WATER PURIFICATION

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WATER PURIFICATION 

Reference Guide

For over 50 years, Millipore has helped 

improve laboratory productivity and 

efficiency for researchers worldwide by 

delivering innovative products and service 

backed by the highest levels of quality and 

expertise. 

With the recent acquisition of Upstate ® , 

Chemicon ® and Linco ® , we now offer a 

wide range of antibodies; stem-cell related 

products; protein immunodetection kits; and 

drug profiling products and services. 

The addition of these core products 

and capabilities to our existing sample 

preparation and laboratory water 

offering creates an extensive portfolio 

of comprehensive solutions for 

immunodetection, cell biology and drug 

discovery. 

As part of our customer-focused approach 

to support and service, Millipore sales and 

in-field technical teams receive on-going 

training in our customers’ research areas. 

This training allows them to provide 

technical assistance, validation services, 

equipment installation, and maintenance 

programs for your specific applications. 

The integrated Millipore offers you more 

innovative technologies and stronger 

application support to streamline your 

progress and give you more confidence in 

your results. Our lab water experts take 

the time to evaluate the needs of individual 

labs and particular applications in order 

to recommend a system that balances 

water quality with volume and distribution 

requirements, removing water quality 

concerns so customers can focus on their 

research. 

We are also developing exciting new web 

tools to facilitate product selection and 

on-line ordering. For more information on 

Millipore water purification solutions, visit 

www.millipore.com/labwater. To experience 

all that Millipore has to offer, visit 

www.millipore.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Water Purification.........................................................................05 

Water Contaminants .......................................................................... 06 

Inorganic Ions ........................................................................................................ 06 

Organics....................................................................................................................... 06 

Particulates and Colloids...........................................................................07 

Bacteria and their By-products .........................................................07 

Gases................................................................................................................................07 

Monitoring of Water Contaminants............................................. 08 

Resistivity.................................................................................................................. 08 

Total Oxidizable Carbon.............................................................................. 09 

Laboratory Water Types ............................................................................10 

Overview of Water Purification Technologies..................11 

Distillation..................................................................................................................11 

Ion Exchange............................................................................................................12 

Activated Carbon................................................................................................14 

Microporous Filters..........................................................................................15 

Ultrafiltration.........................................................................................................16 

Reverse Osmosis.................................................................................................17 

Elix ® Continuous Deionization..............................................................18 

Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation..........................................................................19 

Water Purification Systems Adapted 

to Specific Needs............................................................................20 

Pure Water: Type III...............................................................................22 

Technologies Used to Produce Type III Water ..................22 

Pretreatment to Protect the RO Membrane........................23 

Reverse Osmosis to Purify.......................................................................23 

Type III Water Purification Systems.............................................24 

RiOs 3 Water Purification Systems..............................................24 

RiOs 5 / 8 / 16 Water Purification Systems..............................24 

RiOs 30 / 50 / 100 / 150 / 200 

Water Purification Systems ...................................................................25 

Pure Water: Type II.................................................................................26 

Technologies Used to Produce Type II Water....................26 

Elix Technology......................................................................................................27 

Type II Water Purification Systems...............................................28 

Elix 3 / 5 / 10 Water Purification Systems.................................28 

Elix 20 / 35 / 70 / 100 Water Purification Systems ...........29 

Systems for Low Volume Daily Needs.........................................30 

RiOs-DI ® 3 Water Purification Systems.....................................30 

Milli-DI ® Water Purification Systems............................................31 

Solutions for Clinical Analyzers ......................................32 

RiOs-DI Clinical Water Purification Systems.........................32 

AFS ® 3 / 8 / 16 (D) Water Purification Systems....................33 

Elix Clinical Water Purification Systems.................................. 34 

BioPak ® C Polisher .............................................................................................35 

Optimized Pure Water Storage.........................................36 

30, 60 and 100 L PE Reservoirs.........................................................36 

SDS 200, 350 L Storage and Distribution Systems.....36 

Automatic Sanitization Module (ASM) 

and Water Sensor .............................................................................................37 

Advanced Protection Against 

Airborne Contamination............................................................................ 37 

Ultrapure Water: Type I .................................................................38 

Technologies Used to Produce Type I Water......................38 

Ion-Exchange Resin...........................................................................................38 

Synthetic Activated Carbon...................................................................38 

UV Photooxidation Lamps.........................................................................38 

Microfiltration Membranes......................................................................39 

Ultrafiltration Membranes.......................................................................39 

Ultrapure Water Systems......................................................................... 40 

Milli-Q ® Integral Water Purification System........................ 40 

Direct-Q ® 3 Water Purification Systems..................................42 

Direct-Q 5 Water Purification Systems.....................................43 

Milli-Q Advantage Water Purification System ...................44 

Milli-Q Century Range Water Purification Systems..... 46 

Synergy ® Water Purification Systems........................................47 

Simplicity ® Water Purification Systems................................... 48 

Super-Q ® Plus Water Purification System..............................49 

Point-of-Use Purifiers................................................................................... 50 

Millipak ® Filter Units ...................................................................................... 50 

BioPak ® Polisher...................................................................................................51 

EDS-Pak Polisher...............................................................................................51 

Service Solutions............................................................................52. 

Preventive Maintenance Plans for Optimal 

Water Quality..........................................................................................................53 

Qualification Services for Validation............................................53 

Support and Expertise...................................................... 54 

Technical Support..............................................................................................55 

Project Management.......................................................................................55 

Design and Engineering................................................................................55 

Training Support ................................................................................................55 

Scientific Support.............................................................................................55 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 03

WATER PURIFICATION 

Scientists work in many types of laboratories on all kinds of applications. 

Not surprisingly, these laboratories are sensitive to contaminants of 

different natures. Therefore, different grades of reagents and solvents 

must be selected and utilized. Water is one of the main reagents in many 

cases, but its importance is often underestimated. 

visit.www.millipore.com.for.the.most.up-to-date.product.listing

In analytical chemistry,.instruments.used.for.inorganic.analysis.(atomic. 

absorption,.optical.emission.ICP,.ICP-Mass.Spectrometry,.ion.chromatography.or. 

titrators).can.vary.significantly.from.those.used.for.organic.analysis.(HPLC,.GC,.and.the. 

various.mass.spectrometry.hyphenated.techniques)..However,.several.steps.are.actually. 

common.to.most.analytical.methods..In.particular,.sample.preparation.remains.a. 

significant.step.in.the.analytical.procedure..This.step.often.requires.the.use.of.purified. 

water..The.importance.and.relevance.of.using.high.purity.water.begins.at.this.moment,. 

when.the.sample.can.become.contaminated.due.to.a.number.of.reasons:.poor.quality. 

procedures,.use.of.water.whose.purity.level.is.not.high.enough,.or.improper.rinsing.of. 

containers.and.filters.. 

The analysis step itself requires high purity water for several reasons..Most. 

methods.require.running.a.blank.and.diluting.standards.in.order.to.calibrate.the. 

instruments.before.dosing.any.substances..In.liquid.chromatography,.high.purity. 

solvents.will.optimize.column.performance.and.instrument.fluidics,.resulting.in.reduced. 

back.pressure,.increased.column.lifetime,.no.artifact.peaks,.improved.resolution.and. 

sensitivity.and.increased.separation.reproducibility..Rinsing.the.tubing,.the.column.and. 

the.injection.valves.also.requires.particulate-free.high.purity.water.. 

The use of high purity water in an analytical laboratory can substantially reduce 

the time spent.on.troubleshooting.issues.due.to.contamination.of.the.samples.and.the. 

instruments..Today.high.purity.water.is.an.integral.part.of.the.quality.programs.in.most. 

laboratory.environments.. 

In the Life Science area,.concerns.and.requirements.are.different.from.those. 

of.analytical.chemistry..While.traces.of.elements.may.not.be.an.issue,.the.presence.of. 

bacteria.by-products,.such.as.pyrogens,.or.bacteria.themselves,.can.have.a.significant. 

impact.on.experiments. 

In the genomics field, scientists require nuclease-free water.in.order.to.prevent. 

sample.degradation.and.maintain.integrity.of.the.RNA.and.DNA.collected.and.studied.. 

While.DEPC.treatment.has.long.been.used,.an.alternative.“nuclease-free”.water. 

production.method.now.exists..Purification.of.water.using.ultrafiltration.was.shown.to. 

be.fully.efficient.in.producing.nuclease-free.water,.suitable.for.genomics.experiments.. 

More.and.more.scientists.around.the.world.are.selecting.this.simple.and.efficient. 

technique.to.replace.the.cumbersome.DEPC.treatment.procedure.. 

In proteomics, it is crucial to prevent degradation or contamination of the protein 

sample..In.order.to.successfully.separate.the.proteins.using.2D-PAGE.or.nano-LC,.the. 

quality.of.the.reagents,.including.the.high.purity.water,.is.determinant..The.protein.or. 

peptide.analysis.steps.that.use.MALDI-ToF-MS.or.MS/MS.also.require.extremely.pure. 

reagents.in.order.to.avoid.pollution.of.the.mass.spectrometer.ionization.chambers.as. 

well.as.interferences.in.the.mass.analysis..Therefore,.in.proteomics,.high.resistivity,.low. 

organic.content,.protease-free.and.bacteria-free.water.should.be.selected.and.used. 

freshly.produced. 

WATER PURIFICATION 05

WATER CONTAMINANTS 

Natural water contains five major classes of contaminants that are also 

present in tap water. 

Inorganic Ions 

Inorganic.ions.commonly.present.in.tap.water.are. 

cations,.such.as.sodium,.calcium,.magnesium.or.iron,. 

and.anions,.such.as.bicarbonate,.chloride.and.sulfate.. 

Many.other.ions.can.be.present.depending.on.the.water. 

source..Inorganic.ions,.even.at.trace.levels,.may.affect. 

both.organic.and.biochemical.reactions.by.acting.as. 

catalysts. 

Organics 

Dissolved.organic.molecules.present.in.tap.water.are. 

mainly.of.biological.origin..Molecules.including.humic. 

acids,.tannins,.and.lignin.are.the.by-products.of.the. 

decay.of.plants..However,.man-made.contaminants. 

may.be.introduced.by.the.pipes.carrying.the.water.. 

For.example,.PVC.pipes.may.leak.their.phthalate.esters. 

plasticizers.into.the.water..Dissolved.organics.can. 

affect.biological.experiments.such.as.cell.culture.and. 

disturb.analytical.techniques..Even.moderate.organic. 

contamination.present.in.water.used.to.prepare.Liquid. 

Chromatography.eluents.can.cause.baseline.instability,. 

decrease.sensitivity.and.resolution.and.also.reduce.the. 

column.lifetime. 

06 WATER PURIFICATION

Particulates and Colloids 

Natural.water.usually.contains.soft.particulates.(vegetal. 

debris).and.hard.particulates.(sand,.rock).as.well.as. 

colloids.that.can.interfere.with.instrument.operation. 

Bacteria and their By-Products 

Bacteria.contaminate.natural.water,.especially.surface. 

water..The.chlorination.process.will.ensure.removal. 

of.harmful.bacteria,.but.tap.water.still.contains.live. 

microorganisms..Bacteria.can.cause.different.issues.in. 

laboratory.experiments.either.directly.or.through.their. 

by-products,.such.as.pyrogens,.nucleases.or.alkaline. 

phosphatase. 

Gases 

Natural.water.contains.dissolved.gases.such.as.nitrogen,. 

oxygen.and.carbon.dioxide..The.concentration.of.oxygen. 

can.affect.specific.biochemical.reactions.and.nitrogen. 

can.form.bubbles.that.are.detrimental.to.processes. 

such.as.particulate.counting.or.spectrophotometric. 

measurements. 

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MONITORING OF WATER CONTAMINANTS 

Two classes of contaminants, inorganic salts and dissolved organics, 

are known to affect most laboratory experiments and it is therefore 

important that they are monitored online in laboratory water systems. 

Measuring Resistivity to Detect Ions 

Electrical.conductivity.is.a.measure.of.a.material’s.ability. 

to.conduct.an.electric.current. 

Water.itself.has.a.weak.electrical.conductivity..Electric. 

current.is.transported.in.water.by.dissolved.ions,.making. 

conductivity.measurement.a.quick.and.reliable.way.to. 

monitor.the.total.amount.of.ionic.contaminants.in.water. 

As.conductivity.also.is.related.to.ion.mobility.(which. 

increases.with.temperature),.conductivity.values.usually. 

are.reported.compensated.at.25.°C,.in.µS/cm.@.25.°C. 

