qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, aRmosavluri qristianoba da Zveli qarTuli ...
qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, aRmosavluri qristianoba da Zveli qarTuli ...
qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, aRmosavluri qristianoba da Zveli qarTuli ...
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<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>,<br />
<strong>aRmosavluri</strong> <strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura ∗<br />
dRes bevri laparakia qarTvelTa Soris gaTiSulobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zlevisa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, rac<br />
winapiroba <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi faqtori un<strong>da</strong> iyos suverenuli <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifos Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebisaTvis. Cven un<strong>da</strong> mivaRwioT sazogadoebriv<br />
Tanxmobas, un<strong>da</strong> aRvadginoT erovnuli mTlianoba <strong>da</strong><br />
gaverTiandeT, ganurCevlad politikuri Sexedulebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
midrekilebebisa, Cveni saerTo enisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis nia<strong>da</strong>gze.<br />
odesRac swored <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli<br />
kultura iyo is faqtori, romelmac qarTveli eri, calkeul<br />
qarTvelur tomTagan Semdgari, gaaerTiana <strong>da</strong> safu<strong>Zveli</strong><br />
Cauyara erTiani, mTliani <strong>da</strong> mZlavri <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnas.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis sawyisebi Cven istoriuli<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze calkeuli saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
warmonaqmnebis arsebobaSi un<strong>da</strong> vigulisxmoT, romelTa<br />
uSualo gagrZelebas swored SemdgomSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
erTiani <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aq pirvel rigSi dgeba sakiTxi `kolxeTis~ Sesaxeb,<br />
romlis Taobaze uZvelesi cnobebi berZnul wyaroebSia<br />
Semonaxuli, kerZod, berZnul miTosSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb.<br />
∗<br />
, 2001 w. 4 ianvari. amave problematikaze ix. agreTve Cveni sxva publikaciebi (qarTul <strong>da</strong><br />
ucxour enebze) Jurnal–gazeTebsa <strong>da</strong> samecniero krebulebSi: `<strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura~.<br />
– , 1989 w. 13–20 marti; `<strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura~, gaz. `saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti~, 1995 w. 15 seqtemberi, №10; “Christentum und altgeorgische Kultur”. Georgien im Spiegel seiner<br />
Kultur und Geschichte, hrsg. von Brigitta Schrade und Thomas Abbe, Berlin, 1998, S. 88-90 (Sdr. „Caucasica”.<br />
The Journal of Caucasian Studies, vol. 1, Tbilisi, 1998, pp. 68–72); `saqarTvelo evropaa Tu azia?~. –<br />
, 1999 w. 18–25 ivnisi; , 1999 w. 26 ivnisi; `<strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
kultura~. parizis saerTaSoriso kolokviumi. masalebi, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 75–81; `saqarTvelo evropaa<br />
Tu azia? <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>, <strong>aRmosavluri</strong> <strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura~. – Jurn.<br />
~ACADEMIA. istoriul–filologiuri Jurnali~, Tbilisi, 2001, №1, gv. 3–8 (reziume inglisur<br />
enaze); `<strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis qristianuli sawyisebi~. – Jurn. `gelaTis mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis Jurnali~, quTaisi, 2002, №4, gv. 3–9; `<strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>da</strong>mwerloba~. – kreb.<br />
`konstantine wereTeli – 80~. saiubileo krebuli, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 78–83 (reziume inglisur<br />
enaze); “Christianity and the Old Georgian Culture“. – kreb. `qristianobis 20 saukune saqarTveloSi~,<br />
Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 132–136; `<strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mwerloba~; saerTaSoriso<br />
konferencia `religia <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba – rwmena Cvens cxovrebaSi~. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, Tbilisi,<br />
2004, gv. 89–91; `<strong>qristianoba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mwerloba~. – Jurn. `logosi~, Tbilisi,<br />
2004, №2, gv. 13–16 (reziume _ inglisur enaze); ~ratom aris saqarTvelo evropis nawili <strong>da</strong> ratom arian<br />
qarTvelebi uZvelesi evropelebi~. –<br />
, 2004 w. 7 Tebervali.
