a revision of genus cyathea - Biodiversity Heritage Library

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Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.
[Cambridge, Mass.] :Harvard University,-1984]
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[Begin Page: Page 81]
Volcan Atacazo: Canzacot
1882, Sodiro, p! photo gh.
Cyathea fulva Sod. Rec. Crypt. Vase. Prov. Quit. 13. 1883, not (Mart. & Gal.) Fee,
1857. Lectotype: Tambo-loma, Prov. Riobamba, Ecuador, 10/1882, Sodiro, p! photo
gh. Isolectotypes: fragm. ex b,ny!, fragm. ex k,ny! The petiole of this collection agrees
with the description. An excluded element, under the same label, is Cyathea palles-
Hemitelia Sherringii Jenm. Jour. Bot. 24 (n.s. 15): 266. 1886. Holotype: Rose Hill,
Jamaica, 11/1886, Sherring, k! Isotypes: us! and a series of sheets nv' mosth without
data. Baker, Ann. Bot. 5: 8. 1891 says "only one plant seen."
Cyathea ocanensis Baker, Ann. Bot. 5: 184. 1891. Holotype: Ocana, Colombia,
Kalhr, t,cr 608, k. Dept. Santander, Nuga, Kalbreyer 608, b! is evidently an isotype.
Cyathea crenata ( Sod. ) Christ, Farnkr. 323. 1897.
Cyathea Sodiroi C. Clir. Ind. Fil. IT,. 1905. nam. not. for Cyathea fulva Sod., not
(Mart, and Gal.) Fee.
Cyathea producta Maxon, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 12: 438. 1922. Holotype: Palma
Mocha Peak, Sierra Maestra, Oriente, Cuba, Leon 11181, us! Isotype: ny! '
Ahophila caracasana var. petiolularis Domin, Mem. Roy. Czech Soc. Sci. n.s. 2
(Pterid. Dominica): 95. 1929, ex char. Syntypes: Venezuela, Caracas, Buschch < zinnia

Tovar. Pitticr 10011: Carai as. Ru.rhcl.
Cyathea subindusiata Domin, Mem. Roy. Czech Soc. Sci. n.s. 2 (Pterid. Dominica):
67, t. 8, f. 4-6, t. 9, f. 2. 1929. Holotype: Caracas, (Venezuela). Buschel Venezuela,
1855, Buschel, bm! photo gh, is probably an isotype.
Cyathea Si 284. 1929.
Cyathea caracasana var. petiolularis Domin) Domin, Acta Bot. Bohem. 9: 103.
1930.
Trichipteris caracasana (Kl.) Tryon, Contrib. Gray Herb. 200: 45. 1970.
The disjunct distribution of var. caracasana has probably been a major
reason for its extensive synonomy. However, the characters of indument
and indusium, mentioned in the key, are quite uniform throughout its
range. The continental-Greater Antilles distribution is similar to that of
Cyathea andina and C. gracilis.
Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola, Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador.
Montane rain forest, 1200-2000 m. Stem to 8 m tall.
selected specimens. Cuba. Oriente: between Rio Yara and Rio Palmamocha, Sierra
Maestra, Ekman 1 1362 (is. Jamaica. Port Roval Mountains. Jenmun i ny); Hardwar
Gap, Portland, Proctor 16503 (mo), 22547 (gh). Dominican Republic. Above Gros
Figuier, Sierra de los Comisarios, Prov. Barahona, Ekman 6769 (us). Venezuela.
. V 3 (ch,us). Aragua: Colonia Tovar, Fendler 56
(gh,mo). Merida: southwest of Canagua, Steyermark 56432 (f,gh,mo,ny). Colombia.

aarca: Tequedama, Holton 69 (ny). Meta: Macizo Renjifo, Cordillera La
Macarena, Idrobo 6- Schultes 1105 (us). Ecuador. Chimborazo: Chimborazo, Sodiro
Ahophila Syn. Fil. 37. 1866. Holotype: Chimborazo, Ecuador,
3000-4000 ft., Spruce 5743, k. Isotype: p! fragm. ex. Rosenst. us!
Cyathea chimborazensis (Hook.) Hieron. Hedwigia45: 230. 1906.
The characteristic long-stalked pinnules of var. chimborazensis rarely
occur in var. boliviensis also, to the south of their area of sympatry. The
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82
pinnule indument is variable: for example, Little 8906 has rather nu-
merous trichomes beneath, Cuatrecasas 8674 has bullate and flat scales
beneath, and Bristol 384 is slightly pubescent on the upper surface of the
segments.
Colombia and adjacent Venezuela, Ecuador. Wet montane forest, per-
sisting in clearings, 1000 to usually 1600-2300 to 3000 m. Stem to 8 m tall,
leaves to 3 m long.
:ted specimens. Ven

ezuela. Zulia: Sierra
de Perija,
southwest (
>f Pishikakao
i, Steyermark, Dunst
e 105693 (
gh). Color
ribia. Choco:
1, 16"W W, Madiso
n 821 (gh). Norte
de Santand
f of Toledo,
Smith 20100 (ch,ny
us). Santander: east

ofLasVeg;
Smith 15861
(ny,us). Valle: La Cumbre, Killip 11363, 11364 (gh,ny,tjs); Piedra de M.
Dagua, Cuatrecasas 15191 (f,us). Cauca: km 19 from Cali to Buenaventui
ton 498, 502 (gh). Huila: between Gabinete and as 8674 (f,us)
near Resina, Guadalupe to Florencia, Little 9083 (ch,us); 25 km eastsoutheast oi
Baraya, Little 8906 (gh,us). Putumayo: Valle de Sibundoy, Bristol 384 (gh,us)
Naririo: above San Juan, Ewan 16031 (gh).
Hi..
[Begin Page: Page 83]
36e. Cyathea caracasana var. Maxonii (Maxon) Tryon, comb. nov.
Figs. 136-138. Map 44.
Cyathea Maxonii Maxon, No. Amer. Fl. 16: 82. 1909. Holotype: 5 miles south of
Cartago, Costa Rica, Maxon 524, ny. Isotype: us!
Cyathea mcmlnanulosa Christ. Bull. 1 1« . I > Boiss. II. 7: 271. 1907. Svntvpes: San
Pascon, Costa Rica, 1500 m, Wm-fc/< ; (Herb. Instit. Nat. Cnstaric. 17021 >. II. rl.

