Merged Experimental Housing

WORKBOOK

EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING

Experimental Housing

Smeetsland,

Rotterdam

Michelle Moonen

TU/e Faculteit Bouwkunde,

UUA

EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING

This project was developed as part of the master studio ‘Experimental Housing’ at the Technical University of

Eindhoven. In this master studio the focus lies on using the concepts developed through experimental housing

in a modern context and implementing them in a specific case study. The experimental housing concept was

first researched and mapped thoroughly in order to create more insight into the concepts that were of most

importance at the time.

Eindhoven, 22-06-2020

Michelle Moonen

1388010

Guidance and supervision

Daryl Mulvihill, Marcel Musch

Copyright © 2020 Department of the Built Environment at Eindhoven University of Technology.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,

electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval,

without permission in writing from the publisher and editors.

The information used has been obtained from a variety of sources, some of which could not be referred to

properly. Eindhoven University of Technology accepts no responsibility for the accuracy, completeness and

validity of this information.

Fig 0.0.1 - Rotterdam after World War 2

2 Experimental Housing

CONTENTS

004 Introduction

005 Project Location

006 Essay

007 Historic development

010 Changing use of space

013 Conclusion

014 Vision

016 Analysis

017 Site analysis

018 Reference analysis

020 Density testing

021 Analysis summary

022 Framework

024 Framework plan

026 Organisational diagrams

030 Conceptual sections

032 Typologies

036 Masterplan

037 Urban plan

038 Masterplan

040 Section AA

042 Section BB

046 Floorplans

050 Impressions

052 Detail

053 Framework plan

054 Water as a backbone

055 Small scale water retention

056 Large scale water retention

057 Calculations collected water

059 Calculations infiltrat able water

061 References

Smeetsland, Rotterdam

3

INTRODUCTION


Design Task

The project is developed in the context of the

application of concepts first developed, or

popularized, during the experimental housing

program in 1968-1980. The program, initiated

by the Dutch Minister for Housing and Spatial

Planning, W.F. Schut granted special subsidies for

projects including new ideas for ‘home interior,

construction, building materials, dwelling forms

and layout’. The program was a turning point in

the consideration of housing in the Netherlands

and formed the starting point for the developed

plans in this booklet.1

The final plan has been developed around the

experimental housing concepts; Multifunctional

use or mixed use, flexibility and mixed use

demographics. The main references projects for

this are the 8-house and the Rietveld-Schröder

house as well as public squares in big cities.

“Students will develop an individual design for a

10.8 Ha location at Smeetsland in Rotterdam. A

greenfield site in southern Rotterdam surrounded

by an interesting mix of 20C neighborhoods. The

site red line is surrounded by a wider study area,

students must pay attention to the surrounding

urban street patterns, neighborhood structures,

green landscapes, water, ecology and

biodiversity in their research, site analysis and

eventual neighborhood design.

Students are free to propose their own urban

vision, development approach and project

density that can occur anywhere within the

study area. Detailed designs must be developed

within the redline area. Considerations must be

made for:

• Project Vision

• Integration with the Surrounding urban context

and landscapes.

• Open Space - Green space – Public Amenities

• Mobility Strategy

• Housing Typologies and user type (for whom,

way of life)

• Public Space type

• Additional programme as deemed necessary

(commercial, work, education) and Ancillary

facilities (communal)” (Musch, M., & Mulvihill, D,

2020)


PROJECT LOCATION

The project location for the experimetnal housing

project is Smeetsland in Rotterdam. the area

was first used to built emegency housing after

the destroction of the second world war. The

emergency housing has since been destroyed

and the plot was recently covered in elephant

grass, which filters CO2 from the air and when

havested can be used for fuel, to make sheet

and insulation material or as litter in stables.

Currently, the plot is being developped into

housing. (IJselmonde en omstreken, 2018)

Fig 1.1.1 - Project area as described in the study guide


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ESSAY

Due to the growing population, technological

developments and the rising percentage of

people living in urban areas the use of public as

well as private space is changing at a pace that

we currently cannot keep up with.

In the aftermath of the world wars the

experimental housing program was developed

and executed in the Netherlands. The program

took place between 1968 and 1980 and

searched for experimental ways to deal with

the growing population and housing demand

at that time. Experimental housing is a reaction

on the growing need for living space that

resulted from the babyboom and the large

amount of migration in the 50’s and 60’s. The

program focused on creating comfortable and

high quality housing in government assigned

‘groeikernen’ nearby big cities. The development

of these projects stemmed from the changing

use of space that occurred due to technological,

social and environmental developments as well

as the growing population. In the body of this

essay these changes and their impact on the

future of housing are explained through the

examples of experimental housing. Experimental

housing focused on a few recurring themes, of

these themes Flexibility and multifunctionality,

in housing as well as public space, are of most

importance for the development of the project

area ‘Smeetsland’ in Rotterdam. These themes

have been chosen since they offer most

possibilities to create a futureproof plan.

The essay examines the causes for the changing

use of public and private space followed by an

exploration of how the experimental housing

themes ‘multifunctionality and flexibility’ can

be deployed to accommodate these changes.

The results of the essay are taken into account in

formulating the vision for the plan later on.


HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT

Over the past 75 years the way we use space has

changed drastically. This development didn’t

come from nowhere but was caused by several

social, technological and environmental factors

that had an influence on each other and the world

we live in.

Population growth & urbanization

During the period after the war the population

grew immensely. This was a result of the post war

‘baby boom’ as well as an influx in guest workers

from Italy, Spain, Portugal and turkey. The peak of

world population growth was achieved in 1965-

1970 when population grew 2.2% per year (in 2019

the world population grew 1.05%) This development

was paired with a growing urbanization degree,

in 1900 about 15 % of people lived in cities, in 1950

this number was about 30% and in 2000 almost

halve the population lived in cities (worldwide).

Many people moved into the cities because of the

better chances for education, work, healthcare

and leisure they offered compared to small towns.

Urbanization changed the way we see houses.

Family homes in which several generations shared

a house hardly exist in large cities. The cities

transformed into a place with mostly single family

households leading to a growing individualism that

originated in the western world around the 1930’s

to 1950’s (United Nations, 2017)

After the urbanization in the 50’s, suburbanization

starts. People massively move out of the city to

avoid noise and pollution into a more comfortable

suburb. This is where the experimental housing

program manifests itself, developing projects in

government assigned ‘groeikernen’ that provide

comfortable high quality housing, mostly catered

towards single family households.

The growing urban and suburban population

is a result of the combined consequences of

developments in social, technological and

environmental fields which will be elaborated on in

the following text.

Technological developments

One of the most impactful changes of the last 75

years is the development of media. Not only does

it change the way we spend our free time, how

we socialize and has it created several entire

career branches, it also changes the way we use

space. This all starts with the invention and mass

implementation of the television into households in

the 60’s. In 1966 three quarters of Dutch households

owned a tv, these days nearly 100% of Dutch

households owns a tv. Households are rearranged

to optimize the amount of seating spaces with a

view on the television. (CBS, 2008) Shortly after the

mass implementation of the television follows the

personal computer.

The rise of the personal computer took place at

the start of the 1990’s, (CBS, 2000) and in 1998 55%

of people owned a personal computer (Statline,

2016). From personal experience I remember the

computer to be in a separate room often referred

to as ‘the computer room’, a room that is now

used for storage and laundry in my parents case. In

2019 the CBS reports that 97% of people aged 12 or

older had access to internet facilities. 54% of them

use a pc and 33% use a gaming console. The CBS

also reports 82% of people used their smartphone in

the past 3 months. 87% say they used social media

in the past 3 months (this was only 61% in 2012).

(Statline, 2019)

These numbers support the argumentation that we

have shifted to a computer dependent society and

this influences the way we use space in private as

well as in public. Through the development of the

home pc, the internet and later the development

of social media new job opportunities developed.

Office jobs become more and more available and

more people rely on a computer to do their job. In

2017 55.7% of people used the internet to do their

job. (Statline, 2019) The growing importance of the


7

internet strengthens the globalization trend. After the

mass development of wireless internet, laptops and

later smart phones, the use of space changed again.