erZeni argonavtebi iasonis winamZRolobiT zRviT<br />
moemgzavrebian kolxeTSi, aias qveyanaSi, mefe aietis<br />
samflobeloSi `oqros sawmisis~ mosapoveblad.<br />
argonavtebis miTosi asaxavs ambebsa <strong>da</strong> movlenebs, romlebic<br />
Zv. welTaRricxvis meore aTaswleulis bolo periodze<br />
modis. kolxeTi, anu aias qveyana, am dros moicavs<br />
Tanamedrove afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos garkveul<br />
nawils, sa<strong>da</strong>c miedinebo<strong>da</strong> mdinare fazisi (Tanamedrove<br />
rioni) <strong>da</strong> mdebareob<strong>da</strong> qalaqi `quTaia~ (quTaisi).<br />
magram eTnikurad ragvari mosaxleoba binadrob<strong>da</strong> am<br />
teritoriaze an mis nawilze aRniSnul periodSi? amaze<br />
miniSnebas Cven TviT berZnuli kov - `oqros sawmisi~, `tyavi~<br />
sityvis warmomavloba gvaZlevs. am sityvis berZnulSi gaCena<br />
(igi gvxvdeba `tyavis~ mniSvnelobiT ukve Zv. welTaRricxvis<br />
XV/XIV saukuneebis berZnul B-xazovani <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT<br />
Sesrulebul warwerebSi. pirveladi, sakuTriv berZnuli<br />
sityva `tyavis~, `kanis~ aRsaniSnavad JRer<strong>da</strong> rogorc derma<br />
– Sdr. Tanamedrove termini `dermatologia~) un<strong>da</strong><br />
ukavSirdebodes mis sesxebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis<br />
eni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> es ena un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>savlurqarTveluri<br />
dialeqti megrul-lazuri tipisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
`tyavis~ aRmniSvneli sityva JRer<strong>da</strong> rogorc [t]kov–i (Sdr.<br />
Tanamedrove megr. tyeb–i, laz. tkeb–i `tyavi~, momdinare<br />
ufro adrindeli tkov–i formisagan). es erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
gansazRvravs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis eTnikur xasiaTs,<br />
miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ra eTnikuri Sedgenilobisa iyo uZveles<br />
epoqaSi kolxeTi <strong>da</strong> mimdebare teritoriebi. amiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba<br />
is didmniSvnelovani faqti, rom kolxeTis mosaxleoba<br />
eTnikurad qarTul-qarTveluri iyo <strong>da</strong> rom igi erT-erT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur-qarTvelur dialeqtze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>, romelsac<br />
akaki SaniZe `kolxurs~ uwodebs <strong>da</strong> romlisganac Semdgom<br />
warmoiSva megruli <strong>da</strong> lazuri. swored am enaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong><br />
mefe aieti <strong>da</strong> misi grZneuli qaliSvili medea (ix. Cveni<br />
`oqros sawmisi~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> kolxeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri<br />
vinaoba, anu ra enaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong> mefe aieti?~. –<br />
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, #12, 1998 w. 20–27 marti).<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo gavrcelebuli, agreTve, svanuric.<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom svanuri am uZveles epoqaSi ufro<br />
samxreTiTac un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, vidre amas Cven mogviano xanebSi<br />
va<strong>da</strong>sturebT.<br />
am mecnierul <strong>da</strong>skvnebs dRes CvenTvis didi politikuri<br />
mniSvnelobac aqvs, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c afxazuri separatizmis<br />
Tanamedrove ideologia im ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>Svebas emyareba, rom<br />
<strong>Zveli</strong> kolxeTis mosaxleoba eTnikurad mTlianad afxazur–<br />
afsuuri iyo <strong>da</strong> rom qarTul–qarTveluri tomebi am<br />
teritoriaze mxolod mogvianebiT <strong>da</strong>saxldnen. amiT<br />
marTldeba ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT afxazeTis mTliani<br />
teritoriis is `eTnikuri wmen<strong>da</strong>~, romelic maT bolo<br />
wlebSi aseTi `erovnuli enTuziazmiT~, ucxo Zalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, mTeli qarTveli mosaxleobis mimarT
ganaxorcieles. amave mizniT ufro adre afxazma<br />
separatistebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes, rogorc cnobilia, afxazeTis<br />
