSsnL
gSsnL Joj;foLx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;/sf/ pBf]uL–Joj;foLsf] klxrfg,
r's]sf] 5 . pBf]u ljefudf btf{ ul/Psf cg'udg / lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+oGq,
clwsf+z pBf]un] k|:tfj ug] nufgLsf] /fzLn] k|fljlws Ifdtf / ah]6 gePsf]
klg tL Joj;fo ug{ eGbf cGo k|of]hgsf sf/0f klg lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsPsf]
nflu cfPsf k'li6 u5{ .
ts{ u5{g\ . cg'udgdf hfFbf
ljb]zL nufgLdf pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ klg ljb]zLn] btf{ u/]sf pBf]u
Go"gtd @) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ -s/La jf:tljs x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ eGg]
?=!& nfv_ nufgL ug'{kg]
x'gfn] clwsf+zn] cGof]n x'g] u/]sf] ljb]zL nufgL
Tolt dfq} b]vfpF5g\ . g]kfndf btf{ ePsf zfvf k|d'v /fhe08f/Lsf] cg'ej
ljb]zL nufgLsf @@&% j6f pBf]udWo] 5 . 8]9 jif{cl3 ljefusf
!^&% j6f @) xhf/ 8n/ k|:tfj ul/Psf clwsf/Lx¿n] gofF ahf/df Ps
;fgf pBf]u 5g\ . jf:tljs nufgLstf{ @) lrlgofFsf] xf]6nsf] cg'udg ubf{
xhf/ 8n/ dfq af]s]/ g]kfn cfpF5g\ eGg] ;fdfGo g]kfnL lrofk;n e]§fPsf
50
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(

cy{ ahf/
l;6L P; g]kfndf
sf]l/ofnL df]6/;fOsn
8]lndsf] g]kfnl:yt
clws[t laqm]tf Unf]an
df]6;{ k|flnn] !!)
l;;Lsf] l;6L P;
:s'6/ g]kfn leœofPsf]
5 . 5l/tf] tyf
Jofjxfl/s l8hfOgdf $ ln6/ OGwg Ifdtfsf l;6L P;
:s'6/n] pkTosfdf k|ltln6/ %) lsnf]ld6/ dfOn]h lbg]
sDkgLsf] bfaL 5 . Ps jif{ jf !% xhf/ lsnf]ld6/sf]
jf/]G6L /x]sf] :s'6/df !% k6s;Dd lgMz'Ns ;le{l;ª ;'ljwf
lbg] hgfOPsf] 5 . :s'6/sf] g]kfnL ahf/df k|a4{gsf
nflu ld; g]kfn– @)!) ;bLIff >]i7nfO{ a|fG8 PDaf;8/
lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 .
/]8a'n Sof;km'n
OghL{ l8ǻ\; /]8a'n n] g]kfnL pkef]Qmf
df‰ Sof;km'n pkxf/ of]hgf NofPsf] 5 .
h;cg';f/ /]8a'n pkef]Qmfn] ?=% xhf/,
?=!) xhf/, ?=@) xhf/ / ?=! nfv
gub k'/:sf/ lhTg ;Sg] hgfOPsf] 5 .
/]8a'n Sofg dflysf] …l;Ne/ k'n ckm
l/ªÚ d'lg pkxf/ /fzL c+lst ul/Psf]
g]kfndf /]8a'n cfoft tyf ahf/Ls/0f ug] { uf]vf{ a| 'c/Ln]
hgfPsf] 5 .
xf]08f sf] gofF :s'6/
xf]08f df]6/;fOsnsf] clws[t
laqm]tf :ofsf/ sDkgLn]
gofF l8of] !!) l;;L
:s'6/ laqmL z'¿ u/]sf]
5 . sDkgLn] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] …d / d]/f]
l8of]Ú gfdsf] km];a's
k|ltof]lutf ;dfkgsf]
cj;/ kf/]/ gofF :s'6/ laqmL z'¿ u/]sf] xf] . k|ltof]lutfdf
k'?iftkm{ ljho ;df / dlxnftkm{ Hof]ltl;+x e08f/Ln] gub
?=!÷! nfv lht]sf 5g\ . l8of] !!) l;;L :s'6/df ;+o'Qm
a| ]lsª k|0ffnL, 6\o'a/lxt 6fo/, l;6d'lg k|z:t ;fdfg /fVg
ldNg] 6\ofÍL, ly|8L ;+s]t;lxtsf] lk|ldod agf]6 tyf ;lhn}
e'O{ + 5'g ;lsg] nufot ;'ljwf /x]sf] sDkgLn] hgfPsf]
5 . :s'6/sf] ahf/ d"No ?=! nfv %% xhf/ ())
tf]lsPsf] 5 .
k| ]li6h :s'6L ˆnf]/ d]6
k| ]li6h n'k d]6\; k|flnn] k] |li6h :s'6L ˆnf]/ d]6 laqmL z'¿
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ahf/df :s'6/sf]
a9\bf] vktnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :s'6L
ˆnf]/ d]6 pTkfbg u/L ahf/df
NofPsf] xf] . of] d]6n] :s'6/nfO{
kmf]xf]/ tyf w"nf]af6 arfpg] sDkgLn]
hgfPsf] 5 .
52
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
clUgn] Nofof] /]ef
ljB'tLo uf8L pTkfbgdf cu|0fL fL
ef/tsf] dlxGb|f /]ef On]lS6«s e]OsN; N;
sDkgLsf] cflwsfl/s laqm]tfsf] ¿kdf kdf
clUg OGskf] {/]6 cGtu{tsf] clUg OlGhlgol/ª l l
k|flnn] dlxGb|f /]ef sf/ g]kfndf laqmL z'¿ u/]sf] 5 . kof{j/0fLo
b[li6n] pko'Qm /]ef sf/ ljB't\af6 rNg] ePsfn] u|fxsnfO{
k|ltlsnf]ld6/ nfut a9Ldf ?=! kg{ cfpF5 .
clUgn] /]ef sf] laqmL ;'?cft ;df/f]xdf dlxGb|f /]ef sDkgLsf
lgof{t dxfk|aGws kL bLkn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g / xl/tu[x k|efjsf]
sn;{sf] :df6{kmf]g
sn;{ df]afOnn] PG8«f]O8df cfwfl/t
klxnf] ah]6 :df6{kmf]g PS;–ˆofS6/
g]kfnL ahf/df NofPsf] 5 . !
luufxh{sf] k|f];];/;lxt ?=* xhf/
((( kg] { b'O{ j6f l;dsf8{ /fVg
;lsg] kmf]gdf #=@ OGrsf] dlN6 6r
l:qmg, @ d]uflkS;]nsf] Sofd]/f nufot ;'ljwf 5 . !@*)
PdPPrsf] Aof6«Ln] % 3G6f;Dd s'/f ug{ / !*@ 306f
j}slNks cj:yfdf /xg ;3fpg] sDkgLn] hgfPsf] 5 . �
Aoflͪ
glan AofÍn] :yfkgfsf] @*cf} + jif{ k"/f u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf lghL If]qsf] klxnf] AofÍsf] ¿kdf @( c;f/
@)$! df :yflkt AofÍ;Fu xfn ?=%^ ca{ lgIf]k, ?=$@
ca{ shf{ / ?=^^ ca{ s'n ;DklQ 5 . $* zfvf ePsf]
AofÍn] && Pl6Pd d]l;gaf6 u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf lbb} cfPsf]
5 . h]7 d;fGt;Ddsf] ljj/0f cg';f/ AofÍsf] v'b d'gfkmf
?=! ca{ %! s/f]8 tyf s'n k" FhLsf]if ?=^ ca{ &! s/f]8
/x]sf] 5 .
Pe/]i6 AofÍn] /f}tx6sf] rGb|lgufxk'/df $^cf} + zfvf
tyf %*cf} + P6LPd d]l;g :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . ef/tsf]
k~hfj g]zgn AofÍ;Fusf] ;xsfo{df :yflkt AofÍn] zfvf
/ P6LPdsf cnfjf @ PS;6]G;g sfpG6/ / @) /fh:j
;+sng sfpG6/af6 klg ;]jf lbO/x]sf] 5 .
AofÍ ckm sf7df08"n] dxf/fhu~h / aQL;k'tnLdf $$
/ $%cf} + zfvf :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . AofÍn] s0ff{nLsf]
h'Dnf;lxt !# c~rnsf @& lhNnfdf %$ P6LPd / &
sfpG6/af6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf] 5 .
PgPdaL AofÍn] ;+:yfut ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj
cGtu{t b]ze/sf zfvfdf lstfa bfg -a"s 8f]g];g_
sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{qmdaf6 hDdf
ePsf k':tsx¿ pkTosf aflx/sf ;/sf/L ljBfnosf
k':tsfnonfO{ k|bfg ug] { AofÍn] hgfPsf] 5 . �

k]6fdf ljZj g} k/]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfn h:tf
lxdfnL d'n'sdf ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgk|lt rf;f]
a9\g' v'zLsf] s'/f /x]sf] atfP .
;g\ !(($ df AofËnf]/sf] dfOgL u|'k /
cd]l/sL PO{aL PnPn;Lsf] nufgLdf /]ef On]lS6«s
e]Osn :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!) df
dlxGb|f u|'kn] clwstd z]o/ v/Lb u/]sf]
AofËnf]/l:yt /]ef sf] sf/vfgfdf #)) hgf
sfo{/t 5g\ . sDkgLn] a]nfot / cd]l/sfdf
;d]t /]ef sf/ ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf] 5 . clUgsf
k|aGw lgb] {zs Sofljg]6 >]i7 eL8ef8 / w'Fjfw"nf]
kLl8t zx/L
k':tfnfO{ ljB'tLo sf/ j/bfg;/x ePsf] atfpF5g\ . b'O{ hgf
;lhn} c6fpg ;Sg] /]ef sf/sf] d"No ?=!$ nfv (% xhf/
kg] { hgfOPsf] 5 . �
ufleP Aofª\s
Aofª\ssf] ;+Vof w]/} eP/ g]kfn /fi6« AofÍn] Pscfk;df
ufleg ;Sg] -dh{/_ gLlt NofPsf] nfdf] ;do lalt;Sbf klg
vf; pknlAw gb]lvO/x]sf a]nf c;f/ clGtd ;ftf dxŒjk"0f{
…a| ]s y| 'Ú ePsf] 5 . …sÚ ju{sf] jfl0fHo AofÍ df5fk'R5« ] / 7"nf
kmfOgfG; sDkgLdWo]sf] Ps :6\ofG88{ kmfOgfG; ufleP/ @%
c;f/af6 df5fk'R5« ] AofÍsf] gfddf ;+o'Qm sf/f]af/ z'¿ ePsf]
5 . o:t} …sÚ ju{sf] csf] { jfl0fHo AofÍ Unf]an tyf cfO{PdO{
/ n8{ a'4 kmfOgfG; ufleP/ ag]sf] Unf]an cfO{PdO{ AofÍn] @%
c;f/b]lv ;+o'Qm sf/f]af/ z'¿ u/]sf] 5 .
o;cl3 s]xL kmfOgfG; sDkgL tyf ljsf; AofÍx¿ ufleP
klg gLlt cfPkl5sf oL k|efjsf/L dh{/ x'g\ . To:t} PgcfO{;L
/ AofÍ ckm Pl;of cfk;df ufleg] k|f/lDes ;D‰f}tf ePsf]
5 . Ps} ;d"xn] k|a4{g u/]sf oL b'O{ AofÍ uflePdf Tof]
xfn;Dds} 7"nf] dh{/ x'g] tyf To;n] c¿ jfl0fHo AofÍx¿nfO{
klg bafa k'Ug]5 .
df5fk'R5«] / :6\ofG88{ ufle+bf df5fk'R5«]sf] !)) z]o/nfO{
!)) g} / :6\ofG88{sf] !)) z]o/nfO{ *% u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
uflePkl5 AofÍsf] r'Qmf k" FhL ?=@ ca{ $& s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 .
u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf ;+:yfks cWoIf pk]Gb| dxtf] ;d"xn]
k|a4{g u/]sf] :6\ofG88{ kmfOgfG;nfO{ jfl0fHo AofÍ agfpg] p2] ]Zo
;fy Ps ca{ r'Qmf k" FhL k'¥ofOP klg /fi6« AofÍsf] gofF gLltn]
…uÚ af6 Ps}rf]l6 …sÚ ju{df hfg glbPkl5 dh{/sf] af6f] /f]lhPsf]
xf] . k" FhL cefjdf u'lh|/x]sf] df5fk'R5« ] AofÍnfO{ dh{/n] cfufdL
lbgsf] sf/f]af/ ;xh agfpg]5 .