The portable character of the newly developed

technology rendered the ‘computerroom’ an

unnecessary addition to the house, it becomes a spare

room often unused, unheated and uncomfortable.

Environmental developments

Fig 2.1.1 - Computer use 1980

Environmental issues start having an impact on the

way we treat space and the way we use space

from the early 2000 on. They are really kickstarted

in 2006, when Al Gore releases the book and likenamed

documentary ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ that

broadcasts the impact of climate change to the

large public. From this point on more actions are

taken by governments, companies and individuals as

it becomes increasingly clearer that climate change

is an issue. Laws changed to reduce CO2 emissions

and more sustainable building materials start being

used. The implementation of solar panels, green roofs

and green energy at sea has an impact on how we

design buildings and neighborhoods. The rules for

sustainable building are documented in the 2020

BENG (Bijna Energie Neutraal Gebouw) laws that

provide demands for energy saving measurements of

new buildings.

Lastly the function of green space changes, becoming

a vital aspect of our environment that is needed to

reduce the heat stress in cities. On the other hand

green is needed to connect nature areas and give

animals the opportunity to nestle. In the period 1990

to 2015 the amount of animals spotted in nature areas

has gone down from around 100 in 1990 to around 40

in 2015, this is mostly due to poor maintenance of the

nature areas. (CBS, 2018)

Fig 2.1.2 - Computer use 2020


Social developments

Single family households

As mentioned earlier the trend of urbanization

and later suburbanization developed a more

individualistic society. The form of a household

changed and the amount of single family

households grew from 5% in 1947 to 22% in 2017.

A graph by the CBS shows that in 2018 31.6%

of people aged 25 lived alone, after this age

the amount drops slightly. In 1971 the amount

of 25 year-olds living alone was 7.1%. This can

be explained by the rising feminism and the

development of anticonception, which fought

for the economic rights of woman, paid jobs

and education in time giving women more

opportunities. This meant women no longer moved

out of their parents’ house and then moved in

together with a husband, but lived alone for

a period of time first. The amount of women

participating in working society also took a leap

(Praag & Uitterhoeve, 1999) At the same time a

growing amount of young people want to build

a career before settling down, resulting in a later

drop in single households. (CBS, 2018 -100 jaar

alleenstaanden) Simultaneously divorces started

to occur more and more, the number of single

parents rises, and over time the amount of single

elderly as well. This given, paired with widowed

elders leads to a peak in single person households

among people over the age of 65.

Flexible public space

The way we use public space also changes along

the growing urbanization. Less space is available

in cities and we strive to use outdoor space for

recreation. Causing a rising use of public space

in (mostly) student-rich cities, like Eindhoven. In

Eindhoven on a nice day you will see students

massively gather at ‘de ijzeren man’ or along the

karpendonkse plassen. This seems to work best

for green that encircles a body of water. The

increasing use of public space can be related

to the growing ratio of built area on parcels. The

average area of building parcels decreases from

187.3 m2 in 1950 to 131.7 m2 in 2019. At the same

time the average housing area rises from 99.4 m2

in 1950 to 120.4 m2 in 2019, resulting in a house to

parcel ratio of 53.1% in 1950 and 91.4% in 2019.

Therefore less space is available for back gardens,

and thus less space for (possible) green in cities.

There is a trend of less private green, resulting in a

rising heat stress and higher use of public green.

Consumerism

The last social development that is of importance

for the way we use space is the rising rate of

consumerism. The trend started after World War

II with the development of the catalogue that

showed people all the options there were, and

had products delivered right to their doorstep.

Concurrently the globalizing economy made it

possible to mass produce and ship products from

eastern countries like China for a low price. As a

result of these developments we own more things,

and things take up space, so we own more space

as can be seen in the growing size of our houses.

The development of consumerism got a strong

push through the evolution of social media. Social

media has led to a society of, mostly very young,

people that are constantly broadcasting every

aspect of their life to the world. Where having new

things, going to new places or eating new foods

needs to be shared with the world via Instagram or

Snapchat or Facebook constantly. Not only have

these developments changed the way we use

space, they have also changed the way we use,

and therefore design, spaces to cater to the new

need to broadcast oneself to the world.


9

CHANGING USE OF SPACE

These developments are what roughly led to

our current housing typologies and design, and

are what instigated the changing use of space

throughout the last 75 years. Spaces become more

scarce at the hand of the growing population

and that requires finding creative solutions. At

the same time the way we use them changes

constantly, rendering some places useless over

time, like the often mentioned computer room.

Therefore creating spaces that are flexible

and multifunctional is an important pillar in the

development of the Smeetsland area.

Public spaces are an example of space use that

has transferred from being mono-functional to

being multifunctional over the past decade.

Spaces like parks, market squares or café’s used

to serve a single function, like walking/recreating,

shopping or having a drink. This changes into a

multifunctional space through the way people

use it. Market squares are now also lunch squares,

event locations and traffic routes and cafés are a

space to work or host meetings as well as a space

for recreation. This change can also be applied

to public green which went from functioning as

a recreational area to being a multifunctional

area in which recreation, environment and events

happen in the same space. The amount of public

green becomes increasingly more important as

the numbers by Regiocontainer show a decrease

in private green, leading to more paved surface

within cities and towns. The same study indicated

that single households, on average, have more

space (per person) than households with multiple

people, since they don’t share certain spaces. With

the growing amount of single households this thus

means more space is needed to accommodate

the same amount of people.

The way we use space likewise has changed for

housing. The technological developments of the

past 75 years have changed the way we divide

our space. TV’s are the centerpiece of our living

room and the evolution of the smart phone leads

to a decrease in social contact within the house

although an increase in social contact with people

outside the house. The way we use housing is

thus ever changing and therefore the strength of

future developments lies in creating housing that is

multifunctional, flexible and adaptable.

Multifunctionality & Flexible housing

Multifunctionality can be implemented by

working in layers. An example of this is the project

8-house by Bjarke Ingles Group. The building is

created by charting what aspects of the location

are important for which different functions and

optimizing the way we assign space to functions

within a building, but also within an urban

area. In the project they did this by not placing

different functions along each other horizontally,

but vertically, followed by optimizing the solar

accessibility and view from all points of the project,

as can be seen in the diagram below. (BIG, 2020)

Flexibility can be implemented in projects by

creating a space that can adapt and change

Fig 2.2.1 - 8-House diagram by BIG


with its users. In the multifunctional building block

Anton, shopping space on a ground level has

been combined with flexible lofts above them. The

project features apartments that have two ‘plug in’

points for either a kitchen unit or a bathroom-cell

(Figure 2.2.2). This enables the space to be filled in

a flexible way and if necessary, changed easily.

Part of this easy changing is the use of lightweight

separating walls that can easily be taken down to

join two lofts into one bigger loft. On the top floor of

the building office space is created (Figure 2.2.3).

The building’s roof garden is accessible to residents

of the building as well as employees of the office

space, the garden functions as a meeting space as

well as a recreational space. (DiederenDirrix, 2020)

and forms an important theme in the development

of Smeetsland.

Multifunctional & flexible public

spaces

Flexibility and multifunctionality in housing not

only influence the layout of buildings but also the

environment in which those buildings are situated.

By adding houses on top of offices or shops the

street level has a certain level of activity while

the top level enjoys a more private relation to the

outside. Public squares are a good example of how

public space can be flexible and multifunctional

These projects show how multifunctionality and

flexibility offer a solution for the way ‘use of space’

has changed up to now and will surely keep

changing in the future. The changing use of space

also has an influence on the way we use housing.

Small houses or apartments often use the same

space for eating, working, recreating and sleeping.

This multifunctional use of space can be maximized

through the use of flexible and adaptable solutions

Fig 2.2.2 - Anton diagram, DiederenDirrix

Fig 2.2. - Anton diagram, DiederenDirrix


11

in an urban context. Most cities feature at least

one public square, usually used for countless

reasons and activities. For sake of argument ’18

septemberplein’ and ‘de Markt’ in Eindhoven have

been observed.