Resistivity,.expressed.in.MΩ . cm.@.25.°C,.is.the.inverse.of. 

conductivity. 

Traditionally,.conductivity.is.used.for.values.above. 

1.µS/cm.@.25.°C,.and.resistivity.for.conductivity.values. 

below.1.µS/cm.@.25.°C.. 

Water.quality.of.high.purity.therefore.will.be.expressed.as. 

resistivity.in.MΩ . cm.@.25.°C. 

Millipore Resistivity Meters 

The.resistivity.meters.designed.by.Millipore.for.use.with. 

ultrapure.water.take.specific.needs.into.consideration: 

Cell.design.is.based.on.concentric.electrodes,.in.order. 

to.generate.a.large.surface.and.reduce.the.space. 

between.electrodes.without.risk.of.contact,.therefore. 

achieving.the.low.cell.constant.(around.0.01.cm -1 ). 

recommended.in.ASTM ® .D5391-99. 

Electrodes.made.of.316.L.stainless.steel.are.used.to. 

minimize.corrosion.and.ion.release.risks. 

Flow-through.cell.design.allows.immediate.detection.of. 

any.ionic.contamination.in.the.water.flow. 

08 WATER PURIFICATION 

c = F.Σ c i .z i .u i 

R.= 1/c 

Temperature.measurement.performed.by.a.thermistor. 

with.0.1.°C.sensitivity.provides.fast.and.accurate. 

reaction.to.temperature.variations.in.water. 

Meters.are.able.to.display.either.resistivity.or. 

conductivity.readings,.compensated.or.noncompensated.at.25.°C. 

The.meter’s.electronic.circuit.is.regularly.verified.by.an. 

automatic.process,.and.alarm.messages.will.be.sent.if. 

the.electric.or.electronic.parts.are.defective,.ensuring. 

that.every.result.displayed.is.valid. 

The.meters.are.calibrated.with.a.method.developed.for. 

use.with.high.resisitivity.water,.and.are.delivered.with. 

a.certificate.of.calibration..Meters.meet.requirements. 

for.performance.of.USP.§.645.suitability.tests. 

These.meters.provide.continuous,.reliable.insurance.that. 

water.produced.by.Elix,.Milli-Q.and.AFS.water.purification. 

systems.will.contain.low.levels.of.ionic.contaminants. 

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Milli-Q System High Precision Coaxial Resistivity Cell 

The.conductivity.measurement.is.performed.by.dipping. 

two.electrodes.in.an.aqueous.solution..An.electrical. 

potential.(below.1.23.V).is.established.between.the.two. 

electrodes.and.the.intensity.of.current.passing.through.the.circuit.is.measured..The.conductivity.of.the. 

solution.will.be.proportional.to.the.electrical.current.

Measuring TOC to Detect Organics 

TOC.means.“Total.Oxidizable.Carbon”.and.is.sometimes. 

referred.as.“Total.Organic.Carbon”..Water.may.contain. 

hundreds.of.different.organic.substances.at.different. 

levels.of.oxidation,.and.at.different.concentrations.. 

TOC.expresses.the.organic.contamination.of.water.with. 

a.single.figure. 

Millipore TOC Monitors 

The.Millipore.A10 ® .TOC.monitor.contains.a.0.5.ml.quartz. 

cell.in.which.ultrapure.water.is.captured..When.the.A10. 

UV.lamp.is.powered.on,.photocatalytic.oxidation.of.the. 

organic.compounds.occurs..The.final.end.product.of. 

the.organic.oxidation.is.carbon.dioxide,.which.dissolves. 

in.the.water,.causing.a.conductivity.increase..This. 

change.in.conductivity.is.regularly.monitored.by.the. 

titanium.electrodes.(patented.design).and.temperaturecompensated.to.25.°C..A.set.of.complex.algorithms. 

confirms.complete.oxidation.and.calculates.the.carbon. 

level.associated.with.this.conductivity.change. 

Millipore.TOC.monitors.are.available.as.stand.alone. 

units.or.integrated.within.some.Milli-Q.and.Elix.water. 

purification.systems.. 

The.TOC.monitor.design.offers.several.benefits: 

As.the.oxidation.and.conductivity.measurement. 

occurs.in.the.same.cell,.the.instrument.checks.that. 

all.organics.have.been.oxidized,.and.that.a.stable. 

conductivity.value.has.been.reached.before.delivering. 

a.TOC.value..Otherwise,.the.A10.monitor.will.indicate. 

that.it.did.not.succeed.in.oxidizing.all.organics.and.will. 

start.a.new.test. 

The.A10.TOC.monitor.is.able.to.detect.TOC.values.over. 

a.range.of.1.to.999.ppb.TOC,.with.an.accuracy.of.. 

±.1.ppb.or.15.%,.whichever.is.greatest. 

Each.A10.TOC.monitor.is.calibrated.for.resistivity. 

around.two.values:.18.0.MΩ . cm.@.25.°C.and.1.MΩ . cm.@. 

25.°C,.and.for.TOC.with.methanol.over.a.range.between. 

1.and.200.ppb.TOC..The.calibration.results.of.each. 

TOC.monitor.are.delivered.with.the.instrument. 

Millipore.A10.TOC.monitors.meet.the.requirements. 

for.the.performance.of.suitability.tests.as.described. 

in.USP.§.643..These.tests.can.be.performed.with.the. 

support.of.Millipore.Service.Engineers. 

Millipore.A10.TOC.monitors.provide.an.accurate.measure. 

of.the.TOC.value.in.the.ultrapure.water.produced.and. 

therefore.a.warranty.of.the.quality.of.that.water. 

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A10 TOC Monitor Photooxidation Cell 

The.A10.TOC.monitor.contains.a.quartz.cell..Water. 

flows.through.a.channel.at.the.base.of.the.cell.and. 

then.exits.through.a.solenoid.valve.at.the.top..Titanium. 

electrodes.in.the.cell.allow.conductivity.to.be.measured;.a.thermistor.on.the.side.measures.temperature..A. 

185./254.nm.UV.lamp.located.next.to.the.cell.can.emit. 

UV.light. 

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A10.TOC.Monitor.Photooxidation.Cycle 

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LABORATORy WATER TyPES 

Norms define different laboratory water grades for both technical 

and economical reasons. The purpose of these norms is to ensure that 

the right water quality is used for a specific application, while limiting 

laboratory operating costs – Type I water is more expensive to produce 

than Type II or Type III water. 

Type III 

Type.III.water.is.the.lowest.laboratory.water.grade,. 

recommended.for.glassware.rinsing,.heating.baths.and. 

filling.autoclaves,.or.to.feed.Type.I.lab.water.systems. 

Type II 

Type.II.water.is.the.grade.used.in.general.laboratory. 

applications.such.as.buffers,.pH.solutions.and. 

microbiological.culture.media.preparation;.as.feed.to. 

Type.I.water.systems,.clinical.analyzers,.cell.culture. 

incubators.and.weatherometers;.and.for.preparation.of. 

reagents.for.chemical.analysis.or.synthesis. 

Type I 

Type.I.water.is.the.grade.required.for.critical.laboratory. 

applications.such.as.HPLC.mobile.phase.preparation,. 

blanks.and.sample.dilution.in.GC,.HPLC,.AA,.ICP-MS.and. 

other.advanced.analytical.techniques;.preparation.of. 

buffers.and.culture.media.for.mammalian.cell.culture. 

and.IVF;.production.of.reagents.for.molecular.biology. 

applications.(DNA.sequencing,.PCR);.and.preparation. 

of.solutions.for.electrophoresis.and.blotting..Using. 

Type.I.water.for.Type.II.water.applications.is.a.common. 

laboratory.practice.in.order.to.decrease.the.risk.of. 

artifact.generation.during.experimental.procedures. 

Laboratory Water Specifications 

Different.published.norms.define.the.quality.required. 

for.specific.laboratory.water.applications:.ASTM ® .and. 

ISO ® .3696.for.laboratory.applications;.CLSI ® .guidelines. 

for.clinical.laboratories..Some.laboratories.will.also.use. 

norms.defined.in.the.European.or.the.US.Pharmacopoeia. 

The table below outlines the different water specifications based on the different water types. 

Contaminant Parameter and unit Type III Type II Type I 

Ions Resistivity.(MΩ.cm) >.0.05 >.1.0 >.18.0 

Partículas.orgánicas TOC.(ppb).

OVERVIEW OF PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES 

The major water purification technologies are described below. Each 

technology has its benefits and limitations. Some are able to remove a 

large fraction of several contaminants, while others excel at removing one 

specific type of impurity down to very low levels. As a result, in order to 

remove all contaminants to the levels required for critical applications, it 

is necessary to use a combination of technologies. 

Distillation 

Distillation.is.probably.the.oldest.method.of.water. 

purification..Water.is.first.heated.to.the.boiling. 

point..The.water.vapor.rises.to.a.condenser.where. 

cooling.water.lowers.the.temperature.so.the.vapor.is. 

condensed,.collected.and.stored.. 

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Distillation 

Many.contaminants.remain.behind.in.the.boiling.vessel.. 

However,.the.process.has.several.limitations: 

Inorganic contaminants.are.able.to.migrate.along. 

the.thin.water.film.that.forms.on.the.inner.walls. 

of.the.still..This.explains.why.ions.can.be.found.in. 

the.distillate,.whose.resistivity.is.therefore.usually. 

between.0.5.and.1.MΩ . cm.@.25.°C.(i.e.,.about.500.ppb. 

total.ionic.contamination.in.water)..Contaminants.are. 

also.extracted.from.the.glass.or.metal.boiling.pot. 

used.to.heat.the.water.(silica,.sodium,.tin,.copper). 

Organics.with.boiling.points.lower.than.100.°C.will. 

automatically.be.transferred.to.the.distillate,.and. 

even.organics.with.a.boiling.point.superior.to.100.°C. 

can.dissolve.in.the.water.vapor.and.also.pass.into.the. 

distillate..In.addition,.new.organochlorine.compounds. 

may.be.generated.during.the.distillation.process,. 

which.provides.the.energy.required.for.chlorine.in.the. 

tap.water.(added.for.sanitization.purposes).to.react. 

with.the.natural.organic.substances.also.present.in. 

this.water..This.explains.why.the.TOC.level.of.distilled. 

water.is.typically.around.100.ppb. 

Distillation is a slow process.that.requires. 

storage.of.water.for.long.periods..During.this. 

time,.recontamination.occurs.from.the.ambient.air. 

(inorganic.and.organic.volatile.substances,.bacteria,. 

particulates.and.algae).and.the.container.(organics. 

from.plastic.tanks.or.ions.from.glass.reservoirs). 

Distillation requires large amounts of energy and 

water, and.therefore.is.expensive.to.operate..In. 

addition,.a.still.requires.regular.cleaning.of.the.boiling. 

pot.with.HCl,.a.brush.and.sand.paper.to.remove.the. 

contaminants.accumulated.during.the.process.. 

Benefits 

. ..Removes.a.broad.range.of.contaminants.and. 

therefore.useful.as.a.first.purification.step. 

. ..Reusable. 

Limitations 

. ..Contaminants.are.carried.to.some.extent.into. 

the.condensate. 

. ..Requires.careful.maintenance.to.ensure.purity. 

. ..Consumes.large.amounts.of.tap.water.(for. 

cooling).and.electrical.energy.(for.heating). 

. ..Not.environmental.friendly. 


Ion Exchange 

The ion-exchange process percolates water through 

spherical, porous bead resin materials.(ion-exchange. 

resins)..Ions.in.the.water.are.exchanged.for.other. 

ions.fixed.to.the.beads..The.two.most.common.ionexchange.methods.are.softening.and.deionization.. 

Softening.is.used.primarily.as.a.pretreatment.method. 

to.reduce.water.hardness.prior.to.reverse.osmosis.(RO). 

processing..The.softeners.contain.beads.that.exchange. 

two.sodium.ions.for.every.calcium.or.magnesium.ion. 

removed.from.“softened”.water.. 

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Deionization (DI) beads exchange either hydrogen 

ions for cations, or hydroxyl ions for anions..The. 

cation-exchange.resins,.which.are.made.of.polystyrene. 

chains.cross-linked.by.divinylbenzene.with.covalently. 

bound.sulfonic.acid.groups,.will.exchange.a.hydrogen. 

ion.for.any.cations.they.encounter.(e.g.,.Na + ,.Ca ++ ,.Al +++ ).. 

