1864 CA Legislature. Appendix to Journals of Senate

,;:.:;•'/.•.•;.'.;
5 '.i!n''""'*~'-,rr'";^,"?'.";r
'"':>'.>'; ;
r;'
/,):
'
i

'ON CENTTER
a-i3RARY
Book No Accession
,'^88.794
7>
012; 15- 104836
NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THE LIBRARY
FORM 3427— SM 1-»»

fmil'i^^n^'SCO PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1223 90189 0468
DOCUMENTS DEPARTME

\
APPENDIX
TO
ionrnals of Ornate anb S^ssemUj,
OF THE
FIFTEENTH SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE
^^f-O^F^THE^. *
STA.TE OF Oi^LIFORISri A.
V o 1 n iTi e 1
SACRAMENTO:
0. JVI. CLAYES, STATE PEINTER
1864.
.

1(HH3H
BOUND BY F. FOSTER. SACRAMENTO.

CONTENTS.
1.—Annual Report of tlia Controller of State for the year 1863.
2.—Annual Report of the Treasurer of State for the year 1863.
3.—-Annual Report of the Surveyor-General for the year 1863.
4.'—Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the year 1863.
5.—Annual Report of the Secretary of State for the 3'ear 1863.
6.—Annual Report of the Attorney-General for the year 1863.
7.—Annual Report of the Directors of the Insane Asylum for the year 1863.
8.—Annual Report of the Directors of the State Prison for the year 1863.
9.
—
Anmial Report of the Adjutant-General for the year 1863.
10.—Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1803.
11.—Annual Report of the Trustees of the State Reform Siho..l for the year 1863.

ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE CONTROLLER OF STATE,
FOR
THE YE^R 1863.

O. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER.

-A^NNUA.!. HEI^ORT.
Office of Controller of State, ")
Sacramento, December 3d, 1863. j
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of California
:
Sir :—In conformity with the requirements of law, I herewith submit
my second annual report of the financial condition of the State for the
Fourteenth Fiscal Year, ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and
sixty-three ; also general statements of the condition of the Funds to December
first, eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
The tabular statements and various items of the report may be found
under the following headings
Eecapitulation of the receipts by counties and from all sources of revenue
for the fourteenth fiscal year, ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred
and sixty-three.
B.
Statement showing the amount of expenditures for the fiscal year
ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and the amount
of each approi;)riation made by law for said year, the amount expended
under each, and the balance unexjiended at the close of said year.
C.
Statement showing the revenue received during the first, second, third,
fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and
thirteenth, fiscal years.
D.
Statement showing expenditures during the first, second, third, fourth,
fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth,
fiscal years.
:

4
E.
Statement of annual assessment of real and personal property, from the
organization of the State Government to the year eighteen hundred and
sixty-two, inclusive.
F.
Abstract statement of the assessed value of real and personal property
for the j^ear eighteen hundred and sixty -three, and the amount of State
and county tax due thereon.
G.
Statement of the condition of the several Funds, June thirtieth, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three.
H.
Condensed statement of the balances in the several Funds, June thirtieth,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three-.
Estimate of the receipts from all sources of revenue during the sixteenth
fiscal year, ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five.
K.
Estimate of expenditures for all purposes during the sixteenth fiscal
year, ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-five.
Estimate of expenditures for all purposes during the seventeenth fiscal
year, ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-six.
M.
Statement of transactions of the Stamp Office during the year ending
June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-two.
N.
Statement of the l^ded Debt of eighteen hundred and fifty-seven and
eighteen hundred ana sixty.
Statement of the War Debt.
O.
Owing to the largo amount of labor imposed upon this office—far more
than the regular Clerks could perform—I have deemed it necessary to
employ extra Clerks, or suffer the revenues to be impaired to a large
amount. As no provision is. made for the payment of extra Clerks in

this department, I desire to call attention to the matter, so that deserving
men who have labored faithfully for the interests of the State may
receive prop.er compensation for their services.
REVENUE LAWS—A CHANGE RECOMMENDED.
In my report of last year I recommended a change in the revenue
laws, so as to require County Assessors to commence the assessment of
real and j^ersonal property for State and county purposes on the first
Monday in January, instead of the first Monday in March, as now provided,
and that the assessments be completed by the first Monday in
August. That the other provisions of said laws for the collection of
taxes be so amended as to make the first Monday in October (instead of
third Monday in November) the last da}' upon which the taxes upon real
and personal property could be paid without costs or percentage.
Also, to amend section one hundred and two of the revenue laws,
which requires County Treasurers to settle their accounts with the State
on the second Monday in November, to the second Monday in October
in each year.
The changes recommended would enable the different county officers
to make their reports and settlements with the State in time for the
Controller and Treasurer to pre^nt the financial condition of the State
to His Excellency the Governor before the meeting of the Legislature ;
giving to each of these officers ample time to prepare their reports and
have them printed, so as to lay them before the Legislature when it convenes
on the first Monday in December.
FEDERAL TAX.
As to the first payment to the United States upon the Direct Tax, a
full report was presented last j^ear. The balance due the United States
was subsequeutlj'paid by the Treasurer, and reported to this office in his
niontbl}- report for February, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and the
following extracts show the substance of the same
" The balance due the United States from the State of California on the
Direct Tax, one hundred and eighty-three thousand six hundred and six
dollars and ten cents, ($183,606 10,) was placed in my hands, and on the
second day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-thi-ee, I tendered the
amount to the United States Assistant Treasurer at the City of San
Francisco, who, although personall}- instructed bj^ the United States to
receive payment in legal currencj', refused so to do, repudiated the money
of the United States, and violated his duty and the instructions of the
Government until the twenty-fourth of February, when I received notice
from him that he would then obey the law of the United States, and the
positive instructions of his Department. I immediatel}' went to San
Francisco, and paid the amount due the United States on the twentysixth
day of February, eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
•
"The facts of the first paj'ment I fully reported to you in November
last. On the last payment, I saved, after making full payment to the
United States, the sum of twenty thousand five hundred dollars and
thirty-two cents ($20,500 32.) The account with the United States
stands as follows :
:

Due the United States
Paid September 30, 1862 163,839 31
Deduction allowed on payment of September
30, 1862 7,093 25f
Paid February 26, 1863 183,606 10
The amount due the United States waa..
The deduction is
$254,538 66§
254,538 66S
,^254,538 661
7,093 251
?247,445 41
" The amount actually paid the United States, is tv,'o hundred and fortyseven
thousand four hundred and forty-five dollars and forty-one cents
($247,445 41.)
Of the amount paid, there was received into the State
Treasury from various County Treasurers, in Legal Tender
Notes, the sum of.
Amounts paid from money received from the State Treasury
Total.
$14,340 GO
233,105 41
$247,445 41
" From said sum of two hundred and thirty-three thousand one hundred
and five dollars and forty-one cents ($233,105 41) placed in my hands, I
saved the sum of twenty-four thousand two hundred and sixty dollars,
($24,260,) upon the principle and for the reasons shown in m}^ annual
report for the year eiG;htecn hundred and sixty-two, by exchanging for
legal currency (Legal Tender J^otes) of the United States.
The amount saved on the first payment was
On the second paj'ment
Total
Less expense incurred
Net amount saved in coin
$4,486 39
20,500 32
$24,986 71
726 71
$24,260 00"
The amount saved in coin by the Treasurer, twenty-four thousand two
hundred and sixty dollai's, ($24,200,) wasjby him, through this office, paid
into the State Treasury.
The Treasurer, Mr. Ashley, by taking the responsibility of making
the first payment in S(^ptembcr, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, savocl
in percentage to tlie State for coHcction, tlie sum of seven thousand and
ninety-thrco dollars and twenty-five and two thirds cents, ($7,093 255,)

which, added to the coin paid to the State, makes the total amount saved
to the Treasury, thirty-one thousand three hundred and fifty-three dollars
and t"\vent3'-five and two thirds cents, (831,353 25i,) all of which
would have been lost had the Treasurer exhibited an}^ timidity in the
exercise of his duties and powers. The monej" so paid into the Treasury
has been b}' the State used to aid in recruiting soldiers for the service of
the United States.
INDIAN WAR CLAIMS.
•
The Treasurer, last year, reported the amount allowed by the United
States and to be paid this State upon Indian War Claims, to be two
hundred and twenty-nine thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven dollars
and sixty-seven cents (8229.987 67 ;) and the Treasui*er, at the same
time, reported the contract with Wells, Fargo & Co. for bringing that
sum of money to California, and he advised the Governor and the Legislature,
that in case the United States should pay in Legal Tender I^otes,
insurance upon the same during their transmission from New York
would be necessary-.
The Uiiited States having paid in notes, it was agreed that Wells,
Fargo & Co. should have and might make a claim against the State for
such amount as they paid for insurance.
Wells, Fargo &, Co. have received
And charged for services 82,299 87
For insurance, 4 per cent 9,198 51
Leavinir a halance of
8229,987 67
11,498 38
8218,489 29
This amount was paid to the State in notes, while Wells, Fargo & Co.
retain the amount of their charges, eleven thousand four hundred and
ninetj^-eight dollars and thirty-eight cents, (811,498 38,) subject to final
settlement with the State.
War Bonds and certificates have been presented for payment, to date,
to the amount of one hundred and ninety-two thousand two hundred and
eighty-eight dollars and fifty cents (8192,288 50,) Avhich have been surrendered
for the sum of one hundred and two thousand one hundred and
sixty-six dollars and sixty-two cents (8102,166 62,) being the amount
allowed by the LTnited States thereon, less the five per cent deducted
under the Act of the Legislature of April ninth, eighteen hundi'ed and
sixty-tw^o.
Paid to claimants
Five per cent retained
Balance in Fund for redemption of Bonds and Certificates
exclusive of said 5 per cent
8102,166 62
5,377 54
45,905 26
Against the retaining said five per cent, many of the claimants have
protested, on the ground that the State had no right to reduce the amount
allowed them by the United States, or to subject anj- portion of it to the

8
use of the State. The validity of this reasoning seems hardly open to
question, but the law has been complied with, and the five per cent
retained.
The smallness of the exaction from each of the claimants may induce
them in the main to avoid the expense of prosecuting the matter; still
the subject should receive the attention of the Legislature, as it hardly
befits the State to exact the five per cent, when the bond guarantees to
the holder whatever may be allowed by the United States.
The War Debt of the State may now be summed up as follows
Old "War Debt, as per statement included in report, (see
Exhibit O)
Amount of Bonds issued under the Act of 1857
Certificates and audited accounts not bonded
Cash jjaid by California
The net amount received into the State Treasury from the
United States Govei-nment, 1218,449 67, will extinguish
Making the total Indian War Debt
:
$218,468 54
354,475 19
75,000 00
156,207 85
,151 58
426,866 89
$377,284 69
Of this amount, only two hundred and eighteen thousand four hundred
and sixty-eight dollars and fifty-four cents ($218,468 54,) is properly
chargeable as State debt.
MILITARY.
To enable the Legislature to determine whether the Military Department
of the Grovernraent may not be curtailed without detriment to its
efiiciency, will require a careful analysis of the expenditures.
The Act of April twenty-third, eighteen hundred and sixty-three,
makes it the duty of the Commander-in-Chief to order a Camp of Military
Instruction, to continue for ten days, in each year; also, makes it
his duty to annually order an encampment of the organized militia
within the limits of each brigade. Section sixteen of the Act creates a
Military Fund, from sale of military poll taxes, which it was thought
would be adequate to meet the expenses incurred. The receipts will not
exceed the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, ($100,000,) while tlie
expenses will not be less than two hundred thousand dollars, ($200,000,)
and may greatly exceed that amount. A change in the law, so as to
require the counties where military conipanies are organized to pay the
rent of their respective armories, would save annually a large amount to
the State, and work no injustice to the counties.
That provision of the law of eighteen hundred and sixty-three which
makes the Commander-in-Chief, the Surveyor-General, and the Adjutant-
General a Board of Militarj'- Auditors, while at the same time it makes
the Adjutant-General Chief-of-Staff, Quartermaster-General, Commissary-
General, Inspector-General, and Chief of Ordnance, also makes the Adjutant-General
Secretary of the Board of Military Auditors, inaugurates a
system not in accordance with the spirit of our institutions, which contemplates
apian of checks and balances in all matters pertaining to the
financial department of the Government.

PRINTING IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH.
Article eleven, section twenty-one, of the Constitution requires that
" all laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions, which from their nature
require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish." The
payments from the Treasury for translating and printing in Spanish
amount to several thousand dollars annually. This expense is mere waste
of money, wholly useless, and should be discontinued. ^
FUNDED DEBT.
The interest on the Civil Funded Debt has been promptly paid, and
the sum of one hundred and nine thousand one hundred and sixty-three
dollars and seventy-seven cents, (§109,163 77,) applied to the redemption
of civil bonds, issued under the Act of April twenty-eighth, eighteen
hundred and fifty-seven, which, under the provisions of the Act of April
fourteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, are held in the custody of
the State Treasurer and marked to the credit of the School Fund. The
further sum of forty-five thousand seven hundred and eighty dollars,
(6'45,780,) received from State School Lands, has been applied to the purchase
of civil bonds for the benefit of the School Fund. The total
amount of bonds in the custody of the State Treasurer, upon whicli
interest is paid semi-annually, for the support of Schools, is two hundred
and sixty-eight thousand five hundred dollars, (^268,500.)
HOSPITAL FUND.
Section one of the Act of eighteen hundred and fifty-five provides that
all moneys received in commutation of bonds shall bo used for the support
of the indigent sick, and be known as tbe Hospital Fund.
Section two of the same Act directs a pro rata distribution to the
different counties of the State, according to the official census of eighteen
hundred and sixty. Also, makes it the duty of the Board of Supervisors
of each county to render an account of the use made of such money to
the Controller, and by him presented in his annual report. Only one
county, viz : Calaveras, has reported to this ofiice, the substance of which
is as follows :
*' In conformity with law, we herein submit the following report of
the disbursement of the sum of one hundred and ninety-two dollars and
twenty-two cents, (S192 22,) paid to J. C. Gebhart, Treasurer of Calaveras
County, by the Treasurer of the State of California, in the month of
February, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and report to jo\i that the
sum has been used for the support of the indigent sick of Calaveras
County, and for no other purpose.
"(Signed:) P. W. COENWALL,
" Chairman Board of Supervisors."
The amount received from the Commissioner of Immigration for the
fourteenth fiscal year, is only eleven thousand three hundred and
seventy-two dollars and fifty-three cents, (811,372 53,) an amount so
small that I have not deemed it advisable to make the distribution to
counties, as tbe Act contemphxtes. I would therefore recommend that
the provisions of the law requiring the money to be apportioned to
2

10
counties be repealed, and the money from this source of revenue placed
in the General Fund.
REVENUE FROM STAMPS.
The amount of revenue derived fj'om sale of stamps has increased from
sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and eighty-seven dollars and seventyone
cents, (S68,887 71, j during the thirteenth fiscal year, to the sum of
one hundred #nd eleven thousand and eighty-five dollars and ninety-four
cents. (^111,085 94,) during the fourteenth fiscal year, commencing July
first, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and ending June thirtieth, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three.
This large and very gratifying increase of forty-two thousand one
hundred and ninety dollars and twenty-four cents, ($42,198 24,) may to
a considerable extent be attributed to the very efficient services of
the Stamp InsjDCctors, Messrs. Cherry and Crane.
SCHOOL FUND.
The semi-annual apportionment for the support of Common Schools in
the different counties of the State has been made as required b}^ law.
June tenth the Board of Education was notified that the sum of
eighty-one thousand one hundred and eighty-three dollars and eightyfour
cents ($81,183 84) was in the State Treasury, belonging to the
Public School Fund, which had accrued from the following sources, to wit
Balance of appropriation for Thirteenth Fiscal Year
Appropriation for Fourteenth Fiscal Year
Interest on sales of State School Lands since Decembei
10, 1862, and one half revenue from State Poll Taxes
Interest accruing July 1, 1808, from Civil Bonds held bj'
the State Treasurer in trust for vSchools
Total :
:
I 181,183
$17,147 20
33,286 50
23,953 91
:
6,796 2a
84r
Eighty-one thousand one hundred and eighty-three dollars and eightyfour
cents (881,183 84) to be apportioned to Schools July first, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three.
October tenth the Board was notified that the sum of forty-five thousand
and thirty-six dollars ($45,036) was subject to apportionment for
Schools January first, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, which had accrued
from the following sources, to wit
One half a])pro))riation juade April 25, 1863
Amount received since July 1, 1803, for interest on State
School Funds, and one half the revenue from State Poll
Taxes
Interest accruing January 1, 1864, from Civil Bonds, held
by the State Treasurer in trust for School Fund
Total
$16,643 25
18,453 61
0,397 50
$44,494 36

11
Making a total for the current year of one hundred and twent^'^-five
thousand six hundred and seventy-eight dollars and twenty cents,
(^125,678 20,) apportioned by the Board of Education for the support
of Common Schools.
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
The Charitable Institutions of the State should be divided into two
classes ; the first to include those which provide for the unfortunato
from all parts of the State, who can only be successfully treated by the
combined skill and science to be found only in large institutions, such as
the Asylums for the Insane, Deaf, Dumb and Blind, and State Reform
School. These should be regarded as State Institutions, and appropriately
receive their support from the State.
The second class includes the Oi-phan Asylums and other benevolent
institutions, which, although established for good j^urposes, are mostly
local in their operations, and should therefore be supported by the localities
where they are situated.
About thirty thousand dollars (§30,000) could be saved annually to the
State, if the Legislature should take this view of the subject, and refuse
to make appropriations for the second class. It may be well to foster
and encourage all institutions that have for their aim the mitigation of
suffering, but justice before generosity is commendable.
GENERAL REMARKS.
If an inquiry should be instituted by the Legislature to ascertain
when the Treasury has been in a condition to pay the appropriations
made, it will be found that, for a period of nearly three years, the General
Fund has labored under the burden of a very large indebtedness, at
times amounting to over half a million of dollars. Hence extraoi'dinary
appropriations not properly belongnig to the ordinary expenses of the
Government, such as the donation of five hundi'cd thousand dollars
(6500,000) to the Central Pacific Railroad, (although a most worthy
object) should be provided for by the issuance of bonds, instead of being
a burden upon the General Fund, as contemplated in the Act of April
twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, to aid in the construction
of said road.
The existence of a large sum of money in the Treasury, belonging to
other Funds, has no doubt oftentimes induced the Legislature to make
appropriations far beyond the available means for their payment. The
General Fund, from which the expenses of Government are paid, is entirely
separate and distinct from the School, Sinking, and Interest, and
other specific Funds of the State. I would recommend that the Committee
of Ways and Means in the Assembly, and the Finance Committee
of the Senate, keep an accurate account of all appropriations made by the
Legislature from time to time, so that in preparing revenue bills, the
means provided and the appropriations agree in amount. The adojJtion
of such a system woiild aid very much in limiting appropi-iations, and
tend materially to induce greater care and accuracy in the management
of the finances of the State. A neglect of this duty has no doubt contributed
veiy largely to produce the embarrassments under which the
General Fund now labors. I cannot too strongly nor too earnestly
recommend that no appropriation be made beyond the means jirovidcd
to pay. The State should always be in a condition to discharge all obli-

12
gations. The question for those intrusted with the responsibility of ad-
the expenditures to be kept
ministering the attuirs of State is : Are
:
within available resources ? Is the debt of the State to be increased or
diminished, and our constitutional obligations and public faith to be
sacredly fulfilled ?
There is no warrant justifying appropriations beyond the constitutional
limits. Issuing warrants on the Treasury is an indirect mode of
creatino- a debt, as much within the prohibitory clauses of the Constitution
as if made directly. Casual failures and unlooked for contingencies
may occasionally create a small deficiency in the revenues, but no valid
excuse can be given for producing such a result by a deliberate act of
the Legislature.
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
It has been customary heretofore for the Controller to make his estimates
of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year for which appropriations
have been made by the Legislature. I cannot see that this
subserves any good purpose. I have, therefore, made the estimates for
the sixteenth fiscal year, the year following that on which the Legislature
meets, and for which it is necessary that appropriations be made.
I have also included a statement of the estimated expenditures for the
seventeenth fiscal year, ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and
sixty-six; but, in view of the fluctuation in the assessment of real and
personal property, and the unsettled condition of our national affairs,
which may at any time involve the State in large expenditures for military
purposes, I find it difficult to make anything like a correct estimate
for a period of time so far in the future. It will be necessary, however,
for the Legislature to make appropriations for the seventeenth fiscal,
year, as before it again convenes nearly one half of that year will have
expired.
It must be observed that at the last session of the Legislature the provisions
of the law directing the time when the Controller was authorized
to draw his warrants on the State Treasury was wholly changed. In
consequence of the enactment of this law warrants were drawn and
issued for all claims that were audited and filed in this office. The
amount of the audited claims on file in this office, (including salaries of
ofllcers,) was reported to your Excellency on the first of December,
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, (in my annual report,) at five hundred
and forty thousand two hundred and thirteen dollars and seventy cents
($540,213 70). This amount was largely increased during the five
months succeeding December first, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and
consisted principally of indebtedness which accrued previous to the
fourteenth fiscal year. I estimate the sum of the expenditures reported
as made during the fourteentli fiscal year, but which had accrued and
were properly chargeable to other years, at about six hundred thousand
doUai'S (§600,000); add to this the sum of two hundi-ed and forty-seven
thousand four hundred and forty-five dollars and forty-one cents
($247,445 41) paid to the United States as the State's quota of direct
tax levied by Act of Congress, and Included in the expenditures, and the
amount properly chargeable to the expenditures for the fourteenth fiscal
year is less than that of its immediate predecessors.
The transactions in the General Fund from December first, eighteen
hunflred and sixty-two, to December first, eighteen hundred and sixtythree,
are as follows

13
Amount in General Fund December 1, 1862

14
The valuation of real and personal property for the year commencing
the first Monday in March, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and ending
the last day of February, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, as may bo
seen by Exhibit F, amounts, in round numbers, to one hundred and
seventy-four million dollars, ($174,000,000.) The Legislature will have
to fix the rate of taxation on this amount for the jear eighteen hundred
and sixty-four.
The taxes for the present year are ninety-two cents (92) on the one
hundred dollars (6100) of taxable pi-operty, apportioned to the several
Funds as follows :
General Fund
Interest and Sinking Fund of 1857
Interest and Sinking Fund of 1860
Insane Asylum Fund
State Capitol Fund
Soldiers' Belief Fund, (interest) ....
481 cents.
30 cents.
li cents.
5 cents.
5 cents.
2 cents.
Should the taxes remain the same for the year eighteen hundred and
sixty-four, the several Funds will receive the following amounts, after
deducting twenty-five per cent, the estimated costs of collecting and
delinquencies :
General Fund
Interest and Sinking Fund of 1857
Interest and Sinking Fund of 1860
Insane Asylum Fund
State Capitol Fund
Soldiers' Eelief Fund, (interest)....
Total
$636,187 50
391,600 00
16,312 50
65,250 00
65,250 00
26,100 00
61,200,600 00
The General Fund will receive from other sources of revenue, as may
he seen by reference to Exhibit I. (Estimated.)
Foreign Miners' License ,
One half State Poll Tax
State and County Licenses
Sale of State Stamps (Stamp Tax)
Fees from Eegister State Land Office
Property Tax
Total amount of General Fund revenue for ensuing year
(estimated)
6175,000 00
35,000 00
40,000 00
120,000 00
1,500 00
6371,500 00
636.187 50
61,007,687 60

15
The present condition of the finances wonld seem to demand that the
tax of ninety-two cents on the one hundi-cd dollars of taxable property
should remain the same for the years ei.fjhteen hundred and sixty-four
and eighteen hundred and sixty-five. This, together with the recommendations
heretofore mg-de, would, at the time of the convening of the
Legislature in eighteen hundred and sixty-five, relieve the State from the
burden of its floating indebtedness, and place a sufficient sum in the
Treasury to pay the ordinary current expenses of the Grovernment, including
the expenses of the Legislative Session of eighteen hundred and
sixty-five and eighteen hundred and sixty-six.
It will no doubt be very gratifying to your Excellency, at the close of
your administration, to notice the growing prosperity of the State, as
shown in the assessed value of real and personal pi'operty for the year
eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
This very flattering increase in the taxable property of the State, and
the gradual diminution of State indebtedness, are evidences of a healthy
financial condition, which, together with our splendid geographical position,
mild and salubrious climate, magnificent rivers, wide and extended
fertile valleys, immense resources in minei*al wealth, flattering prospects
for the speedy completion of the great Pacific Eailroad, and our separation
from the blasting efi^ects of civil war and rebellion, make California off'er
greater inducements to immigration than any other State in the Union.
This future of great j^^omise will surely be attained if prudence and
economy shall be the ruling policj^ of those who are intrusted with the
administration of the government; but the healthy condition of the
State finances would be seriously threatened if the prodigal expenditures
of the last session of the Legislature should be continued.
I have the honor to remain very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
GILBERT E. WAREEN,
Controller of State.

STATISTICAL TABLES.

CO
a^
I—
I
Q

COIOb-OOCOO'^CO-^CD'M'M'MO'-HOOCCCOOiO'-HCi'^CCCOC^iirO
19
i-icooO'-itoor:-HOr-it
O O OC' CO I—I l-~ ^ X O C^l CI >! O 02 QO 1—I C2 CC
i-HXirHT+l coco CO 1-H
Ci ^M O
•Tff -* '-h
CT5 -M -H
CO t- Ci
i-H CO 00
>,
O rH
CO -i^
r^ CI
1
OOGC'-tlCO-^-*COOO-rfC:i—lOOClCO
CiCOr—lOC^lr-(COOi—lOCO^Ht^COCit—
-+ 1—i >—I r-1 O O X ^ CO CO 5^1 cr- X 1:- iC o
X C? C^l Ci? t-- lO -* C- -* CO t- CO -* CO O CM
COOt—I C^li—1^ CO^^CS CO >o_
(>T~ "^^ l-T T-H
C

o
CO
.1^
.S (^
^
0^
Brokers' Licenses.
Bankers' Licenses.
Federal Poll Tax.
Foreign Miners'
Licenses
20
CX) O r-l
CD ao 1^
1-^ O GO
»0 O iM
•

CO !>• Oi
I— t^ -*
O
-1^ CO
"^ O lO
CO ^
O (M
05 TO
t^ M 00 30 lO ^ -M I- O t^
OOrH'OOt^-^Or-HOCO
T—ICOOO C'CiOCOOiO
'rt

o
CO
^
^
^
<
Intelligence OflBce Licenses
.-- •
Pawnbrokers' Licenses
Public Building Lands
—Interest
Public Buildinj
—Principal..
Lands
Tide Lauds—Interest.
22
-I 0)
>
o
Q
O O
(X)
o
O t
S -a
§1
bl)
O^ " o
f-l a rH
"
*, !^ .—I ^ *.j Q 03 *.v 0^ ^j.' y^ V—
j:^ w M H^ Hi !^ s 3 ;^ 1^
'

o
CO?
O ci o
PhPh
S c
o
oo
.2 t
c3 c3
ccco
So
c c
OS o3
23
-a.:ii
CO o
^ >^2
CO
CO
pi
S3 c3 o3 K . d
B ^
=3 •?;
i3 ^ +j ^ a .^
O -^ :: -iH
o
^
o o
Oi
o

CO
CO
00
o
CO
s
^
n r^
•^ ^
a
"^
1^
Seminary Lands
Interest
—
24

C

.S
o
CO
tH
i^
^
Auction Duties .
Poll Tax of 1863.,
Poll Tax of 1862.,
Poll Tax of 1861.
Property Tax of 1863.
26
(X) QO t^ Cl —< O O GO QC O >! CO i>T I—I "M iM CO O
OCOiCtMr-IOCO-tC^OCMiOO'OOOaCCOO
t^C/DOOCC>-+iaiC5C50T—lO'fMCO'^'+'MOlCS
lO OO O GC' CO CO 1~ -* Oi CO (M CO t^ O -^ t^ O t—
C-IOC-. OCOGO(MCO(M^GO(Mr}HCOrt

O Oi
o o
O 00
lO to
03COOaJ-^^OCC5r+l-^^00
Oi>-Oi—(OOOt—liOCfS
CO t^ O O Cj lO (M I—I CO rH
CO '^ I—I rH 00
O CD
o o
Oi CO
83
_ 'o "S O
t- o o
CO O (M
00 -^ 00
CO t^ -o
O T—I rH
27
O Ci -^ O I—I (M
t^ O O lO 05 t^
t^ lO CO O '^ CO
(M 00 (M '^ Ci CJ
OCiOO-^Oi—lOOiOrHOOii^COCMCOGO
t-!M(Ml>-(MiOOiCii-H';frHQOOOiOiO

CO
00
o
CO
t^
.:: -^^
^
Bowling
censes.
Circus Licenses
Alley Li-
Peddler's Licenses
Insurance Licenses
Auctioneers' Licenses..
28
00 oq
0> -f lO
T—> ^^ o
Cl X) o CI CO
(M CO
I—l l-H
c3
-I
o o o
^ U W r< Z 2
" '^ o o " —
2-^ fcJD
-^-^PPQOOPWPmPIMhIk^^
o
O o ^
'r^ n 'r^ o
cj o o o
'^ "^ '^ '^

.
lO O O
lO O rH
rfH CO OS
1—' CO (M
OO O
^•co
CO QO
CO '^l
fl «
O f-,
o o
lO 1—1
a en -*
lo oq
T-H CO
cm"
O
^ eg
» o3 ;d
03
o3
o o
05 tr-
29
lO O lO o
CO t- to 00
CO Oi "^ 00
rlH I—I CO
03
ee lO lA t—
'^ lO lO OT

o CO
a
e
^
'^
Stamp Tax.
Military Tax
Passenger Brokers'
Licenses
Serenaders' Licenses..
Billiard Table
Licenses
30
I
(M CD (M en 00 l-~ CO >0 Oi «D CO
OiT—ICOGO o^o -

'MIOOOCOi-HOOOt-oooooo:)00'Mco-t<
^-^r-lOil^Ot^^-G2T—
Ol C-1 O -ft CO t— I—I -H
-^ (M GO
t^
O o3 O
P^Oh
SPP
S a
02 M
I
o ^ •30
o
l-s I—
G ?: C s !=
!:« c3 c3 ci rt
i
31
o I--
Ci'O^aOOOCOQOOO'OOOCOO
O (M t^ C5 >! O :>0 O O t^ O O I—
o-t'Mi>-aoir--fOT—iiocicoo
•^'^^oolOoao-^^(^o'^1 ^tbr-l
(M i-H
c3
o
o
•
-l-J +J -fj 00 ^
C c3
c3 c3 ci ^ .Si .2S C O -2 =! o ^
I
! CO GO
CC O (M
-^< CO T—
IC -Tt< O
S =! ^o 5 a
I
05
I—
I
GO
CO
o

5 ^
o
O
Eh
ft
w
K
^
^
State School Lands
Principal
—
32

o o
~H CO
Oi -—I
o o
C5 I—
CO -M
I
1^ 1h bJDg
000000(M0
OOiOGSiOCSOOr—ll>.
OOGOt—iO'MCCOCS
t-- CO O t— rM fM CD -H
iO^(M C^T^"^ lO CTS GO
.£ s
SP^fife
fl s c
5
SO
i-s "
T^l l-~ lO
!M QO Ol
c3
02 CC
03
36
33
O 1— I O
,^ c3
c3
CO 5-1
c3 ^
c3 ,2
CO JC
o
t^
O t- O lO
lO CO lO 'M
CD lO -+ lO GO CO
T-H 05 r^ c-1
C^l O) O lO
'-H --fi CD Oi
CO C5 CO oq
C^l CM t— OO
=3 c3 :3
CO
GO
1^-
as
CO
i=i : : M J

o
CO
I
^
-^
^
Fees from Secretary of
State
Commutation Tax....
Possessory Claims.
Court Fees.
State School Lands-
"Interest"
.
«2 s^
V o
-^3
34
O CO o
ifS 1—i -*
O t- CO
-^ (M CO
(M »0 (M
CO CO CO
00 O 00
T-H '^t O
c3
o © o
r—t^ o iC' ** o
lO «3 O lO 'to O
^H t—I ^ -H 1—I O
O ^H iM rH I—I GO
lO T—
CO CO
CO CO
^ r^ ^
02 H C
M CO O
M CO CO
Oi CO t-t
to o t^
CO

T—I O CO o ^ o
O CO o o o o
IM '^ CO Ci Tt< lO
CO Oi O

o
CO
•s ^
0^
Chinese Police Tax.,
— •
School Lands — 16th
and 36th Sections—
Interest
School Lands — 16th
and 36th
Principal
Sections
36
GO t^ 00 : QO
GO ^ O
t^ ^ (X)
iM CD tt^
oo t^
C3
'SI
mo
o 6 o
^ ^ ^ !-i
r-( t- r-l O
CO O Ttl '^
CO -H --tl O
CM O CO i-H
2^
o
S o
CO C5
a> o

35 -"
G c?
c3
:3 o j3
CO
Ci
CD
cq_
o

38
E E E I p T s—Continued.
EECAPITULATION
Of the Recei^its hi/ Counties^ and from all sources of Revenue, for the Fourteenth
Fiscal Year, ending June 30, 1863.
Alameda...
Amador....
Butte
Calaveras.
Colusa
Contra Costa.
Del Norte
El Dorado....
Fresno
Humboldt
Klamath
Lake
Los Angeles.
Marin
^ariposa
Mendocino ..
Merced
Mono
Monterey ....
Napa. .a
Nevada.
Placer
Plumas
Sacramento
San Bernardino..
San Diego
San Francisco....
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara....
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz.
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter
Tehama
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Yolo
Yuba
Sundry persons for Stamps
Interest on School Bonds
Su])Orintcndent of Immigration
Fees from Secretary of State
Fees from Register Land OfRco
D. R. Ashley's account, April 10, 1803.
Total
MISCELLANEOU.S.

I—
I
41

2 o
o o o «o
lO C-l C» I—( C-3
o o o o o o o
o o cr> o o o o
O O O O O (M CO
GO O CD O O CO CO
* CO lO 1—I -tl r-H o r-» o

OOOOOOOOiO
OOiOOOOOOOl
OiOt-OGOOOO-M
O GO

fee
pi
o
o
CO 1—1
lO Ci
(M GO
t^ C/D
44
O O O O '^ r^
O O 0> O 00 CO
GO 1^ lO lO CO
(M T-H 1— 1 IM CO
M lO lO CO
oc'co
I-H
000>Ot^i—iOl^OOOOOCOO
OCDOO-^OOCOOOOOCSOO
OOOl
OOCO
CDO'OOt-^GOOO'MCOiniOOCOO ooooo
O lO GO t^ O^iO^O^O CO CO CO iM I—I O lO^ '^^1 "^"^
crTt-^i—r o'co"-*"!—h" 1—Ti—T o
I-H CO CO
ooooo C-lOl^OOOOTtiOO
OOOOOOOCOOOOOtX'OO
000>OOCOOCDOOOOOOO
OOOiOOrHOCOOOOOiOOO
O^^iO^CiO^t^ 0_^-*|^O^CO^Gi C5 O CO I—I o__>o_
GirTt^i—r
rH
lO't-^-^^"!—
OO CO
ofr-l
>.
+3 „+^ +S
;3 ^ li c
O 1:3 O O
O OQO
o
0)
cpl o
— c
r
03
©
OO
© ©
o ©
CO (M
1^ ? s ?; :© gOoO^O g S r
P^ PlH OD u^ ^ ,^ ., ,,
©
q=l
-1-2 iL, -t-3
C3©©pL(fL,5i2 © © ©
'^T3MgQ©©©'^>t-i>^(>ik^t>;,t->!>> k-.:::^ t>^ >-i t>^ >^ t>j
c3o3o3c3o3c3c3o3o3o3^Ho3c3o3o3c3
k-i .^ 1^ t-i bM ji:,!—I *H ^^ M
r^ r^A r^ r^ r^ r'i r^i f^ ^ r^i'< r^ r^ '^^ ''^ !^ '^
O
1^
(M I—I 1—I rH (M ,—I iM rH IM i-H O (M rH (M 1—I (M CO i—l
COCOCOCOCOCOCDCOCDCDCDCDCOCDCOCO COCO
OCOOOiCOCOCOC/DGCaDODOOOOQOOOOOQO COQO
c3
P^

ii^
^
O O -H o o lO o
O O —I
O O lO C5 o
t^ O lO t^ O
of ot" t-T co" of
o 'O :o
O O
o o o o
'CO lO o o o
O ^ -f o o o o
CO as -f oi o o o
t-^ o^ '^^_^ c^^ o_ o o_
of co" -—^ c3
© © -H
c3 --'©
^_, © --3 02
CO . ^-cn -^ ^ +^
y^^^ 1 -t^ _ CO
"^ ""^
>^
t^
EC ^ 02
^o ^ b
o" o
--
-13 -^
5
5 S
n a:
© o
o c
c o
fcJD
o
00 03 © ©
© © 22
aj CO a d 5 c3
a s o o o ©
O^ Ci,'^
x X
© ©
o
->J
*^ -.^ J
© © '^•* s ^
.2
1.1 C OJ
©
A
^
c a o o o ,©
+3 '43 -(^ -"i -*^ "^
"S
'^
-3_ -3 4J 22 1—
i s CO CO
©
I—I O rH ^ © >--^
^ oc © in
CO -d -^ J cc^-^
c3 --^ ui 6
©"^ ^
1 Ci © .rH JEJ
) g 3Q GO =W ;^
OQ aj- fl 3 rH' ^_q'
O ; a
© o ©
00 r^
a a
o a ^.
. -—T^ 5B © w K ;-i
© ® 2 2 ^ c3 C3
© .s
o c„ CfH
jj^O O « a a .2
02 © o o.s.:^;;: c3 O
-u t; '^ a a
a a a
c; © o
^ c3 53 ;:: 32 ?^ t>.a a ;.
1h ^H ;:- c3 c3 O O ©
>^ >^ >-i >^ >-J >^^ >%
01 01 "M 01 Ol 1—I O C-l
cocococococococo
00 X GO 00 'CO QO X' X
'^ 00 X) o -fH o T--1
I
1-^ o o o o o o o '^ "O :
I—I 01 01 01 I—I 01 CO 01 01 fM 01 Ol 01 01 r^ I—I -H :
c3EsSi:3:3S3?:.c3:3c3c3c3c3?H(:3e3s
^A^^^^^^:^^^^^^^^^
01 00 CO T—I "M T—I CO CO "-^ 1—1 I—I I—I r—I T—I 01 01 01 O
OCOCOCOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO'COCOCOCOCO
OOGOXOOXX OO'XCOXXX'COGOOOCOCOGO
t
r
'
I
CO
o_
o CO
Sac
©
o
of
o
G5
'p
s
o a

47
o
00^
o

a 5
to
o
•^^
o
o
o
o
o
o o o o o
o> o o o o
T-^ iC CO Ci o
o o
o
o
o
o o o o o
o o o o cr>
i-H O CO C5 lO
m^ i—i
o
a o
Ot-H
oD a> o
2W ^
-s.fe
O C^l
t^ lO -t^
y—l 1—1
«^ T-l

o ^
r— I ZD
M t^ ir^ QO
C5 CS OO lO
(M O CO O
t-- 'M O O
o" t-." t-'"
( I
o t^ t^
O
o
'C 00 o
O iM CO o
O -+ O .—
O O
o O
o o
WW
CD CJ
o o
4-S -fJ
o
m
® £:;
-^ o
3 c3 J
occ^
02 bJD
O 35
-- S
"So
o -e
II
-^ -Tf CO o
I—I I—I 01
K. y "^^
^ ^ '^ Cl-
^^ 1^
O-fof t-h'co"
O CO o o
00 GO C» 00
T-l r-< i-H I—
% ^
W
OJ
o
O
o
c3
s
o
CO
"ci
.s
c3
o
o
i/}
Is
c
o
c3
+^
m
c
49
Ph
Q^
OCOOOOiMOOCOi—ioO
OCOOOt— -"JfOOt— lOOlCO
Q0C0OC:iO00iOO00(MC5O
O Ci O lO (M lO 01 O Ol J^ C7; OD
05 lO I—I 'M 1— I O
"O O I—I C^:]
ocoooooiooot—100
lO CO O O 1- ^ O O t^ O Ol CO
X^COOOOC/iiCOOO'MCiO
O Ci O Ol M O (M t^ 05 00
C3_ lO i-H .'M^'—I O lO O rH M
I—
o
I
o.g o
5 oW
OtsI^
O rH
Ol 0"1
T—I CO -^ oi"
CD .•'-'
>^ '^«-
OPM
o h-5 ;>
M
CO
QO

O O O CO o t^
o o o oo o o
O O -f M :n "M
O O -M !M
o o
O O
oti :£; cc
o o ::;•
CO o
O
o lO O O Ci o
O O GC' >—I 1^ O
o t- o -+ n ITS
o CI >n>
OOOOOOCOOOO
000000>3C'000
o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O CD o o o
CO -M -M 0_^0^0_^ -t^_^O^l-^
lc"io~,
Cj rt ^ 'O -^ .s
;^
CO CO
-M -le +^ '^
CO C
O fcc if, s c
^ r- C =^ =2
r^.b •- 1=1 -
^COc3i:SX>^X
OQ O O fe P^ f^ &3 S
51
GO l^
^ t-t t^ O Ci
CM O 1:^
GO t^
o
GO
—> 'M O tC. O to O O C5 CO 'X' o o o o c>
OOCO(MOiOOOCO-*COOOO ooooo o o o
QOiOCiOC/j'MOO'Mi—IGCOOO
COOO-ThOO-^^OOt^CiOOOiO lO-MOOO OOOOO
CC^Cl •-£> O O O O^ en t^ CO CM

o
O
z
cc o -t'
-^ o c;
O O -—
CD lO lO
uTT t^ O
O CO CT' O O CO
C> O uTJ 1^ O '30
O
ID
"i h
'^ "~ t^ c o "^
'
52
oo -=(
o o -M c: cri'
O O O 'M 'M
O O -J^ --0 -Tf.
cc' c?'
? o ^
^ -Spa
o3 c3
£^£^h! o •a
f^v.-;?
o
g
?
°P^^ c^ ^. eS - ^r'
— "^-1 ^ r/^ ^ "^
„
O =tH O ® ? o
^ ^ i ° s^
CO
^ S c^ .2 o o
-- c3
r o
2 tc :2 © c3 ci O
K^ S CO Ph P^' Ph fj^
• CO
i
t— I—
QO CI
o o o c:' o o o o o o I—i o
ooooocioopoaoo
(X' :c cc o o 'M o o o c:> o a:
oidc-iocnir-ioooij::. c;t^
t^ iC CJ O O O CO I—I O >^ 1—' 30
O O C^ O O O C> O O O O O T—I o
o o o o o o .::; o o o o o OC' o
OOOiTT'^OOOCOOCrOOO
OOOCMOOOOOOCiOOjO
0^0^'>T_'M_ C0_^0_0 O^^-t^ r-l O^ O >— O^
'^
O CO t— i C-1 Ci cc lO lO r-( 1—I (M
C:; • I—
o
03
;- ^ X
>^
O CD
«5 5
o3 oj;
(M
3 c
rf
QQ .£ c3
1^ — aJ
^£ ©S
;[" ^0.2
!r» © ©
i ^ o
V 03 ^ +i k^i
o r;
J- ^
O
I
T, o
^ a
0.2
h42
"So
^ O
P S S
o C rt
O CE
.S S o
I^H -1-3 --
©
^ o c
S ^ £
c X ^
1> +3 c3
a 'S 'rl
?- © o
b£i © c
c y. a
o CO
Ph
as
O
©cS3
£ •' i-H e3
O
EH

06
CO I- * O O -H :0 -f t^ •>! CO t- t^ O O lO CO CO ^H -^ O -T+1
lO 1^ 1^ >1 c.
—t^JOOX'MnOCOCOOT—l-fHlCCOC:!—!— ;Ot—lrH-*r-(C2lO^Hr-lr-!
r-< M 1—I 1—I T—
I
I— I I—( cc
ciooo-f'Ci'+c:i'H30cOGO^Hi-^ccc;LO'>it~--o-^

to
QC
54
oc o o CO CO (>i o -t CO -rH o Ci 00 >-c 00 o o o o o o o ci o'o o
O GC' CC CO Tl^ O CO CO r-l >i^ O CM O CO :0 T—I CO GO C-1 C^ O O -t O !M CO
OOCOCOOOO'+lCOOOO'-H-rHiOCOr-ICOOil^COOOr-MCO'—lO-ti'TtHO
OCCOt^iO-^SM'MLCOCl'MT—lODC-imcXJiO-iHiOr-HCiCM-tiGOt^-*
^HiOrH'-fiCOCOCOr til—IiOt—(CO T—lCj'Mi-Ht--OLOCO:OOC

oooonoooooooooooooooooooooooooo
lO O -th CO O O CO ri GO i-H r-l CO ^ C^l O — lO '
55
-rt^ >1 T—I 'O O C^l r-H O O O 05 O C^l iXS
COCO^OCOCOr-iCrsOCDGOOOCOi-OoiOOO'M-—lOiOOCOOOCOiOl-^rHCODti
CO CO 1—(^oq_GC' •M.^cD cr^co O^^C^I^CO^lO^W t-^ CO OC^CO ^^ '^ Tt^^CO 1^ -^ ^ C-l CO OCi -H
t-Tc-t" 'm' r—' r—I CO rH ^H f>i ^^t-T r-T Co' i-T
O O O O O O O 'O O O O O O O O O O o o
lOO^tlCOiOOCOCMGOt—irHCO^tMOOO-tf'CM
o o o o o o o o o o o
lO iC (M 1—I lO O lO G5 O M lO
rHCOt^GOOTt

o
O
M Q
o
Gi
I '
00 o
,£3
(X) o o o
Ci CO O C/j
CO iM CO CO
t^ CO T—
O O O' o
QO CJ Ci O
c; CO o 00
CO !>! CO CO
t^ CO r-l
-Q h>o ^g
c 3 Q a O
^ o S o o
Tl S O '—
C-l rH
r-^ O K
•r y. 1^
oo' 5 'm"
'Vj CO
GO
CO
I
o
EH
56
-55
T—ll^COrtHrHiOO-tiMGO O 05 05 O
rHCOCO'MOClOOOOiMCiOt^COO
^Ot^'-t^OlOl^-^^CO'^^QOOQO(X)^—
COCO-^fCO'^CiCO-^OCi'OOCOi-H
rH 1—ICO lOr-'T—I^HOiiClM
-—lt^CO'-^^T—liOO-rt o
O p o P c J^r^
^O ;h^ S 3^ O
p o ?^ 5 ?^
' o
E ^ O ?? 5
O-i J-i w 53
S ^ =.2
cr* s n r-
^ S S o
3 3 "^ ^
cs "5 '5 '5
f^f^Pn Ph

1-H O
p p
o o
1=
o
o
a:' & MW
o
57

58
Expenditure s—Continued.
EECAPITULATI(3N.
For what Purposes Expended.
For Executive Department
For redemption of Civil Bonds of 1857, (including amount
redeemed for School Fund)
For State's quota of Tax to United States
For Judicial Department
For Legislative Department
For State Printing
For State Library ..
For Support of Insane
For Interest on State Debt
For State Prison Purposes
For Charitable Institutions
For Military Purposes
For State Eeform School
For State Normal School
For Belief Purposes •. . ,
For Miscellaneous Purposes
For Support of Schools
For Sujaport of Indigent Sick
Total Expenditures for 14th fiscal year,
Amounts.
$105,877 89
154,043 77
247,445 4L
145,330 13
309,069 01
51,590 38
16,236 85
170,230 78
274,820 00
109,164 63
33,000 00
42,731 90
36,458 14
2,955 00
36,227 20
250,830 51
106,518 49
3.838 20
S2,097,268 29

•
Seventh Fiscal Year
ending June 3 , 1856
r>9

c^
^
^
M f5
^
e
SD
S
•Si
I
o
Seventh Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1856
Sixth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1855...
Fifth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1854 ...
Fourth Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1853
Third Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1852...
Second Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1851
First Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1850 ...
60
CDOOi—ir-IOt— t— I—li—(iTSt^
lOiOCOGOOOr—lOit-^COO
Tr
-to 00 t-H CO CO CO -* •rt^ O r-H lO
CJ Ol I—I i—l t1^ C-1 CO O "t C-l LO
l^ oq^ O^ Oi^ lO^ rH^ O^ iM^ GO_ CO_^ O^
j>^ go" cT 'co^ -^'" o~ I—T co" o" o" r-
O C-1 (M O CO CO
M rH
t— lO (M I— t^ !>• CO
rH IM ^ C-l Tfl rH O
!M O C5 G5 O ^+1 GO
-rfl -!:fl ^1 O 00 'M 1—1
lO^ i-H^ t~- '-0_ O^ C- !_ CO_
C5~ ^'~ 1-H c; Ci CD cT
CM i—i r— r—
OOt^C5i0Ot-'tOr-((Mb-00OC0'-tO'O^
Oi'+l-tiMO'OtMi—I^OO^-l-t^00wi^O'-t^CilO1—
'M 1—H 'M r-( CC- 01 O GO GO O lO O CO -O GC' 1^ '-C CO Ol
lOOOlOlOOi—li—!i0C0OC0C5OC0OrHiCt^
Ol t^ lO l-~ CO GO rH CO Ci CD T— O '^ O lO CO -rfi (M
CO rH rH rH r-t
t^ (M C^l CD -f (M
lO O GO CO
lO CD CI t^
CO t^ O fM
O Cj CO O
lO CD CD CO
CO rH C'l
r-{
O t^ CO tO
t- '-t< O
C5
t^ CD ^^ CO^ -JO CO^ lO^ '-H^
~f r-^ r-^ 'T^^ C>f r-^' iTi iS t~^ CO -« Co" r-* lo'
CO O (M 1—i rH rH rH
O
of
55 a
OCiiOCO-t^GSOiO
O t^ 01 rH CO 00 CO rH
OOrHOCOOCOOGO
OOOOliOCOGO^O
tO CD^rH^ CO^'-t^ O^rH CD
t-^CD^rH^CO^tM^ of
Ol r^
O-+t^>OCDCDC0CD
lO lO O CD (M Ol Ol lO
O-^OliCr-icOCOiO
r^'-flCO^Olt^OOO
C5 lO CO_^OT^CD^GO^C7i^rH_^
co"o~co cfco CD r^ tc
O rH r-{
o cr> '-t^ i^ t^ CD
(M CO t^ GO O CO
Oi GO t^ CD O GO
O Ci O GO C5 ^.
CO^rH cq_0_l>^05^
of cf of lo" of ^^
O • ,^ i^
•t; -^ '^ O -P h-
o o [3 ^^ ?-( r; s
|pqpPm-5r^ 03 c3 C3-2 g
C C P G fl c3
I
lO Oi Cti
-Tt< rH rH
rH Ol CO
01*0
O O CO
O b- 05
1
t^ o
Ci O
CO GO
O Ol
GO 1—
lO t^
I

C3
00^
o o
(M
^ t^ a
QO O 1^
— X rH
Oi O lO
rH 10
CO O C5
»0 C-1 C5
CO r-1
O O
O
CO
Oi o
o"oo"
rH ^
to CO
o oc
CO -M
I— 1—1
O 1—
0> CO
O 00
t^ rH
I
o
61
CO
CO
00
o o
o o
OC' o
CO o o Oi
Ci
CO
O rH Ci
O CO o
oo o o
lO Tt^ ac
rH^TjT
CO
CO
00

is
fe^
^
a^
Tliirteeuth Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1862
Twelfth Fiscal Year endin
a; June 30, 1861
Eleventh Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1860
Tenth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1859...
Ninth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1858...
Eighth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1857
62
'rfl O lO lO lO T—' O l-H lO t^ IM i—i l-H t^ OS t^ 't>C 0-1 Ol
OSCCOOrHi—-0 C-l >0 I^ to CO QO lO t^
r-l OO O OS CO '-0 O >0 lO TO '^O CO CO C-l l^ r-H :0 05 "t
-+< CO CI CO Ci -t C-l GO lO C3^ O^^CO '0^'>1 t^"^ CO_ ^, "M^
co'ci 1^ CO' "' CO -t'co'-rl^' Oo"~CO i—*" C5 00 CO lO OC' o' !
QDr-l'+IGO'Thll^OO'TfGOOaO
CO O I— I CO O CO OO t^ O O 00
OfMOCOCOCOOC-fCOOiM
lO lO uO CD CO CO O CO Ci rH C^-
CO o -+i CO ai_^ lO CI lo^'m '-o^
lO'o'cTrcO -+I CO CO'-f O CO 'M
C O lO CI
c! 1~- CO CO O
CO CO -+ c; r-H lO cn. oo lO ''.-1 CO
Crs t^ t^ C^ O 00 O 00 -^ O -h
—I ^^T, '^ ^„ '":, '^^^ ^. ~^ '-^^ '-^^
Ol -f in T-H r-H CO'
iM (M T—I iM O iC
I— CO T—I CO CI M
GO lO cj CO Ci c:-
—I -i^ GO Cl -+ O
cq_ CO__ I— .i7_
!_
id co"o"t-^LO t-^
I—I r—I CO T—
si
c3
C3 r^ — '— 3
^ a s c3
o
^1 lO Ci
CO -+ I—
CO 1-1 -Tf
1^ OC l^
C-T^CO^^O
CO -^ lO
lO
o
2^
si
-rt< QO 00 O rH lO CO
lO l-^ CO -f O O 1—
QO t—I C^ -TtH QC' O lO
r—( CO Ol OD CO CM 00
CO Ci^iO^OO Ci_QO^t'^
-rtTco'^'ocTao co'oc"
i-H rH O) iM
lO 1^ "^ Ci "^ Ol 1>-
O CM 1^ 'X) t-^ CO 1^
lO OO 1-^ lO CO CC lO
1—I O t-~ CO id t^ GO
CO 00_^ lO O0__ C-T^ ^_ O^
co' lo" co" -*" i-^o cT
00 ir:. 00 o Ci
OO Cl Tl^ l^ iM
CO C-l -t< t^ -^
CO GO CI "—I OlO^i-H^CJ
-*_o
cro'~co'"'*'~cd'
.-< t^

63
«D Oi O n I—1 r-H GO CD t— TO (M 1—I r-^ SC' 00 O to O 'X) "M 00 t^ r-4 GC M lO
OCiwiCOO-lCOt^OOOOCDt—(OCOO CiOOiOOO'^rCIiOCCOClO
:d M -^1 C'l ao 00 'tH 1 OC C. O 1—1 OC O I— I Ci CI o
0—'COO-J-COi—lOOl— rii—li—'-^l>.i— Ot-~CCOr-i,-H — C5
O 1^ o o c?ico'0^^cox;o^c^^ooI-H^— oo(?Qci>^or~r-ici
CO tO iM -M Ol "M CO M (M i—H i— i (M t—I i—
>iL^coo:t~-T—iOO-ii-H'McoiDt— cocoo
CO 'M "O C^ •>! O C^ I—
CO
COr-i:Oi—ioc:oi-^-xf< OC ^I T-H CO Ir- iC I— O -f OO -t TO O OCO O u-
cooc:cooo-^t^lOco'^^-f-*'^o-t^c^t^oo^H-tc;
^- CO 1~ *>! -M CO CO lC O 'M O O O M X -rt* 'M -t' O CO CO
c!" Ci~ cc o~ o" o'
fM CO 1:- M -* M r-( r-i C-l -M .:M rH t—i i—(
CO
i
I

s
id
^ f^
5 ^
^
55
'yj
Thirteenth Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1862
Twelfth Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1861
Eleventh Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1860
Tenth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1859...
Ninth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1868...
"Eighth FiscalYear ending
June 30, 1857...
64
73 ^ 9
T

58
ExppJNDiTURE s—Continued.
EECAPITIJLATION.
For what Purposes Expended. Amounts.
For Executive Department
For redemption of Civil Bonds of 1857, (including amount
redeemed for School Fund)
For State's quota of Tax to United States
For Judicial Departm en t
For Legislative Department
For State Printing
For State Library
For Support of Insane
For Interest on State Debt
For State Prison Purposes
For Charitable Institutions
For Military Purposes
For State Reform School
For State Normal School
For Relief Purposes ». . ,
For Miscellaneous Purposes
For Support of Schools
For Su^^port of Indigent Sick
Total Expenditures for 14th fiscal year
.•
?105,877 89
154,943 77
247,445 4L
145,330 13
309,069 01
51,590 38
lt>,236 85
170,230 78
274,820 00
109,164 63
33,000 00
42,731
36,458
2,955
36,227
250,830
106,518
3,838
90
14
00
20
51
49
20
$2,097,268 29

•
Seventh Fiscal Tear
ending June 3 ,1856
nO

^
f^
e
^
Q^
Thirteenth Fiscal Year
eacling June 30, 1862
Twelfth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1861
Eleventh Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1860
Tenth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1859...
Ninth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1858...
Eighth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1857
62
^ O >^ Id 10 r-J O rH lO b- N r— I T— I t^
Cl 1>- '2C "M (M
OSCCO OrHrHCOi—I UO CO lOOOOt+COCOOCO
'*'>iO'M-tiooGOcC'i—^cDOc^^•C)^~tocO(X3lO^l—I
oc o a:' CO "O o lo >-0 CO '^O CO CO >! 1^ T—I O 05 -f
-^^o os^co^Oj^'*^ c O
1-^ ^ r+( ^1 rH
CO (M lO -t" -*
C^l CO O t^ rj
t^ ^ CO Ci CO
CO -rf CO i>l Ol
^ O CM CO -Tt*
^ T—I t- CO "rfH
OT^(M__-^ lO^CO^
CO c:i CO oc'o"
O XS fi

K
G3
CD 05 O -M I—I t—I CO CD t^ CO (M >-H r-4 CC' OO ITS M O 00 'M 00 b- rH GO CO lO
CDOlCiCD'MOOt^OOOOCDr-HOCOOCiOOiOOOCOOJiOCO'OCiO
i0C500CD~.C;00C0OOl~~C5i—ll--t^OCOOOCOC-*CO-^CO(M-^
0500COI-~C-l— O-t^^O—'-fMCCOCDOT— O'Mi-4r-'OCD0C! l^
X' -t TO' O CD O U-. O i-H
CiO O CI CO GC 'TfH lO CO '>T "^ -^ >0 lO -f Ci t^ O O rH -f Cj X 1—1 lO CO Ci
t^ CO I ~ fM 'M CO CO O O "M O CD >0 » X •^ ^1 -t O CD CO Cj5 CO lO CD CO
C^0_ 'M_^CD_^0^'M CO C5 1^ -^
iOCKj CD' Co' CO -!•' rT-+ -t^'t^ i~'~CD'"t--^Ci X "M C; GO lO O O Cj 7-^' cCcCiD
'M CO t^ "M -rti ^1 1—I I— I >1 "M (M i—I i— i i—i
CO
CO C^l CO
CO CO CJ
CD O — fH
OC:. MO'MOir—lO-MOOCO-—^'^'tOl^iM-I^OCDirS
I—I -+'-C-1 I—tC.T—It—ti—iOCOO-lCDlr-^H'—It^CDiOiOirrcOt^
in 'ID t~- -fi O Ci lO CD -M on 'Ci "M ^ O O X O t-^ tr. I—I X
!>.
1-- Ol liO CO O O CO CO O -t 'CD -M CD t- r-. O r f- CD O r-l CO
•>-} t- l^
X O I-
1— ( Ol X X' Ol ^- GO lO t
X- CD 01 r
O^ X^ CD_ ^_ 01_ 0_ 1— i_ Cvl_ CO_ CO O l^ CO 'O
t- X' CD -+
7—I T—I Ol CO
^fcD"
CC Cr.' GO CD'
Ol rH CO
Cl-^CD-r^ii—icDCOOCiXXXuOoOOll-^t^CDCiT—'t^I^OC
CDO^lOiO-i^-^^OOCXCDi—ICDr-iClOiOOOtDi—lcOCD
X Ol ,— r-H CO r-J CD t^ 'O CO C: 3: -* CO '--0 Ol CO CD CD CD o oo CO
M O I—i 1-- CO t- 1^ CO CO ut "^ CD -—I GO CD -/' O CO >—I t- O iCi lO
CD_^ ~tl '^1, »:, '-"v ^„ ^„ '^ -'V '^^ "^^ '''^r- ~*1. '^"^- "^ '-^^ ^'^ '^ X^ '^l m Ol lO
co' C^f of b-^ co" of CCT lO^ I>r cd'~ f rj^' CO ' o" oo" .—
-H CO
lO Ci Ol
o^ x__ o
lO o" of
01 -f GO lOCO CO I—lO^lOlrHC^] r-l,—It—(^i—

Li
fe5
5 K
Thirteenth Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1862
Twelfth Fiscal Year
ending Juno 30, 1861
Eleventh Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1860
Tenth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1859...
^ Ninth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1858...
^1'
CO
i-H
CO
QC
CO
CO
1—1
o
6.1?
O
to
CO
lO O UO r}<
O (M O O
o'co" T-^

Tt< O O
CD O O
o
O tt
o ^
Oi O
CO -^
O iM i-O ^
o Oi •
CO o o
o" T-T
C5
OO
65

Alameda
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte
El Dorado ,
Fresno
Humboldt
Klamath
Lake
Los Angeles
Mendocino
Marin
Mariposa
Merced
Mono
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Placer
Plumas
Sacramento
San Bernardino.
San Diego
San Francisco
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo.
Santa Barbara...
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter ,
San Mateo
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Tehama
Carried forward.
66
Exhibit C—Continued.
EECAPITULATION.
RECEIVED FROM. Amounts.
$220,527 92
242,022 37
313,321 30
248,718 58
98,061 61
153,665 64
31,508 77
590,339 23
76,111 46
72,512 04
39,989 92
3,793 71
165,022 36
30,195 17
87,991 05
186,078 96
52,596 06
1,978 46
101,878 31
174,240 42
308,281 66
441,267 22
64,583 92
885,792 78
14,085 87
28,819 33
2,901,085 40
438,150 35
35,050 69
62,645 47
355,544 75
74,861 62
164,001 89
178,352 41
195,495 74
247,500 97
243,063 52
54,362 94
122,193 68
58,171 57
127,138 84
56,189 34
320,780 42
73,825 70
$10,341,809 42

I
67
Exhibit C—Eecapitulation Continued.
Brought forward
Yolo
Yuba
Foreign Miners' Tax of 1850
Governor's Office Eent, refunded '....
State Marine Hospital
Secretary of State's Office, fees
State Assayer's Office
City of San Francisco
A. W. Adams
Conti'oUer of State
Pacific Steamship Company
Board of Land Commissionei's
Commissioner of Immigrants
Estate of W. W. Scott
Estate of G. Brock
RECEIVED FROM. Amounts.
United States
Hackett & Judah
Wharf Privileges
California Telegraph Company
W. Neely Thompson
Sales of State Stamps
Sales of School Land Warrants
AV. Neely Johnson
Webber, ex-Treasurer of Nevada County
Wells, Fargo & Co
Thomas Gardner
John B. Vfeller, Governor
State Treasurer
Eussell, ex-Treasurer of Tulare County
J. J. Tomlinson and associates
Fees from Eegister of Land Office
Brooks, Treasurer of Yolo County
T. J. Miner, ex-Treasurer of Plumas County
Interest on School Bonds
Judgment against Breyfogle and others
Judgment against Clark & Ingersoll
Absence from Pre-emption Claim
D. E. Ashley, account of April 10, 1863
Total
'.
),341,809 42
164,113 39
430,735 47
32,147 57
1,235
887
32,815
1,106
69,198
11
768
00
60
00
07
00
03
00
12,500 00
507,789 38
208,154 93
4,240 31
89 09
150,000 00
1 00
20 00
223 40
1,280 00
376,496 27
3,520 00
265 04
1,804
10,025 64
6 00
675 00
7,665 00
402 47
20 00
2,910 67
280 25
436 74
13,282 50
953 30
1,567 98
7 9S
24,260 00
12,403,703 77

^
^
'^
5>
^2Q
68

S
^
2Q
Thirteenth Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1862
Twelfth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1861
Eleventh Fiscal Year
ending June 30, 1860
Tenth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1859...
Ninth Fiscal Year ending
June 30, 1858...
Eighth Fiscal Year ending
Juno 30, 1857
70
I
II
CO iM O CO Ci O
lO -t^ t-< * lO Oi
05 (M C5 t^ to t--
C-l ^ -t CM O G5
lO C5_'^„'^„'^„'~l,
cT co" co" o" co" i-T
O lO OO ^+1 CO
CO C5 Ci CO -H CO
O lO GO O CO CNl
lO CO (M O CO GO
O "^ GO t^ t^ --fH
C-1 Ci_CO_^T-H^l--^(>T^
CO" 1-— CO rH lO CO
t^ CO O CO GO
€& (M T-H
O (M O 1^ O i—
CO '* (M CO 05 GO
t^ CO CO CS lO O
CO GO Cj CO lO 1—
lO^co ci^co_^c;_^co
^ oT of Gi' '^
O (M C-1 -^ 00
^^(M 1—
lO CO -^ O lO Oi
en o}

• o
o
O O CO t^
o o o -^
t- O t^ CO
CO O CO Ci

72
Exhibit D—Continued.
EECAPITULATION
Showing the Total Amount Bscpended, and for lohat Purposes, since the Organization
of the State Government, to July 1, 1863.
EXPENDED TOR. Amounts.
Executive Department
Legislative Department
Judicial Depai'tment
State Printing
Support of Schools
Support of Indigent Sick
State Marine Hospital
Sacramento Hospi tal
Stockton Hospital
Insane Asylum
State Prison Purposes
State Library Purposes
Military Purposes
Suppression of Indian Wars
Construction of State Capitol
Erection of State Eeform School
Interest on State Debt (including amount redeemed for
School Fund)
Redemption of Civil Bonds
Purchase of Civil Bonds ,
Agri cultural Purposes
Relief Purpos,es
Miscellaneous Purposes ,
State's quota of Tax to United States
Charitable Institutions
Support of State Reform School
State Normal School
Total
61,329,302 59
3,546,172 51
1,478,855 99
1,322,329 12
652,519 44
89,648 10
391,237 21
149,741 82
155,582 98
995,490 37
1,655,279 06
68,699 91
76,105 24
130,590 90
25,531 78
39,588 35
2,068,449 28
1,077,620 89
56,137 50
36,500 00
380,925 08
1,111,770 08
247,445 41
33,000 00
30,458 14
2,955 00
$17,157,936 70

^
s
6
S
s
^
&5
74

o :
75

77
OOOOOOOOOOb-OOiOOOOOO
OOSOOOOOOOOOOlOOOOOO
OMt^-O'M'OCOOasO'—ll-^.-tit—'MiO-'f
^ lO O •>! -f O lO 1^ r-( O lC O -^< t^ T—I l~~ Tfi
TfT oo" I—r Co' O r r1 q6 go" o" o" •-d~ l-^ i30~ o" r-T co~ oo'
T—I CO OT OS rH -t< r—I CO CO OtI O "M -* lO O O '-H
CO -^ iq 1-H^iO "^^t^ '^^'^ ^„'— L'^1,'^1'^^*^ ^^ '-'
C5 O
CCi CI
o o
o o
r-H CO
co'co" — '"co"
CO GO CO Ol
! CO
CO-^ G*
CO
O l~- O O CO O O O O OO O O GO CD O O O O (M O O O
O C» O O rH O O O O CM o o as O O O O O 1^ o o o
000050'Or—ii0OO'30LraCiO-HC10Ct^l^i—ilOCOCO
CO CO rH O O 1—1 -rf I— OS Gi —> Ci O t— I— I lO CO CO -fH rM "-tl t-
t- GO lo".x"lO I—IGO'MCO-t^OirifMCii-HOr-H iO~ ^"^ Co" CO" Ci~
7—I OI -t CO C:> O 00 >—I r—I CO CXD O (» rH CO Ci -* fM CO 00 lO 1—
Tf lO QC C5 GO "^^^O^'O^t^ '^„'^„'*^'^^'~*„'^ O I— < CO O to i-H Ttl
I— ('
rtT I— I I—I "O 1—1 (M G

^3
^
CO "
^5
3^
V
t^
'^
78

CD I—I OO O t~~ iM U»r^ O ifS CI
O (M -* lO CO CC -+ O t^ CD "*
i-H^ CO^ (M^ t-; 0_ C» t--^ O^ (M_^ l>^ O^
OO^O^T-ro'fXro' o" rjT-rjTrH'o'"
I—iCOiOr-lrHvO ^+11—100
r-H O
lO CO Oi
* rH O
CO O CO
-f 0C> 1—1
Qo_^':o^o^
(m"co"o"
CO (M O
CM lO CO
I
79
.OCq-^OOO-frHOOCrHQO "CO
OGOOSCO-JT'iMt^Ot-^I^t^
C0_O^iXj^l-~ r-4_0_0^0 CO QO -Tfi
o o CO lO -^ o 1— I (M^co'^cxToo"
-f00CC(>T>OO>C2C0r-ICqiOC0i—iiOlOOGC'lOiC-^OOOCvIOi—loo
COiOCO-fOlCOiOOCOfM-^OOOOCDi—liOl^Cil-^l^COOi—IC^^-^
t— >—'(MiOi—l-tit^-O-ft^COl^aC'COOCOOOb-O-lOt^fMi—lt--.-^00
t— O "Tl I— I—I t^ O CO I—i O 1—1 CC' O I—I GC OC' O ( CO O 1^ iC. 'M O 3C' T-H lO
0_'>l^C>D^O^'^^O^C^I^O_~^l--^O^CO^O^O^O^t— 0^(Xi C?0-^C^OCCOM
co'~ciO~o"oc~co'"co QO 1—I lo -^"ccTcc^oo^o^of oo'-^'co't^^oo^Go't-^aTcs (m' t-T
COCC5001~-OCO>0
0000000 l^OCOO
COl^iOi—iCOiOO-ht^iOQO
t^ O O CO CO O' O Ci O CO lO
0_^ O^ O^ 0_^O O CC^ -t^ CO__ C^ CM^
CD oTco'cO 1—TrHOo'o'o 1:^ C^T
t- OC -fH (M GO' t^ lO r— CO Oi 1—
»OOi-^Tji^rH^O^O^C^l T—I fM rH Ci (M

80
[ a]
STATEMENT
Of the, Condition of the Several Funds June 30, 1863.
Dr. GENERAL FUND.
June 30, 1863 To warrants redeemed during Fourteenth
Fiscal Year
To amount transferred to Swamp Land Fund
To amount transferred to School Fund
To balance in fund
Dr. SCHOOL FUND.
June 30, 1863 To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year
To amount transferred to General Fund
To balance in Fund
$589,972 56
200,000 00
67,580 90
48,798 96
$906,352 42
,518 79
2.163 77
72,223 84
$180,906 40

81
[ a]
STATEMENT
Of the Condition of the Several Funds June 30, 1863.
GENEEAL FUND. Cr.
July 1, 1862., B}^ balance in Fund
By receipts during Fourteenth Fiscal Year...
By amount transferred from Federal Tax
Fund
Bj- amount transferred from Swamp Land
Fund
By amount transferred from School Fund
By balance.
814,332 63
830,603 68
56,127 34
3,125 00
2,163 77
§906,352 42
$48,798 96
SCHOOL FUND. Cr.
July 1, 1863. By balance in Fund
By receipts during Fourteenth Fiscal Year
By interest on School Bonds
By amount transfei-red from General Fund
11
By balance
J20.777 96
84,795 04
7,752 50
67,580 90
el80,906 40
r2,223 84

Dr.
82
Statement G—Continued.
STATE SCHOOL LAND FUND.
June 30, 1863 To wai'raiits issued for purchase of Civil
Bonds during Fourteenth Fiscal Year, for
School Fund
To balance in Fund
Dr. HOSPITAL FUND.
June 30, 1863
$4.5,780 00
8,282 60
$54,062 60

83
Statement G—Continued.
STATE SCHOOL LAXD FUND. Or.
July 1, 1862.. By balance in Fund
By receipts during Fourteenth Fiscal Year
By balance in Fund.
$13,200 09
•±U,SG2 61
854,062 60
$8,282 60
HOSPITAL FUND. Cr.
July 1, 1862. By balance in Fund
By receipts during FouKeenth Fiscal Year...
By balance in Fund.
$5,408 88
11,372 53
616,781 41
812,943 21
LIBRARY FUND. Or.
July 1, 1862. By balance in Fund
By receipts during Fourteenth Fiscal Year...
By auiaunt transferred from Legislative Fund
By balance.
81,461 62
7,535 80
5^5 00
69,502 42
§219 78

Dr.
84
Statement G—Continued.
INTEEEST AND SINKING FUND OF 1860. •. ,
June 30, 1863 To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year
To balance in Fund
Dr. INTEEEST AND SINKING FUND OF 1857.
June 30, 1863 To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year for payment of interest
To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year for redemption of Civil Bonds
To balance in Fund
Dr. FEDEEAL TAX FUND.
June 30, 1863 To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year
To amount transferred to General Fand
!gl3,895 00
499 79
$14,394 79
8260,925 00
109,163 77
53,112 86
$423,201 63
$247,445 41
56,127 34
$303,572 75

June 30, 181)3
85
Statement G—Continued.
INTEEEST AND SINKING FUND OF 1860. Cr.