The ’18 septemberplein’ is used weekly to host

a market, it features an underground bicycle

parking, the entrance to a shopping Centre as well

as a popular walking route between the Philips

stadium and the central station. Furthermore the 18

septemberplein is occasionally used for events and

on multiple occasions is used by promoters with

small stands. Last but certainly not least, on days

of good weather the piazza is a space for relaxing,

exercising, lunching or reading for numerous

inhabitants of the city.

Fig 2.2.4 - Markt during the event GLOW 2019

The same goes for ‘de Markt’, the cities former

market square is now transformed into a plaza

surrounded with cafés and restaurants. During

summer the square is covered in terraces and on

multiple holidays a tent appears in the middle of it.

The location is located on a popular walking route

between the central station and the shopping area

in the inner city and is a popular place for relaxing,

reading or simply passing through.

Fig 2.2.5 - Markt during summer

The thing these squares have in common is that

they are so close to a well-used traffic route and

several popular facilities. This makes them a place

that is visited and used by numerous people. In

the development of Smeetsland the ambition if

to create a versatile and multifunctional public

space that embodies all the positive elements of a

well-functioning marketspace in a more suburban

environment.

Fig 2.2.6 - Weekly market, 18 septemberplein

Fig 2.2.7 - Public event, 18 septemberplein


CONCLUSION

Developments in social, environmental and

technological fields have had a major impact

on the development of experimental housing

and how we use our living spaces and cities. The

development of experimental housing shed a light

on a more comfortable way of housing and the

development of green living spaces

Globalization and urbanization have changed the

way we live (single families, smaller families) as well

as enhanced our quality of life, cheaper products

and commercialism sparked a materialistic

consumer society. Simultaneously, technological

developments tied with globalization brought

televisions and computers into our homes and

over time, with the development of the internet,

computer related jobs became more relevant,

thus more office jobs developed and more people

wanted or needed to live near the cities where

these took place. An increase in environmental

awareness occurred after the discovery of the hole

in the Ozon layer in the 80’s, followed by al gore’s

book and documentary ‘an inconvenient truth’

which started the popularization of green energy

from 2006 onwards. In the present it is obligatory

to provide green energy in new housing projects

and the implementation of greenery on an urban

scale is of growing importance to the maintenance

of flora and fauna and the reduction of urban

heat stress in cities. The way we define our life has

changed with the developments of the past, and

future developments need to be anticipated

on and taken into account. In order to do so this

essay is ended with a design brief defining the

goals wished to achieve in the development of

Smeetsland.


13

VISION

Multifunctional space

- Mixed density within the plan area, consisting of

family homes, apartments and lofts.

- Multifunctional character of higher density buildings

by involving retail and public functions on ground level

- Implementation of a community center within one of

the buildings

- Implementing slow traffic roads shared among cars

and bikes.

Flexible and adaptable

- Larger public spaces can easily be divided into

smaller public spaces if needed

- Water is housed in the center of the plan and has the

space to expand and retreat

- Housing is flexible of character and easily adaptable

to changes in lifestyle by adding or removing space

Futureproof

- Green energy as a sustainable energy source

- Implementing green roofs and roof gardens for

sustainability insulation and heat stress reduction

- Designing for a maximum of social encounters to

create a strong communal neighborhood

- Implementing a wide variety of vegetation in the

park to keep it attractive to animals and people year

round.

- Designing easily adaptable housing


Futureproof

housing

Strong

community

Green energy

Variety of vegetation

Mixed density

Flexible housing

Flexible water

rettention

Multifunctional

building

Fig 3.1.1 - Vision Smeetsland


15

ANALYSIS


SITE ANALYSIS

Housing

The project area is surrounded with

a wide variety of housing typologies.

The surrounding is relatively low

density housing and medium density

apartment blocks. To blend well with

the neighborhood it is wise to follow the

overall height and noticeable density of

the surrounding neighborhoods.

The images on this page correspond to

the general typology of the like-colored

areas on the map. All images are taken

from google maps.

Green

The project location is surrounded with

three types of green, which add different

qualities to the project location. The dark

green indicates public green, these are

mostly green strips along streets and

the larger Spinoza park to the south. The

lighter green indicates semi-public green,

which is mostly concentrated in the core

of the 70’s apartment buildings. Lastly the

yellow color indicates other green like

allotment gardens

70’s row Housing Row Housing

Free standing

Appartments <4 Appartments 4-6 Appartments >6

Fig 4.1.1 - Housing typologies

Fig 4.1.2 - Housing typology analysis

Fig 4.1.3 - Smeetsland & surrounding public & private green

Project area Public green Private green Special green


17

REFERENCE ANALYSIS

8-House

- Mixed use

- Relation-public private

- Green courtyards

- Retail on ground floor

Fig 4.2.1 - 8-House, Copenhagen

Anton

- Mixed use

- Overhanging green pent

- Boulevard on street side

- Green roofs

- Passage through building

- Retail on ground floor

- Offices on top floor

Fig 4.2.2 - Anton & Gerard, Eindhoven

Französisches Viertel

- Mixed use

- Mixed density

- Communal courtyards

- Informal space

Fig 4.2.3 - Französische Viertel, Tuebingen

Anne Frankplantsoen

- Mixed vegetation

- Semi-small scale

- Oriented around water

- Multifunctional use

Fig 4.2.4 - Anne Frankplantsoen, Eindhoven


Alberta legislature building plaza /

Bethlehemplein

- Multifunctional

- Flexible relation to water

- Soft border between plaza and water via stepping

stones

- Urban water retention

Fig 4.2.5- Alberta plaza, Edmonton

Fig 4.2.6 - Bethlehemplein, Rotterdam


19

DENSITY TESTING

Anton & Gerard, Eindhoven

The density of the buildings Anton and Gerard

which are originally located in Eindhoven are put

into the plan. The size of the buildings is appropriate

for te edges of the plan though their height needs

to be lower in order to stop them from clashing with

the surronding building stucture.

Fig 4.3.1 - Density testing Anton & Gerard

Französische Viertel

The structure of the Französische Viertel involving

inner courtyards and green streets is put into

the plan surrounding a central green core. The

plan matches the density of the surrounding and

theresfor functions as a good reference for the final

density of the plot.

The goal is to combine the high density buildings

at the edge of the project area with the more low

density mixed use buildings of the Französische

Viertel towards the north and west where the

surrounding area is also more low density. This way

the plan wil match the surrounding area and the

chosen themes.

Fig 4.3.2 - Density testing Französische Viertel


ANALYSIS SUMMARY

The intereting points from the site analysis will be

merged with the principles of the reference analysis

to form the backbone of the framework plan.

the north east corner of the plan. The other roads in

the area have a low intensity and are used mostly

for destination traffic.

Density: High density is indicated in a lighter colour

and low density in a darker colour.

Green: The low density areas are sepparated

from the project area through a green zone. The

possibility exists to connect the green area north of

the plan to the spinozapark in the south.

Weather: The solar orientation is indicated in yellow

and the primary wind direction is indicated in white.

It is important to take these factors into acount

to make certain the plan does not have any

uncomfortable spaces.

Water: The water running along the plan can

be implemented in the plan as a means of water

rettention and recreation. The water should be

moving in order to prevent it from getting dirty and

the water should involve natural water filters to

promote recreational use of the water.

Traffic: The project area is encased by high intensity

roads on the north and east. The east further has a

tram line runnig along the plot, with a tram stop at

Fig 4.4.1 - Smeetsland analysis summary


21

FRAMEWORK


FRAMEWORK PLAN

The framework envisions the layout of the plan. In

the framework the different uses of public space

are divided into water, park and urban space.

Among these spaces places of interest have been

highlighted based on the analysis of the site.

These places of interest are connected through

sight lines and pedestrian routes. The main places

of interest are the boulevard on the right (where

the tramstop is also located), the waterfront and

the existing playground in the bottom left. Lastly

the top left part of the plan provides a look through

from the surrounding areas and provides a kind of

‘gate’ into the green core of the plan.