Unf]an, cfO{PdO{ / n8{a'4 Ps} ;d"xsf] k|a4{gsf sf/0f
uflePsf x'g\ . uflePkl5 ag]sf] Unf]an cfO{PdO{ AofÍsf] r'Qmf
k'FhL
?=@ ca{ !* s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . dh{/sf qmddf cfO{PdO{sf]
!)) z]o/nfO{ !)) g}, Unf]ansf] !)% / n8{a'4sf] &)
u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . Ps} ;d"xsf] k|a4{gsf] AofÍ ufleg' tyf
csf] { PgcfO{;L / AofÍ ckm Pl;ofn] ;d]t ;f]xL k|lqmof cufl8
a9fpFbf Psf3/n] nufgL u/]sf] PgaL / Pg;L;L nufotnfO{
klg oxL no ;dfpg /fi6« AofÍn] ck|ToIf bafa lbg yfn]sf]
5 . /fi6« AofÍaf6 s/La b'O{ bh{g ;+:yfn] dh{/sf] ;}4flGts
;xdlt lnPsf 5g\ . �
Clif/fd s§]n
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
…;/sf/n] ]
k|f]T;fxg ug{ 'k5{Ú
Sofljg]6 >]i7
k|aGw lgb] {zs, clUg OGskf] {/]6 k|fln
nfdf] b"/LnfO{ gx'g] ljB'tLo sf/ lsg Nofpg'eof] <
g]kfndf sf/ r9\g] clwsf+z dflg; zx/L If]qdf
a:5g\ . pgLx¿sf] lghL ;jf/L ;fwgsf] d'Vo k|of]hg
sfof{no cfjthfjt g} xf] . t/, ;jf/L ;fwg v/Lb
u/]kl5 pgLx¿sf] ofqf dxËf] aGb} uPsf] 5 . OGwgaf6
rNg] sf/n] zx/sf] eL8ef8df k|lt ln6/ !) lsnf]ld6/
eGbf a9L dfOn]h lbg sl7g 5 . t/, /]ef sf] nfut
a9Ldf k|ltlsnf]ld6/ ?=! dfq k5{ . Tolt dfq xf]Og
eg]sf] a]nf l8h]n÷k]6«f]n gkfOg], 306f} + nfOg a:g'kg] {
h:tf ‰G‰6af6 zx/L pkef]Qmf cflht 5g\ . /]ef nfO{
lj:tf/} cGo zx/x¿df k'¥ofpF5f} + .
d"No w]/} dxËf] ePg <
/]ef sf] Aof6«L km'n rfh{ ubf{ ( o'lg6 ljB't\ vkt
x'G5 . To;af6 *) lsnf]ld6/;Dd ofqf ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|lto'lg6 ljB't\ dx;'n ?=!) hf]8\bf klg km'n rfh{ ug{
?=() vr{ x'g]eof] . zx/L sfdsfhL JolQmn] Ps lbgdf
*) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf w]/} lx+8\g' vf;} kb} {g . Tolt af6f]
/]ef r9\g]n] ?=() df k"/f u5{ eg] OGwgaf6 rNg] sf/
r9\g]n] ?=! xhf/eGbf a9L vr{ u5{ . oxL cg'kftdf Ps
dxLgfsf] vr{ lgsfNbf /]ef r9\g]sf] ?=@ xhf/
&)) x'G5 eg] c¿ sf/ r9\g]sf] ?=#) xhf/eGbf w]/}
k5{ . oxL cg'kftn] t Ps jif{df /]efaf6 ?=# nfv
arfpg ;lsG5 . clg o;nfO{ s;/L dxËf] eGg] < To;}n]
zx/L oftfoftsf] ¿kdf /]ef ;a}eGbf pko'Qm lghL ;jf/L
;fwg xf] .
/]ef nfO{ nufOPsf] s/k|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <
ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] $) k|ltzt eG;f/ dx;'n
lnOFb} cfPsf] 5 . of] c¿ OGwgaf6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
t'ngfdf %) k|ltzt ;:tf] xf] . eG;f/ afx]s !# k|ltzt
Eof6 nfU5 . hnljB't\sf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf ePsfn] k]6«f]n,
l8h]n h:tf cfoftLt OGwgsf] t'ngfdf ljB'tLo sf/sf]
k|a4{g ubf{ 7"nf] dfqfdf k};f ljb]lzg] qmd /f]lsg]5 .
To;}n] o:tf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ ;/sf/n] c‰} k|f]T;fxg u5{
h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . h;af6 hn;|f]tsf] pkof]u a9\g] dfq
geO{ kof{j/0fLo hf]lvd ;d]t sd x'g]5 .
/]ef sf c¿ ljz]iftf s] 5g\ <
w"nf] w'Fjf
dfq xf]Og, cfjfh ;d]t glgsfNg] ePsfn]
jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0faf6 d'Qm x'G5 . o; afx]s tLg 3G6fdf
*) k|ltzteGbf a9L Aof6«L rfh{ x'G5 . k|lt306f *)
lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf] ultdf u'8\g ;Sg] sf/ & ;]s]G8leq
z"Go lsnf]ld6/af6 $) lsnf]ld6/ k|lt306fsf] b"/Ldf
k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] /]ef k"0f{tof cf/fdbfoL /
;'/lIft 5 . �
53

l/kf]6{ ;f];n ldl8of
l*lh^n
;fd|fHo
;+oldt ljrf/sf kIfkftLx¿sf] df}g
ax'dtn] ;f];n ldl8ofdf cfpg]
c;lxi0f' s'/fsf] k|ltjfb ug'{
h?/L
ePsf] 5 .
?ljgf dxtf]
g] kfndf ;f];n ldl8ofsf] k|of]udf
pT;fxhgs j[l4;Fu} ;fIf/tf b/
d'lZsnn] ^% k|ltzt /x]sf] d'n'sdf
o;sf] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf z+sf klg
plAhg yfn]sf] 5 . km]l/ OG6/g]6
l8lh6n l8efO8 -ljefhg_sf] ;dfwfg
klg aGg;s]sf] 5}g . OG6/g]6sf] hfnf]df
ltg} zxl/of dWodjuL{o g]kfnL cfj4
5g\, h;sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof sf7df8f} +sf]
rqmkyleq a:5g\ .
g]kfndf clxn] ;f9] !$ nfv
km];a's k|of]ustf{ 5g\ . of] ;+Vof s'n
hg;+Vofsf] kfFr k|ltzt eGbf sd /
g]kfnsf ;a} k|d'v b}lgs cvaf/x¿sf]
kf7s ;+Vof eGbf a9L xf] . o;afx]s
pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf g]kfnLx¿ Anu, OG6/g]6
5nkmn, cgnfOg ;dfrf/, o'6\o'a
/ l6\j6/sf] dfWodaf6 klg /fli6«o
dfldnfdf cfˆgf ljrf/ k|:t't ul//x]sf
5g\ . ;f];n ldl8of k|of]ustf{x¿sf]
cgnfOg ;d'bfon] g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs
ljrf/ lgdf{0fsf] gofF
If]q l;h{gf u/]sf] 5, h'g
o;cl3;Dd kqklqsfsf kf7s
/ n]vsx¿sf] Pp6f ;fgf]
;d"xdf ;Lldt lyof] . ;f];n
ldl8ofn] k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{
54
Clif/fd s§n
;"rgf pTkfbgdf ;xefuL x'g
clek| ]l/t ul//x]sf] x'G5 . To;dfly
of] cGt/lqmofTds x'g'sf ;fy}
o;df dlN6ldl8of ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u
x'G5g\ .
xfn} lxdfnldl8of n] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] ;f];n ldl8of /fp086]andf
;fj{hlgs ljrf/ lgdf{0fdf ;f];n
ldl8ofsf] k|efj a9\b} hfg] s'/f p7]sf]
lyof] . dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t
sfg"g Joj;foL ;Gtf]if l;Ub]nsf]
larf/df, JolQmut txaf6 /fhgLltdf
k|j]z ug{ yfn]kl5 g]kfndf ;f];n
ldl8ofsf] dxŒj a9]sf] xf] . w]/} g]kfnLn]
km];a's / l6\j6/ nfO{ /fhgLlts ljrf/
JoQm u/]/ ltgdfly 5nkmn rnfpg
k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf :yflkt ;~rf/u[xx¿n] eg]
cgnfOg dfWodnfO{ Tolt k|fyldstf
lbPsf 5}gg\ . lj1fkgbftfx¿n] c‰}
klg 5fkfdfWod g} ?rfpg' o;sf]
sf/0f xf] . kqsf/x¿ klg
5fkfdfWodsf] ;do;LdfnfO{
dxŒj lbP/ n]V5g\ .
pgLx¿ s'g} ljz]if ;dfrf/
cgnfOgdf /fVg'cl3 ef]ln
lgl:sg] k|lt:kwL{ klqsfnfO{
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
Wofg lbG5g\, h;n] pl5Gg
g;sf];\ . s'g} 36gfaf/]
km];a's / l6\j6/ af6 klxn]
yfxf kfpg] qmd klg a9]sf]
5 . h:tf], dfcf]jfbLdf km'6sf]
hfgsf/L ;dfrf/ kf]6{n jf
6]lnlehgsf a| ]lsª ;dfrf/ eGbf cufl8
l6\j6/ df cfPsf] lyof] . k|ljlwdf
/dfpg] ;+jfbbftfsf 6fOdnfOgdf
d"nwf/sf ;~rf/dfWodn] gEofpg] u/L
;dfrf/x¿ cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;do;Ldf ;lsg
nfu]sf] a]nf t klxrfgdf cfwfl/t
;+3Lotf ljifodf g]6jf;Lx¿n] OG6/g]6nfO{
sfNklgs /0fe"ld g} agfPsf lyP .