Christ, l'!; La 1'alina. Costa llua. 1500 in. U rrrklr .Herb. Instit. Nat. Cnstaric.
17082), Herb. Christ, p!
The pinnules of var. Maxonii are often long-triangular, although they
sometimes taper to the apex from about the middle; tliev are usually
short-stalked, but rarelv sessile. The petiole scale often has' dark streaks,
or areas (Fig. 138), rather than a dark central portion. In some collections
the scales are mostly dark brown and rather few of them have the typical
dark central portion. While var. Maxonii is not as well-defined as the other
varieties, it is the only one that is completely allopatric.
Costa Rica. Montane forest and cloud forest, 915-2800 m, usually above
2000 m. Stem to 9 m tall and 30 cm in diameter, leaves to 4 m long.'
selected specimens. Costa Rica. Alajuela: 31 km from Carrizal toward Cariblanco,
Gastony b Gastony 789 (gh); 19 km north of San Ramon, White b Lucansky 1968-26
(gh). Heredia: Volean Barba, near Porrosati, Burger b Stolze 6007 (ch.ny); Yolcan
Barb... Sramman b Holdridge 7868 (f,ch,ny). San Jose: 22 km north of San Isidro
del General toward Cerro de la Muerte, Gastony b Gastony 760 (gh). Cartago: 7 km
south of Tapanti, Tryon b Tryon 7022, 7025 (gh); La Chonta, km 55 Pan-American
Highway, Nisman 105, 107, 108, 177 (gh). Puntarenas: San Vito, McAlpin 2263 (gh).
KEY TO SPECIES 37-40
a. Lamina bipinnate-pinnatifld throughout or tripinnate only at the base of central to
the pinnule stalk which is only somewhat lighter, concolorous, or darker beneath

c. Pinnules with nearly parallel sides, tapering to an acute to acuminate apex, sessile
to short-stalked throughout the lamina; Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia. 37. C. /., rid, ri.
c. Pinnules broadly long-triangular and long-stalked, especially toward the base of
central to basal pinnae, usually long-acuminate; Jamaica, Costa Rica, Colombia.
38. C. rraeilis.
b. Pinnules long-stalked and the basal segments decurrent onto the pinnule stalk
which is of strongly contrasting lighter color beneath to the dark pinna-rachis;
Venezuela, Colombia, Peru 39. C. ebenina.
a. Lamina tripinnate nearly throughout
Peru 40. C. Dudleyi.
A very natural group of distinctive, mostly Andean species. Cyathea
Lechleri relates the group to either C. caracasana, or perhaps to C. platy-
lepis. All of the other species are clearly specialized in the pinnule and
lamina complexity characters mentioned in the key.
37. Cyathea Lechleri Mett.
Figs. 139-140. Map 45.
Cyathea Lechleri Mett. Fil. Lechl. 2: 32. 1859. Holotype: St. Gavan, (San Gavan,

[Begin Page: Page 84]
Puno), Peru, Lechler, lz, destroyed, fragm. probably ex lz: Lechler 2309, Herb.
Cyathea castanea Baker, Syn. Fil. 451. 1874. Holotype: Andes of Peru, (Tarapoto)
Spruce 4723, k. Isotypes: gh! mo! p! us!
Cyathea purpurea Morton, Fieldiana: Bot. 28: 7. 1951. Holotype: between Agiiita
and summit of Cerro Duida, Amazonas, Venezuela, Steyermark 58395, f. Isotype: usl
The Venezuelan materials of Cyathea Lechleri are somewhat variable.
The petiole and rachis may be pubescent or with only scattered trichomes,
and the petiole color varies from atropurpureous to reddish-brown.
Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia. Montane forest, dense cloud forest and
bamboo thickets, 1600-2200 m in Venezuela, 800-1500 m in Peru and
Bolivia. Stem to 9 m tall, leaves to 2.5 m, or 6 m in one collection.
-' U iny). BolivarAu\an-i, '
tepui (Muru-tepui), Wurdack 34257 (gh.ny.us); Chimanta-tepui ( Torono-tepui ) ,
"irk 75444 ( f,gh,ny,ven ) . Amazonas: Cerro de la NYblina,
Maguire Wurdack ir Maguire 42369, 42370 (us); Cerro Sipapo (Paraque), Maguire
ir Politi 28557 (gh,xy,us); Serrania Paru, Cowan ir Wurdack 31365 (gh,ny,us).
Peru. Huanuco: Cerros del Sira, Rio Lulla-Pichis watershed, Dudley 130(17. 13213
13262 (gh). Bolivia. La Paz: San Carlos, Mapiri region, Buchtien 291 (gh,ny); San
Jose, Mapiri, Cardenas 1009 (gh).

Cyathea gracilis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Indies 704. 1864. Holotype: Fox Gap, Jamaica,
Cyathea gracilis, in Jamaica, Costa Pica, and Colombia, expresses the
relatively strong biogeographic affinity between those countries. In addi-
tion to the characters mentioned in the key, the species has very long,
gradually acuminate pinnules (especially the larger ones) and a very
firm, dull indusium.
Jamaica, Costa Rica and Colombia. Montane forest and cloud forest,
900-1600 m in Jamaica, ca 1500 m in Costa Rica, 1700 m in Colombia.
Stem to 2 m ( probably more ) tall, leaves to 3 m long.
selected specimens. Jamaica. Morce's Gap, St. Andrew, Underwood 1536 (ny);
Mt. Horeb Trail, St. Andrew, Crosby, Hespenheide ir Anderson 316 (f.gh.ny); below
New Haven Gap, St. Andrew, Maxon ir Killip 944 (f,gh,ny); east slope of John Crow
Mountains, 2K miles southwest of Ecclesdown, Proctor 5711 (mo); Crown Peak,
John Crow Mountains, Proctor 4583 (mo). Costa Rica. San Jose: La Palma, Brade ir
Brade, 853 (us); above La Hondura, Gastony ir Gastony 772, 773 (gh); Las Nubes,
Scamman 7004 (ch). Colombia. Antioquia: 8 km west of Valdivia, Madison 803 (gh).
A very distinctive species with long-stalked pinnules with the
egments decurrent onto the upper part of the pinnule stalk.
[Begin Page: Page 85]
3 forest, 2100-2500 m. Stem to

specimens. Venezuela. Aragua: Colonia Tovar, Fendler 50 (c.h), Moritz
>. Colombia. Valle: La Cumbre, Killip 11386 (

[Begin Page: Page 86]
firmed by field study. The other, less certain, hybrids have each been
assessed individually. In some, the lamina architecture is suggestive of a
hybrid, especially those involving a species of Cnemidaria. Others are
rarely collected and are intermediate between common species. In all
cases, the interpretation as a hybrid seems more probable than that of a
variation of a species or as an endemic species.
Hook. Syn. Fil. 30. 1865. Holotype: Mansfield near Bath,
Jamaica, 1000 ft., Wilson 731, k! IsoU k
Cyathea Wilsonii (Hook.) Domin, Pterid. 264. 1929.
This hybrid will key out to species 1-8, 9-12 or usually 17-19. It may
be readily distinguished from the species of Cyathea in the Greater
Antilles, C. andina, C. parvula and C. arborea, by its predominantly ad-
nate pinnules. The spores are abortive. The relatively well-developed
indusium varies from about half cyathiform to fully cyathiform. Conant
(1975) has presented a full discussion of the hvbrid status of Hemitelia
Wilsonii.
_ r ._..,' Massif du
Nord, Ekman H4835 (ny,s); Poste Marie Congo, Massif du Nord, Ekman 1 14846
(s,us). Dominican Republic. Laguna, Peninsula 01 I ( gh.ny);