The frontage of the buildings is divided into four

types. The town path frontage is connected to low

density town paths often with a front garden. The

water frontage is connected to a water structure.

The urban frontage is connected to a place of

interest or busy route and the park frontage is

connected to the inner park.

The focus of the plan is creating a multifunctional

and flexible plan. This is mostly reflected in the

mixing of different housing typologies as well as

their combination with retailfunctions and the

ability to change and adabt. More information on

this wil be provided in the capter typologies

The routes in the plan consist of a secondary road

that connects the plan to the main traffic routes in

the surrounding and town paths that connect the

housing blocks to these secondary roads. Within

the park structure some pedestrian roads are

included as well.


23

Public space

Traffic

Water

Park

Urban

Courtyard

Place of interest

Vision line

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Courtyard path

Pedestrian path

Frontage

Water

Park

Urban

Townpath

Courtyard

Housing Typology

Family Housing

Co-Housing

Studios & Appartments


A

B

A

B

Fig 5.1.1 - Framework New Smeetsland

N


25

ORGANISATIONAL DIAGRAMS

The framework plan is split up into several

organizational diagrams. These pages show the

diagrams accompanied by some explanatory

text on how the different layers of the plan work

in themselves.

The layers toghether form the framework plan as

discussed above. The complexity of the plan can

be understood beter by comparing the different

layers.

Vision lines & places of interest

Place of interest

Vision line

Fig 5.2.1 - Vision lines & interesting places

The sight lines that exist in the plan mostly exist as a

visual connection between the different places of

interest within the plan. while the water functions

as the physical connection between most of

these interesting places the sight lines intend to

arouse curiosity and challenge the user to explore

the other interesting spots the plan has to offer.

Most important for the sight lines is the planting of

trees along them, to guide the eye towards these

interesting spots. The sightlines have also been kept

from the courtyards as to provide a more private

environment for the inhabitants there.


Routes

The traffic routes are split up into different intensities.

The darker roads indicate the high intensity

existing roads on the north and east of the plot.

The medium grey lines indicate low traffic roads

and the light grey lines indicate pedestrian routes

and designated traffic. Parking is solved along

the medium roads on one side and along the light

roads on both sides. See the chapter ‘Detail’ for a

more precise calculation.

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Fig 5.2.2 - Routing

Pedestrian routes

The pedestrian routes are split up into green and

yellow lines. The green lines are public pedestrian

paths that link the plan to the green areas in its

surroundings. Within the plan these pedestrian

paths follow the vision lines and connect the

interesting places with one another.

Courtyard path

Pedestrian path

Fig 5.2.3 - Pedestrian paths

The yellow lines indicate the more private routes

running through the courtyards. These routes

are mostly meant for residents of the housing

among the courtyard to move throuhtout the

neighborhood.


27

Housing plots

The housing blocks have a varying density and

typology and connect to streets on one side and

a green courtyard on the other side. The housing

blocks are focused on flexibility in terms of layout

and have a multifunctional character.

The housing and public space typology of the

different blocks is explained in the part ‘typologies’

on page 32 of this workbook.

Family Housing

Co-Housing


Fig 5.2.4 - Housing typology

Frontages

The plan features different types of frontages. the

water and park frontages are related to the direct

link they have to the housing units surrounding the

park and along the water on the edge of the plan.

The courtyard frontages are related to the housing

units that connect to the courtyards.

Water

Park

Urban

Townpath

Courtyard

Fig 5.2.5 - Housing frontages

The urban frontage is related to housing that

connects to active public spaces, like the more

urban retail space and the playground.

The Townpath frotnage is related to housing

connected to a street accesible to car traffic.


Green

The green space available is divided into public

green space that makes up the park and

semipublic green space in the form of courtyards.

the courtyards and public green are connected

through paths.

The public green also fucntions as an emergency

overflow area for rainwater rettention and

infiltration. Because of this the housing and

courtyards are situated higher to prevent them

from also overflowing.

Public green

Courtyard green

Fig 5.2.6 - Green space

Water structure

Water

Fig 5.2.7 - Water


29

CONCEPTUAL SECTIONS

Section A

Section B

Section A shows the section over the entire plan

with co-housing on the left. The rest of the section

shows the park structure in the center of the plan.

The exact dimensions of the water and park are

flexible. The park is divided into 3 sections by

the water running through the area, creating

smaller structures to give the park a more intimate

character. The park includes a variety of large trees

for shadow and shelter, offering more privacy to

inhabitants of surrounding buildings as well as users

of the park.

Section B shows the total section over the plan with

low density housing on the left and high density

apartments and retail functions on the right. The

dimensions of the park are variable and not set in

stone yet.

SECTION A-A

15 2 20 2 15 6 2 5 7 2 6 15 24 15 6 2 30-40

SECTION B-B

8 10 2 20 2 10 6 2 7 2 6 10 24 15 4 50-70

SECTION C-C

10 2 ? 5 15


Section C

A

Section C indicates the relationship between the corner

buildings (that involve semi-public functions), and the

water that runs through the area. The space functions

as an entrance point into the neighborhood and should

involve public functions on the ground floor of the

buildings as well as a common house where residents can

meet.

B

C

C

A

B

? ? ? ?

20-40 10-20 10 20 30 20 10


31

TYPOLOGIES

PRODUCE

A

B

B

Fig 5.4.1 - Marmalade Lane

A

Typology 1 - Family homes

Fig 5.4.2 - Housing reference

The site includes around 80 family homes situated

on the left side of the plan. The family homes are

connected to a front or back garden to provide

the families with some private or semi-private

outdoor space. The courtyards situated between

the different rows of housing are shared among

20 housing units. The courtyards offer semi private

space for recreating and playing and are free to

be filled in by the residents in whichever way they

see fit.

Fig 5.4.3 - Floorplans family housing


PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCED VERSION PRODUCED BY AN BY AUTODESK AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT VERSION VERSION

A

B

B

Fig 5.4.4 - Cohabitat, Québec

A

Typology 2 - Cohousing

Fig 5.4.5 - New Ground Co-Housing, Barnet

The site includes 89 single level housing units that

have access to a garden or courtyard. On top of

these are 89 two level housing units that all have

access to a rooftop terrace with a surface of

approximately 30 m2. The housing units can be

combined into a larger family home if desired, or

they can be used as a working home by locating a

retail or office function on the ground floor.


The housing should also provide enough privacy

to inhabitants of the bottom and top floor, to

guarantee this privacy the gardens are on

opposite site of the rooftop terraces to prevent

neighbors from looking directly into your garden.

the windows on the top floors can be constructed

using transluscent windows with a white tint.

Fig 5.4.7 - Floorplan lower level Co-housing

Fig 5.4.8 - Floorplans upper level Co-housing


33

A

B

B

Fig 5.4.9 - Anton & Gerard, Eindhoven

A

Typology 3 - Appartments


The 4 apartment buildings located at the right side

of the plan each feature 42 studio lofts, divided

over 3 floors, and 35 apartments, divided over four

floors. The apartments are located on the inside

of the blocks looking out at the courtyards, this

provides the ground level apartment access to a

front garden. In total the plan involves 168 studio

lofts, 108 apartments and 36 apartments with a

garden.

The ground floor of the buildings provides 810 m2

of retail and office space per building, adding up

to a total of 3240 m2 of retail and office space. If

nececarry or desired the ground level residential

areas can be converted into retail space as well.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION


Fig 5.4.11 - Floorplan Studio

Fig 5.4.12 - Floorplan appartment


A

B

B

Fig 5.4.13- Alberta plaza, Edmonton

A

Public space

Fig 5.4.14 - Bethlehemplein, Rotterdam

Fig 5.4.15 - Anne Frankplantsoen, Eindhoven

The public space typologies are developed

around water as an interactive aspect of the

neighborhood. The examples show a water

square in Canada that involves tiles of different

heights that give the plaza a great variety in water

heights and opportunities to play, recreate or

cool down near the water. The second reference

shows the Benthemsquare in Rotterdam, a square

that fills up with water when the rainfall gets to

heavy. This is the main source of inspiration for

the adaptable character of the water within the

neighborhood. Lastly the greener reference of

the Anne Frank-Plantsoen is shown. The green

area has tons of shadow and a small river running

through a park. The variety of plants as well as

the pleasant atmosphere create a nice place for

recreation near the city center. The space feels like

an oasis. This is a feeling that is desired in the New

Smeetsland plan as well.