To;a]nfsf k|foM l6Kk0fLn] ljifoj:t'nfO{
eGbf n]vssf y/ jf hftLo k[i7e"ldnfO{
;Daf]wg u/]sf cfly{s cg';Gwftf tyf
ljZn]ifs rGbg ;fksf]6fsf] dt 5 .
pgsf] egfOdf, pgLx¿ Pscsf{k|lt
c;lxi0f' / s§/ b]lvPsf lyP . To;}n]
;+oldt ljrf/ /fVg] w]/} g]kfnL o;df
df}g a:g ?rfP . o:tf] a]nf /fhgLlts
tyf j}rfl/s ‰'sfj ePsf ;d"xx¿n]
:ki6 nIosf ;fy ug] { cfqmd0fsf]
;fdgf sl7g x'G5 . OG6/g]6n] cGoq
‰} + g]kfndf klg ;dfhnfO{ v08Ls/0f

ug] { sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;a}eGbf
s'?k pbfx/0f x'g\— 3[0ff km}nfpg]
n]vfOn] el/k"0f{ k]h / hflte]bjfbL
;fO6x¿ . ltgdf b]lvg] kmf]6f]zkåf/f
ljs[t kfl/Psf /fhgLlt1sf t:aL/ /
clgolGqt ¿kdf cfpg] lx+;f e8\sfpg]
vfnsf cfqmfds a]gfd] ljrf/x¿nfO{
lgodg ug] { lgsfo klg b]lv+b}g . af}l4s
tyf k|fl1s JolQmx¿sf] nf]slk|o Od]n
5nkmn ;d"x …g]kfn g]6js{ km/ ;f];n
8]enKd]G6Ú -PgPgP;8L_ sf ;+of]hs
ch'{g
9sfnsf cg';f/ k|a'4x¿sf]
;fO6df ;d]t 5nkmnn] ;Ldf gf£g] /
l;4fGt–;Dk|bfosf cfwf/df Pscsf{dfly
vlgg] rng a9]sf] 5 .
t/, s]xL rsf{rsL{ eP klg
clxn];Dd s'/f lalu|;s]sf] 5}g . g]6df
elgPsf s'/fnfO{ lnP/ Toltljlw 8/fO
g} xfNg] cj:yf 5}g . dflg;x¿n] dg
zfGt kfg{ ljrf/ JoQm ug] { 7fpF kfPsf
5g\ . ;+oldt ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f /fVg]
ax';+Vos JolQmx¿n] ca df}g ga;L
cltjfbL ljrf/nfO{ hjfkm lbg cl3 ;bf{
k'Ug] b]lvG5 . Pp6f /fd|f] kIf s] klg 5
eg], cfufdL lgjf{rgdf ylkg] s/La #%
nfv gofF dtbftfdf clxn] ;f];n ldl8of
k|of]u ul//x]sfx¿ k5{g\ . �
ts{ xf]Og cfu|x Û
lx
hf]cfh Anu, ;f];n ldl8of / ljrf/k[i7x¿df w]/} g]kfnLn] ug] { u/]sf
ljjfb / 5nkmn JolQmsf] a'l4ljj]s, 1fg jf ts{eGbf efjgf, k"jf{u|x
jf lghL rl/qdf cfwfl/t eP/ k/:k/ cfqmd0fsf] txdf plqPsf] 5 . o:tf]
rng olt ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] 5 ls w]/}n] To;nfO{ cfu|xk| ]l/t 7fGg 5f8]sf
5g\ . o;af6 cfd dflg;x¿df af}l4s ljdz{ eg]s} o:t} xf] eGg] 5fk ;d]t
kg{ uPsf] 5 .
ljj]szLn kf7s / n]vsx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] n]vfOnfO{ cfu|xaf6 d'Qm /fVg
cfu|xk| ]l/t n]vfOsf tn k|:t't s]xL b[i6fGtx¿ pkof]uL x'g;S5g\ . n]vs,
l6Kk0fLsf/, kqsf/ / ;~rf/sdL{x¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs :t/df s]xL n]Vbf jf
k|:t't ubf{ s;/L n]Vg] / ts{ ug] { eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t Pj+ :ki6 x'g oL
pbfx/0fn] d2t k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . logn] s;}sf] ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f jf ts{nfO{
To;sf u'0f–bf]ifsf cfwf/df geO{ tL s'/f n]Vg] JolQm sf] xf] jf p;sf]
JolQmut klxrfg s] xf] eGg] cfwf/df jf p;n] cs} { ;Gbe{df k|:t't u/]sf]
cfwf/df k|ltjfb u/]sf] b]vfpF5g\ .
s]xL pbfx/0f x]/f} +M
!= ædfcf]jfbLx¿ k|ToIf lgjf{lrt /fi6«klt rfxG5g\ . sDo'lgi6 ePsfn] of]
pgLx¿sf] ;Qf sAhf ug] { ck|ToIf af6f] xf] .Æ
@= æef/t g]kfndf k|hftGq rfxFb}g, lsgeg] pm ck|hftflGqs ljsNkx¿sf]
dfWodaf6 g]kfndfly x}sd rnfpg rfxg] k|e'TjjfbL zlQm xf] .Æ
#= æcf]afdf d';ndfg k[i7e"ldsf] ePsfn] pgsf] dWok"j{ gLltdfly ljZjf; ug{
;ls+b}g .Æ
$= ætkfO{ + g]kfndf a:g' jf sfd ug'{x'Gg,
To;}n] g]kfnsf af/]df tkfO{ +n]
af]n]sf s'/fnfO{ g]kfnd} a;]sf jf sfd ul//x]sfx¿n] uDeL/tfk"j{s lng'
h?/L 5}g .Æ
%= æpgn] hjfx/nfn g]x¿ o'lgel;{6Ldf k9]sf] x'gfn] pgsf ljrf/x¿
:jfefljs ¿kdf ef/tLo :jfy{ / b[li6sf]0faf6 lgb] {lzt x'G5g\ .Æ
^= æpgLx¿ g]kfnL sf+u| ]; / Pdfn]sf afx'g g]tf ePsfn] :jefjtM g]kfnsf]
oyfl:yltnfO{ abNg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb}gg\ .Æ
&= æoL oL dfG5] dfcf]jfbL;Fu glhs ePsfn] of] ljifodf p;sf] k|:tfj /
ljrf/ t6:y / hfoh 5}gg\ .Æ
*= æk|hftGqsf] nflu !% jif{ h]n hLjg latfPsfn] pgL ;w} + lg:jfy{ efjn]
b]zsf] enf] ;f]r]/ cufl8 a9\5g\ .Æ
(= æpgL k|ultzLn gf/LjfbL sfo{stf{ ePsLn] -g]kfnL_ dlxnfx¿af/] pgsf]
b[li6sf]0f s'g} k'?ifsf] eGbf o'lQm;+ut x'g]5 .Æ
!)= æpgL lzlIft x'g\ / pgn] åGå Joj:yfkgsf] l8u|L lnPsf 5g\ . To;}n]
g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmofdf pgsf b[li6sf]0f / ts{x¿sf] jhg / u'0f w]/}
5 .Æ
dfly plNnlvt ! b]lv & gDa/sf cfu|xk| ]l/t n]vfOn] s'g} ts{nfO{
To;sf] jf:tljs u'0f–bf]ifsf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{,
ts{ ug] { { JolQmsf]
klxrfg / hLjgLaf6 k|efljt eP/ xf]Og eGg] dfGotfnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L, * b]lv !) gDa/sf pbfx/0fdf rflx+ ts{df lglxt u'0f–bf]ifn] eGbf
ts{ ug] { JolQmsf] klxrfg / hLjgLaf6 :jtM aGg hfg] Ps k|sf/sf] ljrf/
jf b[li6sf]0fn] k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . �
-kxf/Lsf] km];a'sdf /flvPsf] ;fdu|LnfO{ cg'jfb ul/Psf] xf] ._
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
cg'k kxf/L
55

;dfhsf]
zlQm
;f];n ldl8ofsf ljs[ltnfO{ ;]G;/n]
xf]Og, plrt sfg"g / k|of]ustf{sf]
lhDd]jf/Ln] /f]Sg ;Sb5 .
km] ;a's sf ;+:yfks dfs{ h's/ju{n] !(
d]df lk|l;nf Rofg;Fu ljjfx u/]sf]
t:aL/ ljgf 6]S:6 km];a's 6fOdnfOgsf]
dfOn:6f]gdf /fv]sf] dxLgf lbg gk'Ub} !%
nfvn] …nfOsÚ / b'O{ xhf/n] …sd]06Ú u/] .
…z]o/Ú ug] { / z'esfdgf lbg] klg xhf/f} +
eP . g]kfnd} klg g]kfnL sf+u|];sf g]tf
uug yfkfn] km];a's k]hdf :6f6; jf
t:aL/ cknf]8 ubf{ %) xhf/;Dd nfOs
kfPsf 5g\ .
l6\j6/ df klg s}of}+ JolQmsf] Pp6}
6\jL6 ;of}+ k6s l/–6\jL6 x'G5 . o;sf]
dtna, o:tf ;f];n ldl8of JolQmut ;"rgf
k|jfxsf] Kn]6kmd{ ag]sf 5g\, hxfF n]lvPsf
5f]6f jfSon] l5ge/d} ljZje/ km}lnP/
56 l n
w]/}nfO{ k|efj kf5{g\ . ut cS6f]a/df
cd]l/sfdf ePsf] jfnl:6«6 cfGbf]ngdf
km];a's / l6\j6/ n] xhf/f}+nfO{ ;8sdf
ptf/]sf lyP . g]kfndf klg ;fa{hlgs
dxTjsf e]nfx?df ;f];n ldl8ofsf] rdTsf/
b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
5f]6f jfSosf] zlQm
km];a'ssf ;+:yfks dfs{ h's/ju{
/ lk|l;nf Rofg .
l6\j6/ sf] :6f6;df :k];;lxt !$) cIf/
n]Vg kfOG5 . km];a's df klg …;L df]/Ú gug] {
xf] eg] :qmLgdf $@! cIf/ dfq b]lvG5g\ .
t/ Tolt 5f]6f–5f]6f :6f6; klg nfvf}+
cf]7df d':sfg Nofpg l;+uf] lstfa eGbf
k|efjsf/L ;fdflhs zlQm aGg ;S5g\ .
To;f] t 5f]6f] n]Vg ;lhnf] x'Fb}g
. k|l;4
c+u| ]h slj hf]g ldN6gn] Pp6f k| ]dkq o;/L
z'¿ u/]sf lyP— …lk|o, 5f]6f] n]Vg
d;Fu ;do gePsfn] cfh nfdf]
kq n]Vb}5' .Ú cyf{t\, 5f]6f] n]vfOdf
w]/} s'/f eGg] v'aL rflxG5 .
