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Author's personal copy746 J. Wilt et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 48 (2010) 742–746These findings suggest that combinations of SNAP traits may beused to represent specific personality pathologies on a continuum.Although the pattern of relationships that emerged betweenSNAP profiles and normal personality traits almost exactly mirroredour expectations, the finding that Avoidant characteristicsdid not relate positively to Neuroticism was unexpected given thatthis relationship has been found in previous research (Saulsman &Page, 2004). This finding may be explained by the fact that SNAPtraits uniquely defining Avoidant characteristics (Detachment,low Workaholism, low Exhibitionism, low Entitlement, and lowPositive Temperament) do not overlap with SNAP traits reflectingNeuroticism. Thus, it is possible that the relationships betweenAPD and Neuroticism observed in past research were due primarilyto the overlap between APD and other PDs. This possibility awaitsfuture research.We also did not predict the relationship between Borderlinecharacteristics and peer-reported Extraversion, or those betweenObsessive–Compulsive characteristics and self-reported Agreeablenessand peer-reported Neuroticism. These findings are in line withresearch suggesting that informant-reports of personality pathologymay yield different information than self-reports (Oltmanns &Turkheimer, 2009). Indeed, in the current study, there were a numberof results that diverged between self and peer reports. It is importantto exercise caution in interpreting these differences becausethey were not the focus of the study and the number of reportsdiffered across self and peer reports. However, perhaps the mostnotable difference between self and peer results is that Obsessive–Compulsive characteristics were likely to be correlated with onlythe desirable poles of self-reported traits, but with the undesirablepoles of peer-reported normal traits. This suggests that individualswith higher levels of Obsessive–Compulsive characteristics maysee themselves more positively than their peers see them.Findings emerging from the FFM profile approach to PDs attest tothe importance of going beyond investigations of mean level associationsbetween normal personality traits and PDs to examiningwhether the relationships between normal traits explain personalitypathology. This study supports the notion that relationships amongnormal traits differ between groups that differ in levels of personalitypathology. MPQ trait correlation matrices for groups with relativelyhigh levels of personality pathology differed from matricesfor individuals with fewer pathological characteristics. Exploratoryanalyses revealed that differences in overall MPQ matrices forBorderline and Schizotypal groups were due in part to divergentrelationships between higher-order MPQ factors.Positive Emotionality and Constraint were highly correlated inthe high Borderline group and uncorrelated in the low Borderlinegroup; this suggests that individuals with elevated Borderlinepathology who are relatively more impulsive and less behaviorallyrestrained also experience relatively lower positive emotions/extraversion. Although this analysis was exploratory, it makesintuitive sense that behavioral control relates to positivity in agroup of individuals whose impairment theoretically arises fromdeficits in control (Nigg, Silk, Stavro, & Miller, 2005). Within groupsof individuals with high levels of Schizotypal characteristics, thecorrelation between Positive Emotionality and Negative Emotionalitywas relatively more positive than for low SPD individuals. Takenin the context of research showing that individuals with SPDhave a limited capacity to experience both positive and negativeemotions (Waldeck & Miller, 2000), this suggests that the tendencyto experience emotion in general (regardless of valence) may berepresented on a continuum in individuals with high levels ofSchizotypal characteristics (i.e., individuals with Schizotypalpathology who experience more positive emotions also experiencemore negative emotions).Limitations of this study suggest avenues for future research.We did not obtain PD diagnoses; thus, future research may furthervalidate SNAP profile scales by examining whether profiles aremore strongly related to their respective PD diagnoses than otherPD diagnoses. The relatively small number of informant-reportslimited the precision of estimates obtained using this method;additionally, potential differences between the characteristics ofthe participants providing informant reports and those not providinginformant reports may have biased results obtained using thismethod. Future studies will benefit from obtaining informant reportsfor a greater percentage of participants. The overall samplesize of this study yielded relatively small groups of individualswith different levels of personality pathology, which preventedthe use of formal factor analytic techniques. Future studies couldobtain large samples and explore whether and how the factorstructure of groups of individuals with different levels of personalitypathology differ. Additionally, this study evaluated only four ofthe ten putatively distinct categories of personality pathology; futurestudies should attempt to distinguish other PDs from eachother, Axis I disorders, and normal samples. This study convergeswith Morey et al. (2003) to provide evidence for the validity ofSNAP profile scales in representing specific personality pathologieson a continuum, and it converges with the FFM profile approach toPDs in suggesting that the configuration of normal personalitytraits (above and beyond mean levels of traits considered in isolation)is important for understanding manifestations of abnormalpersonality.