uZvelesi qarTul–qarTveluri toponimikis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva, misi<br />
`gaafxazeba~ (Tumca, rogorc irkveva, `afxaz–abazgebad~<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad iwodebodnen ara Tanamedrove `afxaz–<br />
afsuebis~ uSualo winaprebi, aramed sxva tomebi, maT Soris,<br />
SesaZlebelia, qarTveluric. ix. Cveni `<strong>Zveli</strong> kolxeTis<br />
satomo saxelTa istorii<strong>da</strong>n~. – “saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis macne~. istoriis, eTnografiisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis istoriis<br />
seria, 1991, №2, gv. 7–16). ∗ amave dros xdeba uZvelesi, Zv.<br />
welTaRricxvis II aTaswleuliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli <strong>Zveli</strong><br />
biblosis (wina azia) semituri warwerebis Tanamedrove<br />
afxazur (e.w. `aSuur~) enaze `wakiTxva~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>Zveli</strong> biblosis<br />
semituri weris gamocxadeba `Zvel afxazur <strong>da</strong>mwerlobad~,<br />
romlisganac TiTqos gamoiyvaneba finikiuri, <strong>Zveli</strong> berZnuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, yvela is <strong>da</strong>mwerloba <strong>da</strong> anbanebi, romlebic<br />
qristianul aRmosavleTsa Tu <strong>da</strong>savleTSi am ukanasknelTagan<br />
momdinareoben! (ix. Cveni: «profesor g. turCaninovis erTi<br />
`aRmoCenis~ gamo» (werili sakavSiro mecnierebaTa akademias).<br />
– `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, №13, 1989 w. 31 marti).<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gasagebia, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni dRevandeli<br />
sinamdvilisTvis istoriuli WeSmaritebis <strong>da</strong>dgenas <strong>da</strong><br />
kolxeTis istoriis obieqtur gaSuqebas. aqe<strong>da</strong>n sxva <strong>da</strong>skvnac<br />
gamomdinareobs: Tu Cven <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
uZveles TariRs aRvniSnavT, es TariRi `<strong>Zveli</strong> kolxeTis<br />
samefos~ un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdes.<br />
amdenad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisad<br />
`kolxeTi~, argonavtebis miTosuri `aias samefo~ un<strong>da</strong><br />
miviCnioT <strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis uZvelesi<br />
TariRis aRniSvna berZnul miTologiaSi asaxuli<br />
`kolxeTiT~ un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viwyoT, romlis arseboba Cven ukve Zv.<br />
welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulis bolo<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT.<br />
saqme isaa, rom argonavtebis miTosSi aRwerili movlenebi<br />
mTlianobaSi istoriul realobas un<strong>da</strong> asaxavdes, rac<br />
<strong>da</strong>sturdeba mTeli rigi miTologiuri saxelebis uZveles<br />
berZnul warwerebSi rogorc realuri pirebisa <strong>da</strong> qveynebis<br />
saxelebad moxseniebiT. uaxlesi gamokvlevebiT irkveva, rom<br />
iseTi sakuTari saxelebi, rogoricaa kolxi<strong>da</strong>–kolxeTi,<br />
qveyana aia, aieti, iasoni <strong>da</strong> sxv. SeiZleba amovikiTxoT e.w.<br />
`mikenur~-berZnuli `B-xazovani <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT~<br />
Sesrulebul warwerebSi.<br />
amgvarad, `argonavtebis miTosSi~ aRwerili qveyana<br />
∗<br />
amave Temaze ix. agreTve Cveni Semdegi publikaciebi: ~afxaz–abazg-i~ <strong>da</strong> ~abaza–afs–a~. vin iyvnen eTnikurad<br />
<strong>da</strong> enobrivad am saxelebiT aRniSnuli xalxebi?~. – gaz. ~eri~, №15 (4277), 10 aprili 1991 w.; ~К проблеме<br />
историко-этимологического осмысления этнонимов Древней Колхиды”. – “Вопросы Языкознания”, Москва,<br />
1991, №4, стр. 89–95; “Aus der Geschichte der Stammsnamen der alten Kolchis”. –“Georgica”. Zeitschrift für Kultur,<br />
Sprache und Geschichte Georgiens und Kaukasiens, №15, Konstanz, 1992, S. 82–89; ~<strong>Zveli</strong> kolxeTis satomo<br />
saxelTa istorii<strong>da</strong>n~. – kreb. ~saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> terminologia~, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 581–602 (qarTul <strong>da</strong> rusul enebze, reziume<br />
inglisur enaze); “On the history of the term apxaz-/abazg-“. – SEMITICA. Serta Philologica Constantino Tsereteli<br />
Dicata, Torino, 1993, pp. 69–76.