Similarly,.the.anion-exchange.resins,.which.are.made. 

of.polystyrene.polymer.chains.with.covalently.bound. 

quaternary.ammonium.groups,.will.exchange.a.hydroxyl. 

for.any.anions.(e.g.,.Cl - ,.NO3 - ,.SO4 -- )..The.hydrogen.ion. 

from.the.cation.exchanger.unites.with.the.hydroxyl.ion. 

of.the.anion.exchanger.to.form.pure.water. 

These resins may be packaged in separate bed 

exchangers.with.separate.units.for.the.cation.and. 

anion.exchange.beds..Or,.they.may.be.packaged.in.mixed. 

bed.exchangers.containing.a.mixture.of.both.types.of. 

resins..This.last.configuration.enables.more.efficient.ion. 

removal.and.provides.higher.water.resistivity.values.. 


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Deionization 

Jetpore ® .ion-exchange.resin.beads 

The resin may be “regenerated”.by.strong.acid.and. 

bases.once.it.has.exchanged.all.its.hydrogen.and./.or. 

hydroxyl.ions.for.charged.contaminants.in.the.water.. 

This.regeneration.reverses.the.purification.process,. 

replacing.the.contaminants.bound.to.the.DI.resins.with. 

hydrogen.and.hydroxyl.ions..However,.this.is.a.harsh. 

chemical.process.that.may.damage.the.polymer.chains. 

constituting.the.beads,.leading.to.contamination.of.the. 

resin.by.organics.and.particulates,.and.creating.an.issue. 

in.the.production.of.high.purity.water. 

For the production of high purity water, two 

solutions exist: 

. ..Use.“virgin”.mixed.bed.ion-exchange.resin.packs. 

containing.monosphere.beads.with.low.TOC.(such.as. 

Millipore.Jetpore ® .ion-exchange.resin).only.once.and. 

discard.the.pack.after.usage..This.is.an.economically. 

acceptable.process.provided.that.these.packs.are. 

fed.by.pretreated.water.of.good.quality.to.limit.the. 

replacement.frequency..A.good.pretreatment.should. 

remove.not.only.the.bulk.of.ions.to.limit.the.burden.of. 

ionic.contaminants.reaching.the.resin.pack,.but.also. 

organics,.particulates.and.colloids..This.is.required. 

to.prevent.the.build-up.on.the.resin.beads.of.a. 

coating.preventing.the.ions.from.accessing.the.ionic. 

binding.sites.located.mainly.inside.the.beads’.porous. 

structure. 

. ..Perform.the.regeneration.of.the.ion-exchange.resins. 

using.a.gentle.and.continuous.procedure.such.as. 

electrodeionization,.in.order.to.avoid.damaging. 

the.ion-exchange.resin.beads.and.consequently. 

generating.contaminants..This.process.was.developed. 

by.Millipore.in.the.1980s..

Deionization.can.be.an.important.component.of.a.total. 

water.purification.system.when.used.in.combination. 

with.other.methods.such.as.RO,.filtration.and.carbon. 

adsorption..DI.systems.effectively.remove.ions,.but. 

they.do.not.effectively.remove.most.organics.and. 

microorganisms..Microorganisms.can.attach.to.the. 

resins,.providing.a.culture.media.for.bacteria.growth. 

and.subsequent.pyrogen.generation.over.the.long.run.. 

The.benefits.and.limitations.of.this.technology.are. 

summarized.below. 

Benefits 

. ..Removes.dissolved.inorganics.(ions).effectively,. 

allowing.resistivity.levels.above.18.0.MΩ.cm. 

@.25.°C.to.be.reached.(corresponding.roughly. 

to.less.than.1.ppb.total.ionic.contamination.in. 

water). 

. ..Regenerable.(by.acid.and.bases.in.“service. 

deionization”.or.by.electrodeionization). 

. ..Relatively.inexpensive.initial.capital.investment. 

Limitations 

. ..Limited.capacity:.once.all.ion.binding.sites.are. 

occupied,.ions.are.no.longer.retained.(except. 

when.operating.in.an.electodeionization. 

process). 

. ..Does.not.effectively.remove.organics,. 

particles,.pyrogens.or.bacteria. 

. ..Chemically.regenerated.DI.beds.can.generate. 

organics.and.particles. 

. ..Single.use,.“virgin”.resins.require.good. 

pretreated.water.quality.to.be.economically. 

efficient. 


Activated Carbon 

Activated carbon is made of organic material porous 

particulates containing a maze of small pores,.which. 

account.for.the.substance’s.highly.developed.surface.. 

One.gram.of.activated.carbon.has.a.surface.of.up.to.. 

1.000.m 2 ..Organic.molecules.dissolved.in.water.may. 

enter.the.pores.and.bind.to.their.walls.due.to.van.der. 

Waals.forces..The.adsorption.process.is.controlled.by. 

the.diameter.of.the.pores.in.the.carbon.filter.and.by.the. 

diffusion.rate.of.organic.molecules.through.the.pores.. 

The.rate.of.adsorption.is.a.function.of.molecular.weight. 

and.the.molecular.size.of.the.organics. 

Activated carbon used in water purification is 

available in two forms: 

Natural activated carbon.produced.by.treating. 

vegetal.products.such.as.coconut.shells.at.high. 

temperature..The.result.of.this.process.is.a.fine. 

powder.made.of.irregularly.shaped.grains..Natural. 

activated.carbon.contains.a.high.concentration.of. 

ionic.contaminants.and.is.therefore.used.only.as.a. 

pretreatment.step.to.remove.excess.chlorine.from. 

tap.water.by.a.reduction.reaction.and,.to.some. 

extent,.to.reduce.organic.contamination. 

Synthetic activated carbon.is.made.by.the. 

controlled.pyrolysis.of.polystyrene.spherical.beads.. 

This.cleaner.material.is.used.for.the.removal.of.trace. 

organics.of.low.molecular.weight. 

Activated.carbon.is.usually.used.in.combination.with.other. 

treatment.processes..The.placement.of.carbon.in.relation. 

to.other.components.is.an.important.consideration.in.the. 

design.of.a.water.purification.system. 

Benefits 

. ..Removes.dissolved.organics.and.chlorine. 

effectively. 

. ..Long.life.due.to.high.binding.capacity. 

Limitations 

. ..Does.not.efficiently.remove.ions.and. 

particulates. 

. ..Limited.capacity.due.to.a.high,.but.limited,. 

number.of.binding.sites. 

. ..Can.generate.carbon.fines. 


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Carbon.Adsorption 

Synthetic.activated.carbon 

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Microporous Filters 

Microporous filters can be classified in three 

categories: depth, surface and screen..Depth.filters. 

are.matted.fibers.or.materials.compressed.to.form.a. 

matrix.that.retains.particles.by.random.adsorption.or. 

entrapment.. 

Surface.filters.are.made.from.multiple.layers.of.media.. 

When.fluid.passes.through.the.filter,.particles.larger. 

than.the.spaces.within.the.filter.matrix.are.retained,. 

accumulating.primarily.on.the.surface.of.the.filter... 

Screen.filters.(also.called.membrane.filters).are.inherently. 

uniform.structures.which,.like.a.sieve,.retain.all.particles. 

larger.than.the.precisely.controlled.pore.size.on.their. 

surface. 

The.distinction.between.filters.is.important.because.the. 

three.serve.very.different.functions..Depth.filters.are. 

usually.used.as.prefilters.because.they.are.an.economical. 

way.to.remove.≥.98.%.of.suspended.solids.and.protect. 

elements.downstream.from.fouling.or.clogging..They.owe. 

their.high.capacity.to.the.fact.that.contaminants.are. 

trapped.and.retained.within.the.whole.filter.depth. 

Surface.filters.remove.99.99.%.of.suspended.solids.and. 

may.be.used.either.as.prefilters.or.clarifying.filters.. 

Screen.(microporous.membrane).filters.are.100.%. 

efficient.at.retaining.contaminants.larger.than.their.pore. 

size..These.filters.are.placed.at.the.furthest.possible. 

point.in.a.system.to.remove.the.last.remaining.traces. 

of.resin.fragments,.carbon.fines,.colloidal.particles.and. 

microorganisms..For.example,.0.22.µm.Millipore.membrane. 

filters,.which.retain.all.bacteria,.are.routinely.used.to. 

sterilize.intravenous.solutions,.serums.and.antibiotics. 

Benefits 

. ..Screen.filters.are.absolute.filters.that.remove. 

all.particles.and.microorganisms.greater.than. 

their.pore.size. 

. ..Efficient.operation.throughout.their.lifetime,. 

unless.they.are.damaged. 

. ..Maintenance.is.limited.to.replacement. 

Limitations 

. ..They.will.clog.when.the.surface.is.covered. 

by.contaminants..Therefore,.they.should.be. 

used.as.a.last.purification.step,.as.a.type.of. 

insurance. 

. ..Will.not.remove.dissolved.inorganics,.organics. 

or.pyrogens. 

. ..Not.regenerable. 

Depth.Filter 

Screen.Filter 


Ultrafiltration 

A microporous membrane filter removes particles 

according to pore size..By.contrast,.an.ultrafiltration. 

(UF).membrane.functions.as.a.molecular.sieve..It. 

separates.dissolved.molecules.on.the.basis.of.their. 

size–often.reported.as.the.“molecular.weight“.(both. 

parameters.are.related,.but.not.always.directly)—by. 

passing.a.solution.through.an.infinitesimally.fine.filter. 

The.ultrafilter.is.a.tough,.thin,.selectively.permeable. 

membrane.that.retains.most.macromolecules.above.a. 

certain.size.(Nominal.Molecular.Weight.Limit,.or.NMWL). 

including.colloids,.microorganisms.and.pyrogens..Smaller. 

molecules,.such.as.solvents.and.ionized.contaminants,. 

are.allowed.to.pass.into.the.filtrate..Thus,.UF.provides. 

a.retained.fraction.(retentate).that.is.rich.in.large. 

molecules.and.a.filtrate.that.contains.few,.if.any,.of. 

these.molecules. 

Ultrafilters are available in several selective ranges.. 

In.all.cases,.the.membranes.will.retain.most,.but.not. 

necessarily.all,.molecules.above.their.rated.size..In.water. 

purification,.ultrafilters.are.routinely.used.to.provide. 

pyrogen-free.and.nuclease-free.water.for.critical.cell. 

culture.or.molecular.biology.experimentation..The.key. 

point.here.is.the.validation.process,.which.ensures.that. 

the.ultrafilter,.when.challenged.by.pyrogens,.RNases.or. 

DNases.at.levels.far.above.those.likely.to.occur.during. 

regular.operation,.will.be.able.to.reliably.deliver.water. 

within.specification. 


Ultrafilter 

Benefits 

. ..Effectively.removes.most.particles,.pyrogens,. 

enzymes,.microorganisms.and.colloids.above. 

their.rated.size,.retaining.them.above.the. 

ultrafilter.surface. 

. ..Efficient.operation.throughout.their.lifetime,. 

unless.they.are.damaged. 

. ..Their.lifetime.can.be.extended.by.a.regular. 

water.flush.at.high.speed. 

Limitations 

. ..Will.not.remove.dissolved.inorganics.or.organic. 

substances. 

. ..May.clog.when.challenged.by.an.excessive.level. 

of.high-molecular-weight.contaminants.

Reverse Osmosis 

Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most economical method 

of removing 95 % to 99 % of all contaminants..The. 

pore.structure.of.RO.membranes.is.much.tighter.than. 

that.of.UF.membranes..RO.membranes.are.capable.of. 

rejecting.practically.all.particles,.bacteria.and.organics. 

>.200.Dalton.molecular.weight.(including.pyrogens).at.a. 

rate.close.to.99.%..Natural.osmosis.occurs.when.solutions. 

with.two.different.concentrations.are.separated.by.a. 

semi-permeable.membrane..Osmotic.pressure.drives. 

water.through.the.membrane;.the.water.dilutes.the. 

more.concentrated.solution;.and.the.end.result.is.an. 

equilibrium. 

In.water.purification.systems,.hydraulic.pressure.is. 

applied.to.the.concentrated.solution.to.counteract. 

the.osmotic.pressure..Pure.water.is.driven.from.the. 

concentrated.solution.at.a.flow.rate.proportional.to. 

applied.pressure.and.collected.downstream.of.the. 

membrane.. 