Sanchez, Peninsula de Samana, Ekman H14752 (ny); Liali, Abbott 2660 (cii.nv.us);
Miches to Higuey, Seibo, Gastony, Jones {? Norris 654 (gh,ny). Puerto Rico. Sabana
Road, Luquillo National Forest, Municip. Rio Grande, 5 March, 1970, Kepler (El
Verde Field Station, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center), Conant 626, 627 (gh); El Verde,
Municip. Rio Grande, Conant 546 (gh); Maricao, Hess 371 (fragm. ex us.ny),
Hioram 804 (fragm. ex us.ny); Quebradilles, Hioram 182 (fragm. ex us,ny); El
Yunque Road

and Puerto Rico. This hybrid may be distinguished from the previous one,
Cyathea arborea, by its mostly sessile or very short-
[Begin Page: Page 87]
[Begin Page: Page 88]
stalked pinnules, the brown rather than white scales on the abaxial surface
of the pinnules, and its small, rather than well-developed, indusium.
Except for the small indusium, the Cyathea parent could as well be C.
furfuracea.
, Jan. 14, 1966, Woodbury (EI Verde Field i
< Trichipteris aspera
Msophila Elliottii Baker, Ann. Bot. 6: 96. 1892. Lectotype: St. Catherine's Peak,
Pyrenees, Grenada, Sherring, k! Lectoparatype: Antoine, Bellexu, ( ... nada / lliott k
Maxon. Contrik C.S. Nat. Herb. 17: 415. 1914.
Cyathea Elliottii (Baker) Domin, Acta Bot. Bohem. 9: 113. 1930.
This hybrid will key to species 9-12 of Central America and northern
South America. The leaf architecture suggests a hybrid with a species of
Cnemidaria, and the small indusium an exindusiate species as the other
parent. The proposed parents are both relatively common in Grenada.

Trit hipteris aspera is an Antillean species, including Cyathea muricata.
additional specimen. Grenada. Herb. Jenman (ny).
Hemitelia Hombersleyi Maxon, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 25: 528, f. 1. 1935. Holotype:
Aripo Road, via Arima, Trinidad, June 12, 1925, Broadway ir Hombersley, us! Para-
types (all Trinidad); Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 6118, us; Las Lapas Road,
Broadway 5913, us, Hombersley 208 us! Isoparatypes : Broadway 5913, mo! Hom-
Cyathea Hombersleyi (Maxon) Stolze, Fieldiana: Bot. 37: 81. 1974.
This hybrid will key to species 9-12, 13-16, or often to 17-19, none of
them growing in Trinidad. The relatively simple lamina architecture sug-
gests a species of Cnemidaria, while the relatively well-developed in-
dusium indicates another parent with a large indusium. Cyathea tenera is
the only species in Trinidad with a large ( sphaeropteroid ) indusium.
None of the material seen is suitable to assess the degree of development of
the spores.
Apparently known from three plants: (a) Broadway 6118; (b) Broad-
tcay 5913 and Hombersley 208; (c) June 12, 1925, Broadway ir Hombers-
ley, Broadway 5719, and 1925, Hombersley.
additional specimens. Trinidad. Aripo Road, via Arima, 1925, Hombersley (ch,
ny), and also Broadway 5719 (mo), are from the same plant as the type.
45. Cyathea arborea X Trichipteris armata
This hybrid has generally been identified as Hemitelia calolepis (see 47),

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but the type of that name is from Cuba, where Trichipteris artnata does
not grow. It will key to species 1-8 and of these, only Cyathea parvula,
with a small indusium, is in Jamaica. Most of the sporangia appear to be
poorly developed and well-developed spores have not been observed. The
pinna architecture and whitish petiole scales suggest Cyathea arhorea as
one parent, and the long trichomes on the pinna-rachis and pinnules be-
neath as well as the toothed segments suggest Trichipteris armata as the
other. The large hemitelioid indusium is consistent with this parentage.
specimens seen. Jamaica. Wihon 681 (ny); St. Thomas: between House Hill and
Cuna Cuna Gap, Maxon 8968 (ny.us); Corn Puss Gap, Proctor 4001 (mo.us);
Moody's Gap, Underwood 1550 (ny,us); Bath, 1895, Gilbert (gh,mo,ny).
The collections will key to species 1-8. Among these onlv Cyathea
parvula, with an aculeate petiole and usually smaller indusium is in
Jamaica. This hybrid has a tuberculate petiole and the indusium is at-
tached about halfway around the receptacle. The material is too mature
to allow assessment of the spore development. Eight other tree ferns were
listed by Morton and Proctor as occurring in the same locality as Hemi-
telia Leicisii. Among these, the brownish scales on the costules and the
moderately developed indusium suggest the indicated parentage.
issp.
5. Holotype: Monte Verde, Cuba, Wright

Cyathea calolepis (Hook.) Domin, Pterid. 263. 1929.
This hybrid will key to species 1-8 and among them only Cyathea
parvula occurs in Cuba. The hybrid may be distinguished by its tuber-
culate petiole and the pinna architecture that is similar to C. arborea.
Cyathea parvula has an aculeate petiole and different pinna architecture.
The sporangia are often not well-developed and the spores appear to be
abortive. The whitish scales of the petiole and whitish bullate scales on
the under surface of the lamina, as well as the pinna architecture suggest
C. arborea as one parent. The relatively small indusium, attached from
about /i to /2 around the receptacle suggests an exindusiate species as the
other. However, there is no information on which Trichipteris species
were growing in the same place as the hybrid.
[Begin Page: Page 90]
Cyathea Holdridgeana Nisman & Gomez, Amer. Fern Jour. 61: 168, f. 3, 4. 1971.
Holotype: La Chonta, km 55 Interamerican Highway, Prov. Cartago, Costa Rica,
Nisman 104, ch. Isotypes: f,gh! Paratypes: (all La Chonta, Herb. Gomez); Gomez
2542, 2560, 2577; Goldgewicht & Gomez 2675; km 54 Interamerican Highway, /. A.
This hybrid will key to species 1-8, and among these only Cyathea
multiflora grows in Costa Rica. It has sessile to short-stalked basal pinnules
on the pinnae, rather than long-stalked ones as in the hybrid. These long-
stalked pinnules suggest C. divergens var. divergens as one parent, and
the small indusium, minute to about X around the receptacle, indicates

an exindusiate species as the other. Trichipteris stipularis is a common
species in the Cordillera de Talamanca and may be the other parent. The
spores are unusual in lacking perine and many of them have the outer
layer of the exine peculiarly irregular.
Cyathea Holdridgeana is possibly a local endemic species of Costa Rica.
Luis D. Gomez (pers. comm.) informs me that neither of the proposed
parents were growing in the two localities where he has seen it. However,
its characters are suggestive of a hybrid and I prefer to treat it as one
until further field studies indicate that it is an endemic species.
Soeder 1972-067 (ch).
;. Costa Rica. 16 km south of El Empalme, White, Norn
49. Cyathea divergens var. Tuerckheimii X Cyathea fulva
The long-stalked pinnules, especially the basal ones, suggest ( yathea
divergens var. Tuerckheimii as one parent, and the brown petiole scales
suggest Cyathea fulva as the other. The petiole scurf is consistent with the
parentage; it is brown as in C. fulva, although not crested, and there are
some whitish small scales, as in C. divergens. The indusium is sphaerop-
teroid, but the sori are too young to assess the development of the
sporangia or spores.
specimens seen. Mexico. 20 km antes Huatusco, carretera Puente Nacional a
Huatusco, Veracruz, Nevling ir Gomez-Pompa 2443 (ch).