kolxi<strong>da</strong>–kolxeTi <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli movlenebi<br />
realobaa, realobaa igi qronologiuri TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
amiT ganisazRvreba kolxeTis samefos ze<strong>da</strong> qronologiuri<br />
zRvari Cvens welTaRricxvamde II aTaswleulis boloTi <strong>da</strong><br />
pirveli aTaswleulis <strong>da</strong>sawyisiT, rac bunebrivad wyvets<br />
sakiTxs dReisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis 3000<br />
wlis TariRis sasargeblod.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis sami aTasi wlisTavi<br />
swored `kolxeTis~ qarTul–qarTvelur saxelmwifod<br />
miCnevam gansazRvra; swored <strong>Zveli</strong> kolxeTiT, kolxuri<br />
saxelmwifoebriobiT TariRdeba uZvelesi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>saxelmwifoebrioba</strong>. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebriobis~ Camoyalibebis uZveles TariRad<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnierul Tvalsazrisebs Soris saqarTvelos<br />
prezidenti swored `kolxur variantze~ Cerdeba.<br />
teritoriulad `kolxeTi~ <strong>Zveli</strong> berZnebisTvis evropaSi<br />
mdebareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`evropa~ <strong>da</strong> `azia~ fizikuri geografiis TvalsazrisiT<br />
saerTo kontinents warmoadgens, romelic Tanamedrove<br />
nomenklaturaSi cnobilia `evraziis~ saxelwodebiT. am<br />
saerTo kontinentis <strong>da</strong>yofa `evropul~ <strong>da</strong> `aziur~<br />
nawilebad arsebiTad pirobiTia, ufro geopolitikuri<br />
faqtorebiT aris Sepirobebuli <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d kulturulistoriul<br />
tradiciebs emyareba.<br />
geografiuli saxelebi `evropa~ <strong>da</strong> `azia~ antikuri<br />
samyaro<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs <strong>da</strong> Zvel berZnul sakuTar saxelebs<br />
warmoadgens, metad gavrcelebuls berZnul miTologiaSi.<br />
cnobili berZnuli miTosis mixedviT, `evropa~ iyo finikieli<br />
mefis qaliSvili, romelic gaitaca RvTaeba zevsma, xarad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnilma, kunZul kretaze. aq maT eyolaT Svili<br />
`minosi~ – kunZul kretis mefe. mefe minoss ukavSirdeba<br />
swored kretaze cnobili sasaxlis – labirinTis – aSeneba,<br />
berZeni gmiris Tesevsis xarTan – minotavrTan – aq<br />
SebrZoleba <strong>da</strong> misi labirinTi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvana ariadnes Zafis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT.<br />
TviT berZnuli saxelebi `evropa~ <strong>da</strong> `azia~ semituri<br />
warmomavlobis sityvebs ukavSirdeba, Sesabamisad `saRamos~,<br />
`mzis Casvlisa~ <strong>da</strong> `gamosvlis~, `mzis amosvlis~<br />
mniSvnelobebiT. SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos is, rom `evropa~<br />
berZnul miTologiaSi swored finikieli (e.i. semiti) mefis<br />
qaliSvili iyo.<br />
<strong>Zveli</strong> berZnebisaTvis sazRvari samxreT evropasa <strong>da</strong> azias<br />
Soris kolxur mdinare `fazisze~ gadio<strong>da</strong>. mdinare `fazisi~<br />
gaigivebulia dRevandel `rionTan~, Tumca `fazisis~<br />
saxelwodebiT berZnul samyaroSi sxva mdinareebic<br />
aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>. SesaZlebelia, mdinare `Woroxic~. amdenad,<br />
`evropis~ sazRvrad samxreTSi tradiciuli warmodgenebis<br />
mixedviT rioni un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT <strong>da</strong> zoli `evropasa~ <strong>da</strong><br />
`azias~ Soris ara kavkasionis qedis gaswvriv gavavloT,<br />
aramed saqarTvelos samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT arsebuli
mdinareebis dinebis mixedviT vivaraudoT.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT `kolxeTic~, `kolxeTis samefoc~ <strong>Zveli</strong><br />
berZnebisaTvis mTlianad evropaSi iyo moTavsebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
`evraziuli~ kontinentis sakuTriv `evropul~ nawils<br />
ganekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />
rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>, sazogadod, `samxreT kavkasiis~ didi<br />
nawili, uZvelesi warmodgenebis mixedviT, `evraziuli~<br />
kontinentis swored evropul nawilSi mdebareobs,<br />
gansxvavebiT rionis <strong>da</strong> Woroxis samxreTiT mdebare<br />
regionebisagan (anatolia, iranis zegani, mesopotamia),<br />
romlebic amave warmodgenebis Tanaxmad kontinentis `aziur~<br />
nawils ganekuTvneba <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove geografiul<br />
nomenklaturaSi `wina aziis~ an `samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi aziis~<br />
saxelwodebiT aris cnobili (germ. Vorderasien, ingl. South<br />
