M5 West Widening Project

M5 West Widening Project 

Acacia pubescens Management Strategy 

• salvage of small quantities of soil seed bed from within a 5 metre boundary of the individual 

stands, where practical, and treated and monitored in a nursery environment. 

A.2 Objectives and Performance Targets 

The objective of the translocation strategy is to assist in the mitigation of impact on the threatened 

species Acacia pubescens from construction associated with the M5 West Motorway Widening project, by 

establishing and enabling a number of long-term self-sustaining communities in suitably identified and 

prepared recipient sites adjacent to the M5 Motorway corridor. 

As a clonal species, the approach to propagation and translocation is focussed on replicating the 

populations impacted rather than increasing genetic diversity by collection from plants located elsewhere. 

However, species diversity in supporting plant assemblages would remain. The need for strict hygiene 

protocols to prevent the spread of fungal and other diseases, particularly in attached soil, is considered a 

key element in the success of the project. 

Performance targets are: 

• successful establishment of a minimum of 100 translocated individuals beyond an initial 12 months 

post planting; 

• management and control of threats, including insect attack, disease, and weeds. 

These targets will be monitored by the Project Ecologist and reported in accordance with Section A.9 of 

this Translocation Program. If performance targets are not met during the first 12 months following 

planting, then RMS/ILR and the Project Ecologist will be consulted and further contingencies will be 

investigated in consultation with OEH. 

A.3 Legal & Conservation Status 

Acacia pubescens legal and conversation status is outlined in Section A1 of this document. 

There are currently two key threatening processes listed on Schedule 3 of the TSC Act that are relevant to 

Acacia pubescens: 

• “Clearing of native vegetation” is listed as a key threatening process and is identified as a threat 

to Acacia pubescens. Past clearing of the habitat of this species is a major reason for its listing as 

vulnerable. 

• “High frequency fire resulting in the disruption of life cycle processes in plants and animals and 

loss of vegetation structure and composition” is another key threatening process which is relevant 

to this species. Some sites of A. pubescens are subject to repeated fire, apparently due to arson. 

Appropriate fire regimes must be considered when developing management strategies for all sites 

of A. pubescens. 

Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses is also noted as a key threatening 

process to the survival of the Acacia pubescens. 

At the time of the Recovery Plan prepared for the species (NPWS, 2003), Acacia pubescens had been 

recorded from 195 sites and was known from 151 of these. A high percentage of those (51%) consisted 

of populations of fewer than 20 ramets (or ‘clones’). 

Most of these populations are subject to numerous threats and only 5 of the 151 sites occurred within 

conservation reserves (those being Scheyville National Park and Windsor Downs Nature Reserve), 

ABI-CR-M5WW-ENV-FFMP-Annex 9-Rev3 

Authorised: Regional Environmental Manager Revision: 3 Page 24 of 37



although there were also a number of sites (62%) in other forms of public ownership, and some of these 

were being managed for conservation purposes. 

The Biodiversity Working Paper prepared for the M5 West Widening project EA (Eco Logical Australia in 

RMS, 2010) noted that numerous Acacia pubescens individuals have been planted along the M5 West 

Motorway as part of the original landscaping, particularly around bridge abutments east of Moorebank 

Road. These planted individuals are mentioned in the Recovery Plan for Acacia pubescens: 

“It is also believed that the RTA planted some plants along the M5 Motorway, which were taken from 

plants lost during its construction. Individuals of A. pubescens in these locations appear to be surviving 

well and flowering.” (NPWS, 2003). 

Approximately 76 Downy Wattle stems would be required to be removed as part of the M5 upgrade, 

constituting a loss of 40% of the planted population of Downy Wattle within the M5 West Motorway 

corridor. An additional 113 Downy Wattle stems were observed adjacent to the M5 Motorway corridor and 

are unlikely to be impacted by the proposal. Within 5km of the M5 corridor there are approximately 1,300 

Downy Wattle records in the NPWS Atlas (Eco Logical Australia in RMS, 2010). 

A.4 Required Licences and Approvals 

As required by the MCoA, unless otherwise agreed by the Director General, the Acacia pubescens 

Management Strategy is to be submitted for the Director General’s approval at least four weeks prior to 

the commencement of any construction that would result in the disturbance of Acacia pubescens. The 

MCoA also requires the Strategy to be prepared in consultation with OEH (DW6). 

