W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal 4

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REFERENCEs 171 [29] W.R. Bowen, T.A. Doneva, H.-B. Yin, Polysulfone – sulfonated poly(ethyl ether) ketone blend membranes: systematic synthesis and characterisation, J. Memb. Sci. 181 (2001) 253–263. [30] W.R. Bowen, T.A. Doneva, H.-B. Yin, Separation of humic acid from a model surface water with PSU/SPEEK blend UF/NF membranes, J. Memb. Sci. 206 (2002) 417–429. [31] S.-H. Yoon, J.-S. Kim, Effect of the origin of humic acids on nanofilter fouling in drinking water production, Chem. Eng. Sci. 55 (2000) 5171–5175.
C H A P T E R 6 Nanoscale Analysis of Pharmaceuticals by Scanning Probe Microscopy Clive J. Roberts O U T L I N E 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 The AFM as a Force Measurement Tool in Pharmaceuticals 174 6.2.1 Particle Interaction Measurements 175 6.2.2 Mechanical Properties from Single-particle Measurements 179 6.3 AFM Imaging-Based Studies 183 6.4 Micro- and Nanothermal Characterisation with SPM 185 6.5 Conclusions 190 Acknowledgements 190 Abbreviations and Symbols 190 References 191 6.1 INTroduCTIoN There is an increasing demand to develop pharmaceuticals and biomedical devices with architectures and complex chemistries controlled at the nanoscale. The need to develop delivery systems capable of targeting specific sites in the body or to successfully formulate poorly soluble drugs frequently requires nanoscale solutions. For example, targeted systems typically employ nanoparticles, incorporating a number of elements Atomic Force Microscopy in Process Engineering 173 © 2009, Elsevier Ltd
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x Preface in their work. Hence, it
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xii Preface them from hostile condi
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xiv About thE Editors Professor Nid
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xvi List of Contributors Dr Daniel
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2 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FOR
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20 1. BAsIC PRINCIPLEs OF ATOMIC FO
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32 2. MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE ANd S
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82 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BU
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100 3. QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-B
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C H A P T E R 4 Investigating Membr
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.2 THE RANgE OF POssIbILITIEs FOR
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.3 CORREsPONdENCE bETwEEN sURFACE
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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4.4 IMAgINg IN LIqUId ANd THE dETER
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Page 148 and 149: C H A P T E R 5 AFM and Development
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222 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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224 7. MICRO/NANOENgINEERINg ANd AF
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226 8. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPy ANd
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246 9. APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE
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276 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs most AFM s
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278 10. FuTuRE PRosPECTs targeted d
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A Actin stress fiber, 197 Adhesion,
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Natural organic matter, 140 Negativ
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