Cyathea trinitensis (Jenm.) Domin, Pterid. 264. 1929.
This hybrid will key to species 1-8, or to 17-19, none o
Innidad. The indusium varies from hemitelioid to discoi
festive of a hybrid. More adequate material is required.
[Begin Page: Page 91]
The following list includes (a) those names that apply to species of Cyathea thai
I have been unable to place more precisely, (b) those names that cannot be accurately
identified to genus without an examination of the original materials, and (c) a few
names to be referred to other genera. No attempt has been mad.- to Include the much
larger number of names placed in Cyathea by Domin and others. These are dealt with
under other revisions, Nephelea (Gastony, 1973), Cncmidaria (Stolze, 1974), Tri-
chipteris (Barrington, 1974), Alsophila (Conant, MS) and Spharro r te,i, ( Windisch.
MS).
Cyathea aphlebioides Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 6: 179. 1906. There are three
sheets under this name in Herb. Christ, p! One. with two petiole bases and the lower
portion of a raclns with basal pinnae has the abortive ( subaphlebioid ) pinnae em-
phasized by Christ in the name. The epithet aphlebioides was substituted tor the
original "decrescens." Lectotype: Navarro, 1400 m. WerckU, C. Hica. 1905. \nothe,
sheet: Navarro, Costa Rica, WerckU, 1905, is Cyathm Del-adi, and the third: C. Rica,
Navarro, 1400 m, Werekh Fragm. ex Christ, us).
Cyathea arborea var. pusilla Bosco, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n.s. 45: 141. 1938.
Paramos de Portrerillos, 3200 m, and Plan de Sapote, 1800-2100 in. Ecuador, CrespL

Cyathea azuayensis Sod. Crypt. Vase. Quit. 644. 1893. Prov. Azuav, Ecuador,
3000 m, Rimbach 23. Sodiro indicated a close comparison with Cyath, a in, ana. which
sutmests that this is a species of Nephelea and perhaps N. incana.
Cyathea caduca Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 7: 271. 1907. San Jose, Costa Rica,
Jardin de Camiol WerckU, 1906. The spiny trunk indicates that this name refers to a
Cyathea denudans Kze. Linnaea 18: 349. 1844. Mexico. Leibold, Herb. Roemer, lz,
Cyathea Dyeri Sod. Crypt. Vase. Quit. 515. 1893. Chimborazo, cerca Saltuco,
Ecuador, 300-600 m, Sodiro. A portion of a rachis with three pinnae: Saltuco. Prov.
Bolivar, 9/1872, Sodiro, p| is a species of Cyathea.
Cyathea Eggersu Huron Engl Bot lahrb 34: 438. 1904. El Recreo, Rio Puntilla,
Prov. Manabi, Ecuador, Eggers 15320. Isotypes: f! gh! A species of Cyathea but not
Cyathea / Rec. Crypt. Vase. Quit. 14. 1883. Holotvpe: Chim-
borazo cerca de S. Pablo de Atenas, Prov. de Riobamba, Ecuador, Sodiro.
Cyathea furfuracea Sod. Sert. Fl. Ecuad. 2: 7. 1908, not Baker, 1874. Pichincha,
Ecuador, Sod .,:,- C. Chr. Ind. Fil. Suppl. 21. 1913, nom. not. for
Cyathea furfuracea Sod., not Baker.
Cyathea hexagona Fee, Mem. Fam. Foug. 8: 111. 1857. Huatusco, Mexico, Schaffner
237. A sheet at k! photo gh, is a mixture of a Cyathea species and Nephelea mexirana.
Gastony (Contrib. Gray Herb. 203: 147. 1973), excluded the Nephelea material as

inconsistent with the description. The Cyathea is either C. fulva or C. diverge var.
I hirtula var. multisorosa Karst. Linnaea 28: 462. 1856. Montalban and
Cuirgua, Venezuela, Karsten.
Cyathea Jurgensenii Foum. Mex. PI. 1: 135. 1872. Jurgensen 874, p! photo gh is a
large pinnae which could be either Cyathea fulva or C. divergens var. TuerckheimH;
a Mettenii var. caucana Hieron. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 34: 437. 1904. Supra
Paletara, Cauca, Colombia, Lehmann 3482.
Cyathea patens Houlst. & Moore, Gard. Mag. Bot. 3: 330. 1851, nom. nud. Hort.
from Jamaica, the meager descr to effect valid publication.
Cyathea pilosa Sampaio, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio I: 13. 1923, nom. nud.
Cyathea puberula Sod. Rec. Crypt. Vase. Prov. Quit. 16. 1883. Rio Peripe, cerca San
Miguel de los Colorados, Ecuador, Sodiro. A small specimen: Peripe, 8/1875, Sodtro,
p! is a species of Cyathea.
Cyathea pygmaea Hort. Gard. Chron. Ill, 15: 663. 1894, nom. nud.
Cyathea subindusiata var. chontiUa Domin, Mem. Roy. Czech Soc. Sci. n.s. 2
(Pterid. Dominica): 68. 1929. Andes of Ecuador, 11,000 ft., Spruce.
[Begin Page: Page 92]

92 ROLLA TRYON
Cyathea Schottiana Kze. Linnaea 23: 246. 1850, nom. nud., Mexico.
Cyathea Trejoi Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 5: 733. 1905. San Pablo, Chiapas,
Mexico, 1500 m, 1903, Munch. The spiny trunk, a fragment ex Christ, ny! and the
provenence refer this name to Nephelea mexicana.
Cyathea venosa (Kuhn) Domin, Pterid. 264. 1929. Hemitelia venosa Kuhn, Linnaea
36. 161. 1869. Caracas, Appun, fragm. b! photo gh, fragm. ex k,ny! The fragmentary
material is not adequate for determination of the genus. Stolze (Fieldiana: Bot. 37: 81.
1974) came to the same conclusion.
Hemitelia Lindenii Hort. Gard. Chron. Ill, 15: 663. 1894, nom. nud.
LITERATURE CITED
Alston, A. H. G. 1959. The ferns and fern-allies of West Tropical Africa. Fl. West
Trop. Africa, Ed. 2, Suppl. pp. 1-89.
Barrington, D. S. 1974. A revision of Trichipteris ( Cyatheaceae ) . Ph.D. Thesis,
Harvard University.
Carlquist, S. 1966. The biota of long-distance dispersal, III. Loss of dispersibility in
the Hawaiian flora. Brittonia 18: 310-335.
Conant, D. S. 1975. Hybrids in American Cyatheaceae. Rhodora 77: 441^55.
Gastony, G. J. 1973. A revision of the fern genus Nephelea. Contrib. Gray Herb.