;f];n ldl8ofdf cgfjZos 6\ofu
/ cZnLn ;fdu|L cknf]8 x'g yfn]kl5
slt k|of]ustf{ o:tf ;~hfnaf6 6fl9g
klg yfn]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] gfddf c1ft
JolQmn] vf]n]sf] km];a's Psfp06af6
kLl8t ;flxTosf/ pld{nf yklnof
;d:ofaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg k|x/L g}
u'xfg' { k/]sf] atfpFl5g\ . ;f];n ldl8ofdf
b]lvPsf ljs[ltn] JolQmut rl/qdf
nf~5gf nufpg]b]lv ;fdflhs ;b\efj
vNanfpg];Ddsf sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
;f]kf / lkkf
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] ljs[lt /f]Sg]
lgx' Fdf ;f];n ldl8of / OG6/g]6sf c¿
dfWoddfly aGb]h nufpg ckgfpg
nfu]sf] …:6k cgnfOg kfO/];L PS6Ú
-;f]kf_ / …k|f]6]S6 cfOkL PS6Ú
-lkkf_ h:tf pkfosf] ljZje/ lj/f]w
eO/x]sf] 5 . cgnfOgdf /flvPsf
s'/fsf] dlg6l/ª / ;]G;/;Lksf] of]
s;/tsf] vf; u/]/ u'un, j8{k|];,
kmfo/kmS; nufotsf cgnfOg kf]6{n
/ ;r{ OlGhgn] s8f lj/f]w u/]sf
5g\ . lj/f]wsf] qmddf u'un, j8{k| ];,
kmfo/kmS; nufot ;+;f/e/sf cgnfOg
kf]6{nn] cf–cfˆgf x]8/df sfnf] Aofg/
/fv]sf lyP . sltn] t Aofg/df …:6k
;]G;/;LkÚ n]v]sf lyP .
g]kfndf klg cgnfOg kf]6{ndf
sfd ug]{ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf]
jsfnt ug] {x¿n] …;f]kfÚ / …lkkfÚ sf]
lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .
ljs[lt a9]kl5 u[xdGqfnon] km];a's
df kmf]6f] 6\ofu / z]o/ ug] {nfO{ dfq x}g
6\ofu ePsfnfO{ ;d]t sfg"gL bfo/fdf Nofpg]
hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5 . ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ P]g
@)^# sf] bkmf $& df cdof{lbt ;fdu|L
k|;f/0f, k|bz{g, laqmL, ljt/0f / k|jfx
ug]{nfO{ ?=! nfv;Dd hl/jfgf / kfFr
jif{;Dd s}b ;hfo ul/g] Joj:yf 5 .
ca k|ljlwsf] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s ;b'kof]u
ug] { of ;hfo ef]Ug], lg0f{o ;f];n ldl8of
k|of]ustf{n] g} ug'{k5{
. �
u0f]z cfrfo{

lr
pw| ]sf] Knfl:6s 5 x}===
kxf8, lxdfn / t/fO{–dw]z ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] Pp6} g]kfnL klxrfg 5 eg] gofF d]rsf]
Knfl:6s gRofltsg k|of]u ug] { xfd|f] ;fd"lxs ;+sNk g} xf] .
lgofF k| ]ldo/ j]g lhcfafcf] uPsf] hgj/Ldf cfwflbg]
e|d0fdf cfpFbf ;/sf/n] cltly ;Tsf/sf nflu a}7s
;hfpg gofF–gofF d]r–;f]kmf c8{/ u¥of] . ;'lgPcg';f/ k;ndf
/fv]sf] Knfl:6ssf] se/ gp3fl/sg} ;df/f]x z'¿ / ;DkGg
eof] .
yfxf ePg, k|d j]gnfO{ Knfl:6s;lxtsf] sjrd} lj/fhdfg
u/fOof]–u/fOPg / htftt} Knfl:6sn] g]kfnL kIfnfO{ cK7]/f]
dx;"; u/fof]–u/fPg . ePg xf]nf,
lsgls d]r / ;f]kmf lsg]kl5 Knfl:6s
RofTg hfg]s} 5}gf} + xfdLn] . Tof]
kf]lnlygsf] Rofb/sf] cfo' ;Sbf]
nDAofP/ w'hf–w'hf xf]pGh]n;Dd
oyfjt\ /fVg] xfd|f] cfbt 5 .
Psflt/af6 x]bf{ of] ;fwf/0f s'/f
xf], t/ csf] {lt/ of] ;f+s]lts klg
5 . o;n] …g]kfnL rl/qÚ sf] Pp6f
kf6f] phfu/ ub{5— s'g} s'/fsf] ;f/
of p2]Zotkm{ hfFb} ghfg]Ù cfkm} +nfO{
dsf{ kbf{ klg b]vfj6L, k|bz{gd'vL s'/fdf dfq Wofg lbg] .
o;sf] cy{ xf]— gofF cfw'lgs pks/0f, tf}/tl/sf cyjf
/Lltl/jfh ckgfpFbf Tof] lsg, s;/L / slt;Dd cfkm"n]
ckgfpg] eGg] s'/f ;f]Rb} g;f]Rg] . s'g} klg s'/fsf] ulx/fOdf
hfg} grfxg] .
ca ;f]kmf jf d]rnfO{ k;ndf lsg kf]lnlyg lkmNdn]
df]l/Psf] x'G5 eGg]tkm{ hfpF .
s'/f ;/n 5, t/ htftt} plw|Psf] Knfl:6ssf] k|sf]k
km}lnPkl5 eGg}kg] { eof]— d]r t d]r xf], o;nfO{ a:gsf]
nflu ;'lj:tf xf];\ eg]/ …Puf] {gf]ldsÚ lx;fan] l8hfOg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . c‰ w]/} ;'lj:tfsf] nflu kmf]dsf] leqLnfO{ sk8fn]
df]/]/ agfOG5 . o:tf] d]rnfO{ a]Rg zf]?ddf /fVbf Knfl:6sn]
5f]Kg] rng lsg 5 eg] xfd|f v'nf k;nx¿df w"nf]n] /fd|/L
cfjthfjt u/]sf] x'G5 / :6sdf /flvPsf ;fdfg, ljz]if
u/L sk8fn] 5f]k]sf j:t'x¿, l5§} w'nfDd] / kmf]xf]/ x'G5g\ .
xf]n;]naf6 l/6]ndf k'¥ofpFbf af6f]df klg TolQs} kmf]xf]/ xf]nf .
To;afx]s u|fxsx¿sf] ;+;u{af6 klg hf]ufpg' k¥of], sltn] d}nf
xft / n'ufn] 5'Fb},
p7\–a;\ ub} { 6]:6 ug] { x'g\ .
oL ;a} sf/0fn] Knfl:6sn] df]l/Psf] x'G5 sk8fsf
d]r–;f]kmfx¿nfO{, t/ a:g ;'lj:tfsf nflu xf]Og . a? Knfl:6s
gl‰lssg al;lb+bf d]r–;f]kmfdf sk8f xfNg'sf] cy{ g} cgy{
eOlbG5 . sk8fn] …df]O:r/Ú / kl;gfnfO{ xfjfdf ldl;g] df}sf
lbG5 eg] Knfl:6sn] o;nfO{ k"/} /f]lslbG5 . sk8f /fVg'sf] k"/f
…P8\efG6]hÚ a:g] JolQmnfO{ k|fKt x'Fb}g
.
of] t ;a}n] a'‰]s} s'/f xf], t/ klg lsg d]r lsg]/
NofPkl5 Knfl:6snfO{ oyfjt\ /fVg] rng 5 tÙ dxLgf} +, w'hfw'hf
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
gk/];Dd klg < h'g k|j[lQ x/]s ju{, If]q, ;d'bfodf xfdL
kfpF5f} + . olb xfd|f] d'n'ssf] ljljw ;d'bfodf‰ kxf8, lxdfn
/ t/fO{–dw]z ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] Pp6} g]kfnL klxrfg 5
eg] Tof] lsg]sf] d]rsf] Knfl:6s gRofltsg k|of]u ug] { xfd|f]
;fd"lxs ;+sNk / c7f]6 g} xf] . o;nfO{ xfd|f] cfˆg} /fli6«o
df}lnstf 7fg]/ v'zL x'g klg ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] rng,
h;nfO{ /Lltl/jfh eGg klg ldNg] eO;Sof], sf] sf/0fsf]
zf]w rflx+ ug} { kb{5 . lsg gfDr]b]lv
tf}lnxjf;Dd o:t} x'G5 <
zfob xfdL g]kfnLsf] cfkm"n] lsg]sf]
lrhnfO{ ;Sbf] nfdf] ;do gofF h:t}
kf/]/ /fVg] ldtJooL cyjf ;+/If0fjfbL
k|j[lQ xf] of] . tL ;fdfgaf6 kfpg]
;'lj:tfaf6} cfkm"nfO{ jl~rt u/]/ eP
klg To;nfO{ ;s];Dd nfdf] ;do
;'/lIft /fVg] r]i6f .
t/ ha xfdL 3/, clkm;, /]:6'/]G6,
jf zogsIfdf d]r, ;f]kmf lsG5f} +Ù
Tof] k|of]u ug{, a:gsf nflu lsg]sf x'G5f} + . ;fbf sf7
cyjf Knfl:6ssf] dfq geO{ kmf]d / sk8fåf/f ;';lHht d]r
lsGg'sf] cy{ cln a9L ;'lj:tf vf]Hg' xf] . /, Tof] ;'lj:tf
kfpg kf]lnlygsf] Rofb/ pwfg} { k5{ . d]rsf] dHhf lsg]b]lv
g} lng'kb{5, lsg Tof] kf]lnlyg Rofltg] j]nf;Dd kv{g] < o;f]
ubf{ a:bf kfOg] ;'lj:tf;Fu} d]r agfpg] sf/Lu/sf] p2]Zo klg
k"/f x'G5 / d]r dflnssf] …P:y]l6S;Ú df klg s;}n] k|Zg
p7fpFb}g .
of] :tDesf/sf] Pp6f …h+unLÚ eGg ldNg] :jefj 5— s'g}
klg 3/, clkm;, k|tLIffno, uf8L h]df xf];\Ù ;f]kmf, d]r, l;6df
df]/]sf] kf]lnlyg b]Vg} x'Fb}g
. cfkmGtsf] ;fdfg xf] / ldNg]
eP cfkm} +n] RofltlbG5', gq lsg pQm Rofb/ t'?Gt} RofTg'k5{
eg]/ ;DalGwt JolQm;Fu jsfnt ul/xfN5' . s'g} ;fyLsf] gofF
uf8Lsf] l;6 5f]lkPsf] kf]lnlygdf t ‰g\ d]/f g+u|f k'luxfN5g\ .