35

MASTERPLAN

The plan is developed on the basis of the sight

lines, forming a connection between the main

places of interest within the plan. This connection is

strengthened by the water that runs throughout the

plan in a blue ring, and connects the plan area to the

surrounding green rings. With the water as a backbone

for development the masterplan has been set up. The

different blocks and streets orient themselves towards

the water. The waters deepest point is located in the

urban center. The routing of the plan therefore leads

you to the water, and the water in its turn guides you

to the central green space, where urban and green

meet each other.

The different aspects of the masterplan have been

elaborated on in the text accompanying the

Framework plan and organizational diagrams. The

masterplan gives a more in depth visualization of how

the plan can come to live. It is a suggestion for future

development that should be accompanied by great

architectural designs and landscape architecture.

Together these aspects forma coherent total that is

logical, flexible and multifunctional and forms a basis

for modern days turbulent lifestyle.


URBAN PLAN

Buildings:

Water:

The buildings shown in the masterplan are depicted

as blocks that have a certain typology in housing as

well as frontages (connection to the public space).

The housing blocks can be altered, or changed, to

suit teh neighborhood if needed.

Courtyards:

The water is connected to the existing water

structure and flows from higher collection points

into lower collection points until it finally comes to

its deepest point in the center of the plan. at this

point an overflow mechanism is installed that could

be opened in case there is an undesired risk of

overflowing the neighborhood or the park.

The courtyards function as a semi-public space and

as a space for interaction between residents. In

some earlier cases these types of courtyards have

been divided int back gardens. In order to prevent

this from happening the courtyards are embedded

in the traffic system with walking paths running

along the periphery between public and private

space. While residents do have an influence on the

exact interpretation of the courtyards, they are not

designed to be divided into allotment gardens.

Urban space:

The urban space is flexible of character and has

the qualities to be transformed into a market, event

location or playground to match the users desires.

The space has a playful and informal character

and is dominated by greenery on the edges.

It is important to create a soft border between

the existing housing projects in the east and the

higher density housing that is created in the plan.

Therefore a small boulevard connected to a

green strip is created, to connect the plan and its

surroundings accordingly.

Green space:

The green space featured in the plan exists of a

mix of vegetation in trees, buses and flowerbeds.

The overflow area along the water’s edge has

the highest mix of vegetation. Due to the different

intensities of water dominating the space different

types of plants can thrive in it, creating a higher

biodiversity within the plan.


37

MASTERPLAN

Public space

Traffic

Water

Park

Urban

Courtyard

Road

Sidewalk / parking


A

B

A

B

Fig 6.2.1 - Masterplan New Smeetsland

N


39

SECTION AA 1:500

Section AA crosses the plan from north to south.

The left side of the section shows the Co-Housing.

The housing is designed as a flexible living and

working space that can be utilized either by two

households, one larger household or a shop and a

household.

The section also shows how the water collected on

the rooftops of the buildings is collected in water

retention Wadi’s in the courtyards or directly led

into the water structure on the outside of the plan.

The Co-housing is connected to the park on the

right side, with the gardens of the last rom of

housing connecting to the park.

12 4 4 5 3 3 4 12 1,8 1,2 18 1,2 1,8 12 4


varies 8 12 1,8 1,2 18 1,2 1,8 12

N

Fig 6.3.1 - Section AA, part 1

N

2 varies 2 varies

Fig 6.3.2 - Section AA, part 2

N


41

SECTION BB 1:500

The first part of section BB shows the family housing

typology. The family housing is connected to the

street on one side and to the courtyard on the

other side. The first row of houses is entered via the

courtyard and has a garden at the back of the

house, connected to the water. The second row

of housing has its entrance at the street side and its

garden connected to the courtyard. The typology

is mirrored in the opposite blocks. By creating

courtyards that are connected to front doors as

well as back gardens different types of relationships

to the courtyard are established, leading to

different types of interaction.

varies 10 1,8 1,2 10 2 4 10 2 4 5 2 2 10 4 2


10 1,2 1,8 10 4 2 varies

Fig 6.4.1 - Section BB, part 1

N


43

the second half of section BB shows the central

water space with a natural border on the left and

a more urban border on the right side. As the water

rises and falls the shape of the park and of the

urban space adjusts to it.

Connected to the water on the urban side is a

public plaza. The plaza is the central meeting place

within the plan and is connected to a boulevard

along a retail strip that can involve restaurants

and shops. The plaza offers space for everyday

relaxation, events or markets.

appartments are slightly bigger and have a less

direct connection to the urban space, making

them more suitable for people who enjoy a quieter

home. The apartments are slightly bigger and

also located on the goundfloor, where they are

connected to a small garden in the courtyard. The

ground floor appartments can be converted into

retialspace if this is deemed necesarry.

The semi high rise buildings connected to the

plaza feature lofts and appartments on top of the

retaifunction. The lofts are located on the outside

of the blocks, looking out at a more urban public

space or street. The appartments are located on

the inside of the blocks along the courtyard. the

varies 25 0,7 2 5 20


4 2 18 2 4 9 2 9 5 4 5 10

Fig 6.4.2 - Section BB, part 2

N


45

FLOORPLANS 1:100

The buildings are divided into several housing

typologies to accommodate different types of

people. This page shows the floorplans for the

family house typology. The plans consist of a

ground floor with a kitchen and living room as well

as a bathroom and a second floor with 3 bedrooms

and a bathroom. The site includes around 80 family

homes situated on the left side of the plan. The

family homes are connected to a front or back

garden to provide the families with some private

or semi-private outdoor space. The courtyards

situated between the different rows of housing are

shared among 20 housing units. The courtyards

offer semi private space for recreating and playing

and are free to be filled in by the residents in

whichever way they see fit.

Fig 6.5.1 - Floorplans family housing


The 4 apartment buildings located at the right side

of the plan each feature 42 studio lofts, divided

over 3 floors, and 35 apartments, divided over 4

floors. The apartments are located on the inside

of the blocks looking out at the courtyards, this

provides the ground level apartment access to a

front garden. In total the plan involves 168 studio

lofts, 108 apartments and 36 apartments with a

garden.

The houses can be integrated, expanded

or split up easily through the use of lightweight inner

walls. In the left plan the loft apartment is shown.

The apartment features a bathroom beneath a

lofted area on which a bed could be placed. The

right plan shows a larger apartment that is suitable

for starting families. The apartment features a larger

bathroom and lofted area above the bed and

bathroom on the left. The area could also be used

as storage or office space of course.

The different typologies are combined but share a

communal rooftop garden that functions as a semi

private space for residents to meet, socialize, relax

or work, the infill of the rooftop gardens are free

however some suggestions will be made upon

realisation.

Fig 6.5.2 - Floorplans studio & appartments


47

The site includes 89 single level housing units that

have access to a garden or courtyard. On top of

these are 89 two level housing units that all have

access to a rooftop terrace with a surface of

approximately 30 m2. The housing units can be

combined into a larger family home if desired, or

they can be used as a working home by locating a

retail or office function on the ground floor.

The ground floor can be entered from the garden

directly into the living kitchen. The plan features a

bedroom in the back with a closet wall for storage.

The bathroom is situated in the middle of the plan

below the stairs, by locating the bathroom in the

middle of the plan the light infiltration and flexibility

of the plan are maximised. The ground floor could

therefore easily be transformed into an office or

retail space with separate sanitary facilities.