203: 81-148.
. 1974. Spore morphology in the Cyatheaceae, I. The perine and spor-
angial capacity: general considerations. Amer. Jour. Bot. 61: 672-680.
and R. Tryon. 1976. Spore morphology in the Cyatheaceae, II. The
genera Lophosoria, Metaxya, Spha ind Nephelea. Amer. Jour.
Halle, F. 1966. Etude de la ramification du tronc chez quelques fougeres arbores-
centes. Adansonia, n.s. 6: 405-424.
Lewis, W. H. 1971. High floristic endemism in low cloud forests of Panama. Biotropica
3: 78-80.
Morton, C. V. 1947. The American species of Hymenophyllum section Sphaerocion-
ium. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 29: 139-201.
Steyehmark, J. A. 1974. The summit vegetation of Cerro Autana. Biotropica 6: 7-13.
Stolze, R. G. 1974. A taxonomic revision of the genus Cnemidaria (Cyatheaceae).
Fieldiana: Bot. 37: 1-98.
Tryon, R. 1970. The classification of the Cyatheaceae. Contrib. Gray Herb. 200: 3-53.
. 1971. The process of evolutionary migration in species of Sehginella.
Brittonia 23: 89-100.

. 1972. Endemic areas and geographic speciation in tropical American
ferns. Biotropica 4: 121-131.
and G. J. Gastony. 1975. The biogeography of endemism in the Cyathea-
ceae. Brit. Fern Gaz. 11: 73-79.
Van Cotthem, W. 1970. Comparative morphological study of the stomata in the
Filicopsida. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 40: 81-239.
Walker, T. G. 1966. A cytotaxonomic survey of the Pteridophytes of Jamaica. Trans.
Roy. Soc. Edinb. 66: 169-237.
Windisch, P. G. 1976. The systematics of the group of Sphaeropteris hirsuta (Cyathea-
ceae ). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. ( in press ) .
1. Cyathea mulnHor,. Sin.. British Honduras, Guatemala, I
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Braz
2. Cyathea andina (Karst.) Domin: Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Fi
Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
3. Cyathea Weatherbyana (Morton) Morton: Galapagos Islands
4. Cyathea Alphonsiana Gomez: Cocos Island.
5. Cyathea notabilis Domin: Cocos Island.
6. Cvathea parvula (Jenm.) Domin: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola,

[Begin Page: Page 93]
Cyathea platylepis (Hook.) Domin: Venezuela, Colombia.
Cyathea Vilhelmii Domin: Peru.
Cvathea petiolata (Hook.) Tryon: Panama, Colombia.
Cyathea impar Tryon: Panama.
Cyathea Steyermarkii Tryon: Venezuela.
Cyathea conformis (Tryon) Stolze: Panama, Colombia.
Cvathea decorata (Maxon) Tryon: Colombia.
Cyathea parva (Maxon) Tryon: Colombia.
Cyathea speciosa Willd.: Venezuela, Colombia.
Cyathea Haughtii (Maxon) Tryon: Colombia.
Cyathea arborea (L.) Sm.: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, I
tilles south to Grenada.

Cvathea Vlstonii Tryon: Colombia.
Cyathea peladensis (Hieron.) Domin: Colombia.
Cyathea divergens Kze.
20a. var. divergens: Costa Rica Panama h.iti-h Guiana, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Peru.
20b. var. Tuerckheimii (Maxon) Tryon: Mexico, Guatemala.
Cyathea pallescens (Sod.) Domin: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.
Cyathea simplex Tryon: Venezuela.
Cvathea eorallifera Sod.: Ecuador.
Cyathea boliviana Tryon: Bolivia.
Cyathea straminea Karst. : Colombia.
Cyathea Ruiziana Kl.: Peru.
Cyathea microphylla Mett.: Peru.
Cvathea multKesi'menta Trvon: Peru.
Cyathea fulva (Mart. & Gal.) Fee: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, P
Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia.
Cyathea Harrisii Maxon: Jamaica, Hispaniola.
Cyathea furfuracea Baker: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico.
Cyathea suprastrigosa (Christ) Maxon: Costa Rica.
Cyathea Delgadii Sternb.: Costa Rica, Panama, British Guiana, Venezuel
bia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Ilha Trindade.
Cyathea tenera (Hook.) Moore: Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Margarita.

Cyathea caracasana ( Kl. ) Domin.
36a. var. boliviensis (Rosenst.) Tryon: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuac
Bolivia.
36b. var. meridensis (Karst.) Tryon: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador.
36c. var. caracasana: Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Venezuela, Colombia,
36d. var. chimborazensis (Hook.) Tryon: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador
36e. var. Maxonii (Maxon) Tryon: Costa Rica.
Cyathea Lechleri Mett.: Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia.
Cyathea gracilis Griseb. : Costa Rica, Jamaica, Colombia.
Cyathea ebenina Karst.: Venezuela, Colombia, Peru.
Cyathea Dudleyi Tryon: Peru.
Cnemidaria horrida X Cyathea arborea: Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
Cnemidaria horrida X Cyathea parvula: Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.
I spectabilis X Cyathea tenera: Trinidad,
cyathea arborea X Trichipteris armata: Jamaica.
Cyathea arborea X Trichipteris aspera: Jamaica.
Cyathea arborea X Trichipteris sp.: Cuba.
Cyathea divergens var. divergens X Trichipteris stipularis: Costa Rica.
Cyathea divergens var. Tuerckheimii X Cyathea fulva: Mexico.
Cyathea tenera X Trichipteris sp.: Trinidad.

[Begin Page: Page 94]
Index to I
Abbott 294(6); 410(17); 445, 747(6); 1590
1664(31); 2067(6); 2612(17); 2660(41);
2710, 2712(17).
Acuiia 6834(31); 12347(6).
Agredo 431(29).
Allen 1522(29); 3529(20a).
Andre 1134, 2375(2).
Archer 1251(36a).
Aristeguieta 856(15).
Asplund 5557(1).
Augusto 854(6); 1401(17).
Baik-v I.. H. 741(17).
Bailey & Bailey 279(17).
Bang' 562, 2.3 18(36a).
Barclay 908(9).
Barrington 453, 454(36a); 455(36b); 456
(36a); 464(21); 474(29); 477(36a); 481,
482(25); 493(36a); 498(36d) ; 500(20a);
502(36d); 504(13); 505(25); 506(36b);