/ o;f] ug'{sf]
cfgGb slt 7"nf] x'G5 ls d kf7snfO{ klg o;}
ug{ lgDTofpF5' . d'n'se/ cleofg g} rnf];\, …l;6sf] Knfl:6s
x6fp cleofgÚ Û / s;}n] …cln uDeL/ x'g';\, o:tf] 5]p g
6'Kkf]sf] s'/fsf d;L–sfuh vr{ gug{ ';\Ú eG5g\ eg] d]/f] hjfkm
/xG5– of] ljifodf cGt/lglxt ;To w]/} g} uDeL/ 5 .
kf]lnlygnfO{ d]r, ;f]kmfdf lsg]sf] dxLgf} + -st} st} t
kTofpg';\, jiff{ } +_ hxfFsf] txL+ /fVg] xfd|f] afgLn] …;f/Ú / …¿kÚ
aLrsf] e]b 5'6\ofpg g;Sg] xfd|f] /fli6«o k|j[lQ ‰NsfpF5 .
;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf xf];\ jf /fhgLltdf oqtq o; k|j[lQsf
pbfx/0f kfOG5g\ . tL pbfx/0ftkm{ clxn] oxfF ghfpF .
57
57

58
k':ts
pBdLsf cfly{s l6K;
pBdLsf cfFvfdf cy{tGq
n]vs M ljgf]b rf}w/L
k|sfzs M l;hL kmfpG8];g
d"No M ?=!)), k[i7 M @!^±
;sf/fTds ;f]r / k|oTgaf6 b]zdf
cfly{s kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsg]df ljZj:t
5g\, pBf]uklt ljgf]b rf}w/L . o'jf
g]kfnL efifLnfO{ ;lhnf]
cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;
n]vs÷;DkfbsM /fh]z sf]O/fnf÷8u xn
k|sfzsM 1fg Hof]lt s]Gb|, -cd]l/sf_
d"NoM !$ 8n/, k[i7M @@$±$
cd]l/sfn] clk|n @)!@ ;Dddf
%# xhf/ ##@ hgf g]kfnL d"nsf
e'6fgL z/0ffyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] e"lddf
g]kfnLn] leœofpg] /]ld6]G;;Fu} d'n'sleq
a9\bf] cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6sLo
ultljlw / ufpF–ufpFdf z'¿ ePsf
ljleGg cfly{s lqmofsnfkaf6 pgL
pT;flxt 5g\ . pgsf] lx;fadf ca s]xL
Joj:yfksLo sfo{x¿ dfq afFsL 5g\,
h;n] ;':t Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ lj:yflkt
u/]/ ;d[l4sf] clenfiff k"/f ug{ ;sf];\ .
Ps ;kmn pBf]uL, g]kfn
pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 / g]kfn pBf]u
kl/;+3sf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otdf ;fj{hlgs
rf}w/Lsf cleJolQm, cGt/jftf{ / n]v
/rgf ;d]l6P/ xfn} k|sflzt pBdLsf
cfFvfdf cy{tGq gfds k':ts g]kfnsf]
cj;/ / ;+efjgfx¿sf] ;Fufnf] g} ag]sf]
5 . k':tsdf Pp6} Joj;fodf nufgL u/]
klg ;/sf/L c;kmn / lghL If]q ;kmn
x'g'df d'VotM Joj:yfkg kIf g} sf/s
/x]sf] pNn]v 5 . ;/sf/L pBf]ux¿
lbglbg} w/f;foL x'g'df /fHosf] csd{0otf
lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] rf}w/Lsf] 7DofO 5 .
;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf]
k'gjf{; u/fPsf] 5 . cGo k|of]hg /
k|lqmofaf6 cd]l/sf k'Ug] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof
klg lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] 5 . tLdWo]
lzlIftx¿nfO{ cd]l/sfdf 3'nldn x'g,
ToxfFsf] ;+:s[lt / tf}/tl/sf a'´g ufx|f]
geP klg cNklzlIft / lg/If/x¿nfO{
lgs} ;d:of k5{ . oxL s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf
/fv]/ Dofgr]:6/sf] Go' XofDk;fo/l:yt
kqsf/ /fh]z sf]O/fnf / ;dfh;]jL 8u
xnn] cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; gfdsf] ;xof]uL
k':ts lgsfn]sf 5g\ .
!( v08sf] k':ts k|sfzgdf
;gt cfrfo{, tf/f cfrfo{, xf]d
If]qL / ;+:yfut ¿kdf n'y/g ;f];n
;le{;]h\ tyf Go" XofDk;fo/ Rofl/6]an
kmfp08];gsf] ljz]if ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 .
lstfasf] g]kfnL v08 Go" XofDk;fo/af6
…cIfl/sfÚ Go"hn]6/ k|sflzt ul//x]sf
kqsf/ sf]O/fnfn] n]v]sf x'g\ eg] c+u| ]hL
v08 8u xnn] . z/0ffyL{ k'g:yf{kgfdf
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
;xofqL g7fgL k|lt:kwL{sf] Jojxf/ u/]sf]
u'gf;f] klg k':tsdf 5 .
cfkm" ;ef;b\ /x]sf a]nf ;+;b\df
k|j]z ePsf cfly{s gLltx¿nfO{ t'xfpg
ePsf v]naf/] klg pgn] n]v]sf 5g\ .
nufgL af]8{ ;DaGwL ljw]os kfl/t x'g}
glbg nfluk/]sf] ;d"xn] kfl/t eO;s]kl5
klg To;nfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ k|of; u/]sf]
k|;Ë 3tnfUbf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] cy{tGq ;'b[9 agfpg] x/]s
sbdnfO{ /fi6«jfbsf] cf8df /f]Sg] sfd
ePsf] / To;af6 g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{
7"nf] xflg k'u]sf] rf}w/Lsf] lgisif{ 5 .
n]vsn] cfly{s s"6gLltsf nflu /flvPsf
g]kfnL jfl0fHo b"tx¿sf] e"ldsfb]lv
ljZj cfly{s ;+s6;Ddsf] ljifodf snd
rnfPsf 5g\ . oBlk cfˆgf ;–;fgf
;d:of ;'N‰fpg klg ;/sf/s} d'v
tfSg] nufotsf lghL If]qsf] sdhf]/Laf/]
eg] rf/ v08sf] lstfadf s]xL
pNn]v 5}g . �
k|eft e§/fO{
;+nUg ;+3–;+:yfx¿n] cfkm"n] klg a'´g]
efiffdf n]lvPsf] ;fdu|L afF8\g a9L
tTk/ x'g] / c+u| ]hL efiff l;Sb} u/]sf
g]kfnLefifL kf7ssf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|L
;d]t x'g] lx;fan] k':tsdf c+u| ]hL v08
klg /flvPsf] n]vs–;Dkfbs sf]O/fnfn]
v'nfPsf 5g\ . lstfa n]Vg'cl3 ;tg,
/fh]z / 8un] Go" XofDk;fo/ / gy{
Sof/f]nfOgf k'u]sf e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x¿;Fu
5nkmn u/]sf tyf 5nkmnsf ;xefuLn]
cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ug{ s] s:tf ljifo
hfGg'k5{ / lstfadf s] s:tf s'/f
n]lvg'k5{ eg]/ ^)) eGbf a9L ;'‰fj
lbPsf lyP .
cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ug{ uO;s]sf
jf hfg nfu]sf, vf;u/L c+u| ]hL sdhf]/
ePsf, g]kfnLefifLnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] lstfa
l;Q} +df k9\g, ;fg{ jf lk|G6 ug{ ldNg]
u/L OG6/g]6sf] ;f‰f 8f]d]gdf klg
/flvPsf] 5 . �

k|fKt s[lt
ZofdZj]t hLjgsf syf
;]tf] w/tL
n]vsM cd/ Gof}kfg]
k|sfzsM kmfOglk|G6 cfOPg;L
d"NoM ?=#%), k[i7M #&#±!)
kfgLsf 3fd pkGof;sf nflu @)^^
;fnsf] kb\d>L ;flxTo ;Ddfg ljh]tf
cd/ Gof}kfg] g]kfnL cfVofgdf lgs}
7"nf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf k|ltef x'g\ . bf];|f]
pkGof; ;]tf] w/tL dfkm{t pgL c‰ 7"nf]
cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy km]l/ k|s6 ePsf 5g\ .
d?e"ld h:tf] lg/; tyf cg'Tkfbs laDj
af]s]sf] ;]tf] w/tL z}nL, bz{g, k|:t'lt
tyf ljifoj:t'sf] b[li6n] cAan bhf{sf] s[lt
ag]sf] 5 . dxfe"sDk cfPsf] lj=;+= !(()
df sf:sLsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df hlGdPsL tf/fsf]
@)^* ;fn;Ddsf] hLjgj[QnfO{ leqL txb]lv
vf]tlnPsf] 5, ;]tf] w/tL df . ;ft jif{df
lax] / ( jif{s} pd]/df ljwjf ePsL tf/fsf]
afndgf]lj1fg / of}jgfj:yfsf] cg'e"ltb]lv
c:tfrn;Ddsf] ljlzi6 cGj]if0fn] ljz]if
agfPsf] 5, pkGof;nfO{ .
k"FhL -efu !, @ / #_
n]vsM sfn{ dfS;{
cg'jfbM o'j/fh kGyL
k|sfzsM k|eft k|sfzg
d"NoM ?=@,)))
;kgfdf dfS;{
syf;+u|x
n]vsM /fh]Gb| k/fh'nL
k|sfzsM ;f‰ff k|sfzg
d"NoM ?=!(%, k[i7M !@*±*
tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf gf/L, ljz]if u/L
ljwjfnfO{ x]g{] ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ of]
pkGof;n] ;zQm 9+uaf6 phfu/ u/]sf]
5 . ;fdflhs lgod tyf dfGotfx¿ h]
eP klg x/]s dfG5]sf] cflbd dgf]j[lQ Ps}
k|sf/sf] x'G5 eGg] ;TonfO{ pkGof;sf/n]
hLjgjfbL bfz{lgs sf]0faf6 ;/; k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo efiff k|o'Qm ;+jfbn]
pkGof;nfO{ hLjGt t agfPsf] 5 g}, ;Fu;Fu}
;dsfnLg ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyf /xg;xgsf]
clen]vLs/0f klg ePsf] 5 . o; cy{df ;]tf]
w/tL pkGof; efjL k':tfnfO{ ;dfh lj1fg
a'´g] w]/} pkxf/ klg ePsf] 5 .