Dr.
Statement G—Continued.
LEGISLATIVE FUND.
June 30, 1863 To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year
To amount transferred to Library Fund
To balance in Fund :
Dr. SWAMP LAND FUND.
June 30, 1863 To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year
To amount transferred to General Fund
To amount transferred to Legislative Fund...
To balance in Fund
De. CAPITOL FUND.
June 30, 1863
.78,953 74
595 00
451 26
$180,000 00
$52,118 62
3,125 00
180,000 00
6,626 22
$241,869 84

Jan. 31, 1863.
87
Statement G—Continued.
LEGISLATIVE FUND. Cr.

Dr.
88
Statement G—Continued.
SEMINAEY FUND.
Dr. PUBLIC BUILDING FUND.
June 30, 1863 To balance in Fund. $295 03
Dr. ESTATES OF DECEASED PEESONS.
June 30, 1863
$295 03

89
Statement G—Continued.
SEMINAEY FUND. Cr.
July 1, 1862. By balance in Fund
By receipts during Fourteenth Fiscal Year.
By balance.
^124 10
2,166 33
$2,290 43
$2,290 43
PUBLIC BUILDING FUND. Cr.
July 1, 1862.. By balance in Fund
By receipts during Fourteenth Fiscal Year.,
By balance.
$62 55
232 48
_$295 03
$295 03
ESTATES OF DECEASED PEESONS. Cr.
July 1, 1862.. By balance in Fund
By receipts during Fourteenth Fiscal Year.
12
By balance.
$91 13
85 56
$176 69
$176 69

Dr.
90
Statement G—Continued.
MILITARY EECRUITING FUND.
June 30, 1863 To warrants issued during Fourteenth Fiscal
Year
To balance in Fund
$21,564 35
2,695 65
S24,260 00

Apl. 11, 1863
*
91
Statement G—Continued.
MILITAEY RECEUITING FUND. Cr.

92
[H]
CONDENSED STATEMENT
Of Balances in the several Funds June 30, 18G3.
General Fund
School Fund
Sttite School Land Fund
Hospital Fund
Library Fund
Interest and Sinking Fund of 1860
Interest and Sinking Fund of 1857
Legish^tive Fund
Swamp Land Fund
Seminary Fund ,
Public Building Fund
Estates of Deceased Pei'sons
Military Recruiting Fund
Total
$48,798 96
72,223 84
8,282 60
12,943 21
219 78
499 79
53,112 86
451 26
6,286 22
2,290 43
295 03
176 69
2,695 65
1208,276 32
Note.—The apparent balance shown in the General Fund on the thirtieth
of June may be accounted for as follows : The warrants drawn
against all other Funds are charged to said Funds when drawn, while
the warrants on the General Fund are not charged to said Fund at the
time they are drawn, but are only charged when redeemed, as shown by
the monthly report of the State Treasurer to this office.

[I]
ESTIMATE
Of Receipts from all Sources of Revenue during the Sixteenth fiscal Year,
ending June 30, 1865.
From
Eroin
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
State Property Tax (ninety-four cents).
State Poll Tax
Military Poll Tax
Foreign Miners' Licenses
State and County Licenses
Stamp Tax
Commutation Tax ,
Swamp and Overflowed Lands
State School Lands— principal
State School Lands—interest
Fees from Secretar}- of State ,
Fees from Register State Land Office....
81,226,700 00
70,000 00
100,000 00
175,000 00
40.000 00
120,000 00
20,000 00
20,000 00
40,000 00
40,000 00
20,000 00
1,500 00
Total 81,373,200 00

For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
For
94
[K ]
ESTIMATE OF EXPENDITURES
Fo7' the Sixteenth Fiscal Yeai
SALARIES.
Salary of Grovernor
Salary of Controller
Salarj^ of Treasurer
Salary of Secretary of State
Salary of Superintendent Public Instruction
Salary of Attorney-General
Salary of Surveyor-General
Salary of Register State Land Office
Salary of Adj utant-General
Salary of Justices of Supreme Court
Salarj^ of Reporter to Supreme Court
Salary of Secretary to Supreme Court
Salary of Bailiff to Supreme Court
Salary of State Librarian -
Pay of Porter State Librar}^
Safai'y of District Judges
Salaries of Physicians to Insane Asylum
Salary of Deput}^ Controller
Salaiy of Clerks to Controller
Salary of Clerks to State Treasurer
Salary of Watchman in State Treasury
Salarj^ of Clerks to Secretary of State
Salaiy of two extra Clerks to Secretary of State
Salary of Clerks in State Land OtHce
Salary of Clerk to Surveyor-General
Salary of Clerk to Board of Examiners
Salary of Clerk to Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion.
For Salary of Clerk to Board of War Examiners
For Siilary of Private Secretary to Governor
For Salaiy of Clerk in Governor's Office
For Pay of Porter to Governor
For Pay of Porter to Controller
For Pay of Porter to Treasurer
For Pay of Porter to Secretary of State
For Pay of Porter to Siirvej'or-Gencral and Register of
Lan d Offi ce
For Pay of Porter to Supreme Court
For Salai'ies and Commissions of Stamj) Lispectors
For Salaries of Clerks to Adjutant-General
Carried for
.
$7,000 00
4,000 00
4,000 00
4,000 00
3,000 00
4,000 00
2,000 00
2,000 00
3,000 00
30,000 00
3,000 00
1,800 00
900 00
2,500 00
900 00
72,000 00
8.000 00
1,800 00
7,200 00
3,600 00
1,200 00
4,050 00
3,600 00
4,200 00
1,800 00
600 00
1,800 00
600 00
2,400 00
1,800 00
600 00
300 00
300 00
300 00
300 00
300 00
6,000 00
5,400 00
^200,250 00

Brought forward.
95
Estimate of Expenditures—Continued.
rents.
For Rent of Governor's Office
For Eeiit of Office Superintendent Public Instruction
For Kent of Office of Surveyor-G-eneral and Register of
Land Office
For Rent of Office Adjutant-General
For Rent of Office Attorney-General
For Rent of building for State Arsenal
For Rent of Supreme Court Rooms
For Rent of State Library Rooms
For Rent of State House
MISCELLANEOUS.
For Expenses of the Stamp Act
For Support of Insane Asj'lum
For Support of State Prison
For Support of Common Schools
For Expenses of State suits
For Prosecution of Delinquents
For Transportation of Prisoners
For Printing, paper, and official advertisements
For Stationery, fuel, and lights
For Postage and Expressage, Controller's Office
For Postage and Expressage, Secretary of State's Office...
For Postage and Expressage, Superintendent Public Instruction
For Postage and Expressage. State Library
For Stationery, fuel, etc., tor Superintendent of Public Instruction
For Travelling Ex])enses of Superintendent of Public Instruction
For Purchase of Maps fi-om United States
For Education and Care of Deaf, Dumb, and Blind
For Benefit of Agricultural Societies
For Supreme Court Reports, (printing)
For Payment Interest on State Debt, (Civil Debt of 1857,
1860) ;..
For Payment Interest on Bonds for Relief of California
Volunteers
For Redemption Civil Bonds
For Reclamation and Segregation Swamp Lands
For Construction of State Capitol
For State Reform School
For Military Purposes, (under present law)
For Improvements of Insane As^dum
200,250

96
Estimate of Expenditures—Continued.
Brought forward
For State ]SI ormal School
For Contingent Expenses of Governor's Office, (special)...
For Contingent Expenses of Governor's Office, (general)..
For Contingent Expenses of Controller's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Treasurer's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Surveyor General's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Secretary of State's Office....
For Contingent Expenses of Attorney-General
For Contingent Expenses of Superintendent of Public In
struction
For Contingent Expenses of Board of Examiners
For Contingent Expenses of Supreme Court
For Contingent Expenses of Adjutant-General
Total
$1,463,885 08

07
[ I. ]
ESTIMATE OF EXPENDITUEES.
For the Seventeenth Fiscal Year.
SALARIES.
For Salary of Governor
For Salary of Controller
For Salary of Treasurer
For Salary of Secretary of State
For Salary of Siipei'intendeut of Public Instruction
For Salary of Attorney-General
For Salary of Surve3'or-General
For Salary of Eegister of State Land Office
For Salar}^ of Adjutant-General
For Salary of Justices of Supreme Court
For Salary of Reporter to Supreme Court
For Salary of Secretarj' to Supreme Court
For Salary of Bailiff of Supreme Court
For Salary of State Li brarian
For Pa}^ of Porter of State Library
For Salaries of District Judges
For Salaries of Phj-sicians to Insane As^'ium
For Salary of Deputy Controller
For Salaries of Clerks to Controller
For Salaries of Clerks to Treasurer
For Salary of Watchman to State Treasury
For Salaries of Clerks to Secretary of State
For Salaries of two extra Clerks to Secretary of State
For Salaries of Clerks to State Land Office
For Salaries of Clerks to Surveyor-General
For Salar}^ of Clerk to Board of Examiners
For Salary of Clerk to Superintendent of Public Instruction
For Salary of Clerk to Board of War Examiners
For Salary of Private Secretary to Governor
For Salary of Clerk in Governor's Office
For Pay of Porter to Governor
For Pay of Porter to Controller
For Pay of Porter to Treasurer
For Pay of Porter to Secretary of State
For Pay of Porter to Surveyor General's Office and of
Register Land ffice
For Pay of Porter to Supi'eme Court
For Salaries and Commissions of Stamp Inspectors
Ft;r Salaries of Clerks to Adjutant-General's Office
Carried forward
o

Brouy;lit forward.
98
Estimate of Expenditures—Continued.
rents.
For Rent of Governor's Office
Eor Kent of Office of Superinteiulent of Public Instruction
For Ilent of Office of Surve3'()r-G(3nera] and Eegister Laud
Office
For Kent of Office of Adjutant-(feneral
For Eent of Office of Attornej'-General
For Kent of Building for State Arsenal
For Rent of Supreme Court Rooms
For Rent of State Library Rooms
For Rent of State House
miscellaneous.
For Expenses of the Stamp Act
For Support of Insane Asjlum
For Support of State Prison
For Support of Common Schools ,
For Expenses of State Suits
For Prosecution of Delinquents
For Transportation of Prisoners
For Printing, Paper, and Official Advertisements
For Stationery, Fuel and Lights
For Postage and Expressage for Controller's Office
For Postage and Expressage for Secretary of State
For Postage and Expressage for Superintendent of Public
Instruction
.For Postage and Expressage for State Libraiy
For Stationery, Fuel, etc., for Superintendent of Public Inst
r u c t i o n
For Travelling Exjienses of Superintendent of Public Instruction
For Purchase of Maps from United States
For Education and Care of Deaf. Dumb and Blind
For Benefit of Agricultural Societies
For Sujiromc Court Reports (printing)
For Pavment of Interest on State Del.t (('ivil Debt of ]H57
and i

99
Estimate of Expenditures—Continued.
Brought forward
$1,467,035
For Per Diem "and Mileage for Lieutenant-Governor, and
Senators
For Per Diem and Mileage of xlssembly
For Pay of Oftieers and Clerks of Senate
For Pay of Officei's and Clerks of Assembly
For Contingent Expenses of Senate
For Contingent Expenses of Assembly
For Contingent Expenses of Governor's Office (special)
For Contingent Expenses of Governor's Office (general)...
For Contingent Expenses of Controller's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Treasurer's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Surveyor-General's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Secretary of State's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Attorney-General's Office
For Contingent Expenses of Superintendent of Public Instruction
For Contingent Expenses of Board of Examiners
For Contingent Expenses of Supreme Court
For Contingent Expenses of Adjutant-General
Total

xn
O
HH
E£]
^.
(^
IS
100

101
[ ]sr: 1 .
STATEMENT
Of the Funded Debt of 1857.
Amount of Bonds outstanding December 1, 1862, under
the Act of April 28, 1862
Deduct amount of Bonds redeemed by State Treasurer.
April 17, 1863
'.
Bonds outstanding December 1, 1863
STATEMENT
Of the Funded Deht of 1860.
Amount of Bonds issued by the State Treasurer under the
Act of April 30, 1860
Total.
,727,500 00
107.000 00
$3,620,500 00
$198,500 00
$198,500 00

o
102
]
OL-D WAK DEBT.
Interest Coupons cut off and returned to holders of Bonds
redeemed; tip to Januarj' 1, 1854—this Interest accrued
in Caiifornia by delay of the State authorities in not
sending the Vouchers to Washington, as the law contemplated—the
redemption of the bonds took place September
1, 1856.....
Principal on 7 per cent Bonds issued since January 1, 1854,
(not provided for)
Interest on the same to muturity
WAR DEBT SINCE 1857.
Amount of Bonds issued nnder Act of April 25, 1857
Certificates and audited Claims not bonded
Cash paid by California
The net amount of Legal Tender Notes received into the
State Treasury is $218,449 07, which will
$426,806 89 out of the War Debt since 1857
extinguish
'
1^173,868 54
38,100 00
7,500 00
$218,468 54
354,475 19
75,000 00
156,207 85
.151 58
426,806 89
377,284 69

]03
DEFICIENCIES
For the Fouricenth Fiscal Year,
For Payment of Expenses of Troops in service of State,
(Camps of Instruction, etc.)
For Salary of Superintendent of Public Instruction, (June,
1768)..; :
For Salary of Clei'k of War Board
For Salary of Stamj) Inspectors, and enforcing law
For .Salaries of Extra Clerks on licences, etc
For Expressa!;-e. Controller's Office. rWells, Fargo & Co.)...
For Pa}' of Porter in Controller's Oftice
For Contingent Expenses, Controller's Office
For carrying out provisions of Stamp Act
For Costs and Expenses of State Suits
For Support of Insane Asjduni
Total
§250,000 00
250 00
500 00
2.000 00
1.500 00
1,000 00
200 00
100 00
1.500 00
1.500 00
37,000 00
1295.550 00

ANNUAL REPORT
or THE
TREASURER OF STATE,
FOR
THE YE^H 1863.

O. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER.

To His Excellency,
^NI^^rXJ^L IlEI>OIlT.
Leland Stanford,
State of California, Treasury Department,
Sacramento, November 2d, 1863.
Governor of California
Sir :—As State Treasurer, by appointment, for a brief period previous
to the time I had expected to enter upon the regular discharge of the
duties of the office, and as my predecessor resigned without submitting
his annual report—therefore, in order to conform to the law requiring
the State Treasurer to deliver a report annually to the Governor on the
fii'st Monday of November, I herewith submit, as appears from the
books of the office, a full exhibit of all moneys received by the late State
Treasurer into and by him paid out of the Treasury, from the fifteenth
day of December, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, to the twenty-first
day of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, inclusive.
:

From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
[A. ]
EECEIPTS INTO STATE TEEASUEY
From Deccmhrr 15, 1862, to October 21, 1863, indnsioe.
County
Count}^
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
Count}'
Count}^
County
Count}^
Count}'
Count}'
County
Count}'
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
County
(Jounty
County
County
County
County
County
(Jounty
County
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer of
Treasurer ol
Carried forward.
Received Amounts.
Alameda
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del JSTortc
El Dorado
Fresno
Humboldt
Klamath
Lake
Los Angeles
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Mono
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Placer
Plumas
Sacramento
San Bernardino .
San Diego
San Francisco ....
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo.
San Mateo
Santa Barbara....
vSanta Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
,808 23
25 ,842 65
10 .646 72
17 ,687 51
2 ,565 21
6 121 09
996 12
38 ,017 71
7 ,406 01
215 92
,040 42
1 .456 87
11 .772 09
13 ,335 12
4 ,068 16
3 ,618 37
4 .339 03
1 .885 46
o
O '015 25
4 .249 24
16 .221 22
.713 77
.883 40
11 .803 59
1 .632 33
1 .926 13
405 .149 23
30 806 56
827 77
11 331 58
4 ,784 74
6 515 05
10 ,767 73
4 .427 21
7 .874 51
14 .241 94
21 .973 21
5.464 24
.^749.381 39

Eeceipts—Continued.
Brought forward
From County Treasurer of Sutter
From County Treasurer of Tehama
From County Treasurer of Trinity
From County Treasurer of Tulare
From County Treasurer of Tuolumne
From Count}' Treasurer of Yolo
From County Treasurer of Yuba
From Secretary of State
From State Treasurer, Interest on Bonds
From Superintendent of Immigration
From Stamp Inspectors
From D. E. Ashley, exchange
From United States, in United States Notes
Received for Stamps
Total
Received. Amounts
8749,381

[B]
PAYMENTS
From Dccemher 15, 1862, to October 21, 1863, inclusive.
GOVERNOR S OFFICE.
Saiaiy of Govei-noi- §3,499 99
Salary of Private Secretary 800 00
SalarV of Clerk 600 00
Salary of Porter 250 GO
Eent'of Office 562 50
Transpoi'tatiou of books, etc 150 00
Postage. Expressage, and Telegraph 50 40
Eewards 500 00
Contingents 251 39
Special Contingents 1,833 12
Total
SECRETARY OF STATE's OFFICE.
Salary- of Secretary $2,000 00
Salary of Clerks 1,500 00
Salary of Porter 13 88
Postage, etc 701 92
Contingents 70 00
Total
controller's office.
Salary of Controller 82,000 00
Salary of Deputy Controller 600 00
Salary of Clerks 1,800 00
Salary of Porter 69 42
Postage and Expressage 1,500 00
Total
,
treasurer's office.
Salary of Treasurer $2,000 00
Salary of Clerks 1,200 00
Salary of Watchman 400 00
Salary of Porter 83 33
Contingents 13 00
Total
88,497 45
$4,285 80
,969 42
,696 38

Payments—Continued.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL S OEFICE.
Salaiy of Attorney-tfeneral S2,000 00
Salary of Porter 62 50
Pent of Office
Expenses of Suits
400 OOJ
814 00
Contingents 92 45
Disbursements 35 lOl
Total.
SURVEYOR-GENERAL S OFFICE.
Salary of Surveyor-General S1,000 00
Salary of Clerks 600 00
Pent of Office 620 00
Contingents 200 44
Purchase of Maps 250 00
Total.
Salary of Adjutant-General.
Salary of Clerks
Total.
ADJUTANT-GENERALS OFFICE.
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
$1,500 00
'375 00
Salary of Superintendent $1,749 98
Salary of Clerks 1.350 00
Pent of Office 300 00
Postage and Expressage 170 98
Stationery, Fuel. Lights, etc 21 60
Total.
STATE LIBRARY.
Salary of Librarian $1,250 00
Salarv of Pi)rter
Pent of Rooms
Postage and Expressage,
Shelving and Eurniture..
Continy-cnts
200 00
833 32
78 75
149 58
36 73
Total 82,548 38
1

Payments—Continued.
SUPREME COURT.
Salaiy of Judo-es 89,000 00
Salaiy of BailTff 413 00
Salaiy of Clerks 600 00
Salarv of Reporter 2,000 00
Salaiy of Porter 100 00
Copies of Reports of Decisions 2,000 00
Rent of Rooms 1,666 65
Fiuniiture, etc 4.072 41
Contino-ents 48 13
Total
DISTRICT COURTS.
Salary of seventeen Judges $37,859 66
Total
SENATE.
Per Diem and Mileage of Lieut.-Governor and
Senators 853,208 20
Pay of Officers and Clerks 16.431 80
Coutin gents 21,767 89
Total
ASSEMBLY.
Per Diem and Mileage of Members 8104.222 20
Pay of Officers and Clerks 18.715 80
Contingents 25,248 49
Total
STATE PRISON.
Support of State Prison 847,780 88
Transportation of Prisoners (5,852 25
Tota
PRINTING.
State Printing and Official Advertisements $25,790 86
Removing ottice to San Francisco and back to
Sacramento 1 ,262 85|
Locating Agents, advertisiiiii'. ete 21)4 50
819,900 19
837,859 66
891,407 89
8148,186 49
854,633 13

Printing for the Legislature
Translating Laws into Spanish.
Total
10
Payments—Continued.
STAMP ACT.
,980 47
800 00
Salary of Stamp Clerk to Controller 8400 00
Sa]ar3' of Stamp Clerk to Secretary of State 200 00
Salary of Secretary of Board of Stamp Commissioners
50 00
Salar}- of Stamp Inspectors 1,642 72
Printing Stamps 62 00
Engraving and printing Stamps 151 00
Total.
STATE HOUSE,
Pent of State House 84,933 33
Pent of Merchants' Exchange in San Francisco 4,047 00
Stationery, fuel, lights, etc., for Legislative and
State Officers 5,860 20
Transportation of books, furniture, etc., for Legislature
3,000 00
Postage and Expressage for Legislature 3,617 00
Total
STATE LAND OFFICE.
Salary of Pegister §999 99
Salary of Clerks 1,400 00
Pemoval and repairs 200 00
Coutincrents 165 42
Total
BOARD OF EXAMINERS.
Salary of Clerks 8200 00
Salary of Expert to Board 250 00
Total.
STATE ARSENAL.
Rent of Arsenal 8620 00
Cleaning and repairing arms, etc 1,852 88
838,128 68
82,505 72
821,457 53
82,765 41
8450 00

Bullet Moulds.
Total
11
Payments—Continued.
SCHOOLS.
3210 00
Suppoi-t of Schools $132,556 65
State Teachers' Institute 228 00
State Normal School 446 75
Total
INDIAN HOSTILITIES.
Suppression of, in Humboldt County $16,222 88
Suppression of, in Tehama and Shasta Counties 252 68
Total
MISCELLANEOUS.
Purchase of Bonds for School Fund |40 685 00
Eedemption of Bonds for School Fund 106 518 00
Swanip Lands, Eeclamation of. 22 145 84
Eecruiting Califoi-nia Yolunteers 21 564 35
Eelief and Deficiency 4 ,057 41
Geological Survey 11 499 77
Eastern Boundarj^ Survey 17 002 55
Hardy Impeachment 12 ,430 47
State Capitol, Construction of 61
War Board, Salary of Clerk
"War Bonds, United States Notes 90
State Burial Grounds
Mounted Battery, San Francisco
Pay of Troops in San Fi'a.ncisco
Total.
INTEREST ON BONDS OF 1857.
,477 69
100 00
,574 59
500 00
939 63
75 60
Payment of Coupons 8130,462 50
Total
Payment of Coupons
Total ,..
,
INTEREST ON BONDS OF 1860.
,947 50
52,182
$133,231 40
5,475 56
),570 90
$130,462 50
5,947 50

12
Payments—Continued.
NATIONAL TAX.
Paid United States Sub-Treasurer 8183,606 10
Total
DONATIONS.
State Agricultural Society §10,000 00
State Eeform School 12,582 89
Deaf, Dumb and Blind 6,479 16
Board of Managers 1.447 04
Home of Inebriates, San Francisco 5,000 00
Protestant Or])han Asylum, San Francisco 5,500 00
Catholic Orphan Asylum, San Fi-ancisco 5.500 00
Magdalen Asj'lum 5^000 00
Orphan Asylum, Marin County 2,000 00
Orphan Asylum, Los Angeles County 1,000 00
Eelief Society 3,000 00
Samaritan Societ}', San Francisco 3,000 00
Howard Benevolent Societ}^ 3,000 00
Agricultural Society, Contra Costa County 300 00
Total
INSANE ASYLUM.
Support of. 880,214 33
Salary of Resident Physician 2,500 00
Salary of Visiting Physicians 1.500 00
Total
8183,606 10
863,809 99
884.214 33

13
Of the foregoing payments, amounting to one million five hundred
and sixteen thousand seven hundred and eighty-five dollars and seventeen
cents, (SI. 516, 785 17,) the sum of two hundred and forty-two thousand
four hundred and nine dollars and three cents (8242,409 03) is
chargeable to the twelfth and thirteenth fiscal years, ending Avith June
thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, the payments being made for
demands that had accrued previous to that date.
Of the liabilities and demands chargeable to the fourteenth fiscal j^ear,
ending with June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, the Treasurer,
on the twentieth of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-three,
was able to pay warrants only to December, eighteen hundred and
sixty-two, showing the State to be at least ten months behind prompt
payment.
In the foregoing amount of payments there is included the sum of
ninety thousand five hundred and seventy-four dollars and fiftj'-nine
cents, ($9u,574 59,) which has been paid out of the money received
from the United States on account of War Bonds issued by this State,
under the Act of eighteen hundred and fifty-seven, and the Acts amendatory
thereof.-
The following tabular statement shows the amount—in United States
notes—received into and the balance remaining in the Treasury on the
twenty-first of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-three; also the receipts
into, payments from, and balances in, all other Funds:

H
14

Balances on hand December
1,1863
Transfers from.
Transfers to..
Paid on Warrants.
Total Amount..
Receipts from Oct. 21,
to Dec. 1, 1863.......
0^ Balances on hand Oct.
21, 1863
CO o
15
5^0»i^tD06COC^OiCOCOC^«0«OC'OOC
> to'i^To'Qrrcrcr co" us e^ urT c- o -^
-* irt. O
00 05 05
CO CO lO
rr !>. 1-1 5D ^ i-^ 1
^ -n^ OS rt< O 1
i-H CSC^i-H
^
l-H (M H rH M ti< C.iOrH-

16
Having had no time further to investigate or report the condition of
the State's finances, or anything of i)eculiar interest tliat ma}' seem to
attach to the condition of the several Funds, except tliat ample provision
is made for the payment of interest on the State's outstanding
Bonds, which is promptlj^ paid semi-annually, or whenever the coupons
for the same are due and presented, 1 am not prepared to enter elaborately
upon discussion or recommendation relating thereto, biit hold myself
at all times in readiness to complj- promptly with any reasonable
request or lawful demand of the Governor or Legislature in further explanation
of the condition of the Treasury.
Briefly'' and respectfull}" submitted,
E. PACHECO.
State Treasurer.

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
tirc{g0r=Scn^raI of C{aIi|0rnia,
FOR
THE YEA.R 1863.

O. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER.

A^NNUA^L REFORT
Surveyor-General's Office, )
Sacramento, November 20th, 1863. |
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford, «
Governor of California
Sir :—In compliance with the requirements of the law defining the
duties of this office, I have the honor to submit for your consideration
the following report for the year ending November twentieth, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three.
»
I am, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
J. F. HOUGHTON,
Surveyor-General and Eegister of State Land Office.
:

KEPO BT.
STATE LANDS.
This subject is one of such general importance to a very large number
of our citizens who have, under the various Acts of our Legislature, become
purchasers of the State, that anything which tends to enlighten
them upon the nature of the title which they have derived, or are to de-
rive, and how soon that title will be placed beyond peradvetTture and all
possible contingency, is possessed of more than common interest.
This fact has induced me to place this subject in the foreground in
this report, and to review it somewhat at length. The fact, that thirteen
years have elapsed since the Swamp and Overflowed Lands, and ten
years since the School, Seminary, and Public Building Lands were donated
to the -State, and to this day not a single acre has the State
received a patent for, of itself speaks of a fault somewhere.
;
This fault lies partly with the State authorities for their remissness in
not early taking the' jjroper steps to have them certified to the State.
But, that the fault is not all chargeable to the State, I propose to show
in this report, and in order to do so, I beg leave to direct your attention
to the following circular letter, addressed by the honorable Commissioner
of the General Land Office, at "Washington, to the Eegisters of the
several United States Land Offices in this State, for their guidance in
the selection of School Lands under the Act of Congress of March third,
eighteen hundred and fifty-three :
[Circular applicable to Selections for School Purposes in California.]
GrENERAL LaND OfFICE, )
August 2l8t, 1862. j
Gentlemen :~The object of this circular letter is to secure uniformity
of action in making selections for School purposes under the following
Acts of Congress :
The sixth section of the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and
fifty-three, entitled an Act to provide for the surve}^ of the Public
Lands in California, the granting of pre-emption rights thei'eiu, and for
Other purposes, grants to the State of California sections sixteen and
thirty-six in each township for School purposes; and the seventh section

6
" That when any settlement, by the erection
of the sume Act provides :
of a dwelling-house, or the cultivation of any portion of the land, shall be
made upon the sixteenth and thirt3^-sixth sections before the same shall
have been surveyed, or where such sections may be reserved for public
uses or taken by private claims, other land shall be selected by the proper
authorities of the State in lieu thereof, agreeably to the provisions of the
Act of Congress, approved the twentieth of May, eighteen hundred and
twenty-six. entitled an Act to appropriate lands for the sujDport of
Schools in cA'tain townships not before provided for, and which shall
be subject to apjDroval by the Secretary of the Interior." (See Statutes
at large, Vol. X, pp. 24(5, 247.)
The Act of the twenty-sixth of February', eighteen hundred and fiftynine,
(United States Statutes at large, volume XI, page three hundred
and eighty-five,) provides " That Avhere settlements, with a view of preemption,
have been made before the survey of the lands in the field,
which shall have been foui|pl to have been made on sections sixteen and
thirty-six, said sections shall be subject to the pre-emption claim of such
settler ; and if they or either of them shall have been reseiwed or pledged
for the use of Schools or Colleges in the State or Territory in which the
lands lie, other lands of like quantity are hereby appropriated in lieu of
such as may be patented to pre-emptors ; and other lands are also hereby
appropriated to compensate deficiencies for School purposes where said
sections sixteen and thirtj^-six ai'e fractional in quantity, or where one
or both are wanting by reason of the township being fractional, or from
any natural • cause whatever; ^jrovided^ that the lands appropriated by
this section shall be selected and appropriated in accordance with the
principles of adjustment and the provisions of the Act of Congress of
May twentieth, eighteen hundred and twenty-six, entitled an Act to
appropriate lands for the support of Schools in certain townships not
before j^rovided for."
Under the provisions of the foregoing Acts of Congress.^ where either
of said sections sixteen and thirty-six. or any part thereof, has been sold
or otherwise disposed of, the State will be entitled, in lieu of the land so
disposed of, to an equal amount of other land, as contiguous to the School
sections as may be.
The selections must be made of agricultural—not mineral—lands, as
contiguous to the School sections " as may be," and in legal subdivisions,
according to the approved official township plats of the public surveys
on file in the Eegister's oflice at the time the selections are filed.
The School Selecting Agent should file in your office an authenticated
copy of his letter of appointment, or other satisfactory evidence of bis
official character.
Under the provisions of the aforesaid Act of eighteen hundred and
fifty-nine, where said sections sixteen and thirty-six are fractional in
quantity, or where either of them are wanting by reason of the township
being fractional, or from any natural cause whatever, the State will
be entitled to other lands as indemnity for such deficiencies, to be selected
and ap])ropriated in accordance with the principles of adjustment and
the provisions of the Act of Congress of May twentieth, eighteen hundred
and tAventy-six, viz: For each fractional township containing a
greater quanty of Public Land than three quarters of an entire townsliip,
that is—more than seventeen thousand two hundred and eighty acres, the
State will
acres.
bo entitled to two sections, or twelve hundred and eighty
\

For each fractional township containing a greater quantity of Public
Land than one half and not more than three quarters of a township, that
is—more than eleven thousand five hundred and twenty acres, and less
than seventeen thousand two hundred and eighty acres, the State will be
entitled to one and a half sections, or nine hundred and sixty acres.
For each fractional township containing a greater quantity of Public
Land than one quarter and less than one half of a township, that is
more than five thousand seven hundred and sixty acres, and less than
eleven thousand five hundred and twenty acres, the State will be entitled
to one section, or six hundred and forty acres.
For each fractional township containing a greater quantity of Public
Land than one entire section and less than one quarter of a townshij),
that is—more than six hundred and forty acres, and less than five thousand
seven hundred and sixt}' acres, the State will be entitled to a half
section, or three hundred and twenty acres.
The law directs that the selections shall be made by the Secretar}' of
the Interior, and the following rules are prescribed for your government
:
First—When the lands have not been offered at public sale, tiie selections
are to be made pi'ior to said sale. The School Agents may recommend
the selections, and it maj' be proper for j'ou to give notice to such
Agents, that prior to a certain day, to be fixed by you, recommendations
will be received from them for School selections for certain townships,
which townships will be speciall}' designated in said notice. You will
bear in mind, however, that no expense whatever will be incurred in the
publication of such notice. If the School authorities, after service of
notice, should fail to make any recommendations, you will report j'our
own selections.
Second—The quantity of School Lands selected for any township is to be
located within the limits of such township, provided a sufiicient quantitj^
of good agricultural land exists therein. If j^ou are satisfied that a sufiicient
quantity of good land cannot be found therein, the selection is
to be made in the nearest adjacent township wherein good land exists.
Third—Where a portion of section sixteen or thirtj-six exists in a
township, an additional quantity only !s to be selected as will, with the
existing poi'tious of said selections, make up the full quantity to which
the township is entitled under the law.
Fourth—The selections of a section, three quarters of a section, or a half
section, for any one township, are to be made in one bod}' of land, if
practicable ; if not, in separate '• quarter sections." A less quantity than
one quarter section is not to be taken. Fractional sections are to be
excluded, except in cases where a portion of section sixteen or thirtj'-six
exists in the township, and a selection has to be made of the balance of
the quantity of land to which such township is entitled, and where the
quantity cannot be located on a quarter or a half-quarter section ; in
such cases only may fractional sections be taken according to the legal
subdivisions, to make up the deficiency in quantity as nearl}' as practi-
cable.
Fifth—In those townships and fractional townships fronting on bayous,
rivers, lakes, or water courses, M'herein the regular mode of surveyingma}'
have been departed from under the authority of law, and where a
portion of the land consists of lots fronting on such bayou, river, lake,
or water course, and running back for quantity, and where there has
been irregularity in numbering the sections, in such cases, where sections
sixteen and thirty-six happens to fall on one of the small lots on the
—

water courses, or a section containing less than the proportional quantity
of School Land to which such township is legally entitled, such lot
Number Sixteen or Thirty-six should be reported by you in your abstract
of proposed selections, and in addition thereto so much of the section,
whatever its number may be, as covers the ground which JSTumbcr Sixteen
or Thirty-six would have covered had the township been regularly numbered,
as will make the complements of School Land to which such township
is entitled.
Sixth—Fractional townships, created by Indian Eeservations, are not
to be understood as coming within the meaning of the Act, as when the
township is completed it will then have its proper School Land.
Seventh— When a township falls wholly within the limits of a private
claim, there is no Public Land, and no grant for School purposes, in said
township ; nor is the State entitled under any law to indemnity for the
School sections which would otherwise exist in said township, any more
than they would be if the township were entirely covered by a lake or
navigable stream, and no selections are to be made in such cases; nor
will the State be entitled to indemnity for sections sixteen and thirty-six
which may fall on mineral land.
Eighth—The selections under this Act, as well as under the Act of
eighteen hundred and fifty-three, must be made in legal subdivisions,
according to the official township plats of the public surveys on file in
the local office at the time the selections are made or recommended to
be made.
JV^iiith—The law allows selections to be made of survej^ed lands,
whether offered or unoffered, but no selection is admissible upon any land
to which a pre-emption or other valid claim shall be legally established
nor on any land which is or may be reserved from sale bj'' any law of
Congress, or proclamation of the President of the United States; nor
upon any tract which is reserved or withdrawn from market for any
purpose whatever ; nor upon any mineral land. It is therefore necessary
that the Agent of the State, in making the selections, should make such
careful preliminary examinations as will enable him to select lands to
which there may exist no valid claim by pre-emption or otherwise, which
are not mineral, and to avoid embart*assment and delay consequent upon
such conflicts, you will also examine the plats, records, and files of your
office, and see that the selections are in all respects free fi'om objections,
and will certify that they are free from conflicts before the lists are
reported to this office.
Herewith you will receive forms to be used for selections under the
respective Acts. The forms for selections under the Acts of eighteen
hundi'ed and fifty-three and eighteen hundred and fifty-nine require the
date to be given when the list is filed in your office, being the date when
the same takes effect, and that it be certified and signed by the Locating
Agent of the State, and certified by you as to the coi'rectness of the
same, before reporting to this office.
The form for ^>?-o^jci.s6(Z selections, under the Acts of eighteen hundred
and fifty-nine and eighteen hundred and twenty-six, must also be certified
b}^ you, and if recommended by the State authorities, that fact
should also be stated thereon.
The list of selections under the respective Acts should bear a regular
but separate and distiwt scries of mimheis from Number One.
The tracts selected should be distinctly entered in lead pencil on your
Tract Books, and on the township plats, and be withheld from sale
;

9
until 3'ou are officially advised of their approval or rejection by the Secretary
of the Interior.
When advised of the approval of such selections you will proceed at
once to enter the same pernianentl}^, in red ink, in your Tract Books and
on your township plats, and opposite the entrj" in the Tract Books you
Avill note the date of the approval, making reference by its date to the
letter from this office advising you of such approval.
In case of the rejection of a proposed selection, you will not fail to remove,
by India rubber, the pencil marks on the township plats, and
make entry of the facts in 3'our Tract Books.
You will retain a i-ecord of all lists reported to this office, and when
apjjroved you will note the fact thereon and refer to the date of the letter
communicating such advice.
Applications for the selection of School Lands by the State can only
be received and filed by you where the land is surveyed and the official
township plats on file in your office.
The State authorities will have no right to sell or dispose of any of
the lands selected until they shall have been furnished with certified lists
of the approval by the Secretary of the Interior.
You will acknowledge the receipt of this circular.
Very respectfull}^
Your obedient servant,
J. M. EDWARDS,
Commissioner.
Eegister and Eeceiver Land Office, Marysville, California.
It will be observed that some parts of this letter are directly in conflict
with the laws of donation and with the laws of this State providing for
the sale of such lands. The honorable Commissioner says : " The law
directs that the selections sWall be made by the Secretary of the Inte-
rior," while the wording of the Act, as will be seen by section seven, is
as follows :
'• Where any settlement, by the erection of a dwelling house,
or the cultivation of any portion of the land, shall be made upon the
sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections before the same shall be surveyed, or
where such sections may be reserved for public uses, or taken by jDrivate
claims, other land shall be selected hy the proper authorities of the State in
lieu thereof, agreeably to the provisions of the Act of Congress, approved
May twentieth, eighteen hundred and tw^enty-six, and which shall be
subject to approval by the Secretary of the Interior;" which last named
Act regulates the quantity which shall be selected for townships which
are fractional—said selections being made from lands in the same district
in which said fractional townshij) is situated.
" Where a township falls
The honorable Commissioner further says :
wholly within the limits of a private claim, there is no Public Land and
no grant for School purposes in said township, nor is the State entitled
to indemnity for the School sections which would otherwise exist in such
township any more than they would if said township were entirely covered
by a lake or navigable stream."
A careful consideration of the Act of Congress of March third, eighteen

10
hundred and fifty-three, has not only failed to convince me of the correctness
of the above conclusion of the Commissioner, but has fully satisfied
nie that he is wrong, as will be seen by reading section seven of
the Act as quoted above ; nor can I think the honorable Commissioner, in
making such decision, was imbued with the spirit of the G-overnment
which has become a part of the settled and most cherished policy of
our country—to assist in the support of Public Schools in every township
in the land. This policy is manifested in various Acts of Congress
from the year seventeen hundred and eighty-five to the present time.
Between the years seventeen hundred and eighty-five and eighteen
hundred and forty-eight, section sixteen, in every township of ever}- State
or Territory organized between those dates, was granted to the State or
Territory for the support of Public Schools, and in all cases where said
section sixteen was covered by a private claim, or had been taken for
public use, other lands were granted in lieu thereof.
The Act of Congress of March second, eighteen hundred and seven,
providing for the disposal of the Public Lands south of the State of Tenessee,
made provision that whenever section sixteen fell upon lands
which had already been granted by a.uy Act of Congress, or within an}'-
British Grant, the Secretary of the Treasurj'- should locate another section
in lieu thereof for the use of Schools.
The Act of April eighteenth, eighteen hundred and eighteen, to enable
the people of the Illinois Tei"ritoryto form a Constitution and State Government,
etc., also, the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and nineteen,
giving the same privileges to the people of Alabama Territory,
both authorize the selection of other lands in lieu of section sixteen,
when, from any cause, such section has been disposed of.
"Within the limits of the State of Indiana, at the time of her admission
into the Union, there existed a larire tract of land, coverino; entire townships,
known as Clark's Grant; yet Congress, by Act approved May
seventh, eighteen hundred and twenty-two, authorized the Eeg-ister of
the United Land Office at Brookville to select for School purposes other
lands in lieu of such sixteenth sections as wei'e covered by said grant.
A similar pi'ovision was made in regard to the Vincennes donation.
A similar provision was made upon admission of Missouri into the Union,
within whose borders existed large grants.
The Act of May twentieth, eighteen hundred and twenty-six, is very
particular in its provisions, that not only every whole township not before
provided for shall have its section of land, but that every fractional township
shall have its proper proportion of land for the support of Common
Schools.
The Act of May twentieth, eighteen hundred and thirty, to authorize
the selection of certain School Lands in the Torritor}^ of Arkansas, pro-
vides that :
'' Whenever section sixteen in said Territory, either wholly
or in part, is now or may hereafter be included in private claims held b}^
titles confirmer] or legally declared valid, other lands equivalent thereto
may be selected."
Previous to the admission of the State of Ohio into the Union, a large
portion of that State belonged to the State of Connecticut, commonly
known as the " Connecticut Western Eeserve," provided that " the President
of the United States is hercb}'' authorized and required to reserve
from sale out of any l^iblic Lands that have been heretofore oftered for
sale, and that remain unsold, in tlie State of Ohio, a quantity of land,
which, together with the lands heretofore granted for the support of
Schools in said Connecticut Western Eeserve, shall bo equal to one thirty-
—

11
sixth pai't of said Western Ecserve, and the same shall be vested in said
State foi- the supj^ort of Schools in said Western Eeserve."
A similar Act was apj)roved June eighteenth, eighteen hiindi-ed and
forty-four, in favor of the Territories of Florida, Iowa, and Wisconsin,
in which were grants covering entire townships, providing for the selection
of other lands in lieu of section sixteen, whenever covered by such
grants, or in any way disposed of.
The Act of Februarj" fourteenth, eighteen hundred and fortj'-eight,
admitting Oregon into the Union, provides :
'• That sections sixteen
and thirty-six in everj' township of Public Lands in said State, and where
such sections, or any part thereof, have been sold or otherwise disposed
of, other lands equivalent thereto shall be granted to said State for the
use of Schools;" and since that date ever}^ State admitted into the
Union has received for the benefit of its Public Schools sections sixteen
and thirty-six in every township within its limits.
Various other Acts might be quoted from, showing conclusively that
no policy of the Government has been more firmly established or more
strictly followed, than that of allowing to every State a section, and since
eighteen hundred and forty-eight two sections of land, for the use of
Schools in every township in the State, and of jilacing these donations
past all and every contingency, by providing that in every instance
where such sections have been taken by private claims* or for public
uses, other land equal in quantity shall be selected for such.
The Act of March third, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, under which
our State claims its one-eighteenth portion of every township in the
State is, if possible, more positive and definite than any other enactment
upon this subject. None of the Acts previously referred to make a positive
and immediate grant of these sections to the State, but section six
of the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, reads as
follows :
••And he it further cnacteil, That all the Public Lands in the State of
California, whether survej^ed or unsurveyed, with the exception of sections
sixteen and thirty-six, u-Ju'ch shall he, and herehy are, granted to the
State for the pur])Oses of Public Schools, in each township, and with the
exception of lands appropriated under authorit}' of this Act, or reserved
by competent authority, and excepting also the lands claimed under any
foreign grant or title, and the mineral lands, shall be subject to the preemption
laws of the fourth of September, eighteen hundred and forty-
one,'' etc.
I desire particular attention to the words " shall he, and herehy are," as
the}' occur in this section, and also the words in the seventh section, before
quoted, providing that Avhen either of these sections have been .
taken by private claims or for public uses, ''other land shall he selected hy the
^rroper authorities of the State in lieu thereof."
It seems very clear to me, that this wording made the gTant positive
and immediate, requiring onlj^ on the part of the State the selection of
these sections, or laud in lieu thereof, and notice to the local Agents ol
the United Sta;tes of such selections, to vest in the State a full and perfect
title.
In regard to the right of the State to select unsurveyed lands in part
satisfaction of the School Land grants, I will simply refer to the decision
of our Supreme Court in the case of Doll v. Meador, 16 Cal. 315, in which
Chief Justice Field, delivering the unanimous opinion of the Bench, re-

12
ferring to the Act of Congress of September fourth, eighteen hundred
and forty-one, granting to every new State upon admission into the
Union five hundred thousand acres for purposes of internal improvement,
and which Act does not define so clearly the rights of the State as does
the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, uses the following
language, viz :
" It is to be observed that with reference to the States referred to in
the first section of the Act, the selections and locations are to be made
after the lands of the United States in those States respectively have
been surveyed according to existing laws. But with reference to the
new States, the time of selection and location is not designated. The
concluding words of the grant to them, providing that the land is 'to be
selected and located as aforesaid,' refer, as we conceive, only to the manner
and form of the selection and the quantity which the several parcels
must embrace. Conformity in the locations with the sectional divisions
and subdivisions is required to preserve intact the general system of
survej^s adopted by the Federal Government, and to prevent the inconvenience
which would ensue from any departure therefrom. When,
therefore, any location is made by the State previous to the survey of
the United States, it must be subject to change, if subsequent!}^, upon the
survey being made, it be found to want conformity with the lines of such
survey."
And in a supplemental decision made in the same case. Chief Justice
Field says, " The Act of September fourth, eighteen hundred and fortyone,
does, as we stated, require the locations of the State to be made
conformably to sectional divisions and subdivisions, but does not require
the State to postpone the selections until the survey of the United States."
Notwithstanding the clear and explicit wording of the Act, the honorable
Commissioner decides, as before quoted, that where an entire township
is covered by a grant, we are entitled to no lands in lieu of the
sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections so covered ; that selections must be
made hj the Secretary of the Interior, and that no lands can be selected
until sui-veyed by the United States.
Again, the Commissioner of the General Land Office, in a communication
to United States Surveyor-General Beale, dated October, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three, giving instructions in regard to lists of Swamp
and Overflowed Lands belonging to the State to be forwarded to the
Land Office at Washington, uses the following language :
" You should exclude from your lists all tracts which may have been
reserved or in any manner disposed of by the Government, or upon
which there may exist inchoate rights, either under the 2>'''^-Wtion, homestead,
or other laws of the United States. In a word, you should report
only vacant and unencumbered tracts."
The pre-emption laws were never extended to California until the Act
of March third, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, and the homestead law
went into effect on the first of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three;
while, by the Act of September twenty-eighth, eighteen hundred and
fifty, all the "Swamp and Overflowed" Lands remaining unsold at the
date of the Act were granted to the State—three years before the preemption
laws wore extended to this State, and thirteen years before the
Homestead Act went into operation ; yet the honorable CommisBsioner,

13
entirely disregarding the rights of the State, instructs the United States
Surve3'or-General for California to permit locations of pre-emptions and
homesteads upon lands which, by positive congressional enactment, belong
to the State.
Other cases occur in which the State has selected and sold unsurveyed
lands in part satisfaction of the five hundred thousand acre grant, and in
lieu of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections covered by grants, which
selections the Commissioner has decided to have been improperly made,
and subject to pre-emption. While this difference continues, injury must
result to both classes of claimants, and a fruitful ground of quarrel and
litigation be presented.
I would strongly urge that our delegation in Congress be requested to
prepare and press to its passage such a bill as is indicated by the joint
resolutions of the Senate and Assembly, adopted April tAventy-fourth,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and which is subjoined
" "Whereas, The State of California, through her oflScers properly
authorized hy law, has made selections of land from the public domain
in part satisfaction of the various donations made to the State by Acts
of Congress; and, whereas, the State has made sales of the lands so
selected to purchasers, in good faith, received Avhole or partial payments
therefor, and has issued certificates of purchase or patents to such purchasers
for the land so selected, thereby pledging her honor to the procurement
of good and sufficient titles to the same ; and, whereas, the
honorable Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington,
giving a different construction to some of the said laws of donation from
that entertained by the authorities of the State, has decided many of
such selections to have been improperly made ; be it, therefore
" Resolved, By the Senate, the Assembly concurring, that our Senators
and Representatives in Congress are hereby requested to procure the
passage of a law which shall provide that wherever the proper authorities
of a State have in good faith selected any portion of the public
domain in part satisfaction of any grant made to the State by any Act
of Congi'ess, and have sold the same in good faith, the said selections
shall be confirmed to the State ; and the State hereby pledges herself
that if, upon final investigation and decision, it shall appear that the
State has selected any lands to which she is not entitled, she shall pay
into the Sub-Treasury of the United States at San Francisco, to the
credit of the United States, the sum of one dollar and twenty-five cents
for each and every acre of land so determined to
selected.
have been improperly
'' Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be immediately sent by
the State Eegister, under his seal, to the honorable Secretary of the
Interior, and one copy to the honorable Commissioner of the General
Land Office at Washington."
In compliance with the last resolution, copies of these resolutions, duly
authenticated by signature and seal of the Secretarj^ of State, wei*e sent
under the seal of the Eegister of the State Land Office, separately, to
the honorable Secretary of the Interior and to the honorable Commissioner
of the General Land Office at Washington, accompanied, in each
case, by the following communication from this office :
:
—

14
State Land Office,
Sacramento, Cal, May, 1863. j
To the Honorahles the Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of the
General Land Office^ Washington, D. C.
GrENTLEMEN :—I have the honor to transmit herewith a series of resolutions
passed by the Legislature of this State, upon my suggestion, at its
session just concluded, which I propose to make a basis of settlement of
all questions of difference between the United States and State authorities
in regard to the several donations of land made by different Acts of
Congress to this State.
The most important matter in this connection is a difference between
the honorable Commissioner of the General Land Office and the State
authorities in the construction of the Act of March third, eighteen hundred
and fifty-three, so far as relates to the donation of the sixteenth
and thirty-sixth sections in each township for- School purjDOses.
Section six of the said Act reads as follows : " And be it further en-
acted, That all the Public Lands in the State of California, whether surveyed
or unsurveyed, loitli the exce/ption of sections sixteen and thirty-six,
tvhich shall be, AND HEREBY ARE, granted to the State for the purposes of Fublic
Schools, in each township, and except, etc., are subject to pre-emption, etc."
Section seven of the same Act provides : "That where any settlement,
by the erection of a dwelling house, or the cultivation of any portion of
the land, shall be made upon the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, before
the same shall be surveyed, or where any such sections may be
reserved for public uses, or taken by private claims, other lands shall be
selected by the j^'^'oper authorities of the State in lieu thereof," agreeably to
the provisions of the Act of Congress, approved on the twentieth day of
May. eighteen hundred and twenty-six, entitled an Act to appropriate
lands for the support of Schools in certain townships and fractional
townships not before provided for, and which shall be subject to approval
by the Secretary of the Interior.
This last named law of May, eighteen hundred and twenty-six, simply
regulates the quantit}^ Avhich shall be given to each fractional township,
according to the quantity of land in said fractional townships.
The Legislature of this State, after a careful consideration of the Act
of donation, regarded it as an absolute, present grant, requiring on their
part, if the lands had been surveyed either by the United States or State
authority, no action whatever to vest in the State complete and perfect
title to ever}'- sixteenth and thirty-sixth section of every township in the
State, except when the same had been reserved, settled upon, or taken
by private claims, in which case it was only necessary for the prosier
authorities of the State to select other lands in lieu thereof upon any surveyed
or unsurveyed lands, and give notice of all such selections to the
Eegister of the United States Land Office for the district in which the
lands were situated, to vest in the State the same complete and perfect
title.
The Legislature of the State, in accoi'dance with the above vicAvs, have
passed laws providing for the sale of said lands, but in no case have they
sold any of those lands, or given notice to the local Register of their selection
of such lands in part satisfaction of the grant, until the following
affidavits have been subscribed and sworn to before a proper officer and
filed with the State Locating Agent
J
:
:
|

15
Location No. . "I State of California,
-Land District. j County of
I, , of County, State of California, being duly
sworn, depose and say, that I am an applicant for the purchase and location
of the above described lands; and that to the best of my knoM^ledge
and belief there is no valid claim existing upon the land so described adverse
to the claim I hold and appl}^ to be located, and that there is no
improvement of any description on said land other than my own.
Witness my hand,
Sworn and subscribed to before me,
A. D. 186—.
this day of ,
We, and , of County,
State of California, being duly sworn, each for himself deposes and says,
that he is acquainted with the lands described in the above application,
and sought to be located by the above named ; that there
is no valid claim existing upon the land so described adverse to the claim
above made, to the best of his knowledge and belief; and that he neither
has nor expects to have any interest, directly or indirectl3% in the claim
80 desired to be located by said .
Witness our hands,
Sworn to and subscribed before me,
A. D. 186-
this day of ,
These affidavits have been required in all cases of sales and selections
of these lands, in order to protect the rights of settlers and to guard
against frauds, the object of the State being to select in good faith only
such lands as were absolutely
possible claim.
vacant, and to which there could be no
Under the laws above referred to the State has selected under this
grant, and sold to purchasers, in good faith, about one hundred and fifty
thousand acres of land in lieu of sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections,
granted or otherwise disposed of, upon lands which have not been surveyed
by authority of the United States, but which have been surveyed
by State authority, and which selections the honorable Commissioner of
the General Land Office has decided to have been improperly made, for
want of the United States survey.
. This decision has yqyj naturally created much alarm and apprehen-
sion on the part of all purchasers from the State, and has placed the
State in a very unpleasant position with regard to all these purchasers,
who have in good faith made partial or full payments and received certificates
of purchase, and promises of full and complete title at a future
day, when the land shall have been certified to the State ; and the State
has, by the passage of the accompanying resolutions, given them further
assurance of protection and eventual title.
I cannot but regard the proposition contained in these resolutions—in
view of the fact that the Supreme Court of this State has, in the case of
Doll V. Meador, affirmed the right of the State to make selections of un-

16
surveyed lands in part satisfaction of the five hundred thousand acre grant,
and in view of the fact of the honorable Commissioner's decision, that
all selections of land before the survey by authority of the United States
have been improperly made and are void, and in view of the fact, that
in consequence of this decision the titles of all these purchasei's are in a
confused and uncei*tain condition, and that no lands have been so
selected upon which any claim whatever existed at the time of selection
as being but an act of justice to the United States and the purchasers.
It is now over ten years since this grant was made, and nearly thirteen
years since the Swamp and Overflowed Lands were granted to the
State, and not a single acre of any class of land has been confirmed or
patented to us. I would be much pleased to know, at your earliest convenience,
if the plan suggested in these resolutions meets your appi'oval,
and if you will oo-oj^erate with our delegation in Congress at its next
session to procure the passage of such a law as is therein proposed, or of
some law which shall protect at the same time the honor of the State,
the purchaser in his title, and the Treasury of the Nation.
The honorable Commissioner of the General Land Office has, I am
informed, instructed the Eegisters of the diff'erent United States Land
Offices in this State that when an entire township is covered by a Mexican
grant the State will not be entitled to
teenth and thirty-sixth sections of the said
anj^ land in lieu of the six-
township. A careful examination
of all the laws which have been passed by Congress in regard to
the supjjort of Common Schools has convinced me that this opinion of
the honorable Commissioner is not
which provides (see section seven)
sustained by the Act of donation,
that where such sections may be
reserved for public uses, or taken by private claims, (in which would be
classed Mexican grants,) other land shall be selected by the proper
authointies of the State in lieu thereof. Nor is it sustained by the general
policy of the Government, which seems to have been, even up to the
time of the passage of the Act of August fourteenth, eighteen hundred
and fortj'-eight, to establish 'the Territorial Government of Oregon, to
give one thirty-sixth part of all the Public Land in eyery new State perjjetually
for the support of Common Schools. In support of which view,
I beg leave to refer you to the Act of May seventh, eighteen hundred
and twenty-two, providing for the selection of lands in the State of
Indiana for School purposes, equal to one thirty-sixth part of the
vation commonly known as Clark's Grant.
reser-
Also, to the Act of June nineteenth, eighteen hundred and thirty-four,
providing for the selection of lands in lieu of School Lands covered by the
" Connecticut Western Eeserve " equal to
reserve.
one thirty-sixth part of that
Other Acts of Congress have provided for the selection of other lands
in lieu of sixteenth sections covered by gi-ants, in the States of Missouri,
Tennessee, Indiana, Arkansas, Iowa, Florida, and other States and Territories.
It has also been provided that when that section falls within a
bay, lake, or navigable stream, or upon lands not suitable for cultivation,
other lands could be selected in lieu thereof; showing conclusively the
intention of Congress to provide for the support of Schools in every
township, by a donation of one thirty-sixth portion of the whole area of
an}' State or Territory. Since the Act of August fourteenth, eighteen
hundred and forty-eiglit, organizing the Territory of Oregon, the thirtysixth
section has been added to the sixteenth, giving one eighteenth
portion of the area of each State or Territory thereafter organized, and
—

17
applied specificall}^ to the State of California by the Act of March third,
eighteen hundred and fifty-three.
JBy this Act the State autboi'ities claim the right to the sixteenth and
thirty-sixth sections in the mineral districts, no reservation being made by
the grant of these sections, as will be seen by a careful reading of the Act
the only reservation being the right of pre-emption upon mineral lands.
The State has made no selection or sale of any of these sections, or
passed any law allowing their sale, and will, I presume, await a final
decision of such right before doing so.
In consequence of the large amount of lands reseiwed from sale as
mineral lands, the large amount covered by Mexican grants, and in consequence
of the delaying of the Government surveys, the State is restricted
to narrow limits in the selection of her School Lands, and does
not enjoy the privileges which are accorded to all other States; and, as
a natural consequence, our School Fund does not provide the liberal support
which Congress has always contemj^lated.
The State authorities have in the same manner made selections,
amounting to about fifty thousand acres, upon unsurveyed lands, in part
satisfaction of the grant of five hundred thousand acres, which are, by
the decision of the honorable Commissioner, placed in the same condition
as the lands taken in lieu of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections.
By an Act of Congress approved September twenty-eighth, eighteen
hundred and fifty, entitled an Act to enable the State of Arkansas and
other States to reclaim the Swamp Lands within their limits, the provisions
of which Act were, by section four, extended to each of the other
States of the Union, there was granted to the State of California " all
those Swamp and Overflowed Lands, made unfit thereby for cultivation,"
which remained unsold at the date of the passage of the Act, and by
instructions from the Commissioner of the Creneral Land Office to the
United States Surveyor-General of California, dated December thirteenth,
eighteen hundred and fifty-nine, forms of affidavits were prescribed
to prove the character of the land, which were to be procured by
the authorities of the State, and reported to the United States Surveyor-
General.
The State authorities have taken great pains to obtain correct and reliable
affidavits of the character of these lands at the date of the grant,
and have run the segregation lines between them and the uplands in the
greater portion of the vState, and have filed original affidavits, jDroving
the swampy character of all land embraced within the lines of the segregation,
as run bj' their Surveyors, with the United States Surveyor-General
at San Francisco, and requested that officer to rejDort the same to
the Department, in order that the land might at once be certified
State by the General Government.
to the
I inclose herewith the blank form of affidavit obtained by the State
authorities for all lands claimed under this grant, so
been made.
far as surveys have
The Surve3^or-General reports that in consequence of the very limited
and reduced clerical force in his oflSce he has not time to examine and
report the affidavits and lands embraced therein to the Land Office at
Washington.
The State Legislature, in eiglfteen hundred and fifty-five, passed an
Act providing for the sale of the Swamp Lands, and from that time
to this date has disposed of nearly seven hundred thousand acres
;

18
of these lands, and ever since the passage of the Act our enterprizing
citizens have been engaged in works of reclamation in various parts of
the State, by constructions of levees and drains, and bj^ stopping the
mouths of sloughs, and other methods, rendering fit for cultivation considerable
tracts of land which were before worthless marshes, and destroying
thus all evidence of the original character of the land. They
are still engaged in such works of reclamation, and I respectfully submit
that the affidavits, which have been procured b}'' the State authori-
ties with so much care, time, and expense, are the best and most reliable
evidence of the character of. the lands at the date of the grant of
eighteen hundred and fifty which it is possible to procure, and that they
should be taken as conclusive evidence of the character of the land;
and it is to be hoped that the United States Surveyor-General will be
instructed to employ the services of one Clerk, whose entire duty it
shall be to examine the segregation affidavits furnished by the State
authorities, until the whole are examined and the Survej^or-General reports
the same to the Department at Washington, to be certified to the
State.
The whole object of the State is to have selections and sales confirmed,
and to transfer the contest for title from the purchaser to the
State, and if it shall finally appear that the State has disposed of lands
to which she was not entitled, it is proposed to pay to the United States
the same price per acre that would be paid if the lands had been sold to
individuals.
The Congressional delegation from this State will be fully informed
upon all the subjects relating to this important matter, and your co-operation
with them for the purposes indicated in the resolutions (a certified
copy of which is herewith submitted) is respectfully requested.
I have the honor to be, gentlemen,
Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
__^
J. F. HOUGHTON,
Eegister of State Land Office.
Which communications, I regret to say, has never been answered by
either the Secretarj^ of the Interior or Commissioner of the Land Office.
The advantages that would arise from the passage of such an Act are
obvious. The State would be able to give good titles in all cases, so that
no purchaser need ever feel apprehensive of being disturbed by parties
claiming to hold under another title. It would be for the advantage of
the General Government also; for it is plain that she would receive more
for the lands tlian if sold in her usual manner. I regard this as the
most important and urgent question connected with the Public Lands of
the State, and have therefore presented it first.
t
TITLES TO STATE LANDS.
Immediately after assuming the duties of this office in January,
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, being aware that the State never had

19
received patents for any land embraced in the various grants from the
General Government. 1 first made an examination of the steps which
had been taken b}' the State to perfect the title to its Swamp and Overflowed
Lands, and after consultation with Honorable E. F. Beale, United
States Survej'oi'-General for California, learning that no evidence of the
character of such lands, other than the segregation maps, had ever been
furnished the Department, I immediately commenced the preparation of
certified copies of all the original segregation affidavits which were on
file in this otfice, and as earl}' as June of the same year a larger portion
of them were forwarded to him. and the balance as fast as they could be
prepared.
Upon his representation to the Department that the above named
certified copies were on file in his office, notice was received from the
Commissioner that the original affidavits must be forwarded to Washington,
in order that the Department might judge of their correctness.
On the thirtieth of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three. I received
from Colonel Beale the package of certified copies, which I still
retain in this office, and on the same day I forwarded to him the original
affidavits, which were by him forwarded, with the required lists, to the
Department.
These original affidavits had been procured by the Count}' Surveyors
making the segregations, under instructions from the Board of Swamp
Land Commissioners, whose duty it was, under the Act approved May
thirteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-one. creating said Board, to take
general charge of the segregation and reclamation of all the Swamp and
Overflowed Lands within the State, and to furnish the County Surveyors
with blank affidavits of the form required by the Commissioner of
the General Land Office.
During the year eighteen hundred and sixty-one, segregation surveys
were made of nearl}- one million acres of such land, accompanied by
affidavits as required by the Commissioner, except no affidavit was made
Avhen the Deputy United States Surveyor or his Assistants could not be
found, stating that fact as a reason why the affidavits were made by
other parties. The honorable Commissioner regards this last named affidavit
as essential, and therefore returned the originals to L'nited States
Surveyor-General Beale, for this correction, who has forwarded them to
this office.
I have notified the Board of Swamp Land Commissioners of the facts
in the case, and they have promised to procure the required affidavits.
"When they ai'e furnished me I shall renew my efforts to secure to the
State, as speedily as the workings of the General Land Office will permit,
patents for all the Swamp and Overflowed Lands which she is entitled
to.
In regard to perfecting titles to the School, Seminary, and Public
Building Lands, no other steps have been taken than those contained in
the joint resolutions of April twenty-fourth, and the usual notice to the
local United States Eegister of State selections, which last, in due
time of the Land Office at Washington, is supposed to bring patents to
all lands decided to be properly selected, and for all not so deeded we
must look to Congressional aid, or the proper decision of our legal tribunals.