West Asia). amave areals xSirad `axlo aRmosavleTs~<br />
uwodeben (rus. Ближний Восток, ingl. Near East). amdenad,<br />
saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> `samxreTkavkasia~ sazogadod un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganvixiloT evraziuli kontinentis sakuTriv evropul<br />
nawilSi mdebare regionad, romelsac SeiZleba `samxreTaRmosavleTi<br />
evropa~ ewodos (rus. Юго-Восточная Европа,<br />
ingl. South East Europe), `samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis~<br />
analogiiT (rus. Юго-Восточная Азия, ingl. South East Asia).<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, `evraziuli~ kontinentis evropuli nawili<br />
Sedgeba `<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis~, `aRmosavleT evropisa~<br />
(sazRvrebiT uralis mTebisa <strong>da</strong> kaspiis zRvis sanapiros<br />
gaswvriv) <strong>da</strong> `samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropisagan~, romelSic<br />
Sedis saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> `samxreT kavkasiis~ sxva qveynebi<br />
(terminebisaTvis `samxreT kavkasia~, “Южный Кавказ~,<br />
“South Caucasus~, ix. T. gamyreliZe, `transkavkasia Tu<br />
samxreT kavkasia?~ – `parlamentis uwyebani~, 1997,<br />
№39–40; “Закавказье” или “Южный Кавказ”? – “СВОБОДНАЯ<br />
ГРУЗИЯ”, №145, 1997 w. 4 seqtemberi).<br />
amdenad, saqarTvelos evrosabWoSi Sesvla arsebiTad<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba gamodis imisa, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
geografiula<strong>da</strong>c yovelTvis evraziuli kontinentis<br />
evropul nawils ganekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos am sabWoSi<br />
gawevrianeba gamodis Cveni tradiciuli `evropulobis~<br />
aRiareba.<br />
amas pirvel rigSi xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
`samxreT kavkasiis~ geopolitikurma mdebareobam, rogorc<br />
aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gzajvaredinze moTavsebuli,<br />
kontinentis aziuri <strong>da</strong> evropuli nawilebis gamaerTianebeli<br />
regionisa (ix. `saqarTvelo evropaa Tu azia?~. –<br />
`saqarTvelos respublika~, №168, 1999w. 26 ivnisi).<br />
am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT prezidenti SevardnaZe<br />
ayenebs <strong>da</strong> praqtikulad axorcielebs koncefcias<br />
saqarTvelos ga<strong>da</strong>qcevisa aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
gamaerTianebel ZiriTad arteriad, ZiriTad satranzito gzad<br />
<strong>da</strong> derefnad aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs Soris.
am funqcias istoriulad, rogorc cnobilia, asruleb<strong>da</strong><br />
`didi abreSumis gza~, romliTac sxva saqonelTan <strong>da</strong><br />
nawarmTan erTad aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTSi upiratesad<br />
Cinuri abreSumi Sedio<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>dga sakiTxi swored am `didi<br />
abreSumis gzis~ gacocxlebisa <strong>da</strong> aRorZinebis.<br />
termini `abreSumis gza~ XIX saukunis bolos germanul<br />
mecnierebaSi Seiqmna <strong>da</strong> ixmarebo<strong>da</strong> CineTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken<br />
uZvelesi savaWro gzis aRsaniSnavad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c abreSumi<br />
Zvelad <strong>da</strong>savleTSi CineTi<strong>da</strong>n Semotanili yvelaze faseuli<br />
qsovili <strong>da</strong> erT-erTi uZvirfasesi nawarmi iyo, <strong>da</strong> iseve<br />
rogorc navTobi dRes, abreSumi Zvelad iyo ara mxolod<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani savaWro saqoneli, aramed erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saSualeba mTel aRmosavleTSi.<br />
amdenad, istoriulad savsebiT gamarTlebulia<br />
aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli axali savaWro <strong>da</strong><br />
satranzito gzis metaforulad `abreSumis gzis~ saxeliT<br />
wodeba. magram Tu istoriuli `didi abreSumis gza~<br />
saqarTvelos mniSvnelovnad ufro samxreTiT gadio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod raRac periferiuli Sto Tu Semodio<strong>da</strong> samxreT<br />
kavkasiis regionSi, dRes saqarTveloze `axali abreSumis<br />
gzis~ swored ZiriTadma arteriam un<strong>da</strong> gaiaros; saqarTvelo<br />
dRes aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli regionis<br />
centrSia moqceuli. SesaZloa, ufro mizanSewonili<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> laparaki ara istoriuli `didi abreSumis gzis~<br />
aRdgenisa <strong>da</strong> gacocxlebis Sesaxeb, aramed `axali abreSumis<br />