;sf/fTds hLjg bz{g o; pkGof;sf]
;aeGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . tf/fn] ljwjf
x' Fbf, ;tLk|yfsf] syf ;'Gbf, cfkmGtaf6 lt/is[t
x'Fbf
jf hLjgsf c;+Vo b'MvkL8f / s'?k
‰} + nfUg] hLjg afFRbf klg xd]zf cfkm"nfO{
efUodfgL g} 7fGb} ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{
;sf/fTds ¿kdf u|x0f u5{ ] . pkGof;sf
cGo kfqx¿ kljqf, hd'gf, uf]ljGb cflbsf]
pkl:ylt / hLjgj[lQ klg lgs} nofTds
nfU5g\ . pkGof;sf/n] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{
k|s[lt, kof{j/0f, r]tg÷cr]tg cfsf+Iff
cflbsf] cg]s /f]rs ljDax¿dfkm{t s];|fs];|f
s]nfOPsf 5g\ . Pp6f dfG5]sf] afNofj:yf,
of}jgfj:yf, k|f}9fj:yf / j[4fj:yf;Ddsf]
ofqfnfO{ pkGof;n] st} ;r]tg t st}
dfgl;s cjr]tgsf] k'6 lb+b} 5n{Ë kf/]sf] 5 .
s]Gb|Lo rl/q tf/f;Fu} cGo kfqx¿sf]
pkl:ylt lgs} ;zQm 5g\ . hLjgsf
uf]/]6f]x¿df cf–cfˆgf] lhGbuL cfˆg} kf/fn]
ef]u]sf pgLx¿ cGttM lhGbuL ef]u]/ b]j3f6df
cf>o lng cfOk'U5g\, sf]xL lg?kfo eP/,
o'4df x/fPsf] k|]d
n]vsM sfªdfª g/]z /fO{
cKh;] sfG5f
k|sfzsM g]kfnL k|ltef k|lti7fg
d"NoM ?=!)), k[i7M !!(±
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
sf]xL hf]8L;Fusf] ljof]u ;xg g;s]/ t
sf]xL cfˆgf ;Gtfgaf6 lt/is[t eP/ . o;/L
b]j3f6 ;a}n] hLjgsf] pQ/f4{ lj;h{g ug] {
rf}tf/f] ePsf] 5 . pkGof;sf/n] ;DkGg,
ljkGg ;a}sf] uGtJo clGtddf Pp6} x'g]
;Gb]z lbg rfx]sf 5g\ . ljifosf] k|efjzfnL
p7fg / a}7fg ePsf] pkGof;sf k|To]s v08
kf7snfO{ gofF ‰6\sf lbP/ csf{] v08df
hf]l8g k'U5g\ .
pkGof;df kf}/fl0fs ldyssf] ;'Gb/
k|of]u 5 . kfqx¿;Fu :ynut ;fIffTsf/
u/]/ tof/ kf/]sf] x'gfn] pkGof; jf:tljs
hLjgsyf h:tf] nfU5 . o;qmddf ;f+;fl/s
;'v–;'ljwfaf6 6f9f /x]/ O{Zj/df ;dlk{t
x'g rfxg] elgPsf of]uL / :jfdLx¿sf]
kfv08 klg 5tf5'Nn x'G5, 7fpF7fpFdf .
Pp6L afnljwjfsf] cfsf+Iff / dgf]bzf
s]nfpg] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ubf{ gf/Lk|ltsf]
;Ddfgdf n]vsn] kfngf u/]sf] ;r]ttf
k|z+;fof]Uo 5 .
pkGof;df eflifs cz'l4 / cGo
sdhf]/Lx¿ klg 5g\ . cgk9 tf/f;Fu
bz{gsf ckTofl/nf k|;Ëx¿ hf]l8Psf 5g\ .
sltko k|;Ëx¿ kf7ssf] w}o{ u'dfpg] u/L
j0f{gfTds / k6s] ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ .
k':ts k|sfzgcl3sf] ;Dkfbg sd{nfO{ dxŒj
glb+bf k':ts c:j:ys/ ¿kdf df]6fPsf] 5 .
oBlk, of] pkGof; xfd|f] cl3Nnf] k':tfn]
ef]u]sf] ;dfhsf] hLjGt b:tfj]h ag]sf]
s'/fdf eg] s'g} z+sf 5}g . pkGof;n] x/]s
kf7sdf, To;df klg ljz]if u/L dlxnfdf
…wGg Û Tof] ;dodf hlGdg5'Ú eg]/ pR5jf;
pTkGg u/fpF5 . �
hLjf nfld5fg]
===cyf{t\ xfdL
lgaGw;+u|x
n]vsM /d0f l3ld/]
k|sfzsM ;f+lu|nf a'S;
d"NoM ?=!%), k[i7M !)(±*
s';'d
syf;+u|x
n]vsM tf]of u'?ª
k|sfzsM /Tg k':ts e08f/
d"NoM ?=!$), k[i7M ^*±*
59

d‰fd g]kfnL lkmNd
u'8afO{ sf8df08" df dflNesf ;'Aaf .
cfznfUbf]
km8\sf]
lkmNd k9]sf / /+ud~rdf vfl/Psf
lgb] {zs÷snfsf/x?sf] cfudg;Fu}
g]kfnL l;g]dfn] ck]lIft ult
;dft]sf] 5 .
cg'zLn >]i7 / Clif/fd s§]n
…rf / 8fG; rf/ kmfO6, nfUb}g s;}sf]
slk/fO6Ú kmd"{nfn] x}/fg} kf¥of],
g]kfnL rnlrq pBf]unfO{ . …;LÚ u|]8sf
lxGbL lkmNdsf l3l;lk6L …kmd" {nfÚdf alg/x]sf
lkmNdsf lstfa jfrg u/]h:tf] nfUg] ;Djfb
/ c;fWo s[lqd clegon] bz{snfO{ cflht
agfPsf] ;dodf a]/f]huf/ o'jsx¿sf]
syfdf ag]sf] n"6 n] g]kfnL l;g]df x]g{
5f8]sfx¿nfO{ ;d]t xndf kmsf{of] . o;/L
rnlrq ahf/ t/lËt eO/xFbf …g]kfn aGbÚsf]
syfdf ag]sf] xfOj] aln{g cGt/f{li6«o lkmNd
dxf]T;jdf 5flgof] . ?=#) nfvdf ag]sf]
n"6 n] s/La ?=% s/f]8sf] Jofkf/ ug'{
/ …kmfOe 8LÚ Sofd/fn] lvr]sf] xfOj] n]
cf]:sf/kl5sf] d~rdf lk|ldo/ zf]sf] cj;/
kfpg' rfgr'g] s'/f lyPg .
cj:yf s:tf] eg], @)^* df k|bz{gdf
cfPsf *^ lkmNddWo] n"6 kl5 rknL
xfO6 clg To;kl5 kn, bzuhf, d;fg
/ cGbfh n] s]xL /fd|f] Jofkf/ u/] eg]
afFsL ;a}sf] nufgL e'; eof] . o;af6
k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5, v'/fs / g]kfnLkg ePsf
g]kfnL lkmNdsf nflu bz{ssf] s'g} sdL
60
le;f un{ .
5}g, pgLx¿ 6fl9Psf kmd"{nf pTkfbgaf6
dfq} xf] .
kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs
nx8 / gSsnsf] e/df ljgf ldlxg]t
lkmNd agfpg]x¿ a9fl/g] ;Defjgf b]vfPsf]
5, g]kfnL rnlrq If]qdf gofF kfgfsf
lkmNdsdL{sf] cfudgn] . nx8Lx¿n] of]
l;h{gzLn ;d"x;Fu l;g] ahf/df l6Sg ca ls
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
ldlxg]t ug'{k5{
ls knfog x'g'k5{ . ljwfut
;f]rsf ;fy g]kfnL l;g]df agfpg] sfdsf]
yfngL gjLg ;'Aaf -g'dfkm'ª_, l5l/ª l/tf/
-ds'08f]_ nufotaf6 ePsf] xf], h'g wf/n]
clxn] cfP/ kl/0ffdd'vL ult lnPsf] 5 .
gofF nx/df bLks /f}lgof/ h:tf k'/:s[t
j[Qlrq lgb]{zs / cg'k a/fn, bofxfª
/fO{, ;f}uft dNn, sdf{, /fhg vltj8f,
;l/tf lu/L h:tf /ËsdL{x¿ lkmNddf hDg

n"6 .
u'8afO{ sf7df08" .
yfn]sf 5g\ . 8f= ;ld/dl0f bLlIft,
nf]lgd bLlIft h:tf cGo If]qsf JolQm
/ rf}w/L u|'k h:tf] cf}Bf]lus 3/fgf
klg lkmNdsf nufgLstf{ ePsf 5g\ .
k|r08dfg >]i7 lgb] {lzt le;f un{ df ^)
k|ltzt nufgL u/]sf] rf}w/L u| 'ksf] ;LhL
OG6/6]Gd]G6sf sfo{sf/L lgb] {zs /fh]Gb|
zne skf]{/]6 xfp;x¿ cfpFbf g]kfnL
lkmNddf nufgLsf] vfFrf] gx'g] atfpF5g\ .
cfrfo{ .
æt/, skf]{/]6 nufgLsf nflu
lkmNd rNg'k¥of]Æ, ;ne
eG5g\, ælkmNd rNg Tof] /fd|f]
x'g'k¥of] .Æ
kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfnL
lkmNdn] lnPsf] …6«]08Ú x]bf{
;nen] eg] h:tf] jftfj/0f
ag]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . of]
If]qdf s]xL cy{k"0f{ sfd u/f} +
eGg] efjgfsf Ps;]Ps o'jf
lkmNdsdL{x¿ cfPsf dfq 5}gg\,
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u;Fu} bz{sdf
klg gofF …6]i6Úsf] ljsf; ePsf]
5 . jl/i7 rnlrqsdL{ gL/
zfx kl5Nnf] ;dodf k|bz{gdf cfPsf /
aGb} u/]sf rnlrqx¿n] g]kfnL l;g] pBf]u
cu|udglt/ nfu]sf] bx|f] ;+s]tx¿ lbPsf]
atfpF5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df, rnlrqsf]
syf eGg] z}nL / k|:t'ltdf k[ys\ k|of]u
eO/x]sf] 5 . lgb] {zs gjLg ;'Aafsf] a'‰fOdf,
of] a]nf bz{ssf] ?lr kl/jt{gn] ;aeGbf
dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . æx/]s !)
jif{df ;dfhsf ;a} If]qdf gofF k':tf cfpg]
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
ckjfb .
xfOj] .
lgod lkmNd If]qdf uhan] nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5Æ,
;'Aaf eG5g\ .
clxn] cfrfo{, xfOj], u'8afO{ sf7df08",
58\s], ;'gufef, syf, awzfnf, ckjfb
nufot g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{;Fu tfbfTDo
/fVg] rnlrqx¿ wdfwd alg/x]sf 5g\ . xfOj]
/ u'8afO{ sf7df08" n] klg n"6 n] h:t}
Jofj;flos ;kmntf kfof] eg] g]kfnL bz{ssf]
…6]i6Ú kl/jt{g ePsf] kSsf x'G5 . bz{ssf] …6]i6Ú
kl/jt{gn] g]kfnL lkmNd pBf]udf sfofkn6nfO{
;'lglZrt agfpF5 . xfOj] n] bz{snfO{ aGb–
rSsfhfdsf] cfˆg} ef]ufO b]vfpF5 eg] u'8afO{
sf7df08" n] a9\bf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfn /
lbzfxLgtfn] zx/L o'jfdf kf/]sf] c;/nfO{
v'aLsf ;fy ptf/]sf] 5 . rnlrq ;dLIfs tyf
lgb] {zs dgf]h kl08t cnu wf/sf lgb] {zsx¿n]
sd;n vfnsf d;fn]bf/sf] ;f6f] dgf]j}1flgs,
;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ljifosf rnlrqdf
hf]8 lbPsf]n] lkmNdx¿df g]kfnL ;dfh ‰Nsg
yfn]sf] atfpF5g\ .