Because.RO.membranes.are.very.restrictive,.they.yield. 

slow.flow.rates.per.surface.unit..Storage.tanks.are. 

required.to.produce.an.adequate.volume.in.a.reasonable. 

amount.of.time. 

Reverse.Osmosis 

RO also involves an ionic exclusion process..Only. 

solvent.(i.e.,.water.molecules).is.allowed.to.pass.through. 

the.semi-permeable.RO.membrane,.while.virtually.all.ions. 

and.dissolved.molecules.are.retained.(including.salts.and. 

organic.molecules.such.as.sugars)..The.semi-permeable. 

membrane.rejects.salts.(ions).by.a.charge.phenomenon. 

action:.the.greater.the.charge,.the.greater.the.rejection.. 

Therefore,.the.membrane.rejects.nearly.all.(>.99.%). 

strongly.ionized.polyvalent.ions.but.only.more.than.95.%. 

of.the.monovalent.ions.like.sodium..Salt.rejection. 

increases.significantly.with.applied.pressure.up.to.5.bar. 

Different feed water may require different types of 

RO membranes..Membranes.are.manufactured.from. 

cellulose.acetate.or.thin-film.composites.of.polyamide.on. 

a.polysulfone.substrate. 

If.the.system.is.properly.designed.for.the.feed.water 

conditions.and.the.intended.use.of.the.product.water,.RO. 

is.the.most.economical.and.efficient.method.for.purifying. 

tap.water..RO.is.also.the.optimum.pretreatment.for. 

reagent-grade.water.polishing.systems. 

Benefits 

. ..Effectively.removes.all.types.of.contaminants. 

to.some.extent.(particles,.pyrogens,. 

microorganisms,.colloids.and.dissolved. 

inorganics),.and.is.therefore.useful.as.a.first. 

purification.step. 

. ..Requires.minimal.maintenance. 

. ..Operation.parameters.(pressure,.temperature,. 

flow.rate,.ionic.rejection).are.easy.to.monitor. 

Limitations 

. ..Limited.flow.rates.per.surface.unit.require. 

either.large.membrane.surfaces.or.an. 

intermediate.storage.device.to.satisfy.user. 

demand. 

. ..Requires.good.pretreatment.to.avoid.rapid. 

membrane.damage.by.water.contaminants:. 

scaling.(CaCO 3 .deposits.on.the.surface),. 

fouling.(deposits.of.organics.or.colloids.on.the. 

surface).or.piercing.(RO.membrane.cut.by.hard. 

particulates). 


Elix ® Continuous Deionization 

This technology is a combination of electrodialysis 

and ion exchange,.resulting.in.a.process.which. 

effectively.deionizes.water,.while.the.ion-exchange. 

resins.are.continuously.regenerated.by.the.electric. 

current.in.the.unit..This.electrochemical.regeneration. 

replaces.the.chemical.regeneration.of.conventional.ionexchange.systems.. 

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The Elix module consists of a number of “cells” 

sandwiched between two electrodes..Each.cell. 

consists.of.a.polypropylene.frame.onto.which.are. 

bonded.a.cation-permeable.membrane.on.one.side,.and. 

an.anion-permeable.membrane.on.the.other.. 

The.space.in.the.center.of.the.cell,.between.the.ionselective.membranes,.is.filled.with.a.thin.bed.of.ion-. 

exchange.resins..The.cells.are.separated.from.one. 

another.by.a.screen.separator. 

The.feed.water.entering.the.module.is.split.into.three. 

parts..A.small.percentage.flows.over.the.electrodes,.. 

65-75.%.of.the.feed.passes.through.the.resin.beds.in. 

the.cell,.and.the.remainder.passes.along.the.screen. 

separator.between.the.cells. 

The.ion-exchange.resins.capture.dissolved.ions.in. 

the.feed.water.at.the.top.of.the.cell..Electric.current. 

applied.across.the.module.pulls.those.ions.through. 

the.ion-selective.membrane.towards.the.electrodes.. 

Cations.are.pulled.through.the.cation-permeable. 

membrane.towards.the.cathode,.and.anions.through.the. 

anion-selective.membrane.towards.the.anode..These. 

ions,.however,.are.unable.to.travel.all.the.way.to.their. 

respective.electrodes.since.they.come.to.the.adjacent. 

ion-selective.membrane.which.is.of.the.opposite.charge.. 

This.prevents.further.migrations.of.ions,.which.are.then. 

forced.to.concentrate.in.the.space.between.the.cells.. 


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This.space.is.known.as.the.“concentrate”.channel,.and. 

the.ions.concentrated.in.this.area.are.flushed.out.of.the. 

system.to.the.drain. 

The.channel.running.through.the.resin.bed.in.the.center. 

of.the.cell.is.known.as.the.“dilute”.channel..As.water. 

passes.down.this.channel,.it.is.progressively.deionized.. 

At.the.lower.end.of.the.dilute.channel,.where.water. 

is.free.of.ions,.splitting.of.H 2 O.occurs.in.the.electric. 

field..This.generates.H + .and.OH - .which.regenerate.the. 

ion-exchange.resins,.effectively.eliminating.chemical. 

regeneration. 

Benefits 

. ..Removes.dissolved.inorganics.effectively,. 

allowing.resistivity.above.5.MΩ.cm.@.25.°C.to. 

be.reached.(which.corresponds.to.a.total.ionic. 

contamination.level.in.water.of.approximately.. 

50.ppb). 

. ..Environmental.friendly:. 

-.No.chemical.regeneration.. 

-.No.chemical.disposal.. 

-.No.resin.disposal. 

. ..Inexpensive.to.operate. 

. ..Safe:.no.heating.element. 

Limitations 

. ..Removes.only.a.limited.number.of.charged. 

organics. 

. ..Requires.feed.by.good.quality.water.(for. 

instance,.reverse.osmosis-treated.water).for. 

economically.efficient.operation.

Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 

Ultraviolet radiation has been widely used as a 

germicidal treatment for water. Mercury.low.pressure. 

UV.lamps.generate.light.at.different.wavelengths,. 

including.185.and.254.nm..UV.lamps.with.a.regular. 

quartz.sleeve.allow.passage.of.254.nm.light..These. 

lamps.are.an.effective.means.of.sanitizing.water..The. 

adsorption.of.UV.light.by.the.DNA.in.the.microbial.cells. 

results.in.the.inactivation.of.the.microorganism. 

UV.lamps.with.a.very.pure.quartz.sleeve.allow.passage. 

of.both.185.and.254.nm.UV.light..This.combination.of. 

wavelengths.is.necessary.for.the.photooxidation.of. 

organic.compounds,.which.ultimately.allows.conversion. 

of.dissolved.organic.substances.into.carbon.dioxide.. 

With.these.special.lamps,.Total.Oxidizable.Carbon.(TOC). 

levels.in.high.purity.water.can.be.reduced.to.≤.5.ppb. 

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Benefits 

. ..Effective.sanitizing.treatment. 

. ..Oxidation.of.organic.compounds.(185.nm.and. 

254.nm).to.reach.water.TOC.levels.below.5.ppb. 

Limitations 

. ..Photooxidation.of.organics.is.a.polishing.step,. 

able.to.decrease.the.TOC.level.only.by.a.limited. 

value. 

. ..The.CO .produced.during.photooxidation. 

2 

decreases.the.water’s.resistivity,.as.it.reacts. 

with.water..to.produce.H Co ,.splitting.into. 

2 3 

- + HCO .and.H . 

3 

. ..UV.light.will.not.affect.ions,.particles.or.colloids. 


WATER PURIFICATION SySTEMS 

ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 

Millipore’s range of water purification systems is designed to provide 

laboratories with systems covering the three different water types in an 

efficient and economical way that includes adapted monitoring and quality 

assurance. The graph below shows a summary of the systems available 

and can help you select the system best suited to your application needs. 

However, each laboratory has its own constraints and our application 

specialists are available to answer your questions and support you in the 

design of the system that best matches your needs. 

Visit www. millipore.com / offices to find your nearest contact. 

Water Quality 

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* Advanced Technical Support 

A.complete.range.of.services,.including.validation.support,.is.provided.by.trained.Millipore. 

Field.Service.Support.Engineers.using.calibrated.equipment.and.Qualifi.cation.Workbooks 

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System Water Source Final Water Quality Application 

RiOs.3 Tap Type.III 

* .Advanced.Technical.Support 

A.complete.range.of.services,.including.validation.support,.is. 

provided.by.trained.Millipore.Field.Service.Engineers.using. 

calibrated.equipment.and.Qualifi.cation.Workbooks. 

Production.of.up.to.30.l.of.pure.water.per.day.to.feed.autoclaves. 

or.glassware.washing.machines.and./.or.feed.water.for.Milli-Q. 

systems. 

RiOs.5–8–16 * Tap Type.III Production.of.pure.water.for.laboratories.using.up.to.350.l.per.day. 

RiOs.30–50–100–200 * Tap Type.III Production.of.pure.water.for.daily.needs.up.to.4.000.l.per.day.. 

Elix.3–5–10 * Tap Type.II 

Production.of.pure.water.for.laboratories.needing.up.to.200.l.per. 

day.of.water.superior.in.quality.to.double.distilled.water. 

Elix.20–35–70–100 * Tap Type.II Production.of.pure.water.for.daily.needs.up.to.2.000.l.per.day. 

.RiOs-DI.3 Tap Type.II 

Milli-DI Tap Type.II 

An.economical.alternative.to.stills.for.labs.requiring.up.to.15.l.of. 

purified.water.per.day. 

Low.capital.investment.system.for.labs.that.require.up.to.10.l.per. 

day.of.DI.water.for.non-critical.applications. 

Elix.Clinical * .35–70 Tap NA ** Feed.for.clinical.analyzers.needing.up.to.1.400.l.per.day. 

AFS.3–8–16 * Tap NA ** Feed.for.clinical.analyzers.needing.up.to.350.l.per.day. 

Milli-Q.Integral * Tap Type.I,.Type.II 

Milli-Q.Advantage * Type.III.or.II Type.I 

Milli-Q.Century * Type.III.or.II Type.I 

Direct-Q.5 * Tap Type.I,.Type.III 

.Direct-Q.3 Tap Type.I,.Type.III 

Production.of.pure.water.for.laboratories.needing.up.to.350.l 

per.day.of.water.superior.in.quality.to.double.distilled.water.. 

Ultrapure.water.designed.for.pharmaceutical.and.biotech.research. 

applications.and.QC.labs.needing.from.1.to.350.l.per.day. 

Ultrapure.water.designed.for.pharmaceutical.and.biotech. 

research.applications.and.QC.labs.needing.from.1.to.200.l.per. 

day. 

Ultrapure.water.systems.tailored.for.specific.applications.in. 

research.and.QC.labs.needing.1.to.200.l.per.day. 

Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.15.l.of.ultrapure.water.per.day.and. 

up.to.100.l.of.Type.III.water.per.day. 

Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.10.l.of.ultrapure.water.per.day.and. 

up.to.50.l.of.Type.III.water.per.day. 

Synergy Type.III.or.II Type.I Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.40.l.ultrapure.water.per.day. 

Simplicity Type.III.or.II Type.I 

Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.5.l.ultrapure.water.per.day..An. 

economical.alternative.to.bottled.water. 

Super-Q Type.III.or.II Type.I Production.of.ultrapure.water.with.high.instant.flow.rate.(12.l/min). 

** .Designed.to.be.in.compliance.with.CLSI.CLRW.quantitative. 

specifi.cations.. 

.Millipore lab water systems can be combined to 

achieve specific laboratory objectives. For instance, 

an Elix system combined with a reservoir and a 

Milli-Q Advantage system will fulfill the following 

requirements in a laboratory: 

. ..Production.of.Type.II.water.for.non-critical.applications. 

such.as.buffer.and.reagent.preparation 

. ..Production.of.Type.I.ultrapure.water.for.critical. 

laboratory.applications 

WATER PURIFICATION SySTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 21

TyPE III WATER 

Technologies used to produce Type III water 

Various purification technologies exist, each with its own benefits and 

limitations. To remove all contaminants to the levels required for specific 

applications, it is necessary to use a combination of technologies. Reverse 

Osmosis (RO) is the most economical method for removing 90 % to 99 % of 

all contaminants and Millipore Type III systems combine different steps as 

outlined in the graph below to optimize the RO process. 

Tap 

Step 1 

Step 2 

Step 3 

22 WATER PURIFICATION SySTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 

Progard Pack 

Protection.of.RO.against. 

scaling.(CaCO 3 ),.piercing. 