20
STATE LAND LAWS.
In the last Annual Repoi't reference Avas made to the defective operation
of tiie laws regulating the business of the State Land Office, and the
duties of the county officers in connection with it, and several suggestions
were made with a view to the inauguration of a better system.
On the twenty-seventh of April an Act wj^s approved, which went into
effect sixty days thereafter, and which has since that time strictly governed
the business of the office, and generall}' been complied with by the
count}' officers. A great general improvement has been observed, and it
is believed that the simple order of business as now an'anged will soon
be understood and closely followed by all of theni.
There are, however, some few particulars in which experience of the
practical working of the law has shown that slight amendments ma}' be
advantageously made. The twentieth section of the Act prescribes the
manner of giving notice to delinquent purchasers before commencing
action for the annulment of certificates of purchase. This now requires
that publication shall be made in some newspaper published in the county,
or if there is no paper so published, by posting upon the door of the
County Court House. This method is costly, and as there was no appropriation
out of which the cost of publication could be paid, the requisite
notices have not been given. The alternative is that the notice by posting
should be made the only method, or that monej^ should be set apart
to defra}^ the cost of carrying out the present plan. The former is preferred
on the ground of efficiency as well as economy, and is strongly
recommended.
The twenty-eighth section requires that all parties desiring to pui'chase
land from the State shall take the oath of allegiance therein prescribed.
The evident propriety of requiring this need hardly be alluded to; but
the twenty-ninth section prescribes the manner of taking and transniiting,
etc., and is open to many objection.8. It is cumbrous, attended with
expense and trouble to purchasers, and so liable from its complexity to be
misunderstood by the count}' officers that there has scarcely been an
instance, up to the present time, in which it has not been necessary to
return the papers, often more than once, before they could be obtained
in the shape which the Act seems to require.
It is recommended that the twenty-ninth section be altogether repealed,
and the twenty-eighth section amended so as to require merely that
the oath of allegiance as therein prescribed, and properly authenticated,
shall accompany all applications for State lands, and that no location or
survey shall be approved by the Surveyor-General until such affidavit is
filed in his office.
DISPOSITION OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.
The financial report of the General Land Office at Washington fully
proves the fact that the Public Lands have ceased to be a source of revenue
to the National Treasury.
For a long series of yearw past it has cost more to survey the Public
Lands, and maintain the offices necessary for their sale, than the entire
amount derived from such sales, and when we take into consideration

2i
the donation by the hist Congress of lands for the purpose of an Agricultural
College for every State in the Union, and the large amount of
bounty land warrants which will soon be issued to honorabl}^ dischai'ged
soldiers, all of which is subject to location, it is easy to see that this difficult}'
will increase, and that the revenue from this source will rapidly
decrease. Already the appropriations for sui"veys have been reduced, in
consequence of the small revenue derived, to such a degree that in our
own State our population is far in advance of the survej^s. for whicli they
are exceedingly anxious in order that they maj^ perfect their titles.
The facts above set forth have, for a long time j^ast, engaged the serious
attention of 3'our present Surveyor-General, and I here desire to give
the rough outline of a plan by which the Public Lands of the United States
may become a source of revenue, and, at the same time, obviate the con-
flicts which have alread}' arisen and will continue to arise from the fact
that there are two sources of title to the Public Lands.
In our own State, as in nearly all States in which there are Public
Lands, there is a State Surveyor-General, and in each county a County
Surveyor, who is more or less under his direction, and in each Land District
a State Locating Agent, also, a State Land Office, through which
all the lands donated b}' Congress are disposed of
If instead of the present expensive manner of carrj'ing out the system
of public surveys and sales of Public Lands which has been adopted by the
United States, the General Government would make each Stat-e the Agent
for the management, survej-, and sale of all the Public Lands within its
limits, subject to such restrictions as Congress may see fit to impose,
requiring the States to allow the selection of homesteads, the location of
bounty land warrants, pre-emption rights, working of mineral lands,
and all other privileges now allowed by law, limiting, if it pleases, the
price at which it should be sold, and the amount to an}^ one purchaser,
requiring the State to pay into the Treasury of the United States a certain
per centage of the sales of such lands—say ten per cent of the amount
of the sales of such lands as have not already been surveyed by the
United States, and say twenty per cent of sales of all such as have been
so survej^ed—the whole difficulty would be obviated. The Public Lands,
instead of being a drain upon the National Treasury, would become a
source of positive revenue. Conflicts which now arise between individuals
deriving title from the two sources would be entirely obviated.
The i-eadiness with which all dis^jutes or contests could be settled by reference
to an officer close at hand, the readiness with which testimon}^ could
be obtained to decide such contests, would make justice much more certain
and speed}^, and titles which, under the present system, are often
compelled to wait a generation for the public survey, and perhaps five
years more for completion, would be ready in a few months under the
excellent system adopted in the laws of our own State for the disposal of
its Public Lands donated by Congress. The General Government would
not relinquish its proprietorship, while ever}- settler would be benefitted.
MINEEAL LANDS.
It is difficult to determine what disposition should be made by Government
of the mineral lands. That at some time in the future they should

22
be sold, seems to be tbe general opinion among those most conversant
with the subject. But when, and how?
The lands containing lead ore reserved b}^ the United States Government
in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa, were at different periods worked
under three systems. The last was commonly known as the " leasing
system," under which a greater or lesser amount of land was leased for
one year to the miner. The lease could be renewed if desired, or cancelled
if the lessee preferred to abandon the ground upon the failure of
the prospect. The regular subdivisions of the public surveys were not
adhered to when the main purpose of including a certain lead required a
departure from them. In places Avhcre many veins were struck lying
quite near together, the mining lots took every form, and nothing was
required but that surveys carefully made should define the dividing lines.
Every one who wished could obtain a lease, and the revenue was expected
to arise from a certain percentage paid by each lessee out of the
mineral taken from the ground. For a time there was some difficult}^
growing out of a question of the right of the Government to these
lands, in view of the Act of eighteen hundred and thirty-four for their
sale ; but a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States having
determined it, the sj'stem was carried on for more than two years,
under as favorable circumstances as possible. The experiment of i-aising
any revenue from mines ma}^ be said to have been fairly tried. There
was no further opposition, and all seemed to be done in conformity with
the law; but the amount collected was very small, and it was evident
that some radical difficulty existed. The policy of the relation of landlord
and tenant being kept up between our Government and its citizens
was also much disputed, and Avhen the Act of Congress directing the
sale was passed, there were few who did not recognize the wisdom of so
disposing of the whole subject. In the Summer of eighteen hundred
and forty-seven the sales were completed. There was no difficulty experienced
in adjusting the claims, notwithstanding their want of conformity
to the lines of the public survej'S. JSTeighborhood or township
meetings were called, and individuals were appointed to buy the lands
as offered at the public sale, and provision was made for the immediate
conveyance by them of each lot to its claimant.
These facts are alluded to as suggestive, and because the question of
the disposal of the mineral lauds at the present time is attracting attention
in official quarters. If it should become a question for Congressional
action, the State should be prepared to indicate such a course as
would best protect the interests of its large mining population. Should
it be determined to dispose of these mineral lands, I am satisfied that,
as in the case of other lands, it would be better that the State should act
as the Agent of the General Government. Having a better knowledge
of the wants and interests of the mining population than the authorities
at Washington can have, her officers would be much more likel}' to
adopt the best measures for the protection of those interests.
This new proposition for the disposal of the Public Lands will doubtless
meet with opposition until the subject can be fully understood; but
from the facility with which ever}" argument that can be urged against
it can be met and answered, I am satisfied that it will prevail over all
opposition if it can 1)C brought to enlightened discussion.
I would suggest that the importance of this subject be urged upon our i
Congressional delegation, for such action as will tend to bring about the '
desired result.

23
The amount of land which has become the pi'opcrty of the State under
the various grants is as follows :
Description.
Grant of sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, about.
Grant of Swamp Lands, about
Grant for Internal Improvements
Grant for a Seminary of Learning
Grant for Public Buildings
Add Grant for an Agricultural College.
Total
Acres.
6.755,000
1,500,000
500,000
46,080
6,400
8,807,480
125,000
8,932,480
To this amount must be added the Tide Lands belonging to the State
by virtue of her sovereignty, but their quantity cannot, for obvious
reasons, be accurately known.
Up to the date of the present report, these lands have been disposed
of as follows :
SCHOOL LANDS.
GRANT OP FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRES.
How sold.
Sold under School Land Warrants prior to the passage of
the Act of April 28, 1858
Sold for cash since that time
Total
Acres.
237,760.00
261,197.83
498,957.83
Leaving a balance of one thousand and forty-two and seventeen onehundredths
acres, which is reserved as a margin to correct errors in the
final adjustment of the grant.
One re-location, of two hundred and ninety-two and thirty nine onehnndredths
acres, has been made since the date of the last report, and
patents have been issued for six thousand nine hundred and fourteen
and three one-hundredths acres.

24
GRANT OF SIXTEENTH AND THIRTY-SIXTH SECTIONS.
Amount Located upon Sixteenth and Thirty- Sixth Sections Proper.
Districts Acres.
Stockton, surveyed 19,137.31
Stockton, unsurvejed , 4,640.00
Marysville, surveyed 18,238.77
Marysville, unsurveyed 3,117.00
Humboldt, surveyed 3,630.46
Humboldt, unsurveyed 1,240.00
San Francisco, surveyed 1,440.00,
San Francisco, unsurveyed 9,460.00
Visalia, surveyed
Los Angeles, unsurvej^ed
Locations unapproved in above Districts.
Total located
23,777.81
21,355.77
4,870.46
10,900.00
2,950.68
200.00
64,054.22
7,305.84
71,360.06
The amount of sales of these lands b}^ the Boards of Sujjervisors, under
the Act of April twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and fiftj^-eight, so
far as repoi-ted to this office, is eighteen thousand seven hundred and
twenty acres.
LANDS TAKEN IN LIEU OF THE SIXTEENTH AND THIRTY-SIXTH SECTIONS
RESERVED OR DISPOSED OF BY THE UNITED STATES.
Districts. Acres.
Stockton, surveyed 19.140.00
Stockton, unsurveyed 32,732.92
Stockton, contested 926.39
Marysville, approved, surveyed 32,734.61
Marysville, a2)])roved, unsurveyed 3,608.50
Marysville, unapproved, surveyed 1,900.00
Marysville, unapproved, unsurveyed 1,121.08
Humboldt, approved, surveyed 10,533.64
Humboldt, approved, unsurveyed 7,600.00
Humboldt, unapproved, unsurveyed 320.00
Humboldt, contested 1,115.20
52,799.81
39,364.19
19,568.84

25
San Francisco, approved, surveyed 13,140.00
San Francisco, approved, unsurveyed 159,180.00
San Francisco, unapproved, survej^ed 15,160.00
San Francisco, unapproved, unsurveyed 14,440.00
San Francisco, contested 7, 167.86
Yisalia, approved, surveyed
Los Angeles, approved, unsurveyed
Total
Add Sixteenth and Thirty-Sixth Sections proper
Total amount applied for under this grant
SBMINAEY LANDS.
GRANT OF SEVENTY-TWO SECTIONS.
209,087.86
2,640.00
4,468.40
327,928.60
71,360.06
399,288.66
Location. Acres.
Amount of grant
Total located at date of last Report 39,646 82
Located this year in Marysville District 2,560.00
Located this year in Stockton District 320.00
Balance unsold
PUBLIC BUILDING LANDS.
GRANT or TEN SECTIONS.
Location.
-
46,080.00
42,526.82
3,553.18

STATE SCHOOL LAND WAERANTS
Located under the Act of April 23fZ, 1858.
Location.

27
Of which amount ten thousand six hundred and eighty-five and twenty
one-hundredths acres are embraced in re-surveys of forfeited lands.
TIDE LANDS.
Description. I
Total sold by the State to date of last report
Sold this year in Solano Count)" 93.28
Sold this year in Santa Barbara County ()43.76
Sold this year in San Francisco County 226.68
Total at date of this report
STATE LAND FUNDS.
Acres.
2,768.32
963.72
3,732.04
The following tables show the amounts paid to the several County
Treasurers as principal and interest upon purchases of the various
classes of lands. They are made up from the books of the Controller,
because they only show the condition of the available Fund. There is
still, as there has always been, a wide difference between these amounts
and those shown to have been paid by purchasers according to the books
of the State Land Office. This is due, in part, to the defalcation of some
of the County Treasurers, and in part to the confusion of the various
Funds by those officers, who, under the operation of the old Act, which
offered no means for correcting the error, often credited one Fund with
monej^s belonging to another. This practice continued, of course, until
the present law went into effect, on the twenty-seventh of June last.
Since that time there can have been no error of this sort, for no mistake
can occur that will not be detected in the Land Office, where the apportionment
is certified before the Fund is credited.
It would require the services of a competent Clerk for many months
to make up from the original returns to the Controller, after correcting
them by the books of the Land Office, a full statement showing the true
condition of each Fund, but it would well repay the cost of its preparation.
If permitted to expend for extra clerical services, as formerly was
the case, the fees received for certificates of purchase and patents, the
Eegister could, perhaps, in the next annual report present this correct
statement. If it is as important as I conceive it to be that the Funds
belonging to the Schools, Seminary, and Public Buildings, should be
rightly apportioned, I would respectfully suggest that the above recommendation
be acted uDon.

2i^ .
SCHOOL LANDS.
To date of last report— principal ^127,-187 92
Since date of last report— principal 35,511 05
Total to date
To date of last report—interest $124,712 81
Since date of last report—interest 39,012 48
Total to date
SEMINARY LANDS.
To date of last report S6,534 97
Since date of last report 2,465 93
Total to date
PUBLIC BUILDING LANDS.
To date of last report $679 56
Since date of last report 80 00
Total to date
SWAMP AND OVERFLOWED AND TIDE LANDS.
To date of last report $312,536 57
Since date of last report 19,822 64
Total to date
$162,998 97
163,725 29
,000 90
$759 56
$332,359 21

29
STATEMENT
Of the cxj)ernUture of all Aj)pr(ypriations, (cither thmi Salaries,') for the Offices of
the Surveyor- General and Register of State Land Office, from the date of the
last Rf'port to the \st of December, 1863.
For What Purpose Expended. Amount

30
never reflecting what effect these careless, imperfect statements may
have upon a report which is to be the source of all the knowledge we
can have of the condition of the State.
When a return is incorrect or imperfect, its effect is to depreciate the
county from which it comes. When any of those multitudes so constantly
pouring into the State desire to select their place of abode, will they choose
that county whose average 3^ield per acre seems so very small, whose
large fruit crop is valueless, whose vines are barren, or whose cattle give
back nothing to the dairyman? Let it not be supposed that these people
know nothing of and care nothing for statistics. Many of them do both
understand and appreciate these sources of information, and have been
used to consult them ; and when they have not done so directly, they
have obtained advice based upon them. It should be remembered that
these tables are compiled and published under authority of the State, and
that as a part of the Appendix to the Journal of
form part of its records ;
the Senate they go to other States and find place in their Libraries, that
there, as the sole accessible and presumedl}^ reliable authorities, they may
be consulted and form the basis of published articles, which, widely circulated,
may influence many minds.
Much labor is necessary in the preparation of these tables, and it is
with regret that I add that I cannot commend them to public confidence.
I have endeavored to amend evident errors, or supplied omissions ; have
stated average values when fuller statements from neighboring counties
have given me the means of making them without great probable variation
from the truth. Without this labor, the tables would be absolutely
worthless ; with it, they are only imperfect approximations ; and surely,
this is not what the law and the interests of the State demand. The only
remedy I have to propose is the passage of an Act making the necessary
appropriation and authorizing the payment of a premium to each County
Assessor who shall present a full report at the required time.

(U
REPORT OF THE SURVEYOR-GENERAL
UPON THE
irogress 0f t\t d^asteni ^0wnkrg ^wrkg,
TO NOVEMBEE 20, 1863.

co]yn]>^xjNic^Tio]sr.
Surveyor-Gteneral's Office, }
Sacramento, November 20th, 1863. j
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of California
. Sir :—In compliance with the provisions of an Act entitled an Act to
provide for surveying and establishing the Eastern Boundary of the State
,of California, approved April twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and
sixty-three, I have the honor to submit through you to the Legislature
of the State the following report of the progress of the work.
I am, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant^
:
J. F. HOUGHTON,
Surveyor-General
.

KEFORT.
EASTEEN BOUNDAEY SUEVEY.
By an Act of the Legislature, approved April twenty-seventh, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three, it was made the duty of the Surveyor-General
of the State to define and establish the entire Eastern Boundai-y Line of
the State, by running, measuring, and marking a transit line between the
point of intersection of the thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude, with
the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich,
near Lake Tahoe, (formerly Lake Bigler,) and the point where the
thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude crosses the Colorado Eiver, as the
said points were established b}^ Lieutenant Ives, Chief Astronomer of the
United States Boundary Commission, appointed for that purpose, and by
running and marking in the same manner all that part of said boundary
lying between the first named point near Lake Tahoe and due north
from said point to the southern boundary of Oregon.
The same Act also provided that the Governor should forward a copy
of this Act to the Governor of Nevada Territory, with a request that he
should appoint some suitable person or persons to act in conjunction
with the Surveyor-General in defining and establishing said boundary.
In compliance with the request so made, his excellency Orion Clemens,
then Acting-Governor of the Territory, appointed as such Commissioner
Butler Ives, Esq., a gentleman whose mathematical education and large
experience as a United States Surveyor peculiarly fitted him for the
position.
It will be observed, that the small appropriation made for this survey-^
twenty-five thousand dollars, to run a boundary line six hundred and
thirteen miles long, over a rugged, mountainous country, through several
tribes of Indians not known to be friendly, and, indeed, on Jboth the
northern and southern portions of the line committing frequent depredations
and murders whenever opportunity presented, passing through
dense forests, over almost unexplored and uninhabited deserts, with
intervals- of thirty, fifty, and eighty miles without water, requiring a
large train of animals to pack this indispensable requisite to existence
could not have contemplated anj^thing more than the Act expressed, simply
" running and marking the boundary line" in the most expeditious
and economical manner compatible with accuracy. It would have been
extremely gratifying to me, could I have felt justified in procuring the
—

36
services of a first-class Geologist, a Botanist, and a Naturalist, to examine
and report upon the features relating to their respective professions
of the countrjT^ over which we jDassed, and I cannot but think that the
State would have been richly repaid for the additional expenditure, had
the Legislature authorized the employment of such services.
While the bill was pending, this matter was suggested to its friends by
me, but at that time danger of a conflict of arms between the State and
Territorial authorities, growing out of the question of jurisdiction of
the Courts in Plumas and Mono Counties, was imminent, and the}^ were
fearful, if an appropriation was asked sufficient to make a survey of that
class the bill would be defeated, and it was left at the su,m named.
With the funds thus provided, on the first of May, four days after the
approval of the Act, I engaged the services of Mr. John F. Kidder, an
Engineer and Survej^or of large experience, to assist in organizing and
equipping a party to commence the work, ordering them to rejDort for
duty at Lake Tahoe, on the twentieth of May, or as near as possible to
that date ; and on the twenty-second of that month Mr. Kidder and
party reported to me at the lake, and the work was commenced and
continued without interruption to the Oregon line.
For the full particulars of the progress of the work, I refer j^ou to the
report of Mr. Kidder, Engineer in charge of party, and to the general
notes of the country through which we passed, both of which are herewith
submitted.
Immediately upon the passage of the Act above referred to, appreciating
the importance of having the position of the initial point at Lake
Tahoe definitely determined as a starting point, and anxious to avoid
the delay and expense of establishing an obseiwatory to determine longitude,
I took the latitude and longitude of Lieutenant Ives' observatory,
at the south end of Lake Tahoe, as determined by himself,
making, myself, test observations for latitude, which agreed to seconds
with those made by him. As no report has been published of his field
work and computations, and as some doubt has been expressed as to
whether Lieutenant Ives ever reduced his obseiwations so as to determine
the initial points at the lake and on the Colorado, I will here furnish
the evidence I have been able to obtain, that they were so determined
by himself.
While the bill providing for the survey was pending before the Legislature,
through the courtesy of United States Surveyor-G-eneral E. F.
Beale, Esq., the entire field notes, topographical maps, etc., connected
with the obsei'vations of Lieutenant Ives, which were in his possession,
were delivered to me for examination.
I found the notes of a long series of observations at his observatory
near Lake Tahoe, extending over some months of time, with the latitude
of the observatory, taken by sextant and sidereal clock, computed and
carried out as North Latitude 38° 56' 47" 52.
Observations were made by myself, and the latitude computed, which
differed only in seconds from that of Lieutenant Ives, and his results
were used in the survey as correct.
A careful scai'ch for reduction of his observations for longitude resulted,
as I had anticipated from what I knew of the circumstances
under which the computation was made, in a failure to find them among
his notes. In this apparent dilemma I applied to Mr. John F. Kiddei',
formerly Chief Clerk in the United States Surveyor-Greneral's Office for
Nevada Territory, to which office Lieutenant Ives furnished the longi-

tilde of the observatory before mentioned, under the following circumstances
:
By an Act of the Territorial Legislature, approved November, eighteen
hundred and sixty-one, the Governor was authorized to have the boundary
line run from Lake Tahoe to below Esmeralda—the object being to
determine the position of Aurora with reference to the boundary line.
In order to establish the initial point at Lake Tahoe, which was necessary
before the work could proceed, Mr. Kidder placed himself in communication
with Lieutenant Ives, then at work at his observatory in
Lake Valley, who, in his answer, dated August twenty-eighth, eighteen
hundred and sixty-one, says : " I trust our observations this week will
give us our longitude with reference to San Francisco ;" and fourteen
days later he telegraphs from San Francisco, September eleventh, eighteen
hundred and sixty-one, to Mr. Kidder, as follows : " Approximate longitude
of station is seven hours, fifty nine minutes and fifty-three seconds
west of Greenwich;" all of which correspondence and telegrams are in
my possession, on file in this office.
This result, reduced to distance, makes his observatory—the precise
position of which is plainly marked by monuments still remaining—in
longitude 119° 58' 15" west from Greenwich, or 0° 1' 45" east of the
one hundred and twentieth meridian.
The initial point on the Colorado Eiver is, by the Act of Congress admitting
the State of California into the Union, where the thirty-fifth
parallel crosses the Colorado, which is marked in three diff'erent places
upon the topographical field books and maps accompanying Lieutenant
Ives' survey, as 114° 36' west from Greenwich, at which place a monument
was placed, distant about two miles from Fort Mojave.
The geographical position of the initial points thus detex-mined, it became
necessary to calculate the azimuth of a transit line or arc of a
great circle connecting the two points. In order to secure a great
degree of accuracy in this important part of the work, upon which depended
the accurac}^ of the whole line, I submitted the problem of computing
the azimuths of the line at every degi"ee of latitude, also the
distance on the line between parallels, to Professor J. E. Hilgard, in
charge of the United States Coast Survey Office at Washington, and
before the completion of that portion of the line between the lake and
Oregon, I received from him a very satisfactory computation, the
cijial results of which are as follows
prin-
DISTANCES BETWEEN PARALLELS.
35° and 36°
.'
159,827 metres, or 174,782 yards.
36° and 37° 162,096 metres, or 177,263 yards.
37° and 38° 164,617 metres, or 180,020 j-trds.
38° and 39° 167,431 metres, or 183,098 yards.
:
Total length of line south 715,163 yards.
Or, four hundred and six miles and six hundred and three yards.

38
AZIMUTHS OF THE SOUTH LINE.
At 35° 134° 19' 26"
At 36° 133° 35' 15"
At 37° 132° 4-' 10"
At 38° 131° 57' 56"
At 39° 131° 04' 15"
The azimuth is reckoned from the south by west.
I am under many obligations to Professor Hilgard for his promptness
in forwarding these computations. Commissioner Ives and myself made
the same computations by use of Lee's Formula, and were gratified to
find our work verified on receipt of those of Mr. Hilgard, differing not
materially from his computations, which were used in starting the line.
The latitude, longitude, and locality of Lieutenant Ives' Observatory
being known, it was readily apparent that the initial point, at the intersection
of the thirty-ninth degree of north latitude with the one hundred
and twentieth meridian, fell within the lake about three and two
thirds miles from the southern shore, being three miles twelve hundred
and eleven yards north of the observatoi'y.
It being impossible to set an instrument at the initial point, and the
azimuth of the line being changeable with every advance, it became
necessary to find another point upon the line upon which to establish
our observatory, and set our altitude and azimuth instrument for establishing
by observation the true meridian, and from which to compute
the new azimuth and turn off the angle of the line.
For this purpose, by means of spherical trigonometry, the length of a
line which should pass from the one hundred and twentieth meridian
through the observatory point to the diagonal line was computed, together
with the required azimuth, and at this point fifty-eight chains in
a south-easterly direction from monument on the Kingsbury & McDonald
road through Lake Valley, near Lapham's Station, the new observatory
was established by setting firmly in the earth a large pine log, and
mounting thereon our altitude and azimuth instrument, manufactured
by Parkinson & Frodsham, of London, with twelve-inch horizontal
circle reading to ten seconds, and sixteen-inch vertical circle reading to
five seconds. Telescope, four feet focal length.
With this instrument observations were made every favorable night
for nearly two weeks, the meridian correctly established, and the angle
of the line, bearing at this point south 48° 52' 45" 26 east, was laid off,
and the line started for the Colorado. In order to secure a great degree
of aceui'acy in running the southern portion of the line, which is one of
the l?)nge8t transit lines ever attempted to be run in the world—being
from the initial point in the lake to that on the Colorado Eiver, four
hundred and six miles six hundred and three yards—it was necessary to
procure a very superior instrument; and after examining such as could
be found in the State, I determined to send to New York for a straight
line transit, made by Temple, of Boston, for E. E. Eicker, Esq., an eminent
New York and Western Eailroad Engineer, for the express purpose
of running long straight lines with greater accurac}^ than is possible
with ordinary instruments, there being but very few such in the United
States.

39
A short time before the completion of that portion of the line lying
north of the lake, this instrument, in itself a model of superior workmanship),
and the only thing of the kind in the State, was delivered in
good order at Sacramento, at a total cost of three hundred and fifty
dollars. The southern portion of the line, so far as run, has been run
with this instrument, with positive instructions, which have in no case
been departed from, to reverse the instrument and double centre for
every foresight, to insure against the possibility of error in running an
absolute straight line. Leaving the lake at its most south-easterly part,
a trifle to the south and west of Lapham's Station, it crosses the Kingsbury
& McDonald road through Lake Yalley at a distance of about
half a mile southerly from the station, and almost immediately commences
the ascent of the high granite range dividing Lake and Carson
Yalleys, being the eastern summit of the Sierras.
The line crosses these mountains obliquely, crossing numerous deep
ravines, perpendicular granite precijDices, and barren peaks, rendering
progress very slow and difficult. It leaves Job's Peak and Bald Mountain,
the highest peaks in the immediate vicinity, within the State,
emerges from the mountains into the Valle}^ of the West Carson, about
a quarter of a mile west of Carey's Mill, passes on about two hundred
and fifty yards north-east of Captain Smith's house, and soon after crosses
the West Pork of the Carson Eiver; thence over high hills to the East
Fork of the Carson, crossing it about one mile above or south-west of
Young's Bridge ; thence over a mountainous country to the West Fork
of Walker's Eiver, which it crosses some six miles above or south-west
of the house of Mr. Eissua, and a little more than a mile above Eaymond's
house J thence over the Walker Eiver Mountains, sometimes called the
Three Sisters, across the Yalley of the Sweetwater, upon its western
border; thence to the East Fork of Walker's Eiver, crossing it about
four miles above Marsh's Station, where the Aurora Eoad crosses the
river; thence over* high mountains to Eough Creek, crossing it some
thi'ee hundred yards below where the road from Aurora to the Big
Meadows of the Walker's Eiver crosses the same stream ; thence on to
Mount Braly, crossing it three miles twenty-seven chains and twentyone
one-hundredths south-west of the flagstaff in the Town of Aurora.
At this point, having been constantly with the party from the time of
leaving the lake, and having determined the most important question in
connection with the position of the line, viz : the location of the Town
of Aurora, I left for Sacramento to make up the Annual Eeport of the
Surveyor-General, to report progress of the Boundary Survey, and attend
to other business of the office accumulated during my absence. I gave
directions to Mr. Kidder to connect the Survey with the United States
Surve^^s in that vicinity, Mono It&ke, Big Meadows, Bodie Mines, and
other places of importance, while awaiting the arrival of supplies
ordered from Sacramento, and to increase his party to twenty men, preparatory
to entering upon the countiy below Auroi'a, inhabited by bands
of Pi Ute and Owen's Eiver Lidians, one of the most numerous and
hostile of which is commanded by that most desperate and treacherous
of all Indians, Captain Joaquin Jim, and to push the work on as fast as
accuracy would permit, in order to cross the White Mountains before the
Winter's snows set in, which, if encountered before crossing, I feared
would compel a suspension of operations for the season.
Once across them, and upon the desert beyond, I anticipated that the
work might proceed more favorably in the Winter than in the Summer
season, when, for very long distances, we coiild expect to find little or no

40
water, which deficiency I expected the snows and rains of Winter to
supply.
Leaving Mount Braly, near Aurora, the line passes over low, rolling
hills, destitute of water for a distance of nearly thirty miles, without
a spear of grass for our animals, supporting no vegetation except sage
brush, piuon, and junij)er, passing the Adobe Meadows, leaving them
a few miles to the right of the line.
Up to this point the line had, from the commencement, progressed
rapidly and without any serious interruption, but here the party encountered
some five hundred Indians, of both sexes and all ages, numbering
from two hundred to two hundred and fifty warriors, under command of
the notorious Captain Joaquin Jim, before named, and another called
Captain Tom. The Indians were collected about four miles east of the
eastern portion of the Adobe Meadows, for their annual feast and pine
nut dances, and our line ran directly through their camp.
It was thought best, before running the line through their country, to
hold a council with the Chiefs, and endeavor to make a treaty with them,
or, at least, to explain to them the objects of the expedition, and learn
how they were disposed towards us.
For this purpose, a few presents were made to the Chiefs, and long
talks were had, which was interpreted by one of their own number, who
spoke English, and, notwithstanding the assurances of the interpreter
that all was right, indications were directly to the contrary, and a system
of annoyances was kept up by them, showing that it was all wrong
and anything but agreeable to them.
They would keej) one hundred or more warriors, with one of their
Chiefs, in our camp all the time, insisting upon being fed, while the other
Chief would accompany the party on the lino with another body of
warriors, objecting to our partj^ taking arms on the line, and at night,
would demand pay for their seiwices as an escort.
In order to avoid these annoyances, knowing that when the feast and
dances were over the Indians would disperse into small bands and scatter
over the country from Walker Lake to the lower portion of the Owen's
Eiver Yalley. and knowing also, that this would not occur so long as our
party was in the vicinit}', it was decided to move back to Aurora, and
await their dispersal. Accordingly, the party packed up their equipments
and the remnant of their provisions, and started for Aurora.
On the night of the twenty-ninth of October, while camped between
the Adobe Meadows and Aurora, they encountered a violent snowstorm,
accompanied by terrific wind and severe cold, continuing for
thirty-six hours, which resulted in eight of the party being more or less
frozen in feet, fingers and ears—one of them our Mexican cargador, so
badlj^ frozen in both feet that for a time surgeons at Aurora thought amputation
of some portions would be necessary. By careful attention he
has recovered without requiring such an operation, but yet remains in a
feeble condition.
In consequence of this storm, which had rendered the White Mountains,
onl}^ about twelve miles beyond where the work stopped, impassable,
it was determined to abandon the survey for the season and take the
train to Sacramento, to await the action of the Ijcgislature and the return
of Spring before resuming operations. All that portion of the party
not required for making maps, writing up field work, and attending to
the train, were dismissed at Aurora and Carson City, and the train came
on to Sacramento, arriving gn the thirteenth of November. Anticipating
the possibility of being compelled to abandon the work by the setting in

41
of Winter before the crossing of the White Mountains could be accomplished,
I gave particular instructions to mark the exact centre of the
line at every foresight after leaving Mount Braly, that it might be easily
found whenever the work should be resumed, which has been done in
such a manner that any of the party present can at once go to the spot
and find the centre of both foresight and backsight to get the precise
direction of the line.
It noAv remains for the Legislature to decide whether the work shall
be resumed with the opening of Spring.
The location of the line cannot be absolutely correct until it is continued
to the Colorado and corrected on ttie return, but so much cai*e
has been taken to have both the computations and the work of running
the line approach absolute correctness, that it is confidently expected to
strike the Colorado within from one to two miles of the initial point,
and allowing the greater error, the correction at Aurora would be less
than half a mile, while the line is three and one third miles distant as
now run, consequently, no possible correction could change its position
with reference to the line.
The country through which the line runs, and which could be afi'ected
by any change required, with the exception of a few acres on the West
Carson, and near the river bottoms crossed, is barren sage brush desert,
volcanic rocks, or high mountains, valuable only for the precious metals
they may contain, and no mines were being worked which could be affected
by any possible change.
The country beyond where the work was suspended, from the best
information we can derive, is desert and barren mountains, for very long
distances destitute of water, and for a considerable distance infested by
Indians, w^hich would require an escort for at least fifty miles at starting,
and if the intervals without water exceed thirty miles, as we are
informed they will, a train of camels will be required, in addition to the
present train of mules, to pack water, as a train of mules could pack no
more water than they would themselves require for a greater distance,
while camels will endure for three days without water, and carry about
three times the load of a mule. The uncertainty of the nature of the
country, particularly with reference to water, renders it very difficult to
form any correct estimate of the additional appropriation required to
complete the work.
The original appropriation for the survey was twenty-five thousand
dollars, of which there remained unexj)ended on the twentieth of November,
as is shown by the annexed statement of expenditures, the sum
of three thousand two hundred and seventy-eight dollars and one cent,
and there remained on hand, of equipment and supplies, the value of
four thousand four hundred and eighty-seven dollars, making a total of
seven thousand seven hundred and sixty-five dollars and one cent, leaving
as chargeable for actual cost of survey up to IsTovember twentieth,
seventeen thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and ninety-nine
cents—to which must be added the cost of making maps in triplicate, as
required by the Act, the cost of replacing some of the monuments Avith
cut stone, for which we could not delay the party while running the line,
and small incidental items, which will increase this amount to about
twenty thousand dollars. For this sum a trifle over half of the line, or
three hundred and nine miles, has been run, embracing all that portion
which is at all important to the State.
6

42
Under favorable circumstances, I am of opinion that a further appropriation
of twenty thousand dollars would complete the line to the
Colorado, make the corrections required on the return, erect more substantial
monuments at points where most requii-ed, and prepare the
necessary maps. It will be necessarj^ for the Legislature, at the approaching
session, to take some action upon this subject.
For a more definite and minute description of the country through
which the line passes, you are referred to the descriptive notes and to
the report of the En^neer in charge, both of which are herewith submitted.
The location and description of the most important monuments
on the line will be found un(^r the appropriate head.
Barometric observations have been made at all points of interest from
the lake to the point where the work was suspended on the southern line;
but the short time allowed for making up this report after the arrival of
the party, has prevented their reduction and publication at this time.
They will be reduced and published in the final report of the Survey.
Similar observations were commenced upon the line north of the lake,
but our only remaining barometer being broken during a violent gale of
wind, which threw the tent in M^hich it was hanging to the ground, they
were necessarily suspended in consequence. Triangulations for distances
were also made to all prominent points near the line, which, for want of
time to compute them, cannot be given in this report.
In concluding this report, I desire to add my testimony to that furnished
by the work they have accomplished to each and every member
of the party, for the faithful and efficient discharge of every dut}'' which
has been assigned to them, and I think it is not too much to say that a
better or more efl'ective party for the duty required could not be found.
EXPENSES OF SURVEY.
For what Purpose Expended. Amounts.
Labor account for May
Labor account for June.; 1,274
Labor account for July 1,740
Labor account for August 1,233
Labor account for September 1,450
Labor account for October 1,750
Labor account, November 1st to 20th 747
Total account for labor to November 20th.
Surveyor-General's salary
Incidental
Subsistence and transportation.
Equipment .
Total to November 20th, 1863
Deduct Equipment and Supplies on hand.
Amount properly chargeable to Survey j
$17,234
?8,884 02
2,000 00
2,339 73
3,013 84
5,484 40
^21,721 99
4,487 00
99

43
INVENTORY OF EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES ON HAND NOVEMBER 20, 1863.
Description. Value.
One Tangent Transit Instrument
One Sextant and Artificial Horizon
One Standard Ramrod Chain
Two Surveying Chains
One set Steel Tally Pins
Three Opera Glasses
One Aneroid Barometer
Nineteen pairs extra Woolen Blankets
Two Tents and fixtures
One Sharp's Carbine and accoutrements
One Shot Gun
One Chest Medicines
Provisions and Groceries
Camp Furniture
Three Horses and twenty-five Mules, (Pack-Train and
equipments)
Four Saddles and Bridles, (other than with train)
Five Pistols, with accoutrements
One Tvobe
Linfe Eods and Plummets
Total
#350 00

44
For what Purpose Expended.
Brought forward
J. F. Kidder, incidental
Lawrence & Houseworth, repairs Solar Compass
L. B. Ricfcardson & Co., leather and canvas for train
L. E. Crane, expenses to Susanville, and with train
John F. Kidder, freight
Axsen & Jewell, provisions
H. D. Torre3^son. mule shoeing
H. D. Torreyson, camp furniture
Millard & Bussard, hay and barley
Kelly, Mott & Co., camp furniture
J. F. Kidder, survejnng instruments and expenses of j^ack
train
"Whitney & Co., freight
Thomas Hooper, services
Charles C. Eodgers, services
Quanchi & Lossa, provisions
E. C. Clements, provisions
Small & Burke, provisions
J. F. Kidder, travelling expenses
A. F. Eice, supplies
A. "Wright, supplies
J. F. Kidder, chains and camp furniture
Torreyson & Smith, blacksmithing
George M. Fall, freight
T. F. Flynn, horse
P. F. Powers, provisions
J. P. Pulsifer, use of sail boat
A. H. Fmy, ranching
L. S. Story, horse
John F. Kidder, provisions and supplies
J. M. Luther, ranching
L. E. Crane, supplies and expenses of pack train
Ehenis & Mitchell, medical attendance
L. E. Crane, provisions
John F. Kidder, stage fare, supplies, etc
Eobison & Pearson, stabling mules
J. F. Kidder, supplies, Indian presents, etc
J. F. Kidder, freight, provisions, supplies, etc
J. S. Lawson, expenses of pack train, stage fare, etc
J. F. Houghton, incidental
Total
Appropriation
Balance unexpended to date

J. F. Houghton...
Butler Ives
John F. Kidder...
Tames S. Lawson.
L. E. Crane
M. G. King
Amos Bowman....
George M. Fall....
J. B. Guilford
Andy Wright
Thomas Flynn
James Brown
Beruado Guirsa...
Domingo Bevanco
46
PARTY, AS ORGANIZED FOR NORTHERN TRIP.
Name. Position.
Surveyor-General
Commissioner from Nevada Territory,
Engineer in charge of Party
Compassman
Clerk
Topographer and Barometrician
Chainman
Chainman
Axeman
Cook
Mayor Do mo
Packer
Arriero
Arri ero
To which loas added at Honey LaJce^ after the departitre of Messrs. Kiny and
Guilford
James Phillips
Henry Arnold
Alexander Arnold
Joseph Hale
James Nichols
Joseph Belknap...,
Lewis Eland
Willie
Shute
Winters
J. F. Houghton..,
Butler Ives
John F. Kidder..
James S. Lawson
L. E. Crane
Amos Bowman...
James M. Brown.
Henry Goddard..,
Eugene Sharon...,
F. A. Hymers ,
Hamilton Marton
Phillip Diehl
:
Blacksmith
Assistant on line, and Escort.
Assistant on line, and Escort
Assistant on line, and Escort..
Assistant on line, and Escort
Assistant on line, and Escort.
Escort
Escort
Escort
Escort
PARTY, AS ORGANIZED FOR SOUTHERN TRIP.
Name. Position.
Surveyor-General
Commissioner from Nevada Territory.
Engineer in charge of party
Compassman and Topographer
Clerk
Barometrician
Forward Eodman
Back Eodman
Chainman
Chainman
Axeman
Axeman

Name.
46

REPORT OF ENGINEER IN CHARGE OF PARTY.

REPORT.
Hon. J. F. Houghton, Surveyor-General
of the State of California, Sacramento
Sir :—I have the honor to submit the following report of the survey
of the Eastern Boundary of the State of California, from the initial
point at Lake Bigler, northerly, to the forty-second parallel of latitude,
which parallel constitutes the boundary line between California and
Oregon.
On or about the first of May, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, I was
instructed by you to organize a party and to purchase equipments necessary
for said survey, and on the twenty-second of the same month I
reported to you at Lake Bigler as in readiness to commence observations
necessary to verify the initial point at head of Lake Bigler, as established
by Lieutenant J. C. Ives, formerly Topographical Engineer. United
States Army.
For the purpose of making said observations, a large altitude and
azimuth instrument had been provided by you, and the full notes of
Lieutenant Ives' obsexwations obtained from Honorable E. F. Beale,
United States Surveyor-General of California. My party at this time was
organized as follows, viz :
John F. Kidder Engineer in Charge.
James S. Lawson Transit Man.
M. G. King Topographer and Barometrician.
L. E. Crane Clerk.
Together with eight other persons, employed as chainmen, axemen,
packers, etc. I had by your direction purchased a pack train of twentyfive
animals.
The observations at Lake Bigler were made under your immediate
supervision, and were witnessed by the Commissioner from Nevada Territory,
Butler Ives, Esq., and were found to coincide with those taken
by Lieutenant Ives, making the longitude of the observatory 119° 58' 15"
west from Greenwich, and the latitude 88° 56' 47"52 north. The next
:

50
step was to measure the distance west from the observatory to the one
hundred and twentieth meridian, which was carefull}- done, but the point
not falling in a favorable position to extend the line northwardly across
Lake Bigler, it was deemed best to extend the line from the observatory
to the north shore of the lake, and there offset to the one hundred and
twentieth meridian. This was accomplished in the following manner: I
sent Mr. Lawson, with two men, to the north end of the lake, having
previously ascertained, approximately, the location of the line at that
point, and directed him to show signal fires for two successive nights,
moving the same (as he should be directed by means of signal fires on
the right or left of the observatory) in a corresponding direction. On
the night of June first, the signal fire of Mr. Lawson at the foot of the
lake was plainly visible from the observator}-, and was apparentl}" not
more than fifty feet from the line required. A signal was made him,
which was immediately answered, but from a misunderstanding of the
signals the observations of that night were declared to be a failure. On
the next evening 3'ou personally directed the observations, the signals
were promptly made, as promptl}' answered, and the meridian of the
observatory extended across the lake, the length of which at this point
we ascertained, both by triangulation and latitude, to be about twenty
and one half miles.
On the following day I proceeded with mj party, accompanied by
yourself and Mr. Ives, to the foot of the lake, arriving at Mr. Lawson's
camp on the evening of the fourth of June, having camped on the third
near Captain Fray's sawmill, where I separated mj pack train, sending
a portion with two men to Eobinson's, in Long Yalley, via Carson, the
rest accompanj-ing me.
On June fifth, measured line from oftsett to the one hundred and
twenty-fifth meridian—one mile, forty-two chains, and sixteen links. I
had the misfortune to-day to lose one of the best pack mules, which fell
over a precipice, breaking its back. In my opinion, neither of my
packers were to blame in the matter.
We moved camp three miles further west, locating it near a beautiful
bay, named by yourself Agate Bay. The following day was spent in
meandering the shores, in order to obtain information necessary for the
observations were likewise made with the sextant by yourself, to
maps ;
ascertain the latitude, which was found to correspond with the distance
obtained by triangulation.
June sixth, the line was fairly commenced from Lake Bigler north.
After accompanjnng us some three miles, you returned to Sacramento,
leaving explicit directions with me to spare no pains both as to the accuracj'
of the work, and economy and expedition in its prosecution, so far as
was compatible with accuracy.
From the lake to the Eiver Truckee, a distance of about fourteen
miles, the surface of the country is rugged in the extreme, having heretofore
been considered almost impracticable for men, and quite so for
pack animals ; we, however, experienced no further difiicult}' than in
being compelled to build more than a mile of trail for our mules, and
occasionally a pack animal or two would fall over the precipice, scattering
cargoes in
serious damage.
every direction, but fortunately being rescued without
This portion of the country is covered with a heavy growth of timber,
principally 3'ellow pine and fir, and contains man}' quartz lodes or ledges
which have been since ascertained to be rich in sulphurets of silver.

51
June fourteenth, the line was run across the Truckee, and on the
eighteenth we crossed the Henness Pass Eoad, camping near Bull's
Station. From thence to Long Valley, a distance of over six miles, the
country is rolling and covered with yellow pine and mountain mahogany.
The line crosses Long Valley one hundred and sixty-one links
east of the western terminus of the fourth standard parallel of the United
States Government surveys for the Territory of Nevada, a short distance
east of the Antelope Eauch House, and twenty-five chains distant east
from John Eobinson's house. At this point, on the nineteenth of June,
we joined the balance of our train, which had been camped here for
some days. Here Mr. King, Topographer, decided to quit the party,
owing to his fear of Indians. He was accompanied by two others, who
had likewise determined to pi'oceed no further. While camped here an
accident unfortunately happened to the only barometer in the party, by
which it Avas rendered perfectly useless ; it had been fastened to one of
the tent poles, when a sudden gust of wind upset the tent, throwing the
barometer to the ground and breaking the tube.
From Long Valley to Honey Lake Valley, the line passing over a
high dividing ridge, and twenty-four chains east of a well marked peak,
which we designated Boundary Peak, descends into Honey Lake Val-
Ic}^ about two miles west of a camping place known as Sage Port, near
a small stream.
At this place, as we had received infoi*mation that a petty warfare
was continually waged between the citizens of Honej^ Lake and the Indians,
I deemed it best to send to Susanville for reinforcements, and in
the course of two days had an addition to my party of six men, who
furnished their own horses and equipments.
From Lake Bigler to this place the line had been thoroughly chained,
but I deemed best from thence to the Oregon line to dispense with
chaining, taking the latitude accurately every day, and triangulating to
prominent objects. The line crosses Honey Lake Valley east of the lake,
about eight miles and thirty-eight chains west of High Eock Spring,
from thence over a barren volcanic country to Eush Creek, crossing said
creek one quarter of a mile east of Eush Creek Station. Between High
Eock Spring and Eush Creek it crosses a small valley, hitherto undiscovered,
and named by us Skedaddle Valley, from the following circumstance,
viz : On first discovering it we found a number of Pi Utes, of
the Smoke Creek Band, who seized their weapons and rushed to the
rocks, apparently to give us a warm reception. We immediately signalled
them, held a parley, and induced some four of them to visit our
camp. I then thought it best, in company with one man, to visit the
Indian encampment, leaving orders to retain the Indians in our camp
until my return. Soon after ai*riving at one of their bough houses,
where we found several more Indians, we were recalled by one of our
men, who stated that those retained in camp had escaped, not heeding
the weapons which were aimed at them, but not fired. I then deemed
it best to move camp that night, which was done, arriving at Mud
Springs about twelve o'clock. Luckily, the line had been run nearly to
Eush Creek that day. It was afterwards found by the soldiers who
went there to hunt the Indians, that there must have been at least fifty
camped at that point, and that they must have departed almost simultaneously
with ourselves. I have consequently named the place Skedaddle
Valley, thinking, however, that the victor}^ was on our side, as we captured
one gun from the enemy.

52
At Smoke Creek Barracks, four miles from Eush Creek, through the
kindness of Lieutenant Tillinghast, in command at that point, I obtained
the services of four soldiers—Eland, Shute, Winters, and Willie—to each
of whom, as well as to the Lieutenant, I wish to return my thanks, as
well as those of the party, for their gentlemanly conduct and promptitude
in acceding to my request.
From Rush Creek to Surprise Valley, the line was over high volcanic
mountains, crossing Painter Valley and several grassy valleys, or rather
ravines. Through Surprise Valley, so named by a j)arty who supposed
upon seeing it two years ago that they were the discoverers, tlie line
seems almost to be naturally defined, that portion on the east side of the
lakes, three in number, through two of which the line runs, being barren
and destitute of vegetation, whilst on the westerly side it is covered with
a rank growth of grass and clover, is well watered, and apparently susceptible
of the highest degree of cultivation. The waters of the lakes
above tnentioned are alkaline, and it was stated by one of our party who
had travelled on the Lassen Road (which road crosses the valley between
the second and third lakes) in the year eighteen hundred and forty-nine,
that no such lakes existed at that time. I have since heard this statement
confirmed ; however, the valley seems to have been but little explored
previous to our visit, and I very much doubt if any white man
had been the full length of the same. From Surprise Valley, the line
runs over a high rocky divide, descending to Crane Lake, and connecting
with the forty-second parallel, where the same is naturally defined
by a large creek, or stream, in a canon with almost perpendicular sides
of rock one hundred and fifty feet in depth. At this point, while taking
observations for latitude, July the seventh, (our camp, with a large portion
of our men, being some three miles distant,) we were suddenly surprised
by the appearance of some Indians of the Modoc tribe, who did
not discover us until the shout of "Indians" was given. Apparently
surprised, they retreated across the ravine or canon, and built a signal
fire, immediately answered by others, while we finished our observations;
and after building a stone monument, (px-obably not as perfect as though
we had been undisturbed,) retreated to camp—the Indians recrossing the
canon, and building sevei-al more signal fires.
Upon arriving at camp a consultation was held, and, as we were not
in a good location for defence, it was decided to move some miles further
on our return. While engaged in packing, defiant shouts were heard,
and Indians seen on the surrounding hills, their heads decorated with
war plumes, and apparently anxious for a conflict. We, however, experienced
no trouble, arriving at Smoke Creek July eleventh, where I
dismissed the escort, and, with the balance of the party, arrived at Lake
Bigier July twenty-fourth. I submit with this a copy of the field notes
descriptive of the line, the general features of the country, the number
of monuments, the location of the same, etc. I have been unable to prepare
the rough maps required by you, owing to the preparations necessary
for the Southern survey.
In conclusion, my thanks are due to Acting-Governor Clemens of
Nevada Territor}^, for his kindness in promptly giving me a requisition
on the military authorities at Fort Churchill for a supply of Minio
muskets and ammunition, thereby obviating the delay and expense
attending the procuring of the same from the State of California.

53
I wish to bear testiraon}" to the untiring exertions of Mr. Law8on,
upon whom much of the labor of the expedition has devolved, and to
whom too much credit cannot be given.
I have the honor to remain, veiy respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
JOHN F. KIDDEE,
Engineer in charge of Survey.

FROM THE DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OF THE SURVEY
NORTHERN LINE.
From the intersection of the thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude
with the one hundred and twentieth meridian of west longitude to its
north shore, for a distance of sixteen miles and thirty-six chains, the
boundary line falls within and passes nearly through the center of Lake
Tahoe.
This beautiful sheet of fresh water lies in a deep basin formed by a
fork in the Sierras south of the lake and a high range of mountains on
the north, running from the East Fork and nearly connecting with the
West, leaving barely room for the Truckee Eiver, which is the outlet.
This basin from summit to summit averages about twenty miles east
and west, and forty miles north and south, and the mountain peaks of
the ranges surrounding it have an elevation of one to four thousand feet
above the level of the lake.
The lake is twenty miles long from north to south, and varies in width
from eight to ten miles from east to west, and has an elevation of about
six thousand three hundred feet above the level of the sea. Its surface
comprises an area of about one hundred and fifty square miles. Its
length upon the one hundred and twentieth meridian is twenty miles
and thirty-one chains, and its greatest width ten miles and sixty chains.
The longest straight line lying wholly within it, measures twenty-one
miles and sixtj^-seven chains in a direction bearing north 19° east and
south 19° west.
The average depth of twenty-one soundings taken on the one hundred
and twentieth meridian, is nine hundred and thirty-four and twenty-four
one-hundredths feet; that of twelve soundings, extending over a distance
of twelve consecutive miles, exclusive of three on the north and six on
the south shore, is fourteen hundred and twentj^-four and six one-hundredths
feet. The greatest depth reached was fifteen hundred and
twenty-three feet. The deep soundings invariably show the bottom to be
composed of a fine impalpable mud, except one made some three miles
from the north shore, where the load was bruised upon a rocky bottom
at a depth of twelve hundred and forty-two feet. The shoal soundings
gave a bottom of sand, or sand, gravel, and boulders. Its Avaters are

55
pure and transparent, and abound in the finest quality of lake trout. Its
outlet is the Truckee River, which at the point where it debouches from
tlie lake has a capacity equal to a current four feet deep b}^ sixty in
width, moving at the rate of three miles per hour. It is fed b}' numerous
streams from the surrounding mountains, many of whose highest
jjeaks are covered with perpetual snow. Its shores for the greater part
are bold and rocky, alternating with sand and shingle beaches in the
more sheltered places.
Evidences are not wanting to prove that this lake once occupied a
much greater portion of the valley in which it is situated than at present.
Beaches of water-worn pebbles are found, ranging from the present waterline
to a height of from forty to sixty feet above it.
The loose character of the rock forming the barrier at its outlet,
through Avhicb the river has apparently deepened its channel, warrants
such a conclusion. The country about the lake, both in the vallej^ and
upon the mountains, is covered with a moderately heavy growth of timber
of excellent quality for the manufacture of lumber, for which purpose
several mills have already been erected. A more particular description
of this timber will be given in another part of the report.
Perhaps one of the most remarkable features of this lake is the fact
that its surface is never frozen, which, at its great altitude, sui"rounded
by lofty mountains covered with snow, must be attributed to its great
depth. The purity of its waters, the salubrity of the climate, and the
boldness of the surrounding scenerj^, situated as it is upon the principal
thoroughfare between California and the rich mineral region of Nevada,
render it a favorite place of Summer resort to the people of both sections.
From the north s'.iore of Lake Tahoe to the head of Long Valley, a
distance of twentj-seven miles and fifty-six chains, at a point where the
boundary line intersects the Fourth Standard Parallel of the United
States Land Surveys, our line lay across the heavy range of the eastern
summit of the Sierras, which here deflects from its more general north
and south course east of the lake, and trends in a north-westerly direction,
uniting with the western summit to the north and west of Dog
Valley, in California.
This spur or summit is rough and broken, and is intersected by numerous
deep and rocky caiions and ravines.
There is a heavy growth of timber upon these mountains, consisting
of yellow and sugar pine, fir, cedar, juniper, hemlock, and mountain mahogany.
From the lake to Juniper Creek, a distance of fifteen miles, the formation
is trachytic, and the ridges have an easterly and westerly trend, the
highest of which has an elevation of about seven hundred feet above the
lake, as ascertained by barometrical observations of the survey.
From Juniper Creek to Damnation Cailon the rock is talcose slate,
with numerous quartz veins of great width and reputed richness in the
precious metals. AVhile the veins have a bearing in the main approximating
to the meridian, the trend of the State is from north-east to
south-west.
From the caHon above noted, which is on the twenty-sixth mile of
the boundary from the angle in Lake Tahoe, and through which a considerable
stream of water flows in a northwesterly direction to the
Truckee, a few miles below, the trachj^te again occurs and continues to
thirty-eight chains on the thirty-fi^^st mile, where a large quartz vein is
met Avith, and Avhich probably occurs at or near the junction of the
trachyte with granite, as the latter rock is soon after observed along the

56
canon of the Truckee, forming a portion of its walls and underlying the
bed of the river.
The Truckee, from the point where it debouches from the lake to
O'lSTeil's Station, on the Henness Pass Eoad, flows through a deep. bold,,
rocky canon, the lower portion of which, as has been stated, is composed
of granite, while the higher peaks and mountains adjoining are trap,
trachyte, etc.
There is a considerable valley on the Truckee, beginning at a point
some eight or ten miles from the lake, and extending to within three or
four miles of the boundary. It is in its course through this valley that
the Truckee receives the outlets of Donner and Truckee Lakes, as also
several smaller streams. This valley, which is of considerable extent,
has received the name of Squaw Valley, and is attracting the attention
of the public on account of the numerous quartz veins which have
recently been found there, and which are believed to be rich in gold and
silver, but principally the latter. Several town sites have been located
and surveyed in the vicinity of the new mines, and all the most valuable
timber and ranch lands claimed. Of the real value of this as a mineral
region, but little can be definitely determined in the present undeveloped
state of the district. These mines are upon the slate formation described
on the boundary line from Juniper Creek to Damnation Canon.
The surrounding country is heavily timbered, and the streams afford
abundant power for mechanical purposes. Good meadow lands are
abundant in the smaller valleys.
From the lower end of this valley to O'Neil's, the caiion of the Truckee
is narrow and rugged, with but little or no bottoms. But at this latter
point the river makes a sudden deflection to the eastward into the sage
plains of the Great Basin, which course it holds for a distance of nearly
thirty miles, when it again turns to the northward, and after passing
through another deep caiion, is finallj^ poured into Pyramid Lake, from
which there is no outlet.
Some twelve miles below O'Neil's, are the Big Meadows, lying partly
upon the Truckee and partly upon Steamboat Creek, the outlet of Washoe
Lake, which finds its way into the river at this point.
From the Big Meadows, for some eight miles, the river runs through a
rocky canon, but of sufiicient margin to admit the passage of a wagon or
railroad secure from the influence of the river at an}' stage of its waters.
It is through this canon, in fact, and along this river, from the lower
crossing to Squaw Valley, and from thence via Donner Lake through the
Donner Pass to the Valley of the Sacramento, that the route of the
Pacific Eailroad is proposed to be located.
From the crossing of the Truckee, by the line to Ball's Station, the
trachytic formation described south of the stream is found occurring
again, but at the latter point gives place to a brecciated conglomerate,
which continues to Dog Creek, the outlet of the waters of Dog Valley,
on the fortieth mile.
At Ball's Station, which is situated on the Henness Pass Road from
California to Nevada Territory, the mountains are comparativelj' low,
and covered with a heavy growth of timber.
From Dog Valley Creek to the head of Long Valley, the formation is
trap, changing to more recent volcanic lavas at the latter point.
From the forty-fourth to the forty-eighth mile, near the Antelope
Ranch Station, on the Honey Lake and Washoe Road, the country is
level, comprising a small 1)asin-like valley, in the eastern portion of
which a small alkali lake is situated. A large portion of this valley is

57
occupied by meadow lands, and its formation undeterminable fi'om the
amount and character of tlie superficial accumulations.
From Antelope Eanch the line passes along the base of a range of
granite mountains, which, beginning at a ])oint about one mile north of
the small alkali lake just described, at the head of Long Valley, continues
east of and parallel with the boundarj^, to the end of the fiftyeighth
mile. The Avcstcrn slope of this range is much broken by ravines
which furrow its side. It is destitute of water, and only here and there
do you find a stunted juniper bush, or a straggling nut pine.
From the fifty-eighth to the sixty-first mile we intersected Long Valley,
leaving it again at the latter named distance, and continued across
low hills and dry ravines for four miles, to the mouth of Dry Valley, on
the sixtj^-fifth mile.
This valley is about three miles wide, and some-fifteen miles long from
east to west, abounding in wild rye in the bottom, and bunch grass upon
the sides of the surrounding hills. It is destitute of water, except upon
the slopes of the hills on the south, where a few springs of good water
are found. It opens into Long Valley, which from this point bears to
the north-west into the Valley of Hone}' Lake, twelve or fifteen miles
below.
Long Valley is about sixty miles in length, vaiying in width from one
to five miles. This valley lies between the Sierras on the west, and the
granite range already described upon the east, commencing in the mountains,
near O'Neil's. In fact the water shed between this and the Valley
of the Truckee, is not more than two miles from the above named
station.
During the wet season there is a small stream running its entire
length, but at other times water is found only in deep holes, and is
strongly alkaline. In its lower jjortion are numerous hot springs, the
most celebrated of which are on the ranch of John Eobinson, some
twenty-five chains west of the line, near the end of the sixty-third mile.
This valley contains a fair amount of agricultural lands, with fine meadows
of native grass and clover. Snow seldom remains in the valley for
any considerable length of time. The whole valley is settled and improved,
and considerable stock is raised and kept in it.
The Honey Lake Eoad from Washoe passes nearly through its entire
length, and about midway is the Beckwith Pass of the Sierras, opening
from it into Sierra Valley, California, and through which runs the Beckwith
Pass Eoad.
The vallej^ in the lower portions is destitute of timber, but the Sierras
on the Avest furnish an abundant supply of this important article, with
sufficient water-power for its manufacture. The mountains upon the oast
have already been described as being destitute of both timber and
water. This is true of their western slope, but upon their eastern slope
there is some yellow pine, numerous springs, and several small streams,
as also much excellent grass and a few native meadows. To the eastward,
and between Long Valley and Pja'amid Lake, are a succession of
similar ranges with intervening valleys, the most inconsiderable of
which is Winnemucca Valley, named from the celebrated Chief of the
Pi Ute Indians.
As we have now fairly entered upon the desert plains of the Great
American Basin, it may be well, at this jjoint, to notice the leading characteristics
of this singular country.
The end of the forty-third mile marks the limits of the tall pines and

58
heavy forests of the Sierras, with their numerous springs and streams of
the purest water. On the one hand and on the other are the dry arid
plains of the Great Basin, with their vast extent of alkali deserts, their
rough and timberless volcanic hills and lava covered plateaus, their numerous
mineral and hot springs, destitute for the most part of anything;
that tends to impress the mind with that idea of pleasure and satisfac
tion which is imparted to it in a country covered with a verdant and 1
luxuriant vegetation; and while it is confessed that its hills and moun-tains
are filled with the precious metals in the most lavish abundavice,
the whole country appears as if the Creator had cursed the woi'ks of his
own hand, until every feature bears the marks of hai-shness, sterility, and
desolation.
It is a fact Avorthy of mention in a description of this region, that the '
pinon, (nut pine), Pinui Edidus of botanists, which is first met with among
the low hills on the eastern slope of the Rock}- Mountains, is nowhere '
found west of the Sierras, or even on their eastern slope, on the granitic i
formation of these mountains pi'oper, although it is sometiines met with
upon spurs, from the more recent formation of the Great Basin, in close
proximit}^ to them.
This tree was not met with on the survey north of Honey Lake Valley,
although the juniper {J. Occidentalis) was found as far north af^ the Oregon
boundary, and Lieutenant Williamson mentions it as occurring upon
the Klamath Eiver, still further north.
From the end of the sixty-sixth mile to the seventy-fourth, we run
over a high isolated mountain, between Long and Dr}^ Valleys and Honey
Lake Valley. This mountain has a granitic base, but the higher portions
and summits are covered with basaltic peaks, which in some j^laces
appi'oach to the columnar structure.
The most notable of these peaks is one described in the field notes of
the survey by the name of Boundary Peak, from its close proximity to
the line, and which readily serves to mark its position for a great distance.
The base of this mountain is dry, with a moderate growth of juniper,
but above the granite there are several springs, and one or two small
streams flowing down its northern slope, and while the juniper disappears
in the vicinity of the basalt, its place is supplied by a most luxuriant
growth of bunch grass which covers the summit.
From the seventy-fourth to the eighty-ninth mile we passed across the
eastern portion of Honey Lake Valley, and, at the nearest point, about
five miles from the lake.
This portion of the valley is a level alkaline j^lain or bottom, but a few
feet above the lake at ordinary stages, and during the season of high
water, is not unfrequently submerged, and it is even claimed that the
waters of this lake are sometimes connected with those of Gwin and
Pyramid Lakes, through the low pass uj^on the cast of the former, whicli
is not improbable, as this pass is but a portion of the same plain which
we have been describing.
The entire length of Honey Lake Vallej', in the level portion of it, is
about sixty miles from cast to west, and its width from north to south
from fifteen to twenty miles.
The greater portion of this valley from the head of the lake eastward
is dry and barren, and destitute of vegetation for the most part, except
sage brush and grcascwood. Numerous hot springs abound in some parts
of this valley, especially upon the north side, and near the cast end of the
lake.
. . ! .