521(36a).
Beard 625(17).
Bernardi 1868(20a); 1879(29).
Bierhorst FG87, FG110(2).
Blum et al. 1700, 1701(9).
Box 377(17).
Brade 8220(33).
Brade & Brade 108020a): 287(29); 288
(36e); 405, 496(1); 629(20a); 630, 631
(29); 853(38).
Bridarolli 4341(33).
Bristol 384(36d).
Britton & Britton 7210(17).
Britton & Cowell 165, 286, 331(17); 4217
(6).
Britton & Marble 691(6); 1422(17).
Britton & Shafer 1693(17).
Britton & Wilson 5328(17).
Britton et al. 1351, 2285(34); 2409(17);
2482(6); 2620(31); 6292, 6622, 8173,
8404(17).
Broadway 1904, 5514(34); 5719, 5913(44);

7408, 9968(34).
Buchtien 291(37); 5139(33); 5140(36a).
Bunting & Licht 396, 1246(1).
Burch 548(20a).
Burchell A703, 1896(33).
Burger & Liesner 6793(1).
Burger & Matta 4237(1).
Burger & Bamirez 3964(29).
Burger & Stolze 4941. 4982(1); 5238(32);
5667, 5683(29); 5828, 5870:1); 5963
(36e); 5964(32); 5968, 6007(36e); 6094
(1).
Cabrera 246(36a).
Campbell 7731(35).
Campos Porto 579(33).
Carabia 3544(6).
Cardenas 1009(37); 3059(36a); 3150(21).
Cardona, F. 2075(7).
Carriker 7(20a).
2664(17).

Chase 6211a(6).
Chrysler 1850(17); 2049(30); 4586(31).
Chrysler & Roever 4837(9).
Clement 1656(17); 1663(6).
Clute 89(31); 181(38); 289(17).
Colinvaux 357(3).
Colwell 585(17).
Conant 596, 603(31); 612(42); 626(41);
685(31).
Conant & Hodgdon 646(6).
Conzatti & Gomez 2361(29).
Copeland 15(29).
Cornman 695(9).
Cowan & Wurdack 30229, 31365(37);
31390(29).

Crosby & Anderson 1044(17).
Crosby et al. 308(31); 316(38).
Cuatrecasas 5492(36a); 6710(36b); 80.35,
8037(36a); 8418, 8438(21); 8507(19);
8674(36d); 11325(2); 11465(36d); 11-
675(36a); 11856(25); 13918(1); 13919
(20a); 15000, 15095(36a); 15191(36d);
15593(20a); 15737, 17429(13); 17886,
18(H3(30a); 18186. I8245..30d): 20994
(36a); 21611, 21649(36(1); 21925. 21934
(36al; 22161(1); 22525(39); 23486(21);
23803(20a); 23811(36a).
Cuatrecasas & Jaramillo 12015(36a).
Cuatrecasas et al. 12436, 12584(36a);
Cuming 1360(1).
Curran 136(9).
Daniel 2983(29); 3017(20a); 4175(29).
D'Arcy48D(17).
Deam 48.3(1).

Delgado 3(36c); 60(15).
Duarte 1346(33).
Dudley 10058, 101 15B, 10268, 10286B
(33); 10462, l(1588(36a); 10738, 10861
(40); 10864(21); 10867B(40); 10943
(27); 1 0950Ri2 1 1; II020(36a); 11149
(21); 11258(33); I 1275(30;,); I 1320(28);
ll327(36a) ; 13007(37); 13055(36a);
13213, 13262(37); 13276. 13358(36a).
Dus.'n 623a. 3219, 10382, 10760, 11781,
16980(33).
Duss 1004, 1009,4322(17).
Eggers 5031(31); 5117(6); 5211(31); 6083;
6610(17); 6859, 6868(34); 6921, 6996a
(17); 14899, 15320(21).
F.it.Mi rt ul. 2127(33).
Ekman 16.38, 1805(17); H2873(6); H2954

(17); 3097(6); H3217(31); 3368(17);
[Begin Page: Page 95]
H4365(6); H4835, H4846(41) ; 5430;
H6393(31); H6769(36c); 7070, HI 1496
(31); H11499(2): HI167S30: [112805
(31); H14362(36c); H14752(41).
Elias 4(9).
Englesing 290(1).
E-puia & C.iacometto A134(20a).
Espinosa 918(21).
Esposto 659(2).
Ewan 16012(36a); 16031(20a,36d); 16-
153(36a); 16182(21); 16307(36a); 16784,
Fendler 46(15); 50(39); 52(29); 56(36c);
80(34); 417, 421(9).
Fernandez & Mora 1451(29).

Ferreyra 1074(36a); 1694(2); 1696, 16684
Fisher 125(37).
Fishlock 381(17).
Flack 914(33).
Foldats 4948(7).
Fosberg 19950(19).
Fredholm 3236(17).
Fuertes 1515, 1320b(31).
Funck 663(15).
Funck & Schlim 413(29).
Galeotti 6346(29).
Garcia 50(15).
Garcia-Barriga 17581(33).
Gardner 1907(33).
Gastony 10, 38(17).
Gastony & Gastony 747, 748(32); 755
-
761(32); 762(29); 772, 773(38); 774
(29); 779, 780(1); 789(36e); 790, 794
(33).
Gastony vt al. 173, 197(31); 208(6); 213,
252. 253, 31); 272(6): 324, 431, 469(31);

654(41): 656. 659, 660(6); 702' 17); 720.
730(30).
2284, 2286, 15776(33).
GolleraZ. 401(17).
Gomez 2370(32); 3349(4).
Grant 10298i36a>: 10323(21); 10324(36a);
10345, 10354(36a); 10743(2); 10948
Grant & Fosberg 9308(21).
Grubb et al. 1016(36a); 1334(36a).
Gutierrez & Jaramillo 279(36a).
Hamilton 243(6); 3247(29).
Harling 5084(3).
Harling et al. 10178(20a).
" s 10661(6).
Haught 1337(9); 1358(2); 1957(16); 2813
(33).
Hazen 9693(20a); 11834(1).
Heller 4467(17); 4595(6).
Heller & Heller 285(17); 705(1).
Hellwig & Whitaker 1433(20a).
Henri-Stanislas 1619(29).
Herzog 1990(36a).

Hespenheide 957, 1327(6); 1466(31).
Hess 342(2); 371(41).
Hinton 14274(29).
Hioram 182, 804(41); 809(31); 1298(17);
7311(6).
Hodge 6, 7(17); 6872, 6873(1).
Hodge & Hodge 1973(34); 2444, 2880(17).
Holdridge 1966(31); 2150(6); 5160(4);
5161(5).
lloln.& litis 533, 601, 605(32).
Holton 69(36c).
Homberslev 208(44).
Howard 5221, 5224(17); 5859, 5963(6);
6 165a. 6565(17); 10638(34); 11353,
11905(17); 11906(34).
Howard & Nevling 15776(17).
Howard & Proctor 15033(6).
Howell 9227(3).
Husnot 398(17).
Hutchison & Idrobo 3144(1).
Hutchison & Wright 6814(39).
Idrobo & Schultes 748(2); 1105(36c); 1130