(particulates).and. 

oxidation.by.chlorine 


Removal.of.up.to. 

99.%.of.feed.water. 

contaminants 

UV Lamp 254 nm 

Production.of.water. 

with.low.levels.of. 

bacteria

Pretreatment to protect the RO 

membrane 

The.high.quality.Progard ® .pretreatment.pack.minimizes. 

the.risk.of.clogging.the.RO.membrane.and.guarantees. 

the.lifetime.of.the.equipment. 

. ..The.pretreatment.pack.contains.(1).carbon.beads,. 

(2).anti-scaling.compounds.and.(3).a.prefilter.to. 

efficiently.protect.the.RO.membrane(s).against. 

plugging,.scaling.and.oxidation. 

. ..Silver-impregnated.carbon.cartridges.(optional. 

cartridge.version.S1.or.S2).are.adapted.to.areas. 

where.the.feed.water.has.high.bacterial.levels. 

. ..The.Progard.packs.come.in.two.different.sizes.to. 

cover.a.range.of.feed.water.conditions. 

Reverse Osmosis to purify 

Type.III.water.is.produced.by.the.latest.Reverse.Osmosis. 

(RO).technology..This.method.is.capable.of.rejecting.up. 

to.99.%.of.the.contaminants.present.in.potable.water. 

by.passing.pressurized.feed.water.through.a.polyamide. 

membrane..The.different.types.of.contaminants.are. 

efficiently.removed. 

Laboratory-grade water is frequently used in 

laboratories mainly for applications such as: 

. ..Glassware.rinsing 

. ..Feed.water.for.humidifiers,.autoclaves,.washing. 

machines 

. ..Feed.water.for.Milli-Q.ultrapure.water.systems 

Progard.Pretreatment.Pack 

3 

2 

Reverse.Osmosis 

WATER PURIFICATION SySTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 23 

1

Type III Water Purification Systems 

RiOs 3 Water Purification Systems 

Economical pure water solution for low volume 

needs 

Produce.up.to.20–30.l./.day.of.Pure.Water.(Type.III.Water). 

from.Tap. 

Because.optimum.quality.water.requires.appropriate.flow. 

rate.sizing,.Millipore.has.especially.developed.a.3.l./.hour. 

system.for.small.volume.needs..Water.is.conveniently. 

stored.inside.the.unit.to.save.space. 

Features 

. ..Unique.“all-in-one”.consumable.pack.includes. 

pretreatment.and.reverse.osmosis.membrane. 

. ..Maintenance.reduced.to.changing.a.single.cartridge. 

once.or.twice.a.year. 

. ..Backlit.color.display.shows.conductivity,.temperature. 

and.water.level.in.reservoir. 

. . .Integrated,.compact.6-liter.reservoir;.(connection.to.a. 

30.l.or.60.l.reservoir.possible.for.higher.daily.needs). 

. ..Efficient.removal.>.94.%.of.ionic.contaminants. 

. . .Efficient.removal.>.99.%.of.other.contaminants. 

(organics,.bacteria,.particles). 

RiOs 5 / 8 / 16 Water Purification Systems 

The advanced RO system for laboratories 

Produce.up.to.350.l./.day.of.Pure.Water.(Type.III).from.Tap. 

Features 

. ..Easy.to.maintain. 

. ..Self-maintenance.functions.of.the.reverse.osmosis. 

membrane.. 

. . .Advanced.reverse.osmosis.technology.with.high. 

recovery.loop.reduces.water.consumption.by.more. 

than.50.%.. 

. . .Constant.product.flow.rate.. 

. ..Optional.UV.lamp.for.optimum.water.quality.for. 

applications.sensitive.to.bacteria.. 

. ..All.system.functions.accessible.from.a.user-friendly. 

keypad.and.displayed.on.backlit.screen. 

Applications 

The.water.produced.by.these.systems.may.be. 

used.for.basic.laboratory.needs,.such.as.buffer. 

and.reagent.preparation,.microbiology.media. 

preparation.and.rinsing.of.glassware..In.addition,. 

it.may.be.used.in.water.baths..It.may.also.be.used. 

as.the.pretreatment.step.for.an.ultrapure.water. 

purification.system. 

24 WATER PURIFICATION SySTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

RiOs 30 / 50 / 100 / 150 / 200 

Water Purification Systems 

One complete purification and control unit for 

large labs or a whole laboratory building 

Produce.up.to.4000.l./.day.of.Pure.Water.(Type.III). 

Features 

. ..Total.control.of.all.functions,.operating.parameters. 

and.standard.accessory.components.within.the.RiOs. 

system.itself.and.in.the.pure.water.distribution.loop. 

. ..High.water.recovery.thanks.to.advanced.reverse. 

osmosis.technology. 

. ..Constant.product.flow.rate.independent.of. 

temperature.from.7–30°.C. 

. . .Built-in.UV.lamp.for.bacteria-sensitive.applications.. 

. ..Easy-to-replace.pretreatment.packs,.tailored.to.the. 

feed.water.source. 

. ..Built-in.conductivity.monitoring.to.ensure.water. 

quality. 

Specifications 

Flow.Rate,.l./.h.+./.-.15.%.. 

at.7.°C.

TyPE II WATER 

Technologies Used to Produce Type II Water 

There are various purification technologies that can produce Type II water. 

The most efficient way of producing Type II water is to begin with Reverse 

Osmosis and follow with either deionization (RO-DI) or Electrodeionization 

(RO-EDI). Millipore systems combine these technologies in a comprehensive 

range of systems. 

Tap 

Step 1 

Step 2 

Step 3 

Step 4 

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Progard Pack 

Protection.of.RO.against. 

scaling.(CaCO 3 ),.piercing. 

(particulates).and. 

oxidation.by.chlorine 


Removal.of.up.to. 

99.%.of.feed.water. 

contaminants 

Elix Module or DI 

Consistent. 

production.of.high. 

resistivity.and.low. 

TOC.water 

UV Lamp * 254 nm 

Production.of.water. 

with.low.levels.of. 

bacteria 

. 

* optional

Elix ® Technology 

. ..Water.entering.the.Elix.module.is.RO.purified.Type.III. 

water. 

. ..Ion-exchange.resins.in.the.module.are.continuously. 

regenerated.via.an.electrical.current..This.process. 

requires.only.very.small.quantities.of.water.and. 

energy. 

. ..No.special.maintenance.or.chemical.regeneration.is. 

needed.that.would.deteriorate.the.resin.beads.. 

. ..This.unique.process.has.become.the.new.standard.for. 

the.production.of.Type.II.water.and.is.replacing.both. 

distillation.and.conventional.deionization.units.in.the. 

laboratory. 

Features 

In.general,.water.that.has.been.purified.using.Elix. 

technology.is.suitable.for.use.with.analyses.at.the.parts. 

per.million.(ppm).or.high.ppb.levels,.and.also.may.be.used. 

to.fulfill.several.other.needs.in.a.laboratory: 

. ..Buffer.and.media.preparation,.in.particular.for. 

microbiology,.titration.(unless.trace.levels.are. 

targeted),.pH.or.general.analytical.chemistry. 

. ..Non-sensitive.sample.preparation.requiring.extensive. 

washing. 

. ..Chemical.reactions.run.in.water. 

. ..Stability.testing.chambers.and.autoclave.feeding. 

. ..Histology. 

. ..Glassware.washing;.can.be.used.for.manual.washing. 

or.Elix.systems.can.be.fitted.to.dishwashers.to.deliver. 

water.on.demand. 

. ..With.additional.basic.ion-exchange.polishing,.the. 

water.can.be.used.in.clinical.chemistry.and.as.feed. 

water.for.weatherometers. 

Applications 




preparation,.histology,.dissolution.testing.(with. 

UV.detection).and.rinsing.of.glassware..In.addition,. 

it.may.be.used.in.water.baths,.weatherometers,. 

laboratory.dishwashers.and.autoclaves..It.may. 

also.be.used.as.the.pretreatment.step.for.an. 

ultrapure.water.system. 

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Type II Water Purification Systems 

Elix ® 3 / 5 / 10 Water Purification Systems 

The standard for pure water in laboratories – an 

efficient, economical alternative to distillation and 

deionization 

Produce.up.to.200.l./.day.of.Type.II.Water.from.Tap..Elix. 

system.water.meets.or.exceeds.Type.II.water.quality. 

as.defined.by.ISO ® .3696./.BS.3997.and.purified.water. 

defined.by.the.European.and.U.S..Pharmacopoeia..With. 

Elix.systems,.control.of.water.purity.is.built.into.every. 

step.of.the.purification.process.–.ensuring.that.water. 

quality.will.be.a.constant.in.your.applications,.not.an. 

additional.variable. 

Features 

. ..Easy.to.maintain.and.operate. 

-.A.unique.and.easy-to-install.prefiltration.pack.unit. 

-.Self-maintenance.of.the.reverse.osmosis.membrane. 

. ..Self-regeneration.of.the.ion-exchange.resins.by.an. 

electrical.current. 

-.Production.of.consistent.high.water.quality.. 

-.Optimized.cost.per.liter 

. ..Advanced.reverse.osmosis.technology.. 

-.High.recovery.loop.reduces.water.consumption.by 

..........more.than.50.%.. 

-.Constant.product.flow.rate 

. ..Integrated.UV.lamp.for.optimum.water.quality.for. 

applications.sensitive.to.bacteria. 

. ..Data.storage.and.RS.232.communication.port 


Water.Needs. 

per.day 

Flow.Rate,.l./.h.+./.–15. 

%.at.7.°C..5 >.5 

Elix ® 20 / 35 / 70 / 100 Water Purification 

Systems 

One complete purification and control unit 

Produce.up.to.2000.l./.day.of.Type.II.Water..Elix. 

20./.35./.70./.100.systems.are.designed.to.produce.up.to.. 

2000.l./.day.of.Type.II.water.from.potable.tap.feed.water. 

to.meet.or.exceed.the.relevant.standards.defined.by. 

CLSI,.ISO ® .3696./.BS.3997.and.the.European.and.US. 

Pharmacopoeia.Elix.systems.can.be.integrated.into. 

a.centralized.system,.providing.total.control.of.all. 

parameters. 

Features 


and.standard.accessory.components.within.the.Elix. 

system.itself.and.within.the.external.pure.water. 

distribution.loop. 

. ..Patented.Elix.electrodeionization.(EDI).module. 

continuously.regenerates.ion-exchange.resins. 

. ..Built-in.resistivity.and.TOC.(Total.Oxidizable.Carbon). 

monitoring.ensures.water.quality. 

. ..No.additional.softeners.are.required.for.most.feed. 

water.conditions 



. ..Built-in.UV.lamp.for.bacteria-sensitive.applications. 

Applications 






laboratory.dishwashers.and.autoclaves..It. 

is.recommended.for.use.in.chemical.and. 

pharmaceutical.QA/QC.laboratories,.and.in.central. 

water.distribution.systems..It.may.also.be.used. 


system. 


Water.Needs. 

per.day 

Flow.Rate,. 

l./.h.+./.–15.%.at. 

7.°C..5 >.5 >.5 

Systems for Low Volume Daily Needs 

RiOs-DI ® 3 Water Purification Systems 

For low volumes (< 10 l / day) of pure water (Type II) 

from tap 

The.RiOs-DI.3.UV.system.is.a.very.compact.solution.that. 

efficiently.combines.reverse.osmosis.(RO).technology. 

with.deionization.(DI).resins.to.produce.high.quality.pure. 

water.of.high.resistivity.and.low.TOC.(>.10.MΩ.cm.at.25. 

°C. 

and.10 

Average.Daily.Needs 5.to.10.L.per.day 

Flow.Rate,.l/h >2.4.l/h.at.15.°C 

Organics,.ppb

Milli-DI ® Water Purifi cation Systems 

Produce deionized water directly from tap water 

The.Milli-DI.system.is.a.compact.and.easy-to-use.water. 

purification.system.that.instantly.provides.deionized. 

water.(resistivity.>.1.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C).directly.from. 

tap.water..Suitable.for.users.requiring.low.volumes.of. 

purified.water,.3.to.5.l./.day,.this.battery-powered.system. 

comes.with.everything.needed.for.easy.installation.in. 

the.lab.(includes.tubing.for.½“.tap.fitting). 

Features 

. . .Low.investment. 

. ..Cartridge.contains.high.quality.mixed-bed.resins. 

. ..Optional.0.22.µm.filter.produces.bacteria-free.water. 