Fig 6.5.3 - Floorplans Co-housing, first and second floor


The housing should also provide enough privacy

to inhabitants of the bottom and top floor, to

guarantee this privacy the gardens are on opposite

site of the rooftop terraces to prevent neighbours

from looking directly into your garden. The windows

on the top floors can be constructed using

translucent windows with a white tint.

The top floor appartment features a kitchen and

bathroom on its irst level, including 2 bedrooms on

the more quiet courtyard side of the plan. The living

room is located on the second floor of the building,

where it opens up into a rooftop terrace or rooftop

garden. The connection between the living and

the rooftop is continued on into the courtyard.

Fig 6.5.4 - Floorplans Co-housing, first and second floor


49

IMPRESSIONS

The impressions show the ambiance of the

plan, focused on the details of section BB. The

first impression is of the courtyard that includes

greenery as well as a water retention zone. The left

shows the front gardens connected to them and

the right shows the oft border that is set up between

the private and public space. The plan has a wadi

embedded in the center in which water is housed

in case of extreme rain.

The second impression shows the main plaza and

how it is connected to the water. The urban edge

is made up off concrete slabs stacked on top of

each other in a cascading manner. With the rising

and falling of the water the shape of the water’s

edge changes as more concrete slabs become

visible. Between the concrete slabs different

types of vegetation grow, giving the plan some

biodiversity. The area is intended as a recreation

area for sitting, playing and resting.

The third impression shows the same plaza and

how it connects to the buildings along it. in the

front a terrace is visible. The edge of the building

is comprised of space belonging to the ground

functions. For example table’s that belong to a

restaurant or waiting spaces near a hairdresser on

the ground floor of the buildings. Along this edge a

strip of free space for walking is created in different

tiles and along this strip a gutter seperates the

space from the central square. During the summer

seasons the square can be used as restaurant

space as well.


Fig 6.6.1 - Impression courtyard

Fig 6.6.2 - Impression connection water - urban square

Fig 6.6.3 - Impression central urban square


51

DETAIL

The goal of the plan is to create a flexible and

multifunctional neighborhood. Originally this

amounted in a plan that involves flexible and

multifunctional housing as well as public space. The

finer details of these aspects have been woven into

the general plan and can be found in the layout of the

floorplans, the use of materials in public space and the

combined functioning of public spaces and housing.

Within the plan the general water structure plays a

major role in defining how the different public spaces

work together. It functions as a water retention zone

and reflects the flexibility goals of the plan in a unique

way. Besides this, the municipality of Rotterdam has

set the goal to make her city water neutral. It aims to

capture and clean all water used in the city locally

and strives to use rainwater for integration and minor

functions within the city as much as possible.

For the detail of the plan the different water

elements within the neighborhood and how these

elements work together have been considered. The

importance and the benefits of implementing water in

neighborhoods is explained in the following chapter,

followed by an explanation on how the water cycle

is included in the developed plan on different scale

levels.


FRAMEWORK PLAN

Public space Traffic Frontage Housing Typology

Water Primary Water Family Housing

Park Secondary Park Co-Housing

Urban Tertiary Urban Studios & Appartments

Courtyard Courtyard path Courtyard

Place of interest Pedestrian path Townpath

Vision line

A

A

B

B

Fig 7.1.1 - Framework Smeetsland


53

WATER AS A BACKBONE

Implementing water in a neighborhood has many

benefits for life and living within the neighborhood.

Water causes a reduction in urban heat stress, offers a

variety in flora and fauna, therefore boosts biodiversity

and creates a more pleasant public space. All of these

are benefits that boost the quality of the public space

in new Smeetsland.

Fig 7.2.1 - Water crossing in Malmö, Sweden

The city of Rotterdam, along with most cities

worldwide, struggles with the effects of urban heat

stress. Urban heat stress is the result that a high amount

of paved surfaces in close proximity to each other

have on the temperature in cities. The project area

is on the edge of the neighborhoods Feyenoord

and Ijselmonde. According to research into urban

heat stress in Rotterdam the average temperature

within the city can get as high as 29 degrees Celsius

while outside of the city the temperature is only 22

degrees Celsius. The rapport shows that the average

temperature for the neighborhood Feyenoord is as

high as 29 degrees and Ijselmonde is as high as 26

degrees while the map also shows an average of 24

degrees for the greener neighborhood Overschie on

the outskirts of the city. Rotterdam’s urban strategy is

currently focused on urban densification, therefore

the urban heat stress will most likely only get worse.

By implementing a flexible water retention zone the

changing levels of water will not only help reduce

the urban heat stress in the area but will also provide

a variety of water levels in the soil, giving different

types of plant the space to grow. Creating a variety

in vegetation attracts a variety of animals and insects

that find a space to live within the city. The creation

of blue green zones in the New Smeetsland plan

also contributes to the connection of different green

zones within the city to one another and closes the

green ring between the Spinozapark in the south, the

Smeetslandsedijk in the west and the Langegeer in the

north of the plan.

Fig 7.2.2 - Potsdamerplatz, Berlin, Germany


SMALL SCALE WATER RETENTION

The water collected in the neighborhood itself is

directly led into water tanks and preserved for later

use or led into the central water area. Most of the

water collected by buildings and roads within the

plan itself is infiltrated in wadi’s in the courtyard

or housed in additional water tanks belonging to

residents. Within the plan the water that is collected

by rooftops is redirected into the general water

stream or collected in the courtyards or in tanks

as can be seen in diagram XX. The rainwater that

is collected on the streets is infiltrated as much

as possible through either semi open paving or

through redirecting the water into the green

strips along the streets. The water that cannot

be infiltrated within the small public spaces is

redirected into the large system and end up in the

central water space as well.

Fig 7.3.1 - Waterretention organisation

The central water space forms the lowest point of

the water infiltration system. At this point several

overflow outlets are installed to prevent the water

from rising to high and damaging the surrounding

building blocks.

Family housing

Co-housing

Appartments

Fig 7.3.2 - Water infiltration sceme section


55

LARGE SCALE WATER RETENTION

For the area of new Smeetsland the integration of

rainwater plays a major role. With the successful

Benthemplein as an example the goal is to house

the rainwater falling in the area as well as in half

the area of Lombardijen. This should happen by

integrating the water in a step wise manner.

The rainwater should flow through the

neighborhood into the central water retention zone

of the park. This happens through several steps, the

water forming a major part of the character of the

neighborhood and functioning as the backbone

for the design.

In the surrounding areas a difference can be made

in 2 types of collected rainwater: water that falls on

roofs and water that falls on streets. The rainwater

that is collected on the rooftops and streets of

surrounding areas is led into the outer streams of

the water system. In these streams it is filtered in a

stepwise manner through water filtering plants and

eventually the filtered water flows into the plan at

several entrance points.

Diagram XX shows the areas in which rainwater

is collected and how this water is diverged into

the plan. The rooftop and street areas have been

calculated basednon city wide values ( 53,5%

rooftops and 9,6% streets). SOURCE

After calculating the correct areas the runoff

coefficients have been taken into account to

calculate the real amount of water that flows into

the retention zones. for roofs the value has been

set at 0.7 and for streets the value has been set

at 0.9. The calculations were made for small but

frequent amounts of rainfall (10mm/m2, occurs 22

times/year) as well as for extreme rainfall (62 mm/

m2, occurs once every ten years). In the design of

the plan enough space has been made available

to house the extreme case. Following this the

amount of water that can be housed in the plan is

calculated.

0

Area 4

124200 m 2

0

Area1

-1 -1

-2

-3

-2

-1

245900 m 2 Area 2

155400 m 2

191200 m 2 Area 3

Fig 7.4.1 - Diagram large scale water retention


CALCULATIONS COLLECTED WATER

The goal is to house the rainwater collected by

the roofs and streets north of the Spinozaweg

in Lombardijen. Originally the aim was to house

the total water fallen within the neighborhood

Lombardijen, but after calculating this scenario the

conclusion was found that this was not a realistic

goal. Therefore the area above the Spinozaweg

has been chosen instead. The area has been split

up into smaller areas to get a good overview of

where the collected water comes from.