gzis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romlis ZiriTadi aRmosavleT<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli arteria swored saqarTveloze<br />
gaivlis, rac savsebiT Seesabameba <strong>da</strong>savlur-<strong>aRmosavluri</strong><br />
civilizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> nakadebis kulturuli Serwymisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gaerTianebis saqarTvelos istoriul misias.<br />
rukaze am axali geopolitikuri funqciis SeZeniT<br />
rogorc aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli rgolisa,<br />
rasac dRevandel etapze, u<strong>da</strong>vod, ufro metad politikuri<br />
mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> Rirebuleba aqvs, saqarTvelo msoflio<br />
strategiuli interesebis sferoSi eqceva, rac misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>da</strong>matebiT garantiebs qmnis <strong>da</strong> rac, meore<br />
mxriT, Cveni saxelmwifos am uaxlesi geopolitikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli funqciis mowinaaRmdege Zalebis mZafr<br />
winaaRmdegobas iwvevs.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c saqarTvelo mdebareobs evropis ukiduresad<br />
samxreT-aRmosavlur nawilSi <strong>da</strong> kontinentis `aziur~<br />
nawilsac moicavs, bunebrivia, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong><br />
civilizacia swored <strong>da</strong>savlur-<strong>aRmosavluri</strong> kulturebis<br />
sinTezsa <strong>da</strong> simbiozs warmoadgendes, aRmocenebuls am<br />
kulturaTa Serwymisa <strong>da</strong> Serevis Sedegad.<br />
evropuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis akvnad<br />
samarTlianad antikuri berZnuli kultura <strong>da</strong> civilizacia<br />
iTvleba. TviT es berZnuli, `elinuri~ kultura mWidrod<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Tavisi fesvebiT Zvel aRmosavlur<br />
civilizaciebTan.
aleqsandre makedonelis aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis Semdeg<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> e.w. `elinisturi~ kultura <strong>da</strong> civilizacia<br />
(germaneli mecnieris droizenis mier SemoRebuli termini),<br />
romelic warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> berZnuli, `elinuri~ kulturis<br />
Serwymas aRmosavlur kulturul tradiciebTan. am<br />
procesSi winareistoriul qarTul kulturul tradiciebsac<br />
garkveuli wvlili un<strong>da</strong> Seetana. aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinare es kulturuli impulsebi <strong>da</strong> gavlenebi <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
kulturasa <strong>da</strong> civilizaciaze aisaxeba swored cnobil<br />
laTinur sentenciaSi – Ex Oriente Lux – `sinaTle<br />
aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n modis~.<br />
am simbiozuri `elinisturi~ kulturis SerwymiT<br />
aRmosavlur <strong>qristianoba</strong>sTan iqmneba bizantiuri kulturuli<br />
tradiciebi, romlis sferoSi Semodian agreTve<br />
<strong>aRmosavluri</strong> qristianobis arealSi moqceuli qveynebi, maT<br />
Soris istoriuli saqarTveloc. `elinisturi~ kulturuli<br />
tendenciebis safuZvelze yalibdeba <strong>aRmosavluri</strong><br />
qristianobis wiaRSi axali kulturuli centrebi, sakuTari<br />
erovnuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebiT <strong>da</strong> aRmosavlur-<strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
civilizaciaze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli erovnuli kulturuli tradiciebiT.<br />
amaSia swored <strong>qarTuli</strong> materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri<br />
kulturis unikaluroba <strong>da</strong> ganumeorebloba, amaSi mdgomareobs<br />
misi momxibvleloba rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis, ise<br />
aRmosavleTisaTvis.<br />
<strong>aRmosavluri</strong> <strong>qristianoba</strong> qristianul rwmenas warmarT<br />
xalxTa Soris avrceleb<strong>da</strong> am adgilobriv xalxTa enebze,<br />
risTvisac specialuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebi iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. qristianobis<br />
gamocxadeba saxelmwifos oficialur religiad<br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> imavdroulad farTo muSaobis gaSlas<br />
erovnul enaze qristianuli literaturis saTargmnelad<br />
specialurad am miznebisaTvis axlad Seqmnili <strong>da</strong> originaluri<br />
`erovnuli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis~ saSualebiT.<br />
amgvari erovnuli tendenciebi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo<br />
<strong>aRmosavluri</strong> qristanobisaTvis, romelic acxadebs<br />
RvTismsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