. . .A.green.LED.light.indicates.good.water.quality,.and.a. 

red.LED.light.indicates.that.the.DI-PAK ® .purification. 

pack.needs.to.be.replaced. 

Applications 





it.may.be.used.in.water.baths..It.may.also.be.used. 


purification.system. 

Specifi cations 

Resistivity,.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C >1 

Flow.Rate,.l./.min 0.5–0.7 

Feed.water.Requirements 

Potable.tap.water.at.a. 

feed-pressure.of.1–4.9. 

bar.(14–70.psi) 


SOLUTIONS FOR CLINICAL ANALyzERS 

Millipore offers a complete range of water purification systems designed 

to match the needs of small through large volume applications. Compatible 

with any analyzer, these systems are economical, easy to use, save water 

and improve productivity and results. 

RiOs-DI ® Clinical Water Purification 

Systems 

For low volumes (< 10 l / day) of pure water (Type II) 

from tap 

The.RiOs-DI.Clinical.system.is.a.very.compact.solution. 

designed.for.low.volume.analyzers..The.system. 

efficiently.combines.reverse.osmosis.(RO).technology. 

with.deionization.(DI).resins.to.produce.CLSI ® .Special. 

Reagent.Water * . 

. ..Produces.water.with.flow.rate.of.3.l/h 

. ..Specifically.designed.to.feed.low-volume.analyzers. 

using.up.to.20.l/day 

. ..Designed.to.be.in.compliance.with.CLSI.CLRW ** . 

quantitative.specifications 

. ..Economical.system.allows.substantial.cost.savings 

. ..Provides.an.efficient.alternative.to.buying.and.storing. 

bottled.water 

* .Clinical.and.Laboratory.Standards.Institute.(CLSI).SRW.type 

** .Clinical.and.Laboratory.Standards.Institute.Clinical.Laboratory. 

Reagent.Water 

Features 

. ..Easy.to.install 

. ..Easy.to.maintain 

. ..Saves.space 

. ..Advanced.water.quality.monitoring 

. ..Quiet.operation 

. ..Consumable.cartridges.snap.in.and.snap.out.without. 

tools 

Applications 




preparation,.histology,.dissolution.testing.(with.UV. 

detection).and.rinsing.of.glassware. 


AFS ® 3 / 8 / 16 (D) Water Purification 

Systems 

. ..Produce.water.with.flow.rates.of.3,.8,.16.l./.h. 

respectively. 

. ..Designed.to.be.in.compliance.with.CLSI.CLRW. 

quantitative.specifications. 

. ..Fit.any.lab.and.can.be.mounted.on.a.bench,.wall.or. 

floor.stand. 

. ..Remove.dissolved.gases.from.final.product.water. 

using.Millipore’s.patented.technology. 

Features 

. ..Easy.to.use. 

. ..Advanced.water.quality.monitoring. 

. ..Complete.bacterial.control. 

. . .50.%.water.savings. 

. ..Quiet.operation. 

. ..Consumable.cartridges.snap.in.and.snap.out.without. 

special.tools. 

. ..Traceability.—.data.is.archived.and.allows.these. 

systems.to.be.accredited.by.regulatory.bodies. 

Compliance with Regulatory Industry Standards 

AFS.and.Elix.Clinical.systems.are.UL.and.cUL 

listed.under.file.E216983.in.the.“Laboratory.Use. 

Electrical.Equipment.Category,”.and.meet.the. 

requirements.of.UL.61010.standards..They.also.have. 

Class.One.Medical.Device.Status.under.FDA.citation. 

21.CFR.862.2050..AFS.systems.conform.to.European. 

Union.CE.directives.89./.336./.CEE.(electromagnetic. 

compatibility).and.72./.23./.CEE.(electrical.equipment. 

within.certain.voltage.limits)..All.systems.are. 

manufactured.in.ISO.9001.and.ISO.14001.certified. 

environments. 

Applications 







laboratory.dishwashers.and.autoclaves. 


Elix ® Clinical Water Purification Systems 

. ..Produce.35.and.70.l./.h. 

. ..Designed.to.be.in.compliance.with.CLSI.CLRW. 

quantitative.specifications. 

. ..Self.regenerating.resins.using.the.patented.Elix. 

technology,.provide.significant.operating.cost.savings. 

and.ease.of.maintenance. 

. ..Reduce.polishing.cartridge.changes.five-fold. 

Features 


and.standard.accessory.components.within.the.Elix. 

system.itself.and.within.the.external.pure.water. 

distribution.loop. 

. ..Patented.Elix.electrodeionization.module.continuously. 

regenerates.ion-exchange.resins. 

. ..Built-in.resistivity.and.TOC.(Total.Oxidizable.Carbon). 

monitoring.to.ensure.water.quality. 

. ..No.additional.softeners.are.required.for.most.feed. 

water.conditions. 



. ..Built-in.UV.lamp.for.bacteria-sensitive.applications. 

. ..Systems.contain.integrated.control.functions.for. 

distribution.loop.components.(pump,.UV.lamp,.ASM,. 

TOC.and.resistivity.meters). 

Applications 







laboratory.dishwashers.and.autoclaves..It.may. 

also.be.used.as.the.pretreatment.step.for.an. 

ultrapure.water.system. 


BioPak ® C Polisher 

Final in-line purifi cation step to remove alkaline 

phosphatase for immunoassay and clinical 

chemistry analyzers 

The.BioPak.C.unit.is.a.disposable.ultrafiltration. 

cartridge.that.provides.a.final.in-line.purification.step. 

for.immunoassay.and.clinical.chemistry.analyzers..The. 

cartridge.is.designed.to.minimize.alkaline.phosphatase. 

(ALP).released.by.bacteria.that.may.be.present.in. 

analyzer.feed.water.used.to.dilute.reagents,.make.blanks. 

and.rinse.tubing.and.probes..The.BioPak.C.cartridge.can. 

be.installed.easily.on.most.immunoassay.and.clinical. 

chemistry.analyzers.on.the.market.today,.providing. 

improved.laboratory.efficiency.and.performance.with. 

lower.overall.running.costs. 

Features 

. ..Produces.ALP-free.water.with.bacteria.levels.lower. 

than.10.cfu/ml.(typically.

OPTIMIzED PURE WATER STORAGE 

The main concern when storing purified water is the degradation of water 

purity over time. Only a strict adherence to suitable reservoir materials, 

associated with careful design and appropriate protection against airborne 

contaminants, can ensure consistent water quality during storage. 

30, 60 and 100 l PE Reservoirs 

. ..Polyethylene.selected.for.minimal.release.of. 

extractables. 

. ..Blow-molded.technique.associated.with.best.material. 

choice.prevents.biofilm.formation. 

. ..Cylindrical.shape.minimizes.surface.area.in.contact. 

with.water. 

. ..Conical.bottom.allows.complete.cleaning.and.rinsing. 

. . .Purified.water.smoothly.fed.in.at.bottom.of.the. 

reservoir.prevents.absorption.of.carbon.dioxide. 

. ..UV.–.an.essential.feature.to.keep.bacterial.levels.low. 

. . .Front.valve.for.manual.dispense.of.purified.water. 

. ..Hermetically-sealed.lid.prevents.air.from.entering.the. 

reservoir. 

. ..Large.top.opening.allows.cleaning.during.sanitization. 

procedure. 

. ..Compact,.space-saving.design. 

SDS 200, 350 l Storage and Distribution 

Systems 

Millipore.SDS.200.and.350.liter.reservoirs.incorporate. 

the.most.advanced.technological.developments.and. 

innovative.features.to.guarantee.consistent.purity.of. 

the.stored.and.distributed.water. 

. ..Polyethylene.reservoir.ensures.minimal.release.of. 

organics.and.smooth.inner.surface.prevents.biofilm. 

formation. 

. ..Conical.bottom.guarantees.no.dead.volume.and.allows. 

complete.cleaning,.draining.and.rinsing. 

. ..ASM.(Automatic.Sanitization.Module).UV.lamp.easily. 

added.to.minimize.bacterial.growth.during.storage. 

. ..Sanitary.overflow.in.the.unlikely.event.of.water. 

system.malfunction. 

. ..Choice.of.vent.filters.to.protect.stored.water.against. 

airborne.contamination. 

. ..Sensor.rod.float.switch.for.automatic.reservoir.refill. 

. ..Built-in.pump.option.can.distribute.purified.water.to. 

multiple.locations. 

. . .Inlet.and.outlet.connections.and.valves.are.all. 

pre-plumbed.for.easy.installation. 


Automatic Sanitization Module (ASM) and 

Water Sensor 

. ..254.nm.low.pressure.mercury.vapor.UV.lamp,.selected. 

for.its.germicidal.effectiveness. 

. ..Pre-programmable.intervals.of.10.min./.day.automatic. 

UV.illumination.for.optimized.efficiency. 

. ..Additional.programmable.and.manual.UV.exposure. 

possible.to.meet.critical.application.requirements. 

. ..Up.to.60.min./.day.of.UV.exposure.for.total.flexibility. 

. ..Choice.of.language.display.and.real.time.clock.for. 

maximum.convenience. 

. ..The.ASM.is.available.with.an.optional.water.sensor,. 

which.can.isolate.the.water.system.from.the.main. 

line.should.any.leakage.be.detected..The.ASM.display. 

will.show.the.time.and.date.water.was.detected.along. 

with.instructions.on.how.to.use.this.function. 

Advanced Protection Against Airborne 

Contamination 

Air.is.contaminated.by.carbon.dioxide,.particles,. 

microorganisms,.and.volatile.organic.compounds.that. 

come.mainly.from.the.laboratory.atmosphere.itself..To. 

protect.the.purified.water.from.all.these.contaminants,. 

Millipore.has.developed.an.advanced.vent.filter.that. 

includes: 

. ..Activated.carbon.to.adsorb.volatile.organics. 

(including.lab.solvents.such.as.acetone,.chloroform. 

and.methanol) 

. ..A.soda-lime.bed.to.remove.CO 2 

. ..A.Durapore ® .hydrophobic.membrane.for.particle.and. 

bacterial.retention 

This.advanced.vent.filter.is.recommended.for.the. 

protection.of.high-resistivity.water,.such.as.Elix.product. 

water,.during.storage..A.standard.0.65.µm.membrane. 

vent.filter.is.available.to.protect.reverse-osmosisquality.water. 

ASM 

Water.Sensor 

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.Advanced.Vent.Filter.Protects.Water.Purity. 

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TyPE I WATER 

Technologies Used to Produce Type I Water 

The production of ultrapure (Type I) water demands a combination of 

different water purification techniques, each removing specific contaminants. 

Ion-Exchange Resin 

Ion-Exchange.Resins.are.small.(.1000.m 2 ./.gram). 

and.binds.organic.molecules.on.the.walls.of.the.pores.by. 

Van.der.Waals.forces.such.as.hydrophobic.interactions. 

UV Photooxidation Lamps 

UV.lamps.at.185.and.254.nm.wavelengths.provide.the. 

energy.required.to.convert.the.oxygen.dissolved.in. 

water.into.hydroxyl.radicals..These.powerful.oxidizing. 

agents.will.transform.dissolved.organics,.first.into. 

charged.molecules,.and.ultimately.into.carbon.dioxide.. 

Carbon.dioxide.will.react.with.water.to.generate. 

bicarbonate.and.carbonate.ions.that.can.be.removed.by. 

ion-exchange.resins. 


Ion-Exchange.Resin 

Synthetic.activated.Carbon 

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Microfiltration Membranes 

Microfiltration.membranes.are.screen.filters.that.retain. 

all.contaminants.(particulates.and.bacteria).larger.than. 

their.pore.size.on.their.surface..Millipore.membrane. 

filters.such.as.the.Millipak ® .filter.have.been.validated.for. 

sterilizing.filtration.and.are.delivered.with.a.certificate. 

of.quality. 

Ultrafiltration Membranes 

Ultrafiltration.membranes.used.in.Millipore.water. 

purification.solutions.are.hollow.fibers.that.provide.a. 

large.surface.within.a.small.volume.and.therefore.supply. 

the.required.flow.rate.with.minimum.space.occupancy.. 

Millipore.Pyrogard ® .5000.and.BioPak.UF.devices.have. 

been.validated.for.the.efficient.removal.of.pyrogens.and. 

nucleases.(RNases,.DNases)..In.addition,.UF.membranes. 

also.retain.most.colloids.on.their.surface. 