g]kfn rnlrq lgdf{tf ;+3sf cWoIf /fhs'df/
/fO{ km/s wf/sf gofF rnlrqsdL{x¿n] ;'t]sf]
rnlrq If]qnfO{ Ao"F‰fPsf] 7fG5g\ . vf;df,
61

;'gufef
g]kfnL lkmNd ahf/nfO{ g/fd|f rnlrqn]
g} ;'sfPsf] xf] . o; lx;fan] /f}lgof/,
l;df]z ;'g'jf/, lgZrn a:g]t, bLk]Gb| vgfn,
;'bz{g yfkf, ;'j0f{ yfkf, lgud >]i7,
cfnf]s g]Djfª, k|zGg kf}8]n, k|r08dfg
>]i7, dgf]h kl08t nufotsf sNkgfzLn
lgb]{zsx¿sf] ;dk{0fn] g]kfnL lkmNd
pBf]usf] p4f/ x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
of] lsg klg eg], oL lgb]{zsx¿ g]kfnL
;dfhleqsf] ljleGg kf6f / oyfy{x¿nfO{
cf–cfˆg} z}nLaf6 b]vfpg ;dlk{t 5g\, hf]
c¿sf] eGbf leGg / ljlzi6 xf];\ .
o:tf] ;f]rsf ;fy ag]sf d}gf, cNklj/fd,
d's'08f], sdf{, af]S;L, d'gfdbg, ;fgf] ;+;f/,
sfuj]gL h:tf lkmNdx¿ Jofj;flos ¿kdf
w]/} ;kmn geP klg k|j[lQ kl/jt{gsf]
;Djfxs ag] . 3/v]t 8'Ag] hf]lvd df]n]/
o:tf rnlrq agfpg]x¿n] k};f t sdfpg
;s]gg\, t/ l;g]df a'‰]sfx¿af6 :ofaf;L
kfP, bz{ssf] …6]:6Ú kl/jt{gdf ;xfos
ag] . af]S;L sf lgb]{zs uf]kfnrGb|
nfld5fg] eG5g\, æca rflx+ nufgL p7fpg]
dfq x}g, /fd|} sdfOx'g] cj:yf l;h{gf
ePsf] 5 .Æ
tf]8\b} k/Dk/f
gfos–gflosfsf] k| ]ddf kl/jf/sf] cj/f]w,
vngfossf] k|j]z, lx/f]sf] p8Gt] axfb'/L
clg gfos–gflosfsf] ldng jf lj5f]8 .
62
To; aLrdf rf/ uLt / rf/ n8fO{+
d"nwf/sf g]kfnL rnlrqsf] Oltj[lQ xf] .
lxGbL rnlrqsf syf x'ax' ptfl/Psf
o:tf lkmNddWo] sltkon] t gfd ;d]t
rf]g{ EofPsf x'G5g\ . g]kfnL rnlrqdf
h/f uf8]sf] of] lgn{Hh k|j[lQnfO{ gofF
lkmNdd]s/x¿sf] k|j]zn] nueu a9fl/lbPsf]
5 . lgb]{zs ;'Aaf k'/fgf] 9fFrfdf sfd
ul//x]sfx¿ klg …d]lsªÚ kIfdf ;f]Rg afWo
ePsf] atfpF5g\ .
o;/L lkmNdsf] k|:t'lt k/Dk/fdf dfq
tf]l8Psf] 5}g, kl5Nnf] ;dodf ahf/sf]
;Ldf klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . d"nwf/sf
l3l;lk6L of 5f8f lkmNdx¿n] :jb]zsf xn
b]Vg kfpg 5f8]sfdf kl5Nnf rnlrqx¿
cGt/f{li6«o k| ]Iffu[x;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf 5g\ .
n"6 s/La 8]9 bh{g b]zdf g]kfndf hlt
g} rNof] . jl/i7 rnlrqsdL{ gL/ zfxsf]
egfOdf, kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfPsf …kf]gf] {u|fkmLÚ
z}nLnfO{ la;{g] xf] eg] g]kfnL rnlrq
km8\sf] dfg] { tof/Ldf 5 .
…kf]gf] {u|fkmLÚsf] ;d:of vf; u/]/ …l/on
s'/fnfO{ l/on 9+un] b]vfP/Ú /ftf/ft rlr{t
/ dfnfdfn x'g rfxg] lgb] {zsx¿df 5 .
ætL lgb]{zsx¿ c‰} …UNofd/Ú / …eNu/Ú
aLrsf] cGt/ 5'6\ofpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf
5g\Æ ;LhL OG6/6]Gd]G6sf zne eG5g\ .
o;sf] cy{, g]kfnL lkmNdsf] Pp6f kf6f]df
gUgtf / lx+;f b]vfpg] xf]8jfhL klg rNg]
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% ;fpg @)^(
g} 5 . o;nfO{ juL{s/0fsf] dfWodaf6
klg lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5, h;af6 ;du|
g]kfnL rnlrq If]qnfO{ cnu kf/]/ cufl8
a9fpg ;lsof];\ .
laSg 5f8\of] cg'xf/
g]kfnL lkmNd ahf/df nfdf] ;do ljifoj:t'
/ clego eGbf lx/f]–lx/f]Ogsf] cg'xf/
rnfOof], cg'xf/sf] bfd g} tf]lsof] . g]kfndf
lkmNd rnfpg /fh]z xdfn / lj/fh e§sf]
kmfO6 of /]vf yfkfsf] …UNofd/Ú geO{ x'Gg
elgof] . slt;Dd eg], ljt/sx¿ kmnfgf]
lx/f] jf lx/f]Og g/fv] lkmNd glng] eg]/
lgdf{tf÷lgb] {zsx¿nfO{ bafa lbGy] . of] s'/f
:jLsfg] { ;'lgn dfgGw/ clxn] eg] lkmNdsf]
…sG6]G6Ú x]g{ yflnPsf] atfpF5g\ . pkTosfsf
;aeGbf 7"nf] rnlrq ljt/sdf kg] { dfgGw/
eG5g\, æg]kfnL bz{snfO{ ca :6f/ x}g,
/fd|f] lkmNd rflxg] ePsf] 5 .Æ
geGb}, clxn] /fh]z xdfn jf lj/fh e§
x}g, ;f}uft dNn, bofxfª /fO{ jf sdf{x¿
rlr{t 5g\ . km/s s] eg], xdfn / e§x¿
:6f/ lx/f] sxnfpFy] kl5Nnfx¿ clegodf
cAan snfsf/ . dfofh af/ df s;}n]
glrg]sf t/, /fd|f] clego Ifdtf ePsf
ulht lji6nfO{ lx/f] agfPsf lbg]z l8;L
ca g]kfnL l;g]dfdf lgb] {zssf] Jofj;flos
s'zntf / snfsf/sf] clegon] :6f/
hGdfpg] ;do cfPsf] atfpF5g\ . �

d‰fd ljljw
/f}gs
cflbjf;L
rnlrqsf]
æOlG8lhlgo; lkmNd csf{ {OeÚ
-cfO{PkmP_n] @*–#! c;f/df u/]sf] 5}6f} +
…g]kfn cGt/f{li6«o cflbjf;L rnlrq
dxf]T;jÚn] cflbjf;L hghfltsf ljifok|lt
rf;f] /fVg]x¿nfO{ lkmNd ;+Vof /
u'0f:t/n] pT;flxt agfof] . g]kfn;lxt
@) b]zsf &( lkmNd / 8s'd]G6«L
efg'n] hf]8]
g]kfn–c;d
ef/tsf ;ft /fHodf 8]9 s/f]8
g]kfnL efifL /x]sf] cg'dfg 5,
tLdWo] #) nfv c;ddf 5g\ . tLg
s/f]8 cfjfbL ePsf] c;ddf 5l/P/
a;]sf g]kfnLx¿n] g]kfnL efiff,
;+:s[lt / g]kfnLkg hf]ufP/ /fv]sf
5g\ . lkt[e"ldsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g,
eflifs–;flxlTos cfGbf]ng / ;fdflhs
k|ult c;dL g]kfnLx¿sf nflu ulx/f]
rf;f]sf] ljifo aG5g\ . c;d g]kfnL
;flxTo kl/ifb\ -cg];fk_ sf cWoIf
gj ;fksf]6f ef/tsf] of] k"jf] {Q/
/fHonfO{ g]kfn aflx/ g]kfnLx¿sf]
bf];|f] 7"nf] 3/ eG5g\ . t/ eg]/ s]
ug'{,
g]kfn / c;daLr JolQmut:t/sf]
cfphfp afx]s cGo s'g} ;DaGw
5}g .
of] cj:yfdf >j0f d'sf?ª, zzL
n'd'Dj', /fhs'df/ lbSkfnnufotsf
sf7df8f} +sf pT;fxL ;flxTosf/ tyf
;+:s[ltsdL{x¿n] u7g u/]sf] g]kfnL
;d]l6Psf] o; k6ssf] dxf]T;jdf /fd|f
rnlrq dfq ga9L bz{s ;+Vofdf ;d]t
pNn]Vo j[l4 eof] . cfof]hs ;+:yfsf
cWoIf gjLg ;'Aafn] o; k6s dxf]T;jn]
a[xt\ ¿k lng'sf ;fy} rnlrqx¿sf] :t/
klg w]/} a9]sf] atfP . of] dxf]T;jdf
lk|ldo/ ePsf] rnlrq ;+Vof g} !&
jfª\do kl/ifb\ -g]jfk_ n]
7"n} cfbfg–k|bfg ;DkGg
u/]sf] 5, !((cf} + efg'
hoGtLsf] cj;/ kf/]/ .
hg:t/af6 klxnf] k6s
ePsf] of] sfo{qmd lsg
klg dxŒjk"0f{ /Xof] eg]
o;df cg];fksf ;fksf]6f,
/0f sfˆn] / lji0f' If]qL
dfq xf]Og, /f]ªaf]ª t]/fªn]
g]t[Tj u/]sf] c;d ;flxTo ;ef -c;f;_
sf ;ft kbflwsf/L ;d]t sf7df8f} +
cfP/ g]kfnL efiffsf cflbsljsf] hoGtL
dgfP . ef/t ;/sf/sf] kb\d>L kbsåf/f
lje"lift ;flxTosf/ tyf efiffzf:qL t]/fª
c;f;sf cWoIf x'g\ .