princips <strong>da</strong> miiswrafvis axali, qristianuli<br />
kulturis Seqmnisaken erovnuli enisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mwerlobis safuZvelze. <strong>aRmosavluri</strong> <strong>qristianoba</strong> am<br />
TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> romauli eklesiisagan,<br />
romelic krZalav<strong>da</strong> saxarebis adgilobriv enebze Targmnas<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>qristianoba</strong>s Tavisi misionerebis saSualebiT avrceleb<strong>da</strong><br />
laTinuri enisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis safuZvelze, rac iwvev<strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi enebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturebis SezRudvas. RvTismsaxureba<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur-qristianul samyaroSi mxolod<br />
laTinurad warmoeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT romaul-kaTolikuri eklesia mkveTrad<br />
emijneba aRmosavlur-qristianul sarwmunoebas <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturul-tipologiurad emsgavseba ufro mahmadianur<br />
rwmenas, romelic krZalavs islamis arabulad Sedgenili<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong> wignis – `yuranis~ – Targmnas im xalxTa enebze,
omelTa Sorisac vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> islami. amitom am<br />
sarwmunoebriv-kulturul arealebSi ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra `wmi<strong>da</strong><br />
wignebis~ saTanado enebze Targmna <strong>da</strong> ar Seqmnila am enebis<br />
Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>mwerlobani. orive am samyaroSi mxolod<br />
mogvianebiT Seiqmna saTanado <strong>da</strong>mwerlobebi, <strong>da</strong> isic<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, erTi mxriv, laTinuri <strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, arabuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mwerlobis safuZvelze.<br />
sul sxva suraTi gvaqvs aRmosavlur-qristianul<br />
samyaroSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qristianuli rwmenis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionebSi<br />
gavrcelebasTan erTad iwyeba saTanado <strong>da</strong>mwerlobaTa Seqmna,<br />
raTa qristianobis saRmrTo wignebi Targmniliyo<br />
adgilobriv enebze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabamiTganve RvTismsaxureba<br />
warmoebuliyo am xalxTa mSobliur enebze.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT <strong>aRmosavluri</strong> <strong>qristianoba</strong>, romlisganac<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> marTlmadidebloba momdinareobs, ufro `demokratiuli~<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> qristianobis wiaRSi adgilobrivi<br />
kulturis ganviTarebis mxriv, vidre romaul-kaTolikuri;<br />
SemTxveviTi araa is, rom reformaciis <strong>da</strong>, sazogadod,<br />
protestantuli moZraobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi debuleba<br />
romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod swored<br />
saxarebis erovnul enebze uqonloba iyo <strong>da</strong> RvTismsaxurebis<br />
warmoeba xalxisaTvis gaugebar laTinur enaze. saRmrTo<br />
wignebis mSobliur enaze ga<strong>da</strong>tana iyo swored luTeranuli<br />
moZraobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, rasac martin<br />
luTeris mier me-16 saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi saxarebis<br />
germanulad Targmna mohyva <strong>da</strong> protestantuli eklesiis<br />
Camoyalibeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c `Jami Seiwirvo<strong>da</strong>~ <strong>da</strong> `locva<br />
aResrulebo<strong>da</strong>~ ukve adgilobriv, erovnul enebze.<br />
mxolod bevrad ufro gvian, ukve Cvens droSi, romaul–<br />
kaTolikuri eklesia nebas rTavs, liturgia awarmoon<br />
adgilobriv enebze, rac arsebiTad arRvevs `kaTolicizmis~<br />
tradiciul princips, RvTismsaxurebis enobrivi SezRudvis<br />
Taobaze.<br />
aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi berZnul enasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
eklesiis sxva oficialur enebTan axlad gaqristianebul<br />
xalxTa enebis Tanasworuflebianobis principi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />
erovnul enaTa primatisa <strong>da</strong> Tvisebrivi aRmatebulobis<br />
ideiT icvleba, rac, magaliTad, ioane zosimes <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis<br />
`qebasa <strong>da</strong> didebas~ aTqmevinebs, romlis Tanaxmad `meored<br />
mosvlis~ Jams `yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa~;<br />
yovelive es saerTo tendenciis gamovlinebaa aRmosavlur–<br />