These.water.purification.techniques.are.organized. 

in.an.optimized.process.sequence.to.make.sure.that. 

the.highest.water.purity.level.is.reached..Intermittent. 

recirculation.of.the.water.allows.water.quality.to.be. 

maintained.between.sampling.times.to.ensure.that.the. 

quality.remains.unchanged.until.the.user.needs.it. 

The.materials.that.make.up.the.lab.water.system.and. 

are.in.contact.with.the.water.are.carefully.selected.to. 

guarantee.minimum.release.of.both.ionic.and.organic. 

contaminants. 

Microfiltration.Membranes 

Hollow.Fiber.Membranes 


Ultrapure Water Systems 

Milli-Q ® Integral Water Purification System 

One water system—two water quality types 

The.right.water.quality.for.all.lab.activities..The.Milli-Q. 

Integral.system.includes.a.comprehensive,.optimized. 

sequence.of.water.purification.and.monitoring. 

technologies.in.a.single.unit,.allowing.both.pure.and. 

ultrapure.water.to.be.produced.directly.from.tap. 

It.provides.pressurized,.bacteria-free.water.through. 

E-POD ® .(Elix-Point-of-Delivery).units.and.Milli-Q.ultrapure. 

water.through.Q-POD ® .(Quality-Point-of-Delivery).units. 

Water.can.be.delivered.from.the.system’s.exclusive. 

production.unit.to.as.many.as.3.independent.PODs.that. 

can.be.conveniently.located.at.different.places.in.the. 

laboratory..Each.POD.incorporates.a.color.backlit.screen. 

enabling.the.user.to.check.the.operation.of.the.entire. 

system.and.the.water.quality.at.a.glance. 

The.ergonomic.design.of.the.PODs.accounts.for.the. 

height.and.shape.of.regular.laboratory.glassware.to. 

ensure.optimum.user.convenience. 


Water.can.be.delivered.at.different.flow.rates.from.the. 

mobile.dispenser.located.at.the.end.of.an.80.cm. 

recirculation.loop..The.user.can.also.select.a.specific. 

water.volume.and.have.the.Q-POD./.E-POD.unit. 

automatically.fill.any.laboratory.vessel.from.a.100.ml. 

Erlenmeyer.flask.to.a.5.l.calibrated.flask.or.20.l.carboy. 

To.ensure.easy.adaptation.to.various.laboratory. 

applications,.validated.POD.Pak.polishers.are.available. 

to.remove.contaminants.that.can.impact.specific. 

applications.(such.as.pyrogens,.nucleases,.bacteria,. 

particulates,.organics,.etc.).just.before.water.leaves.the. 

system..Configurations.can.easily.evolve.to.match.lab. 

activity.changes.or.extensions.

Features 

. ..Pure.and.ultrapure.water.is.available.directly.from.tap. 

water.(no.need.to.have.a.DI.source.in.the.lab).from.. 

60.l./.day.up.to.350.l./.day.(depending.on.model) 

. ..Consistent.production.of.superior.quality.pure.water. 

(better.than.twice.the.quality.of.distilled.water). 

without.the.need.to.regenerate.a.DI.tank,.thanks.to. 

patented.Elix.technology 

. ..Easy.pure.or.ultrapure.water.delivery.in.different.lab. 

locations.thanks.to.the.PODs 

. ..Easy.and.intuitive.operation 

. ..Application-specific.water.qualities.through. 

customized.final.polishers 

. ..Built-in.resistivity.and.TOC.monitors.designed.to. 

comply.with.the.most.demanding.norms,.including.USP. 

requirements.(§.643.and.§.645) 

. ..System.manager-specific.interface.with.protection.of. 

key.set.points.by.a.login.and.password 

Applications 

When.the.system.is.equipped.with.a.0.2.µm.filter,. 

the.high.purity.water.delivered.by.the.system.is. 

suitable.for.HPLC,.LC-MS,.MALDI-ToF-MS,.IC,.ICP,.AA. 

and.most.of.the.analytical.techniques.commonly. 

used.in.the.laboratory..When.an.ultrafiltration. 

cartridge.(BioPak).is.utilized.at.the.point-of-use,. 

the.water.is.suitable.for.genomics.applications. 

(quality.at.least.equivalent.to.DEPC-treated.water). 

and.cell.culture..The.water.produced.following.the. 

system’s.pretreatment.step.may.be.used.for.basic. 

laboratory.needs,.such.as.buffer.and.reagent. 

preparation,.microbiology.media.preparation,. 

histology,.dissolution.testing.(with.UV.detection). 

and.rinsing.of.glassware.. 


The.Milli-Q.Integral.system.is.designed.to.be.fed.by.potable. 

tap.water.as.described.in.US-EPA,.EP.and.WHO.norms. 

Pure (Type II) water quality 

Elix.water.(at.Elix.module.outlet) 

Parameter Value Unit 

Resistivity >.5 MΩ.cm.@.25.°C 

TOC

Direct-Q ® 3 Water Purification Systems 

Ultrapure (Type I) water directly from tap 

The.Direct-Q.3.system.is.designed.for.simple.and.intuitive. 

operation..Water.quality.parameters.(resistivity.or. 

conductivity,.temperature).are.clearly.indicated.on.a. 

bright.color.display..The.Direct-Q.3.systems.allow.delivery. 

of.a.fixed.volume.of.Type.I.water.and.automatically.shut. 

off.once.the.selected.volume.has.been.delivered. 

The.Type.I.product.water.is.suitable.for.most.low-volume. 

laboratory.applications,.including.the.preparation.of. 

buffers.for.liquid.chromatography.separations.and. 

biochemical.experiments,.of.solutions.for.analytical. 

techniques.such.as.spectrophotometry.and.spectroscopy,. 

and.of.culture.media.. 

For.applications.requiring.very.low.organic.contaminant. 

levels,.the.Direct-Q.3.UV.system.also.incorporates.a.dual. 

wavelength.UV.lamp.to.produce.water.with.

Direct-Q ® 5 Water Purification Systems 

Ultrapure (Type I) water directly from tap 

The.Direct-Q.5.tap-fed.water.purification.system.is. 

designed.for.scientists.who.need.up.to.100.l.of.pure.. 

(Type.III).water.per.day.and.5.to.15.l.of.ultrapure.water. 

per.day.and.do.not.have.easy.access.to.acceptable. 

quality.pre-treated.water..This.compact,.silent.system. 

produces.5.l./.hour.of.pure.(Type.III).water.and.up.to.0.6. 

l./.min.of.ultrapure.(Type.I).water.on.demand,.directly. 

from.potable.tap.water..Direct-Q 

system.performance.characteristics.are.automatically. 

monitored.by.pressure,.temperature.and.resistivity 

sensors,.and.are.clearly.shown.on.the.system’s.display,. 

which.also.indicates.when.routine.maintenance.should. 

be.performed. 

Features 

. ..Progard.plug-in.pretreatment.pack. 

. ..Constant.water.flow-rate. 

. ..Automatic.refilling.of.the.10.l.reservoir. 

. ..Quiet.operation 

Applications 

The.ultrapure.water.produced.by.the.Direct-Q.5. 

system.may.be.used.for.regular.laboratory. 

applications,.such.as.the.preparation.of.buffers. 

and.solutions.for.titrations,.spectrophotometry,. 

atomic.absorption.or.emission.spectroscopy,. 

ILC.and.GC.when.the.final.filter.is.a.Millipak,.and. 

for.life.science.applications,.such.as.protein.and. 

nucleic.acid.isolation,.ELISA.tests,.electrophoresis. 

gel.and.buffer.preparation,.capillary. 

electrophoresis.and.preparation.of.media.for. 

microbiological,.plant.and.mammalian.cell.culture. 

when.the.final.filter.is.a.BioPak. 


Parameter Typical Value 

Resistivity,.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C 18.2. 

TOC,.ppb.–.with.Quantum.IX

Milli-Q ® Advantage Water Purification 

System 

High qualiy ultrapure water for all critical 

laboratory applications 

The.Milli-Q.Advantage.system.simplifies.your.daily.life.in. 

the.lab.by.utilizing.two.distinct.components: 

. ..The.Milli-Q.production.unit.is.a.compact.system.that. 

can.be.placed.either.on.the.bench,.under.the.bench.or. 

on.a.wall.–.wherever.it.best.suits.you. 

. ..The.Q-POD.(Quality-Point-of-Delivery).unit.provides. 

final.polishing.at.the.point-of-use.delivering.ultrapure. 

water.adapted.to.your.specific.needs. 

The.revolutionary.Q-POD.technology.empowers.you.with. 

convenient.and.flexible.dispensing.options..Up.to.three. 

Q-POD.units.can.be.used.with.each.Milli-Q.Advantage. 

system.at.different.locations.within.the.same.laboratory. 

Depending.on.the.application,.simply.select.the. 

appropriate.media.to.remove.the.specific.contaminants. 

that.may.affect.your.results. 


For.example,.the.Millipak ® .filter.with.the.Millipore. 

Express ® .membrane.(0.22.µm).produces.particulate-. 

and.bacteria-free.ultrapure.water.for.analytical. 

applications.such.as.spectrophotometry,.spectroscopy. 

and.chromatography..The.BioPak ® .ultrafilter,.while. 

removing.particulates.and.bacteria,.produces.pyrogen-. 

and.nuclease-free.ultrapure.water.for.biochemical. 

applications.

Features 

. ..Separation.of.production.and.delivery.for.better. 

laboratory.space.occupation.and.easier.system. 

installation. 

. ..Multiple.and.independent.water.delivery.points. 

(Q-POD.unit):.up.to.3.different.ultrapure.water. 

qualities.available.in.the.same.lab.. 

. ..Improved.water.purification.strategy:.the.most. 

critical.purification.step.for.a.specific.application.is. 

performed.by.POD.Pak.consumables.just.before.water. 

leaves.the.system.. 

. ..Water.delivery.adapted.to.specific.laboratory.needs:. 

from.low.flow.to.high.flow.or.using.the.automatic. 

volume.dispense.function. 

. ..Automatic.consumables.traceability:.using.RFID. 

technology,.the.lab.water.system.automatically. 

registers.in.its.memory.the.catalogue.number,.lot. 

number.of.new.Q-Gard ® .and.Quantum ® .cartridges. 

installed.. 

. ..Built-in.Resistivity.and.TOC.meters.ensure.that.both. 

inorganic.and.organic.contaminants.remain.within. 

specs..The.meters.are.designed.taking.into.account. 

the.requirement.of.USP.suitability.tests. 

(USP.$.645.and.$.643) 

. ..Complete.qualification.support.for.laboratories. 

concerned.by.validation 

Applications 

This.system.delivers.high.purity.water.suitable. 

for.most.applications..Equipped.with.a.0.2.µm. 

filter,.the.system.delivers.water.suitable.for. 

HPLC,.LC-MS,.MALDI-ToF-MS,.IC,.ICP,.AA.and.most. 

of.the.analytical.techniques.commonly.used.in. 

the.laboratory..When.an.ultrafiltration.cartridge. 

(BioPak).is.utilized.at.the.point-of-use,.the.water.is. 

suitable.for.genomics.applications.(quality.at.least. 

equivalent.to.DEPC-treated.water).and.cell.culture. 


Resistivity 18.2.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C * 

TOC .0.22.µm./.ml)

Milli-Q ® Century Range Water Purification 

Systems 

This.range.of.Milli-Q.systems.produces.ultrapure.water. 

from.Elix.and.RiOs.systems.water,.as.well.as.distilled.or.. 

DI.water..Each.system.is.designed.for.specific. 

applications. 

Applications 

. ..The.Milli-Q.Academic.system.produces.water. 

adequate.for.regular.laboratory.applications.such. 

as.the.preparation.of.buffers.and.solutions.for. 

titrations,.spectrophotometry.or.spectroscopy,. 

atomic.absorption.or.emission,.ILC,GC. 

. ..The.Milli-Q.Gradient.system.delivers.water. 

recommended.for.chromatography.applications:. 

HPLC,.LC,.LC/MS,.GC-MS,GC. 

. ..The.Milli-Q.Biocel.system.delivers.water.for.life. 

science.applications.such.as.protein.and.nucleic. 

acid.isolation,.ELISA.tests,.electrophoresis.gel.and. 

buffer.preparation,.capillary.electrophoresis.and. 

preparation.of.media.for.microbiological,.plant.and.. 

mammalian.cell.culture. 