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders (4th ed., revised ed.). Washington, DC.Clark, L. A. (1993). Manual for the schedule for nonadaptive and adaptivepersonality. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Clark, L. A. (1999). Dimensional approaches to personality disorder assessment anddiagnosis. In Personality and psychopathology (pp. 219–244). Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Association.Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment, diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issuesand an emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227–257.Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.).Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc..Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resources.Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative ‘‘description of personality”: The Big-Fivefactor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216–1229.Harlan, E., & Clark, L. A. (1999). Short forms of the schedule for nonadaptive andadaptive personality (SNAP) for self- and collateral ratings: Development,reliability, and validity. Assessment, 6(2), 131–145.Jennrich, J. I. (1970). An asymptotic chi-square test for the equality of twocorrelation matrices. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65, 904–912.Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent theDSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology, 110(3), 401–412.Morey, L. C., Gunderson, J., Quigley, B. D., & Lyons, M. (2000). Dimensions andcategories: The ‘‘big five” factors and the DSM personality disorders. Assessment,7(3), 203–216.Morey, L. C., Warner, M. B., Shea, M., Gunderson, J. G., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C., et al.(2003). The representation of four personality disorders by the schedule fornonadaptive and adaptive personality dimensional model of personality.Psychological Assessment, 15(3), 326–332.Nigg, J. T., Silk, K. R., Stavro, G., & Miller, T. (2005). Disinhibition and borderlinepersonality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 17(4), 1129–1149.Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2009). Person perception and personalitypathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 32–36.Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Tellegen, A. (2002). Development and validation of a briefform of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. PsychologicalAssessment, 14(2), 150–163.Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar Big-Fivemarkers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506–516.Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorderempirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8),1055–1085.Tellegen, A. (1982). Brief manual for the differential personality questionnaire.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.Waldeck, T. L., & Miller, L. (2000). Social skills deficits in schizotypal personalitydisorder. Psychiatry Research, 93(3), 237–246.Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personalitydisorder: Finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(2),110–130.
© 2009Fragen, Anregungen, Verbesserungen?Kontakt unter www.equipping-the-saints.netAnhang:Evangelisation nach biblischem Vorbild geht davon aus, dass jeder Mensch individuelle eineEntscheidung für Gott treffen muß.Dies ist jedoch nicht primär eine Verstandesentscheidung, sondern eine des Herzens (Röm 10,9).Unterschiedliche Menschen stehen an unterschiedlichen Stellen im Prozeß, und wo ein Mensch geradesteht, lässt sich von Außen nicht unbedingt sofort wahrnehmen.• Folgen:ooooEin Christ kann einen anderen Menschen zu Christus führen, wenn dies vonGottes Geist vorbereitet ist (Joh 14,6; Eph 2,10; Joh 15,26).Information ist wichtig, aber wichtiger ist, dass Menschen Gottes Liebe erfahren,um sich für Christus zu entscheiden (Joh 13,35).Gott ist durch uns hindurch sichtbar und wirkt auf die Menschen anziehend(2. Kor 4,6).Gemeinschaft ist wichtig; nicht der Einzelne, sondern der Leib Christi und derUmgang der Christen miteinander sind ein Zeugnis (Joh 13,35).o Zuallererst sind nicht Argumente, sondern unser Zeugnis wichtig (Joh 15,26-27).oooEiner Entscheidung zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt kann, muß aber nichtgeschehen – wichtiger ist es, dass ein Herrschaftswechsel im Leben desjenigensichtbar wird, dass sich Früchte in Form von Verhaltensänderungen zeigen.Diese Art der Evangelisation versucht nicht, jemand zu überreden, einÜbergabegebet zu sprechen, sondern betont im Gegenteil die Kosten(Lk 14,25-35)!Diese Art der Evangelisation lässt sich nicht schematisch lernen, sie entsteht ausdem Zusammenleben mit Gott und den geistlichen Geschwistern und ist völligabhängig von dem, was man Gott tun sieht.Seite 7 von 7
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