@( c;f/ laxfgsf] k|eftkm]/Lkl5 k|1f–
ejg sdnfbLdf cfof]lht …g]kfnL–c;dL
;flxTo ;Djftf{Ú df b'j}lt/sf k|f1x¿n]
Pscsf{nfO{ ;Ddflgt ub} { ljrf/x¿
cfbfg–k|bfg u/] . g]jfk ;Nnfxsf/
d'sf?ªsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg ;df/f]xdf
g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fgsf s'nklt j}/fuL
sfO{ +nf, c;f;sf cWoIf t]/fª, k|lti7fgsf
pks'nklt u+ufk|;fb pk| ]tL, k|fWofks
uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{, cg];fk cWoIf
!–!% ;fpg @)^( � lxdfn va/klqsf
j6f k'Uof] . sf7df8f} +sf] /fli6«o ;efu[x
/ g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf] xndf ePsf]
dxf]T;jdf nfdf 5f]6f u/L g]kfnsf @&
j6f lkmNd Pj+ 8s'd]G6«L k|bz{g eP .
v'nf :kwf{df hghflt lkmNdsdL{sf tLg
j6f u}/–cflbjf;L ljifosf lkmNd lyP .
o; k6s g]kfnsf lkmNdx¿ u}/–hghflt
lgb] {zsn] agfPsf] cflbjf;L / hghflt
lgb] {zsn] agfPsf] u}/–cflbjf;L ljifosf
u/L b'O{ ju{df 5flgPsf lyP .
of] k6s cGt/f{li6«otkm{
ci6« ]lnof, a|flhn, OSj]8/, tfGhflgof /
sDaf]l8ofb]lv Sofgf8f, cd]l/sf;Ddsf
!( b]zsf %@ lkmNd k|bz{g eP .
dxf]T;jsf] h'/Ldf ci6« ]lnofsf
lgdf{tf÷lgb] {zs PG8«f]j] efon, ef/tsL
lgdf{tf÷lgb] {zs l/tf bQ / g]kfnsf
dfgjzf:qL 8f= 8Da/ r]Dhf]ª lyP .
hghflt ;DaGwL k':ts, >Job[Zo /
x:tsnf k|bz{gLn] lkmNd dxf]T;jdf
ljljwtf yk]sf] lyof] . of] ;dfrf/ tof/
kfbf{;Dd k|lt:kwf{sf] glthf cfO;s]sf]
lyPg . �
Clif/fd s§]n
;fksf]6f, g]jfk cWoIf n'd'Dj' /
c;f;sf] cGt/ /fHo ;dGjo ;ldltsf
ljefuLo k|d'vx¿ qmdzM g/]g xhf/L,
>LdtL ?dL n:s/ af]/f / c;dL
gf6ssf/ gu]Gb| zdf{n] g]kfn–c;d
;flxlTos–;f+:s[lts lgs6tfdfly
k|sfz kf/] . s'nklt sfO{ +nf / c;f;
cWoIf t]/fªn] b'j}tkm{sf ;flxlTos
s[ltsf] cg'jfbsf] kxn yfNg] atfP .
tLg lbgsf] nflu cfPsf] c;f; /
cg];fksf] !) ;b:oLo 6f]nLnfO{
g]jfkn] efg' hoGtLsf] cj;/df ePsf
ljleGg ;flxlTos sfo{qmdx¿df ;l/s
u/fpg'sf] ;fy} sf7df8f} +sf wfld{s
/ ;f+:s[lts :ynx¿sf] e|d0f u/fpFb}
labf u¥of] . �
Clif/fd s§]n
63

64
clGtd kfgf
cd[t u'?ª
;'Gb/ zfGt ljljw g]kfn
snfsf/n] xfdL g]kfnL xf}
+ eg]/ lrRofO/xg'kb}{g, /fli6«o Pstf /
;b\efjsf] ;Gb]z lbg;s] k'U5 .
{ +
F
{
+
+
F
+
+
{ {
+
…d cd[t g]kfnLÚ zLif{ssf] d]/f] n]vk|lt km];a"sdf
kfPsf] Jofks k|ltlqmofaf6 Psbd k|efljt /
;'lgG5 . t/ pgL sfg"gL x}l;otn] dfq xf]Og, x[bob]lv
g]kfnL x'g\ . 5fof+sgsf] lbg ;+of]ujz ;/:jtL k"hf
efjljXjn ePF . JoQm ljrf/k|lt d ;xdt, / k|hftflGqs k/]sf]n] 8]le8n] lrq sf]g{ clgR5f b]vfPsf lyP, lsgeg]
dfGotfcg';f/ slt;Fu c;xdt klg 5' . dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f To; lbg pgL cfˆgf] cf/fWo 1fgsL b]jL ;/:jtLsf]
:j:y 5nkmnsf] ;'?cft xf] .
;Ddfgdf s'rLnfO{ cf/fd lbg] ub{y] . slj ljqmd ;'Aaf
d}n] slxNo} cfkm"nfO{ cd[t u'?ª afx]s c¿ gfdn] l;4x:t n]vs x'g\ . t/ sNkgf u/f} +, pgn] Tof] uLt
lrgfOgF . klxn]b]lv oxL gfdn] lrlgPsf]n] csf] gfd lnDa" efiffdf n]v]sf] eP d}n] ;+uLt eg{ / ufpg ;Sy]
rflxG5 h:tf] klg nfu]g . cd[t g]kfnL eg]/ d}n] cfˆgf] xf]nf < ;s]s} eP klg tkfO{ +x¿ ;a}n] ;'Gg / a'´g
cg'e"lt kf]v]sf] x' . t}klg ;g\ !(() lt/ cfkm"n] ;+uLt ;Sg'x'GYof] xf]nf <
z'¿ ubf{tfsfsf jl/i7 snfsf/x¿ hlt hfGg] ePsf] eP b''O{bzs
nfdf] ;+uLt ofqfdf d}n] ufOg], bd}, n]Krf,
d}n] cfkm"nfO{ cs} gfdn] lrgfpg]
/fO{, afx'g, du/, If]qL, g]jf/,
lyPF .
tfdfª, u'?ª cflbn] n]v]sf
dnfO{ tL jl/i7 / cfb/0fLo
uLt sDkf]h u/]sf] / ufPsf]
snfsf/dfly uf}/j 5, h;n]
5' . ;"rL c‰} nfdf] x'g;S5 .
cfkm"nfO{ y/af6 glrgfpg]
dnfO{ o:tf] ljljwtfsf] cg'ej
cleofg rnfP . d !(^)–&) /
;FufNg] cj;/ lbPsf] 5, g]kfnL
c‰ Tof]eGbf cl3sf] s'/f ub} {5' .
efiffn] .
df:6/ /Tgbf; k|sfz, kGgfsfhL,
cfkm"n] n]v]sf, ;+uLt e/]sf
gf/fo0fuf]kfn, kmQ]dfg, k| ]dWjh,
/ ufPsf clwsf+z ;fdflhs
dl0fs/Tg, aRr' s}nfz,
/ b]zelQmk"0f{ uLtdf d}n] ;w}
gfltsfhL, lzjz+s/, d]njf
xfdL s:tf g]kfnL xf} eGg] 7f8f]
b]jL, tf/fb]jL, sf]OnL b]jL h:tf
z}nL eGbf xfd|f] /fli6«o Pstf /
s]xL snfsf/n] cfkm"nfO{ y/af6 lrgfpg rfx]gg\ . s]xL ;b\efjsf] ;Gb]z lbg] l;h{gzLn sfJofTds z}nL k5\ofpg]
…af}l4sÚ x¿n] oL gfdsf] k5fl8 u'?jfrfo{, /fhe08f/L, u/]sf] 5' . d}n] d g]kfnL x' eGg] k|dfl0ft ul//xg' /
k|wfg, a:g]t, >]i7, dfgGw/, dfy]df n]Vg z'¿ gu/]sf Do"lhs lel8of] jf ;f+uLlts sfo{qmddf g]kfnL ‰08f
eP d g pxfFx¿nfO{ y/n] lrGy] +, g lrGg vf]Hy] . tL xNnfP/ b]zelQmk"0f{ uLt ufPsf] b]vfO/xg'kb} {g .
af}l4snfO{ cledfg x'Fbf]
xf] s] s] g kQf nufPF eg]/, klxn]klxn] l;h{gf ul/Psf uLtx¿df d}n] b'O{ lsl;dsf
t/ pgLx¿n] To; k5fl8sf] bz{g a'‰]gg\ . dnfO{ nfU5, /fli6«o uLt kfPsf] 5'M Psy/L, /fli6«otfsf] efjgf hufpg
cfhsf snfsf/n] klg jl/i7x¿sf] b"/bzL{ sbdsf] dd{ cfkm" g]kfnL xf] eg]/ lrRofpg] / k'vf{x¿sf] Oltxf;,
a'‰]/ pxfFx¿sf] af6f] k5\ofpg'k5{ .
alnbfg / axfb'/Lsf] avfg ug] {Ù csf] {y/L, xfdL g]kfnL xf}
…>[ +uf/Ú cNad ;fj{hlgs x'Fbfsf]
Pp6f 36gf ;D‰fpg eGg tyf Oltxf;df xfd|f k'vf{sf] alnbfg tyf ul/dfsf]
rfxG5', h;df g]kYon] ;?eQm /lrt …;?df/fgLÚ uLt avfg ug{ afWo gkf/L /fli6«o Pstf / ;b\efjsf] ;Gb]z
ufPsf] 5 . cNaddf Do"lhs g]kfnsf dflg;x¿n] pgsf] lbg] . d]/f] /f]hfOsf ;fdflhs–b]zelQmk"0f{ uLt bf];|f]
k"/} gfd /flvlbg rfx]sf lyP— ;?eQm >]i7 . ;?eQm
bfOn] dnfO{ kmf]g u/]/ u'gf;f] ub} cab]lv cfˆgf] gfdsf]
k5fl8 y/ pNn]v gul/lbg cfu|x ug'{eof]
.
d}n] ufPsf kl5Nnf s]xL uLtdWo] ljqmd ;'Aafn]
lsl;dsf x'g\ .
kl5Nnf jif{ /]s8{ ePsf dnfO{ dgkg]
;fdflhs–b]zelQmk"0f{ uLtx¿df >4]o l;l4r/0f >]i7sf]
Pp6f uLt 5 . %) jif{ k'/fgf] of] uLtnfO{ s]xL jif{cl3
n]v]sf] …d]/f] b]zÚ klg k5{ . g]kYosf] cf7f} cNadsf] s'zn ;+uLtsf/ GXo" ah|frfo{sf] ;+uLtdf of]u]Zj/
zLif{ uLt klg aGof]— d]/f] b]z . of] uLtdf kl5 e"if0f cdfTon] ;zQm :j/df ufPsf lyP— Sof?F of] b]zsf]
bfxfnn] Do"lhs lel8of] agfP . lel8of]df snfsf/ 8]le8 lglDt Sof?F . of] ;'Gb/ /rgfdf e"if0f bfxfnsf] cfsif{s
8f]Un;n] efjk"0f{ cleJolQmsf ;fy g]kfnsf] ‰08fsf] lrq
sf]/]sf 5g\ . 8]le8 gfd cfkm} +df c+u| ]hL / lqmlZrog
lel8of]n] ;'gdf ;'uGw yk]sf] 5 -x]g'{;\M
http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=M9y6LB5NDkM df_ . �
lxdfn va/klqsf � !–!% c;f/ @)^(

=g+= ^% )$%÷$^ d=If]=x'=b=g+= )* )^&÷^*