59
Near the Sierras on the west and south-west of the lake, as also on the
Susan Eiver, which empties into the lake on the north, are excellent agricultural
lands, nearly all of which are under a high state of cultivation,
largely remunerating their owners for the lahor bestowed upon them.
The mountains abound in heavy forests of excellent timber, and the
streams from them aiford sufficient power to operate mills, several having
already been constructed, which are now manufacturing lumber and
sending it to Humboldt and other portions of the countiy. Fine crops
of wheat, corn, oats, and barley are produced, and vegetables of all kinds
grow luxuriantly.
There are strong evidences that this valley, as also those of Pyramid
and the Mud Lakes, if not others adjoining, have at some remote period
formed an inland sea. Such evidences are found in the existence of coral
reefs in these basins at an altitude much above the present level of the
lakes.
At High Eock Spring occurs one of those singular formations, consisting
of a reef some five hundred feet in length and thirty to forty feet in
height. Other reefs of less extent occur in other parts of Honey Lake
Valley. Among these, two varieties were noted : astrea ananis and syringapora
romulosa. These formations will be noted again in the description
of Mono Lake and Yalley, where thej^ occur more abundantly, both
in the lake, and on the shore at a great elevation above the water.
Honej^Lake, so called from an excretion produced from a small insect,
and popularly known as the " honey-dew," is about twelve miles long by
six to eight in width. Its waters are shallow and strongly alkaline.
Upon one or two occasions its bed became nearl}^ dr}'-, A full and complete
map of this valley will be furnished from such data as will give a
correct idea of everything of importance connected with it.
From the eighty-ninth to the one hundred and forty-seventh mile, the
country consists of plateaus, and is almost entirely of volcanic oi-igin ;
it is quite destitute of timber, juniper 07ili/hGmg found in small quantities,
sometimes only a single individual or two being met with for ten or
twelve miles; again, considerable quantities are found in moi^e favorable
localities, the most considerable of Avhich is on the southern slope of the
hills to the northward of Painter Yalley, and a second body of some extent
north of Big Cailon, on the one hundred and forty-second mile.
This plateau consists of volcanic lavas and scoria ; sometimes occurring
in hoi-izental layers of great thickness, sometimes broken up in
rough and irregular masses of great height; again, the surface is strewn
with boulders of scoria, and deep, yielding beds of ashes.
Numerous abrupt canons traverse this plateau in every direction.
The first considerable one is that of Smoke Creek, through which the
Humboldt and Honey Lake "Wagon Eoad passes, affording the most feasible
and direct route between the two sections. This canon opens to the
east into the valley of the Mud Lakes. The road continues up it for
only about six miles, Avhen it leaves the main caiion to the right, and
follows the canon of Eush Creek, a branch of Smoke Creek, and from
the head of this, passing a low divide, follows down other canons to
Honey Lake Valley.
There are several stations along this road, one near the line, which is
noted in the field notes of the survey.
The second is that of Painter Valley and Creek, and which in some
portions is from five to eight miles in width, forming a considerable valley,
by the name above given, and across which the line passes for some
distance; in some portions of this valley there is considerable grass, and

60
a small stream of water. This valley ojjens through a narrow portion of
the canon into the same valley as that of Smoke Creek.
The third is a very deep canon, on the one hundred and forty-second
mile. This canon is about one mile in width, and opens from the valley
of the Mud Lakes westward into the Madelaine Plains, which lie to the
west of the plateau, and between it and the Sierras.
These plains are of considerable extent, but as they were not visited
by our party, a full description cannot be given here ;
they are believed,
however, to consist of a dry and arid waste, covered with sage brush
and wild rye, with no considerable interest attaching to them.
Throughout the plateau of which we have been speaking, water is
found in considerable quantities, more than would at first be supposed,
judging from the general character of the country, and its occurrence 1
here must be attributed mainly to the semi-stratificacion of the beds of
lava which we have already described, and along the line of which most
of the springs are found to originate.
To the east of this plateau, distant from four to eight miles, lies the
great Valley of the Mud Lakes, which is too well known to need a description
here. In a small canon to the north of Deep Canon a sandstone
rock was observed, probably of the Devonian series, but even here
the surface was covered with a cap of volcanic rock, and it is not improb- •
able that this formation extends over a large portion of the plateau, and .
"which is merely covered with this capping of volcanic rock. In the
vicinity of vents, however, this and other formations have been much
broken up and displaced by the igneous force.
From the one hundred and forty-seventh to the one hundred and
eightieth mile, the line passes through the eastern j)ortion of a large and
fertile valley, named by parties who have visited it before, Surprise Val-
ley, Nightingill Valley, etc. The former name has been adojDted by the :
survey as an appropriate one, and which has become more familiar to the :
public than any other.
This valley is about fifty miles long, north and south, its width varying
from ten to twelve miles from the base of the mountains, and twenty
to twenty-five from their summits.
Three considerable lakes occup}^ a portion of this valley, designated
as First, Second and Third Lake, counting from the southern part of the
valley. The First and Second are connected by a narrow channel, some
two miles in length. The Third is separated from the Second by a low
sandy ridge, not more than three miles in width.
These lakes are fed by numerous streams from the mountains on the
west of the valley, but as they have no outlet, the water is strongly impregnated
with mineral substances, mostly alkaline. Their aggregate
length cannot be far from forty miles. The valley upon the east side of
the lakes is barren and alkaline, and the mountains for the most part
destitute of water and timber, there being only a few hot springs, and a
few scattering junijiers.
But strangely in contrast with this sterility are the rich and fertile
meadows of the western portion. On the east, you ride along a narrow
bottom between the mountains and the lakes, into the soft sand and
ashes of which your animal sinks at every step, not unfrequently falling
at length, as he, too, suddenly strives to gain a surer footing by turning
aside upon more inviting and often more treacherous ground. There is
no grass, and only a stunted growth of the desert-loving sage brush and
greasovvood, from which oven the rabbit and sago hen have fled.
If water is met with at all, it is hot and alkaline, and only at two or
,

61
three points is there sufficient grass for a train of animals. But on the
west, for more than sixty miles by the windings of the valley, your route
is tlirough extensive meadows of the finest grass and clover, growing
with a luxuriance and profusion that appears almost tropical in its charactor.
You force your animal with difficulty into the tangled mass of
clover, grass, and peavine before you, and perhaps a few yards further
on 3^ou are completel}^ enveloped in the dense mass ai'ound, which often
reaches above your head, even when mounted on horseback, and through
which you find it difficult to direct your course without the aid of a com-
[pass—for these meadows often stretch away in unbroken line for many
miles around you. Streams of the purest water come dancing down
over beds of gravel from the mountains above, where their fountains
leap forth from the regions of eternal snow.
Herds of antelope and deer are seen grazing in the rich pastures
which these meadows afford, and flocks of sage hens are constantly
wliirring up before j^ou. The streams abound in fish, and furnish an
abundant supply of water for agricultural and mechanical purposes.
The mountains are covered with a heavj^ forest of pine and fir, and
all along their slopes to their very summits they are covered with grass.
The amount of arable land in this valley cannot fall much short of
one hundred thousand acres. G-ood roads can readily be opened into it
through several prominent passes, from all portions of the surrounding
country—in fact, the old Lassen Immigrant Eoad passes through a portion
of it. The timber on some portions of the mountains niust be considerably
nearer to the Humboldt mines than any other now known.
In the southwestern part of this valley, at the base of a low volcanic
mountain, and near the shore of the first lake, within the distance of
some two miles, are not less than a hundred hot springs, while above,
and but a short distance from them, is a small lake of pure, cold water.
The geological formation of this valley and adjoining mountains differs
from any heretofore met with on the boundary. The mountains
upon the south, as previously stated, are of volcanic origin ; but those
upon the west, and a portion of the eastern range, are stratified, showing
the Devonian and Carboniferous series.
These formations have but little dip, and if they were not intersected
by numerous fractures which have been much denuded by the elements,
they would present the appearance of a high table mountain, such being
their real structure, modified, as we have seen, by fractures and denuda-
tion.
The inclination of the strata is from the valley on either side, thus
making this basin to rest upon an anticlinal axis. The summits of these
mountains, as also their slopes, in many places, are strewn with volcanic
scoria and ashes.
From the character of the formation above given, they could hardly
be considered, even in the absence of other evidences, as belonging to the
Sierra Nevada range, although much doubt seems to exist in the mind of
the public as to their true position.
I am inclined to regard them as a separate and distinct range, and
would suggest that they be given an appropriate and distinguishmg
name.
From the one hundred and eightieth mile to the Oregon boiindary, a
distance of twenty-seven miles, the country is quite uniform in its physical
features, and the character of its formation ;
the surface is rough and
broken, with scattering juniper, and in that portion around Crane Lake,

62
which occurs on the two hundred and third mile, there is considerable
grass, both in the small vallej's and upon the surrounding hills.
Near the one hundred and eightieth mile is a considerable stream,
flowing from the higher portions of the mountains east of Surprise Valley,
but which loses itself in the foot hills nearer the Lake.
A considerable stream finds its way into Crane Lake from the Avest.
This lake, which is some two or three miles long and one or two miles
wide, has an outlet to the north-east, flowing into another stream near
the Oregon State line. On the west side of the lake, at the mouth ofi
the stream mentioned above, is a fine meadow, of limited extent.
At the termination of the line on the Oregon boundary, a considerable
river, from the mountains on the west, flows through a deep rocky canon
to the eastward of the line for about two miles, and then bears to the
northward as far as we could trace its course with the eye ; still further
to the northward high table mountains are visible, probably a continuation
of those on the west of Surprise Yalley.
Looking to the north-east, a lone butte lifts its head far above the surrounding
country ; eastward, the country is rough and mountainous.
Between Surprise Valley and Crane Lake the hills are smooth and
rounded, and their sui-faces covered with water-worn gravel. This portion
has but little timber, but abounds in fine bunch grass.
This whole section, between the main ranges on either side, is of volcanic
origin.
The entire region of countrj^ appears to be well adapted to stock raising,
and would seem to invite an early and profitable settlement.
From Honey Lake to the Oregon line, there are but few indications of:
metallic deposits.
A few veins of jasper occur south of Deep Carton, but gave no indica
tions of metal. Obsidian is an abundant product of the country fromj
Honey Lake to the Oregon line, and in one instance, a beautiful agate
was found on the shore of Second Lake, in Surprise Valley. Cornelians
occur in great quantities near the line, on the north shore of Lake Tahoej
the specimens, however, were generally small.
No other minerals worthy of note were observed on the northern trip
^;

FROM THE DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OF THE SURVEY.
SOUTHERN LINE.
From the intersection of the thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude
with the one hundred and twentieth meridian of west longitude, the
southern portion of the boundary line makes an angle with the meridian
of 48° 56' 45", constantly varj'ing in its bearing as it approaches the
Colorado Eiver. in latitude 35° north and longitude 114° 36' west, as
determined b}^ certain geodetic principles. Four miles and thirty-two
chains of the line fall within the lake.
From the shore, which at this point is the most southeasterly portion
of the lake, and which is here marked by a low, sandy beach for about
one mile, the country is low and level, being but a few feet above the
AVater; the soil consists of sand and gravel, and is terraced by what
appears to have been former beaches of the lake.
This portion of Lake Yalley is covered with a moderately heavy growth
of timber, mostly yellow pine, while frequent intervals of low, wet
marshes occur, surrounded by belts of Cembra pine (Pinus Cemhrokles).
The Kingsbury & McDonald "Wagon Eoad— (road from Placerville to
Carson)— passes through this valley, crossing the line near Lapham's
Station. From this station another road follows along the lake shore to
the Lake House, uniting with the main road again at Hawthorne's, three
miles from Yank's Station. About one and a half miles from the line, on
the road to Carson Valley, a new road diverges from the old at Friday's
and passing along the shore of the lake for ten or twelve miles,
crosses the summit of the mountains on the Johnson Pass, and descends
King's Caiion to Carson City.
the distance of about one mile from the lake, following the course
the line, the surface is broken by low benches and knobs of gi-anite
for about one mile further on, where the steep ascent of the eastern sum-
I Station,
I
1 through
; At
\ of
I
i mit
of the Sierra Nevadas commences. At six miles and a half the
highest point of these mountains is reached, whence they descend abruptly
to the eastward; while the summit or divide is not passed until
the line reaches the eleventh mile.
The following data may serve to give an idea of the abrupt descent of
these mountains on their eastern slope :

64
Job's Peak, a high mountain situated directly in the eastern summit, is
upwards of five thousand feet above Carson Valley at its base, and yet
the entire descent is made in little less than two and a half miles in a
direct line, being more than two thousand feet per mile. The foot of the
mountains is reached on the fifteenth mile, and from this point a sage
brush plain descends gradually to the west branch of Carson Eiver, ou
the nineteenth mile.
The line crosses the Immigrant Eoad to California (Big Tree Koute)
near the house of Captain Smith, passing through his ranch, as also that
of a Mr. Gibbs.
The Sierra Nevadas, as their name implies, are marked upon their outline
by rough or serrated peaks, the higher ones being covered with
snow throughout the greater portion of, and in many instances, the entire
year. Owing to the friable character of the rock of which they are
here composed, they present but few bold escarpments and high, spirelike
peaks that form such distinguishing features in other portions of
these mountains. Their summits and slopes, as upon the north of Lake
Tahoe, are covered with timber, with but little undergrowth, except in
the more open places, where a dense, low growth of manzanita, mountain
mahogany, and dwarf oak is found. Among the timber of these
mountains, by far the greater and most valuable portion consists of pines,
several siDecies of which are found. The most considerable of these is
the common "yellow" or pitch pine, (^Pinas Bracliyptcra , also called
P. Ponderosa,) which is met with in great abundance near the base and
on the lower slopes of the mountains, as also in the valley about Lake
Tahoe, and in the lower passes and benches near their summits.
What is probably another species of this pine occurs here, which has
been described by Doctor Bigelow ''as a large tree with a lighter colored
bark than the P. Brachyptera." Lumbermen make a distinction between
the trees, and they are probably distinct species ; the difference in the
external appearance of the two species is more marked in the older trees
than in the young pines. The sugar pine (P. Lamhertina) is found in small
numbei'S in these mountains, usually at considerable heights above their
base, as is also the fir, two species of which are found here^( Ptcea
Grandus and P. Nohiles), and the white cedar, {L. Pecurreus.) Upon
the summits a dwarfed growth of pine occurs, {Pinus Ocmhroides,) which
was noticed as occurring on the margin of the marshes in Lake Valley,,
but which here has a gnarled and stunted growth. Upon their northern
sides and near their summits, almost in the region of pei'petual snow, .i
you find the Douglas spruce (Abies Duuglasie.') Along the streams and
in the vicinity of springs, aspen, (Pojmhis Tre?ntdoides,) alder, (Algiis
Oregona,) and willow, occur, with an occasional native meadow; and yet,
upon the whole, these mountains present a desolate and uninviting appearance,
much of their surface, even among the timber, being covered
with a course, arid sand, thus preventing the growth of the more delicate
members of the vegetable kingdom, Avhich, in favorable situations, give
such rich and endless variety of flowers and velvet lawns.
These mountains are of igneous origin, consisting entirely, in this
portion of them, of a coarse, friable, feldspathic granite, which undergoes
a rapid disintegration by the elemental action even of such a climate
as they possess. Owing to the general absence of rain, and the
gradual melting of the snows, only a comparatively small portion of the
disintegrated matter is borne down to the valleys, the greater portion
remaining upon the surface. Sometimes, upon the steeper slopes, this
Band moves slowly down by the force of gravity, like an Alpine glacier,

G5
until its progress is arrested by a less precipitous descent or some intervcninu-
object. The granite peculiar to these mountains is met with in
low hills and detached knobs in a few places in Carson Valley, and also
upon one or two occasions east of Carson Eiver, but it soon gives place
to a different formation.
At*the base of the Sierras on the east—here, as at the head of Long
Yalley, on the northern trip—wo leave the region of timber and enter
the Gi'eat Basin, with its volcanic hills, alkali deserts, and sage brush
plains. The West Branch of the Carson, which is crossed on the nineteenth
mile, rises in the Sierras about twenty miles south of the line,
and after uniting with the East Branch some six or eight miles below,
flows through the entire length of Carson Valley. The West Branch is
about fifty feet wide, and from one to two feet deep. Carson Valley is
about thirty miles in length, exclusive of that portion above the line.
The arable portion is about eight miles wide. It is settled, and many
fine ranches may bo seen throughout its entire extent. The Aurora and
Carson Eoad passes through it. Genoa and Mottsville are situated in
this valley—one about three miles below, and the other about the same
distance above the entrance of the Kingsbury Grade into it.
From the West to the East Carson the distance is four miles and
twenty-four chains. This branch is somewhat larger than the western,
and like it, rises iu the Siei'ras, but from its source to within a few miles
of its junction with the West Branch, it flows through a deep rocky canon.
From the East Carson to the West Walker the ph^-sical features of the
country arc similar to those between the forks of the Carson—in both
cases consisting of low rough mountains and ridges, void of any features
of prominent interest. The timber is piilon or nut pine, (F. Eduhn^.) described
upon the noi'thern trijD, and which here grows more abundantly,
and juniper, (.7. ParJii/j^ktea,) a variety differing somewhat from Junlperux
OccidentdlU, growing to a less height, more generally scrubby, with numerous
trunks from the same root, or, what is more frequently' the case,
branching heavih' near the ground. The nuts of the piiion are abundant
in this section of countr}', as also throughout the entire portion of
country from Cai'son Valley to the White Mountains, and are eagerh'
sought after by Indians, who not unfrequently come from great distances
to gather them for theit" winter food.
From the West to the East Carson, the formation is probably talcose
slate, interspersed with numerous veins of quartz, of such vast extent
that they appear to be hy far the greater portion of the formation. The
veins have a general bearing with the meridian. Between the East Carson
and West Walker they are less numerous, and finalh' disappear upon
approaching the latter stream. Following up the Carson, however, they
extend into the Mogul and Silver Mountain Districts, and are here said
to be rich in the precious nietals. Serpentine was met with near the
West Carson, while trachyte, augite, trap, chickstone, volcanic lavas,
and finally, as the descent Avas made into the Valley of the West Walker,
coal shales were found.
From the base of the mountains to the West Walker, a distance of
four miles, the bottom is nearly level, and in that portion nearest the
mountains are considerable meadows, in Avhat is known as Alkali Valle}'.
There is a small lake in the northern portion, from which the valley derives
its name.
In the vicinity of the line are numerous springs; in some of them the

66
water is pure and cold, while in others it is warm and slightly alkaline,
and generally throughout the Great Basin, among the vast number of its
thermal springs, but few are found that are not mineral—most frequently
alkaline in character.
The Valley of the West Walker—that is, this portion of it, (for it is
divided into numerous sections by ridges that traverse it, and tki'ough
which the river finds its way in narrow, rocky caiions,)—is about thirty
miles long, from north to south, and from eight to ten miles in width,
from east to west. Above this, and lying at the foot of the Sieri-as, is
another considerable valle}', with a rich soil, and numerous streams from
the mountains, which latter are covered with heavy forests of pine, fir,
etc. Below, commencing at Wellington's Station, on the Esmeralda
Eoad, and including that of Desert Creek, is another large and fertile
valley, but destitute of timber, except the piiion and juniper of the surrounding
hills, which is valuable for fuel on]3\ Still farther down this
branch, and near its confluence with the East Walker, occurs another
valley, similar in character to the one just described. \Yest of the valley,
upon the line and among the mountains, is a small valle}', some
seven miles in length and two in width. It is settled, and produces considerable
hay. It is known as Slingert's Valley, from one of its pioneer
settlers of that name.
From the West to the East Walker, exclusive of four miles from the
former stream, a distance of twenty-four and one quarter miles, the
country again becomes rough and mountainous, rising somewhat gradually
for nine or ten miles over a succession of ridges, and then more
abruptly, to a high spur from the Sierras. Three of the highest peaks
in the spur are known as the Three Sisters. The southern, and highest,
of these, has an elevation of eleven thousand seven hundred and forty-
two feet above the sea level. The line passes between the southern and I
middle of these peaks. These mountains, and also the lower hills at
their base, are covered with a heavy growth of juniper and piiion.
Several small streams which have their source here flow eastward into
the Walker. The formation in the lower portions of this spur appears
to consist principall}^ of shales of the carboniferous series, while in the
higher portions metamorphic and trappean rocks occur, to which supersede
more recent volcanic rocks and lavas as the approach is made to
the canon of the East Walker, on the sixty-second mile, which at this
point is narrow and deep, but soon spreads out into a considei*able valle}^,
including that of the Sweet Water Creek, the principal one of those
mentioned as having their sources in the mountains of the Three Sisters.
A few miles above, at the confluence of and upon the principal tributaries
of the East Walker, are the " Big Meadows." This valley, inclusive
of the Meadows, which occupy about one third part of it, is some
six miles wide by eighteen in length, exclusive of the mountain slopes.
There are but few families at present in this valley, although it is estimated
to contain a population of one hundred and fifty persons.
The mountains on the west contain several patches of excellent timber,
and there ai"e now in operation upon the streams in this vicinity foun
saw mills, with one lath and two shingle machines, which, with theirj
present working capacity, will manufacture annually from four to five*
million feet of lumlter, besides a large amount of lath and shingles. The
products of these mills, as Avell as considerable quantities of hewn tim-
ber, find a ready market in Aurora at remunerative prices; but even at:
the present rate of consumption, the suppl}-, owing to its limited extcnt,[
must become exhausted in a few years, when Aurora will be compelled toi
^

67
look to ptlier sources for its supi^ly of lumber. Fortunately for the prospective
interests of that place, an extensive tract of timbered land is found
to the south of Mono Lake, easy of access, and but little more remote
than that of the Big Meadows. There is, however, a scarcity of water
in the latter tract, and steam power will be required to operate the machinery
necessary to its manufacture. It is estimated that about thirteen
hundred tons of hay were cut from the Big Meadows this present season
; this hay sells in Aurora at from sixtj'-fivo to one hundred dollars
per ton. The climate of this valley is unfavorable to the production of
vegetables, and even cereals are sometimes injured by frosts which not
uufrequently occur here even during the summer months.
JSTumerous hot springs are met with at the foot of the mountains
around this valley; some of the tufaceous formations of these sprino-s
are perhaps the most remarkable in the world. Mural shaped masses,
from ten to twenty feet high ai-e here formed from the mineral substances
held in solution by the thermal waters of these springs, which are j^recipitated
almost immediately upon their contact with the atmosphere. The
longitudinal axes of some of these walls are from one to five hundred feet
in length, while the transverse ones are not more than ten feet ; the summit
is crowned with a semi-cylindrical roof, which gives to the whole
more the appearance of the work of art than a mere accident of nature.
Running through the longer axis of this wall is a fracture from four
inches to a foot in Avidth, over the walls of which the water flows producing
this singular formation. Where the action of the water has
ceased, along the line of the fracture, the opening has been filled by a
deposit diifering but little from its inclosing walls, save that it is finer,
and more compact in its texture.
These springs are situated in a basin-shaped depression, and probably
occupy the crater of an extinct volcano.
From the sources of the West Carson to Owen's Lake, and probably
for a much greater distance south, the Sierras consist of a single range,
broken by deep caiions, and thrown up in high, sharp, angular peaks,
which latter feature has gained for them in many jolaces the names of
" Castle Peaks," " Castle Mountains," etc., from their many bold bastions,
high, frowning walls, and overhanging towers, which are everywhere
abundant, especially in that portion of them on the west of the " Meadow^s."
The principal peaks have a general elevation of about ten or
twelve thousand feet above the level of the sea, and are covered in the
more sheltered places with a cap of perpetual snow.
A stunted growth of cembra pine is met with, even upon the loftiest
peaks, when not actually covered with snow, but so dwarfed and gnarled
in its appearance, that it is difficult to distinguish the branches from the
roots of the recumbent tree. There is but little timber on the eastern
slojje of these mountains, and this occurs in small patches near their
base.
The coarse, feldspatic granite which was observed near Lake Tahoe
is here replaced by a hard, compact, porph^a-itic granite, which withstands
the Avar of elements and the ravages of time, and lifts up its gigantic
spires and battling walls in forms of wild sublimity and awful
grandeur. Serpentine and sienite are found near the base of the mountains.
To the south and on the east of the Meadows the country- is of
volcanic origin, and the hills are covered with a heavy groM^th of nut
pine and juniper; compact lavas and trachyte are the more common
forms of rock ; an escarpment of sandstone appears near the Aurora
Road, but no distinguishing features were observed sufficient to mark the

68
period of its formation; near the southern portion of the valiej'' are detached
hills of breccia, probably of volcanic origin.
From the East Walker to the Valley of Mono Lake, on the eighty-fifth
mile, the formation is the same as that described on the east of the Big
Meadows. Granite, however, is met with on the sixty-seventh mile, in Castle
Caiion, and to the south-west of the latter j^oint is a high mountain of
this formation. Quartz veins are numerous in this vicinity, both in the
granite and adjoining metamorphic rocks. These veins are wide and extensive,
but give only slight indications of mineral, except iron pyrites,
which are very abundant in them. On the seventy-second mile is Rough
Canon, through which flows a small stream of water of the same name.
A short distance above the point where the line crosses this caiion, the
road from the Big Meadows to Aurora enters it, and following up it for
some distance, passes over a plateau for a few miles, when it enters
Bodie Canon and descends it in the direction of Aurora.
Above and below the line in Rough Caiion are many veins of quartz
some of them below are claimed to be rich. Some eight miles above and
south of the line in Bodie Caiion, on the seventy-sixth mile, are tlie Bodie
Mines, which are being worked with a favorable prospect of their future
wealth.
Some tAVO or three miles below the line in the same caiion begin the
quartz mills of the Esmeralda Mines, extending through a portion of
this and Esmeralda Ravine to the town of Aurora.
Many of these mills are small and imperfect in their construction, having
been built, it would appear, more with a view to test the quality of
the rock than to work the ore from the mines; their richness having
been satisfactorily determined, however, the erection of larger and better
mills was commenced. Some of this latter class are now in operation,
working to the entire satisfaction of both the OAvners and the
miners, producing large yields from the better class of rock. There are
in and about Aurora fourteen mills, all operated by steam; they contain s
in the aggregate one hundred and fifty stamps, with a crushing power of ^
about two hundred tons per day.
Of the mines in this place much remains to be developed, but few
claims having as yet been Avorked in such a manner or to an extent sufficient
to prove their rm/ value.
Of the wealth of this district, hoAvever, there ai'e sufficient reasons for
forming a faA^orable opinion ; many of the lodes are undoubtedly rich in
both silver and gold.
Much confusion and difficulty exists in regard to the identity and
direction of the lodes, and, unhappily, much litigation is the result of
these doubts.
The lodes are irregular and confined, and consequently must, in the
present undcA^eloped state of niining operations, give rise to much confusion
and needless expenditure.
A thorough system of mining, under the general superintendence of a (
skilful Engineer, combining both theory and practice, Avould aid much
in the development of these mines.
From Bodie Creek to the Aurora Road, on the eightieth mile, the line
passes across Mount Braly, leaving the Town of Aurora some three and
one third miles in the Tcrritor}'^ of Nevada.
From Castle Caiion to tliis point the country is rough and barren, but \
from this road to the end of the eighty-fourth mile the hills are covered :
with a heavy growth of nut pine and juni])er. The entire formation is ;
A'olcanic; trachyte, lava, and metamorphic rock abound.
;

From the eiglity-fourtli to the eighty-ninth mile the line passes across
a portion of Mono Valley, which, from the base of the Sierras on the
west to this point is about twenty-four miles in length, and varies
in width from eight to fifteen miles. The greater portion of the valley
unoccupied by the lake is a dry sandy plain covered with a thick growth
of sage brush, Avith scattering junipers in the north-eastern portion.
Mono Lake lies at the foot of the Sierras on the east, and occujiies the
western portion of the valley. It is fourteen miles long from east to
west, and its greatest width is nine and one half miles. There are two
islands in this lake, apparently of recent volcanic origin, as will hereafter
be shown.
The waters of this lake are alkaline, and teem with myriads of insects
of a novel kind, while swarms of a peculiar kind of fly throng the shore
or repose upon the rocks beneath the water—for such are their habits
that they sink beneath and emerge from the water as safety or appetite
directs their movements.
It has been stated that the waters of this lake are alkaline, but such
is the character of most of the lakes throughout the Crreat Basin. In
the case before us, we have, as it were, a concentration of all the alkaline
elements combined. Not even the Dead Sea of Palestine can stirpass
its waters in bitterness. A few streams of fresh water from the
mountains feed it, but it has no outlet. The shore is low and uninteresting
in its general appearance, and might be entirely so, were it not
for a few important features connected with it. In the water, frequently
rising ten or tAvelve feet above its surface, and all along the shore, as
also for miles back from it, varying in elevation from the water line to
hundreds of feet above it, are reefs of coral rock, the product of a
species of infusiora now living and building up their stony habitations
in the waters of this singular lake. The highest point at which these
reefs were observed could not have been less than three hundred feet
above the present level of the lake, and which must have been formed
when this portion of the country was submerged. Whether the waters
of the lake have subsided, or the whole country has been gradually lifted
up out of the water, ma}' be more a matter of speculation than interest,
for in either case the evidences would be similar. But the coral reefs
are not the only evidences of this change in the relative height of the
land and waterl^ for a succession of beaches in regular outline rise one
above another as they recede from the shore, as distinct and traceable
as the furrows in a plowed field, until thej' are marked upon the surrounding
hills at a great height above the lake.
Ul50n"the smaller of the two islands in the lake, which is the crater,
apparently, of a recent volcano, the water line is marked at only about
tAventy-two feet above the lake, while the cone of the crater rises nearly
three 'hundred feet above it. At this water line the lava is abruptly
broken oft', as if the molten mass had suddenlj^ been cooled beneath the
waves.
From the eighty-ninth mile to the foot of the White Mountains, the
countr}' is covered with a heav}' growth of nut jnue and juniper, destitute
of grass, and without water. The whole extent is marked by a
succession of ridges, having a northeast and southwest direction. The
rock is volcanic lava. Among these hills, and some four miles from the
line, in California, is a valley about twelve miles wide by fourteen in
length, called Adobe Meadows. There is a small stream flowing into
this valley from the southwest. In the eastern and northeastern por-

70
tious are some small alkaline lakes. The road from Aurora to the settlements
in Owens' Eiver Yalle}^ passes through these meadows.
MONUMEE TS
The first monument was set at thirty-seven chains on the seventeenth
mile from the initial point in Lake Tahoe, and one chain from the shore
of the lake; it is on the west side, and near the base of a high rocky
point, marked on the map as Boundarj' Point.
By the shore it is about a quarter of a mile north from a small hot
spring, near the edge of the lake, which has been called Juniper Spring,
and about one mile east from what is known as Griffith's Place.
This monument consists of a cedar post, seven inches square by six
feet in length, set in a pyramidal pile of stone, five feet square at its base
and three feet in height.
From the post a fir tree, in diameter some fourteen inches, and seventytwo
links distant, in the Territoiy of Xevada, marked with the letter
" N " on a blaze two feet above the ground and facing the post, bears
south 87° east; also, a yellow pine, in diameter about sixteen inches, and
ninety-seven links distant, in the State of California, marked with the
letter " C " on a blaze facing monument, and two feet above ground,
bears south 13J° west.
At seventy-two chains and fifty links, on the twenty-fourth mile, a
rock, some eighty feet in height and two hundred feet across at its base,
occurs directly upon the line. This rock rises to a point, and the line
crosses it at the most southeasterly portion where an instrument can be
set upon it. A pine post, twelve inches square and six feet in length,
was set five chains back from the right (south) bank of the Truckee
Eiver, some seven miles, by its course, above O'Neil's. A conical mound
of stone, three feet in height and five feet across at its base, was built
around the post, from which a yellow pine, eighteen inches in diameter,
bears south 89° west, twenty-two links distant in California, and marked
with a blaze facing the monument. A yellow pine, thirty-three inches
in diameter, bears south 63 1° east, twenty-six links distant in the Territory
of Nevada, and marked wath a blaze as above. On the post are
cut with a chisel the letters " C" and " N," facing respectively California
and Nevada.
At forty-six chains and twenty-two links on the thii'ty-eighth mile, a
monument was built two chains and fifty-three links south of the Henness
Pass Eoad. This monument stands upon a rocky point twenty or
thirty feet above the road, on the south side, and consists of a pine post
ten inches by ten inches square, and six feet long, set in a mound of
stone six feet across at base and three feet high, from Avhich a yellow
pine tree, eighteen inches in diameter, bears south 422° cast, eighty-nine
links distant in the Tcrritorj' of Nevada, and marked with the letter
" N" on a blaze facing monument, and a yellow pine tree, ten inches in
diameter, bears south 0G° west, ninety-eight links distant in the State of
California, and marked with the letter "Con blaze, etc., as above.
Note.—All trees near the lino are marked with a blaze on opposite sides, in the direction of the|
line ; and all trees standing on the line have a notch cut in the middle of each blaze.

71
This monument is about a mile and a quartei- above O'Neil's, and about
a quarter of a mile west by north from Bull's Station.
At thirteen chains on the forty-fifth mile, the line crosses the Fourth
Standard Pai'allel of the Government Survey's, one hundred and sixtyone
links east of the corner to Townships Twent}' and Twenty-One north,
and Ranges seventeen and eighteen east of the Mount Diablo Base and
Meridian. This corner is marked by a square stake set in a mound of
stone, and is five miles west of the Peavine Ranch, and near the timber.
At sixty-nine chains fifty links on the forty-eighth mile, four chains
fifty links north of the Hone}' Lake and Washoe Road, a post six inches
by six inches square, and six feet long, was set in a mound of stone for
a monument. This monument is about midway between the Antelope
Ranch (Station) and the house of Robert Ferrington.
The next monument is at thirty-six chains fii'ty links on the sixtysecond
mile. It is a pine post, six inches by six inches square, and five
feet long, in a mound of earth. This post is marked with the abbreviations
" Cal." and "]N"ev.," on the sides facing California and jS'evada respectively,
and on the third face with the abbreviation " Bound.," for
boundary. This monument is in a curve of an old road, and three chains
fifty links east of the new road through Long Yalle}', and is about three
quarters of a mile, by the road, south from the house of John Robinson.
Twenty-four chains west of a point at thirty-six chains on the seventieth
mile, is a high, dome-like peak, rising sevei-al hundred feet above
the general summit of the mountain on which it occurs, and which from
its prominence and proximit}^ to the line has been called Boundary
Peak. This peak can be seen for a long distance, and forms a conspicuous
land mark b}' which the position of the boundar}' line may be
readily determined at this point.
A mound of stone, eight feet in diameter at base and four feet high,
was built at thirteen chains ou the ninetieth mile. This mound is near
the base of the low hills on the north of Honey Lake Valley, and bears
noi'th 23° 48' west, ninety-three chains sixty links from the very highest
point or ledge of rock near High Rock Sjirings.
At forty-five chains sixty-three links, on the ninety -seventh mile, a
small mound of stone was built, on the east side and near the top of a
round hill, near the eastern point of a high spur from adjacent mountains,
on the west of the line and north-east of Honey Lake.
At thirty-one chains seventy-five links, on the one hundred and eighth
mile, a pine post, six by eight inches, and six feet long, was set in a mound
of stone, and marked on one of its faces with the word " Boundar}-."
It is twenty-six chains fifty links north of the road from Susanville to
the Humboldt Mines, and stands upon a rockj- point just above and to the
north of Rush Creek Valley, and is visible from the Rush Creek Station.
This point is about four miles above or west of Smoke Creek Barraclcs.
At forty-six chains, on the one hundred and twentieth mile, a smtill
mound of stone was built on the summit of a volcanic hill.
At seventy-five chains fortj^-two links, on the one hundred and thirtysecond
mile, a stake was set in a mound of stone, on the summit of a hill
north of and adjoining Painter Valley.
At twenty chains, on the one hundred and forty-sixth mile, a similar
monument was built. This point is upon the plateau south of and about
two and a half miles from the southern end of Surprise Valley.
At eighteen chains thirteen links, on the one hundred and eighty-sixth
mile, a mound of stone was built on the summit of a ridge, bearing east

72
and west on the highest part of the mountains, iminediatelj^ east of the
third hike in Surprise Valley.
The next monument was upon the southern boundary of the State of
Oreffon, beinji- the intersection of the one hundred and twentieth meridian
with the forty-second parallel of north latitude. This monument is
placed upon the southerly side of a deep rocky caiion, through which
flows a stream some fifty links in width, course east. The monument
is a pile of loose stones, and, from causes heretofore mentioned, was but
hastily erected. It is located six chains from the bank of the canon, at a
point where said canon is intersected by a smaller one, through which
flows the outlet from Crane Lake. From an examination of Fremont's
report of the expedition of eighteen hundred and forty-three and eighteen
hundred and forty -four, his party would seem to have camped at or near
this point, on December twent3"-sixth, eighteen hundred and fortj^-three,
as his description of the country is veiy similar to that found b}^ us, and
his observation for latitude on that da}' showed his camp to have been
located on the fortj'-second parallel.
The first monument on the southern portion of the line was set upon
the lake shore at thirtj'-tAVO chains sixty links, on the fifth mile, from
the initial point in the lake; it consists of a hewed pine post eight inches
square and eight feet long, set firmly in the ground.
This monument, the two following described, and the one upon the
northern shore of the lake, are to be replaced by monuments of cut stone.
At fifty-one chains sixt}^ links, on the fifth mile, another monument
was set on the north side of the road leading from Lapham's Station to
the Lake House, and about one half mile from the former station.
This monument is twelve inches square, fourteen feet long, and about
nine feet above ground— painted white, and the words " California" and
" Nevada" cut on the sides fixcing the State and Territory resjicctively.
On the east side of the Kingsbury & McDonald Eoad through Lake
Valley, at seventy chains sixty links, on the fifth mile, a monument consisting
of a pine post ten inches square and seven feet long, was set about
half a mile from Lapham's Station.
At forty-eight chains ten links, on the sixth mile, was set firmly in
the ground a large log, upon which was erected the Observatory of the
Boundary Survey.
At sixty-seven chains twenty links, on the sixth mile, the boundary
line intersects the township line of the Government Survej'S one chain
fifteen links west of the corner to Sections Thirty-Four and Thirty-Five,
on the south boundaiy of Township Thirteen north, Eange eighteen east
of the Mount Diablo base and meridian.
A stake was set in mound of stone at fortj^-four chains fifty links, on
the seventh mile, and on the summit of a high spur of the Sierras bearing
south-west and north-east.
At sevent3"-six chains seventy links, on the sixteenth mile, a pine post
ten inches square and seven feet long was set at the forks of the road,
about a quarter of a mile north from the house of Captain Smith, at the
head of Carson Valley, marked with the letters " C." and " JST."
At fifteen chains fifty links, on the nineteenth mile, on the east bank
of the AVest Branch of Carson lliver, a hewed pine post eight inches
square and six feet long was set in a square pile of stone about three feet
in height.
At fifty-two chains, on the twenty-third mile, a pine post ten inches
square and seven feet long was set in a mound of stone on a high bank

I
above tlio river bottom, on the south side of the East Branch of Carson
Eiver, and about one mile above Youn^-'s Crossing.
At sixty-six chains twenty-five links, on the thirty-fourth mile, a post
five inches square and six feet long was set in a mound of stone near road
at edge of Alkali Bottom, and about one half mile north of the house of
William B.umphrey.
At three chains eighty links, on the thirty-eighth mile, a post four
inches square and six feet long was set on the east bank of the West
Branch of Walker Eiver, about one mile above the house of Harry Raymond.
At thirtj-^-six chains forty-one links, on the forty-second mile, a mound
of stone was built on the summit of a ridge bearing north-east and
south-west.
At sixty-one chains thirty-eight links, on the fortj^-sixth mile, a
mound of stone was built on the summit of a hill bearing north-east and
south-west.
At sixty-seven chains eighty-eight links, on the fiftj'-second mile, a
mound of stone was built n^ear the summit of the Divide between the
East and West Walker Elvers, between the middle and southern peaks
of the Three Sisters.
At sevonty-three links, on the fifty-fourth mile, and at thirty-three
chains, on the same mile, stakes were set in mounds of stone lor ;nonuments.
At four chains twenty-five links, on the fifty-fifth mile, center-point of
line was marked on top of stake beneath a mound of stone.
At thirtj'-seven chains seventy-five links, ou the fiftj'-ninth mile, a
pine post six inches square was set near road through the Sweetwater
Valley, in mound of stone, and marked with the letters " C." and " N."_
At nineteen chains fifty links, on the sixty-second mile, a post six
inches square, and six feet long, was set in a mound of stone, near the
road, and on the west bank of the East Branch of Walker Eiver, and
marked wnth the letters " C " and •' N."
At forty-five chains fifty links, on the seventy-second mile, at a point
of rocks near the road and the forks of Eough Carton Creek, a pine post
four inches square was set in a mound of stone and marked with the letters
" C " and"X."
At sixteen chains, on the seventy-sixth mile, and on the road from
Aurora to Big Meadows, and at twenty-seven chains on the same mile,
and on the east side of the road from Aurora to the Bodie Mines, monuments,
consisting of sawed pine posts, seven inches square, marked with
the abbreviations "Cal."and "Nev.,'' and on a third flxce "Bound.,"
were set in mounds of stone.
At seventy-one chains, on the eightieth mile, a pine post six inches
square, and six feet long, and marked with the letters '• C " and " N,"
was set in a mound of stone on the west side of the road from Aurora
to Monoville, east of Mount Braly.
At seventeen chains thirty links, on the eighty-ninth mile, a cedar
post six inches square, and seven feet long, was set in a mound of stone
on the east side and near the road leading from Aurora to Adobe Meadows
and Owen's Eiver, etc. The above monument is in the alkali bottom
of the Valley of Mono Lake.
At forty-four chains seventy-five links, on the one hundred and second
mile, a stake was set in a mound of stone, on the summit of the
10

74
ridge. Mne feet in advance of this point, a peg with a nail marking
the centre-point of the line, was secured beneath a small mound of
stone.
At forty-six chains on the one hundred and third mile the centre-point
of the line was similarly secured.
At many intervening points between the monuments above described,
are small mounds of stone, stakes, etc., which readily serve to point out
the place and course of the line.

STATISTICAL TABLES,

1-5
<
76

o o
o o
CM O Q0_
o o
o o o
fM lO
CM CO
o o
"* o
;m"
e c H-' c3 rt o ?:
— ^ — & > ^ "
0:50^-'
o o
oo
CO o o
^ O CD
(m'iO CO
CO ^
CD O O
CO CD O
C5 O >^
CD CM
c3 o '^
~ O c3
O -r- ;-
G C G
c3 c3 ci
C/2 CO CC
o o o o o o
-^ CD CD O O O
CM^ -t lO CX)^—„ ~L
i^o c^o^iq_oi_c^Ci_-f^
oo^ofr-^o^irT-rti (m o ci o oo
CMOO';tl(—I I—l(MiOCO
O CD CM 1—I CD O CD t^ O "M O C?
O O 00 CD CD CD d lO O CO 'O ^
CO O lO T-H O CO 1-— -^ 'O^CD^CD^GO^
CM"-TJH"o"co'"cc''-^'"r-roO O O O lO
T-liOOCiCMCOiO CMOOr—ICD
CO rH T—I r-l
5
'5
3 G ^3^^
rS
d c3 i-G .S; .ifi O O -^ 5 "3 'i^ 3 " ^ ^
COCOCZ2a2a}CCCOCOCZ2EHtitHcHp^l^
CO
C5
o

o
.9
'+3
O
o
<
CO
O
«
en
Bushels.,
Acres
Busliels.,
Acres.
Bushels.,
Acres.,
Bushels.,
Acres.,
Bushels.,
Acres.,
78
'^ O
OS
O OP O
cj cj J
CO
g o 9
i^ o ?^

Tons.
Acres
Busbels
Acres.
Bushels
Acres.
Bushels.
Acres.
Bushels.
Acres
80
g ^ Ol
O
o
o"
o
O
S cj c3
o o
a o -2 J
o o
o o
o o
iC o
O O'

• o
. o
o
• 1—
(
81

CABBAGES—Pounds
82

©
•i-i
a
o
O
Eh
OQ
!^
O
»
W
EH
Pounds of Honey.
Bee Hives.
Pounds of Wool.
Dozens of Eggs.
Pounds of Cheese.
Pounds of Butter.
Acres of Broom Corn.,
Acres of Sugar Cane.
84
^ o
S c3 c3 O g
. o

o C5
O O
^ O
cc o
o o
lO o
oo~o~
o o
1—1 CO
o o
o o
iCt> lO
I—I la
t>.
O +j li
o o ci ,
ci S
,
o
.5
o t^
Pi c
g ©
OQCC!
o
lO O O
CC o o
o_co
of
o
00
o o o
o o o
1— I lO
01 T-l
(M
o
oQO
o
CO
o o o
o o o
O CM I—I
CO 1—1
I:-
O O O' o o o o
O O O 00
O^i0^O^O^O^O^C0_^
of t>^ id^ o" co"o" cT
lO O CO
O O O' O O O lO
o o o c> o c:^ T—
o^ o^o^ o^ tO^ o^ o^
Co" 1^ to lO ofo" t-^
cc T-l t^ tH ^
03 cS
coco
^ s
03 -q
c3
o-e o3 ?
00
03 c3
I
85
CD lO
o o o
o o t^
lO (M CM
O O O I—
O O -^ CO
to Tt< (M
o o o
O O C5
lO^t^T-T
CO t^ ^
O 00 lO
O lO C

4)
a
o
Q
<
O
w
w

f3
.s
S3
O
o
n
Guinea Fowls.
Geese.,
Ducks..
Turkeys.,
Chickens.
Hogs.
Goats.
Sheep.,
Total Number of Cattle.
Oxen.
O 00 CJ
O -*< lO
O t-- TO
(m" lo' cT
lO I—
o T-* «:
O Ci CO
O -t l>^
o -^"cxf
CO 1—
O uO O
O r-H t-^
Tfi 1—I O
iC o o
in -t Ci
I
I
o o
o o
o o
CO '^
CD
1-- o
o o
o t-
o o o
2-^
o o
O lO
o o
o o
t- o
o o
o o
Id o o o
o o
o o
OS .2
rt o 2
1%
C Ch'
S C3
3 03 O O ^ —
^

o
Q
Eh

o o
o o
o o
o o o o o
C5 O O O CD
(M lO O lO O
o o
o o
o o o o o
'^ o o o o
(>T^GO^i—I lO I—
CM
I
91
lO CO
GO O
o CO

o
O
O
M
92

o o
o c::>
CO o
cr> o o
o o o
lO I—I o
. CO
rH C^l CO O
93
o o
o t^
o so
O CD
o o
CO
o

Shingles.
Number of feet of
Lumber sawed..
Water Power ,
Steam Power
Value.
Number.
.
94
03
'^ o
o o
o o
o o
o o
CO 'O
I-H CO
CO
o © ^
., cS O t^ w "^ rt
g s S
O O
o o
o o
o o
1^ o
6 §T3
sju^o"^"^®

o o
o i;
PmPh CO CO K
o
o
o
o
o_
o"
o
o o
o o
o o
95
o 2 ^ r'
^ '5
l»H C3
O
o
CO
CO
i-i
(D
02 r-l C3
" «^ ci
03
o S= --i
^ - ;- 0)
COCECOCO^CCCC'CCCOCOCOE-lEH'HEHt^'H
O
o
o o
o oo
o

S ao
Q
<
m
o
w

: in
97

.9
a
o
Q
M
H
CQ
H H

o o
as
Si cS
C3 S
^^^^^^
o
2 ?= s .i^ t:
O
O s :=0
o
99
O C3
Sfflft^H^F^^ OS ^
-^ 4^ +J OD
OS cS
CO 02
03
N
E ^^ ^
• O 03 OS : OS • ^ rj •
:
os^2SsJiS^2§
s 2 a C G 13 OS
f11 ^*-) '—< « C3 *-* "TT •— ^J Z- ^
OS oS oi 03 OS OS jq .^.S O O -tJ s ^-lkl
OS
o
o
CO
o

100

o o
o o
'M O
o o
O O C5 O O r-l
O O lO O O t^
O O O O O O
lO iC o o o o
o o o
^H lO (M
O t-- r-(
101
O O O O O O
O O O GO O O
-^__t-l 0^(M >J^„01.
1—1 T—
I
lO I—
II
'
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o_cc O^CC Cl^'*^
m" r-T oTof
o o o o o o
lO O O O O '-t^
1-^ I—r co" i-h" tJh" co"
O O O O O O O l^
O O O O C I—
l^ o
r-To"
>>
o ^ • .-
+J iS o c^
O i- O CS
^

Coutinued.
VINES—
AND
TREES
OF
NUMBER
PRODUCTS.—
HORTICULTERAL
102

-l O o
CO i—i
CM C O O CO
>.
o 5 r"
'
o
00
O O O 00
O O lO -;t<
CO (M CTS
r^ o ci
—J I— CO
o o
O O '^^
CO -rJH
O O O O O -M
O rH t- CO O i—i
QO O lO r-l
.. ^ 5^ .2 g § -5 c3 pq o O
c3
103
CO
O CO ">!
CO 1—
CO
O O rH lO
o -o CO
I—I o^co
k2 .2 ,5 ,^ - - rt 5 5 5 rt S 5 rt 5 5 J:\£ .2 o 3 ^ "H ,a^ '^ ^ .= ,2 ,5
c3
®
-^
CO
oo
oCO

Continued.
VINES—
AND
TREES
OF
NUMBER
PRODUCTS.—
HORTICULTURAL
•
104

o o
00^
o o
o
cS
>
c o
g^tzi^p^(l^
14
si -^
G C
c3 rt ce ci
CC CO ceo:
O 00
1—I o
CM O
o o •50 of,
105
O O O 'M ^
C5 O O CO^
iO_ o o_ o_
lc"o o' co~
O lC O
UJZC
'^ CO
+J +^ -l-^- X
'
000
^ O CJ
O CI CO
O CO CO
O I- I-
-M -tl
GO t^
rH CO'
O CO
'M CO
CO 1—1
CO CO
© « —
s
^ -lr-> ZZ
. o o ^ c ® '^ = ^== ^^ .^
GOKOI'ai'CCtCEHrHHrHp-iK-i
c3
CO
CiJ,
CO
o

COfH
Od
P^
O
Decrease,
Increase..
Assessed value of
Property for
1862
Total Valuation
of Property ...
Personal Property
Improvemeuts . .
Real Estate.
.
106
CO -^ (X.
,':)
O CO 'O
1-- Ci o
o -M o 1- o -h CO c;- lO
O C5 02
->-! C^ O GO C/D 'M O
0_ r)^_^ O^ O^ lO^ C5^ CO -rf^^ l--^ 3D_
cT cT 1 -^ t -^ -m" i—T -m' -rrT ro > r
»0 O -M O O -rt^ CC Cn 'M
lO CO -i' 00
O CO
O CC
OGO^''-ti c-f T-H co" 'o" 1--^" crT o" co" o~ t -^ i-^
c:5oo>o-^-t.f
o CO -^^ GO"^r:i DVi c^i o o co o to cri o 'j -m co co o^ o o
Ti< CO r-H CO t- Ol CO X' O O CM -t< t-~ CO -hi t^ O O CO CO
(M^ Oi^ CO;^ CC_^ GO_^ -1-_^ Ol^ I—^ -t^ I- CO_^ CO^ CC; r-S -rf o" co" o" Cr7 r-T co" t-h" »o" -t
0> CI CO UO CCi -tl >— I O O Ol C-l lO T-l CO CO CO -t* CO CI O!
OO CO 0^-i'_^ui^t-^ CO CO_^CO' r-^^^Ol "M CO^h- -^_^r— _CO' lO CO O
co' !M"co"oi"m"i—I co" I— I"
^p-Tr-TrH" i—'"c^f
CO -^ c^ o
CO "* I--
1-- -f^'0_^CO_^
o"^i"Go"or
01 -f CO 1^
C^ 1-H t- >!
-rt< Ci id CCj
CC' -+ CO CO
co"co T—I -—I
QC lC t~ t^
(M"rH T—I r-H
'M r— I O -t< iC O -fl cr. CO 'M
CO CO -H 01 CO ':! C5 GO CO T-H
1--^ ^, ""„

I-
107

APPENDIX.