Area

The built up area and street area are calculated

based on the numbers provided in the rapport

‘Gemeente op maat 2010”. This report 2010’

indicates that of the total area of Rotterdam ( 319,3

km2) about 53.5% consists out of built area, built

area there means buildings. The total traffic area is

about 9.8% and semi built area is another 10.6%.

From these numbers the assumption is made that

for semi built area the infiltration can be provided

on the lot itself. Area 4 is an industrial area, a built

area of 53.5% and a street area of 27% is assumed

here. (CBS, 2010)

Area 1 (245900 m2):

Rooftops: 131600 m2

Streets: 24100 m2

Area 2 (191200m2):

Rooftops: 182300 m2

Streets: 18700 m2

Area 3 (155400 m2):

Rooftops: 83100 m2

Streets: 15200 m2

Area 4 (124200 m2)

Rooftops: 66500 m2

Streets: 44000 m2

(AlleCijfers, 2020)

Soil

The soil in the surrounding area of Rotterdam exists

primarily out of zware zavel (zavel= grof zand of

kiezelzand) and lichte klei with parts of lichte zavel.

This means that the infiltration value is 0.26 m/day

for zware zavel and 0.61 m/day for lichte klei, for

lichte zavel it’s also 0,26 m/day

We can assume an average infiltration value of

0,44 m/day/m2.

Runoff Coefficients

For the different types of surfaces different types

of runoff coefficients are used to calculate the

amount of water that makes it into the sewage

system. For flat roofs this is between 0.5 and 0.7

and for sloping roofs it is 0.9. Most of the roofs in the

surrounding areas are flat, therefore we will assume

a runoff coefficient of 0.7 for roofs/ built up area.

For the streets a runoff coefficient of 0.9 is assumed

since the streets are mostly made from asphalt. The

water that is collected by public green is assumed

to be infiltrated on the spot. (AHN, 2020)

Average rainfall

The KNMI measured an average rainfall of around

850 mm/year/m2 in the last 20 years. (KNMI, 2020)

Through the months in the project area the rainfall

is as follows:

2019 1981-2010

January: 50-75 70-80

February: 45-60 55-60

March: 75-100 60-70

April: 20-30 40-45

May: 20-40 55-60

June: 90-120 60-70

July: 30-60 75-80

August: 75-100 80-90

September: 80-120 90-100

October: 80-120 90-100

November: 125-150 90-100

December: 60-80 80-85

Total 750-1055 845-940 mm/year

Average/year: 902.5

892.5 mm/year

The calculations have been made based on


57

the total gathered water thus results in 21373 m3

Fig 7.5.1 - Calculation water collection

the number and intensity of rain-days in the

Netherlands.

In total there are 22 rain days with more than 10

mm/m2 of rain, 5 rain days with 20-24 mm/m2 o rain

and 2 rain days with 26-32 mm/m2 of rain. Once in

every 10 years 50-62 mm of rain occurs. According

to these numbers based on the paved and

built surface of the different areas the following

calculation is made: total area * runoff coefficient *

rainfall in m/m2 (KNMI, 2020)

The calculations were made for small but frequent

amounts of rainfall (10mm/m2, occurs 22 times/

year) as well as for extreme rainfall (62 mm/m2,

occurs once every ten years).The latter results in the

following amount of collected rainwater:

Total roof area*0.7*62mm =

402172*0.7*62mm = 17454 m3

Total street area*0.9*62mm=

70237*0.9*62mm = 3919 m3


CALCULATIONS INFILTRATABLE WATER

The amount of water that can be housed within the

plan is based on the expansion areas of the main

water running through the plan as well as the total

green space available for infiltration within the

plan.

The ground water level stagnates at -2,4 NAP

Total water area existing:

7400m2

New created water area:

3800m2

---------------------------------------------------------------------+

Total water area, at -2,4NAP

11200m2

Total park area, at -0,8NAP

15320m2

---------------------------------------------------------------------+

Total infiltration area:

26520m2

26520*0.44 = 11669 m3 water infiltration/day

15320*0.44=6741 m3 water infiltration /day

area m2 m m3 cumulative+infiltration

Base 11.200 *0,5=5.600 5.600 12.341

Expansion 1 3.800+700 *0,3=1.350 6950 13.690

Expansion 2 4.500+900 *0,3=1.620 8.570 15.311

Expansion 3 5.400+850 *0,4=2.500 11.070 17.811

Whole park 6.250+12.480*0,3=5.619 16.689 23.430

(The first row shows the total square meters * the

depth of the expansion. The outcomes are the M3

that can be stored in that section, a cumulative

amount of m3 and a cumulative amount of m3

with the infiltration of water into the soil taken into

account)

From this calculation the conclusion can be made

that in case of very extreme weather, once every

ten years, the rainwater would need to overflow

into a sewage system. However for the more

frequent high intensity situations the park has the

capacity to house the water of all the buildings

and roads in north lombardijen, relieving part of

the water problems of the neighborhood. In the

calculations the remaining green that exists within

the neighborhood have not been taken into

account, therefore chances are likely that the

actual amount of water that needs to be housed

within the park are much lower and a situation in

which the park is overflooded completely is very

unlikely to occur. However the park will still be

situated at -0,8 NAP while the streets and houses

are situated at -0,5 NAP and are therefore safe

from potential flooding’s of the park.

Fig 7.6.1 - Open gutter


59

REFERENCES

ESSAY:

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March 23, 2020

BIG / Bjarke Ingels Group. (z.d.). 8 House. Accessed on March 23, 2020, from https://www.architonic.com/en/

project/big-bjarke-ingels-group-8-house/5101529

Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. (2008, 3 december). 60 jaar televisie in Nederland. Accessed on March 16,

2020, from https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2008/49/60-jaar-televisie-in-nederland

Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. (2018a, 25 juni). Honderd jaar alleenstaanden. Accessed on March 16,

2020, from https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/achtergrond/2018/26/honderd-jaar-alleenstaanden

Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. (2018b, 31 december). Maatschappij Cijfers - Natuur en milieu. Accessed

on March 16, 2020, from https://longreads.cbs.nl/trends18/maatschappij/cijfers/natuur_en_milieu/

Centraal Museum. (z.d.). Rietveld Schröderhuis – Utrecht – icoon van De Stijl. Accessed on March 12, 2020,

from, van https://www.rietveldschroderhuis.nl/nl/rietveld-schroderhuis

DiederenDirrix. (z.d.). Gebouw Anton. Accessed on March 12, 2020, from https://www.diederendirrix.nl/nl/

projecten/gebouw-anton/

Grubben, B. H. G. M., Pelsers, J. H. M., & Timmermans, G. L. P. C. (2000). Jaarboek Welvaartsverdeling 2000.

Accessed on March 16, 2020 from CBS, Heerlen

Musch, M., & Mulvihill, D. (2020). 7QX1M0 EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING DESIGN STUDIO. G Accessed on March 16,

2020, from TU/e, Eindhoven

Praag, van, C., & Uitterhoeve, W. (1999). Een kwart eeuw sociale verandering in Nederland. Accessed on

March 16, 2020

Regiocontainer. (z.d.). Onderzoeksanalyse: wat gebeurt er met de woon- en perceeloppervlakte van

woningen? Accessed on March 16, 2020, from https://www.regiocontainer.nl/woon-en-perceeloppervlakte

Roser, M., Ritchie, H., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2013, 9 mei). World Population Growth. Accessed on March 16, 2020,

from https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth

Statline. (2016). ICT gebruik van huishoudens naar huishoudkenmerken, 2005 - 2013 [Dataset]. Accessed on

March 16, 2020, from https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/71102NED/table?fromstatweb

Statline. (2019). Internet; toegang, gebruik en faciliteiten [Dataset]. Accessed on March 16, 2020, from https://

opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83429NED/table?ts=1584360775419


United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, population division. (2017). World Population Prospects 2017.