(18).
litis et al. 1025(36a).
Im Thurn 92(33).
Irwin & Soderstrom 6282(33).
Irwin et al. 10138, 16305(33).
Jack 7273(31); 7424(17).
Jenman 97(6).
[imenez 599' 29): 872' 1 ); 1022(32); 3146
(5).
Johnson, H. 960, 961(20b); 962, 964(29);
966, 967(20b).
Johnston, J. R. 143(34).
Jones, G.N. 10995(17).
Jones & Norris 1026(31); 1078(6); 1188
Hart 43(1).
(36a).
Kenoyer 5(9).
Killip 2802.9U 5096 20a); 52.54(14); 5257
(13); 56S4'20a>; 5701(1); 11364(36d);
11386(39); 11392(20a); 11404(36b);
12142(9); 35192(13).
Killip & Garcia 33173, 33624(9); 33711

[Begin Page: Page 96]
(29); 20100(36d); 20407(20a); 23979,
23980(1); 23995, 24014, 24572(2);
29379(1).
Kuhlman 1792(33).
Lehm
Lellinger 354, 642(17).
Lemos 18911(33).
Lent 459(33).
Leon 11154, 11176(31); 11181(36c);
11900, 12296(17), 12721(17).
Leon & Clement 4001, 8097(17).
Leon et al. 9865(6); 9926, 10070(17);
10309(6); 10535(31); 13919(17).
Leonard 4670, 5355(31); 8227(6); 8377
(31); 9308(2); 9350(6); 9365(17).
Leonard & Leonard 12316(6); 14256(17);

14535(6); 14595, 15165(31); 15707(17).
Leprieur 265, 265a(2).
Levis & Maurel 3834(6).
Levy 468(1).
L'Herminier 3(17); 62(34).
Linden 1022(36a).
Lindig 115(36b); 196, 242(36a); 248(36b);
282(20a); 284(36a); 285(36b); 286,
287, 288(36a); 289(21); 306(36a); 308
(29); 309(20a); 310(1); 355(2).
Little 7332(36d); 8040, 8044(20a); 8120,
8497(36a); 8535(20a); 8643, 8847(21);
8905(39); 8906, 9083(36d); 9391(21);
13071, 13424(17); 21702(31); 21704(2);
21708(6).
Lloyd 170(34); 333(17); 391(34); 653(17).
Lockwood 706(29); 800(21).
Lopez et al. 4312(36a).
Luetzelburg 534, 12841(33).

Macbride 4135(26); 4819(20a); 4869(33).
Macedo 2161, 2173, 2825(33).
Madison 618(29); 779(1); 802(36a); 803
(38); 804(36a); 805(1); 821(36d); 861
(21); 888(36d); 892(36a); 913(1); 933,
1076(36a).
Maguire 33083(7); 33530(36b).
Maguire & Maguire 35194(22).
28557(37).
aguire et al. 37261(7); 42369, 42370
(37); 42472(7).
artin 3395(15).
artinez 1, 26(29).
athews 1828(33).
-.-' i '
(29); 524(36e); 569(29); 1371(30); 1913
2643(31), 2698(31); 2863,
3906, 3909(17); 3910(6); 3918(17);
4077, 4132(6); 4645(9); 5046(29); 5199
Maxon & Killip 441(6); 483(17); 660(31);
944(38); 1146(31); 1449(17).

MrAlpm 2192.20a : 2222, 2230. 2257(1);
2259(29); 2263(36e); 2360(1).
McConnell & Quelch 605(33).
>>,388(33).
Mello Filho 961(33).
Meyer, T. 6278A(33).
Mickel 2265(29); 3228(36e).
Mille 171(21).
Miller 407(20b).
Molina 1964, 2013(1); 10255(29).
Molina et al. 17154, 17164, 17240, 17440,
17968(1); 17990, 17994(33).
Moore, H. E. 3484(29).
Moore et al. 9829(7).
Morton 5193(17); 5492, 6213(34); 9273,
9397(31); 9446(6).
Morton & Acima 3047, 3487(6).

Morton & Alain 8971(6).
Mont/ 177 >6( ': 393,39); 394(36c).
2
Mutis 3159, 3173, 3291, 3294(1).
Nash 470(17).
Nash & Taylor 1744(31).
Nevling & Gomez-Pompa 2443(49).
Nicolson 2177(34).
Nisman 9(1); 10(32); ll(36e); 29, 34(33);
36, 37i 1): 43(20a); 44, 45(1); 61(29);
78(33); 88(1); 99(38); 100, 102, 103
(32); 104 4S>: 105. 107, 108(36e); 110
(33); 112.1V 113(29); 115, 119, 121,
122.33V 124,20a); 133, 1.35(33); 138
(20a); 139(1); 14020a); 144(3:3!; 145.
148(1); 150(29); 156(20a); 160, 161,
162/29); lfiS(20a); 109(29); 170, 171
(32); 172, 175(1); 177(36e).
Orcutt 4648(17); 5158(31); 5786(17).

Otto 671(15).
Palmer. C. W. 76(29).
Pennell 4408(1); 4455(20a); 7118, 7503
(36a); 9311 (20a); 9695(25).
Pennell & Killip 5701, 7230, 8058(1).
Phelps & Hitchcock 484(37).
- 595(33).
Philipson et aZ. 2157(18).
Pittier 218,15); 4412(9); 6016(29); 6820
(9); 7367, 8070(15); 9359(29); 10011
(36c); 10981. 10992(1); 11853(15);
12027 1 ; 12355(5); 13728(29); 13740,
13741 15); 13946(29); 14160(20a); 14-
997(15); 16228(5).
Poeppig 218(33); 219, 1152(20a).
[Begin Page: Page 97]
Pohl 663(33).

Pollard et al. 45(17); 255(6).
Prance et al. 4470(2); 4499(33).
Pringle 6088(20b).
Proctor 3914(17); 3996(31); 4000(46);
4001(45); 4360(31); 4378(30); 4460(6);
4583(38); 4607, 4889(17); 5060, 5513
(6); 5711(38); 5819(35); 11453 l .31) : 11-
544(6); 16503(36c); 16995(34); 17270
(17); 17781(34); 17829, 19169, 19481
(17); 20134(34); 20135, 21785(17);
22547(36c).
Proctor et al. 26954, 27102(1).
Purpus 438, 3809, 15312a(20b).
Quesada 3(2).
Riba 219(31).
Riba et al. 260(29).
Rimbach 67(23).
Rohr 307(33).

Rojas 3010(33).
Rose & Rose 22508, 22605(21).
Rose & Russell 20598, 20643(33).
Rose et al. 4391(17).
Ruiz 72(26).
Ruiz, A. & A. Smith 209(6); 1538(29).
Sampaio 4817, 4818(33).
Sargent 412(6).
Sauvalle 31(17).
Scamman 5880(1); 5884(20a); 5885(36e);
6105(1); 6517(17); 6998(1); 7004(38);
7005(20a); 7006, 7007, 7584, 7860(29);
7862(20a); 8116(17); 8142(17).
Scamman & Holdridge 6997, 7436(1);
7861(29); 2864A(32); 7864R, 7867,
7868, 7869(36e); 7870(32); 7880(1).
Schipp S774, S923(l).