In order to remove or translocate Acacia pubescens species, a licence under Section 91 of the TSC Act 

would generally be required to be obtained prior to works commencing. However, as this project was 

approved under Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 this requirement does 

not apply. However, any seed and/or cutting collection of any other threatened species deemed 

necessary to reconstitute the ecological habitat in the recipient or host sites for A. pubescens is likely to 

require a licence under Section 91 of the TSC Act or similar licence/permit. 

A.5 Ecology and Genetic Research 

The following information is from the Acacia pubescens Recovery Plan (NPWS, 2003): 

‘Acacia pubescens is a bushy or weeping shrub 1 to 5 metres on height and may be single or multi- 

stemmed, forming dense patches from suckering. It has bipinnate leaves and conspicuously hairy 

branchlets. (NPWS, 2003). A detailed scientific description of the species is provided in the Recovery 

Plan. 

Acacia pubescens is a clonal species and recruitment is more commonly from vegetative reproduction 

than from seedlings. The percentage of pod production and seed fall for this species appears to be low 

(NPWS, 2003). Acacia species generally have high seed dormancy and long-lived persistent soil 

seedbanks (Auld, 1996). It is thought that the species needs a minimum fire free period of 5-7 years to 

allow an adequate seedbank to develop (Thomas, 1994). 

The longevity of the species is unknown, but clonal species have been known to survive for many 

decades (NPWS 1999). The species flowers from August to October (Benson & McDougall 1996). 

Pollination of Acacia flowers is usually by insects and birds (Tame 1992, Auld 1996). The pods mature in 

October to December (Benson & McDougall 1996).' 





The Recovery Plan also notes that stands of Acacia pubescens have been recorded in open, disturbed 

areas, surrounded by exotic species. Although these areas are clearly not the natural habitat of Acacia 

pubescens, the species may survive in these situations for many years, due to its suckering nature and 

ability to tolerate some levels of disturbance. 

The Biodiversity Working Paper prepared for the M5 West Widening Project EA (Eco Logical Australia in 

Appendix G, RMS, 2010) noted that there were certain uncertainties regarding the source material for the 

original Acacia pubescens individual plantings located within the median or adjacent to the existing M5 

Motorway. The Working Paper notes that: 

‘The original environmental assessment (DMR 1986) identified six populations which would be impacted 

by the M5 Motorway construction. To minimise the potential impacts of the motorway construction, it was 

intended that seed from the impacted Downy Wattle populations be collected for replanting. Due to the 

original M5 Motorway being completed nearly 20 years ago, no records could be located to determine 

whether seed or cuttings were actually collected from the impacted populations or from adjoining 

populations. In addition, as Downy Wattle is a clonal species it is impossible to quantify the importance of 

the original populations and there is potential for all the planted Downy Wattles to have come from one 

individual. As such, there is potential that the genetic material of the planted Downy Wattle is either of 

very high or low conservation significance depending on its origin. In the absence of genetic information, 

the impact assessment has assumed that the planted population is of high conservation significance.’ 

The Working Paper also notes that considering the current disturbance regime (particularly weed 

invasion, noise and traffic flow) it is unlikely that genetic material would be successfully transferred to 

adjoining populations by natural pollinators. 

Modifications to the soil profile which were originally undertaken for the construction of the M5 West 

Motorway have left only small, isolated patches of naturally occurring vegetation and soil profiles. As 

such, only limited natural habitat for Downy Wattle remains and the current location of planted Downy 

Wattle consists predominantly of mown exotic grasses with occasional plantings, with the origins of the 

soils within the areas supporting Downy Wattle unknown. However, the Working Paper does note that as 

this species has survived for more than ten years in these locations, they are likely to be local shale soils 

suitable for the survival of this species. 

A look into the feasibility of genetic research for the Acacia pubescens, as well as liaising with Anne 

Clements, co-author of the ‘Acacia pubescens Recovery Plan’ has showed that it would be more expensive 

to carry out genetic testing to determine the true number of individuals than it would be to treat each 

specimen as a unique genetic individual. In light of this, it has been decided that each individual that is 

required to be translocated will be treated as a unique genetic specimen, thus not having any adverse 

effect on the genetic variability of the Acacia pubescens population located on the M5WW project. 

A.6 Phenology 

In order to determine the most appropriate translocation methodology, information on the breeding 

system of the plant should be determined so as to identify the most effective method of collecting 

material for translocation (e.g. pollination, fruit and seed production, seed viability and germination 

factors, seedling and vegetative recruitment). 