REPORTS OF COUNTY SURVEYORS.
MAEIN COUNTY.
A. D. Easxoot County Surveyor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
:
County Surveyor's Office,
San Eafael, October 24th, 1863.
Dear Sir :—In compliance with my duties and instructions from your
office, I herewith transmit my annual rejjort.
SCHOOL LANDS TAKEN IN LIEU OF THE SIXTEENTH AND THIRTY-SIXTH
SECTIONS.
The number of acres taken as the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections,
or in lieu thereof, is about seventeen thousand seven hundred. This large
sale of land has been on account of the rejection of the Balsa de Tomales
Ranch. The folloAving are the surveys made upon said grant
Survey No. 8—Surveyed for Breeze ; Section Thirtj", south
half; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing three hundred
and twenty acres.
Survey jVo. 9—Surveyed for John Ke3^es ; Section Thirty-Six, north
half of north-east quarter—Section Twenty-Five, south half of southeast
quarter; Township Five north. Eange Ten west—containing one
hundred and sixty acres.
Survey No. 10—Survey- ed for George Keys; Section Thirty, east half
of north-east quarter—Section Twentj'-Nine, west half of north-west
quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing one hundred'
and sixty acres.
Survey A^o. 11—Surveyed for Warren Dutton ; Section Twenty-Five,
north half of south-east quarter, south half of north-east quarter, northeast'
quarter-quarter—Section Twenty-Four, south-east quarter-quarter;
Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two hundred and
forty acres.
:

112
Survey No. 12—Surveyed for Joel Harvej'; Section Twenty-Two, west,
half of south-east quarter and east half of south-west quarter; Township
Five north, Eangc Nine west—containing one hundred and sixtj^
acres.
Survey No. 13—Surveyed for L. A. Harvey; Section Twenty-Three,
west half of south-west quarter—Section Twenty-Two, east lialf of southeast
quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing one
hundred and sixty acres.
Survey No. 14—Surveyed for L. B. Harvey; Section Twenty-Seven,
west half of north-east quarter, cast half of north-west quarter, northeast
quarter of south-west quarter, and north-^vest quarter of south-east
quarter; Township Five north,' Eange Nine west—containing two hundred
and forty acres.
Survey No. J5—Surveyed for H. P. McCleave; Section Twenty-Seven,
east half of north-east quarter, and east half of south-east quartet'—Section
Twenty-Six, west half of north-west quarter, and north-west quarter
of south-west quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing
two hundred and eight}' acres.
Survey No. 16—Surveyed for Jacob Jacommy; Section Thirty-Five,
east half of south-west quarter, and west half of south-east quarter;
Township Four north, Eange Nine west—Section Two, north-east quarter
of north-west quarter, and north-west quarter of north-east quarter;
Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing two hundred and
forty acres.
Survey No. 17—Suiweyed for Antonio Jacohimeny; Section Thirty,
west half of south-west quarter, and fractional south-west quarter of
north-west quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing
one hundred and one acres.
Survey No. 18—Surveyed for Mareck. Therres; Section Thirty-Five,
fractional north-east quarter—Section Twentj'-Six, south-west quarter of
south-east quarter and fractional south-east quarter-quarter ; Township
Five north, Eange Nine west—containing two hundred and twentyeight
and thirty-six one hundredths aci'es.
Survey No. 19—Surveyed for John De Martinia; Section Thirty-Five,
west half of south-west quarter—Section Thirty-Four, east half of southeast
quarter and south-west quarter of south-east quarter; Township
Five north, Eange Nine west—containing two hundred acres.
Survey No. 20—Surveyed for Lazan and Dennis Pai-e ; Section Thirty-
Five, north-west quarter and the west half of the north-east quarter;
Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two hundred and
fort}' acres.
Survey No. 21—Suiweyed for Thomas Porter; Sections Three and
Thirty-Four—south-east quarter of south-west quarter of Section Thirty-
Four, Township Five north, Eange Ten west—north half of north-east
quarter of Section Three, Township Four north, Eange Ten west
fractional north-west quarter of north-west quarter of Section Three
fractional south-west quarter of north-west quarter of Section Three
fractional south-west quarter of Section Three—fractional south-east quarter
of the north-west quarter of Section Three—fractional northjcast
quarter of south-west quarter of Section Three; Townships Four* and
Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two hundred and thirteen and
ninety-nine one hundredths acres.
Survey No. 22—Hnrvoyod for Franklin Mauck; Section Thirty-Four,
south-east quarter and north-east quarter of south-west quarter and fractional
west half of south-west quai-ter; Township Five north, Eange
—

113
Ten west—containing t^YO hundred and forty-four and sevent3''-six one
hundredths acres.
Survy No. 23—Survej-ed for Eobert J. Preston ; Sections Two, Three,
and Eleven, fractional north-east quarter of south-east quarter of Section
Three—south-east quarter of north-east quarter of Section Three
south half of north-Avest quarter of Section Two—fractional south-west
quarter of Section Two — fractional north-west quarter of south-east
quarter of Section Two—fraction in Section Eleven; Township Four
north, Eange Ten west—containing two hundred and ninety-seven and
four one hundredths acres.
Survey No. 24—Surveyed for James M. Preston; Sections Two, Three,
and Thirty-Five, north-west quarter of south-east quarter and the southwest
quarter of Section Thirtj'-Five—west half of the north-west quarter
of Section Two—north-east quarter of the north-east quarter of
Section Three; Townships Four and Five north, Eange Ten west—containing
three hundred and twenty acres.
Sections One, Two,
Survet/ No. 25—Surveyed for Eichard M. Preston ;
Thirtj'-Five, and Thirty-Six, fractional north-west quarter of the northwest
quarter of Section One—fractional north-east quarter of Section
Two—south half of the south-east quarter of Section Thirty-Five—fractional
south-west quarter of the
Six; Townships Four and Five
south-west quai'ter
north —containing
of Section Thirtytwo
hundred and
twentj^-two and eight3^-five one hundi-edths acres.
Survey No. 26—Surveyed for Edward Finster; Sections Thirty-Five
and Thirty-Six, west half of the north-west quarter, and the fractional
north-west quarter of the south-west quarter of Section Thirty-Six—east
half of the north-east quarter and the north-east quarter of the southeast
quarter of Section Thirt3'-Five ; Township Five north, Eange Ten
west—containing two hundred and twent3'-eight and sixty-eight one
hundredths acres.
Survey No. 27.—Surveyed for Ealph Smith ; Sections Thirty-Three,
Thirty-JFour, and Twenty-Eight, fractional south-east quarter of the
south-west quarter of Section Twenty-Eight, fractional north-east quarter
and the north-east quarter of the north-west quarter of Section Thirty-
Three, the west half and the south-east quarter of the north-west quarter
of Section Thirt3--Four; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing
three hundred and eighteen and seven one-hundredths acres.
'Survey No. 28.—Surve3^'ed for Edward Clark ; Section Nineteen, northwest
quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing one
hundred and sixty acres.
Survey No. 29.—Surveyed for William McGreevy; Section Twentyseven,
west half of the north-east quarter, east half of the north-west
quarter, and the north-west quarter of the north-west quarter of Section
Twent3'-Seven ; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two
hundred acres.
Survey No. 30.—Surveyed for Westbrook A. Knight ;
Seven, west half of the south-east quarter, and the east half of the
south-west quarter ; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing
one hundred and sixt3' acres.
Survey No. 31.—Surveyed for George Dillon ; Sections Twent3--Seven
and Twent3'-Eight, north-east quarter of Section Twenty-Eight—north
half of the south-east quarter of Section Twent3^-Eight—south-west
quarter of the north-Avest quarter and the north-west quarter of the
15
—
Section Twenty-

114
south-west quarter of Section Twentj'-Seven ; Township Five north,
iiangc Ten west—containing three hundred and twenty acres.
Svrir^ No. 32.—Surveyed for Morgan Brians; Sections Two and Three,
north-east quarter and east half of north-west quarter of Section Three
west half of north-west quarter of Section Two; Township Four north,
Eangc Nine west—containing three hundred and twenty acres.
Survci/ No. 33.—Surveyed for James Marshall ; Sections Thirty-Two
and Thirty-Three, south half of north-east quarter, south-east quarter of
north-west quarter, and north-east quarter of south-west quarter, and
west half of south-east quarter of Section Thirty-Two—and north-west
quarter of south-west quarter, and south-west quarter of north-west
quarter of Section Thirty-Three; Townshij) Five north, Eange Nine
west—containing three hundred and twent}' acres.
Survey No. 34.—Surveyed for William Ford ; Sections Thirty-Two,
Thirty-Three, Thirty-Four, and Thirtj'-Five, south half of south-east
quarter of Section Thirty-Two, south-west quarter-quarter of Section
Thirty-Three; Township Four north, range Nine west. North-west
quarter-quarter of Section Foui-—north half of north-east quarter of Section
Five; Townships Four and Five north. Eange Nine west—containing
two hundred and forty acres.
Survey No. 35.—Surveyed for Thomas A. Thornby ; Sections Four,
Nine, and Thirtj^-Three, south-east quarter of south-west quarter (forty
acres) of Section Thirt3--Three, Township Five north, Eange Nine w^est
east half of t!ie north-west quarter, (eighty acres,) north-east quarter of
the south-west quarter, (forty acres,) south-west quarter of the north-east
quarter, (forty acres,) and the west half of the south-east quarter (eighty
acres) of Section Foui*—fractional north-west quarter of the north-east
quarter (twenty-six acres) of Section Nine ; Townships Four and Five
north, Eange Nine west—containing three hundred and six acres.
Survey No. 36.—Surveyed for Nicholas Eeynolds ; Sections Four and
Five, south-west quarter of the north-west quarter and fractional west
half of the south-west quarter of Section Four—fractional south-east
quarter and the south half of the north-east quarter of Section Five ;
Township Four north, Eange Nine west—containing two hundred and
seventy-one and .sixteen oue-hundredths acres.
Survey No. 37.—Survej'ed for Nathaniel Fleubierj^ ; Section Thirty-
Four, south-west quarter of north-east quarter and south-east quarter of
north-west quarter ; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing
eighty acres.
Survey No. 38—Surveyed for Thomas Cruthers ; Section Thirty-three,
south-east c^uarter of north-west quarter, north-east quarter of southwest
quarter, north-west quarter of south-east quarter, and south-west
quarter of north-east quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west
—containing one hundred and sixty acres.
Survey No. 39—Surveyed for John James; Sections Twenty-Eight,
Thirty-Two, and Thirtj'-Three—south-west quarter-quarter and southwest
quarter of south-west quarter of south-east quarter, Section Twenty-Eight;
north-east quarter-quarter, Section Thirty-Two—north half
of north-west quarter, and north-west quarter of north-east quarter.
Section Thirty-Three; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing
two hundred and forty acres.
Survey No. 40—Surveyed for William Young; Sections Twentj'-Eight
and Twenty-Nine, south-east quarter of Section Tv^'enty-Nine, and
north-west quarter of south-west quarter of Section Twenty-Eight;
Township Five north, Eange Nino West—containing two hundred acres.
—
.

tl5
Survey No. 41—Surveyed for Henry Eicliards; Section Twenty-Eight,
east half of north-west quarter, and west half of north-east quarter, and
north-east quarter of south-west quarter, and north-west quarter of
south-east quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing
two hundred and forty acres.
Survey No. 42—Surveyed for S. W. Prehle ; Sections Twenty-Seven
and Twenty-Eight, south-west quarter of north-west quarter, and northwest
quarter of south-west quarter of Section Twenty-Seven—southeast
quarter of north-east quarter, and north-east quarter of south-east
quarter of Section Twenty-Eight; Township Five north, Eange Nine
west—containing one hundred and sixty acres.
Snrvcy iYo. 43—Surveyed for John O'Neil ; Sections Tw'enty-Seven and
Thirty-Four, west half of north-east quarter, and north-east quarter of
south-west quarter of Section Thirtj^-Four—south-west quarter of southeast
quarter, and south-east quarter of south-west quarter of Section
Twentj-Seven ; Townshi]) Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two
hundred acres.
Sections Twenty-Six
Survey Av. 44—Surveyed for Patrick McGreevy ;
and Twenty-Seven, north-west quarter of Section Twenty-Six—east half
of north-west quarter of Section Twenty-Seven Township Five north,
;
Eange Ten west—containing two hundred and forty acres.
Survci/ No. 4:5—Survej^ed for Joseph Agussa ; Sections Twenty-Seven
and T\venty-Eight, south-west quarter of south-west quarter of Section
Twenty-Seven—and the south half of south-east quarter of Section
Twentj^-Eight ; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing one
hundred and twenty acres.
Survey No. 46—Surveyed for Gruy M. Wood ; Section Twent3'--Two,
north-west quarter and south-west quarter of Section Twent3'-Two
Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing three hundred and
twent}^ acres.
Survey No. 47—Survej^ed for Geo. CI. Williams; Sections Fifteen, Sixteen,
and Twenty-One, fractional south-west quarter of south-west quarter
of Section Fifteen—fractional south-east quarter of south-east quarter
of Section Sixteen—fractional north-east quarter of north-east quarter
of Section Twenty-One ; Township Five north, I^ange Ten west
containing seventy-two and eightj'^-nine one hundredths acres.
Survey iVb. 48—Surveyed for H. M. Stemple ; Sections Fifteen and
Twenty-Two, fractional south-west quarter of south-east quarter, and
fractional south-east quarter of south-west quarter of Section Fifteen
north-east quarter of Section Twenty-two; Township Five north, Eange
Ten west—containing two hundred and seventy-two and sixty-three one
hundreths acres.
Survey No. 49—Surveyed for U. Minear ; Sections Fourteen, Twenty-
Three, and Fifteen, fractional south half of south-west quarter of Section
Fourteen—fractional south-east quarter of south-east quarter of Sec-
tion Fifteen—north-west quarter, and north half of south-west quarter
of Section Twenty-Three ; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing
three hundred and eleven and seventy-eight one hundredths
acres.
Sections Twenty-Seven,
Survey No. 50—Surveyed for Jose^jh Willson ;
Twenty-Eight, Thirty-Three, and Thirty-Four, south-west quarter-quarter
Section Twenty-Seven—south-east quarter-quarter Section Twenty-Eight
—north-east quarter-quarter Section Thirty-Three—northwest quarterquarter
Section Thirty-Four ; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—
containing'oue hundred and sixty acres.
— ;

116
Survey No. 5,1—Surveyed for Eobert Perry ; Sections Twenty-Seven
and Thirty-Four, south-east quarter of south-west quarter, and soutliwest
quarter of south-east quarter of Section Twenty-seven— north-east
quarter of Korth-west quarter, and north-west quarter of north-east
quarter of Section Thirty-Four; Township Five north, Iiangc Nine west
—containing one liundred and sixty acres.
Survei/ No. 52—Surveyed for A. C. BufSnton Sections Twentj'-Six,
;
Thirty-Four and Thirt^^-Five, south half of south quarter of Section
Twenty-Six—east half of north-east quarter of Section Thirty-Four, and
north-west quarter Section Thirty-Five ; Township Five north, Eange
Nine west—containing three hundred and twenty acres.
Survey No. 53—Surveyed for Eobert Moore; Section Twenty-Six, southeast
quarter of north-west quarter, north-east quarter of south-west
quarter, fractional south-west quarter of north-east quarter, fractional
north-east quarter of south-east quarter, north-west quarter of southeast
quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing one
hundred and sixtj^-two and fort^^-two one hundredths acres.
Survei/ No. 54—Surveyed for Francis E. Brady; Section Twenty-Five,
north-east quarter of the south-west quarter; Township Five
Eange Ten west—containing forty acres.
Survey No. 55—Surveyed for Nathaniel Jacominy ; Sections
north,
Three,
Four, Nine and Ten, fractional north west quarter of north-west quarter
(fifteen and eighty-five one hundredths acres) of Section Ten
south-west quarter of north-west quarter (fort}" acres)—and the west
half of south-west quarter of Section Three—south-east quarter of northeast
quarter, (fortj^ acres,) and the fractional east half of south-east
quarter, (eighty-three and fifty-five one hundredths acres) ; Township
Four north, Eange Nine west—containing two hundred and fifty-nine
and forty one hundredths acres.
Survey No. 56—Surveyed for C. E. Colburn ; Section Twenty-three,
fractional north-west quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west
—containing one hundred and thirty and eighty-eight one hundredths
acres.
Survey No. 51—Surveyed for G-eorge Zimmerman; Sections Twenty-
Six, Twenty-Seven and Thirty-Four, west half of south-west quarter of
Section Twenty-Six—east half of south-east quarter of Section Twenty-
Seven, and the east half of the north-east quarter of Section Thirty-Four
Townshij) Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two hundred and fort}'
acres.
Survey No. 58—Surveyed for Benjamin Eimes ;
Twent3^-Two, Twenty-Seven and Twenty-Eight, south-east quarter-quarter
Section Twentj^-One—south-west quarter-quarter Section Twentj^-Two
—north-west quarter-quarter Section Twenty-Seven—north-east quarterquarter
Section Twenty-Eight ; Township Five north, Eange Nine west
—containing one hundred and sixty acres.
Survey No. 59—Surveyed for M. Osborn ; Section Twenty-One, southwest
quarter and west half of south-east quarter, and iiorth-east quarter
of south-east quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine West—containing
two hundred and eight}' acres.
Survey No. 60—Surveyed for George G. Williams ; Section Sixteen,
fractional south-east quarter of the south-east quarter, (twenty-three
and sixty-two one hundredths acres); Township Five north, Eange Ten
— ;
Sections Twenty-One,
west—containing twenty-three and sixty-two one hundredths acres.
Survey No. 61—Surveyed for William Eowland ; Sections Sixteen and
Twenty-One, fractional south-west quarter of Section Sixteen—fractional

117
east half of north-west quarter—the south-west quarter of north-west
quarter—fractional north half of south-west quarter---fractional south-^
west quarter of north-east quarter, and the north-west quarter of southeast
quarter of Section Twenty-One; Township Five north, Eange Ten
west—containing three hundred and four and eighty-live one hundredths
acres.
Survej/ N'o. 62—Surve3'ed for John "W. Batman ; Sections Twenty and
Twentj'-One, fractional east half of north-east quarter Section Twenty
north-west quarter of north-Avest quarter Section Twent3'-0nc ; Township
Five north, Eange Ten west—containing seventy-seven and fiftyeight
one hundredths acres.
Survey No. 63—Sui'veyed for Thomas Beggs; Section Twenty-Six,
south-east quarter and the south-east quarter of south-west quarter
Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two hundred acres.
Survey No. 64—Surveyed for John Buchanan ; Section Twenty-five,
south-west quarter; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing
one hundred and sixty acres.
Survey No. 65—Surveyed for Benjamin Williams ;
north-east quarter of south-west quarter ; Township Five north, Eange
Ten west—containing forty acres.
Survey No. 66—Surveyed for Thomas J. Abies; Sections Twenty-
Three and Twenty-Six, south half of south-west quarter of Section
Twenty-Three—north half of north-west quarter of Section Twenty-
Six; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing one hundred
and sixty acres.
Survey No. (SI—Surve^^ed for Benjamin Abies; »Sectious Twenty-Two
and Twenty-Seven, south-east quarter of Section Twenty-Two—northeast
quarter of north-east quarter of Section Twenty-Seven ; Township
—
;
Section Twenty-Six,
Five north, Eange Ten west—containing two hundred acres.
Survey No. 68—Surveyed for John Barry ; Section Twentj'-Four, south
half of south-west quarter ; Township Five north, Eange Ten west
containing eighty acres.
Survey A^o. 69—Surveyed for J. J. Coe ; Sections Twenty-One and
Twentj'-Eight, fractional south-east quainter of north-east qiTarter, the
south-east quarter and fractional south-east quarter of south-west quarter
of Section Twenty-One—fractional north-east quarter of north-west
quarter, and the north-west quarter of north-east quarter of Section
Twent^'-Eight; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing
three hundred and ten and fifteen one-hundredths acres.
Survey A^o. 70—Surveyed for Alfred Helmes; Section Twenty-Seven,
north-Avest quarter of the north-west quarter; Township Five north,
Eange Ten west—containing forty acres.
Survey A^o. 71—Surveyed for William Eowland ; Section Sixteen, fractional
south half of the south-west quarter; Township Five north,
Eange Ten west—containing forty-two and eleven one-hundredths
acres.
Sections Twenty-Eight
Survey A^o. 72—Survej'ed for Abraham Stines ;
and Twenty-Nine, east half of north-east quarter of Section Twenty-
Nine—east half of north-west quarter of Section Twenty-Eight; Township
Five north, Eange Nine west—containing one hundred and sixty
acres.
Survey A^o. 73—Surveyed for John Bloom ; Sections Thirty-Five, Two,
and One, east half of south-east quarter of Section Thirty-Five,
Township Four north, Eange Nine west; east half of north-east quarter
of Section Two— west half of north-west quarter of Section One;

118
Township Five north, Eange Nine west—containing two hundred and
ibrtj^ acres.
Survey No. 74—Surveyed for Robert Bacly; Sections Thirteen and
Twenty-Four—fractional south-east quarter of south-east quarter
(eleven and fourteen one-hundredths acres,) of Section Thirteen—fractional
north-east quarter (one hundred and fifty-one and eighty-six onehundredths)
of Section Fourteen—north half of the south-east quarter,
(eighty acres,) and fractional east half of the north-west quarter (sixtysix
and seventy-three one-hundredths acres.) of Section Fourteen ; Township
Five north, Range Ten west—containing three hundred and nine
and seventy-three one-hundredths acres.
Survey No. 75—Surveyed for Isaac McKenzie ; Sections Thirteen, Fourteen,
Twenty-Three, and Twenty-four, fractional south-west quarter
of south-west quarter (six and thirty-five one-hundredths acres,) of Section
Thirteen—fractional south-east quarter of south-east quarter (seven
and eighteen one-hundredths acres,) of Section Fourteen—fractional east
half of north-east quarter (twenty-five
of Section Twenty-Three—south-west
and four one-hundredths acres,)
quarter of north-west quarter
(forty acres,) and north half of south-west quarter (eighty acres,) of
Section Twenty-Four; Township Five north, Range Ten west—containing
one hundred and eightj-eight and thirty-one one-hundredths acres.
Survey No. IQ—Surveyed for George Henry; Section Twenty-Three,
fractional south-east quarter; Township Five north, Range Ten west
containing one hundred and fifty-three and eighty one-hundredths acres.
Survey No. 77—Surveyed for Amasa Morse ; Sections Five and Eight,
east half of north-west quarter, (eighty acres,) south-west quarter of
noi'th-west quarter, (fort}' acres,) and the fractional south-west quarter,
(one hundred and fifteen and thirty-eight one-hundredths acres.) of Section
Five—fractional north-west quarter, (fifty-six and twent3'-two onehundredths
acres,) of Section Eight ; Township Four north. Range Nine
west—containing three hundred and one and twenty-five one-hundredths
acres.
Survey No. 78—Survej^ed for Abijah Woodworth; Sections Five and
Six, fractional north-east quarter, (one hundred and fifty-two and fortynine
one-hundredths acres,) and fractional south-east quarter, (one hundred
and eighteen and ninety-three one-hundredths acres,) of Section
Six—north-west quarter of north-west quarter, (forty acres,) of Section
Five; Township Four north, Range Nine west—containing three hundred
and eleven and forty-two one-hundredths acres.
Survey No. 79—Surveyed for Joseph L. Lefiingwell ; Sections Thirty-
One and Thirty-Two, north-east quarter of Section Thirtj^-One—southwest
quarter of nortb-w«est quarter of Section Thirty-Two; Township
Five north, Range Nine west—containing two hundred acres.
Survey No. 80—Surveyed for Lysander C. Woodworth; Sections Thirty-
One and Thirty-Two, fractional south-cast quarter, (one hundred and
fift^'-four and eighty-two one-hundredths acres,) of Section Thirty-One
west half of south-west quarter, (eiglity acres,) and the south-east quarter
of south-west quarter, (forty acres,) of Section Tliirty-Two; Township
Five north. Range Nine west—containing two hundred and seventyfour
and eighty-two one-hundredths acres.
Survey No. 81—Surveyed for Jose])h Lcffingwell; Section Thirty-Two,
north-east quarter of the north-west quarter; Township Five north.
Range Nine west—containing forty acres.
Survey No. 82—Surveyed for Hiram J. Beck; Sections Six and Thirty-
One, fractional south-west quarter, (one hundred and forty-four and forty-
—

119
two one-hundredtbs acres,) of Section Thirty-One—fractional north-west
quarter, (forty-three and seventy-one one-hundredths acres,) of Section
Six; ToAvnships Four and Five north, Eango xsine west—containing one
hundred and eighty-eight and thirteen one-hundredths acres.
Survei/ iVo. 83—Surveyed for Eichard M. Preston : Section Thirty-Six,
fractional south-west quarter of the south-west quarter; Township Five
north, Range Ten west—containing thirteen and eighty-five one-hundredths
acres.
Survci/ JVo. SA—Surveyed for Edward F. Brady; Section Thirty-Six,
fractional south-west quarter of the north-east quarter; Township Five
north, Eange Ten west—containing eleven and fourteen one-hundredths
acres.
Siirvei/ JS^o. 85—Surve^'ed for Alfred Ilelnjs; Section Twenty-Eight,
fractional south-east quarter of the north-west quarter, (nineteen acres,)
and fractional north-east quarter of the south-west quarter, (seventeen
acres,) of Section Twenty-Eight; Township Five north, Range Ten west
—containing thirty-six acres.
Surcey Xo. 86—Surveyed for Andrew Fisher; Section Twent_>-Eight,
east half of. south-west quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine
Avcst—containing eight}' acres.
Survey No. 87—Surveyed for John Berry; Section Twenty-Four, north
half of the south-west quarter; Township Five north, Eange Nine west
—containing eighty acres.
Survey No. 88—Surve3'ed for Lewis D. Martinya; Sections Thirty-
Three, Thirty-Four, Three, and Four, south half of south-east quarter,
and north-east quarter of south-east quarter of Section Thirty-Three
south-west quarter-quarter of Section Thirty- Four; Township Four
North, Eange Nine west—north half of north-east quarter of Section
Four—north-west quarter-quarter of Section Three; Townships Four
and Five north, Eange Nine west—containing tAvo hundred and eighty
acres.
Survey No. 89—Surveyed for Thomas Casey ; Section Three, east half
of south-west quarter, west half of south-east quarter, and north-east
quarter of south-east quarter; Township Four north, Eange Nine west
containing two hundred acres.
Survey No. 90—Surveyed for Lefevre Goubron ; Section Thirt^'-Six,
north-west quarter; Township Five north, Eange Ten west—containing
one hundred and sixty acres.
Survey A^o. 91—Surveyed for Joseph xVgusse; Sections Twentj'-Seven,
Twenty-Eight, and Thirty-Four, south-west quarter of south-west quarter
of Section Twenty-seven—south half of south-east quarter and fractional
south-east quarter of south-west quarter of Section Twenty -Eight
—north-west quarter of the north-west quarter and the south-east quarter
of north-west quarter of Section Thirty-Four; Township Five north,
Eange Ten west—containing two hundred and thirty-three acres.
Survey No. 92—Surveyed for Ealph Smith Sections Thirty-Three and
;
Thirty-Four, south-west quarter of north-west quarter of Section Thirty-
Four-^fractional north-west quarter and fractional south-west quarter of
Section Thirtj'-Three Township Five north, Eange Ten west—contain-
;
ing three hundred and two and seventy-six one-hundredths acres. Base
meridian of Mount Diablo.
—

120
SWAMP AND OVERFLOWED LANDS.
There has been only two surveys made of Swamp and Overflowed
Lands in this county since my hist annual report
Snrvei/ JVo. 88—Surveyed for Peter Dohin ; being for the north-east
quarter-quarter of Section Twenty-One; Township One north, Eange
Six Avest—containing forty acres.
Survey No. 84—Surveyed for J. E. Sweetzer; being for the south-west
quarter of south-east quarter of Section Sixteen—west half of north-east
quarter, south half of north-west quarter, east half of south-west quarter,
and west half of southeast quarter of Section Twenty-One; Township
Three north, Eange Six west—containing three hundred and sixty acres;
being re-survey of Number Seventy.
All from the base and meridian of Mount Diablo.
TIDE LANDS.
Number of surveys of Tide Lands, two :
Stirvei/ No. 4—Surveyed for J. E. Preston ; being for the fractional
east half of south-east quarter of Section Three, and fraction in the south-
west quarter of south-west quarter of Section Two, and fraction in north-
west quarter of north-west quarter of Section Eleven ; Township
north, Eange Ten west—containing fifteen and twenty-seven one-hundredtlis
acres.
Survey No. 5—Surveyed for E. M. Preston ; being for the fraction in
north-west quarter of south-east quarter of Section Two—a fraction in
south-west quarter of south-east quarter of Section Two—a fraction in
south-east quarter of south-west quarter of Section Two—and fraction in
north-east quarter of north-east quarter and north-west quarter of northeast
quarter of Section Eleven ; Township Four north, Eange Ten west,
Mount Diablo meridian—containing fifty-six and twelve one-hundredths
acres.
MINERAL LANDS.
:
Four
This county must soon be classed amongst the mining counties of this
State. The great discoveries of copper and silver give indications of
great mineral wealth yet to be developed. Some quartz lodes have been
discovered which have assayed from four to forty per cent of copper,
and about eight hundred dollars per ton of silver; the most of these discoveries
have been made near Tamal Pais Mountain and Novato Point.
TAXABLE PROPERTY.
The taxable property of this county amounts to one million seven hundred
and thirty-five thousand one hundred and sixty-nine dollars.
Total tax raised, thirty-nine thousand three hundred and ninety-two dol-
lars.
All of which is most respectfully submitted.
Eespectfully, your obedient servant,
A. D. BASKOOT,
County Surveyor of Marin County.

:
121
SUTTEE COUNTY.
J. W. Gaither County Surveyor.
Office County Surveyor, )
Hon. J. P. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
Sutter County, Nov. 10th, 1863. J
Sir :—In accordance with the law and your instructions, I transmit
herewith the following report of work done in this office since October
first, eighteen hundred and sixty-one.
SWAMP AND overflowed LAND SURVEYS.
Of this class of land I have made sixty-four surveys, numbering from
two hundred and eighty-nine to three hundred and fifty-three, inclusive.
A portion of them were re-surveys of old locations which had been relinquished—all
of which have been forwarded to j'our office for approval.
SCHOOL LAND LOCATIONS.
I have made sixteen surveys of this class, including thirteen of sixteenth
and thirty-sixth sections, and three of School Land Warrant
locations—all of which have been transmitted to the State Locating
Agent.
In consequence of the " great flood" of eighteen hundred and sixt}^two,
Swamp Lands had been in poor request until within the last three
months, since which time, a decided improvement has taken place.
At this late date it is scarcelj^ necessar}' to speak of the overflow of
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, but I will state that about the ninth of
January of that year, two thirds of the county was inundated by water,
varying in depth from one inch to eighteen feet, and from eighteen to
thirty feet above low water mark in the Sacramento and Feather Elvers.
From a point near the centre of the county, it presented the appearance
of a vast lake, with here and there a knoll or small island on which could
be seen large numbei'S of domestic animals. A light deposit of sandy
sediment was left on the submerged lands, from one to six inches deep,
improving the same along the margins of Feather and Bear Eivers.
Much of the most valuable land, was, however, covered with sand, from
one to four feet deej), making much of it worthless for cultivation.
Many changes were wrought in the vegetation of our county. In the
point formed by the confluence of the Sacramento and Feather Eivers,
covering a large area of land, and in many places along the edges of the
tules, heavy crops of worthless kuckle burs take the places of luxuriant
grasses, and in other places the salt and sour grasses have been supei-seded
by those of a better quality; showing that by means of irrigation
and a good system of reclamation, much of the least valuable land in the
county might be made the most productive. The raising of sheep, to fertalize
our soil as well as for their meat and wool, has been too much neglected
by our farmers, as well as discouraged by the Legislature in many
counties, and I know of no branch of husbandry or of stock raising more
deserving of the attention of the guardians of our State.
16

122
The road law of this country should be amended so as to comply with
the provisions of an Act approved April seventeenth, eighteen hundred
and sixty-three, (pages 317, 318,) for Santa Cruz County; also, the word
may should be inserted in place of the word shall^ in the first line of section
six of an Act approved May ninth, eighteen hundred and sixty-one,
(page 314.) for Sutter and Santa Cruz counties, thereby giving the Board
of Supervisors greater discretion in the matter of locating roads, and, in
many cases, saving the County financially.
There are other matters that inight be communicated at this time, but
as this paper has already become lengthy, 1 respectfully submit it as it is.
J. W. G^AITHER,
County Surveyor, Sutter County.

REPORTS OF COUNTY ASSESSORS.
BUTTE COUNTY.
A. G. Simpson County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
:
County Assessor's Office,
Oroville, Butte County, Cal., November 2d, 1863.
Sir :—I herewith inclose statement of the agricultural and other statistics
of Butte County, compiled from the assessment books for the year
eighteen hundred and sixty-three, as also an abstract of the assessed
value of real and personal property, with the amount of taxes for State
and county purposes levied thei'eon.
Farmers, generally speaking, have reaped an average crop.
The several branches of industry in this county, to wit—agricultural,
mercantile, and mining—appear to be in a prosperous condition.
The breed of stock is improving slowly, but steadily.
Fruit growing has increased during the present year, and the greater
part of the finer fruits are of excellent flavor. I will here refer to the
orchards of Messrs. Bidwell, Briggs, Hanshaw, Woolen, Gilkyson, and
Durham. The facilities for the cultivation of the grape vino in this
county in manj^ localities are good, and some of the different classes of
grapes are as fine as any raised in the State.
The mercantile business in this county is, I think, in a prosperous
condition, though for some time past not so extensive as we could have
wished. However, the trade with Oroville is slowly progressing, and as
we have a railroad built Avithin four miles of Oroville, which will soon
connect Oroville with tide water, we have no doubt of future prosperity,
and within a short period of time. Within the past year we have had
considerable improvements made in our county in good and Substantial
buildings, the most of which have been made in the Towns of Oroville
and Chico, and will, undoubtedly, within the coming year witness much
more.
The principal seats of mining entei'prise are at Thompson's Flat, Cher-

124
okee Flat, Wyandotte, and Bidwell's Bar ; the two latter are mostly
copper mining, some claims of which are prospecting very well, to wit:
the Frost, the Occidental, the Bliss, and Live Oak, near Wyandotte.
Eiver mining is not carried on to such an extent as in former years. In
quartz mining there are but few claims being worked, with but little
success
The number of miles of boundar}^ necessary to be run in this county,
at least prior to March first, eighteen hundred and sixtj^-four, 1 should
say would be about thirty ; the said lines to be run between the Counties
of Butte and Colusa, and Butte and Sutter, there being much diflSculty
experienced by the Assessors of the several counties in making their
assessments.
Of electro-magnetic telegraphs in this county, we have but one ; its
value is about five thousand dollars. It extends about fifty-four miles in
length.
Of the timber in the count}'', the greater part is cedar and pine. Oak
is to be found generallj^in the valley, but the lands are heavily timbered.
The assessment the present year is about the same as in eighteen hun-
dred and sixty-two.
^
By J. Bean, Deputy.
I am, Sir,
:
Yours, very respectfully,
CALAVEEAS COU^^TY.
A. G. SIMPSON.
Assessor of Butte County.
J. Thompson and Others Township Assessors.
Assessor's Office, Calaveras County,
November 21st, 1863.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surve3'or-Geueral
Sir :—In compliance with law, we herewith beg to transmit to your
ofS.ce our annual rej)ort of statistics, etc., of Calaveras County.
AGRICULTURE, ETC.
This county, as heretofore advised by the several reports, is but a limited
agricultural count}^ though the number of acres of land inclosed has
greatly increased; still, the productions are not proportionately on the
increase, the attention of our peojjle being more generally devoted to procuring
wood and timber lands. This will apply more especially to those
lands lying higher up in the mountain belt, as they are destined soon to
become a source of almost inexhaustible wealth to their possessors; as
the timber is being cut from the lower lands, in some few instances, they
are cultivated, and still further improved by the addition of substantial
residences, gardens, and orchards, but in a majority of cases are abandoned
to the more enterjiriHing vine growei*— yet, no doubt, to clothe
our hills with verdure from the snow belt to the foothills.
}

125
Within the range of mountains passing tlirough the eastern section of
the county ai'e man}^ very fine grazing lands, upon which are large
numbers of the cattle and sheep of the neighboring counties annually
driven, to fatten them for the markets of the larger towns and cities
below, and which must, as the county is more developed by opening up
the several contemplated roads to the country east of the Nevada range,
in course of time become very valuable, and the consequent source of
considerable revenue to the State and county.
MINES AND MINING.
Our mining interests are still occupying the attention of much the
larger part of our ])opulation; in fact, so great is the excitement produced
by the discovery and development of our copper and silver lodes,
that, as a consequence, a considerable portion of capital and labor, heretofore
invested in agriculture, are now turned to
the value of productions from that source.
mining, thus lessening
Our copper mines, as they are becoming developed, prove the necessity
of some investment of the surplus capital of some of our more favored
citizens of San Francisco and elsewhere. To develop a copper mine,
and make the production of ore remunerative to the owner, a large outlay
is in most cases necessar3^ The lodes, or strikes, making through
the county from the Stanislaus to the Mokelumne Elvers, thus far discovered,
are among the richest of the world. The Union, Keystone,
Napoleon, Copper Hill, Hog Hill, Campo Seco, Lancha Plana, Josephine,
Collier, Camp, McNulty, and some few" other companies, are already
shipping large amounts of ore, varying from twelve to thirty per cent
of metal. The daily production of ore from this county is already about
one hundred tons— giving employment to a large number of men and
teams for its transportation and shipment; which amount will soon be
greatly increased from the shipment of ore from the San Domingo District,
further to the east and more nearly the center of the count}",
which will send ore even better than much of that sent from the Copperopolis
and Campo Seco districts.
Our silver mines, though doubtless very rich, are not as yet much developed.
The great rush of prospectors for silver to more distant localities
has drawn from Blue Mountain that attention which its prospects
would seem to demand. Quite as good prosjoects are had from the lodes
of this district as from most of those of more distant localities ; all that
is needed here, as in the copper mining districts, is the necessary capital
from abroad to assist the hardy miner in his heavy undertaking—the
Oldening up and successful working of a silver mine.
FRUIT TREES AND VINES.
Of the production of our orchards and vineyards but little can be said
in addition to our report of last year. There has been a gradual increase
in some and a falling off in others of the produce of the orchard, while
the vines are annually increasing in number, and the wine made will soon
be in quantities sufficient to give employment to the several transportation
lines to the seaboard, while the quality of wine will bear favorable
comparison w^ith much that is brought from abroad.

TAXABLE PROPERTY.
Consequent upon the rush of people for the several silver mining districts
east of the Nevadas, our assessment roll has not come up to that of
last 3'ear, and we may look for a continuation of this decrease for perhaps
another two j'^ears, when the natural reflux of the people, and the
continued development of rich copper and silver lodes on this, the west
side of the mountains, will tend to increase the amount of taxable property,
and continue graduallj- till the time when " Old" Calaveras will
rank among the rich counties of the State.
We have also somewhat reduced the number of horses and cattle,
while a small increase is had in the number of sheep. Hogs have decreased
in number,while the qualit}' of both beef and jjork is better than
heretofore, from a more systematic mode of treatment.
All of which we respectfully submit.
Yours truly,
J. THOMPSON,
D. S. BATES,
D. S. LANE,
S. W. BRIGGS,
E. K. THOENE,
JOHN GILLILAND,
Township Assessors of Calaveras County.
COLUSA COUNTY.
H. W. Brown, County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
:
Sir :—Please find herewith the necessary report, as required by law.
Not having an}- blanks left from last j'ear, I send in the present form.
The report differs but little from last year. There are fewer cattle, but
a few more horses and sheep. The value of cattle was less, making the
total valuation a figure less than that of last year.
Very respectfully, yours,
H. W. BEOWN,
County Assessor of Colusa County.

127
DEL NOETE COUNTY.
(teorge W. Eussell, Count}'- Assessor.
Crescent City, )
Hon. J. F. Houghton, September 8, 186B. f
Survej'or-Gcneral :
Sir:—Herewith, I submit my report as Assessor of Del Norte County,
for the year eighteen hundred and sixty-three :
It is a matter of impossibility for me to obtain anything like a correct
statement relating to the agricultural interests in our county, and I have
returned the statement to you filled up with only such figures as could
be relied upon.
The farming land in this county is confined to two small valleys, and
they are cultivated to a small extent. The land cannot be excelled in
the State, and is susceptible of the highest cultivation. We have vast
forests of timber running through the county; redwood, white and yellow
fir, hemlock, spruce, "and pine, abound in great quantities, and are,
in fact, inexhaustible, and I prophesy that, in two years time, Crescent
City will be the heaviest lumber exporting port on the Pacific coast.
The harbor of Crescent City is the only port of entry between San Francisco
and the Columbia Eiver that is susceptible of improvement, and a
survey of the harbor has already been made by the Government, with
the view of constructing a breakwater, and let this be completed, Crescent
City will rank wuth the wealthy cities of the Pacific.
The most promising productive interests of Del Norte are its copper
mines. Over thirty claims have been located, twenty of them incorporated,
and in various stages of development. Up to this time, about five
hundred tons of ore, averaging twenty-five per cent, has been shipped
from this place, and, from present appearances, the amount of ore thut
will be sent forward the coming season will reach five thousand tons,
with a certaint}^ of doubling the amount every succeeding year.
The future of this little northvv'est corner of creation is a bright one
Business of all kinds looks better, all are encouraged, and none more so
than
Your humble servant,
E. Wiley
Hon. J. F. lioUGHTON;
Survc3'or-General :
HUMBOLDT COUNTY.
GEOEGE W. EUSSELL,
Assessor of Del Norte County.
County Assessor.
Office County Assessor, 1
Eureka, Sept. 21st, 1863. j
Sir:—Please find inclosed my report as County Assessor for the year
eighteen hundred and sixty-three. The difliculties in gathering statis-

128
tics which would enable one to furnish a correct statement is sufficiently
apparent to any person who has had any experience in the business,
without any exjrjlanations whatever. But when to the ordinary difficulties
incident to the office is added an unrelenting, devastating Indian
war, that is carried to the very doors of our homes, I hope will be
deemed a sufficient excuse for any shortcomings or imperfections which
may appear in my report. In fact, to this war may be traced the
various difficulties and defects which we are compelled to endure.
Our list of taxable property is over two hundred thousand dollars
short of what it was last year. Our taxable inhabitants are one hundred
short, and every department of our domestic relations have more
or less been damaged by the same cause.
Since my last report whole neighborhoods in our county have been
deserted; citizens who have bought their land from the United States,
invested all their little means in building themselves up a liome^ and by
untiring energy and industiy have had everything that was requisite
to make a home comfortable, liave been compelled to give up cver}-thing—leaving
their orchards ladened Avith choice fruits, their fine fields
of grain, their herds and flocks ; 3-ea, and alas ! too often the father and
husband have been left amid the ruins of what was once a peaceful and
quiet home, but now to them a home no longer.
Our grazing interests are cntirel}'' destroyed, and our agricultural interests
very considerably impaired, from the fact that when a man sows
he has no assurance that he will ever be permitted to reap his harvest.
There is now in this county quite a number of fine fields of grain that
cannot be harvested with safety without an armed guard to protect the
men while harvesting. Then our lumbering interests are impaired
materially by the same cause. In fact, every department of society
feels the 0])pression more or less. Yet notwithstanding all of our diffi-
culties our march is " onward and upward;" improvements still go on.
New farms are being opened all the time, new enterprises entered into,
and new features in the natural resources of our county are being continually
developed.
I think 1 can say of a truth, that in Humboldt County there is a
greater combination of requisites for a good county than any part of ourJ
State, namely: Good soil, good timber, good water, good climate, and
'
good health—with a harbor second to none in the State, save San Francisco,
and entirely free from that bane of California, " Spanish grants."
"When a man buys land in this county he has the title from the General
Government direct.
There is no Avay for me to arrive at the aggregate number of acres of
timber, grazing, and agricultural Ijtnds, the greater portion of our county
never having been surve_yed.
Our count}^ is about sixty miles in length along thC coast, by about
forty miles in width. There is a belt of redwoods that runs through our
count}' from north to south, and parallel with the coast, about ten miles
in width, leaving a strip of agricultural and grazing lands on the west,
between that and the coast, on which the entire settlements of the
county are at present located—the strip of open land lying to the eastward
of the redwoods being entirely deserted and given up to the Indians,
and which is as fine a grazing country as there is in the State.
The salmon fisheries of Eel Kiver are second to none in tlie world for
quantity, quality and facilities for taking them.
Some fine banks of coal have been discovered on Eel River the past

129
season, which at some future daj^ will he an article of export from our
bay.
^ With the assurance that I have done everything ] could under the
cii'cumstances to make ni}* report complete,
I am, sir, yours, most respectfully,
E. WILEY,
County Assessor.
MAEIPOSA COUNTY.
George W. Cornell County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
:
Sir :—I have the honor to transmit to 3'our office, in accordance with
the requirements of law, mj^ annual report as Assessor of Mariposa
County, accompanied with Avhich you will find a statistical report of all
and such matters pertaining thereto.
Since m}^ last annual report, I have the satisfaction of returning an
increase in the taxable property of this county, and also in reporting a
decided improvement in the productiveness in mining and agricultural
pursuits of our citizens.
By a recent Act of the Legislature, our floating debt has been bonded,
and our Supervisors, with commendable zeal, are endeavoring to make
due preparation to meet the exigencies of the case, and doubtless, if all
would promptly pay their taxes, it w^ould liquidate the entire debt in a
few years. You arc aware that within our county lies the celebrated
Las Mariposas estate. The parties controlling this estate have heretofore
claimed that the property should only be assessed for the value of
the improvements and a nominal value of the land ; asserting that the
hidden treasures contained in the land could not be a guide to assessment,
as their value could not be known. The Supervisors have endeavored
to assess the property at something like a moderate valuation,
but all their efforts thus far have been vain, because of the chicanery and
legal technicalities of parties interested. In every suit heretofore instituted
b}" this county to recover taxes upon this estate, the Supervisors
have been invariably beaten, and they have grown chary of expending
money to coerce the owners of the estate to a compliance with the law.
Such being the case, the taxes have fallen heavily upon the other tax
payers of the county. But, could the parties now owning the estate be
forced to give an assessment for anj'thing like the value for which it has
been recently sold, a sufficient revenue would soon be realized to discharge
our county indebtedness and materially decrease the rate of taxation.
This can be easily understood when the facts are stated—that
heretofore the estate has been assessed at less than three hundred thousand
dollars, yet recently the i:ft-operty has passed into the hands of a
joint stock company with a nominal value of ten millions, the par value
which is rated and realizing fifty per cent. This, then, by their own
17 .

130
showing, Avould bring the value of the estate to the amount of five millions.
But, allowing a reasonable deduction from this amount, three
millions of dollars would be a fair assessment of the estate. Could they
be taxed upon that amount, the State as well as the county would receive
dues out of which thej' have been defrauded heretofore.
For a description, geographically, of our county, I beg leave to refer
3"0U to my last annual report.
Since my last report, I am happy to be able to state that improvements
have been progressive, and are of a permanent nature. We can
boast of as good roads as any in the mountains, and bridges and ferries
have been repaired since the flood of eighteen hundred and sixty-two,
and are now in good order for travel.
We have six School Districts, all of which are supplied with Teachers.
A manifest improvement is discernible in the interest taken by our citizens
in Public Schools since my last report. Our population is becoming
more settled, and the number of children is largely increasing, and our
School Fund, judiciously managed, will give a good ratio to each scholar.
I beg to refer you to my last annual report for such other and further
matters as in this would be a repetition.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
GEOEGE W. COENELL,
Assessor of Marij)Osa County.
MONTEEEY COUNTY.
W. V. McGarvey County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
San Juan. Monterey County,
October 3d, 1863. J
Sir :—Inclosed please find my statistical report of this county for the
year eighteen hundred and sixty-three. There has been some falling off
in the number of stock cattle, as many have been driven out of the
county on account of the scarcity of grass ; and, also, our stock in
horses has fallen off—a disease something like the blind staggers has
killed man}' off in the last year. As to sheep, some considerable number
have been driven out of the county, but yet the number is a few thousand
more than last year.
We have a matanzas at Monterey, erected by San Jurjo, Bolado & Pu-
jol, and superintended by Messrs. Leigh & Winter. They have been in
operation since the first of May. and have been killing from sixty to one
bundi'ed head of cattle per day for hides and tallow. They have also
killed a few sheep. Many of the cattle have been poor cattle, and, I
might say, they were killing them to save their lives, as they would undoubtedly
have died the coming winter, and were purchased at very low
prices—from one dollar and a half to two dollars j^er head—which will
explain to you the low value of the whole number of cattle slaughtered.
In the culture of tobacco, I can only say that but veiy few have as
")

131
yet tried it, and all have succeeded beyond their expectations. You
may look for tobacco from here in a few j^ears.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
Very respectfully yours,
W. y. McGAEYEY,
Assessor of Monterey County.
PLACEE COUNTY.
Eecorder's Office,
Auburn, Placer County, November 17th, 1863 .}
Sir :—Inclosed please find report filled up, as per blank form sent for
County Assessor to compile. I have made the same up from the ten
difi'erent Assessors of our county, as thej^ reported to me. Some of the
items, in my opinion, are not as full as they should be ; but on the whole,
they are about correct. It is with considerable difficulty that I have
been able to report as full as I have.
By E. E. Patton, Deputy.
Yours respectfully, etc.,
W. H. PATTOK, Eecorder,
And ex officio Auditor and Clerk of Supervisors.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY".
A. E. Maxcy County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
:
Assessor's Office, )
San Diego, California.* j
Sir :—This county extends north and south from the southern lines of
Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties to the State line and Mexican
boundarj' some ninety miles, east and west from the Colorado Eiver to
the Pacific Coast, some one hundred and fifty miles.
That portion lying between the Colorado Eiver and Coast Eange of
mountains is a barren desert, eomj)rising two thirds of the county. The
remaining portion, lying between the dividing line of the Coast Eange
and Pacific Coast, though habitable and containing a few tolerably good
ranches for grazing stock in good seasons, nine tenths is almost wholly
unserviceable to man.
This county does not furnish its own few inhabitants with breadstuffs,
fruit, or vegetables.
We have no internal improvements of any kind.

132
vSome placeros have been worked the past year on the two peaks of
mountains adjoining the Eiver Colorado, called Pekatchj^ and Pilot Knob.
Grold ii obtained by dry washing, bnt not in large quantities.
We have a gold quartz mine some twenty miles from the Pacific Coast
east, the quartz yielding thirty-five per cent of gold. It is not being
worked at present.
A vein of copper ore and silver is now being opened five miles only
from the Coast and twenty miles north from the town of San Diego.
The only other product of the county worthy of mention is the stock,
for which 1 refer to the statistics.
The stock is djang in large numbers from starvation, and it is impossible
to conjecture what portion will survive the coming winter.
SAN JOAQUm COUNTY.
Very respectfully,
A. E. MAXCY,
County Assessor, San Diego.
J. M. Long Count}' Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
:
Office of County Assessor,
Stockton, Nov. 4th, 1863. J
Sir :—I have the honor, in conformity with the law of the State, to
submit to 3-011 the following as my annual report for the year eighteen
hundred and sixty-three :
AGRICULTURE—WORKING THE SOIL.
The statement I made in a former report in regard to the great natural
agricultural advantages of the county, it is unnecessary to repeat, as the
remarks then made, particularly in regard to the character and quality of
the soil, would now equally apply. The soil of this county is probably
richer in, all the essential elements necessary for the production of cereal
crops than any other in the State. More attention is given to improved
methods of cultivating the soil, and all the agricultural implements of
modern invention and improvements are coming generally into use.
Deep ploAving is approved and generally practiced by the farmers, and
husbandmen generally approve the practice of planting their crops on
fallow land. This method of cultivating facilitates the early sowing of
seed, extending to the crops all the benefits afforded hy time before the
dry weather of early summer sets in.
The agricultural productions of the county mainly consist in wheat,
although a considerable amount of barley is raised. A greater number
of acres have been devoted to the cultivation of barley this year than
formerly, but the yield has been less jier acre than that of last year.
The whole amount of land in the county is one hundred and seventyfive
thousand acres, and seventy thousand. eight hundi-ed acres of that
")

133
amount has been sowed in barley, which produced five hundred and
sixty-six thousand four hundred bushels.
The amount of land in wheat was sixty thousand acres, and the quantity
produced, six hundred thousand bushels. So it will be seen that
altliouo-h there has been ten thousand acres less land devoted to the
raising of wheat than to barlej^, the amount produced of the former exceeds
the latter by thirty-three thousand six hundred bushels.
The cultivation of oats, rye, corn, buckwheat, peas, and beans, have
been circumscribed within narrow bounds ; only twenty thousand
bushels of oats, ten thousand bushels of rye, and six thousand bushels
of buckwheat have been produced.
The cultivation of potatoes has been more extended. The amount
raised on twelve hundred and fifty acres is one hundred and twenty-five
thousand bushels. But the schedule of compiled statistics accompanying
this paper will show you the various agricultural products, number
of live stock, vines, and fruit trees; also improvements, value of real
estate, personal property, etc.
TOBACCO.
But a limited attempt has been made to cultivate tobacco. Yet thus
far the efforts of a few have been very successful in producing an article
of good quality. It is believed the growth can be made very remunerative,
and the only drawback to its extended production is the want
of manufacturing facilities.
BROOMCORN AND SORGHUM.
Although the quantity is but light, a very superior article of broomcorn
has been raised the past season ; a qualit}^—not long and slender,
but short and brushy—such as manufacturers of brooms are anxious to
obtain. Some fifty acres of land only have been planted in this article,
and it yields so good a revenue for the labor used that there is but little
donbt but its cultivation will be greatly increased the coming year.
Sorghum or Chinese sugar cane has been successfully raised in some
places, and not so in others. On the rich lands bordering the Calaveras
Eiver the crop of sorghum has yielded as much as one hundred aiid
seventy-five gallons of syrup to the acre. On deep alluvial soil, containing
a good proportion of vegetable matter, the plant more easily obtains
the requisite juices and therefore succeeds much better than on higher
ground, where there is a comparative destitution of moisture, occasioned
by the light and porous character of the soil.
FRUIT TREES AND VINES.
The superior attention given to the tillage of orchards and vineyards
throughout the county is apparent from the quantity and excellent
quality of the fruit produced. Peaches and apricots, which in former
years w«re plentiful and hiscious, have failed this year to come up to
their former standard in nllny places. The cause of this is attributed to
the damage done to the trees by the floods in the winter of eighteen hundred
and sixty-one and eighteen hundred and sixty-two. Many trees
died the following spring, and many aiore seem to have been irretrievably
injured. The apple crop, however, has been good, as is shown by
the adornment of the fruit gardens with heavy loads of well ripened

134
fruit. The grape producing and wine making interests of the county
are rapidly growing into importance, and in a year or two will be pai*amount
to the culture of all other kinds of fruits; the cultivation of the
grape and the manufacture of wine are alike well understood, and the
pursuit will soon lead to a large and constantly increasing revenue from
that source.
BEES.
Bees have done vevj poorly this year, and instead of the nineteen
hundred hives of last year doubling or trebling their number, there are
only about one hundred more hives in the county, as shown by the figures
of last year. The season has been peculiarly unpropitious for this indefatigably
industrious insect, the more than ordinary length of the dry
season militating greatly against them in procuring the desired nectar
from the vegetable kingdom.
LIVE STOCK.
There has been a considerable falling off in the former amount of
horned stock, which in a measure ma}^ be accounted for by the land
throughout the count}'' being nearly all fenced up ; therefore, stock has
to be driven to other and inappropriate localities for pasture. Sheep
have greatly fallen off for like reason. It may also be proper to say,
that an increased demand for sheep and cattle east of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains has occasioned the removal of a large quantity of both to that
market. The Washoe trade has occasioned the diminution of the number
of mules, but first-class horses and the finer breeds of cattle and swine have
slightly increased in number. By inviting your attention to the accompanjnng
schedule of figures, particularly those relating to real estate, you
will notice an increase of taxable pi'operty over last year of three hundred
and tw^enty-two thousand two hundred and seventy-seven dollars.
Hoping the report will receive your approbation, I have the pleasure
of subscribing myself
Your obedient servant,
SIEEEA COUNTY.
J. M. LONG,
Assessor San Joaquin County.
Alfred Marmon County Assessor.
Office of County Assessor,
Downieville, Sierra County, Cal., September 23d, 1863. j
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
:
Sir :—The statistics of this county are not so full and complete as I desired,
but I find it a very difficult thing indeed to gather the various items
required in the catalogue of statistics, especially where two thirds of the
county is covered with snow, when the original assessment has to be
made, (which in this county has to be done by the first Monday in June,)
^
|

135
and it naturally follows that many items of importance cannot bo gathered,
but upon the whole we feel satisfied that Sierra " lives," as the result
of the second day of September testifies. Quite an acquisition also has
been made in property by the settling up of Sierra Valley. Improvements
are being made ; stock raising is far superseding former years,
both in cattle, horses, and mules. Hay in abundance is procured in this
valley, and in fact the valley with its lands and property of all kinds
is daily increasing in value, while many other portions of our county
show strong symptoms of decay and depopulation. I assessed the people
of the valley this year on their possessory rights to eighteen thousand
one hundred and fifty-one acres of land, and one thousand two
hundred and forty-seven head of stock cattle, one hundred and ninetytwo
3"oke of oxen, three hundred and sixty-three horses, and forty-nine
mules, besides five saw mills, of which Fletcher & Eowland have one
from which they are cutting from seven to ten thousand feet per day,
which they are hauling to Virginia City, Nevada Territory'.
Thp assessed value of the property this year will not show quite as
large as it did last, owing to about eight hundred thousand dollars of
worthless mortgages that have been stricken from our county records
by the persons applying to the Board of Supervisors this past summer,
yet we hope to realize a larger sum, both for the countj^ and State, than
last year.
Howland Flat, in Northern Sierra, will probably yield more gold than
any other mining camp in the countj'', with an increased population.
And also at Fur Cap, Deadwood, etc., mines are being opened and developed
of great I'ichness, and which in all probability surpasses in richness
anything yet discovered in this county, together with many new
and valuable quartz ledges that have been discovered and tested in various
portions of our county during the past summer, which places her
on an equal footing with any in the State for mineral resources. Copper,
also, has been found in some portions of the county in quantities sufficient
to warrant good pay.
Many valuable homesteads have been assessed this year for the first
time on the Truckee and Henness Pass Eoads, east of Jackson's Eanch,
which promises in future to increase the revenue of the count}'.
The fruit crop of ajDples, peaches, pears, grapes, etc., is abundant, especially
peaches, which bend beneath their load of golden fruit, and the
cheapness of such delicacies will testify to their superabundance.
I would mention that the line between Sierra and Plumas Counties has
not been run, owing to the failure on the part of the Plumas County Surveyor
to meet our County Surveyor at a stated time and place to run the
line between the two counties. As it is necessary that such lines should
be run and definitely settled, property holders near the lines, or contemplated
lines, will then know to which of the two counties they are requirfed
to pay their taxes. As it now remains, disputes arise as to which of the
counties the}' are entitled to pay to, and consequent!}' some refuse to pay
to either of the counties until the lines are defined.
We have twelve thousand acres of wild hay land, yielding a crop of
four thousand tons of hay annually.
All of which is respectfully submitted,
ALFRED MARMON,
County Assessor of Sierra County.

136
SAN MATEO COUNTY.
S. H. Snyder County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General :
Office County Assessor, |
Eedwood City, Nov. 4th, 1863. j
Sir :—In conformity to the law and in compliance with your circular,
I submit my annual report for the year eighteen hundred and sixty-three,
which is as full and correct as I have been able to ascertain by diligent
investigation. Although not as full as could be desired, still it approximates
somewhat near the facts.
There has been an increase in the various productions of the county
over last year; the princij^al productions being wheat, barley, oats, hay,
and potatoes. In cattle there has been a decrease of nearly one third
since last year. B}' the way of improvements, we have twenty-two miles
of railroad now completed, and cars running their regular trips to and
from San Francisco. You will observe bj' the repoi't that there has been
an increase in the assessed valuation of real estate. This fact is attributable
to the sudden rise of real estate in the markets and the great demand
for the same. To our improvement of railroad we owe this change.
Our climate was good and our soil was prolific, and the railroad made it
accessible and available. In regard to fruit, there is but very little
grown in the county, the orchards being all young, and I did not make
any returns of the quantity of fruit raised. Wheat, oats, and barley is
a fair crop.
The number of acres of Marsh and Overflowed Lands is about ten
thousand.
We have eight Public Schools, and well attended.
Yours, respectfully,
SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY.
S. H. .SNYDEE,
Assessor of San Mateo County.
Valentin Ga.jiola County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General :
San Luis Obispo,
September 26th, 1863
Sir :—In conformity with law I herewith send the statistics of this
county, hoping the report will meet with your appi'obation. San Luis
Obispo County represents a variety of interests—agricultural, stock raising,
and mineral. Live stock of this county has very much improved
}

137
within the last few years. Horses, cattle, and sheep have greatly im-^
proved by the impoi'tation of fine blooded American stallions, bulls, and
rams.
FRUIT.
On the various farms of the count}', the cultivators of orchards and
vineyards have made considerable progress. The ranch of -Mr. T. F.
Branch, situated on the Arroya Granda, has yielded a very large lot of
fruit, more so than that of any other farmer in the county.
MINES.
There has been discovered, on what they call the Santa Eosa Eanch,
situated about forty miles from the county seat, a coal mine, which, from
all accounts, is ver}' rich. They have not commenced work on the mine
as yet, but it is to be hoped the day is not far distant before they commence
taking out that hidden treasure 3 also, there has been discovered
a copper mine within twenty-five miles of the coal mine, which, from all
accounts, is very rich. I think as soon as winter is over these mines will
be worked with a will, and, in the meantime, the count}' is all alive about
new discoveries of copper mines.
VALUATION OP PROPERTY.
Comparing the value of property of the year eighteen hundred and
sixty two with eighteen hundred and sixty-three, you will perceive there
has been an increase in the valuation of all kinds of property.
Valuation of Projperty for Year 1862.
Eeal estate 8234,721 50
Personal property....' 274,021 06
Total :
Valuation of Pro^yerty for Year 1863.
Eeal estate
$210,806 45
Personal property 402,876 00
Total
All of which is respectfully submitted.
By Ben-jamin F. Hook, Deputy.
18
$512,742 56
$613,682 45
VALENTIN GAJIOLA,
Count}' Assessor of San Luis Obispo County.

138
SANTA CEUZ COUNTY.
N. Taylor County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
Santa Cruz, )
October 6th, 1863. j
Sir :—In compliance with law, I have the honor to submit to you the
statistics of Santa Cruz County as collected while assessing the county.
You will notice that there is an advance over the statement of eighteen
hundred and sixty-two.
All the different interests in this county are being vigorously prosecuted,
and new ones being opened.
A powder mill is being built on the San Lorenzo Eiver a short distance
above the paper mill, and other improvements are talked of.
The mining interests are being prosecuted quite thoroughly—several
companies incorporated and vigorously at work.
The crops of all kinds are abundant this year in this county.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Yours, etc.
SUTTER COUNTY.
N. TAYLOR,
Assessor of Santa Cruz County.
P. A. Clarke ...County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton,
Surveyor-General
Yuba City,
November 6th, 1863.
Sir :—Inclosed you have my report, which I am sorry was not transmitted
before this. I did not observe the erasure of the old date in
your circular until a few days ago'; however, I hope it may reach you
in time. The report is as correct as I could make it.
Many kinds of property- in my county have greatly decreased, and
also depreciated in value, whilst other kinds have increased—such as
lands and improvements. Owing to the great emigration to newl}' discovered
mineral regions, this county, I think, is decidedly retrograding;
much good land lying idle.
The culture of tobacco seems to have proven a failure, though the land
is well adapted to its culture—that is, a great portion of it—but prices
at the present are too low, and the expense of raising too great. Sugarcane
also, though growing well, for the same reason will occupj' but little
a.tcntion.

139
There is some improveraeut in horses and some in sheep, (I mean in
stock,) but all other kinds seem to have very little attention paid to
them.
You Avill see by m}- report no public improvements, such as railroads,
turnpikes, or canals ;
no mills, either steam or water.
We scarcely raise any kind of hay but the natural grasses of the
country, except the wild oats, which is also a native.
Our county is sparsely wooded, and that only fit for fuel.
I remain, very respectfully.
TRINITY COUNTY.
P. A. CLARKE,
Assessor of Sutter County.
George F. Miers County Assessor.
Hon. J. F. Houghton.
Survoyor-G-eneral
:
Weaverville, Trinity County, |
October 2d, 1863. j
Sir :—Please find accompanying this, statistics of this county.
Y''ou will perceive that the taxable property of this county has fallen
off, since last year about two hundred thousand dollars. So it is with
the population ; we have lost about five hundred voters since the election
a year ago. As to the natural productions of this county, the re-
]>ort of last year will apph'.
By H. Nichols. Deputy.
Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
GEORGE F. MIERS,
Assessor of Trinity Count3^

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
iipriiiinihni 0f liiblic Instritdion,
OF THE
ST^TE OF C^LIFORlSriA^,
FOR
THE YEAR 1863

0. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER.

A.NNTJ^L REI^OHT.
Department of Public Instruction, \
San Francisco, November 1st, 1863. j
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of California :
I herewith submit to you the Thirteenth Annual Eeport of the Superintendent
of Public Instruction of the State of California, with the
request that the same be transmitted to the Legislature, and published,
in compliance with section five of the Eevised School Law.
Yery respectfully.
Your obedient servant,
JOHN SWETT,
Superintendent of Public Instruction.