Accessed on March 16, 2020

DOCUMENT:

AHN. (z.d.). Viewer. Accessed on June 22, 2020, from https://ahn.arcgisonline.nl/ahnviewer/

AlleCijfers.nl. (2020, 21 juni). Héél véél informatie over Lombardijen (update 2020!). Accessed on June 22,

2020, from https://allecijfers.nl/buurt/lombardijen-rotterdam/

CBS. (2010). Gemeente op maat 2010 rotterdam. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Accessed from https://

www.cbs.nl/-/media/imported/documents/2011/44/rotterdam.pdf

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Lombardijen. Accessed on March 14, 2020, from https://www.ijsselmondenieuws.nl/nieuwe-woningen-opbraakliggend-terrein-smeetsland-lombardijen/

KNMI. (z.d.). KNMI - Zware regen. Accessed on June 22, 2020, from https://www.knmi.nl/kennis-endatacentrum/uitleg/zware-regen

Rijksoverheid. (z.d.). KNMI - Zware regen. Accessed on June 22, 2020, from https://www.knmi.nl/kennis-endatacentrum/uitleg/zware-regen


61


Smeetsland,

Rotterdam


Michelle Moonen

TU/e Faculteit Bouwkunde,

UUA

NEW SMEETSLAND

EXPERIMENTAL HOUSING STUDIO

16-06-2020

MICHELLE MOONEN

1338010

Due to the growing population, technological

developments and the rising percentage of people

living in urban areas the use of public as well as private

space is changing at a pace that we currently cannot

keep up with.

Inspired by the program ‘experimental housing’

that took place in the Netherlands in 1968-1980

the project area Smeetsland in Rotterdam is being

developed into a modern neighborhood that changes

with its users and adapts to future challenges.

New Smeetsland offers a foundation for modern

days turbulent lifestyle and has the potential to

accommodate the changes inhabitants make to their

lives through fitting solutions.

ANALYSIS

1:10000

Project area

High rise building typology

Lowrise building typology

Green space

Roads

Tramline

Solar orientation

MASTERPLAN

1:2000

Water

Park

Plaza

Courtyard

Road

Sidewalk

A

A

B

New Smeetsland: Multifunctionality and Flexibility

B

The framework is set up to work with the multifunctional and flexible character of the area. Following is a short desription of the key ellements of the

framework, visible on the right. a more clear view of the different layers is indicated in the orginisational diagrams below.

A

Multifunctionality can be found in the double use of spaces. The collective courtyards, the park that offers space for water retention as well as recreational

FRAMEWORK PLAN

1:5000

space or space for events. The semi high rise buildings that feature public functions on the ground floor and housing above them with a rooftop on top.

Multifunctionality can also be found in the parking resolutions, where parking and sidewalk are integrated so if there are no cars parked in the area the

sidewalk is simply broader.

Flexibility can be found in the adaptable character of the housing. The Cohousing which are designed to be functional as two housing units, one large

housing unit, or a housing unit on top of a retail function. Similarly the apartments and studios are designed to be flexible by creating a large open space

and using then easily deconstruct able inner walls to give residents the option to adapt their home as they like. Flexibility can also be found in the water

retention are that houses the excess water collected by the houses of half of Lombardijen in case of heavy rainfall. The water is designed to rise and fall,

creating a versatile landscape as well as a variety of vegetation on different parts of the marsh along the inner turn of the water.

B

A

B

SECTION A-A

1:200

varies 8 12 1,8 1,2 18 1,2 1,8 12 4 4 5 3 3

DETAIL A

1:200

VISION LINES

PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLE

ROADS

Place of interest

Vision line

Courtyard path

Pedestrian path

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

GREEN FRONTAGES

HOUSING TYPOLOGY

Family Housing

Co-Housing


Water

Park

Urban

Townpath

Courtyard

Public green

Courtyard green

WATER

WATER MANAGEMENT DIAGRAM

OVERFLOODING AREA

SECTION B-B

1:200

varies 10 1,8 1,2 10 2 4 10 2 4 5 2 2 10 4 2 10 1,2 1,8 10

DETAIL B

1:200

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

1:100

FAMILY HOUSING

The site includes around 80 family homes situated on the left

side of the plan. The family homes are conected to a front or

backgarden to provide the families with some private or semi

private outdoor space. The courtyards situated betwen the

different rows of housing are shared among 20 housing units.

The courtyards offer semi private space for recreating and

playing and are free to be filled in by the residents in whichever

way they see fit.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL BUILDINGS

The 4 appartment buildings located at the right side of the plan each feature

42 studio lofts, devided over 3 floors, and 35 appartments, devided over

four floors. The appartments are located on the inside of the blocks looking

out at the courtyards, this provides the ground level apaprtment acces to a

frontgarden. In total the plan involves 168 studio lofts, 108 appartments and

36 appartments with a garden.

The ground floor of the buildings provides 810 m2 of retail and office space per

building, adding up to a total of 3240 m2 of retail and office space. If nececarry

CO-HOUSING

The site includes 89 single level housing units that have acces to a garden or courtyard. On top

of these are 89 two level housing units that all have acces to a rooftop terrace with a surface of

approximately 30 m2. The housing units can be combined into a larger family home if desired, or

they can be used as a working home by locating a retail or office function on the ground floor.

The housing should also provide enough privacy to inhabitants of the bottom and top floor, to

guarantee this privacy the gardens are on opposite site of the rooftop terraces to prevent neighbors

from looking directly into your garden. the windows on the top floors can be constructed using

transluscent windows with a white tint.

IMPRESSIONS

DETAIL

Water rettention

0

Area1

0

-1 -1

-2

-3

-2

-1

245900 m 2 Area 2

Area 4

124200 m 2

155400 m 2

191200 m 2 Area 3

or desired the ground level residential areas can be converted into retail space

as well.



Ground floor First floor Studio

Appartment Ground floor appartment First & second floor - 2 storey appartment

The detail goal of the plan for New Smeetsland focusses on housing and infiltrating collected rainwater. in order to do so the

water falling in the neighborhood Lombardijen north of the Spinozaweg is collected. The above area’s are considered and the total

rooftop areas and street areas have been collected based on city wide values ( 53,5% rooftops and 9,6% streets). Next to this runoff

coefficients have been taken into account to calculate the real amount of water that flows into the retention zones. for roofs the

value has been set at 0.7 and for streets the value has been set at 0.9. The calculations were made for small but frequent amounts

of rainfall (10mm/m2, occurs 22 times/year) as well as for extreme rainfall (62 mm/m2, occurs once every ten years).The latter

results in the following amount of collected rainwater:

total roof area*0.7*62mm = 402172*0.7*62mm = 17454 m3

total street area*0.9*62mm= 70237*0.9*62mm = 3919 m3

the total gathered water thus results in 21373 m3

The amount of water that can be housed within the plan is based on the expansion areas of the main water running through the

plan as well as the total green space available for infiltration within the plan. The plans total park area (water excluded) is 15320m2,

which is good for 6741 m3 of water infiltration/day. calculating the amount of water that can be housed without overflooding the

park results in a total of 11070 m3 (17811 m3 with infiltration) this is enough capacity for most rainfall. the extreme case is solved



by overflooding the park, granting a total water retention

capacity of 16689 m3 and 23430 m3 when taking infiltration

into account.

the water collected within the neighborhood itself is

redirected to water areas within their respective parts of the

neighborhood and has not been taken into account. where

possible the aim is to collect the water for future use.

4 12 1,8 1,2 18 1,2 1,8 12 4 2 varies

WATER INFILTRATION NEIGHBORHOOD LEVEL

All the water is eventually redirected into the central water

area where an emergency flooding system is in place.

CO-HOUSING

FAMILY HOUSING

APPARTMENTS & STUDIOS

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT PRODUCED VERSION BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION PRODUCED BY AN BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT VERSION VERSION

PRODUCED PRODUCED BY AN BY AN AUTODESK BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT STUDENT VERSION VERSION

4 2 varies varies 25 0,7 2 5 20 4 2 18 2 4 9 2 9 5 4 5 10

Merged Experimental Housing

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