The Threatened Species Recovery Plan (NPWS, 2003) provides the above information in detail and is 

summarised as follows: 

• Flowering and pollination – flowering August to October with a peak in September. Plants first 

start flowering when approximately 3-5 years old. Pollination is by birds and insects (beetles, 

wasps and bees). 

• Fruit and seed production – pods mature in October to December with a peak in November. First 

seed crop produced at approximately 3-5 years old. The percentage of seed fall is unknown, but 

may be low. Seed on the plants appears to suffer from heavy predation, with the result that few 

seeds drop and are available for germination Seed that drops is often attacked by insect. Pod 

production is known to be low. It appears that only single stemmed plants produced pods, 

whereas plants that were suckering did not produce pods. It is noted that suckering plants at 

Mount Annan Botanic Garden produce fruit. 

• Seed viability and germination factors - There is no published information about seed viability of 

the species. Acacia species generally have high seed dormancy and long-lived persistent soil seed 

banks. Propagation work on the seed suggests this is also the case for A. pubescens, as 

treatment of seeds by scarification and hot water results in high levels of germination. Mount 

Annan Botanic Garden has recorded high seed viability ten years after collection. Germination of 

Acacia seed is also known to be linked to fire, though this has not been investigated for this 

species. 

• Seedling recruitment – Seed dispersal is generally short and low in clonal plants, with dispersal 

mainly by ants or birds. 

• Vegetative recruitment – Clonal species were detected at all study sites and regeneration after 

disturbances such as slashing appears to occur from suckers rather than seed. It is thought that 

suckering may occur as a result of disturbance such as slashing, fire or herbivory. 

• Fire- the importance of fire in the germination of seeds and for vegetative recruitment in Acacia 

species is recognised. The Recovery Plan notes that there is little research on the affect of fire 

frequency, intensity, duration and seasonality on A. pubescens. 

The Recovery Plan concludes that propagation from seed has been found to be the most successful 

method of propagation. High levels of germination have been obtained through treatment of the seeds 

by scarification and hot water. Propagation from cuttings and root suckers have a lower success rate. 

Cuttings have been found to be more successful if taken from regrowth (juvenile plants). 

A.7 Translocation Recipient Sites 

The EA (RMS, 2010) identified four distinct sites within the motorway corridor to receive translocated 

material. These sites had originally been identified by ILR. RMS indicated that areas of land identified as 

recipient sites ought to have the following characteristics: 

• It is estimated that between around 500m2 to 1000m2 of total land may be required, depending on 

the density, number of individuals, etc; 

• Land should be able to have a covenant or similar placed over it to ensure the long term security of 

the translocated plants would be guaranteed; 

• Not a wet area of land, ideally with gravely soils, generally flat; and 

• Weed free and not adjoining weed infested areas. 





Following this, the nominated sites were then subject to consideration by OEH (desktop review only). 

These considerations included: 

• identify sites that had a large core to edge ratio; and 

• ensuring that the potential sites are more than 300m away from an existing known population of 

Acacia pubescens. 

The recipient sites are shown on Figure 4.1. The sites are: 

• Northern road verge between the motorway on-ramp and Moorebank Avenue (Moorebank Avenue 

site in Figure 4.1). 

• Interchange between the motorway, M7 on-ramp and Beech Road (Beech Road site in Figure 

4.1). 

• Landscaped area in the motorway corridor near the corner of Graham Avenue and Grove Street 

(Graham Ave site in Figure 4.1). 

• Northern road verge between the motorway on-ramp and Henry Lawson Drive (Henry Lawson 

Drive site in Figure 4.1). 

Figure 4.1 shows that each of the four sites is a partially vegetated area adjacent to or within the median 

of the M5 Motorway. 

As part of the detailed translocation process, each translocation recipient site will be assessed during the 

pre-construction phase by the Project Ecologist as stated in DW8. The site assessment will include 

determination of habitat values, including but not restricted to: 

• soil types, condition and any amelioration requirements; 

• existing vegetation communities, plant assemblages and the requirements of additional support 

planting if necessary; and 

• any weed species present and priorities for weed management. 

The assessment is also to confirm suitability of the site for hosting Acacia pubescens, or identify alternate 

and additional sites in consultation with OEH, RMS, Interlink and the construction contractors. 