System ** Academic Gradient Biocel Synthesis Element 

Applications Lab.applications HPLC. Life.science 

Product Water Specification * 

* .Test.conditions:.Milli-Q.system.equipped.with.Q-Gard ® .1.pack,. 

Quantum.EX.cartridge,.feed.water.produced.by.Elix.system.with. 

resistivity.>.1.MΩ.cm.@25.°.C,.TOC.

Synergy ® Water Purification Systems 

Ultrapure water from pretreated water for 

low-volume critical applications 

The.Synergy.system.is.designed.for.laboratories.that. 

already.have.access.to.purified.water.and.need.a.pointof-use.system.to.supply.high.quality.ultrapure.water.. 

The.compact.design.assures.easy.installation.anywhere. 

in.your.lab,.on.the.bench.or.wall-mounted..The.Synergy. 

system.allows.delivery.of.a.fixed.volume.of.Type.I.water. 

and.automatically.shuts.off.once.the.selected.volume. 

has.been.delivered. 

Features 

. ..Quality.suitable.for.HPLC.and.other. 

spectrophotometric/spectroscopic.analytical. 

techniques.for.biological,.biochemical,.and.cell.culture. 

applications... 

. ..Dispensing.adapted.to.different.size.laboratory. 

glassware.. 

. ..Time-saving.fixed-volume.dispense.. 

Applications 

The.ultrapure.water.produced.by.the.Synergy. 






for.life.science.applications.such.as.protein.and. 




microbiological,.plant.and.mammalian.cell.culture,. 


The.ultrapure.water.produced.by.the.Synergy. 

UV.system.is.adequate.for.chromatography. 

applications:.HPLC,.LC,.LC/MS,.GC-MS.and.GC.when. 

the.final.filter.is.a.Millipak.Express.20,.and.for. 

molecular.biology.applications,.when.a.BioPak.is. 

used.as.the.final.filter. 

Specifications * 

Resistivity,.. 

MΩ.cm.at.25.°C 

Synergy Synergy UV 

18.2. 18.2 

TOC,.ppb

Simplicity ® Water Purification Systems 

Personal ultrapure water source 

The.Simplicity.portable.water.purification.system.can. 

be.located.anywhere.in.your.laboratory..To.use.it,.simply. 

plug.it.in,.insert.the.consumable.and.fill.the.removable.2. 

l.reservoir.with.pre-treated.water.(Elix,.RiOs,.distilled.or.. 

DI.water)..The.Simplicity.system.will.produce.Type.I.water. 

on.demand.at.a.flow.rate.of.0.5.l./.min. 

Features 

. ..System.draws.water.from.a.removable,.refillable,.. 

built-in.reservoir.. 

. ..Alarm.function.in.the.event.of.a.sudden.drop.in.the. 

quality.of.the.product.water.guarantees.your.water. 

quality.at.all.times.. 

. ..Dispensing.adapted.to.different.size.laboratory. 

glassware. 

Applications 

The.ultrapure.water.produced.by.the.Simplicity. 






for.life.science.applications.such.as.protein.and. 




microbiological,.plant.and.mammalian.cell.culture,. 


The.ultrapure.water.produced.by.the.Simplicity. 

UV.system.is.adequate.for.chromatography. 

applications:.HPLC,.LC,.LC/MS,.GC-MS.and.GC.when. 

the.final.filter.is.a.Millipak.Express.20,.and.for. 

molecular.biology.applications,.when.a.BioPak.is. 

used.as.the.final.filter. 

Specifications * 

Resistivity,.MΩ.cm.at. 

25.°C 

Simplicity Simplicity UV 

18.2. 18.2 

TOC,.ppb .0.5 

Final.Filter 

0.05.µm.filter.or. 

BioPak.ultrafilter 

0.05.µm.filter.or. 

BioPak.ultrafilter 

* .The.Milli-DI.system.provides.a.convenient.feed.water.source.for. 

Simplicity.systems. 


Super-Q ® Plus Water Purifi cation Systems 

Produce up to 12 l / min of Type I ultrapure water 

on demand 

The.Super-Q.Plus.System.is.a.high-flow.water.system. 

designed.to.provide.the.“final.polish”.to.water.that. 

has.been.pretreated.by.reverse.osmosis,.distillation. 

or.deionization..Super-Q.Plus.systems.consistently. 

produce.ultrapure.water.quality.which.exceeds.Type.I. 

ASTM./.CAP./.CLSI.specifications. 

The.Super-Q.Plus.water.system.features.a.modular. 

design.for.the.production.of.ultrapure.water..The. 

system.also.features.automatic.recirculation.of.water. 

on.an.hourly.basis.to.maintain.water.quality.between. 

uses.. 

Features 

. ..Modular.design.for.the.production.of.ultrapure.water.. 

. ..Automatic.recirculation.of.water.on.an.hourly.basis.to. 

maintain.water.quality.between.uses.. 

. ..Because.Super-Q.product.water.is.produced.“on. 

demand”,.there’s.no.need.to.store.water.and.risk. 

degrading.water.quality.over.time. 

Specifi cations 


Flow.Rate,.l./.min 10–12 

Resistivity,.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C 18.2 

TOC,.ppb *

Point-of-use purifi ers 

Millipak ® Filter Units 

For bacteria fi ltration of liquids in pharmaceutical 

applications 

The.Millipak.Express.40.filtration.unit.is.built.using. 

the.stacked.disc.filters.concept..The.microfiltration. 

membrane.is.sealed.to.a.solid.support.in.order.to. 

warrant.its.integrity.during.the.filtration.process.. 

A.total.of.four.membrane.discs.are.bonded.to.two. 

supports.to.reach.a.total.200.cm 2 .filtration.surface..The. 

stacked.disc.design.allows.minimal.hold-up.volume.and. 

particle.shedding,.making.Millipak.units.ideally.suited.for. 

high.value-added.applications. 

The.Millipak.Express.40.filter.unit.housing.is.made.of. 

SAN.to.avoid.the.release.of.plasticizers.that.are.clearly. 

identified.as.endocrine.disrupters.such.as.Bisphenol.A. 

The.Express.0.22.µm.membrane,.validated.for.bacteria. 

removal,.has.conical-shaped.pores.to.ensure.a.high.flow. 

at.a.low.differential.pressure.and.is.heat.welded.on.the. 

SAN.support.to.avoid.the.release.of.chemicals.in.the. 

water. 

The.Millipak.Express.40.filter.is.the.last.purification. 

step.of.a.Milli-Q.water.system..It.is.therefore.critical.to. 

ensure.that: 

. ..It.efficiently.removes.the.contaminants.that.it.is. 

supposed.to.retain.(particulates,.bacteria) 

. ..It.does.not.add.unwanted.contaminants.(ions,. 

organics,.particulates).to.the.purified.water 

This.is.ensured.by.a.strict.quality.insurance.process,. 

including.an.in-depth.validation.followed.by.regular.QA. 

tests.registered.in.the.certificate.of.quality.delivered. 

with.each.Millipak.Express.40.filter.unit..For.instance,. 

each.unit.is.integrity.tested.during.manufacture.to. 

guarantee.its.efficiency. 


BioPak ® Polisher 

Final purifi cation step at the ultrapure water 

point-of-delivery provides pyrogen- and nucleasefree 

water 

The.BioPak.unit.is.a.disposable.ultrafiltration.cartridge. 

typically.used.in.cell.culture,.biochemistry.or.molecular. 

biology.applications..It.can.be.installed.at.the.outlet.of. 

Type.I.water.purification.systems.such.as.the.Milli-Q,. 

Direct-Q,.Simplicity.or.Synergy.systems,.to.produce. 

pyrogen-.and.nuclease-free.ultrapure.water.for.a.period. 

of.up.to.three.months. 

Features 

. ..Direct.connection.to.all.Millipore.Type.I.water.systems. 

. ..Pyrogen-free.water.(

SERVICE SOLUTIONS 

Providing Expert Support and Peace of Mind 

Millipore’s Certified Field Service Support Engineers provide expert, 

professional support for the installation, validation and maintenance of 

both individual water systems and total water systems. We also offer 

design and engineering support for larger volume central systems requiring 

pretreatment, storage, and distribution to multiple points-of-use. 

visit.www.millipore.com.for.the.most.up-to-date.product.listing

Preventive Maintenance Plans for 

Optimal Water Quality 

When.you.select.a.Millipore.Service.Plan,.you.are. 

ensuring.a.high.level.of.performance.for.your. 

organization.—.as.well.as.complete.peace.of.mind.for. 

yourself..Contact.your.local.Lab.Water.Application. 

Specialist.to.select.one.of.our.pre-defined.plans.and./.or. 

build.your.own.service.solution.to.match.your.needs.. 

Among.the.services.provided: 

. ..Preventive.maintenance.visits 

. ..Program.updates 

. ..Maintenance.kits 

. ..Customized.user.training 

. ..Extended.system.guarantees 

. ..Calibration.of.monitoring.devices 

. ..Storage.and.distribution.loop.sanitization 

. ..Pharmacopoeia.suitability.tests 

. ..Validation.support 

. ..Maintenance.carried.out.in.a.Quality.management. 

system 

. ..Post-installation.optimization 

. ..Troubleshooting.visits 

Qualification Services for Validation 

Millipore’s.Qualification.Program.covers.all.the.elements. 

required.for.the.successful.qualification.of.your. 

Millipore.laboratory.water.systems. 

. ..Millipore.water.systems.are.designed.for.easy. 

operation.within.a.validated.environment. 

. ..Qualification.workbooks.are.provided.and.include. 

IQ.and.OQ.protocols,.and.outline.recommended.PQ. 

protocols. 

. ..Millipore.Field.Service.Support.Engineers.are.trained,. 

certified,.and.able.to.conduct.qualification.protocols. 

using.calibrated.equipment. 

. ..Certificates.of.Conformity,.Calibration.and.Quality.are. 

provided. 

SERVICE SOLUTIONS 53

SUPPORT AND ExPERTISE

Technical Support 

Millipore’s.In-house.Support.Team.is.available.to.answer. 

any.questions.you.may.have.on.your.water.purification. 

system..Our.specialized.team.is.always.ready.to.help.. 

Project Management 

From.needs.assessment,.design.and.installation.services,. 

to.system.qualification.and.user.training,.Millipore. 

provides.comprehensive.project.management.throughout. 

to.ensure.that.all.bases.are.covered..This.includes.handson.assistance.with.the.water.purification.system.design. 

and.installation,.selection.of.the.necessary.materials.and. 

components,.as.well.as.assistance.with.budget.planning. 

and.providing.a.detailed.quotation.package. 

Design and Engineering 

Millipore.designs.the.water.purification.installation.to. 

meet.a.customer’s.exact.specifications..The.design. 

includes.the.water.purification.system.as.well.as.the. 

storage,.distribution.and.control.systems..Millipore’s. 

engineering.group.has.a.broad.selection.of.systems. 

and.accessories.available.(such.as.storage.reservoirs,. 

distribution.pumps,.UV.lamps,.warning.systems,.and. 

control.and.measuring.equipment).and.the.required. 

expertise.to.design.the.system.to.meet.your.specific. 

needs. 

Training Support 

Millipore.regularly.organizes.seminars.worldwide.covering. 

water.purification.techniques,.removal.of.contaminants. 

and.how.to.optimize.the.installation.of.your.water. 

purification.system..You.can.inquire.about.participating. 

in.a.scheduled.Millipore.seminar.on.our.web.site..Our. 

Application.Specialists.or.Field.Service.Support.teams.can. 

also.provide.on-site.customized.training..Give.us.a.call,. 

send.an.e-mail.or.visit.our.web.site.anytime... 

(www.millipore.com/labwater) 

Scientific Support 

Millipore.brings.you.scientific.support.every.step.of. 

the.way..Our.Lab.Water.Application.Experts.will.guide. 

you.through.the.process.of.selecting.the.most.suitable. 

system.for.your.requirements..Then.throughout.the. 

lifetime.of.your.Millipore.equipment,.you.will.benefit. 

from.our.scientific.support,.technical.assistance,.R&D. 

application.support.teams.and.range.of.technical.and. 

scientific.literature—technology.briefs,.detailed.product. 

specifications,.technical.posters.and.our.R&D.Notebook. 

publications.summarizing.the.research.carried.out.by.our. 

scientists.on.new.water.purification.developments. 

SUPPORT AND ExPERTISE 55

WORk ONLINE THE WAy yOU 

WORk ON THE LAB BENCH 

www.millipore.com 

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WATER PURIFICATION

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