R E I^ O K T
GENERAL SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
The subjoined summaiy of statistics will alford a general view of the
3ondition and pi-ogress of the Public Schools for the School year of ten
nonths, from November first, eighteen hundred and sixtj'-two, to August
hit'ty-first. eighteen hundred and sixty-three :
STATISTICS FROM RETURNS OF SCHOOL CENSUS JIARSHALS.
1.
2.
Number of boys between four and eighteen years of age
Number of girls between four and eighteen years of age
39,700
38,355
3. Total number of Avhite children between four and eigh-
4.
5.
teen years of age
Number of white children under four years of age
Number of children between eighteen and twenty-one
78,055
39,081
6.
years of age....
Number of children of all ages under twenty-one years
4,129
7.
8.
born in California
Number of children between four and six years of age...
Number of childrer. between four and six 3-ears of age
74,835
15,987
9.
0.
attending School.. 1
Number of children of all ages attending Public Schools.]
Number of children of all ages attending private Schoolsj
3,722
29,416
9,158
1. Number of children between six and eighteen j^ears ofi
age, not attending any School
j
STATISTICS FRO.'^f RETURNS OF TEACHERS AND TRUSTEES.
Dotal number of pupils enrolled on Public School Kegisters...
Average number belonging to Public Schools
Werage daily attendance
STumber attending School under six years of age
20,062
36,540
22,965
19,992
2,246

6
Percentage of daily attendance on the average number belonging
Daily average percentage of attendance on the whole number enrolled on the Public School
80J
Registers
54
Daily average percentage of attendance in the Public Schools on the whole number of children
between the ages of four and eighteen years 24^
Percentage of enrolment in the Public Schools on the whole number in the State 46
Average number of months during which Schools were maintained 5.4
Average length of time Teachers have taught the same School 7.1
MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS.
Whole number of Primary Schools
Whole number of Intermediate Schools.
Whole number of Unclassified Schools..
Whole number of Grammer Schools
Whole number of High Schools
Total number of Schools.
280
58
364
48
2
Total number of School Districts
JSIumber of Schools for colored children
Number of colored children attending such Schools
Whole number of Negro children returned by Census Marshals
Whole number of Mongolian children returned by Census
Marshals
Whole number of Indian children returned by Census Marshals
Whole number of deaf and dumb, irrespective of age
Whole number of blind, irrespective of age
Number of male Teachers employed during the
year 585
Number of female Teachers employed during the
year 464
Total number of Teachers employed during the 3^ear.
Number of Schools maintained less than three months
Number of Schools maintained only three months
Number of Schools maintained more than three months, and
less than six months
Number of Schools maintained more than six months, and
less than nine months
Number of vSchools maintained nine months and over
Average number of months School was maintained in all the
School Districts of the State
Number of Free Public Schools maintained without rate bills..
Number of School Districts which have raised a District Tax
Number of School Districts which have made correct returns
according to law
Number of Districts which have failed to make correct I'eturns
Number of Districts supplied with State School Eegisters and
copies of Eevised School Law
Names of Districts not supplied

Number of Teachers who have made returns according to
law
Number who have failed to make such returns
Number of School-houses built of bi"ick
Number of School-houses built of wood
Number of School-houses which disgrace the State
Number of volumes in Public School Librai'ies
Nuinber of Teachers who subscribe for an Educational Journal
Longest time any Teacher has taught the same School
Number of Teachers who have taught the same School two
years an d over
Number of Teachers who attended State Teachers' Institute
Number of Teachers who attended County Teachers' Institute
,
Number of Teachers allowed and paid for time in attendance
on Institute
Number of School visits made by County Superintendents...
Number of School visits made by Trustees
Number of School visits made by other persons
Number of First Grade Certificates issued bj- Count}- Board
of Examination
Number of Second Grade Certificates issued by County Board
of Examination
Number of Temporary Certificates issued by County Superinten
dents
Number of applicants rejected by County Board of Examination
Number of State Educational Diplomas issued
Number of State Certificates, First Grade
Number of State Certificates, Second Grade
Number of State Certificates, Third Grade
Number of applicants rejected bj^ the State Board
FINANCIAL STATISTICS.
Amount of School Fund received from the
State 8145,537 84
Amount of School Money received from
County Taxes ....•- 307,128 22
Amount of money received from District
Taxes : 38,731 62
Amount received from Eate-Bills and Subscription
Total amount received from all sources
for support of Schools
Amount carried forward
68, 209 24
756
79
31
647
149
3,327
277
11 years.
77
308
242
86
1,058
971
2,460
159
294
124
99
9
11
12
20
31
$581,055 77
8581,055 77

Amount brought forward |
Amount paid Teachers' Salaries $328,388 02
Amount expended for sites, buildings, repairs
and School Furniture 93, 931 53
Amount expended for School Libraries
Amount expended for School Apparatus
Total expenditure for School purposes.
514 75
2,271 97
Amount of money derived from all sources per School
Child
...
Amount per scholar for whole number enrolled on Public
School Registers
Highest amount raised in any county by County Tax -per
School Child
Lowest amount raised
School Child
in any county by County Tax per
Average amount
Percentage of amount raised by County Tax on each hundred
dollars of assessable property in the State
Percentage of amount raised by County and District
Taxes and Rate-Bills on each hundred dollars
Amount appropriated for sup2:)ort of State Normal School..
Amount of money expended for County Institutes
Average annual salary of County vSuperintendents
Amount paid Teachers for services rendered on County
Board of Examination
Highest monthly wages, board included, paid to male
Teachers
Highest monthly wages, board included, paid to female
Teachers
Lowest monthly wages, board included, paid to male
Teachers
Lowest monthly wages,
Teachers
board included, paid to female
Average monthly wages paid to all Teachers
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
$581,055 77
483,407 49
7 44
15 90
11 90
18
4 00
18
24 i
6,000 00
275 00
440 00
400 00
270 00
125 00
29 00
30 00
80 eo
The State apportionment for the School year ending August thirtyfirst,
amounted to one hundred and forty-five thousand five hundred and
thirty-seven dollars and eiglity-four cents, ($145,537 84,) of which seventeen
thousand one hundred and fort^'-seven dollars and twenty cents
($17,147 20) was due the previous School year, July first, eighteen hundred
and sixty-two—not paid "on account of pressing demands on the
Treasury." The amount derived from County School tax, as nearly as
can be estimated from the conflicting returns of Countj^ Superintendents
and County Treasurers, was three hundred and seven thousand dollars,

9
(§807,000,) of which San Francisco raised one hundred and ninetj'-three
thousand dolhvrs ($193,000.)
The amount raised by " Eate Bills" was sixty-eight thousand dollars,
($68,000,) and the sum derived from " District Taxes," as indicated in
that column, is thirty-eight thousand dollars (S38,000) ; but of this,
thirty thousand dollai's (^oO,000) was raised by city taxes in the Cities
of Sacramento, Stockton, Marysville, and San Jose, leaving only eight
thousand dollars ($8,000) raised by District Taxes proper.
The total amount received from all sources for the support of Schools,
according to the returns, was five hundred and eighty-one thousand dollars,
(8581,000,) of which San Francisco received two hundred and nineteen
thousand dollars, ($:219,000,) or nearly two fifths.
This amount is equal to seven dollars and forty-four cents ($7 44) to
every white child in the State between the ages of four and eighteen
years, and to fifteen dollars and ninety cents (§15 90) for each child
enrolled on the Public School registers.
The total amount of money expended was four hundred and eightythree
thousand dollai-s, (§483,000,) leaving a balance on hand September
first, eighteen hundred and sixtj^-three, of ninety-seven thousand dollars,
(§97,000,) as nearly as the amount can be guessed at from the conflicting
returns. This large balance arises from the fact that the School year
closed two months earlier than under the old law, and does not indicate
that the Schools have more than they can use. It is probable that at
least thirty thousand dollars (§30,000) was expended above the amount
returned, as at least thirty districts failed to make any report of expenditures,
and none are returned for those districts in the reports of County
Superintendents.
It is for the Legislature to decide whether School officers ought not
to be required to make some report of the public moneys which they
receive and appropriate.
SCHOOLS.
The total number of Schools is seven hundred and fifty-four, of which
two are High Schools, forty-eight Grammar, three hundred and sixtyfour
Unclassified or Mixed, fifty-eight Intermediate, and two hundred
and eighty Primary Schools. The English High School in San Francisco
numbers one hundred and twentj^-five pupils ; the English and Latin
High School in Sacramento numbers some forty pupils.
The average length of time for which School was maintained in all the
Schools during the School j'car of ten months, is five and four tenths
months, or about six and five tenths ijionths for a year of twelve months.
Thirty-one Schools were kept open less than three months; one hundi'ed
and ninety-eight, or one fourth of the whole number, were maintained
onl^ three months; two hundred and eleven, or a little more than one
fourth of all the Schools, wei-e kept open less than six months; one hundred
and fifty-seven were maintained less than nine months; and one
hundred and fourteen, or one seventh, nine months and over.
Of seven hundred and fifty four, the whole number of Public Schools,
only two hundred and nineteen, or a little more than one fourth, are

10
FREE SCHOOLS J all the rest are partially maintained by rate bills and
tuition—in other words, are half-private Schools.
These facts speak for themselves; they need no comment asking for a
State tax to make the Schools free, and to continue them at least nine
months in the year.
A child attending School only three months in the year, from the age
of six to eighteen, could only attend three years, leaving nine years of
wasted time.
SCHOOL CHILDEEN.
The returns of School Census Marshals were made with more than
usual care, and bear evidence of being very generally correct. A careful
examination of the statistical columns Avill be found instructive.
The total number of white children in the State between the ages of
four and eighteen is seventy-eight thousand and fifty-five, ofwhom twenty-
nine thousand attend Public vSchooIs ; nine thousand Private Schools
tioenty tJiousand, hetireen six and eighteen years of age, ATTEND NO ScHOOL;
twelve thousand more, between the ages of four and six j-ears, attend
no School ;
returns.
leaving only about eight thousand unaccounted for in the
The census returns indicate the number usually attending the Public
Schools at any one time as twentj'-nine thousand; the Teachers report
thirty-six thousand five hundred and fort}^ as enrolled during the year;
the average number belonging (filling up some counties with approximate
numbers) is twenty-three thousand; and the average daily attendance
is twenty thousand.
It is fortunate for the health and physical development of the children,
that out of sixteen thousand between four and six years of age, only
three thousand seven hundred attend the Public Schools; but large
numbers of that age attend the
Francisco, many of whom go to
Private
Private
Schools, particularly in San
Schools because they are excluded
by law from the Public Schools.
The total number of children attending Public and Private Schools is
thirty-eight thousand. Deducting four thousand between four and six
years of age, whose attendance is worse than useless, we have about
thirty-four thousand children, between the ages of six and eighteen
years, attending School, and twenty thousand children of the same age
not attending any School ; or, in other words, only two thirds
children of the State who ought to be at School are found there.
of the
Here,
then, are twent}" thousand living arguments in favor of a State School
tax. Were good Schools provided, fifteen thousand of these children
would be in attendance. These incontrovertible facts may well startle
us, in view of the future of our State. The number of children under
four years of age is thirty-nine thousand ; in two years, half, at least, of
these will be old enough to attend Schools if they are provided. If the
State does nothing for the better maintenance of Public Schools, we shall
soon be in the condition of England, where Jiffy-seven per cent of the children
never attend any School whatever.
The total number of white children under eighteen years of age is
one hundred and seventeen thousand one hundred and thirty-six; the
whole number of children and youth under twenty-one years of age is
;

11
one luindred and twenty-one thousand two hundred and sixty-five, of
whom seventj'-four thousand eight hundred and thirty-five were born in
California.
All these returns clearly demonstrate that a more liberal provision for
Public Schools must be made, to meet the demands of the rapidly increasing;
number of children.
ATTENDANCE.
The average number of pupils belonging to the Public Schools is returned
as twenty-two thousand nine hundred and sixty-five; and the
average daih' attendance, at nineteen thousand nine hundred and ninety-
two. The average percentage of attendance on the average number be-
probably a near approximation. The new
longing, is eighty per cent—
School Eegistcrs will secure exact returns another year. Here, then, is
a loss through irregularity of attendance, of one fifth of the money expended,
and one fifth of the time of the children attending. The percentage
of daily attendance on the whole number enrolled on the Eegister
for the year, is on\y fifty-four per cent, showing a loss of nearly half.
The evils of absenteeism and irregular attendance are among the most
serious of any encountered in the administration of the Public Schools;
and the attention of all Teachers and School otficers ought to be turned
to some remedy. The average time dui-ing which Schools are maintained
is onlj' six and one half mouths, at best;"and taking into consideration
the loss through irregular attendance, the average time of attendance for
the thirty-six thousand enrolled scholars is only three and one half
months. The daily average percentage of attendance on the whole number
of children in the State, between four and eighteen years of age, is
twenty-four and one half per cent. In Massachusetts, the same percentage
of attendance on the census children between three and fifteen years
of age is seventy-six per cent.
The percentage of enrolment in the Public Schools on the whole number
in the State, between four and eighteen, is forty-six ; in Massachusetts,
the same percentage is ninety-five.
TEACHEES' WAGES.
The average salary of all the Teachers, male and female, in the State,
is found by the returns to be eighty dollars ($80) per month; but as
the average time for which Schools are maintained is only six months,
and as Teachers are paid onl}- for time actually emjiloyed, the avei'age
annual salarj^ is only four hundred and eighty dollars (|480.)
The total
amount paid for Teachers' salaries during the year, was three hundred
and twenty-eight thousand dollars, (§328,000,) divided by the whole
number of Teachers employed, it will give three hundred and fifty-seven
dollars (§357) to each.
Out of this annual average salary Teachers must board and clothe
themselves, and pay their income tax ! An average servant girl receives

12
thi-ee hundred dollars (-$300) a year, and liar hoard } ai) average farm
hand gets the same; and even an able bodied Chinaman gets three hundred
dollars (8300) a year, boarding himself. The lowest monthly
wages paid to any male Teacher was twenty-nine dollars, (§20,) the
Teacher boarding himself A missionaiy ought to be sent to that district
at once by tlie State Educational Societ}'.
What kind of talent can be commanded at such rates? Few Schools
in the State pay a salary sufficient to induce men of capability and experience
to remain long in School.; as soon as they can make an escape
from the School room into some other pursuit, they shake the dust from
tlieir feet as they cross the threshold, and leave the place to be filled by
some raw recruit whose cheapness is his only recommendation. It is an
old and true maxim, " As is the Teacher, so is the School ;" and it may
be added, as is the salary, so is the Teacher. Until Trustees are willing
to pay better salaries, the character of the Schools cannot be j)ermanently
raised.
Occasionally a good Teacher, just arrived from the East, will take
charge of a School long enough to get the means to travel somewhere
else; but permanent Teachers cannot be obtained.
A New York County Superintendent remarks :
" Is it true that the education of our children is really of less value
than any of the other objects and pursuits in life that men are engaged
in ? One thing is certain, that less wages are paid to worthj-, qualified,
and faithful Teachers of children than to laborers of the same qualifications
in any other calling, while, at the same time, it cannot be denied
that the Teachers of our State are doing more to form and direct the
habits of thought and mould the character.s, mental and moral, of the
next generation than all other professions and callings combined. It is
true, complaints are made that Teachers do not quality themselves properly
for the performance of their high and responsible trust ; and this
complaint is just, in many instances; but it is equally true that more
than half of our best qualified Teachers are literally starved out of the
profession—not because they prefer some other, but because necessity
compels them to flee to something else to get bread for themselves and
families. Now, how can our Schools be elevated to and maintained at
that high standard which the best interests of our common country, the
prosperity of our State, and the welfare of our individuals require, so
long as the present system continues of thrusting out our devoted and
experienced Teachers and supplying their places with those who will
work cheap? "
CHANGE OF TEACHERS.
The average length of time in which Teachers have been engaged in
teaching the same School, is returned as seven months. This tells more
than volumes of the itinerant character of the occupation of teaching.
Teachers literally have no abiding place; they go wandering round the
country, picking up a three months' School here, and a four months' one
there, and then, " Fold their tents, like the Arabs, and as silently glide
away."
What a contrast is this to the Schools of Prussia or Germany, where

13
the Teacher often teaches the same School during a lifetime. What inducement
have Teachers to remain in tlie occupation any longer than
stern necessity compels then\ ? The average length of time of the employment
of Teachers in the same School in Yuha County, is one year
and one fourth; in the Counties of Tuolumne, Shasta and Santa Cruz,
one year; San Francisco made no returns, hut the average would probably
be about one year and a half The longest time any Teacher has
taught the same School is returned by San Francisco—eleven years; and
the next longest b}^ Yuba—nine years—Mr. J). C. Stone of Marj'sville.
The number in the State who have taught the same School two years
and over, is seventy-seven. The number of Teachers who subscribe for
an educational journal is returned at two hundred and seven tj'-seven
one fourth of the whole number in the State. The preceding statistics
show why the number is so small — the Teachers never remain long
enough in one place for their Post Office address to reach them.
Of course, it is utterly impossible to have anything like systematic instruction
while this condition of things exists; and it must and will
exist until sufficient money is raised by taxation to continue School
during the j'ear, and to pay Teachers a salarj^ which will induce good
ones to remain permanently in the occupation.
On this subject, one of the Count}^ Commissioners of New York thus
remarks :
"Another great hindrance to the advancement of our Schools is the
continued change of Teachers every three or four months. It takes a
good Teacher just about that time to introduce his system into a strange
School, and get it into good working order; he gets the rubbish removed,
his foundation laid, and just commences to build, but his term
has expired, and another takes his place who does not understand or
does not approve his plan, and he goes over the same ground by some
other method, and his terra exj)ire8; and so on to the end of the chapter.
The habits of thought and reasoning introduced and initiated by
one Teacher are broken up by the next, till the mind of the child becomes
a confused jumble of ideas, without any plan of clear and well
defined thought on any subject, and thus the}' are turned out into the
world to guess their way through it as best they can. I have often wondered
that our children leave School knowing half as much as they do.
Were it not for the scraps of practical education j)icked up in the nooks
and corners of life, no one knows where or how, the results of our system
of education would be much more deplorable than they are."
B. G. ISTorthrop, the energetic School Travelling Agent of Massachu-
setts, says :
" In chemistr}', in the arts and agriculture, experiments, however
expensive, are often necessary and useful. Persevering trials and repeated
failures usuall}' precede and sometimes suggest valuable inventions.
But of all experimenting, the most needless, costly, and fruitless,
placing a new hand at the
and 3^et the most common, is the practice of ' ' annually, or even twice a year, in our School-houses. When
wheel
passing through Hurl Gate in a storm, some months since, I observed
how much the apprehensions of timid passengers were quieted by the
' Our good Captain has run safely on this Sound
simple statement :
for forty years.' The assurance that an experienced hand guided the
helm at once inspired hope and confidence. But if false economy, pre-
—

14
judice, caprice, or favoritism placed new Captains or Pilots twice a year
on our noble ' Sound steamers,' how soon would they be condemned and
forsaken by an indignant public. And yet not a few prudential Agents
in our districts,, from mere whim or pique, or more often from open
nepotism, practice a system of change in Teachers, which introduces
confusion, waste, weakness, discouragement, and often retrogression, in
the place of system, economy, efficienc}-, and progress. This is the prolific
source of most serious defects now hindering the usefulness of our
Schools. True, there has been an encouraging advance for some years
in respect to the jiermanency of Teachers. But my own observation
convinces me that there is a pressing need of far greater progress in this
direction.
" The Teacher for the time being stands in the place of the parent.
And what results would be realized in the family were a new step-father
or step-mother to be semi-annually invested with parental authority?
The picture of anarchy and alienation which this question suggests
need not here be drawn. The evil is hardly less serious in the School
than it would be in the household. What would be the effect of a semiannual
change of Clerks and Bookkeepers in our mercantile establishments,
or of Agents and Overseers in our manufactories, or of JFinanciers
in our banks, or of Masters of our merchantmen, or Commanders of our
ironclads, or of Doctors in our families, or of Pastors in our parishes ?
Shrewd men never make such blunders in business matters, although
such frequent changes would be less disastrous to Avorldly enterprizes
than they are to the best interests of Schools. While the country is
mourning over the sad loss of life and treasure by the frequent changes
in the Commanders of our armies, let us not also practically denj- the
value of experience in the most vital interests committed to our charge
at home—the training of our children."
Hon. !N"ewton Bateman, of Illinois, say^s :
" When we consider how imjjortant is the element of permanenci/ to
the success of any calling or profession, we are prepared to estimate the
magnitude of the evil. It takes time for Teachers and pupils to become
acquainted with each other, and until this is done neither party
is in proper condition to work with best effect. Every Teacher should
be a close student of the character, disj)osition, and aptitudes of his
scholars, for in no other way can he wisely adapt the requirements
and disciplinaiy forces of the School to each one. But this requires
time. Teachers diifer also in their methods of instruction, principles of
government, and general manner of dealing with children; and when
the latter become familiar with the conduct of a particular Teacher in
all these respects, the transition to one of different and perhaps opposite
principles and practice, cannot fail to be detrimental, even if the new
Teacher is as competent as the old one. It is all important, too, that
pupils should entertain sentiments of confidence, respect, and affection
for their Teacher ; but these are not born in a day."

15
ATTENDANCE ON INSTITUTES.
The number of Teachers who attended the State Institute is returned
as three hundred and eight, tliough the number from the Institute record
is shown to be upwards of four hundred. Two hundi*ed and forty-two
Teachers attended the County Institutes. The number of Teachers allowed
and paid for their time in attendance on Institutes was only eightysix.
The intelligent, liberal, and shrewd Trustees who sent their Teachers
to School, and continued their salaries while there, ought to have their
names insei-ibed on an Institute roll of honor. In the State of New
York, last year, nine hundred and forty-four Teachers attended County
Institutes, and eight thousand six hundred and sixty-five dollars (88,665)
was paid b}' the State for conducting them. Teachers who attend Institutes,
ought in all cases to have their salaries continued while attending
Officers and privates who attended the Military Encampments were
allowed pay and their travelling expenses ; why
should Teachers be
expected to paj^ their own expenses, and lose their time in School besides?
Institutes are only the drill encampments of Teachers, and if Trustees
desire to have well trained Schools, they must give their Teachers seven
day's rations and send them into camp.
EEPOETS OF COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.
In consequence of the change of School year, requiring reports two
months earlier than formerl}^ the election of two Boards of School
Trustees—one in April, the other in August—the change of blanks and
forms, and the revision of the School Law, as might 'be expected, the
returns of the various School officers have been quite irregular, and the
year will be marked as a transition period. School Trustees and Teachers
were so tardy in making their returns, that County Superintendents
could not get the material for making their own reports in season. On the
twentieth of September, the time required b}^ the law for the return of
reports in this office, orAj one report, that of Mono County, had been
received ;
and as that county reported but one School, the report involved
no XQYj great labor. On the first of October half a dozen counties
had reported. The others came straggling into the office between the
first and twentieth of October, except those of Santa Cruz and Monterey,
which were received on the twenty-second of October.
As the law requires the Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
to be made to the Governor on the first of November, a vast
amount of work has been thrown upon the Department, necessary to be
done in a very few days. The labor of compiling and correcting the
statistics w-ould have occupied the Superintendent and Clerk, working
in ordinary business hours, at least one month of active employment.
It has been accomplished only by working night and day, and by employing
a large extra force.
At the present date, (October twenty-fourth,) the supplementary
reports of Sutter and Sonoma Counties have not been received. The
Count}^ Treasurers were equally behind time. After repeated dunning

16
letters, the reports of all were secured, except from Sierra, San Diego,
Sacramento, Mcj-ced, and Del Norte.
The condition in which most of these reports reached this Department
cannot be said to be at all satisftictory. On quite a number, both
of Treasurers and Superintendents, the "totals" were not given,—the
work of addition being left for the State Superintendent to perform.
How correctly the statistics were transcribed by County Superintendents
from the reports of Census Marshals, Teachers, and Trustees, the
State Superintendent has no means of knowing, but, with a few honorable
exceptions, the addition of the various columns, after the figures
were put upon the report, was made in violation of all rules laid down in
Pike's, Daboll's, or Eaton's Arithmetic. So unreliable were the majority
of the reports, it was found necessary to rnn over the addition of every
figure and every column of them all. The reports of the Counties of Sacramento.
Sonoma, Amador, San Francisco, Marin, Stanislaus, Tuolumne,
and San Mateo, were in the main correct, and Avell made out, and in some
six or eight others the errors were slight.
In one county report, out of thirty-five columns of addition, only eight
were correct I The amount of State School P^und apportioned to that
county was four thousand and forty-one dollars and eighteen cents
($4,041 18) ; it Avas returned on the report as two thousand five hundred
and forty-four dollars and ninety-five cents, ($2,544 95.) The amount
of School money derived from count}' tax, as correctlj'' returned by the
County Treasurer, was four thousand six hundred and fifty-six dollars and
eighty-eight cents, ($4,656 88) ; it was returned on the report two thousand
six hundred and fifty-three dollars and forty-two cents, ($2,653 42.)
Error in amount of receipts, three thousand one hundred and forty-
in expenditures, six thou-
one dollars and seventy-four cents (§3,141 74) ;
sand six hundred and twenty-six dollars and forty-nine cents ($6,626 49.)
One County Superintendent returns, under the heading " Number of
children attending Public Schools," " None—vacation." Another returns
one district as having maintained School twentj'-two calendar months in
the School year of ten months; and several Schools are returned, from
various counties, as maintained eleven months. A table of " Errors and
Variations," found among the Statistical Tables, exhibits the loose manner
of making returns better than any comments could express it.
It is commended to a careful examination of all interested.
It would seem a simple matter to report correctly the "Amount of
School Fund received from the State," for the apportionment is made
semi-annuall}', and printed abstracts are sent to the County Superintendents
and County Treasurers yet, in returning this amount, only twelve
;
County Superintendents reported it correctly—errors ranging from one
hundred dollars ($100) to fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500). Twentyfive
County Treasurei'S report the amount exactl}', and the variations of
others are in most instances sligiit. It would seem that Count}' Superintendents
ought to know the exact amount of School money raised by
county taxes; yet thirf^-Jive yary from the amount returned by Treasurers,
and, in some instances, to the amount of one thousand dollars
(11,000.)
As the County Treasurer reports to the County Superintendent the
amount of County School tax, and the Superintendent apportions it
among the districts, the report of these two officers ought to exactly
agree. When such blunders are made, what certainty is there that the
money is correctly apportioned to the districts of the count}^ ?
In making out the table of receipts for School purposes, the " State

:
17
apportiouinont" has been taken from the records of the department;
'^ Amount received from county taxes," from the County Treasurers'
report, Avben any \yas made "
; Amount received fr6m district taxes and
rate bills," from County Superintendents' report, and the total receipts
from the addition of these items. The amount of receipts, as made up from
these corrected returns is five hundicd and eighty-one thousand and fiftyfive
dollars (^581,055) ; amount as returned in columns of "totals," by
County Superintendents, five hundred and fift}^ thousand one hundred
and one dollars (8550,101); amount from coiu-ected addition of "items"
on reports of County Superintendents, five hundred and sixty-three thousand
and twenty-two dollars ($563,022.)
The report of expenditures was necessarily taken entirely from therep'orts
of Superintendents. The amount returned in the columns of totals
as added by County Superintendents, was four hundred and sixty-six thousand
five hundred and forty-two dollars ($466,542); the coi-rected addition
of all the columns in the reports gave four hundred and eightyfour
thousand three hundred and seventy-six dollai's, ($484,376). The
balance on band at the close of the School year, August thirty-first,
from the reports as corrected, was ninety-six thousand dollars ($96,000);
as reported b}^ County Superintendents, one hundred and ten thousand
dollars ($110,000); by County Treasurers, one hundred and seventeen
thousand dollars ($117,000). Trustees are partly in fault, but they are
not responsible for blundering additions.
I beg leave to call the%ttention of County Superintendents elect to
section twenty, Eevised School Law, which section will be strictly enforced
next year
" Section 20. If the County Superintendent fail to make a full and
correct report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction of all statements
required to be made bj^ law, he shall forfeit the sum of one hundred
dollars from his salarj^; and the Board of Supervisors are hereby
authorized and required to deduct therefrom the sum aforesaid, upon
information fronr the Superintendent of Public Instruction that such
returns have not been made."
As one remedy against this systematic return of ei-rors to the Department,
a law should be passed providing that School Districts forfeit their
apportionment of public money, whenever the Trustees fail to make
their reports according to law.
To meet the contingencies which have arisen during the year, in consequence
of a change of School year, the Eevised School Law contained
the following provisions :
" Section 7. Whenever the returns from any county, city, or district
shall be so far defective as to render it impracticable to ascertain therefrom
the share of public moneys which ought to be disbursed or paid to
such county, city, or district, the Superintendent of Public Instruction
shall ascertain, by the best evidence in his power, the facts upon Avhich
the ratio of such apportionment should depend, and shall make the
apportionment accordingly."
" Section 18. The Count}' Superintendent, whenever the returns from
any city, town, or district, on which the apportionment of School moneys

18
is made, are so far defective as to render it impracticable to ascei'tain the
share of'moiiej^s whifli ought to bo disbursed or paid to such city, town,
or district, shall ascertain by the best evidence in his power the facts
upon which the ratio of such apportionment should depend, and shall
make the apportionment accordingly."
As these sections were only intended to be temporary, I recommend
that they be repealed. To retain them longer would be offering a premium
on negligence and carelessness.
The Trustees must be held responsible to the County Superintendents
for correct and prompt returns, and the State Superintendent intends to
hold the County Superintendents up to the full discharge of their duties.
SALAEIES OF COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.
A satisfactor}^ reason why the reports of County Superintendents have
been returned so full of imperfections, is found in the column of their
salaries. Their average annual pay is only four hundred dollars ($400).
Stanislaus County carries off the palm of economy, paying twenty dollars
($20) a 3^ear, or one dollar and sixty-six and two thirds cents
($1 661) per month. Three counties pay only one hundred dollars,
($100) per annum; three, one hundred and fifty dollars ($150); four,
two hundred dollars ($200); four, two hundred and fift}" dollars ($250);
one, three hundred dollars ($300) ; four, four hundred dollars ($400);
five, five hundred dollars, ($500); five, six hundred dollars ($600); one,
eight hundred dollars ($800); three, one thousand dollars ($1,000); and
two, one thousand two hundred dollars ($1,200).
El Dorado and Los Angeles pay one thousand two hundred dollars
($1,200) each—a fair compensation; Nevada, Placer, and Sacramento,
each, one thousand dollars ($1,000). San Francisco paj's four thousand
dollars ($4,000) per annum, but the offices of City and County Superin-
tendents are united. Sonoma County, with fifty-four School Districts
the largest number of any county in the State— pays only eight hundred
dollars ($800); and Santa Clara County, one of the most populous and
most wealthy, allows the munificent salary of six hundred dollars ($600).
Have these counties any right to expect the Supei*intendents to devote
their time to the office, when they pay only the wages of day laborers?
In either of these two counties an able man could devote ever}^ hour of
his time to his official duties, and then fail to perform them fully. No
wonder that these counties are filled with School-houses which " disgrace
the State"—the Schools ornamented with rate bills, and the Schoolhouses
overgrown with wild mustard. Many of the farmers in these
counties would not keep their blooded stock in the shanties Avhere the
children attend the " three-month Schools." San Joaquin County, with
fortj^-seven Schools, paj's only five hundred and fifty dollars ($550), Yolo
County only four hundred dollars ($400), and Yuba only five hundred
dollars ($500). Butte County, with twenty-eight Schools, allows the
extravagant salary of one hundred dollars ($100)—a sum which would
not pay for a saddle mule for the Superintendent to visit each School
once a year. Contra Costa Countj^ is equally economical, paying onl}^
one hundred and fifty dollars ($150).
—

:
19
The office of a County Superintendent is a responsible one He is
required to visit each School at least once a year, and in the larger counties
this involves no small expense. He must examine Teachers, call and
conduct County Institutes, apportion the School moneys, draw warrants
on the County Treasury, and attend to a multitude of minor duties..
The character of the Schools in a county depends greatly on the efficiency'
of the Superintendent. It would be true economy to pa}^ good
salaries to men who could give their whole time to the office, for then
less money would be thrown away on worthless Schools.
The State Superintendent of Iowa thus alludes to this subject:
"It must also be remembered that there is an intimate connection, 'as
a general principle, between the compensation and qualifications of an
officer. A nominal compensation seems to contemplate nominal qualifications.
It is not reasonable to suppose that we can secure the services
of an efficient officer without a corresponding compensation. In this
particular we have been more fortunate than we had reason to expect.
The office has been ably filled in man}'' of the counties, but the incumbents
were elected before the salary was reduced. My attention was
recently called, however, to a striking exception. A Superintendent had
committed an error of over forty -nine thousand dollars in the addition
of a single column, at which we need not be surprised when we learn
that his annual compensation was less than one hundred dollars. If we
expect men qualified for the Superintendency to assume and discharge
its duties, we must remunerate them for it."
The County. Superintendent of Stanislaus County thus moralizes on
his compensation
" He vras paid last year twenty dollars, but will charge for this year
one hundred dollars, |)ut is apprehensive that his rebel Board of Supeivisors
will refuse to pay it, as he is the onl}^ Union officer in the county.
Jordan is a hard road to travel ! The County Clerk is ex officio Superintendent,
and as he has never been paid an3'thing for acting as Superintendent,
be could not afford to hazard the liberality of the Supervisors."
EEPOETS OF TEACHEES AND TEUSTEES.
According to the returns of Count}' Superintendents, seventy-nine
Teachers foiled to make reports to those officers. The law provides that
no Teacher shall draw the public money until a full and correct report
shall have been made to the Trustees and County Superintendent; but
the Superintendents, accustomed to the easy way of overlooking little
trifles like these not unusual failures, allow the statute to remain a dead
letter, draw the Teacher's warrant, and offer thereby a premium to carelessness
or wilful neglect.
The School Trustees of one hundred and twenty districts, or one seventh
of the whole number in the State, failed to make an}- reports. In some
instances, the financial statistics which the Trustees failed to furnish
were filled up with not very accurate approximations, and in many
others were left blank, with the exception of a figure "3" inserted in

20
the column " Number of calendar months school was maintained,"
guessing at just enough to secui-c the State apportionment, and save the
delinquent districts from the penaltj' so richly merited. The State Superintendent
retains anything but pleasant recollections of the annoyance,
vexation, and extra hours of work long past the hour of midnight,
for two successive weeks, and will be found deaf to all appeals for supplementar}^
apportionments from sorrowing Trustees, who never fail to
make a thousand and one good and sufficient reasons for not doing their
dut}". I recommend that a stringent law be passed cutting off without
a shilling all districts whose Trustees fail to report their receipts and.
expenditures. A dozen districts served in this summary" manner, would
se^'ure prompt reports from each and every Board of Trustees in the
State ; and a few hundred dollar deductions from the salaries of County
Superintendents would " add up " their columns according to law.
DISTEICT SCHOOL TRUSTEES.
Under the Revised School Law, Trustees are elected for the term of
three 5'ears. It is a matter of wonder and astonishment that this simple
provision for advancing the interests of the Schools was not thought of
and adopted 3'ears ago. The evils of the old system of annual elections
for one year are self-evident.
It requires, at least, one year for any ordinary citizen to become familiar
with the duties of the office, and just at the time when he knew
how to do his duty, he was turned out and another apprentice taken to try
his hand at blundering. Each new Board had its pet Teacher to be eniplo3-ed,
and the old Teacher was compelled to make. his annual migration
to another climate. One Board emploj^ed a female Teacher; the next
wanted a male Teacher. No record being kept, each new Board depended
on tradition for its knowledge of the doings of the preceding one.
All petty district squabbles and bickerings ended in an annual fight at
the ballot box. The Teacher had little inducement to do his duty faithfully,
for the " new Board " knew nothing of him, and cared less. If the
Teacher, by chance, offended some troublesome parent by enforcing
wholesome discipline, and the "Board" sustained him, the "next election
" settled the fate of both. Half the School Districts in the State
are suffering to-day from the "parties" and the enormities engendered
by this system.
As now constituted, the Board will always have a majority of members
thoroughly familiar with the routine of official duty ; a good
Teacher will hold a permanent position, and fewer "favorites" and "relations"
will be quartered on the Schools. A record of proceedings will
be kept; a financial report will be kept; reports will be made at the
proper time ; the Trustees w411 become familiar with the School Law ;
fewer blunders will be made ; fewer Teachers will lose their salary
good Teachers will be better appreciated ;
poor ones will lose their occu-
pations; and a better condition of things generally must prevail. The
importrance of the duties of Trustees cannot well be over-estimated.
They are the executive agents of the people, and the exponents of
their wishes. They should be men fitted to mould the public sentiment
of the district. All the efforts of the State, of the Superintendent of
;

21
Pnblic Instruction and of County Superintendents, may be made by them
of no avail whatever. Their powers and duties are numerous and
varied. They expend all the money raised by the State, county, and
district taxes, and rate bills, for School purposes ; they emplo}' and dismiss
Teachers; they provide maps, black-boards, furniture, and School
apparatus; they prepare plans for School-houses; admit or expel pupils;
provide books for indigent children; fix the amount of rate bills; assess
and collect district taxes; fix the rate of Teachers' wages; appoint the
School Census Marshals; visit the Schools and make the reports on which
are based the returns of County Superintendents to the Superintendent
of Public Instruction. If they choose to emploj^^ an illiterate and incompetent
Teacher, the public money is wasted. If they erect an ill planned,
ill ventilated, ill constructed School-house, it remains for many years, a
monument of their incompetence. If they build none at all, the children
remain in hovels "which disgrace the State." If they reduce the rate
of Teachers' salaries to the wages of a common laborer, there is no
redress. If they take no measures for assessing a district tax, the
children remain untaught, or only half taught. If they think an old
water bucket, a battered tin dipper, and a worn out broom, all the
School apparatus necessary, the Teacher must lose half his labor from
want of the proper appliances of education. If they refuse to sustain
the Teacher, he must take up his bed and walk. If they make incorrect
reports, they cannot be corrected elsewhere. If they make no returns,
the district loses the public money, the children are defrauded of their
rights, and there is no penalty attached.
Is the office of School Trustee, then, one of little importance? Does it
not require good judgment, common sense, exj^erience, and, above all, a
living faith in our American System of Public Schools ?
EEVISED SCHOOL LAW.
During the last session of the Legislature, the Senate Committee on
Education referred the subject of revising and codifying the School Law
to the Su])erintendent of Public Instruction. That officer takes pleasure
in acknowledging the valuable aid of the Chairman of the committee,
Alexander G. Abell, Esq., and of Daniel J. Thomas, Esq., of Sacramento.
Sections thirt3--seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, and forty, relating to the
assessment and collection of district taxes and rate bills, were drafted by
Mr. Thomas, and few delinquents will be likely to evade the payment of
School taxes b}' reason of the looseness of the law.
The principal amendments and new provisions maybe briefly summed
up as follows :
First—A change of School year, making the new year end August
thirty-first, instead of October thirty-first, as formerly, in order that the
report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction iii&y be presented to
the Legislature at the opening of the session in December.
Second—A provision requiring the Superintendent, at the expense of
the State, to furnish a School Pegister to each School in the State.
Third—Requiring the Superintendent, dui'ing at least four months in
the year, to visit Schools in diff'erent parts of the State, to attend County

22
Institutes, and to address public assemblies on subjects relating to Publie
Scbools ; and providing for the payment of travelling expenses.
Fourth—Repealing the restriction prohibiting a County Superintendent
from holding office and teaching School at the same time.
Fifth—Provision for the annual appropriation of one hundred and fifty
dollars ($150) out of the County General Fund, for the payment of expenses
of County Teachers' Institutes.
Sixth— Making the term of office for School Trustees three years, instead
of one, as formerl}^, and providing for the election of one Trustee,
annual 1}".
Seventh—Making the Board of Trustees a body corporate, with power
to convey or receiye propert}^.
Eighth—Giving the Trustees power to unite contiguous districts for the
pur])ose of establishing Union Schools.
Ninth—Providing a stringent law for the assessment and collection of
district taxes for building purposes, or for the support of Schools.
Tenth—Providing for the collection of rate bills.
Eleventh—Authorizing the Trustees to establish Union Grammar
Schools for the accommodation of advanced pupils in contiguous dis-
tricts.
Twelfth—Authorizing the State Board of Examination to issue " State
Educational Diplomas," valid for six years; also, State Certificates of
the first grade, valid for four years ;
and second and third grade, valid for
two years.
Thirteenth—Authorizing County Boards of Examination to issue first
grade certificates for two years, and second grade for one year, with
power to renew without re-examination. Also, authorizing County
Superintendents to issue temporary certificates, and providing for the
payment of Teachers who constitute County Boards of Examination.
Fourteenth—Giving the State Board of Education power to prescribe
and adopt a uniform series of School text books, and requiring the same
to be used in all the Schools of the State, except those in incorporated
cities under the control of local Boards of Education.
The Revised Law has been received with general satisfaction, and will
greatly increase the efficiency of the Schools. To the effect of some of
the amendments and new provisions, I shall refer at length in another
part of this report.
STATE TEACHERS' INSTITUTE.
In the month of Februar}", eighteen hundred and sixty-three, a circular
calling a State Institute in the City of San Francisco, on the fourth
of May, was issued b}^ the Superintendent and sent to every School
officer in the State. The advantages arising from Institutes were thus set
forth :
"No event in the history of education in the United States has proved
so fruitful of beneficent results as the organization of Institutes and Conventions.
They are not intended as substitutes for Normal Schools, nor
can they educate Teachers to the business of their jorofession; yet they
serve the most admirable purpose of improving those who are only temporarily
engaged in the profession, of furnishing those who are not sys-

23
teinaticall_y trained, with the best methods of instructiou, and of increasing
the efiicienc}^ of professional Teacliers.
'' The exercises of an Institute involve an outline view of subjects
rel •
ting to the proper mode of imparting instruction, present the latest
iut' rmation regarding the progress of education in our own and in other
CO ntries, and afford an occasion for experienced Teachers to present
practical views, which cannot be obtained from books. The best thoughts
and best acquirements of the most original Teachers are elicited and
thrown into the common stock of professional knowledge. They influence
public opinion, by bringing the Teacher's labors more prominently
before the community, and by promoting a higher estimate of the Common
School in its vital relation to society and the State. The routine of
a Teacher's daily life limits his influence to the narrow sphere of the
School-room; but the proceedings of an Institute are carried by the
press to thousands of families in the State, and his views become an
active element in public opinion. No obstacle to the progress of Free
Schools is so formidable as the apathy and indifference of the people.
Eloquence the most winning, and logic the most convincing, alike fall
dead upon the ears of those vf ho see nothing in the establishment of
Common Schools but an increase of the rates of taxation.
'' If the people of our State are indifferent to Public Schools, it is only
because more absorbing topics engage their attention, while the educational
interests are not urgently and persistently j^resented to their view.
"The Teachers of California constitute the advanced guard of the
great army of instructors in the United States, cut off from all personal
communication with the main body, and too distant to feel the influences
which are perfecting the drill and discipline of tiie corps in older communities.
There are more than six hundred men engaged in teaching in
this State, embracing, probablj", a greater amount of talent, energy, and
ability, than would be found in the same number in older States. Many
of these are men of high attainments, forced by the circumstances of a new
State into the temporary occupation of teaching; but, though liberally
educated, and schooled by experience and travel, they are not familiar
with^the new methods of instruction known to the professionally trained
Teacher ; and to such, the practical knowledge communicated in a single
session of an Institute is invaluable.
" Nor is the Institute less productive of useful results io j>rofes&ionalli/
educated Teachers.
"Associations and conventions in other States have changed teaching
from a monotonous routine to a skilful art. The abstract, didactic,
pedantic, book-bound style of the old-school teaching has been succeeded
by more natural and philosophical methods of developing the human
mind.
"And Avhile Institutes have accomplished so much in introducing better
methods of instruction, they are no less beneficial in their effects on
the mental habits of the Teachers. Constantl}' imparting to minds inferior
to his own, his faculties exercised in one direction onl}^, his full
strength seldom called forth, he needs the stimulus of contact with his
equals or superiors. A vigorous contest in a new arena lessens his
self-conceit and brightens his faculties.
"It is a common notion that the occupation of teaching makes a man
narrow-minded, or leads him into eccentricities which stick to him like
burs; but it is not true of a Teacher who has in him the elements of
living scholarship. He may. it is true, run in the grooves of daily habit
until he becomes a machine for dragging the dead weight of a School;

24
but, on the other hand, he may, while imparting to others, himself drink
from the perennial fountain of true scholarship.
" But no occupation is more exhausting to nervous force and mental
energy than teaching; and the Teacher needs, above all others, the
cheering influences of pleasant social intercourse with those whose tastes
and habits are similar to his own.
"No wonder, then, that the Schoolmaster, buried in some obscure district,
surrounded only by the raw material of mind, which he is trying
to weave into a finer texture, without access to books, his motives either
misunderstood or aspersed, his labors often seemingly barren of results,
his services half paid, with no amusement but the collection of delinquent
rate bills, and no study but 'how to make both ends meet;' no
W'Onder that he sometimes becomes moody and disheartened, loses his
enthusiasm, and feels that the ver}^ sk}^ above him is one vast blackboard
on which he is condemned to work out the sum total of his existence.
"He oulj' needs the social intercourse of institutes, and the cordial
sympathy of fellow-Teachers, there evoked, to make the heavens glow
with hope. There he finds his difficulties are shared by others, his
labors are appreciated, and his vocation respected.
" The duties of the Teacher are not limited to the School-room; his influence
should extend to society around him. If Teachers fold their arras
in listless apathy, it is not strange that public opinion iS ' dead as a door
nail' to their demands. There Avas a time when a man taught School
because he was fit for nothing else; but all such fossils lie buried in the
strata of past educational epochs. Xow, a living man is asked for—not
an abridgement of mathematics
"As Teachers, we are debtors to our profession ; and our patriotism in
this great crisis of national affairs ought to incite us to an earnest devotion
to the advancement of our system of Free Schools; a sj^stem essential
to the existence of a free people, and the permanence of a free government.
"It is our duty to implant and cultivate in our Schools a higher regard
for freedom, a sounder faith in the fundamental principles upon which a
representative government is based, and a higher estimate of the incalculable
blessings conferred by the Constitution—firm in the conviction
that our country is working out for the future, amid the present storm,
a higher order of civilization and a nobler conception of liberty."
Pursuant to this call, one of the largest and most enthusiastic Institutes
ever assembled in the United .States was organized on Monday,
May fourth, and continued in session during the week. Four hundred
and sixty -three registered members were present, and the daily sessions
were attended by hundreds of others interested in Public Schools. A
course of free public evening lectures was delivered before the Institute
by the following lecturers :
Prof. George W.Minns
Prof Whitnc}-, State Geologist
Eev. Thomas Starr King
Superintendent of Public Instruction
Physical Geography
Character of Humboldt
Bigelow Papers
Relation of the State to Public
Schools

25
Lectures, essays, and addresses were read before the Institute during
the day sessions by the following gentlemen :
Prof. S. J. C. Swezey.
Eev. S. H. Willey
Theodore Bradley, Esq
H. P. Carlton, Esq
D. C. Stone, Esq
Eev. J. E. Benton........
Bernhard Marks, Esq..
Dr. F. W. Hatch
John S. Hittell
John Swett
Hubert Burgess ^
Xormal Schools, and English Composition
The Place and Eelations of the
College in our System of Education
School Di scipline
Obj ect Teaching
Grammar
Elocution
Waste
Need of Good Teachers.....
Defects in Teaching
Common Sense in Teaching
Linear Drawing
Ahira Holnies {Condition of State Normal School.
The result of the Institute was highly satisfactory. The Teachers
who met in Convention evidently meant hard work ; and i^^QJ performed
a vast amount of it—remaining in session from nine to ten hours each
da3^ Aside from all the incidental labors and benefits of the Institute,
five substantial and solid facts remain as monuments :
First—The establishment of an educational journal—the California
•
Teacher.
Second—The adoption of a uniform State series of text books.
Third—Action on the question of a State tax for the support of Public
Schools.
Fourth—The oro-anization of a State Educational and Professional
o
Society.
Fifth—State Diplomas and Certificates.
So thoroughly was the work of the Institute accomplished, that I
deem it neither necessary nor advisable to call another for two j^ears to
come, and consequently ask for no appropriation for that purpose.
County Institutes, efficiently organized, will, in a measure, supersede the
necessity of State Institutes.
The proceedings of the State Institute wei-e published in pamphlet
form of one hundred and sixty-six pages, and the thanks of Teachers
and School officers are merited by the State Printer for the elegant
typographical appearance of the volume. An edition of two thousand
four hundred copies was distributed among the various School ofiicers of
the State.
CONVENTION OF COUNTY SUPEEINTENDENTS.
During the Aveek of the Institute, a Convention of County Superintendents,
held in one of the committee rooms of Piatt's Hall, was attended
by the Superintendents of the following counties :
4

26
Napa, Alameda, Santa Clara, ISTevada, Butte, San Mateo, Solano.
Contra Costa, Aiiiador, Sutter, Tuolumne, El Dorado, and Calaveras.
Three sessions were held, and various subjects were acted upon. The
most important measure, however, was the action in favor of a State
tax for the support of Public Schools. The County Superintendents,
with but one exception, were strongly in favor of the measure, and it
was resolved that petitions for a State School Tax should be circulated
in all parts of the State. The results of the meetings were highly satisfactory
to all, and, in my opinion, a Convention of all the County Superintendents
in the State ought to assemble annually, for the purpose
of securing uniformity of action and of devising plans for the improvement
of the Schools. Next March the County Superintendents elect
enter on the/ discharge of duties, to most of them, entirely new. If a
Convention could be called in April or May, in which the new and inexperienced
officers should receive the benefit of suggestions from those
who are familiar with the subject, its influence for good would be very
great. Since the receipt of the last annual reports, I have been deeply
convinced of the need of sucli a Convention. The great difficult}^ in the
way is, that the entire annual salary of many of the County Superintendents
would hardly pay the expense of a week's trip to San Fran-
cisco.
STATE BOARD OF EXAMINATION.
A session of the State Board of Examination was held during the
week of the Institute, for the purpose of enabling Teachers to secure
professional diplomas and certificates under the new School Law.
The Board appointed by the State Superintendent was composed as
follows :
A. H. Goodrich County Superintendent of Placer Count}".
J. A. Chittenden County Superintendent of Nevada County.
Rev. a. Higbie County Superintendent of Napa County.
J. B. OsBOURN County Superintendent of Butte County.
M. C. Lynde County Superintendent of El Dorado County.
Rev. B. N. Seymour County Superintendent of Alameda County.
George Tait County Superintendent of San Francisco.
George W. Minns San Francisco High School.
Ellis H. Holmes San Francisco High School.
Theodore Bradley Denman Grammar School.
Thomas S. Myrick Union Street Grammar School.
D. C. Stone Marysville Grammar School.
J. B. McChesney JNevada Grammar School.
The examination was conducted in writing. The following sets of
questions were used :

Subject.
27
Arithmetic
Geography
Grannnar
Algebra
Natural Philosophy
Phj^siology
History of the United States
Deiinitions, (twenty-five words)
Spelling, (twenty-five words)
General Questions on Methods of Teaching
No. of
Questions.
15
10
10
15
10
10
10
15
No. of
Credits.
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
25
25
100
Ninety-five Teachers registered themselves for examination, but several
withdrew on account of illness, and others were compelled to leave
the city, so that only seventy-four completed the examination. The
candidates were seated at tables in a large hall, and printed sets of questions
furnished to each. Two hours were allowed for writing the answers
to each set, except spelling and definitions, which were aUowed
half an hour each. It required from twelve to sixteen hours of unintermitting
labor to complete the entire examination; and when it is considered
that all this had to be done in addition to attending the regular
Institute exercises, it is evident that the Teachers were busily engaged.
The papers were designated by numbers, and the corresponding names
held by the Chairman of the Board until the examination of the papers
was completed. Each answer was carefully credited according to its
merits, and the result transferred to a tabular statement.
All the papers were examined in the office of the Superintendent of
Public Instruction. The examination of more than three thousand
closely Avritten pages of foolscap was no ti-ifling task; and if it cost the
Teachers an effort' to write it, the Examiners were quite as tired of it
before the work was completed. I take pleasure in returning my thanks
to Professor Swezey and T. C. Barker, Esq., for services rendered me in
the examination and crediting of the papers.
The Board decided to grant " State Educational Diplomas," valid for
six years, to all whose papers were credited higher than seventy-five per
cent, and who had also been engaged in teaching at least three years
State Certificates of the First Grade to those who passed higher than
sixty-five per cent; Second Grade Certificates, fifty per cent; and Third
Grade, forty per cent.
The work of examination was completed on the tenth of June, and
Certificates issued under seal of the Department of Instruction, signed
by the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Nine State Educational Diplomas were issued to the following named
Teachers, whose papers exhibited a high degree of scholarship, and who
have reason to be proud of the honor of being the pioneers of a corps
of Professional Teachers in this State :
;

28
T. C. Barker San Francisco.
Stephen G. Nye Centreville.
Bernhard Marks San Francisco.
T. W. J. HoLBROOK.. San Francisco.'
Joseph W. Josselyn San Leandro.
Thomas Ewing Cacheville.
William K. Eowell Brooklyn.
Cyrus W. Cummings Vaeavillc.
Edward P. Batchelor San Francisco.
State Certificates were issued as'follows
First Grade Certificates, valid for four years....
Second Grade Certificates, valid for two years.
Third Grade Certificates, valid for two years..,
Whole number, including Diplomas.
Thirty-one candidates were rejected by the Board, and quite a number,
finding the examination too difficult, withdrew without completing
their papers. Some of the papers exhibited a degree of ignorance and
carelessness which indicated no small degree of self-conceit on the part
of the writers in presuming to attempt to pass themselves off as Teach-
ers.
It is possible that some few reall}" good Teachers failed to receive certificates,
being unaccustomed to a written examination ; but, surely, a
Teacher ought to be able to express his thoughts clearly and concisely in
writing. The examination indicated that the Teachers were generally
"well up" in arithmatic, algebra, spelling, and technical grammar; but
deficient in physical geography, natural philosophy, physiology, history
of the United States, and methods of teaching. A few specimens of
answers, selected from by no means the worst, will show that while we
have many accomplished Teachers in the State, there are some that are
hardly up to the standard of modern Teachers.
In geography the following answers were given: "The Zodiac is
north of the Artie Circle ;" " New York is larger than France ;" "Area of
the United States, four hundi-ed million square miles."
Spelling of geographical names: "Lattitude," (on at least a dozen
papers); "Artie;" "Jappan" (six times); "Currants of the ocean" "Callifornia;"
"Calafornia;" "Calefornia;" " Sines of the Zodiac;" "Thegrane
trade;" "Teritory;" "Equitorial;" "Caribean;" " Sanfraneisco" (in three
papers); "friggid;" "Great Brittain;" "Boddies;" "Washo;" "Equil."
New spelling of physiological names; "Oracle" (Auricle); "Ventrical;"
"Falonges;" "Clavical;" "Cyme;" "Aquious;" "Yitrious;" "Corhoid;"
"Capillary;" "Oxipital;" "Temperal;" "Oxigen;" "Waist"
(Waste).
In physiolog}^: "The principle organs of digestion is the first and
second stomachs. The liver secretes the gastric juice."
A few illustrations in history of the United States will suffice : " Daniel
Webster was a signer of the Declaration of Independence;" "Daniel
"Webster was a professor of a college in Massachusetts;" "Samuel Adams
'

29
was the father of John Adams, and one of the Pilgrims who landed at
Plymouth;" " Ecpresentatives are appointed by the President and Senate
for life;" "Senators are elected by the people;" "At the battle of Valley
Forge the Americans lost, in killed and wounded, more than four
thousand men."
In natural philosophy, the examiner only recollects having made the
discovery that "Doctor Watts invented the steam engine," in addition to
writing hymns.
In grammar, on at least a dozen papers, the principal parts of the
verb "burst" were given thus: "Burst, bursted, bursted," and Lindlej''
Murray's ghost would have laughed with the examiners, at the open defiance
of all grammatical rules. To the question, "What works on teaching
have 3'ou read?" the answer returned on at least a dozen papers was,
"None." More than two thirds of the Teachers under examination, had
ncs^^er subscribed for an educational journal, and many had never read
one. Two thirds knew nothing of object teaching. Less than a third
were able to teach elementarj^ drawing.
In answer to the question, "What is the natural order of developing
the intellectual faculties? " one paper returned, "From a low degree to
a higlier;" and a large number of Teachers evidently were very remotely
acquainted with mental philosophy. The question, "What classes of
faculties are called into exercise in object teaching?" was answered, " The
eyes, ears, and thinking." Many other curious illustrations might be
given; but the preceding will show conclusively that the occupation of
teaching is not without pretenders.
STATE SERIES OE TEXT BOOKS.
Section fifty of the Eevised School Law reads as follows :
" Sec. 50. The State Board of Education shall have power to prescribe
and adopt a uniform series of text books in the four principal studies
pursued in the Public Schools of the State, to-wit : Arithmetic, Geography,
Grammar, and Eeading; and no School District shall be entitled to
its pro rata of public moneys unless such text_books as prescribed by
the State Board of Education shall be adopted and used in School ; provided,
that the Superintendent of Public Instruction may, for good reasons,
exempt any district from the penalty so imjjosed whenever the
Trustees of such district shall make a w^ritten statement to him, giving
the reasons for asking such exemption; and, provided, further, that the
provisions of this section shall not take effect until the first day of Sej)tember,
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three."
The Teachers assembled in the State Institute, after a full discussion
of the merits of the diflfei-ent series of School books, adopted by ballot a
uniform series to be i-ecommended to the State Board of Education. In
lacting upon this question, the Teachers cast their votes solely on the
imerits of the text books ; for our State is fortunately so far removed from
iall publishing houses that no " book agents" could possibly invade the
jlnstitute.
i On the fifteenth of May, one week after the adjournment, the State
[Board of Education, composed of the Governor, Surveyor-General, and
Superintendent of Public Instruction, adopted the series recommended
by the Institute, and issued a circular containing the list as far as it was
possible to complete it at that time.
The followinir instructions to School officers were attached :

30
" The law requiring uniformit}^ in text books takes effect ou the first
of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-three. The scries of text
books recommended b}' the State Teachers' Institute, hekl in San Francisco,
Ma}', eighteen hundred and sixty-three, has been adopted by the
State Board of Education, Avitli onl}' a few slight modifications. The
State Board do not intend that the adoption of a uniform series of School
books shall involve any unreasonable expense on the part of parent"^;
the whole design of the law is to save to the State some thousands of dollars
annually. They therefore recommend, that wherever a good series
of books is now in use, such as Sargent's Eeaders, Thompson's or Colburn's
Arithmetics, Cornell's Geographies, or Greene's Grammars, the
Trustees take advantage of the proviso, and ask to be exempted by the
Superintendent of Public Instruction; but, whenever new books are to
be adopted, they must conform to the State series; and in Schools where
there is no uniformity whatever, the Trustees are requested to enfonte
the adoption of the State scries. Sudden changes of books arc not recohimendca
by the State Board; let County Superintcnd.ents, School Teach-
ers, and Trustees, act Avith good judgment, and the law will be found a
salutar}^ one, which will result in the permanent good of the Schools.
The imj)Oi-tance of a good series of text books in School cannot be overestimated.
The flippant remark, that it matters not what book a good.
Teacher uses, will not stand the test of a sober second thought. As well
say that a good soldier can fight as effectively with a shot gun as with an
Enfield rifle. The adoption of a uniform State series of School books
will add greatly to the efiicienc}' of the Public Schools of California."
In October, the list was completed by a few necessary additions, and I
maj^ now be considered permanent for the next four 5^cars.
Additions may possibly be made, if found necessary, but no book willl
be substituted in place of those now adopted.
Eaton's Primary, i
Arithmetic.
Eaton's Higher,
Eaton's Common School. Eaton's Mental.
Allen's Primary,
Cornell's Primarj^, (succeeding Al-
len's,)
Warren's Intermediate,
Warren's Physical,
Cornell's Outline .Maps, |
Geography.
Guyot's
Grammar.
Cornell's Map Drawing,
Guyot's Wall Maps of Physical I
Geography,
Guyot's Manual of Physical Geog-
raphy.
Slate Map Drawing.
Greene's Introduction, (for bcgin-i Quackenbos' English Grammar,
ner's,) |
Willson's Primary,
Willson's First,
Willson's Second,
Willson's Third,
Willson's Fourth,
Readers.
Willson's Fifth,
Willson's Sixth,
Willson's Primaiy Speller,
Willson's School and Family
Charts.

Hooker's Elementary Physiology
Hooker's Larger Physiology,
Bin'gess' Sj'Stem of Drawing,
Burgess' System of Penmanship,
Quackenbos' Natural Philosophy,
31
Books Recommended for Use.
Quackenbos' History of the United
States,
Quackenbos' Primarj^ History of
the United States,
Quackenbos' English Composition,
Books Recommended for the Use of Teachers.
Calkins' Object Lessons,
Sheldon's Elementary Instruction,
Sheldon's Lessons on Object,
Wells' Graded Schools,
Willson's Manual of Instruction in
Object Lessons,
Russell's Normal Training,
Page's Theory and Practice of
Teaching,
Emerson's School and School
Master,
Northend's Teacher,
Russell's Yocal Culture,
The California Teacher,
Guyot's Earth and Man,
Agassiz's Method of . Study in
Natural History.
This measure of the authoritative adoption of a uniform State series of
School books, I regard as one destined to accomplish an incalculable
amount of good in reforming methods of insti'uction, and one that will
save many thousands of dollars annuall}^ to the citizens of the State.
No provision of the Revised School Law has excited so much discussion
as this ; and it seems fitting in this place to briefl}^ set forth the advantages
resulting from it. The law has met with objections from some, on
the ground that it is an innovation on the established oi-der of things;
that it tends to make a book monopoly; and that.it confers too much
power on the State Board of Education. The question to be decided
is, What books are the best for the Schools ? not Who are the publishers,
nor whether their interests are advanced or otherwise. It is true that
the State Board miffhi abuse their power, but when the decision is virtually
left to the Teachers of theState, no such objection is valid.
Under the old law, the power of deciding what books should be used
was vested in no one. The whims of parents, the preferences and prejudices
of Teachers, the Avishes of Trustees—all united to decide the
question, or rather to leave it xindecidcd. The consequence w^as, an
almost infinite diversity in the different districts, and a curious collection
of specimens of the arfof printing which would have delighted the
heart of an antiquarian. In many districts, numbering twenty-five
scholars, half a dozen diffei-ent text books in each of the studies pursued,
prevented the possibillity of any effective classification. Each
pupil was engaged in a guerrilla warfare—fighting on his own hook, and
using his own weapons. Drill and discipline were out of the question.
Man}' of the books used were totally unfit for the Schools of tbe present
time. And in districts where uniformity was by chance secured, a new
;
I
I
Teacher came next terra, and the books must be changed to suit his
particular preference. Book publishers undoubtedl}' made money, but
the Schools made little progress. Whenever a family removed from
one district to another, a new set of books was rocpiired at an expense
of from two to five dollars per child. Many families must have accumu-
I
lated quite extensive School libraries in this wa}-.
' But the gi'eatest evil was that the child, in entering a new School,
found not only the pupils strangers, but was confounded with strange
text books. And Teachers, in changing from one School to another,

32
experienced great difficulty; for they had no sooner become accustomed
to one scries of books than the}^ were called upon to teach from another
of which they knew nothing. When it is considered that two thirds of
the Teachers of this State never teach the same School two terms in
succession, some idea may be formed of the magnitude of this evil. And
when it is stated that three fourths of the Teachers teach entirel}" by
text books, it may be imagined that the Schools have no system but that
of disorder.
Any theoretical objection to a uniformity of books sinks into insignificance
when contrasted with all these evils. It is sometimes said that it
matters little what books are used, that Teachers themselves should be
text books. Were all our Teachers trained in Normal Schools, like the
Prussian Teachers, of whom Horace Mann said, "I never saw one using
a book," books might be of little consequence. But in o?tr Public
Schools, it is as rare an occurrence for a Teacher to depart from the
verbatim text book recitation as it is for a Prussian Teacher to make
use of it ; consequently, the text book absolutely determines the char-
acter of the teaching.
The new books adopted in the State series are the most approved
modern School books, adapted to meet the demands of more rational
methods of teaching. The character of the instruction imparted in
many of the Schools in the State will be raised at least fifty per cent by
the new books, however conservative or old-fashioned the Teachers may
be. Teachers will soon learn how to use them well, and when they
enter a new School will at least find familiar implements to work with.
In an extensive course of travel through the State I everywhere found
the people cheerfullj^ adopting the new books in advance of the time required
by law; and in all the Schools where they were used they gave
satisfaction. One Trustee in a remote rural district was
the new books, on the ground that they were " political."
opposed to
A political
series of School books yet remains to be published; perhaps some enterprising
publisher would do well to consider the propriety of publishing
a " Democratic Arithmetic," a "Secession Sjieller," a "Eepublican Grammar,"
or a " Union Greography."
But few applications have been made to the State Superintendent
asking to be excused under the proviso; those, in all cases, have been
granted, with the instruction that the State series must be adopted
prior to the first day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-four.
One year certainly is
inconvenience.
a reasonable time for effecting a change without
COMMENTS ON TEXT BOOKS.
ARITHMETIC.
Eaton's Arithmetics are new publications, and, consequently, little
known in this State. The State Institute recommended Batons' Primary,
and Robinson's Practical. The State Board substituted Eaton's Common
School, in place of Robinson's, because, in their opinion, it was better
adapted to the wants of our Schools. Eaton's Arithmetics have been
used with great success in the Boston Schools, where they " calculate"
pretty closely beford they "conclude" to change books. All the books of
*

33
Eaton's series, befoi*e publication, were submitted to a critical revision in
the hands of the Public School Teachers of that city.
GRAMMAR.
Greene's Elenientar}' Clrammar, for beginners, is undoubtedly the most
useful and most practical of the countless " little" grammars, which are
often mere technical abstracts from larger works. If grammar is to be
studied for the purpose of learning how to use language in writing and
speaking, Greene's Grammar is a valuable work. If the sole object be to
learn how to " parse," any other will do as well. Quackenbos' English
Grammar is a recent publication. It is eminently practical in its nature,
abounding in constructive exercises- in the formation of sentences, in
which particular it resembles Greene's. It is safe to assert that no study
has been taught to so little purpose in our Schools as grammar. It is
hoped the introduction of two text books treating on language in a natural
and practical way, will have a tendency to impart to our children
a better knowledge of the correct use of their mother tongue.
GEOGRAPHY.
Allen's Primary Geography is a charming little book founded on the
object system of teaching, and is the pioneer of a new and better system
of School geographies.
Cornell's Primarj'- is a general favorite, and a standard book all over
the United States.
"Warren's Intermediate is, in my opinion, the poorest book of the entire
State series, but as the Teachers preferred it, it was adopted by the
Boai'd for the want of a better one.
Cornell's Outline Maps are without a rival for Common School use.
Guyots' Wall Maps have just been published; scientific men, as well as
Teachers, have been looking forward to their publication with deep interest,
and the results exceed the most sanguine expectations. For accuracy,
beauty, freshness, clearness, and harmony, they excel any before
published, either in this country or Europe. Those Teachers who have
read " Earth and Man," need not be told that few men live so well fitted
to prepare such a set of maps.
The complete works of Professor Guyot are now being bi^ought out, on
a scale corresponding to their merit, by Charles Scribner, of JSTew York,
involving an expenditure of forty thousand dollars (.$40,000.)
The misei'able collection of names of innumerable towns, rivers, cities,
etc., etc., down to infinitj^, will disappear; their occupation is gone.
Geography will soon be taught as a science that shows how the Great
Creative Hand can be traced in all its departments ; that the earth is an
organic whole, fitted for the home of man ; that there is a " life of the
globe;" that design is exhibited in all its members; that mountains,
rivers, seas, and oceans influence the progress of nations; that Law rules
universal over the face of the globe ;
that everything is adjusted with the
most exquisite harmony; in fact, that geography is a science second in
interest to no other.
Professor Guyot was, in early life, a pupil of Cai'l Ritter and Alexander
Humboldt. He early became an earnest investigator of the natural
world; the mountains and glaciers of his native land were his School

34
rooms; and since his removal to this eountrj^, he has become familiar
with its mountain ranges and physical features. We may well feel
proud of the publication of such works in our own country—the autl)Or's
adopted home. Professor Guyot's map of tlie United States is full of
Union speeches ; for every mountain range, and every river, and every
slope, is stamped Union.
READERS.
No books adopted are destined to work so radical a change for the
better, in methods of instruction, as Willson's Readers. They are in
reality a series of elementary books on Object Teaching, or on Common
Things. No books were ever hailed b}' children with such delight.
They fill a great want hitherto existing in our Public School education.
While our scholars have been crammed to repletion with rules of arithmetic,
rules for parsing, and lists of names in geographj^, the whole
natural world has been to them comparatively a sealed volume. They
have gone from School ignorant of physiolog}' and hygiene; ignorant of
botany; ignorant of the wonders of the vegetable world; ignorant of
the animals by which they are surrounded ; ignorant of birds, fishes,
minerals—mere babies, in fact, in all Avhich it concerns them most to
know. Their perceptive faculties, embracing sensation, perception,
attention, and observation, have never been systematically trained. The
expressive faculties, comprising feeling, affection, emotion, jjassion, imagination,
fancj^, association, imitation, and description, have been left
to their own unaided develoiDment, or suffered to remain utterly dormant.
The reflective faculties, whose proper sphere it is to be called into play
when facts have been accumulated by other faculties, have been ridden
to death on the hobb}'^ of arithmetic, as if children were only calculating
machines, and were capable of comprehending only mathematical abstractions.
Willson's Readers contain the elements of natural history,
natural philosophy, physiology and hygiene, chemistry and mineralogy
—birds, beasts, flowers, insects, reptiles, minerals, and vegetables, are
talked about in a familiar way, and all handsomely illustrated. They
are, in my opinion, the most valuable books that can be placed in the
hands of our School children. The illustrations in the Readers are exquisite.
No School books have ever been published which can compare
with them in this respect. Very few of the larger and more costly
scientific books are so fully and elegantl}' illustrated. An objection has
been urged by some martinets in elocution, that they contain too few
declamatory and rhetorical selections. It is one of the chief merits of
the books that the stereotype speeches and stage extracts which have
gained a residence in all School Readers since the days of the old
" English Reader," have been superseded by sensible reading, capable of
being understood hj children.
Willson's Charts—designed to be accompanied by the Readers—stand
unrivalled in excellence. Every School-room in the State ought to be
supplied with a set, and I hope, before two years pass, no School Avill
be found without them.
Willson's Primary Speller is the first ever published based on the object
system of teaching. Instead of being filled, like the old style spellers,
with long lines of unused and unmeaning woi-ds, like huge exclamation
marks of wonder and surprise that bo3-s could be flogged into committing
them to memory, the book is handsomely illustrated, and filled with
the names of common objects, and with words most usexi in daily life.

35
HISTORY.
Qiiac'kenbos' Historj- of the United States is admirably adapted to
meet tlie wants of our Public Schools. It is a lamentable fact that,
except in the Schools of San Francisco, the history of our country is but
arith-
very little studied in the Public Schools of the State. Arithmetic I
metic ! arithmetic ! year after year, while the pupils grow up as ignorant
of the glorious histor}^ of our countr}^ as if it never had an existence.
It is the bounden duty of the Public Schools to inculcate love of countrA-and
patriotic devotion to the Union, and I know of no nfore effectual
wa}' of doing this than by the stud3- of history of the United States.
PIirSIOLOGY.
Very few authors know how to adapt themselves to the tastes of children
so well as Dr. Worthington Hooker. His smaller work on physiology
ought to be in the hands of every child in the Public Schools over
twelve years of age. The fact that our children have bodies, as well as
brains, seems to have been entirel}' overlooked in our sj'stem of instruction
until very recently. Physiology, like histor}', has had no place in
the course. Out of the thousand Schools in the State, I doubt if the
study of physiolog}' is pursued in more than twentj^-five. Strange that
the Analysis of Fractions and the Binomial Theorem should be considered
by sensible men and women of such pre-emi: ent importance over a
knowledge of the fact that health depends on the observance of certain
fixed laws, and that good health is of more consequence to a great majority
of mankind than any other possession.
I am decidedly of the opinion that the State School Law should require
physiology and history to be taught in all Public Schools above the
grade of Primary.
DRAWING.
Burgess' series of books on drawing have been successfully used in the
San Francisco Schools for several j^ears.and have met the approval of all
Teachers. But as very few Schools in the State pay any attention to
drawing, it is almost unnecessary to make any recommendation.
PENMANSHIP.
Burgess' Penmanship is in use in all the Schools of San Francisco.
After teaching the system two years in a Public School numbering a
thousand scliolars, I can give an opinion founded on fact, as to the
very great merit of the system. It is a radical innovation on the old
methods, which have turned out such stiff, constrained, barbarous specimens
of penmanship, to the discredit of our Schools. I commend it to
the careful examination of all Teachers who have an}' desire to teach
in an}' other than the " good old way," this most practical and essential
branch of School instruction.
Among the books for the use of Teachers, Eussell's Normal Training
is one of the most valuable, and I most earnestly recommend it to the
careful perusal of every Teacher who would learn how to intelligently
train the human faculties. Professor Russell has devoted his whole life
to teaching, and probably no Educator in the United States is so fully
equal as he to the task of presenting a finished and scholastic work on
the principles of teaching. It is a work to be studied day after day and
year after year.