The recipient sites are to be marked on all relevant construction plans and also provided with protective 

fencing or other physical barrier method to prevent disturbance during construction as stated in DW7. 





Figure 4.1 Location of Translocation Recipient Areas – Moorebank Ave, Beech Road, 

Graham St and Henry Lawson Drive 









A.8 Translocation Methodology 

Translocation Guidelines 

The Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia. 2nd Ed. (ANPC 2004) states that 

attempts to translocate threatened species are often unsuccessful due to: 

• failure to adequately control or manage the original threats affecting the taxon or habitat; 

• lack of adequate consideration of the biological and ecological requirements of the taxon. All too 

often plants are treated in isolation from the complex system on which they depend, ignoring 

mycorrhizal fungi, pollinators, seed/fruit dispersers and associated plant and animal assemblages; 

• use of inappropriate translocation methods, for example the salvage of mature plants when the 

use of seeds or cutting material may have been more appropriate; 

• failure to use an experimental approach. There are many variables that may influence 

translocation success (e.g. propagule material, recipient site habitat, climatic conditions, level of 

protection, and watering regime), and suitable or ideal translocation methods cannot be 

determined without establishing a translocation program in an experimental way; 

• absence of ongoing commitment of resources to monitoring, evaluation and follow-up 

maintenance; and 

• failure to consider genetic variability, which may influence chances of translocation success in 

both the short and long term. 

For those translocation programs that are considered successful, the Guidelines indicate that success may 

be attributed to: 

• development of a sound and detailed translocation proposal that provided for all aspects of the 

translocation program including collection, implementation, ongoing management, monitoring, 

evaluation and documentation 

• commitment and collaboration of numerous individuals and organisations, ensuring the project 

received the required expertise. Translocation is a complex process and requires an expert 

understanding of horticulture, experimental design, ecology, genetics, and rehabilitation 

• removal and ongoing control of threatening processes 

• financial commitment to ongoing monitoring and evaluation. 

The above risks and success factors form the basis of the methodology prepared for this Translocation 

Strategy. 

Particular care will be taken with hygiene procedures, to prevent the spread of fungal and other disease 

with soil collected with stems or for soil seed beds. Each collection will be labelled, GPS located and kept 

separate throughout the translocation process. 

Selection and Preparation of Recipient Sites 

A Translocation Working Party will be formed that will be responsible for the translocation process. This 

will include those people as detailed in Section A.10. 

The four recipient sites are those selected in the EA and shown in Figure 4.1. Detailed assessment of 

these sites by the Project Ecologist will be undertaken during pre-construction to ensure their suitability 

for receipt of translocated A. pubescens material. If at this time alternate sites are considered more 

suitable, this will be discussed with the Working Party prior to any change to the sites being made. 

The selected areas will be fenced off from the construction corridor, noted on relevant construction plans 

and included in induction programs to ensure they are not disturbed by construction activities. 





Areas will be assessed by the Project Ecologist for weed infestation. Weed control will be subject to 

seasonality and will consist of an initial application of a ‘knock down’ herbicide during the summer 

months. Additional applications of a ‘knock-down’ herbicide will be subject to the initial success of weed 

spraying. Following planting, an application of pre-emergent herbicide will be used on the recipient sites 

so as to limit the growth of the weed seed bank. Pre-emergent herbicides will also reduce the future use 

of ‘knock down’ herbicides. 

Specific locations within each of these areas will be assessed for suitability of receiving juvenile material 

(e.g. space availability, orientation, soil availability, drainage) and these will be marked on the ground as 

well as noted by the project ecologist on relevant plans. Any specific soil preparation required will also be 

determined by the Project Ecologist. 

Selection of Material 

After consideration of the Translocation Guidelines and ecology and phenology of the species, the 

following four methods will be used for translocation: 

• Salvage of immature plants - juvenile individuals that are to be removed along the 

construction corridor, that are not within the identified translocation areas and are considered 

suitable to move by the Project Ecologist, will be dug up with the surrounding soil using 

shovels/spades and transported to the translocation sites. Where practicable, larger machinery 

such as an excavator or ‘tree spade’ could be utilised for this process. Care will be taken not to 

transfer pests and diseases with the plant and associated soil. A Salvage Protocol will be 

developed to ensure the time of salvage and replanting considers such issues as optimal 

temperature and moisture conditions, as well as the age and health of plants, mulching, watering 

and pest control (DW9). 