Sieber 194(17); 374(34).
Sintenis 409, 1375, 1788, 2415(17); 4102
(2); 4242(17); 5960(6); 5961(17); 6076
(6); 6086(17); 6156(2).
Skutch 743, 1162, 1698(20b); 2161(1);
2964(20a).
nith, A. C. 2873(2).
Smith, C. E. et al. 4140(29).
Smith, G. W. & H. H. Smith 1349(17).
Smith, H. H. 1017(2); 1020(36a); 1124
(15); 2225(20a); 2227, 2641(2).
Smith, H. H. & G. W. Smith 292(34).
Smith, J. D. 1567(1).
Smith, L. B. 1593(33).
Smith, S. G. & Idrobo 1539(33).
Sneidern 2189(36a); 5365(20a).
Soejarto 1451(33); 1562, l568(36a); 1569
(19); 2050(36a).
Sota, de La 5053(36e); 5263(33).
Soukup 1052(2); 2335, 5017(36.0: 5223

(33); 5260b(l).
Sparre 14049, 16310, 16312, 16313; 16-
488(36a); 16753, 16946(21); 18482(1);
18738(36a); 19099(1).
Spruce 3127(7); 4723(37); 4729(33); 53.
67(21); 5741(1); 5743(36d).
Standley 27496(9); 53132, 53945(1); 85-
050(29); 90427(20b); 91674(1).
Standley & Torres 51288(20a).
Standley & Valerio 47189(1).
Stehle 3309, 6081(17).
Steinbach 5310(33); 8572(24); 9046, 9425,
9449(36a); 9512(24).
Stern & Chambers 188(12).
al. 1135(20a); 1755(1).
I, 131(4).
Schmalz 200(33).
Schmitt 128(5); 129, 1

Schnee 1487(2).
Schnell 1045(1).
Schomburgk 1124(33).
Schultes 5857(7).
Schultes & Cabrera 12469, 13407,
16330(7).
Schultes & Lopez 9497(7).
Schultes & Villarreal 5185(36a).
Schultes et al. 24221(7); 24423(7).
Schunke 53(2); 117(1).
Scolnik et al. 19An214(29).
Seemann 990(12); 1120(1).
Segadas-Viana 2058(33).
" " n 4213(33).
Seifm
Senn 3.
molli 182(15).
ifer 175, 343(17); 1713, 3059(6); 3518
17); 4162, 4217(6); 4379, 7998(17);
5066, 8333(6); 8957(17).

Stev
Stewart 894, 895, 896, 897(3).
Steyermark 29801, 30057. ii
36394(20b); 39965(1); 42791, 43498
(29); 48784, 49787, 51677(20b); 56-
588, 59811(20a); 61970(15); 62467,
74842(29); 74905(7); 74989, 75444(37);
75451(7); 75472(29); B975
93787(71; 93918(20a>;
(37); 97872(7); 98019(37); !
98224(33); 98914(29); 1(
105183(7); 105194(11); 105973(20a).
SteMrm.uk • ,\- Allen 17141(1).
iting 103084(7).
Steyermark &R
:, Steyermark 95396(29).
1328(29).
Steyermark et al. 92504(7); 92701(20a);
100748(36a); 100967(36b); 103580

-
109395 109396, 109556(20a).
5(17); 1273(6).
[Begin Page: Page 98]
Stolm 209(6).
Stone 2447(29); 2752(33).
Stone & Stone 2700(20a); 2719(1).
Stork 1040, 1785, 2330(20a).
Stiibel 1259(19).
Sydow 299(1).
Tate 112(15); 428(20a); 668, 865(37).
Taylor, X. 225(17); 510(6).
Taylor, Wm. R. 1374(1).
Tessmann 3025(1).

Ton 892(29).
Tonduz 10103(17); 10701(32); 11787,
11789, 11802, 12183(20a).
Torres 53(20a).
Tovar 4201(36a).
Traill 1382(1).
Tryon & Tryon 5219(33); 5326, 5773,
6009(36a); 6113(21); 6658, 6659, 6661,
6671(33); 6962(17); 6913(33); 6982,
6983(31); 6988, 6989(29); 7022(36e);
7023(1); 7025(36e); 7083(6); 7123
(29); 7124(29).
Tschudi 147(15).
Tiirckheim 1238(20b); II 1629(29); II
1645, II 2031(20b); 2716(17); 3056
(31).
& Blum 1647(9).
" 4(10).

& Ugent 5111(21).
UUoa 5(33); 102, 103(20a).
Underwood 49(17); 11433, 1527, 1530,
1535(31); 1536(38); 1550(45); 1623,
2102(6); 2383(31); 2502(30); 2633,
2634(31); 2858(17); 2889(6); 3143,
3150, 3210, 3216, 3219(31); 3398,
3401(6).
Underwood & Earle 609(17); 714(6);
715(17); 730(6); 731(17); 1173, 1184,
1367(6).
Underwood & Griggs 287(17).
Valeur 317(6); 396(17); 566(2).
Vareschi 3183(2); 4782(37); 5819(33);
6458, 6462(29); 7492(36a).
Vareschi & Foldats 4869(37).
Vargas 11754(1); 11858(27);
16206, 16274, 16544(1); 17536(2); 19-
857(21).

Wacket 224(33).
Watt 184(38); 196(31).
Weber, C. 6235(31).
Webster, R. 1850(17).
Wedel 2858(1).
Welch 19613(1).
Werckle 41(29); 45(20a); 52(29).
Wetmore & Woodworth 113, 114(9).
White, R. 1972067(48).
White & Lucansky 196823(33); -27, -28,
-29, -30, -31, -32, -55, -74(20a);
_77 ; _78, -79, -80(33); -96(20a); -101,
-102, -103(29); -110(1); -114(29);
-124, -138, -156, -158(20a); -163,
-164(33); -165; -166; -167(20al; -181
(1); -182, -184, -191(33); 1969237
(29); -243(36c); 1970140(36c).

White & White 197031(37).
White, et al. 1972067(48).
\\ it^ins l()9'l')Clf>lil 18561(3).
Will,,,, 8055,8288(17).
Wilbur & Stone 9972(32); 10109(29);
10623(36e).
Wilbur etal. 11077(20a); 11121(33).
Williams, LI. 10723(15); 12250(29);
14328(7).
Williams, R. S. 1272(1); 1333, 1334(33).
Williams, L. O. & Molina 11093(29).
Williams, L. O. et al. 24260(1,; 24972,
25670, 27674, 27683(29); 28434,
Webster 482(31); 518(17).
'ilson, N. 332(17); 513, 520(42); 681
(45); 731(41).
7472(17).

Wood
t al. ',
3); 891, 950(47); 951(6).
Wurdack 1653(30,,): 34115(20;,!; 34257
(37); 34285(20a).
Wydler 444(17).
Xolocotzi & Sharp X472, X1163(20b).
York 194(31).
Yuncker 4745(1); 17532(31).