:
36
STATE EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY.
Among the very first of the good results of the Institute may be
ranked the organization of a State Teacher's Society. Its formation
was very qiiietlv effected, and attracted but little attention, but it ma}'
justly be regarded as an epoch in the occupation of teaching. The necessit}^
of such a society was thus set forth in the "Institute Circular,"
from the Department of Instruction :
" The time is rapidly a})proaching wlieu teaching must he recognized as
a profession ; when a diploma from a ISTorraal School, or a certilieate of
examination bj' a legally authorized association of Teachers, or a State
Board of Examination, shall be a license to ' teacli School' until revoked
by those who issued it. In Pennsylvania, graduates of the
Normal School receive, with their diploma, a ' license,' conferred in
conformity with an express Act of the Legislature, by the State Inspectors,
and authorizing the I'ecipients to teach within the limits of the
State, without being subject to further examination. In Illinois, certi-
ficates from the State Board remain in foi'ce for life unless revoked for
special cause. In New York a similar law is in force. It is to be hoped
that the Teachers who respect their occupation will soon demand a similar
law in California. Educational Conventions in every part of our
country express a general desii-e for a distinct and definite recognition
of the occupation of teaching b}^ forms equivalent to those now existing
in law, medicine, and theology. It is true there are many who make
teaching a temporary" occupation, a stepping stone to other pursuits, and
there is no objection to this when they are dulj^ qualified for the noblest
of human duties; but there is a large class, becoming larger every year,
who desire to make it the occupation of a life—an occupation which
calls for a range of acquirements and a height of qualification fully equal
to that of the liberal professions. Professor William Eussell, graduate
of the Universit}^ of Edinburgh, formerly editor of the llassachuveits
Jovrnal of Eihication, and well known as one of the ablest Institute
Lecturers in the United States, a man of ripe scholarship and varied
acquii'enients, who has devoted thirty years of his life to teaching, whose
name is a household word to thousands of New England Teachers, in a
recent report to the Massachusetts State Teacliers' Association, thus speaks
of this subject
It is unreasonable to expect that any revolution will take place in favor of those vi'ho do not stir
for their own interest. Neither the csmmunity around us, nor the State Legislature, nor that of
the Union, can constitute our existing coiys of Teachers a properly organized professional body.
Teachers themselves must make the move ; they only can do it. Nothing is needed but that every
one of our existing jStatc or County Associations should " of its own niotian," as the law phrases
it, resolve itself from its present condition of an open to that of a close body, self-constituting,
self-perpetuating, self-examiujng, self-licensing.
To Constitute the occupation of teaching a regularly organi/.ed profession, any existing body of
Teachers has but to adopt the same course of voluntary procedure which is exemplified in the
practice of those professional bodies which have already taken their appropriate vantage ground,
and are respected accordingly. It is merely the fact that other associated bodies do act on this
civic privilege, which constitutes medicine, law, and theology, professions, strictly and properly so
called, as distinguished from other callings or pursuits. The three are sometimes denominated
" lihn-ul" proJ'eHsionH, as implying a " liberal " preparatory education ;
although the fact does not
in all cases, or necessarily, verify the ap))lication of the term, still they are "professions," because
those who practice them " profess," previous to entering on their duties, to be qualified to perform
thetn, are examined to that eil'ect by professional men, and if found worthy, are admitted aecordinglj',
as members of the given professional body, and furnished with a certificate, in proper form,
purporting the fact. In all such cases the procedure is that of a self-examining, self-licensing,
self-perpetuating body, giving a right to the individual admitted to membership to receive the

37
cotinfcn.inee and eo-opcraHon of his professional brethren, aurl affording to the community in gen-
eral the saiisfactory assurance that the candidate for professional enijiloj-mcnt is duly (.jualified to
perform his duties. AVhatever social, professional, or personal advantage, therefore, is derived
from such arrangements by the members of the liberal pi'ofessions, may reasonably be expected to
be reaped by individuals who follow any other vocation requiring peculiar intellectual qualifications,
when these individuals associate themselves for corresponding purposes of interest and gen-
eral benefit."
Why should not the pioneer Teachers of this State, in the next Institute, take measures of selforganization,
sclf-recoguition, and self-examination, and raise themselves above the humiliating
necessity of submitting to an examination by members of other professions, or of no professions at
all? A " Stale Eduearional Societj" " could be organized by those who should pass the next examinatif.n
by the State Uoard, those who hold diplomas of graduation fn^m Normal Schools, and
the Professors in the various Colleges and Collegiate Schools of the State. This Society could become
legal!}- incorporated at the next session of the Legislature, and other members could be admitted
from time to time by passing a regular examination and receiving diplomas. Such certificates
would soon be gladly recognized by unprofessional examiners, (many of whom, though men
of education, feel that they are not duly qualified to sit in judgment on the competency of Teachers
for their peculiar work,) as the best possible assurance of titness to teach. And Teachers may
rest assured that legislative enactments would soon follow, making such diplomas prima facie
evidence of ability to teach in anj- part of the State, without further examination.
Some such steps wo are called upon to take by the large number of accomplished men and
women who are entering on our vocation. We are called upon to act, not only in justice to
scholarship and talent, but in self-defence against iniposters and pretenders : and we may honestly
avow a desire to exclude all who unworthily or unfitly intrude themselves into the noble office of
teaching."
It was eminently fitting that the Constitution of the State Society
should appear in the first number of the California Te.aclicr.
The preamble reads as follows :
" Wjl as Teachers of California, in order to further the educational interests
of the State; to give efiiciency to our »School sj'stem ; to furnish
a practical basis for united action among those devoted to the cause in
which we are engaged, and, for those purposes, to elevate the office of
the Teacher to its true rank among the professions, do hereby adopt the
following Constitution :"
A few sections of the Constitution will explain the conditions of
membership :
" NAME.
••Section 1. This organization shall be known as the 'California
Educational Society.'
" members.
••Sec. 2. The qualification of members shall be: a good moral character;
three years successful experience, one of which must have been in
this State, and ability to pass a thorough examination in reading, spelling,
penmanship, drawing, object teaching, geographj-, grammar, history,
arithmetic, algebra, phj-siology, and natural philosophy.
'•Sec. 3. This society* shall consist of male members only.
"Sec. 4. All male graduates of State Xormal Schools in the United
States, who have taught three j-ears previous to their application for
admission to this society, and who are residents of this State, and all
male holders of State Educational Diplomas, as provided by the laws of
California, shall be eligible to membership upon the recommendation of
the Examining Committee."
The society already numbers thirtj^ members. It is intended to make
it strictl}' a j^ro/essional societyhy admitting to membership only Teachers
of proved abilit}', scholarship, and experience. Its object is to make the
occupation oi teaching a. jjro/ession ; to discountenance quacks and em-

38
piriea; and to make the influence of the Teachers of the State felt as
an organized body. When it shall have gained strength bj- numbers,
it will ask of the Legislature that its Professional Diplomas shall be
considered as licenses to teach in any part of the State without further
examination. It stands as the first professional society organized on
such a basis in the United States.
STATE EDUCxVTIOXAL DIPLOMAS.
The issuing of so large a number of State Diplomas and State Certificates,
under the JRevised School Law, was an act of tardy justice to manjenlightened
Teachers who had long been subject to the humiliation of
annual examinations, and who had long felt the need of a movement towards
recognizing the occupation of teaching as a profession.
The fact that so large a number applied for examination at the first
session of the Board, indicates how deeply the want of some such
measure was felt by the Teachers of the State. Sections fortj'-seven and
forty-eight of the Eevised School Law read as follows:
" Sec. 47. The State Board of Examination for granting certificates of
qualification to Public School Teachers, shall consist of the Superintendent
of Public Instruction, and such County Superintendents, or Teachers
of Public Schools, not less than four in number, as he may appoint.
Said Board of Examination shall meet at such times and in such places
as the Superintendent of Public Instruction may designate ; and shall
have power to grant certificates of the following grades, to wit: First
Grade Certificates, for teaching a Gi*ammar School, which shall remain
in force four j^ears ; Second Grade Certificates, for teaching an Intermediate
or an Unclassified School, which shall remain in force two
years ; Third Grade Certificates, for teaching a Primary School, Avhich
shall remain in force two years. Said certificates shall be issued to such
persons only as shall have passed a satisfactory examination in the
studies pursued in the different grades of Schools specified, and shall
have given evidence of good moral character, and of ability and fitness
to teach ; and thej^ shall entitle the person receiving the same to teach
a Public School of the specified grade, for the specified time, in any
School District in the State, without further examination. Said certificates
shall be revoked by said Board upon evidence of immoral or unprofessional
conduct on the part of any person holding the same. Boards
of Education of cities and incorporated towns are hereby authorized to
recognize and x*eceive certificates granted by the State Board of Examination
whenever they may deem it advisable.
" Sec. 48. The State Board of Examination shall have further power,
upon a full and critical examination of applicants in the studies of algebra,
arithmetic, grammar, geography, history of the United States, physiology",
natural philosoph}^, reading, spelling, penmanship, drawing, object
teaching, and such other studies as the Board may deem advisable, to gi-ant
' State Educational Diplomas ' to such applicants, and to no others, as
may furnish evidence that they have the requisite character and qualifications,
and that they have taught a Public School at least one year in
California, and have been cnga^-ed in the vocation of teaching at least

39
three years. Said di])loma shall entitle the person to whom it may be
issued to teach a Public Scliool in any part of the State for the tcrna of
six years, unless revoked by the Superintendent of Public Instruction
for good and sufficient reasons."
No one cause has done so much to render the occupation of a Public
School Teacher distasteful as the old system of annual examinations.
Teachers were condemned to be tried, not by a jury of their peers, but
too often by men who knew little or nothing of practical teaching, and
who not unfrequently made the annual examination a guillotine for decapitating
any unlucky pedagogue who had fallen under ban of their
petty displeasure. A Teacher in the Public Schools, though he might
have, added to the finest natural abilities for teaching, a complete professional
training in the best Normal Schools in the United States;
though he might be crowned with honors, won by many years of successful
experience; though he might be esteemed by the communit}',
and revered by thousands of grateful pupils—at the end of each year,
forsooth, he must be " examined " by a committee of lawyers, doctors,
dentists, book binders, contractors, and non-professional men, to ascertain
if he was "yf< to teach a Common School !" After having passed through
the examination mill annually, nine years in succession, turned out each
time with a '' bran new" certificate of "fitness to teach a Common School
one year," I can speak feelingly on this subject. These annual examinations
of experienced Teachers, offered an annual insult to intelligence,
by lumj^ing character, aptness to teach, moral and social culture, in tabular
statements of "percentage" on arithmetic and spelling, in which
infinitesimal details counted everything, character and succ|^s nothing
at all. Actual trial in the School-room is the best test of fitness to teach,
and when a Teacher has once passed examination, and proved successful
in School, subsequent examinations are uncalled for and unnecessar}^.
I remember more than one successful Teacher, arraigned before the
Examination Star Chamber, who was decapitated by the official guillotine
of "percentage," because he happened to fail "on the best route
from Novogorod to Kilimandijaro," or from " Eed Dog to You Bet;" or
forgot the population of Brandy Gulch, Humbug Caiion, or Pompeii ; or
could not remember the names of all the rivers of the world, from the
Amazon down to the brook where he caught "minnows" with pin-hooks
when a boy; or blundered on some arithmetical shell, hard enough to
pierce the hide of a Monitor; or chanced to spell traveler with two I's;
or failed to make out a chronological table of all the battles of all the
wars, from King Philip's down to Buchanan's fixmous crusade against
Salt Lake ; or happened, finally, to fall one tenth of one credit below
nine hundred and ninety-nine, the standard which exactly guaged the
moral character and intellectual ability of a man "fit to teach a Common
School one year." The new State law, by granting diplomas for six years,
relieves Teachers from the annoyance of such examinations, and is the
first step towards recognizing teaching as a profession. It was my firm
conviction from the first, that the end sought would be best attained by
vesting the authorit}'^ to examine candidates in a Board of practical Teachers,
selected for that specific purpose. The future success of this important
movement will depend upon retaining this principle as a foundation.
Teachers have a right to demand an examination by their peers. The
State Board of Examination in May, was composed almost entirel}' of
practical Teachers ; the questions were prepared by practical Teachers ;

40
the papers were examined by practical Teachers; and the standard of
qualification was determined by practical Teachers.
In the examination of a hundred Teachers in so limited a time, no
oral examination could possibly be given. Whenever possible, oral and
written examinations should be combined. Under the law, State Diplomas
could be granted only to persons who had taught School three years
successfully, one year of which must have been in this State.
In determining the chai'acter and extent of the acquirements which
should be deemed essential to secure the highest certificate under the
law, it was not deemed advisable to lower the standard to the level of
mediocrity. It was considered that the possession of a State Diploma
should be held as an honor worth striving for, and which should entitle
the holder to the respect of the community and of fellow Teachers.
And yet, it was to be borne in mind that the object of the State Dij^loma
was to benefit the Teachers of Public Schools—not the Professors of
higher institutions of learning. It was the intention of the law to place
the badge of honor on Teachers who had achieved success in the Common
School—w^ho were well trained Teachers in the studies ordinarily
pursued in such Schools. It was just and proper that the classics, modern
languages, and higher mathematics, should not be included in the
examination.
To strike the golden mean between these two extremes, was a matter
involving serious consideration. It seemed eminently just, too, that a
Teacher's experience and knowledge of methods of teaching, should
be an important element in the examination; and a maximum of one
hundred credits was allowed for general questions.
The foU^ving is the form of a State Educational Diploma :
[National Flag.] STATE EDUCATIONAL DIPLOMA. [National Flag.]
State of [Seal of tho State of California.] California.
The State Board of Education, after a full and critical examination, in accordance with
the provisions of section forty-eight of the Revised School Law of eighteen hundred and
sixty-three, have found . well qualified in all respects for the profession
of Teaching.
They therefore issue this Diploma, which entitles the bearer to teach a Public School
in any part of the State of California, without further examination, for the term of six
years.
[Seal of the Department of
Public Instruction.]
[Signed,]
[Design—Grasped hands surrounded
by stars, under the
motto :
By order of the State Board of Examination.
' ' The Constitution . '
']
Sup't Ptihltc Instruction.
This Diploma supersedes the necessity of an}- further examination for
the period of six years, and is a license to teach in any district in California,
except in a few incorporated cities governed by a special Board
of Education. It constitutes the strongest official recommendation of
the holder to the confidence of the public and the esteem and friendl}' aid

41
of fellow Teachers. It will prove an important aid in securing the most
desirable positions in the Public Schools of the State.
The Teachers of the State ought to respond to this generous provision
of the Legislature by striving to secure State Diplomas. They owe it as
a duty to the profession which they should strive to honor ; they owe it
as a duty to the Public Schools ; they owe it as a duty to themselves for
the purpose of self protection against ignorant pretenders.
The total number of State Diplomas and Certificates granted during
the year is as follows :
Certificates and Diplomas.

42
" To my mind it is clear that if the qualification of Teachers is a consideration
so important as to demand an examination and a certificate of
proper qualification as a condition precedent to entering a School, then
that is the best system of supervision wliich is the most watchful and
careful in its awards of these testimonials; for the greater the ease and
facility with which they can be procured, the nearer it is to having no
condition whatever.
" The danger is not that certificates will be too rigid!}" withheld, but
that they will be too readily granted. The Commissioners are, in this
regard, doing a noble work, in which they have my official sanction and
support, as they should have of every man who would not see confiding
children and youth abused by incompetence, and the money so generously
pi"ovided by the State and by local taxation squandered in paying
for the services of persons who do not render an equivalent in instruction.
It is well understood that money paid out for the services of a
poorly qualified Teacher might as well be cast into the sea; and when
the time shall come that the Commissionei'S shall not be sustained in a
policy which demands thorough preparation for the difficult duties of
the School-rooms, all our best Teachers must leave them to the care of
that greater number, who can be employed at a much smaller compensation,
and who have neither the disposition nor the ability to make the
necessary preparation to teach well. Or when the time shall come in
which every man, or a great multitude of men, shall have authority
to grant certificates, and when the qualified and unqualified alike can
obtain them, it will be time to cease taxing the people and receiving
mone}^ from their generous hands under the fraudulent pretence that it
will be economically used for the education of children and youth."
Hon. Anson Smyth, the veteran Superintendent of Ohio, says :
" It is an exceedingl}^ unpleasant dut}', on the part of Examiners, to
refuse certificates to any who may submit to their examination. Not unfrequently
candidates w^ho have made an exhibition of their ignorance
and utter incapacit}^, will importune in the most urgent and pathetic
way for certificates. Local Directors sometimes plead that a candidate
be spared rejection with an importunity like that of Abraham when
praying for Sodom. A brawny brother has more than once intimated
that a sad retribution would, on the first fit occasion, overtake the Examiners
if his sister should be dismissed without a commission ; though
that girl could not repeat the multiplication table if it were to save her
from the doom of Gomorrah. And, moved by these influences, tliere is
danger that pity or fear will prevail over judgment and a sense of duty.
Those who have no experience in the business cannot appreciate the
delicate and difficult duties which Examiners of Teachers are often
called to perform. And when they do with fidelity discharge their arduous
and thankless duties, the}' deserve to be sustained by all who are
unwilling that two millions of dollars should each year be worse than
wasted on incompetent Teachers.
" What avails it that we pay millions of money for the support of our
Schools— that we build commodious and expensive School-houses, if our
Teachers are incompetent for the w^ork of educating our children ?
Money and buildings are of themselves of no value in this work. With
a School building in each sub-district as costly as our State Capitol, there
will be none but worthless Schools, if the Teachers are without due qual-
ifications.

43
" There are thousands of uneducated and ill-bred young people in Ohio
who need to learn much in regard to the simple principles of orthography
and reading, who in any respectable Primar}^ Schools would be
found at the foot of their classes, and who yet seek places as Teachers.
Ignorant of themselves, as of ever^'thing else, they think themselves
qualified for teaching, perhaps for tlie reason that they have discovered
that they are unfit for anything else.
"And, what is not less deplorable, there are fathers, yea. School Directors,
who are ready to employ these untaught young peeple to teach
our Schools, to give form and character to the lives of our youth. If
all who aspire to become Teachers find ready employment—if all the
ignorant and vulgar have only to offer their services in order to procure
positions which require the greatest wisdom, the soundest judgment,
and the best cultivation, our Schools will become fountains of ignorance
and moral death."
FOEMS OF REPORTS.
During the year all the blanks and forms of the Department have been
carefully revised. The forms for reports of Teachers, Trustees, and
Census 3Iarshals, have been simplified and systematized.
An effort has been made to secure the fullest possible returns of all
valuable information relative to the Schools, and to dispense with all that
are not absolutely necessary. Teachers and Census Marshals are required
to make duplicate 'reports, one to the County Superintendent,
and a copy to the Trustees. The Trustees make one report to the
County Superintendent. Heretofore all these ofiicers were required to
make reports, in addition to these, directly to the Superintendent of Public
Instruction. In the early history of the State, before the School system
was reduced to order, these triplicate reports were nccessar}^, but in
my opinion the time has now arrived when the County Superintendents
should be able to make up their own reports coi'rectly without relying
on the Superintendent to wade through the mass of details which properly
belongs to them. Besides, Teachers, Trustees, and School officers,
with some reason, regarded the making out of triplicate reports as a
kind of circumlocution office arrangement, involving an unnecessary expense
of time, paper, postage, and annoyance. By the change, the cost
of at least six thousand expensive blanks and forms is annually saved to
the State. The reports of Teachers and Trustees are now so simple,
that any intelligent schoolboy could not fail to fill them out; and no
possible excuse, except wilful negligence, can be offered for not making
the returns properlj^. For the purpose of showing the system of the
Department, the statistics required of the various School officers are
given in full.
PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHER's REPORT.
Whole number of boys enrolled ; girls; total number; average number
belonging; average daily attendance; percentage of attendance;
total number days attendance ; total number days absence ; total number
times tardy; number attending School between four and six
5'^ears of age ; grade of School ; number of classes in School ; date
of Teacher's taking charge of School; date of Teacher's leaving School;

:
44
length of time the Teacher has taught the same School ; number of
School diiys, in School term or year; monthly salaiy of Teacher, board
included ; amount of salary received from rate bills: number of volumes
in School Library; provided with State School register; provided with
Eevised School Law; journal of education taken by Teacher; attended
State or County Institute; what kind and value of School apparatus;
size and fitness of School-room; grade and date of Teacher's certificate;
text books used, and studies pursued.
trustees' report.
The report of Trustees, with the exception of the " Financial Eeport,"
is made b}^ simply transcribing the summaries from the Teacher's and
Census Marshal's reports, and is easily and quickly made, if those reports
are correctly made in due season. The following is the form of rejjort
" School Trustees' Eeport of District, No. — , to the Superin-
tendent of Public Schools of count}', from September 1st, 18G—
to August 31st, 186— .inclusive. Financial Report: Amount of vSchool
Fund received from the State; amount of School money received from
county taxes; amount raised by district tax; amount received from
township School Fund; amount raised b}' rate bills or subscription; total
receipts from all sources for School purposes; amount paid for Teachers'
salai'ies; amount expended for sites, buildings, repairs, and Scliool furniture;
amount expended for School Libraries; amount expended for
School apparatus ; amount expended for rent, fuel, and contingent expenses;
total expenditures for School purposes; yal'Liation of Schoolhouses
and furniture; valuation of School Libraries; valuation of School
apparatus ; total valuation of School property."
SCHOOL registers.
Section sixth, Eevised School Law, authorized the Superintendent of
Public Instruction to prepare a convenient form of School Eegister for
the purpose of securing more accurate returns from Teachers. In ten
daj'S after the School Law^ took effect, the Eegisters were on the way to
the School-rooms where they were so much needed. The cheapest and
simplest possible form for such a Eegister was devised, inasmuch as many
Teachers accustomed to keeping their records on sheets of waste paper,
or " in their heads," would find it difficult to master a very complex system
of School bookkeeping. An edition of twelve hundred copies was
issued by the State Printer, a number sufficient to suppl3' the Schools for
four years.
Of the economy of furnishing such record books at the expense of the
State, there can be no question. The State Superintendent of New
York, Mr. Van T>yQk, said, in urging this measure on the attention of the
Legislature
" Could each district be furnished with a ' School Eegister,' substantially
bound, properly ruled, and so divided as to show the name and ago
of each pupil, the time of his entrance into School, and each day of his
attendance throughout the week, month, and term, imposing little labor
on the Teacher, and removing all excuse for inaccuracy, Avhile it would
form a continuous record of the School for successive years, it would
constitute the greatest boon which could at this time be conferred on our
: ,

45
Common Schools. In no way could the duties of Trustees be so erninentlv
lightened; in no way could a fruitful source of dissension and litigation
in the districts be so readily removed, as by the adoption of the
measure proposed. With a permanent record before them, Trustees
would find no difficulty in properly apportioning the rate bills; and at
the close of the year a transcript of attendance could be made that would
be iu all respects reliable, both as a matter of general information and
an indication of the extent to which our citizens avail themselves of the
educational privileges provided by the State."
The Eegister is in small quarto form, of one hundred pages, designed
for use in\he smaller Schools, from four to six years; iu the larger ones,
from two to four years. The left hand page is ruled for a '^ Eecord of
Attendance," with space for the name and age of pupils ; the right hand
page is designed for a " Eecord of Eecitations and Deportment."
The Eegister requires a monthly summary, giving the -'Average number
belonging," the '-Average daily attendance," and the " Percentage of
attendance." At the end of each term the Teacher is required to make
the following i-eport for the use of Trustees, on a page ruled for that purpose
in the Eegister: "Whole number of boys enrolled; whole number
of girls enrolled ; total number of pupils enrolled ; average number belonging
; average daily attendance percentage of attendance; number
;
of pupHs under six years of age ; number of pupils between six and
eighteen; number of pupils between eighteen and twenty-one; length
of term, in months and days; salary of Teacher per month, including
board; length of time engaged in teaching the same School grade and
;
date of Teacher's certificate; number of classes in School; number of
visits b}' County Superintendent ; number of visits by School Trustees
number of visits by other persons."
At the end of the yeav the Eegister requires the following :
ABSTRACT OF MONTHLY SUMMARIES.
JFor the School Term or Year commencing -186— , and ending,
Xame ok NrjiBER OF Month.
^
;

46
"INSTRUCTIONS TO TEACHERS.
"This Eegister is supplied to each School District in the State, in accordance
with the following section of the Revised School Law :
" ' Sec. 6. The Superintendent of Public Instruction ***** shall
prepare a convenient form of School Register, for the purpose of securing
more accurate returns from Teachers of Public Schools, and shall
furnish each Count}' Superintendent with a number suflicient to supply
at least one cop}'^ thereof to each district or School of such county.'
" Section thirtv-five of the School Law reads as follows :
fC i
Sec. 35. All Teachers of Public Schools shall keep a register of all
the scholars attending such School, their ages, daily attendance, and time
of continuance at School, and such further statistics as may be required
by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and shall deliver such
register, at the close of their term of employment, to the School Trustees
of their districts.'
"It is very important that this Register should be accurately and carefully
kept. The left hand page is ruled for a daily record of attendance.
A convenient form for .keeping this record is as follows : Denote
attendance by leaving a blank space; absence by an aciite angle, or V;
tardiness by an oblique line sloping to the right, which mark, completed,
if the scholar does not enter during the day, will form the V, and denote
absence. A half day's absence should be reckoned as a tardiness; and
leaving before the close of School should be denoted by an oblique line
sloping to the left, thus /, and counted as a tardiness in the summary,
The right hand page is ruled for a Record of Recitations and Deportment,
tor the convenience of Teachers who ma}' wish to use it.
"Such records are kept in all the best city Schools in the United
States, and all Teachers are requested to make use of it whenever it is
practicable.
" The following is a convenient method of keejDing this record : Denote
a perfect recitation by 3 credits, an ordinary one by 2 credits, a poor
recitation by 1 credit, and a failure by 0. A pupil who recites four
perfect recitations during the day, will be entitled to 12 credits in the
column for that day. Perfect deportment is indicated by 5 credits, and
any violation of the rules of order, such as Avhispering, subjects the
scholar to the loss of one or more credits. A scholar perfect in deportment
shall receive at the end of the month 100 credits.
" The most imjjortant points to be determined by the Register are as
follows : 1st—The whole number enrolled ; 2d—Average number belonging
to School; 3d—Average daily attendance; 4th—Percentage of
attendance. For the purpose of avoiding any possibility of mistaking
the method of keeping this Register, a record of one mouth is filled out
and printed on the first page. The whole number enrolled on this
record is 25. To find the average number belonging to School dur-
ing the month, add the total days' attendance to the total days' absence,
and divide by the number of school days in the month, thus : 380-|-62=
442. 442-7-20=22/3, average number belonging. To find the average
daily attendance, divide the total days' attendance by the number of
school days in the month, thus: 380-t-20=19, average daily attendance.
To find the percentage of attendance, divide the total days' attendance

47
b}" the sum of total davs' attendance and total days' absence, thus
380-^(380 +G2)=380-^442==.86 nearly, or 86 per cent. Or, divide the
average daily attendance b}' the average number belonging, thus: 19-j-
22,},=.86 nearh" ; same result as before.
"This monthl}' summary must be transcribed to a table, ruled for the
purpose, at the close of the Eegister, and from the total of monthly
summaries the annual I'eport is easily made out.
"The Teacher will transcribe the names of scholars at the close of
ever}^ four weeks. Whenever a pupil is absent an entire week, in making
up the report, he is considered as stricken from the roll, and must
be re-entered by writing the letter E opposite his name, after the
week's absence. If a pupil should enter School, attend one week, then
should be absent two Aveeks, should return and attend another week, he
would be considered as l)elonging to School ten days, and no absences
Avould be marked against them.
"Some rule is obviously necessary' in such cases, and in the records of
most Eastern Schools, the above rule is adopted. The blank page for the
Teacher's Report at the end of each term or year, should be accurately
filled, for the use of the School Trustees.
" Teachers can adopt other methods of keeping the Eegister, if preferable,
provided they arrive correctly at the results sought to be obtained.
This Eegister n'ill involve more care and labor than the indefinite records
which are often kept ; but Teachers will bear in mind that School statistics,
to be of any value, must be absolutely exact and correct.
" Dejmrtmcnt of Public Instruction^ June \st, 1863."
SCHOOL trustees' ORDER BOOK.
The School Trustees are required by law to certify to the County
Superintendent the amount due Teachers for salaries, and due other
persons for apparatus, incidentals, and contingent expenses. As may be
imagined, such certificates or evidences of indebtedness were sent to the
County Superintendents in very curious forms, not down in any of the
books, and many Trustees kept no accounts whatever, leading to endless
difficulties, and to great discrej^ancies in the annual reports.
To remedy these evils, facilitate business, and compel the Trustees to
keep a financial record, a " book of Trustees' orders on County Superintendents,"
was published by the Department of Instruction and furnished
to each Board of Trustees.
It is designed for at least six years' use, and will afford a complete
financial account of the disbursement of moneys during that period.
The form is as follows :
:

48
ORDER UPON THE COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
No 186....
THE COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Of County, will draw a Warrant on the
County Treasurer, payable out of the Public School Fund, for Dollars
in favor of or Order,
on account of
during the present School year, ia the School District.
School Trustees of i District.
OATH OF ALLEGIANCE.
By an Act of the Legislature, approved April twenty-seventh, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three, all Public School Teachers were required
to take the following oath of allegiance :
" I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will faithfully
support, protect, and defend the Constitution and Government of
the United States against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign, that
I will bear true faith, allegiance, and loyalty to the said Constitution and
Government, and that I will, to the extent of my ability, teach those
tinder my charge to love, reverence, and uphold the same, any law or
ordinance of any State Convention or Legislature, or anj^ rule or obligation
of any society or association, or any decree or order from any source
whatsoever, to the contrary notwithstanding; and further, that I do this
with a full determination, pledge, and purpose, without any mental reservation
or evasion whatsoever; and I do farther swear (or affirm, as
the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the State of
California."
This Act has been rigidly enforced throughoitt the State. Some eight
or ten Teachers, whose services the Department could well dispense
with, resigned their occupation rather than take the oath. Some few
Teachers swallowed the oath, though still retaining their old love for
rebellion and secession; but the oath has sealed their lijDS against all
open teaching of disloyalty. The Schools ought to be the nurseries of
patriotism, and no Teachers, weak-kneed in their support of the Government,
should find a phice in them for a single day. The employment of
Teachers who sacrifice their principles to their interests, can only be prevented
by securing thoroughl}^ loyal School Trustees.
Complaints have readied the Department from several counties, that
the Trustees have kept the Schools closed rather than employ any
Teacher " who was willing to take the oath I'cquircd by law." The

49
Public School at Visalia has been closed for this reason, during the last
four months.
The Superintendent of Mendocino County writes as follows
•' A number of the districts have positively refused to compl}" with the
law requiring Trustees to take the oath of allegiance. The Trustees of
Ukiah District positively refused to employ anj^ Teacher who would
take the oath. This district is, perhaj)S, of nioi-e consequence than any
other one in the county, because there are more Schools in it, and they
reside so near toijether that a good School mig-ht be maintained the
year round, could the citizens have the co-operation of the Trustees.
" The Trustees of Long Yalley have also refused to allow their Teacher
to take the oath, and have allowed their funds to remain in the Treasury.
Count's District is in the same condition, and the Teacher has failed to
return any report.
"Of course, if this position is maintained another year it will disorganize
all the districts b}^ their forfeiting the public money. Of the spirit of
disloyalty Avhich induces them to place themselves in this attitude I cannot
speak in terms of too severe condemnation. In Ukiah District, more
than half the scholars who attend the Public Schools are the children of
loj^al parents, but the voters outnumber us, so that it is impossible to elect
Trustees who will perform their duty. I regret to say that we have a
large element in our population in this county who have but little ambition
to improve or even to maintain our present School system. Of this
you may be made aware by what I have said above of their determination
to elect none but the most ultra Secessionists for Trustees. I regret,
moreover, to say that our Board of Supervisors lai'gely participates in
this feeling of disinclination to sustain the School system."
I tlierefore recommend to the Legislature that an act be passed disqualifying
every Trustee for office who shall refuse to compl}^ with the
law requiring the employment of loyal Teachers and none others. Such
an Act would undoubtedly drive a large number of Trustees out of office,
but their places can be better tilled, and existing evils ought to be remedied
at any cost. If vSecessionists are willing to sacrifice themselves, it is
no reason why they should steal the intellectual bread out of the mouths
of their children by closing the Schools.
STATE NOEMAL SCHOOL.
Under an Act of the Legislature, passed May, eighteen hundi'ed and
sixty-two, this institution was oj)ened on the twenty-third of July, in a
small basement room of the San Francisco High School, beginning its
first term with only six pupils. Shortly after, it was removed to larger
rooms on Fourth Street, near Mission, and two model classes were organized
in connection with it. The first year of the School closed on the
fourteenth of May, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, with an examination
conducted by a committee of the Board of Trustees. Four students
graduated and received Diplomas, all of whom are now successfully en-
:

:
50
gaged in teaching. The School was conducted during its first year at
an expense of four thousand two hundred dollars, ($4,200,) State scrip,
equivalent in
Its efiiciency
cash
was
to two thousand
impaired by two
eight hundred dollars ($2,800).
serious events—want of money,
and want of a suitable building. It has recently been removed to a building
on the corner of Post and Kearny Streets, somewhat better than
the former, but by no means adapted to the v/ants of such an institution.
The rent of the building and the salaries of the Teachers of the model
classes are paid by the Cit}" of San Francisco.
Without this liberal assistance from the Board of Education, the institution
would have necessarily proved a failure. The School now numbers
fifty members. Three model classes are connected with it. and
three more will soon be organized. In these classes the pupils of the
Normal School are required to learn the practical details of School-room
duty under the supervision of Teachers familiar with the most approved
methods of modern training Schools. The State Normal School is destined
to become one of the active educational agencies of the State; and
in order that it may be placed on a sound basis, an appropriation of eight
thousand dollars ($8,000) will be needed for the sixteenth fiscal year.
This will be only half the amount annually expended on the State Eeform
School, for training an average number of less than twenty inmates;
and is not the training of fifty Teachers, who will soon go out to
take charge of fifty Schools, teaching two thousand scholars, quite as
important to the State ?
The advantages resulting to the Public Schools of the State, from a
Normal School, are so self-evident, that no argument seems to be needed
to enforce them. The liberal provision made in older States for such
institutions, affords conclusive evidence of their usefulness.
The first Normal School in the United States was established at Lexington,
Massachusetts, in eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, and it opened
with three students. Massachusetts now has four Normal Schools—at
Framingham, Bridgewater, Westfield, and Salem. The aggregate number
of students who had been connected with these Schools up to December,
eighteen hundred and sixty-one, was four thousand eight hundred
and thirty, of whom two thousand and eighty-four graduated. The
total amount expended by the State for the support of these institutions
since their first organization, was one hundred and eighty-five thousand
dollars ($185,000); and the total outlay, including donations by individuals,
was two hundred and ninety-four thousand dollars ($294,000).
The sujDerior condition of the Massachusetts Public Schools is owing, in
no small degree, to this
has given the State a
eminently wise and judicious expenditure. It
well trained body of Teachers, who are paid
higher average salaries than in any other State. Massachusetts can
afford to pay good Teachers good salaries, because she wastes no money
on incompetent ones. Her annual exjienditures for all educational purposes,
amount to more than three millions of dollars; her economy is
practised in employing skilful Teachers.
The report of
two, says
the Board of Education, eighteen hundred and sixty--
" Through the agency of the Normal Schools, more than by any other
means, the Board is enabled to exert an influence ujDon the Common i
Schools."
The report of the !^^oard, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, says:
'

51
'• The Normal Schools ai-c performing their work with their usual effi-
ciency and success. The Principals in all these Schools are men of tried
experience, sound judgment, and possessed of excellent qualifications for
their work. Their man}^ years of success, and the large numbers of
excellent Teachers they have prepared for service, are their best testimonials.
The number of pupils in attendance the past, has been somewhat
smaller than the previous j^ear; but the reduction has been owing,
chiefly, to the departure of young men to the war. Three quarters of
the whole number of j^oung men in the Normal School at Westfield,
during the j'ear, are now in the army. Nearly the same proportion are
absent from the Bridgcwater School, also for the same reason."
The Seci'ctary of the Board remarks :
•• Tlie fact that our Public Schools number over four thousand five
hundred, and are giving employment to more than seven thousand
Teachers, while the Normal Schools are supplying little more than one
hundred annual!}*, is conclusive against any reduction of their number
or of their force, and furnishes abundant reason for a more liberal bestowal
of means upon them, to the end that with enlarged facilities,
higher and broader courses of study and mental ti'aining, they may supply
Teachers in greater numbers and of a higher grade, to meet the constantly
growing wants of the Commonwealth."
The State Normal School of New York was established at Albany in
eighteen hundred and fortj-four, as an experiment, for five years, and it
has proved so successful that the policj* of sustaining it has never been
questioned. The total number of students who have been in attendance
since it was established is three thousand eight hundred and fiftyfour,
of whom one thousand three hundred and thirteen have graduated.
The whole number in attendance during the year eighteen hundred
and sixt3*-two was two hundred and ninety-three. Connected with
the School is an Experimental or Model School, in which the pupil-
Teachers of the Normal School give instruction. A Model Primary
School, for the purjjose of illustrating the method of Object Teaching,
was established in eighteen hundred and sixty-one. The Normal School
building was erected by the State at a cost of twenty-five thousand
dollars ($25,000.)
The Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. Victor M. Eice, says,
in his last report, eighteen hundred and sixty-three :
•' The graduates and undergraduates are represented by local School
officers to be doing valuable service, not only in the Schools in which
they are employed, but as zealous workers, imparting their knowledge
of the proper modes of instruction to their associates in Teachers' Institutes
and Associations, who in turn apply the same to the Schools
under their charge, and thus the influence of this School is difl'used.
" Wherever institutions of this character have been established and
fairlj' supported, their fruits are too apparent and useful to need commendation
; and it is suggested to the Legislature that other Normal
Schools might be established in localities whose public-spirited inhabitants
would furnish, at their own exjjense, the necessary sites and buildings
; and that however efficient one such School may be, it could not
have been expected to meet the demands of a State which requires the
employment annually of more than twent}' thousand Teachers."

52
The State Normal School of Connecticut, located at New Britain, was
established in eighteen hundred and fifty, and has graduated, up to the
present time, one hundred and sixty-eight Teachers. It has a Model
School connected with it.
The Ehode Island Normal School, located at Bristol, was established
at Providence in eighteen hundred and fifty-four.
The New Jersey State Normal School was organized at Trenton in
eighteen hundred and fifty-five, sustained by an annual api:)roi:)riation of
ten thousand dollars (810,000.) It has a Model School Department, and,
connected with it, the Farnnra Preparatorj'- School at Beverly, founded
b}^ the late Paul Farnum, Avho erected the buildings at a cost of thirty
thousand dollars, (330,000,) and endowed it with twenty thousand dollars
(^20,000) more. The total number of graduates, up to January,
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, was one hundred and fifty-eight, of
whom one hundred and fifteen were teaching at that time. During the
year eighteen hundred and sixty-two a department for military instruction
was added to the School. A special department for Object Teaching
was organized in eighteen hundred and sixty-one.
The Legislature of Pennsj^lvania, in eighteen hundred and fifty-seven,
passed a law dividing the State into twelve Normal School Districts, and
provision was made for establishing, by private subscription, a Normal
School in each. The Schools established at Millersville and Edenboro
receive an annual State appropriation of five thousand dollars (§5,000.)
The cost of building, grounds, etc., of the School at Millersville, was
sixt}^ thousand dollars. (S60,000,) and the annual expense is fifteen thousand
dollars (815,000.) The number of pupils in eighteen hundred and
sixty-one was two hundred, educated at a cost of one hundred and fortysix
dollars (8146) per annum.
The Girls' High School in Philadelj^hia has connected with it a Normal
Department and a School of practice for pupil-Teachei-s.
Ohio has no State institution, but has two Normal Schools, well endowed
by private munificence.
The Michigan State Normal School, of Ypsilanti, founded in eighteen
hundred and fifty-two, numbering three hundred students, has an exijerimental
deparment. and is conducted at an annual expense of eleven
thousand dollars (811,000.)
In Iowa, the Normal School is a department of the
at Iowa City.
State University,
The State Normal School of Minnesota, at Winona, receives an annual
appropriation from the State of two thousand dollars (82,000,) and is held
in a building erected by the State at a cost of five thousand dollai's
(85,000.)
The State Normal University of Illinois, at Bloomfield, was established
in eighteen hundred and fifty-seven. The building is the very finest of
the kind in the United States, and was erected at a cost, including fixtures,
of one hundred and eighty-two thousand dollars (8182,000.) More
than six hundred pupils have been connected with the School since its
organization. The number of pupils in eighteen hundred and sixty-two
was one hundred and thirty-eight in the Normal School, one hundred and
nine in High and Grammar Department of Model, forty-four in Intermediate
and Primary, making a total of two hundred and ninety-one.
Richard Edwards, the Principal, at the close of his able repoi't. says :
"These are pre-eminently Schools of the people. To maintain a Normal
School at the expense of the State, is to use a portion of the public

:
53
funds for the direct benefit of every citizen. The Teachers whom it educates
are to go forth into the remotest and most secluded School districts.
Ever}- poor man who has a child to educate is, b}' the influence of such
a School, to see that child raised more nearly to an equality, in culture
and intelligence, with that of his wealth}- neighbor. Its natural effect is,
by improving the qualifications of Public School Teachers, to make these
Schools as good as the best, and thus to place within the reach of the
poorest. child as thorough and useful an education as the wealthiest can
purchase for mone}'."
When other States find JSTormal Schools an indispensable part of the
Common School system, shall California fail to sustain one ?
The State has built a Reform School Building at a cost of seventy-five
thousand dollars (875,000) ; ought she to hesitate about the appropriation
of eight thousand dollars ($8,000) for reforming methods of instruction
and economizing labor in the School-rooms? Shall a hundred thousand
dollars (.$100,000) be expended for erecting buildings for educating
fifty or sixty Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, and nothing be appropriated
for providing Teachers to train thousands of children in the full use of
all their faculties?
If we turn to the old world, we find Normal Schools held in still higher
repute than in our own country. Prussia has five hundred of them ;
Germany and France ai*e full of them, and in most of the National Schools
of Europe normal training is an indispensable requisite for a Teacher.
" On reviewing a period of six weeks," says Horace Mann, " the greater
part of which I spent in visiting Schools in the north and middle of
Prussia and Saxony, (except, of course, the time occupied in going from
place to place,) entering the Schools to hear the first recitation in the
morning, and remaining until the last Avas completed at night, I call to
mind three things about which I cannot be mistaken.
opinions and inferences I may have erred, but of the
there can be no doubt
In some of ni}^
following facts
''First—During all this time I never saw a Teacher hearing a lesson of
any kind (excepting a reading or spelling lesson) with a book in his
hand.
''Second—I never saw a Teacher sitting while hearing a recitation.
'•' Third— Though I saw hundreds of Schools, and thousands—I think
I may say, within bounds, tens of thousands of pupils—I never saw one
child undergoing punishment, or arraigned for misconduct. I never saw
one child in tears from having been punished, or from fear of being punished.
" During the above period I witnessed exercises in geography, ancient
and modern, in the Grerman language—from the explanation of the simplest
words up to belles-lettres disquisitions, with rules for speaking and
writing; in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, surveying, and trigonometry;
in bookkeeping; in civil history, ancient and modern; in natural philosoph}-;
in botany, and zoology; in mineralogj^, where there were hundreds
of specimens ; in the endless variety of the exercises in thinking, knowledge
of nature, of the world, and of society; in Bible history and Bible
knowledge ; and, as I before said, in no one of these cases did I see a
Teacher with a book in his hand. His book—his books—his library
was in his head. Promptly—without pause, without hesitation—from
the rich resources of his own mind, he brought forth whatever the occasion
demanded.
—

:
54
" I have said that I saw no Teaclier siiting in his School. Aged or
young, all stood. Nor did they stand apart and aloof in sullen dignity.
They mingled with their pupils, passing rapidly from one side of the
class to the other, animating, encouraging, sj'mpathizing, breathing life
into less active natures, assuring the timid, distributing encouragement
and endearment to all.
" To the above I may add that I found all the Teachers whom I visited
alive to Che subject of improvement. The}" had libi-aries of the standard
works on education—works of which there are such great numbers in
the German language. Ever}" new book of any promise was eagerly
sought after, and I uniformly found the educational periodicals of the
day upon the tables of the Teachers.
" The extensive range and high grade of instruction Avhich so many
of the German youth are enjoying, and these noble qualifications on the
part of the instructors, are the natural and legitimate result of their
Seminaries for Teachers. Without the latter the former never could
have been, any more than an effect without its cause."
"Wherever !N"ormal Schools have been established," says Hon. Edgerton
Eyerson, Chief Superintendent of Public Instruction of Upper
Canada, "it has been found thus far that the demand for regularly
trained Teachers has exceeded the supply which the Normal Schools
have been able to provide. It is so in the United States; it is so, up to
the present time, in France; it is most pressingly and painfully so in
England, Ireland, and Scotland. I was told by the Head Masters of the
great Normal Schools in London, in Dublin, in Glasgow, and in Edinburgh,
that such v\'as the demand for pupils of the Normal Schools as
Teachers, that in many instances they found it impossible to retain them
in the Normal School during the prescribed course—even when it was
limited to a year."
The distinguished M. Guizot, repeatedly JMinister of Public Instruction
in France, when introducing the law of primary instruction to the
Chamber of French Deputies, in eighteen hundred and thirty-three,
said
" All the provisions hitherto described, icouM he of none effect, if we took
no pains to procure for the Public School thus constituted, an able
Master, and worth}- of the high vocation of instructing the people. It
cannot be too often repeated, that it is the Master uho makes the School.
What a well assorted union of qualities is required to constitute a good
Master. A good Master ought to be a man who knows much more than
he is called upon to teach, that he may teach with intelligence and with
taste; who is to live in an humble sphere, and yet have a noble and
elevated spirit, that he may preserve that dignity of mind and of deportment,
without which he will never obtain the respect and confidence of
families; who possesses a rare mixture of gentleness and firmness; for,
inferior though he be, in station, to many individuals in the Communes, he
ought to be the obsequious servant to none; a man not ignorant of his
rights, but thinking much more of his duties; showing to all a good example,
and serving to all as a counsellor; not given to change his condition,
but satisfied with his situation, because it gives him the power of
doing good; and who has made up his mind to live and to die in the
service of Primary Instruction, which to him is the service of God and
bis fellow creatures. To rear up Masters approaching to such a model.

55
is ii difficult task, and yet we must succeed in it, or toe have done nothing for
tlemfntary instruction."
"W^hen the experience of other nations and other States proves the
ne -essity of JSTormal Schools, supported by the State; when the testimony
of all distinguished educators goes to prove the advantages resulting
from them, there can be no question about the course California
ought to pursue. After travelling extensively through the State, I am
more strongly than ever convinced of the need of sending out Normal
School Teachers as missionaries to all parts of the State.* It avails little
how much money may be raised for School purposes, or however pei"fectly
the Department of Instruction may be organized, if the incubus of
a corps of untrained, undisciplined, incompetent Teachers rests like a
nightmare on the Schools. The public money will be wasted, and the
children will grow up half-trained and half-taught. I must be allowed
again, in the strongest terms, to urge upon the Legislature a liberal
appropriation for the support of the State Normal School.
THE CALIFOENIA TEACHEE.
Not the least among the beneficial results of the State Institute, was
the birth of a State Education^d Journal as the professional organ of
the Teachers of the State, and the official organ of the State Superintendent.
The subject was taken up with the characteristic earnestness of the
Teachers of California, and the journal became at once an established
fact. Three hundred dollars ($300) in ten dollar ($10) subscriptions
was pledged as a reserve fund, and three hundred one dollar ($1) subscriptions
were taken by membei'S of the Institute.
The journal was placed in the hands of a Board of Resident Editors,
consisting of Professor Swezy, George Tait, and the Superintendent of
Public Instruction. The first number was issued on the first of July,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three, printed by Towne & Bacon, in neat
octavo, twenty-four pages. Thus far it has compared favorabl}^ with
Eastern educational journals. It is furnished at the low price of one
dollar ($1) per annum. The subscription list at present numbers six
hundred and fifty.
The annual expense of the Teacher, in its present form, will be from
twelve hundred dollars ($1,200) to fourteen hundred dollars ($1,400.)
Advertisements to the amount of six hundred dollars ($600) have been
secured through the liberality of H. II. Bancroft & Co., of San Francisco,
and of Eastern- publishing houses, thus placing the journal on a cash
basis during the first year. The beneficent results of such a journal cannot
well be overestimated. It should be in the hands of every Teacher
in the State. Any Teacher who has not pi-ofessional pride enough to
aid in sustaining such a publication, ought to have his certificate annulled
at once.
The salai-y of quite a number of the County Superintendents, I am
sorry to state, is so low that they have not been able, as yet, to pay the
trifling subscription of one dollar ($1) a year for a single cop}' of the
Teacher.

56
And not only should the Teacher be taken by County Superintendents
and Teachers, it ought be read by ever}^ School Trustee in the State.
But School Trustees receive no pa}^ for their services. They assume
the duties of the office as an onerous and thankless task, and, therefore,
they can hardly be expected to take an educational journal at their own
expense. The School Trustees are reallj' the most important executive
officers of the School Department. They assess district taxes, build
School-houses, supply furniture, engage Teachers, and fix -the rate of
Teachers' -wages. ISTow that Trustees are elected for the term of three
years, theij musf he educated to a higlier standard of official duty. The State
should furnuh a copy of the '^Teacher" to each Board of District School Trustees—not
for the purpose of aiding the journal, for that is self-supporting,
but to fui-nish information on educational topics, and to aftbrd a convenient
and regular medium of communication between the Department
of Public Instruction and School officers. I therefore recommend to the
Legislature that the Superintendent of Public Instruction be authorized
to subscribe for one thousand copies of the California Teacher for the use
of School Trustees, and that the sum of one thousand dollars be appropriated
for that purpose. It will be a measure of economy on the part
of the State. At present, when any special instructions are to be communicated
to Sohool officers, it must be done by a special circular. Two
such circulars were issued by the Superintendent during the last year,
at a cost, including expressage, little less than the amount above named.
Both of these circulars might have been communicated in the journal,
could it have been jjlaced in the hands of all School officers.
At present, one of the heaviest duties of the Superintendent is the
correspondence of the Department. The letters to be answered number
from fifty to sixty a week. Many of these relate to the interpretation
of the School law, and one answer published in the journal would suffice
for all. Other letters ask advice in relation to official duties, and a single
paragraph in the journal would answer fifty letters. The work in the
office of Superintendent of Public Instruction is rapidly accumulating
ever}' year, and as a means of relieving the alread}' burdensome labors
of the department, I most earnestl}' urge this subject upon the consideration
of the Legislature.
The State Superintendent should also have discretionary power to
supply copies to indigent Teachers, who are too poor, or who think
themselves so, to save two cents a week out of their salaries for taking
an educational journal. A few hundred copies distributed in this Avay
miffht galvanize into life some of the dead Teachers who cumber the
School-rooms.
Other States have jnirsued this course for many years. In the report
of the Superintendent of Wiscoiftein, eighteen hundred and sixty, the
Superintendent says :
"In accordance with section one hundred and two of .chapter twentythree,
Eeviscd Statutes, amended bj^ chapter two hundred and three of
general laws of eighteen hundred and fiftj^-nine, I subscribed July first,
eighteen hundred and sixty, for five thousand two hundred copies of the
Journal of Education. The expense of the Journal to each district is
sixty-five cents per annum, postage prepaid. The Journal is made the
organ of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and is to him a very
vahiable means of correspondence with the several School officers.
Through the Journal there has been saved to the School Fund during
the year eighteen hundred and sixty, a sum larger than its cost to the

57
State. The expenses for printing for this department may be vcr}^ much
diminished by means of this periodical. Besides the official character of
the Juuniai, it contains very valuable reading matter of general benefit
to our Schools. I deemed it best to publish all the amendments to the
School law, passed at the last session of the Legislature, in the Journal
of Education, insteSid of in a separate circular, because by so doing they
would reach all School officers more speedily and surely, and with no
extra charge ujDon the Fund. A large pai't of the instructions from this
department may be most readily and cheaply communicated through
the Journal."
Hon. J. M. Gregory, Superintendent of Public Instruction of Michigan,
thus sets forth the advantages of the Michigan Journal of Education
to that State :
" This periodical has continued to be sent to the District Directors
during the 3'ear, at an expense of sixty cents for each district. A large
amount of official matter has been published in its pages, and has reached
the School officers much more certainl}' and cheaply than it would have
done if issued in separate circulars. Some failures in the regular circulation
and receipt by the Directors have unavoidably occurred among so
large a number, but these failures bear no comparison to those that
would have occurred in sending the same number of circulars to the
districts by mail. The district officers have come to look regularly for
the Journal, and much interest is manifested in it by all those who feel
any interest in their duties as School officers, and the multiplied letters
of School Directors asking answers to be sent through it, evidence a
steady increase of interest in its receipt.
" The correspondence through its pages, of the Superintendent with
the School officers, has proved a great relief to the Department, while it
is believed to have been of great use to the Public School interests. The
circulars sent through it. if sent in separate form, would, with the jjostage,
have cost the State one third of the entire expense of sending the
Journal, and if the cost of other valuable official matter sent out be
added, the amount would swell to full one half of the entire State subscription.
The amount for each district is so small, and the convenience
to the Department, in having, a means of constant and ready communication
with the twelve thousand district officers, is so useful arfd imj^ortant,
that the Superintendent would earnestly deprecate ^ny repeal of
the provision for this public service.
" It should, perhaps, be remarked that the Journal is the property of
the State Teachers' Association. It was edited the past year gratuitously,
by several prominent Educators, and the entire net proceeds went
into the Treasurj^ of the Association to be paid out again for lectures
and publications promotive of the educational interests of the State."
The State Superintendent of Indiana, Hon. S. L. Pugg, says
" I think great assistance can be rendered the Superintendent and
other School officers by authorizing him to negotiate and bring about an
arrangement Avith the publisher of the School Journal, or some similar
periodical publication, by which it should become an official medium of
communication for the Department, or between the Superintendent and
:

58
subordinate School officers, and an assistant in developing the system
and in its administration, and in diffusing throughout all its ramifications
increased uniformity, life, and vigor. The saving which would
have doubtless resulted to the people of the State within the last two
years by the emplo3nnent of such an agenc}^, in the single item of text
books, would have been manj" times over what it would cost to bring
such an agency into use ; yet that is as a drop in the bucket compared
with the many savings and improvements which would be accomplished
by its reasonable employment."
The State Superintendent of Ohio says
" All these questions of moral and social interest and educational importance
have been discussed and urged in the Ohio Journal nf Education^
which, begun in eighteen hundred and fiftj^-two, has been since published,
under the auspices of the association, every month. Since eighteen
hundred and fifty-three, it has issued regularly the most important opinions
on the School Law made by the State Commissioner; and it has
communicated to Teachers and School officers all circulars that the Commissioners
have desired to be thus communicated. It has contributed, in
no small degree, to the understanding and proper working of the School
Law, and to the securing of returns to the State Department from local
officers. It might very decidedly promote these ends, were it put into
the hands of ever}' Township Clerk in the State. A law authorizing its
distribution to such School officers, would not require a larger expenditure
than is now required in nearly evcr}'^ one of the State Departments,
for printing of and postage on circulars, which give directions
and explanations to county or other local officers. The Conmissioner
could directly communicate through its columns with every School
District in the State. This distribution of the Journal would be useful
in the administration of the School Law; it would promote knowledge
of educational wants, and of the most approved methods and instrumentalities
for meeting those wants ; and it would assist in relieving
pecuniary embarassments growing out of expenses necessarily incurred
by the Teachers' Association, in the furtherance of those objects previousl}^
enumerated, to which the present forward condition of public education
in Ohio is in a great measure due. The Teachers of Ohio have
made more active exertions and more personal sacrifice for the general
advancement of public education, than have the Teachers of any other
State in the Union, as a body.
" The law now recommended would be a recognition of their services.
The sending of a Journal of Udacafion, published under the auspices of
their State Association, the sending of communications between the
State Commissioner and local School officers, a measure that has been
found to work advantageously in other States, would be not only a
proper acknowledgement of past services, but it would prove an incentive
to future good works. It is therefore commended to your thoughtful
consideration."
Hon. V. M. Eice, Superintendent of New York, says in his able report
of eighteen hundred and sixty-three :
" Heretofore the Legislature has, from year to year, manifested its
appreciation of the value of the JVcio York Teacher, by authorizing the
Superintendent of Public Instruction to subscribe for copies of the
:

59
Teacher, and to cause them to be distributed by tlic School Commissioners
among inexperienced Teachers in the several counties ; and it is
believed that the money expended in thus co-operating with those who,
without reward, are zealouslj^ and effectually laboring for the public
good, has been Avisely invested, and that the subscription should be
continued."
The California Teacher is destined to become one of the educational
forces of the State. It is no financial scheme to enrich any man or any
class of men. It is purel}^ an educational journal, and is devoted to no
class or party in Church or State, except to the great Free School Party,
and to all wlio are as true as steel to the Union and the Constitution. Its
Eesident Editors give their time and labor ; the numbers are mailed in
the office of the State Superintendent; no expense whatever attends it,
except the cost of paper and printing ; and it is furnished at the lowest
cash pi'ice. Whether the State avails itself of the advantages offered or
not, the Teacher will be sustained. But I feel that the great want of the
State is educational reading among Teachers and School officers. If we
are to have a system of Public Schools, let us make them efficient. If a
Department of Public Instruction is to be maintained, it should have
means to work with, else it were better abolished. Schools do not
spring up spontaneously; and it is the part of wise legislators to anticipate
and direct public opinion. I venture the assertion that the circulation
of one thousand copies of the Teacher during the next 3^ear, would
awaken an interest which w^ould build a score of new School-houses,
assess fifty district taxes, secure a hundred first class Teachers good
positions with fair salaries, drive as many incompetent out of the occupation,
secure prompt and correct returns from Trustees, enable some
Count}^ Superintendents to make out an annual report which should not
contain more errors than correct additions, elevate the character, and
increase the usefulness of the Public Schools.
DISTEICT SCHOOL LIBEAEIES.
Next to the assessment and collection of a State School tax, the most
important measure to be urged in behalf of the Public Schools is a liberal
provision for Public School Libraries. The influence of well selected
books in a School is second only to that of the Teacher; and in many
instances the information self-gleaned by the pupils is the most valuable
part of a Common School education.
A Teacher may fail in the discharge of his duty ; but the golden grains
of thought gleaned from good books, will spring up in the youthful minds
and yield their fruit, -'some sixty and an hundred fold," just as certainly
as the fertile soil of our beautiful valleys rewards the toil of the husbandman
with a bountiful harvest.
The great object and aim of the Public School should be to give children
a thirst for information, a taste for reading; to make them alive to
knowledge ; to set them out on the path of self-education through life.
Why teach them to read at all, if books be not afterwards furnished for
them to read ?
The Public School in Marysville, under the instruction of 3Ir. D. C.