• Seed collection and propagation from seed – Seed will be collected from mature individuals 

in other areas to be removed by construction and germinated in two different nurseries to reduce 

disease spread and to balance risk. The seed collection will be carried out in October 2012, 

through to January 2013. One of these facilities will most likely be Mt Annan Botanical Gardens 

who have successfully germinated A. pubescens in the past and are considered to have in-depth 

knowledge of the species. Harvest Native Seeds has also been used for this species previously. 

A detailed seed collection protocol will be developed in consultation with the Mt Annan staff 

(DW10). The Protocol will include information on the locations and amount of material to be 

harvested from each plant, seed extraction and cleaning methodologies, potting mix, fertiliser 

and water application and hygiene protocols. Germinated seedlings will then be translocated to 

the selected sites approximately six months after germination following consultation with 

revegetation specialist. 

• Propagation via cuttings – As seed set is considered poor in this species, cuttings from mature 

A. pubescens along the construction corridor will also be taken to grow plants from cutting 

material. The cuttings will be collected between October 2012 and April 2013. A detailed cutting 

collection protocol will be developed in consultation with the Mt Annan staff, and other nurseries 

that may be involved in the program. This material will be grown in the same two nurseries as 

the seed and monitored for root development. When ready it will be planted in the selected sites 

following consultation with revegetation specialist. 

• Propagation via soil seed bed – where it is not possible to salvage the immature plant, collect 

seed or cuttings, small quantities of soil seed bed from within a five metre boundary of the 

individual stand will be taken. The soil seed bed collection will take place between October 2012 





and April 2013. This soil is expected to contain seed load which will be propagated as per the 

seed collection and propagation from seed methodology detailed above. Care must be taken 

through the propagation of the soil seed bed as it is also likely to contain weeds species. These 

weeds must be eliminated prior to translocating individuals to the nominated recipient sites. 

Salvage, seed collection and cuttings will be undertaken according to a schedule determined by the 

project ecologist, suitable for A. pubescens. This program will be developed as early as possible to 

ensure that material can be collected during the most appropriate month/s prior to the area needing to 

be disturbed/removed for construction. 

A.9 Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation 

For all translocation methods, complete records, including labelling for tracking of seeds, cuttings and 

translocated juvenile individuals will be retained. The level of detail of the records will be determined in 

consultation with the two nurseries preparing the translocated material. The two nurseries will also be 

required to retain records of source locations and germination/strike success rates, as well as any loss 

due to disease or other issue. 

The translocation areas will be monitored for a period of twelve months after receipt of translocated 

material. The inspection regime for the recipient sites will be determined by the specialist revegetation 

contractor and is to be in line with the Long-Term Management and Protection of Recipient Translocation 

Sites (A.11). There will be three monitoring reports in the initial twelve months monitoring period, one 

each at three, six and twelve months. Monitoring data will include a report on survival percentage and 

condition, photographic records and a soil seed bank regeneration study done in quadrats. Monitoring 

tags will also be set up at each site. Following the initial twelve month monitoring period, a monitoring 

period of five years will be implemented by the proponent (RMS/ILR) and will be included in the 

Operation Environmental Management Plan. This will involve an inspection of the recipient sites and the 

translocated specimens every 12 months for over the 5 year period. 

A.10 Responsibilities 

The translocation working party will consist of the following, listed with their responsibilities (DW11): 

• Project Environmental Manager- overseeing the translocation process including resources, 

training, plans, approvals, timing and liaison with RMS; 

• Project Ecologist – selection and review of recipient areas, overseeing program including transfer 

of juveniles, seed and cutting collection and monitoring of nurseries; and 

• Specialist revegetation subcontractor engaged to implement the program. 

• Environmental Representative – Oversee works in accordance with MCoA. 

A.11 Long-Term Management and Protection of Recipient Translocation 

Sites 

The Acacia pubescens Recovery Plan (NPWS, 2003) notes that the following factors have the ability to 

threaten the habitat of the species: 

• weed invasion; 

• mechanical damage; 

• rubbish dumping; 





• illegal track creation and impacts from horses; 

• arson; 

• hybridisation (with other Acacia sp.); 

• inappropriate fire regimes (repeated arson diminishing seed bank stores); and 

• disease. 

An unknown plant disease was noted by the Recovery Plan as affecting a large number of individual A. 

pubescens. It affects the leaves of plants and is potentially a large threat to the species. Further detail 

regarding the potential impact of this disease on this project will be sought from the Project Ecologist 

during the detailed Translocation Site assessment process to be undertaken during the pre-construction 

phase. 