qristianul samyaroSi – mSobliuri enis gandidebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRzevebisa am epoqaSi gabatonebuli berZnuli enis<br />
sapirispirod. am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, mSobliuri ena<br />
berZnulis Tanaswori <strong>da</strong> toli enaa, `ese arian orni <strong>da</strong>ni~.<br />
<strong>Zveli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> asomTavruli <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis Seqmna<br />
qristianobis xanaSi, rodesac un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wyebuliyo erovnuli<br />
anbaniT `saRmrTo werilis~ qarTul enaze gadmoReba,<br />
advilad gasagebs xdis im werilobiTi <strong>da</strong> literaturuli<br />
tradiciebis arsebobasac, rac Cven <strong>qarTuli</strong> enisaTvis ukve
V saukuneSi un<strong>da</strong> vivaraudoT, rodesac iqmneba iseTi rangis<br />
originaluri Txzuleba, rogoricaa `SuSanikis<br />
martviloba~. erTi saukune srulyofili <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis <strong>da</strong><br />
mwignobruli enis arsebobis pirobebSi sakmao periodia<br />
maRali literaturuli tradiciebis SemuSavebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>qristianoba</strong> imTaviTve iyo mwignobruli religia, <strong>da</strong><br />
xalxi, romelic am sarwmunoebas eziarebo<strong>da</strong>, sakuTar<br />
mwignobrobas qmni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iviTareb<strong>da</strong>. amasTanave, gansxvavebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri qristianobisagan, <strong>aRmosavluri</strong> <strong>qristianoba</strong><br />
xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> mwignobrobisa <strong>da</strong> mwerlobis ganviTarebas<br />
sakuTar, mSobliur enaze, erovnuli enisaTvis axali<br />
<strong>da</strong>mwerlobis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> naTargmni Tu originaluri<br />
Zeglebis SeTxzvas. amas mniSvnelovnad un<strong>da</strong> Seewyo xeli<br />
`erovnuli literaturuli tradiciebis~ swrafi<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTveloSi. swored am sarwmunoebis<br />
safuZvelze iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> axali <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura <strong>da</strong><br />
mwignobroba, yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa erovnuli erTianobis<br />
Segneba; swored am kulturulma <strong>da</strong> mwignobrulma<br />
tradiciebma mogvca mogvianebiT <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulieri mwvervali<br />
– rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~.<br />
qristianuli rwmena imxanad, rogorc mSobliuri ena <strong>da</strong><br />
kultura dRes, iyo CvenSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro <strong>da</strong><br />
piroba erovnuli TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisa. sarwmunoeba im epoqaSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT aRmosavlur-qristianuli marTlmadidebeli<br />
rwmena Tavisi mwignobruli tradiciebiT, Tavisi<br />
erovnuli eniTa <strong>da</strong> originaluri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobiT, xdeba CvenSi<br />
mZlavri iaraRi erovnuli erTianobis Segnebisa. `qarTvelebad~<br />
iwodebodnen <strong>da</strong> iTvlebodnen imxanad yvelani, vinc<br />
aRiareb<strong>da</strong> qarTul eklesias <strong>da</strong> loculob<strong>da</strong> qarTulad,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi vinaobisa <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri warmomavlobis. ukve<br />
im adreul epoqaSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, rogorc Cans, is principi,<br />
romelic giorgi merCulem mogvianebiT cnobili formulis<br />
saxiT Camoayaliba: `qarTlad friadi queyanaÁ aRiracxebis,<br />
romelsaca Sina <strong>qarTuli</strong>Ta eniTa Jami Seiwirvis <strong>da</strong> locvaÁ<br />
yoveli aResrulebis~.<br />
aRmosavleT slavebma <strong>da</strong> mTelma qristianulma samyarom<br />
meoce saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi didis zeimiT aRniSnes<br />
<strong>Zveli</strong> slavuri <strong>da</strong>mwerlobisa <strong>da</strong> qristianuli slavuri<br />
kulturis aTasi wlisTavi. Cvenc, qarTvelobas, gvmarTebs<br />
aTaswleulebis mijnaze sazeimod aRvniSnoT uZvelesi<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli kulturisa <strong>da</strong> `vefxistyaosnis~<br />
Seqmnis saiubileo TariRebi. es iqnebo<strong>da</strong> didmniSvnelovani<br />
kulturuli movlena <strong>da</strong> zeimi mTeli civilizebuli<br />
qristianuli samyarosaTvis aRmosavleTsa Tu <strong>da</strong>savleTSi.
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