RMS does not propose formal covenants over the land. The recipient sites will be recorded on RMS 

Property Information Managements System as an area of compensatory habitat. The land will be 

identified on Interlink Roads OEMP and measures will be undertaken to ensure they are not affected by 

maintenance activities. 

The parcels of land that have been identified as recipient sites are not within any areas considered likely 

to be affected by future workAs outlined in section 6.4 of the ‘Guidelines for the Translocation of 

Threatened Plants in Australia. 2nd Ed. (ANPC 2004)’, there are numerous techniques in which to 

improve the chances of success with the translocation of threatened species. The techniques are outlined 

below. 

• Mulching 

There is an array of different types of mulch that can be used including: mulched tree loppings; 

wood chips (these must be aged to ensure any chemicals have leached out); sawdust; pebbles; 

weed suppression mats; various commercial mulch mixes; straw; and leaf litter found at the 

translocation site. 

Mulch must be free of weeds and diseases such as Phytophthora. If weeds and disease present it 

is essential that the mulch must be sterilised. If used, mulch is to be spread at 75mm. 

• Watering 

Watering should be undertaken initially during planting (watered in) and depending on weather 

conditions, at least three times in the first week, or as required to ensure soils are kept moist. 

Watering should be undertaken as required for a minimum of six weeks post 

planting/translocation. 

As with the mulch you will need to verify that your water source and the tank in which it is 

transported to the site is free from diseases such as Phytophthora. 

• Soil-wetting agents 

In non-wetting soils, soil wetting agents can be helpful. Liquid wetting agents can be used when 

watering, or granular or crystalline water retaining agents can be sprinkled in holes 

before planting. 

• Fencing 

Using fences to exclude herbivores can influence the success of the translocation. If long-term 

exclusion of herbivores is required then you may need to fence the entire site. The cost and 

feasibility of this, as well as the potential damage from installing the fence, needs to be assessed 

prior to choosing this option. If grazing exclusion is not essential in the long term then it may be 





an option to cage individual plants until they are established. Cages can be carefully removed 

once the plants have established to leave a fairly natural looking site. An added advantage is that 

the cages can be reused. 

The type of fence will depend on what you are trying to exclude. If it is burrowing animals such 

as rabbits then netting must be used and the fence must be dug into the ground to a depth that 

prevents these animals digging underneath. 

• Pesticides 

Where insect herbivores may be a problem, the use of pesticides may be necessary to ensure the 

survival and good health of your translocated plants. Again, staff from propagation facilities or 

the person on your translocation team experienced in propagation techniques is a good source of 

information about choosing a suitable pesticide. The impact of pesticides on other taxa at the site 

needs to be carefully evaluated. 

• Staking and tying plants 

Sometimes it may be necessary to support the plant in some way. This may be particularly 

important in areas where winds are strong. Typical support involves driving wooden or metal 

stakes into the ground next to the plant and tying the plant to the posts. Any support should be 

designed to strengthen the individual, and care should be taken so that it will not hamper growth. 

• Tree guards 

Tree guards can be used to prevent frost damage and reduce wind and grazing damage. 

• Fertilisers 

A.12 References 

Fertilisers may not be required. Seed/cuttings may need to be inoculated with rhizobia to ensure 

string plant growth. 

ANPC (2004) Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia. 2 nd Ed. Vallee, L, Hogbin 

T, Monks, L, Makinson, B, Matthes, M, and Rossetto, M. 

NPWS (1999) Analysis of the genetic diversity of Acacia pubescens: an assessment of clonality and its 

conservation implications. Unpublished report prepared for NSW NPWS Central Directorate, Hurstville. 

Moore, R., Peakall, R. & Clements, A. 

NPWS (2003) Approved Recovery Plan – Acacia pubescens (Downy Wattle). Threatened Species Unit 

Conservation Programs and Planning Division. 

NPWS (2003) Threatened Species Information - Acacia pubescens. Threatened Species Unit Conservation 

Programs and Planning Division. 





RMS (2010) M5 West Widening Environmental Assessment. Death J. and Tusa E. 

RMS (2010) M5 West Widening Environmental Assessment, Appendix G – Biodiversity Working Paper, 

(EcoLogical) Sullivan M. and Tweed S.

M5 West Widening Project

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