60
Stone, well known as one of the ablest educators in the State, claims the
honor of having the largest and finest School Library in California. It
numbers more than one thousand volumes, valued at one thousand dollars
(81,000), and was purchased almost entirely by the pupils themselves,
into whom their Teacher had infused his own eai-nest spirit. Mr. Stone
has reason to be proud of the honor of establishing the first, best, and
largest Public School Library in this State; and Marysville may well be
pi'oud of having for many years secured the services of a man alive.
The little town of Knight's Ferr}^ in Stanislaus County, has a Library
of eight hundred volumes, the result of hard labor on the part of Mr. T.
W. J. Holbrook, who carries in his pocket a State Educational Diploma.
I specify these instances because they are honorable exceptions to the
general apathy and indifference which have prevailed both among the
Teachers and the people.
San Francisco, with eight thousand children enrolled on her School
registers, returns seven hundred and fifty volumes in School Libraries,
or one book to every eleven children.
It may well be a matter of sui-prisc that our Public Scliools have
reached their present degree of advancement, and have utterl}' neglected
this most essential feature of the American system of Public Schools. In
many of the States, libraries have been almost co-existent with Free
Schools.
The absolute necessit}^ of School Libraries, in this age of books and
newspapers, is so self-evident to any thoughtful man of ordinary intelligence
and common sense, I hardl}^ deem it necessary to go into any
argument to prove it.
Not many 3'ears ago, in one of the obscure towns of Massachusetts,
there lived a farmer's boy who " went to a Common School " in the winter,
and worked on the farm in summer. The books of a little Town
Library fell into his hands; he devoured them, and hungered for more.
He grew to be a man, and was acknowledged by all to be the most distinguished
American educator of his time. Ever}^ Public School in our
country is a debtor to Horace Mann. He thus graphicall}' sums up the
advantage of a School Libi'ary :
" Now no one thing will contribute more to intelligent reading in our
Schools than a well selected library; and, through intelligence, the
library will also contribute to rhetorical ease, grace, and expressiveness.
Wake up a child to a consciousness of jDOwcr and beauty, and j^ou might
as easily confine Hercules to a distatf, or bind Apollo to a tread-mill, as
to confine his spirit within the mechanical round of a School-room where
such mechanism still exists. Let a child read and understand such stories
as the friendship of Damon and Pythias, the integrity of Aristides,
the fidelity of Regulus, the purity of Washington, the invincible perseverance
of Franklin, and he will think diftcrently and act difterently
all the days of his remaining life. Let boys or girls of sixteen years of
age read an intelligible and popular treatise on astronomy and geology,
and from that day new heavens will bend over their heads, and a new
earth will spread out beneath their feet. A mind accustomed to go rejoicing
over the splendid regions of the material universe, or to luxuriate
in the richer worlds of thought, can never afterwards read like a wooden
machine—a thing of cranks and pijies—to say nothing of the pleasures
and the utility it will realize."
The action of other States affords the best basis of an argument in

61
favor of School Libraries. The Empire State, ^vith her nine hundred
thousand School children, appropriating); last year four millions four hundred
and sixty-eight thousand dollars (§4,468,000) for School purposes,
heads the list, for she has one million three hundi'ed and 'twenty-six
thousand volumes in her Public School Libraries.
New York was the pioneer in this noble enterprise. Governor Clinton,
in eighteen hundred and twenty-seven, recommended a small collection
of books and maps to be attached to Common Schools. Upon
Governor Marcy's recommendation, in eighteen hundred and thirtyeight,
a portion of the United States Deposit Fund was appropriated to
each district which should raise by tax an equal amount. The State set
apart fifty-five thousand dollars (§55,000) a 3'ear, and the districts an
equal amount, making one hundred and ten thousand dollars (§110,000)
annually.
'•New York has the proud honor," says Hon. Henry S. Eandall, in a
report on the subject in eighteen hundred and forty-four, " of being the
fii'st Government in the world which has established a free library
sj'stem, adequate to the wants of her whole population. It extends its
benefits equally to all conditions, and in all local situations. It not only
gives profitable employment to the man of leisure, but it passes the
threshold of the laborer, oftering him amusement and instruction, after
his dail}' toil is over, without increasing his fatigues, or subtracting
from his earnings. It is an interesting reflection, that there is no portion
of our territory so wild or remote, where man has penetrated, that
the library has not peopled the wilderness around him with the good
and wise of this and other ages, who address to him their silent monitions,
cultivating and strengthening within him, even amidst his rude
pursuits, the principles of humanity and civilization. This philanthropic
and admirably conceived measure may justly be regarded as, next to the
institution of Common Schools, the most important of that series of
causes, which will give its distinctive character to our civilization as a
people."
In eighteen hundred and forty-one, Governor Seward, after observing
that almost 'every district in the State was then in possession of a
library, remarked in his message :
" Henceforth, no citizen who shall have improved the advantages
offered by our Common Schools and District Libraries, will be without
some scientific knowledge of the earth, its phj^sical condition, and its
phenomena; the animals that inhabit it, the vegetables that clothe it
with verdure, and the minerals under its surface ; the physiology and
intellectual powers of man ; the laws of mechanics, and their practical
uses; those of chemistry, and their application to the Arts; the principles
of moral and political economy; the history of nations, and especially
that of our country ; the progress and triumph of the democratic
principle in governments on this continent, and the prospects of its
ascendency throughout the world; the trials and faith, valor and constancy
of our ancestors; with all the inspiring examples of benevolence,
virtue, and patriotism, exhibited in the lives of the benefactors of
mankind. The fruits of this enlightened enterprise are chiefly to be
gathered by our successors. But the present generation will not be
altogether unrewarded. Although many of our citizens may pass the
District Library heedless of the treasures it contains, the unpretending

62
volumes will find their ^\a.J to the fireside, diffusing knowledge, increasing
domestic happiness, and promoting public virtue."
Governor Wright, in his message of eighteen hundred and forty-five,
referring to the disposition of the jjublic funds for the purchase of
libraries and other purposes of popular education, remarked:
"No public Fund of the State is so unpretending, yet so all-pervading
—so little seen, yet so universally felt—so mild in its exactions, yet so
bountiful in its benefits—so little feared or courted, and yet so powei'ful,
as this Fund for the support of Common Schools. The other Funds act
upon the secular interests of society, its business, its pleasures, its pride,
its passions, its vices, its misfortunes. This acts upon its mind and its
morals. Education is to free institutions what bread is to human life
the staff of their existence. The office of this Fund is to open and warm
the soil, and sow the seed fi'om which this element of freedom must
grow and ripen into maturity; and the health or sickness of the growth
will measure the extent and security of our liberties."
New York, with all her immense accumulation of books, expended
last year thirty-three thousand dollars ($33,000) in purchasing additional
volumes.
When Horace Mann became Secretary of the Board of Education in
Massachusetts, he devoted all his untiring energy to the purpose of
establishing a School Library in every town. In eighteen hundred and
forty-two a legislative grant of fifteen dollars (§15) was made to each
district, on condition of raising an equal amount for that purpose. In
the course of three years about two thirds of the districts availed themselves
of the law, and sixty thousand dollars (660,000) was appropriated
for that purpose.
In Connecticut, the State grants to any district commencing for the
first time a library, ten dollars, (610,) on condition of the raising an
equal amount by the district, and five dollars (65) for each subsequent
year, on the same conditions.
The little State of New Hampshire, where a little white headed bo}'
named Horace Greeley used to steal away from the schoolboys and
lunch on a borroAved book, has fifty-eight thousand volumes in her Public
School Libraries.
Pennsylvania has done little or nothing by way of State aid. The
rebel States, of course, never did anything—it would have been difficult
to select a suitable series.
The great Western States carried out the plan to the fullest extent.
Michigan set the example, adoj^ting first the district and afterwards the
township system. She has one hundred and sixty-one thousand volumes
in township libraries.
Ohio, in eighteen hundred and fifty-three, imjiosed one tenth of a mill
State tax on the State valuation, to be annually appropriated for the
specific purpose of School Libraries, the State School Commissioner being
charged with the duty of selecting the books. The tax amounted to
eighty thousand dollars (680,000) a year, and in eighteen hundred and
fiit3^-four, eighteen hundred and fifty-five, and eighteen hundred and
fifty-six, the total value of books distributed amounted to two hundretl
and two thousand dollars, (6202,000.) She now has seven thousand two
hundred and sixty-five libraries, containing three hundred and forty-three
thousand volumes.
—

63
Indiana, in eighteen hundred and fifty-four, assessed a State tax of
one fourth of a mill on the dolUir for purchasing Township School Libraries,
and the State Board of Education was charged with the duty of
selecting the books and contracting for them. This was continued two
years, and yielded two hundred and sixty thousand dollars, ($200,000,)
which purchased three hundred and fifty thousand volumes.
The total amount of money expended during the year, in California,
for School Libraries, was five hundred and fourteen dollars and seventyfive
cents, ($51T 75,) being about seventy-five cents per district, or one
cent and four mills for each child enrolled in the Public Schools. The
total value of all the School Libraries in the State is three thousand six
hundred dollars, ($3,600,) of which amount San
ville represent two thousand dollars, ($2,000.)
Francisco and Marys-
The oidy library in the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
is about a thousand volumes of Patent Office reports, old Readers,
older Spellers, countless variations of Lindley Murray's Clrammar, useless
arithmetics and geographies, nondescri^Dt text books long out of print
all being the donations of liberal book publishers, who furnished them
free of expense. The best disposition which could be made of them
would be to use them for fuel; but as the law requires each Superintendent
to "turn over" all "State property" to his successor in office, they
will be handed down to posterity like .the President's chair at Harvard,
so graphically described by Oliver Wendell Holmes.
All the reasons for establishing School Libraries in older States may be
ui'ged here with peculiar force. Families coming to this State, in their
toilsome journey across the Plains, or in the crowded passage by steamer,
brought little with them except their children and their hopes for the
future. Books accumulated during many years were left behind, and
they have never been replaced. Consequently, throughout the State
there is a dearth of good books in thousands of families which once were
well provided with them. The children are growing up without a taste
for reading, and with little to read.
State to aid in suppl^dng the want.
It Avould be a wise economy for the
I, therefore, recommend that if a State School tax be assessed, as it
undoubtedly will be, that five per cent of the amount be reserved. as a
Library Fund, and that twentj'-five dollars ($25) be donated to each district
that raises by subscription an equal amount. It would be more
economical for the State to purchase books suitable for School Libraries,
and donate them to the value of twenty-five dollars, ($25,) instead of
money. The selection and purchase of books might be referred to the
State Board of Education, in connection with the State Librarian.
SCHOOL-HOUSES AND SCHOOL ARCHITECTUEE.
The total valuation of School-houses and furniture is returned at five
hundred and forty-eight thousand dollars ($518,000) ; San Francisco claiming
one half the amount. Leaving out San Francisco, the average value
of the School-houses and their furniture is less than four hundred and
fifty dollars ($450) each.
There are thirty-one brick houses, six hundred and forty-seven of
wood, six adobe, and a few nondescript.
—

64
Under the heading, " Number of School-houses which disgrace the
State," only one hundred and forty-nine are returned !
The furniture of nian}^ of the School-houses is only a small item in
their valuation, consisting, in many of the rural districts, principally of
ricketty seats, one battered tin drinking cup, a water bucket, and a
broken broom.
The total amount expended for sites, buildings, repairs, and Schoolfurniture,
was ninety-four thousand dollars, (§94,000,1 of which San
Francisco expended fort3'-fiYe thousand dollars, (845,000,) and the rest
of the State an average amount of eighty dollars (680) per district.
The City of Boston last year expended two hundred and thirty thousand
dollars (8230,000) for building School-houses.
A somewhat extended travelling tour through various parts of the
State afforded me a good opportunity of " estimating the value " of
many of the School-houses, and of appreciating full}^ their architectural
beauty.
Language w^ould utterly fail me were I to attempt a description of
these redwood libels on Public Schools ; these uncouth squatters by the
du.sty roadsides; these unpaintcd, unfenced, unfurnished, unfinished,
almost uninhabitable hovels—compared with which, a miner's cabin in
'"49" would be eminently respectable in appearance.
It has been said that a School-house is an index of the civilization of
a community. If the character of the house indicates the degree, the '
civilization of some sections of the State is considerabl}'- below zero.
In a new State like ours it is not to be expected that either costly or
elegant School-houses will be erected, cxcej^t in a few cities, for many
years to come. But in many parts of the State, in towns and villages
where costl}' private residences are numerous, where large and commodious
churches are built for ever}^ denomination, where Court-houses
and Jails are imposing edifices, it might reasonably be expected that
something better than a shanty should be found at the place where the
children go to School.
In travelling through several of the largest, most fertile, most prosperous,
most wealthy agricultural counties in the State, I do not remember
having seen a School-house with an inclosed yard, or one surrounded
by shade trees, or ornamented with a single shrub or flower. Many of
these substitutes for School-houses were so wretched that no intelligent
farmer would think them fit for housing his prize pigs or blooded stock.
The stables of the wealthy ranchmen in the vicinity were elegant edifices
in comparison.
The School-houses are behind the civilization of the communities in
all other respects. They were mostly built by subscription, and stand
by the wayside, like tattered beggars, imploring charitable donations.
In many districts, where the assessable property amounts to half a million
dollars, a tax for building a good house would hardl}' be felt. Until
the principle of district taxation for building School-houses is more fully
recognized, the " number of School-houses which disgrace the State "
will not be materially lessened.
Very little attention seems to have been given to School architecture
in places where houses have been built at some considerable expense.
The general style is that of a wooden box, as utterl}^ destitute
of ornament as a Now England barn. Frequently the same amount of
money would have erected a neat, tasteful house, had some suitable plan,
been furnished to the Trustees The School desks are often of the most
barbarous descriptions— yet they cost just as much as neat and comfort-

^
65
able seats. Instead of a light Teacher's table, most of the country
School-rooms are distigured by huge Teacher's boxes, resembling verymuch
the old fashioned pulpits of half a century ago.
It would be a most judicious expenditure of money for the Legislature
to authorize the State Superintendent to purchase two hundred copies
of either Barnard's or Johonnott's School Architecture, for distribution
in the districts where the erection of a School-house is contemplated. I
am weekly in the receijjt of letters asking for plans of School-houses,
which it is utterly impossible for me to send:
I quote from ''Johonnott's Country School-Houses" a few remarks
which are ver}^ applicable to the
" FAULTS OP OUR PRESENT SCHOOL-HOUSES.
" The past few years have witnessed a great change in public opinion
with regard to the construction of School-houses. Many of the worst
features of the past age have been, in some measure, remedied ; but
there is still much to be accomplished in this respect. Jn most parts of
the country, School-houses are still deficient in the following respects:
" First—They are the most unsightly buildings in the district. A traveller,
passing through a section of countiy, can genei'ally distinguish the
School-house by these characteristics. It is situated in a forloi'u and
lonely pla'ce. It exhibits every mark of neglect and dilapidation. It is
entirely exposed to the depi-edations of estray cattle and unruly boj'S, by
being situated in the street, and not protected by a fence. It is unpainted,
and nearly half unglazed. Its style is nondescript, being too small
for a barn, too deficient in the elements of just proportion for a dwelling,
too lonel}^ and too much neglected for the out-building of a farm, and, iu
short, too repulsive in all respects, and exhibiting too many marks of the
most pai-simonious economy, to be anything but a School-house.
'•'Second—They are not large enough to accommodate the pupils that
attend the School. The room is so confined that the scholars are forced
into uncomfortable and inconvenient proximity to each other. Their
work is interrupted, and their personal rights violated. The j^oung, the
weak, and the innocent, are forced into the immediate atmosphere of
coarsness and impurity, without a possibility of counteracting influences.
Again, the ceilings are so low that there is a very inadequate supply of
fresh air, and, as a consequence of all this, unavoidable damage is incurred
by both body and soul. Proper discipline, in such Schools, becomes a
matter of impossibility, as the inexorable laws of Nature oj^pose and
render nugatorj^ the Teacher's work.
''Third—No proper means of ventilation are provided. The quantity of
air, limited at first, shortly becomes impure, and there are no means of
changing it. A poisoning process then commences, the virulence of
which is just in proportion to the tightness of the room. A badly built
or dilapidated School-house here becomes a positive blessing, by preventing
the exclusion of pure air from without. Besides the injurj^ to health,
this vitiated atmosphere actually obviates, by its stupifying action on the
brain, the purposes of the School.
"Fourth—The buildings are miserably put together. The foundations are
so pooidy laid that they soon tumble, and the superstructures are racked
to pieces, or starKl askew. The frames and finish are of the cheajjest
kind, and soon the winds find their way through them in every direction.
9

66
The desks and benches are ingeniously inconvenient and uncomfortable,
producing pains and aches innumerable. Most people of the present generation
have a vivid and painful recollection of the seats of our old Schoolhouses,
without backs, and often too high to permit the feet to touch the
floor. The suffering and weariness so produced were almost equal to
the punishment of exposure at the pillory, or confinement in the stocks,
bestowed in olden times upon criminals. The whole construction of the
building, both external and internal, was such that it merited and received
no repair, and soon lapsed into a mass of ruins.
''Fifth—Yards or play-grounds for the children are scarcely ever pro-
vided. Even in countr}^ places where land is very cheap, the School-house
is frequently—and in the older Stales, most frequently— placed directly''
in the street, generally at a corner where two roads meet. Not one inch
of ground is set apart for the use of the pupils. There is no place for
recreation or privacy, but all is exposed to the public eye. The street is
the only plaj^-ground, and filth, within doors and without, is the consequence.
With such an arrangement, it is impossible to inculcate those
lessons of neatness and refinement which are among the most important
objects of education.
"/Sia/A—A majority of School-houses are destitute of the necessary
outbuildings. In man}- cases there is no privy at all; and in many others
there is but one for a large School of both sexes. A man in a Christian
land who would erect a house for his home without a privy, would be
considered worse than a heathen; yet this is often done in the country
School Districts, although in a School both sexes are brought together
without the constant purifying and restraining influences which belong to
the household. Every feeling of i*efinement, and even of decency, is outraged
by the exposure thus induced, and in some measure the same results
ensue from having but one small, exposed privj^ for a large School.
''Seventh—In fine, it is the united testimony of Superintendents, Committees
of Investigation, and Boards of School Visitors, that in many
places the pupils in School are worse provided for in all things belonging
to comfort, convenience, and the cultivation of good manners and morals,
than the inmates of our pauper-houses, or the prisoners in our penitentiaries."
There are a few good School-houses in the State. During the last
year the little Town of Folsom erected a model School-house, the best
adapted to the pui-posc for which it Avas designed of unj in the State.
It is a one storj^ brick house, seventy feet by thirty, designed to accommodate
one hundred and twenty children, Primarj' and Grammar Departments;
is neat in its style of architecture, well furnished with good
desks, beautifully located, and it cost on\j three thousand six hundred
dollars, (S3, GOO.) It is a fitting monument to the untiring labors of an
enthusiastic Teacher, and the intelligence and liberality of the citizens
of " Granite District."
The Cities of Mar3'sville and Petaluma have well arranged School
buildings. San Jose, Oakland, and Placerville, are badly in want of them.
The little Town of Brooklyn is redeeming Alameda County by erecting
a good School-house, with some pretensions to taste. Watsonville sets
an example worthy of imitation in Santa Cruz County, b}' voting four
thousand dollars ($4,000) for a School-house. San Francesco is erecting a
new brick edifice after the plan of one of the best Boston houses, at a
cost of forty-five thousand dollars, ($45,000,) which will be an architectural
ornament to the city, and a model house in its internal arrange-

67
inents. With this exception, San Francisco has very little to be proud
of in the line of School ai'chitectui-c. Many of her School buildings,
though costly, have no pretensions to good taste, being disfigured by
folding doors, and resembling huge " box-traps," more than modern
School-rooms.
At least a hundred new School-houses will be built in this State during
the next two years. A little foresight on the part of legislators will
secure well arranged, comfortable, capacious houses, ornamental in their
style of ai'chitecture, without being costly. I repeat the recommendation,
that some provision ought to be made whereby the State Superintendent
can furnish suitable plans to District School Trustees.
DEAF AND DUMB, AND BLIND.
The whole number of deaf and dumb i-)ersons, irrespective of age, in
the State, is returned as eighty-one ; of whom thirty-two are from San
Francisco. The number of blind is returned as eightj'-five ; of whom
twenty-nine are from San Francisco.
In consequence of the heavy pressure of official duties, I have found it
impossible to visit the Asylum for these unfortunates, but classes from
the institution were in attendance at the State Teachers' Institute, and
exhibited a good degree of proficienc}'. The estimation in which the
people of the State hold this Asylum was shown by the overwhelming
majority in favor of the Asylum Building Act, appropriating seventyfive
thousand dollars (875,000.) Will not the same people who cheerfully
voted this sum, be willing to raise next year an equal amount to
educate twenty thousand children, who are growing up in the blindness of
ignorance ?
MONGOLIAN, INDIAN, AND NEGRO CHILDEEN.
The number of Mongolian or Chinese children returned by the School
Census, is four hundred and fifty-five; none of whom attend School.
There is a School for Chinese in San Francisco, but it is designed principally
for adults.
The number of Negro children returned, is seven hundred and thirtyfive
; of whom one hundred and sixt3'-two attend School.
The School Law excludes Negro, Chinese, and Indian children from
the Public Schools, but provides for the establishment of separate Schools
for them.
The number of Schools for colored children in the State is five, one in
each of the following places: San Francisco, Sacramento, Mai-ysville,
San Jose, and Stockton.
The number of Indian children is four thousand five hundred and
twenty-two; of which number San Diego returns two thousand one
hundred.
In the City of Sacramento, by special law, Indian children are ad-

68
mitted into the Public Schools with "white children ; but with this exception,
no provision has been made for their education.
The State of New York has thirteen Schools for Indian childi^en, and
expended on them last year four thousand dollars (84,000.)
The State Superintendent speaks of them in his last report as follows
:
" Chapter LXXI of the laws of eighteen hundred and fifty-six, enacts
' that the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be charged with
providing the means of education for all the Indian children in the State.
He shall cause to be ascertained the condition of the various bands in
the State in respect to education; he shall establish Schools in such
places, and of such character and description, as he shall deem necessary;
he shall employ Superintendents for such Schools, and shall, with the
concurrence of the Controller and Secretary of State, cause to be ei-ected,
where necessary, convenient buildings for their accommodation.'
" Until the passage of this Act, only feeble and fitful attempts had
been made to educate the Indian children and youth in this State.
Since then, either new School-houses have been built, or old ones have
been repaired, on ever}^ one of the Reservations ; Schools have been
taught in them by competent Teachers, text books have been furnished,
and the attendance and progress of the Indian children have been far
better than had been anticipated by those who sought by such means to
aid in their civilization."
The Superintendent of Indian Schools, E. M. Petit, says :
" In places where Schools have been longest in progress, there is better
attendance and more decided improvement, not only in the advancement
in education and knowledge of the English language by the pupils
in the Schools, but the people generally are becoming better informed as
to current events and everj^thing that appertains to their welfare, social
comfort, and civilization ; many of them take regularly weekl}' and daily
papers, magazines, etc., and are well posted in relation to the affairs of
the country, A large number of them have enlisted in the army, and
fight as bravely as other men to put down the rebellion, inspired by
motives—
judging by the letters they write to their friends—truly patriotic,
based upon an enlightened view of the cause of the rebellion and
the importance of putting it down.
STATE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL.
As the Superintendent of Public Instruction was appointed, bj- resolution
of the Legislature, a member of a Special Committee on this subject,
to report at the next legislative session, he cannot, with propriety,
present his views in this report.
He takes the liberty, however, of quoting the remarks of the Superintendent
of Public Instruction of the State of New York :

69
" DONATION OF LANDS BY COXGRESS.
" On the second day of July, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, Congress
passed an Act entitled ' an Act "donating Public Lands to the several
States and Territories -which ma}' provide Colleges for the benefit of
agriculture and the mechanic arts/
" This Act apportions to each loyal State thirty thousand acres of land,
or its representative equivalent in sci-ip, in case there are no Public Lands
within its boundaries, for each Senator and Eepresentative in Congress
to -which it is entitled by the apportionment of representation under the
census of eighteen hundred and sixty.
" It provides that where there are Public Lamls in a State subject to sale
at private entr^- at one dollar and twenty-five cents (§1 25) per aci-e, the
quantity to which such State may be entitled shall be selected from such
lands; but in case the requisite quantity of such lands does not lie within
its jurisdiction, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to issue ' land
scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency in its distributive share;
said scrip to be sold by the State, and the proceeds thereof to be invested
in stocks of the United States, or of the States, or some other safe stocks
yielding not. less than five per centum upon the par value of said stocks;
and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the
capital of which shall remain forever undiminished, and the interest of
which shall be inviolabl}' appropriated to the endowment, support, and
maintenance of at least one College, where the leading object shall be,
without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including
military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to
agi-iculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the Legislature of
the State may prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical
education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions
in life.'
" To this State, the Secretaiy of the Interior will issue land scrip to
the amount in acres of its distributive share ; which scrip must be sold,
and the proceeds thereof invested in ' stocks of the United States, or of
the States, or some other safe stocks yielding not less than five per centum
upon the par value of said stocks.'
" ' If any portion of the fund so invested, or any portion of the interest
thereon, shall, by an}' action or contingency, be diminished or lost, it is
required to be replaced by the State, so that the capital of the fund shall
remain forever undiminished.'
" A magnificent contribution has thus been proff'ered for the benefit of
education; and it only remains for the Legislature to express by law its
acceptance thereof, and to make provision for the reception and sale of
the land scrip to which it shall be entitled, and for the safe investment of
the capital w^hich wnll be thus acquired. The time of acceptance on the
part of the State is limited to two years from the date of the approval of
the Act by the President; but since any State, accepting the provisions
of the Act, shall, Avithiu five years, provide at least one College in which
shall be taught the branches of learning above mentioned, early action
is deemed necessary for a certain and proper compliance with this requirement.
" The undersigned is persuaded that true economy and practical wisdom
require that this fund shall go to the endowment and support of One
Institution. If an attempt shall be made to endow two or more Colleges,
the whole income may be comparatively useless. The division of
it into two parts will be made the entering wedge for applications for

70
another and another division, until the whole Avill be so divided among
nian}^ that not any one will be complete in its facilities for instruction.
The State has at various times made grants of land and mone}' to Colleges
and Academies, till the aggregate sura amounts to millions. It has
from time to time given a pittance here and a pittance there ; and it is
not to be denied that, in numerous instances, the chief result of its bounty
has been to enable many of these institutions to prolong a precarious
existence, too weak to be of real public utilit}^.
" With the growing prosperity and accumulating wealth of the country,
there arises the demand for a more learned class of intellectual leaders,
who, furnished with the means and leisure necessary in the prosecution
of philosophic investigatpon, may be induced to pursue science for the
sake of science itself, irrespective at first of any immediate practical
benefit; and who, finall3^ having acted as pioneers in the front of discovery,
and as gatherers of the results of the labors of the learned of other
countries and of other ages, shall in turn bestow upon the great public
the conclusions of their wisdom, and thus contribute a most ample equivalent
for the privileges assigned them. We need only direct attention to
the Universities of Europe, to show the advantages of a plan which there
furnishes such numerous patterns of ripe scholarship and so many examples
of successful research in enlarging the boundaries of knowledge.
What we need, most emphatically, therefore, is the establishment of
One Institution, adequatel}' endowed, off'ering ample inducements to
learned men to become its inmates, and supplied with every attainable
facility for instruction in the higher departments of literary and philosophical
learning, as well as in the various branches of knowledge pertaining
to the industrial and professional pursuits. Its corps of Teachers
should be composed of men of vigorous natural endowments and the best
culture, and in number sufficient to allow a complete division of labor.
When thus appointed, the dooi's of the institution should be open to all
who are prepared to enter; it should be free, so that lads born in poverty
and obscurity, who may have shown themselves to be meritorious in
the Primary Schools, shall not be excluded."
CONDITION OF THE SCHOOL FUND.
Under authority of an Act, approved May third, eighteen hundred and
fifty-two, providing for the disposal of the five hundred thousand acres of
land granted to this State by Act of Congress for the purpose of internal
impi'ovements, and reserved by the State Constitution for School
purjioses, it was made the duty of the State Treasurer to convei't the
proceeds "into bonds of the Civil Funded Debt of the State, bearing
seven per cent interest per annum, and to keep such bonds as a special
deposit in his custod}-, marked 'School Fund,' to the credit of said
School Fund."
This provision was never complied with, for payments were made in
depreciated scrip, or Controller's warrants; the scrip paid in was cancelled,
and to this extent the School Fund was used b}' the >^tate to
defray the ordinary expenses of government. The State, therefore,
owedto the School Fund the sum of four hundred and scvent^'-five thousand
five hundred and twenty dollars, ($475,520,) derived from the sale

71
of two hundred and thirty-seven thousand seven hundred and sixty
acres of land, sohi prior to April twenty-third, eighteen hundred and
fifty-eight. Tlie State has always recognized this debt by appropriating
annually for School purposes a sum equal to the interest at seven per
cent per annum upon the amount of this indebtedness. But the vSehool
Department was placed completely at the mercy of the annual General
Appropriation Bill, and if no appropriation was made, as was the case
in eighteen himdred and sixty-one and eighteen hundred and sixty-two,
there was no redress.
An Act, approved April fourteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three,
provides for the gradual funding of this unfunded debt to the School Fund,
hj requiring, that whenever State bonds are redeemed, such bonds, to such
amount as shall thus bo redeemed with the sum of four hundred and
seventy-five thousand five hundred and twenty dollars, ($475,520,) shall
not be cancelled, but shall be kept as a special deposit in the custody of
the Treasurer, marked "School Fund," in the same manner and for the
same purposes as are the bonds directly purchased for said School Fund.
Under this Act, the bonds redeemed during the year, and placed to
the credit of the School Fund,, amount to one hundred and seven thousand
dollars, ($107,000,) leaving a balance of two hundred and sixtj^eight
thousand five hundred and twent}' dollars ($268,520) yet to be
funded. In four years, the entire indebtedness of the State to the School
Fund will be funded^ without additional taxation, and without encroachments
on the ordinaiy revenues of the State.
Under xict of September third, eighteen hundred and fifty-eight, the
law directs that the principal received from the sale of School Lands shall
be invested in the purchase of seven per cent bonds, marked " School
Fund." This law has been faithfully carried out. The five hundred
thousand acre grant is all sold, as is shown hj the following extract from
the report of the Surveyor-G-eneral for eighteen hundred and sixty-two :
" Sold under School Land warrants issued prior to the passage
of the Act of April 23d, 1858
Sold for cash since the passage of the Act of April 23d, 1858.
Total disposed of.
237.760.00
261,197.83
498,957.83
" Leaving a balance of one thousand and forty-two and seventeen onehundredths
acres, which is reserved as a margin to correct errors in the
final adjustment of the grant."
SIXTEENTH AND TIIIllTY-SIXTH SECTIONS.
By Act of March thii'd, eighteen hundred and fifty-three, Congress
granted to California the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections in each
township for the support of Schools.
Under Act of April twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and fifty-eight,
eighteen thousand seven hundred and twenty acres of land were sold by
Boards of Supervisors, and the proceeds placed to the credit of the township
in which the land sold hai^pened to lie. In eighteen hundred and
fifty-nine, the State Superintendent, Honorable A. J. Moulder, recommended
that the " township plan " should be abolished, and that the

72
proceeds of the sale of these sectionB should be consolidated into a General
School Fund, the interest of which should be apportioned semiannually,
on the basis of the number of children between four and
eighteen j^ears of age.
In his ninth annual report, the arguments in favor of a Common State
Fund were so fully and ably set forth that the Legislature made provision
for so consolidating the School Fund by Act of April twenty second,
eighteen hundred and sixty-one. By a recent decision of the Supreme
Court, the constitutionality of this Act has been affirmed.
l^y the same Act provision was made for the sale of those sections
conceded to belong to the State, and of the lands selected in lieu of
School sections settled on before survey or covered by private claims.
Two hundred and eighty-eight thousand four hundred and seventy
acres have been sold at one dollar and twenty-five cents (SI 25) per acre,
amounting to three hundred and sixty thousand dollars, ($360,000.) Purchasers
are allowed a credit upon eighty per cent of the principal, provided
they pay regularl}^, in advance, interest at the rate of ten per cent
per annum upon the unpaid pri]icipal.
The proceeds of the sales of the eighteen thousand seven hundred and
twenty acres sold prior to Act of eighteen hundred and sixty-one, were
placed to the credit of School Districts in the township in which the
sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections happened to lie, and hence has arisen
a difficulty to which my predecessor twice alluded in his reports, and to
which I again call attention by quoting his remarks
" Section eight of the Act providing for the sale of the sixteenth and
thirty-sixth sections, declares that ' all moneys heretofore derived as
principal for the sale of the lands herein designated, and sold under the
Act for the sale of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, aj^proved April
twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and fiftj-eight, shall be paid by the
counties in which such lands have been sold into the State School Fund;
and if not so paid, such counties shall have a sum deducted from the pro
rata they would be entitled to under this Act equal to the amount retained
by them.' In several of the counties a number of School sections
have been sold under the Act of April twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred
and fifty-eight, and the proceeds have been joaid into the County Treasuries.
The Superintendent has no means of ascertaining, officially, in
v/hat counties such lands have been disposed of, how many acres have
been sold, or to what sum the proceeds amount. Nor can he determine
whether these counties have paid the proceeds into the State School
Fund or not. It is impossible for him, therefore, ' to deduct from the
pro rata such a county would be entitled to a sum equal to tne amount
retained by it.' There is no means of ascertaining this amount. But if
there were, another difficult}^ would arise. The proceeds of the sale of
the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections belong exclusivel3^ under the Act
of April twenty-second, eighteen hundred and fifty-eight, to the inhabitants
of the township in which they happen to lie—not to the inhabitants
of the count}' at large.
" Even in the same county, certain townships possess School sections,
while others have not an acre of land.
" The State Superintendent, under existing laws, apportions the School
Fund among the several districts of the State, not among the counties.
Certain districts, and in many instances only fragments of districts, included
within the bounds of favored townships, receive the benefits of
:

the Fund derived from the sale of the townships' lands, while others are
excluded from those benefits.
" It would be manifestly unjust to deduct any sum from a county's pro
rata when such deduction would operate equally to the injury of the
favored and the excluded districts."
The revised School law requires School Trustees to report to the County
Superintendents the amount of money received as intei'est on Township
School Funds, but no such returns have been made, simply because it was
impossible for the Trustees to ascertain the existence of any such Fund.
The County Treasurers evidently have no knowledge of its existence, as
the column for " Township Fund" is uniformly left blank. If this Township
Fund is not a myth, the law should be so amended as to require the
County Clerk to report the amount to the Superintendent of Public Instruction,
and the Supei'intendent should be authorized to deduct from
the pro rata of the districts an amount equivalent to the sum received as
interest on the Township Fund.
The School Lands sokl b}^ Boards of Supervisors of the several counties,
under Act of April tAventy-sixth, eighteen hundred and fifty-eight, according
to the last report of the Surveyor-General, are as follows :
Counties.

74
THE UNIVERSITY FUND.
" By section twelve of au Act approved March third, eighteen hundred
and fift^^-three, Congress granted to California seventy-two sections, or
forty-six thousand and eighty acres of land for the use of a Seminary of
Learning. By an Act of our Legislature, approved April twenty-third,
eighteen hundred and fifty-eight, provision was made for the sale of
these lands. It was directed that thc}^ should be sold in the same manner,
on the same terms, and subject to the same conditions, as the unsold
portions of the five hundred thousand acres. Under the operation of
this law, thirty-nine thousand six hundred and fortj^-seven acres have
been sold to date, leaving but six thousand four hundred and thirty-three
acres unsold.
" At one dollar and twenty-five cents ($1 25) per acre, the price fixed
Dy the law, these forty-six thousand and eighty acres would bring fift}^seven
thousand six hundred dollars ($57,600.)
" It was provided that the proceeds of the sales of these lands should
l|
be paid into the School Land Fund, and, from time to time, should be
invested in State seven per cent bonds, for the benefit of the School!
Fund.
" It was fuvther directed that the Board of Examiners should, at the
expiration of one year from the passage of the Act, that is to sa}^, on
the twent3"-third of April, eighteen hundred and fifty nine, take and use
fifty-seven thousand six hundred dollars ($57, GOO) of any money belonging
to the School Fund, for the purpose of buying bonds; and when
said bonds had been so purchased, that they should be delivered to the
Treasurer of State, and kept by him as a special deposit, marked 'Seminary
Fund,' to the credit of said Fund. All interest paid into the
Treasurj^ on said Seminary bonds was to be invested in State bonds ini
the same manner.
" But neither on the twent3^-third of xipril, eighteen hundred and fifty
nine, nor at any subsequent time, has the Board of Examiners purchased!
the bonds for the Seminary Fund, as by this law required.
" This Fund is, in fact, a myth. Most of the lands belonging to it
have been sold, and the School Fund proper has received the proceeds
and the semi-annual interest thereon.
" It is full time that the debt so long due to the Seminary Fund should
be settled.
" The account stands as follows :
" Due htj tScJiool Fund to Seminary Fund
For principal due by law, April 23d, 1859
For four years' interest, at seven per cent per annum, to
April 23d, 1863
.'
Total
:

75
DEPAETMENT OF PUBLIC INSTEUCTION.
An impression seems to have quite generalh' prevailed, that the Superintendent
of Public Instruction holds the onl}' sinecure office in the
State ; that he has little to do, except to allow his Clerk to make up the
annual report, and take pleasure trips up and down the Sacramento, in
search of his monthly salary of State scrip. For the purpose of correcting
this notion, and showing that the State Superintendent has something
to do besides sitting in his office chair, I make the following statement
of the official
WORK FOR THE YEAR.
The first three months after assuming the duties of the office, January,
February, and March, were devoted exclusively to the revision of the
School Law under the direction of the legislative Committees on Education.
April was occupied in revising the forms and blanks of the department,
and in making arrangements for a State Teachers' Institute. The
Institute in May, and the examination of the papers of the State Board
of Examination, made that month an unusually busj' one. June, July,
and August were given to travelling, lecturing, and visiting Schools ; September
was devoted to County Teachers' Institutes, and October to the
annual report of the Department.
CIRCULARS.
In March, an Institute circular of twenty pages, addressed to County
Superintendents, Teachers, and Trustees, was issued froni the Department,
and four thousand copies distributed among the various School
officers. In June, a second circular,^of sixteen pages, was issued to School
Trustees, instructing them in the discharge of their duties.
The proceedings "of the State Teachers' Institute were prepared for
publication in the oflSce, and two thousand four hundred copies were
sent to the Teachei's and School officei's of the State.
FORMS AND BLANKS.
The revised forms and blanks prepared in the Department, to meet the
wants of the new School Law, ai'e as follows
Public School Register; Public School Teacher's Report; Public School
Trustees' Report; School Census Marshal's Report; Appointment of
School Census Marshal ; Trustees' Certificate of Election ; Appointment
of School Trustees; Trustees' Order Book on County Superintendent
Election Posters; Public School Teacher's Oath of Allegiance; State
Series of Text Books; State Tax Petition ; State Educational Diploma;
State Teacher's Certificate; County Certificate; Temporary Certificate;
County Superintendent's Report ; Supplementaiy Report of County Superintendent;
County Treasurer's Report; Order Books for Department of
Instruction ; County Superintendent's Warrant Book.
The preparation of all the foregoing forms and blanks involved a careful
study of the*School laws of other States, and occupied no small shai*e
of time. It has been my endeavor to secure a system of reports inferior
in no respect to those of any other State in the Union. The jirinting of
these forms was executed by the State Printer, with neatness and dis-
:
;

76
patch, and typographically their appearance is a credit to the DejDartment
POSTAGE AND EXPRESSAGE.
More than five hundred packages have been sent from the office to
County Superintendents and School officers, by Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express
; and at least three thousand documents and small packages have
been sent b^'' mail directly to the address of Trustees and Teachers. The
number of blanks and forms published and sent out during the 3'ear, as
exhibited in the following table, will show the requirements of the Department
in the way of printing and postage:
Eevised School Law
Institute Circular
Trustees' Circular
Institute Proceedings
School Registers
Election posters in April
Election posters in August
Eeports of Teachers
Reports of Teachers
Reports of Census Marshals ,
Trustees' Certificate of Election
Trustees' Order Books
Oath of Allegiance
County Teachers' Certificates....
State Educational Diplomas
State Certificates
Temporary Certifi cates
TRAVELLING, AND TRAVELLING EXPENSES.
Section nine of the Revised School Law reads as follows :
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,400
1,200
4:ooo
•4,000
3,000
1,500
6,000
2,000
1,500
2,000
1,000
50
100
1,000
"Section 9. It shall be the duty of the Superintendent of Public
Instruction to travel in the difi'erent counties of the State, so far as is
possible without neglecting his other official duties, during at least four
months of each j^ear, for the pur])0se of visiting Schools, of consulting
with Count}^ Superintendents, of lecturing before County Institutes, and
of addressing public assemblies on subjects pertaining to Public Schools;
and the actual travelling exjienses incurred by the Superintendent in the
discharge of this duty shall be allowed, audited, 'and paid out of the General
Fund in the same manner as claims ujDon said Fund are now allowed,
audited, and paid ; provided., that the sum so expended in any one year
shall not exceed one thousand dollars ; and the sum of one thousand dollars,
or so much thereof as ma}^ be necessary, is hereby annually appropriated
for the payment of the same."
In compliance with this requisition of the law, I havc^eetured and visited
Schools in the counties of Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo, San
Francisco, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Amador, Sacramento, Solano, Naj^a,
and Sonoma, having travelled more than three thousand miles, delivered

i i
tbirU* lectures and addresses on Public Schools, and visited ninety-five
Schools.
During the first six months of the year, prior to the beginning of the
fifteenth fiscal year, my ti'avelling expenses, amounting to three hundred
dollars, (8300,) were paid by myself, the old law, with a liberality
like that of the Pickwick Club, kindly allowing the Superintendent to
visit all tlie Schools in the State and lecture in every School-house, provided,
'' no expense was incurred to the State."
Travelling expenses were incurred in the months of July, August, and
September, to the amount of two hundred and fift}' dollars, (§250,) which
were paid by the State under the provisions of section nine of the Eevised
School Law, which, with the same Pickwickian spirit of liberality,
requires the Superintendent to pay out cash, and receive in lieu thereof
State scrip Avorth seventy cents (70 cents) on a dollar. This is a very
economical arrangement on the part of the State, but a decidedly expensive
luxury to the State Superintendent. Stage drivers and hotel
keepers not being willing to take orders on the State Controller, "in
the present financial condition of the State," the Superintendent confined
his travels to the most economical routes, and utterly failed to
visit the more distant counties. The Superintendent respectfully asks
the Legislature that a law may be passed compelling stage drivers to
take orders on the State Controller as " legal tenders," or that some
other provision may be made whereby his actual travelling expenses
shall be paid, otherwise he will be compelled to remain at home " from
want of funds."
SALARY.
The salarj' of the Suijerintendeut of Public Instruction is nominally
three thousand dollars, ($3,000,) payable in State scrip, worth, at the
'current rate of brokers' discount on needy officials, seventy cents (70
icents) on the dollar, equivalent to a cash salary of about two thou-
[saud dollars (82,000.) Deducting from this the loss on travelling expenses,
and one thousand seven hundred dollars (81,700) is a fair cash
estimate of the amount of salaiy the Superintendent actuall}' draws
from the State.
The salary of the Superintendent was originally four thousand dollars
(84,000) per annum. ISText, it was reduced to three thousand five hundred
dollars (83,500,) and, last year, to three thousand dollars (83,000.)
If it is intended that the office should be a sinecure, this is too much ;
if it be expected that the Superintendent shall perform the work so
necessary to be done, it is too little.
The Superintendent of Public Schools in the City of San Francisco is
paid a cash salary of four thousand dollai's (81,000) a year, and no one
thinks it too high. Is the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction
any less responsible, or are the duties any less arduous? The Teachers
of the San Francisco High School are paid two thousand seven hundred
dollars (82,700) a year in cash, and the Principal of a City Grammar
School receives a salary of one thousand nine hundred dollars (81,900)
per annum.
Without being inclined to overrate the duties of the office, I am of the
opinion that the State Superintendent ought to receive as high a salary
as the Master of a Grammar School. Were I not the incumbent, I should
say that the salary of the Superintendent of Public Instruction ought to
be raised to four thousand dollars (84,000) per annum, the salary paid
other State officers.

While the position may not be as responsible as that of some State
offices, the personal labor which the Superintendent is called upon to
perform, is quite as great. The office is allowed only one Clerk, and the
Superintendent is required to act as Travelling Agent, in addition to
other duties.
In many States, a Special Travelling Agent is employed, whose sole
business is to lecture and visit Schools. Certain it is, that no Department
of the Government is more intimately related to the vital interests:
of the State than the Department of Public Instruction.
The organization of the Department of Instruction in Pennsylvania is
as folloM's : State Superintendent, Dej^ut}' Superintendent, four Clerks,
and a Messenger.
In a new State like ours, the work of the State Superintendent is that
of organizing, and there is no limit to efforts in this direction. During
the past year, without the voluntary assistance of Teachers, it would i
have been utterly impossible to have promptly performed the work ofi
the office, in addition to outside duties.
Whether the salary of the Superintendent be raised or not, will make
no difference in the discharge of his official duties so long as he holds the
office, but necessity may compel him, before long, to resign the position
and teach some District School to earn a living.
ANNUAL REPORTS. i
Last year, one hundred and tAventy copies of the annual report of the
Superintendent were allowed to his office. Of this number, fifty were
sent to the County Superintendents—one copy to each; fifty to the
press, a few to the Eastern educational journals, and one copy was retained
for use in the office.
I have received during the year the reports of all the loyal States, and
when asked for the report of California in exchange, I have been nnder
the mortifying necessity of stating that the Legislature had placed the
Department on so economical a footing it was too poor to supply a single
copy.
The Legislature of Massachusetts, b}^ a standing provision, has instructed
the Secretary of the Commonwealth, under the direction of the
Governor, to obtain and forward, at the public eocpmse, books and other,
documents containing information respecting the literar}", charitable,
and other institutions of the Commonwealth, as applications are received
from time to time from the authorities of other States or of foreign
countries.
In many of the States a copy of the annual report of the Superintendent
is supplied to every School officer. The number of copies which
ought to be allowed the office of the Suj^erintendent is as follows
County Superintendents, ten copies each
Boards of Public School Trustees, one copj' each.
Public School Teachers, one copy each
Eastern Exchanges
Total
:

:
79
The people need information relating to educational movements, and
I know of no measure better calculated to raise the standard of official
duty among School officers, than to place in the bands of each the annual
report of the State Superintendent, which exhibits a general view of the
condition of the Public Schools of the State. The policy of economizing
in the printing of a few hundred copies of such a report may justly be
characterized as " penn}^ wise and pound foolish."
CONTINGENT EXPENSES.
For the fifteenth fiscal j^ear the munificent sum of fifty dollars ($50)
was appropriated for the contingent expenses of the office—but that
liberality was not without qualification, for fifty dollars ($50) was deducted
from the usual amount appropriated for light, fuel, and stationer}^.
The total amount of the " Appropriation for Contingent Expenses " was
expended as follows
One copy of Johnson's Atlas.
One Standing Desk for office..
Total Expenditures
Amount of Appropriation
Balance on hand
$15

80
DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS.
The following appropriations will bo needed for each of the sixteenth
and seventeenth fiscal years :
Postage and Expressage
Rent of Office
Lights, Fuel, and Stationery
Contingent Expenses
Travelling Expenses
Total
For what Purpose. Sixteenth Year. Seventeenth Year.
esoo

81
STATEMENT
Of Expenditures during the Fifteenth Fiscal Year, from, .Jidy Is?, 1863, to
December \st, 1863.
Eent of Office
Postage and Expressage
Stationery, Lights, and Fuel
Travelli ng Expenses
Contingent Expenses
Total
State Teachers Institute
Eent of Hall, Eeporter, and Lecturers ...
$187

:
82
Simple propositions, thej seem ; yet tliey have been recognized and
acted upon in no other country but our own. Other nations, it is true,
have their national sj'Stems of instruction j^artially supported by Government,
and under Government control; but no nation in the historj- of
the world has ever organized a system of Schools like ours, controlled
directly by the people, supported by taxation; free to all, without distinction
of rank, wealth, or class ; and training all children alike, whether
foreign or native born, to an intelligent comprehension of the duties,
rights, privileges, and honors of American citizens.
in the minds of the hard-fisted, iron-willed settlers of Massachusetts
Bay, where, under the wintry sky of suffering, want, and war, the germs
of our American School system struggled into existence, Common
Schools and taxation were as inseparably connected as were taxation
and representation.
A few extracts from the old Colonial laws will show how early our
Free School system sprang into existence. A section of the Massachusetts
Colonj^ laws of sixteen hundred and forty-two reads as follows
"Forasmuch as the good education of children is of singular behoof
and benefit to any Commonwealth ; and whereas, many parents and
masters are too indulgent and negligent of their duty in that kind ; it is
ordered that the Selectmen of every town shall have a vigilant eye over
their brethren and neighbors, to see. first: that none of them shall sufi^er
so much harharism in any of their families as not to teach, hy themselves, or
others, their children and apprentices so much learning as may enable tlicm perfectly
to read the English tongue, upon penaltj^ of twenty shillings for each
neglect therein."
In sixteen hundi-ed and forty-seven this law was followed by another,
to the end, in the words of the statute, " that learning may not he buried in
the grave of our fathers in the Church and the Commonwealth," which required
every town of fifty families to provide a Teacher to instruct all the
children of the town in reading and winting, and every town of a hundred
families to set up a Grammar School, with a Teacher competent to
fit young men for the University; the expense of these Schools to be
borne by the town, or by the parents, as the town should determine.
In sixteen hundred and ninety-two, the law j^rovided that these Schools
should be supported exclusively by tax levied on all the property of the town.
In sixteen hundred and sixty-nine, the Colony of Plymouth passed the
following law
^^ Forasmuch as the maintenance of good literature doth much tend to the advancement
of the weal and flourishing state of societies and republics, this Court
doth therefore order, that in Avhatever township in this government, consisting
of fifty families or upwards, any meet man shall be obtained to
teach a Grammar School, such township shall allow at least twelve pounds,
to be raised by rate on all the inhabitants."
The following is the old Colonial Connecticut law for " appointing,
encouraging, and supporting Schools :"
" Be it enacted b}' the Governor, Council, and Representatives, in General
Court assembled, and by the Authority of the same: That Every
Town within this Colony wherein there is but one Ecclesiastical Society,
and wherein there are Seventy House Holders or Families, or upwards.
:

83
shall be at least Eleven Months in each Yeai' Provided with and shall
Keep and Maintain One good and sufficient School for the Teaching
and Instructing of Youth and Children to Eead and Write, which School
shall be steadily Supplied with, and Kept, by a Master, sufficiently and
suitably Qualified for that Service.
"And, also, there shall be a Grammar School Set up. Kept, and constantl}'
maintained in every Head or County town of the several Counties,
that are or shall be Made in the Colony, Which shall be steadily
Kept by some Discreet Person of good Conversation, and well Skilled
in and Acquainted with the Learned languages, Especially Greek and
Latin."
For the support of these Schools, a tax of " Foi'ty Shillings" upon
every " Thousand Pounds in the Lists of the Eespective Towns,"
was levied and collected.
Many of the wealth}' counties of California levy, this year, a smaller
Schoortax than was paid by the hard-fisted colonists of Connecticut.
Horace Mann, in his Tenth Annual Massachusetts Eeport, said :
" It is impossible for us adequately to conceive the boldness of the
measure which aimed at universal education through the establishment
of Free Schools. As a fact, it had no precedent in the world's history;
and, as a theorj^, it could have been refuted and silenced by a more formidable
array of argument and experience than was ever marshalled
against any other institution of human origin. But time has ratified its
soundness. Two centuries of successful operation now proclaim it to
be as wise as it was courageous, and as beneficent as it was disinterested.
Every community in the civilized world awards it the meed of praise,
and States at home, and nations abroad, in the order of their intelligence,
are copying the bright example. What we call the enlightened
nations of Christendom are approaching, b}^ slow degrees, to the moral
elevation which our ancestors reached at a single bound; and the tardy
convictions of the one have been assimilating, through a period of two
centuries, to the intuitions of the other.
'• The establishment of Free Schools was one of those grand mental
and moral experiments whose effects could not be developed and made
manifest in a single generation. But now, according to the manner in
which human life is computed, we are the sixth generation from its
founders; and have -we not reason to be grateful, both to God and man,
for its unnumbered blessings? The sincerity of our gratitude must be
tested b}^ our efforts to jDerpotuate and to improve what they established.
The gratitude of the lips only is an unholy offering."
In seventeen hundred and eightj'-five, an ordinance respecting the disposition
of the Public Lands, was introduced into the old Congi'ess, referred
to a committee, and passed on the twentieth of May, which provided
that the sixteenth section of every township should be reserved
" for the maintenance of Public Schools."
The celebrated ordinance of seventeen hundred and eightj'-seven,
which confirmed the provisions of the land ordinance of seventeen hundred
and eighty-five, further declared, that " ^Religion, Morality, and
Knowledge, being necessary to good gocernmcnt and the happiness 0/ mankind,
Schools, and the means of Education, shall he forever encouraged."
As the results of this noble polic}^ more than fifty millions of acres of
the Public Lands have been set apart for the purposes of education.

84
Yet our Free iSchool System, like the pine npon its native hills, was a
plant of slow gi'owth; the reason why, perhaps, it is
the hearts of the people.
so firmly rooted in
Only three States, at the time of the adoption of the Constitution,
had made any constitutional provision for the support of Free Schools.
But State has followed State, one after another wheeling into line, until
now nearly every loyal State has recognized the democratic principle
that Free Schools should be supported
classes of the people.
by taxation, for the benefit of all
California remains the most striking exception, for only about one
third of her Schools are Free Schools ; two thirds being partly maintained
by tuition—thus taxing individuals instead of property.
The money raised for the support of Public Schools in the different
States is usually derived from the following sources :
First—Interest on School Funds derived from the sale of Public
Lands reserved for School purposes by the G-eneral Government;
Second—County or township tax;
Third—District tax ; and,
Fourth— State tax.
Nearly all the States have found it necessary to assess a direct State
tax for the suj)230rt of Schools, in addition to county or township and
district taxes. The example of other and older States may teach a useful
lesson to California.
Illinois has a right to be heard first of all; for, as the fruit of her no-
ble and liberal pi-ovision for her Public Schools—those nurseries of patriotism—she
has sent jive thousand of her patriotic Teachers into the National
Army, and stands credited by the Government with
sand men over all requisitions. Well may the State (so
eight thou-
long represented
in the Senate of the United States by Stephen A. Douglas, graduate
of a District School in "Vermont—which has sent another of her
adopted sons, also a Public School boy, to control the destinies of the
Nation in its most dangerous crisis) be proud of her record and of her
Schools. She has a School Fund of nearly four millions of dollars,
(14,000,000) ; she raised by district taxes last year, more than a million
of dollai-s ($1,000,000); and yet, in addition, she raised a State School
tax of two mills on the dollar.
The following communication from the
nois explains itself:
State Superintendent of Illi-
Department op Public Instruction,
Springfield, Illinois, September 23d, 1863. J
Hon. John Swett,
Superintendent Public Instruction, State of California:
Yery Dear Sir :—Your favor of August twentieth was received in
due time, and would have received an earlier reply but for my protracted
absence from home.
I herewith have the pleasure of communicating the information
requested, and hope you may find it serviceable for the purpose mentioned
in yours.
That portion of our Common School Fund which is derived from a
direct State tax, and wliich is denominated the " State Tax Fund," is
raised by the annual levy and assessment, by legislative autliority,
under the Act of eighteen hundred and fifty-five, " to establish and main-
")

85
tain a system of Free Selioola," of a tax of two mills ad valorem upon
all the taxable property of the State. Following you will find a statement
of the amounts of State tax apportioned to the counties by our
State Auditor for a term of years, commencing with the year eighteen
hundi'ed and fifty-six, and including the year eighteen hundred and
sixty-two. Of the amounts so apportioned, you will observe that the
maximum was reached in eighteen hundred and fifty-nine, since which
year there has been a falling off. This fact is attributable, not to any
'' change of base " in our tax-raising policy, but simply to the diminished
valuation of property, consequent upon the monetary revei'ses of the
countr}'.
Amounts of State Tax Apportioned to the Counties.
Eighteen hundred and fifty-six....
Eighteen hundred and fifty-seven.
Eighteen hundred and fiftj^-eight.
Eighteen hundred and fifty-nine..
Eighteen hundred and sixty
Eighteen hundred and sixty-one..
Eighteen hundred and sixty-two.
$606,809 51
660,000 00
743,000 00
763,231 00
738,183 00
678,751 00
664,000 00
We think the lowest point of depression has been reached, and anticipate
an increase of the amount of State tax corresponding with the
recent increased valuation of property.
Most truly yours,
JOHN P. BEOOKS,
Superintendent Public Instruction.
Michigan stands side by side with Illinois in the assessment of a two
mill tax. The following letter has been received from the Department
of Public Instruction of that State :
DErARTMENT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION, )
Office of Superintendent, Lansing, Michigan, Sept. 12th, 1863. [
Hon. John Swett,
Superintendent of Public Instruction, California:
Dear Sir : In answer to your favor of the twentieth ultimo, I have to
say : Our Statute School tax is, per annum, two mills on the dollar of
the property, assessed value; which is one half to two thirds the real
value. The aggregate last year was about two hundred and fifty thousand
dollars ($250,000.) This can be used onl}^ for paying Teachers. It
was increased from one mill to two mills in eighteen hundred and fiftynine;
and notwithstanding the times, nobody has made any effort to go
back to the one mill.
In May last, we apportioned one hundred and thirt}^ thousand dollars
(S130,006) interest on the School Fund, upon two hundred and sixtyone
thousand children between five and twenty years of age.
is paid only to Teachers.
This, also,

86
In addition to the above, the graded districts, over one hundred in
number, can liaise any amount they please; and all other districts such
amounts as they desire, not exceeding one dollar (SI) per scholar.
About eighty-five thousand dollars ($85,000) was thus raised the past
year.
This makes all the taxes on property for payment of Teachers ; the
rate bills, in addition, amounting last year to only forty-three thousand
two hundred dollars ($43,200.)
Taxes on property voted b}'^ the districts for other purposes—building,
etc.—amounted to one hundred and sixtj^-two thousand dollars
($162,000.) I give round numbers.
This will give you a good idea of our burden of taxation for Primary
Schools, of which very few complain.
There is, also, paid from the State Treasury, for the University, six
thousand dollars ($13,000 ;) for the Agricultural College, nine ttiousand
dollars ($9,000;) for the Normal School, six thousand five hundred dol-
lars ($6,500.)
We are happy to hear of your triumphant re-election.
Very respectfully, yours,
By C. B. Stebbins,
J. M. GEEGOEY.
Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Ohio assesses a State School Tax of one and three tenths mills on the
dollar valuation of all the property ot the State, raising last year from
this source one million and seventy-four thousand dollars ($1,074,000,)
in addition to one million five hundred thousand dollars ($1,500,000) by
township taxation. Ohio is second only to Massachusetts in the amount
of money, per each white inhabitant, raised for School purjioses ; and
her School system is second to none.
The State Superintendent of Penns^'lvania writes as follows:
Pennsylvania, Department of Common Schools,
|
1863.
Hon. John- Swett,
San Francisco, California.
lA, Department of Common
Harrisburg, September 11th
Sir : Your letter of inquiry has been received. Allow me, in reply,
to say that we have in this State no uniform State tax for School purposes.
We distribute a specified amount each year, which is drawn
from the State Ti-easury, and the sum must be fixed by an Act of the
Legislature each year. For the current year it is three hundred and
sixteen thousand eight hundred and twenty-five dollars ($316,825.)
This is divided among the districts, and then the School Directors of
the districts, or townships, which are the same, raise by taxation a sum
sufficient to keep the Schools in operation as long over four months as
they see fit. This per cent diff'crs matcriall}^ in the different districts;
but the average in the State last 3^ear, or the year closing June fourth,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three, was four and seventy-five one hundredths
mills; and the sum thus raised was one million six hundred and
eighty-six thousand and ninety-five dollars and three and one fourth
,
'
I

87
cents ($1,686,095 OS^-.) I think I foi'wavded to your address, some
weeks since, a copy of our last report, and oui School Law; if they
have not been received, please inform me, and I will send others.
Very respectfully, yours,
C. R. COBUP.N,
Superintendent Common Schools.
Thomas H. Burrowcs, ex-Superintendent of Pennsylvania, in his last
report, says of the State appropriation:
" The firmness of the Legislature in sustainino- liberal appropriations
to the Common Schools, has been of incalculable advantage to the
83'stcm, encouraging its friends, strengthening feeble districts, securing
the correction of local abuses, and more faithful compliance with the
terms of the law. The continuance of this judicious line of policy is
earnestly recommended. Appropriations are annually made to prisons
and houses of refuge; to the blind, the deaf, the feeble minded, and insane
; and their propriety is not doubted. But surely our army of Common
School children, six hundred thousand strong, with plastic minds in
normal condition, whose educational training must make or mar the
destiny of the Commonvfcalth, are not less worthy the generous care
and sustaining bounty of the peoples' representatives."
Wisconsin sends the following :
Office of Superintendent op Public Instruction,
Madison, Wisconsin, September 11th, 1863.
Hon. John Swett,
Supt. Public Instruction, San Francisco, Cal.
Dear Sir :—Your favor of the twenty-first of August is just received.
We have no direct State taxation for School purposes. Our State laws,
however, require each town to levy upon itself a tax at least equal to one
half the amount received during the previous year from the State School
Fund, (derived from income of School Lands.) The towns generally exceed
the amount required, and raise nearly- as much as they receive from
the State. This has required a levy of nearly three fourths of a mill
upon the dollar valuation. The limit fixed by statute is three mills upon
the dollar. For several years past the average has been not far front two
thii'ds of a mill.
The whole amount raised by tax for School purposes last year, including
district taxes, was about three and one fourth mills upon the dollar.
The law fixes no limit upon district taxation, except in districts having
less than two hundred and fifty inhabitants. The limit is then six hundi'ed
dollars ($600) in any one year for School purposes.
It seems to me that a better and more just way would be the one' you
propose to adopt, i. e., to raise a School Fund b}^ State taxation. It is
more uniformly and surelj^ paid than in any other way.
I
Yours, very truly,
J. L. PICKAPtD,
Superintendent Public Instruction.
:

Kentucky assesses a State School tax of one half of one mill on th©
dollar. Her liberal School policy saved her from the clutches of secession.
The State Superintendent, in the report of eighteen hundred and
sixty, said :
" The second method of continuing and extending our plan of popular
education, by taxation of five cents on the hundred dollars' Avorth of
taxable property throughout the Commonwealth, is one that promises
to be permanent, and is the main cause of the rapid and thorough extension
of the School system. In a State lilve Kentucky, in many places
thinly inhabited, but presenting everywhere an unlimited caj^acity of
production—in agriculture, commerce, arts, manufactures, and mining
an impetus given to education by the Government is a matter of almost
indispensable necessit3^
" Our School system is secure. In point of permanence I class it with
those three great departments among which the Constitution has distributed
the powers of our State government—the Legislative, the Executive,
and the Judiciary.
"Is it ei'ror in us, then, to attach to the work of educating the masses
in this State the very highest interest, or to elevate it to a standard of
the very highest importance ? Already is it apparent, and yearly will it
become more so, that Kentucky, in the adoption of a thorough educational
system, has been most fortunate. In her Common Schools rests
the sheet anchor of her safety.
" Kentucky, the pioneer among the Southern States in the great work
of popular education, has striven most for peace, whilst the lurid fires of
revohition glimmered around and threatened to invade her borders.
" It was well said by Lord Brougham, one of the greatest of modern
reformers, of the ' Iron Duke,' whose illibei-al statesmanship sullied the
laurels won by his valor, that ' he feared not any unconstitutional attack ji
on the liberties of the people of England from the Duke of Wellington.'
There was another person abroad more powerful than the Duke—the
Schoolmaster w^as abroad.' And so is it in Kentucky. There are vari-
ous causes that control the present destinies of our State, and not the
least among them is to be found in the fact that 'the schoolmaster is
abroad.' Knowledge, from her many strongholds—those District Schools
throughout our land—is beginning to take a part in the conflict. ' The
cheap defence of nations' is being proved in this the day of national
trial. Had a sum equalling but the tenth part of those immense amounts
which are now being raised throughout the Union, been devoted, years
ago, to the furthe'rance of popular information, moral enlightenment
might have averted evils Vs^hich are now to be removed by the hand ot
physical power. Sectional factions, not confined to any, but extending
themselves over all quarters of the Union, owe their successes, and eve.:
their existence, to one cause—to ignorance; ignorance of the true relations
which should subsist forever between a good government and a free
people, ignorance of Qur own duties, ignorance of the rights of others.
" H was the boast of Sir Edward Coke, and it has been for centuries
the crowning merit of the Common Law, that it 'carries justice homo
to every man's door.' So should it be the praise of our system of Common
Schools, that it sheds abroad a light of knowledge to everj^ hall and
hamlet in the land. The rich men wlio cast their gifts into the treasury,
and the poor widow who casts in thither her two mites, resort, when
they have grievances to be redressed, to the same tribunal of justice.
—
,

89
They worship at the same altar. Tlicir chiklrcn sJiould he educated in iJic
same Schools.
" A revolution which would close the doors of all our Public Schools
Avould be, in ray opinion, more calamitous in its effects on the country,
than that Avhich now threjitens the subversion of our political institutions.
It would not onl}' denationalize, which is bad enough, but, in the
end, thoroughly demoralize our people. In truth, it is an unvarying
characteristic of revolutions, that those which subvert the educational
interests of a country, it matters not how they begin, all end in an age
of darkness."
Governor Bramlette, in his late message, pays the following eloquent
tribute to the Public Schools :
" In the midst of the dire calamities forced upon us by the rebellion,
we should not permit the present troubles to make ns forget our obligations
and duties to the future. The education of our j^outh must be provided
for. Our Common Schools should be cherished with earnest
solicitude. We must feed the mind of our coming 3'outh. And whilst
w^e transmit to them an undiminished and an unbroken heritage of freedom,
we should see that the}- be fitted to receive it and pass it
down, not impoverished, but enriched, to their successors. Our Jacksons,
our Clays, our Websters, have passed awa}'', leaving us the liglit of
their example, the wisdom of their counsel, the treasures of their fame,
as part of our heritage. And last, though not least, he of the sage
counsel, the eloquent tongue, and of the mould of manly chivalr^^ the
type and embodiment of pure and lofty patriotism—that perfect model
of a Kentuckian, John J. Crittenden, has been gathered to his fathers,
and Kentucky has been left lonely and in tears. To our Common
Schools we must look, as the nurseries of men, to fill their places and
prolong their fame."
New York assesses a State tax of three tenths of a mill on the dollar.
On this point, Hon. Yictor M. Piice, Superintendent Public Instruction,
in his ninth annual report of that State, says :
" STATE TAX.
"It is believed to be unnecessary to repeat the arguments which have
been so often and so forcibly presented to the public from various
sources, to show that it is both the duty and the intei'est of the State
to make ample provision for the education of h*er children. Nor is it
deemed to be necessary to repeat the reasons why this should be done
by a tax upon property; for the people have twice declared at the ballot
box, by overwhelming majorities, that this is the only proper mode, and
through their representatives in the Legislatui*e they have since given
effect to that declaration, by enacting laws requiring a State tax to be
annually levied and collected, and its proceeds disti'ibuted for the support
of Common Schools. For the last eleven years, more than eleven
thousand School Districts have annuallj^ participated in this generous
provision ; and its wisdom has been proved by an almost universal acquiescence
in it, and by the rapid progress of the Schools in efficiency
12

90
and in popular favor, as shown by a constantly increasing ratio of attendance.
" How general is the conviction that the Common Schools must be
supported, even under the most depressing circumstances, is evinced by
the liberal sup))ort extended to them daring the past year by the people,
in their School meetings and through their local authorities. Dui'ing
that time there was raised by local taxation and b}^ rate bill, in the rural
districts, nine hundred and fourteen thousand six hundred and ten dollars
and ninet^^-two cents; and in tlie cities, one million five hundred
and sixty thousand four hundi-ed and fifty-six dollars and forty cents for
their support. In no other way could the will of the people in regard
to them have been more forcibly or fully manifested; and it is believed
that the abandonment of a policy in furtherance of their will thus expressed—a
policy whose history is so fruitful of good results, and to
which they have been so long accustomed—could not meet with their
approval, and that it would not on]y be ruinous to the rural districts,
but would lead to the renewal of the controversy which was so happily
settled in eighteen hundred and fifty-one, and in which all parties to it
have since acquiesced.
" The conception of the possibility, not probability, of an attempt to
reduce the aggregate State tax by discontinuing this portion of it, thus
inflicting a lasting and unmerited injury upon the generation under
tutelage, will account for my calling your attention to this subject."
Massachusetts has no State tax, her School taxes being assessed on
the municipal corporations, cities, and towns, by their own action, under
a statute requiring them to raise at least one dollar and fifty cents ($1 50)
for each child between five and fifteen years of age. The amount raised
by tax for each child in the State between five and fifteen years of age,
eighteen hundred and sixty-two, was six dollars and forty-four cents,
($6 44.) Her hard-earned dollars—won by the sons of labor from the
ocean, from ice, from granite, from a sterile soil, from busy workshop
and gigantic mill—are poured out lavishly upon her Common Schools.
She turns with pride to the dismantled works of Port Hudson, glances
at Texas, and remembers that Banks not long ago was one of her Public
School boys, and that he is the representative type of a class of men
descended from the Boston School boys who waited on General Gage,
demanding a redress of grievances. A few extracts will show how the
people of the old Bay State feel about supporting Schools.
Governor Andrew, Chairman of the State Board of Education, in the
last annual report of the Board, sa^^s
" The melancholy event of civil war in our land has clearly develoi^ed
three important facts: First—That in the midst of such a calamity educational
interests are liable, first of all, to suffer detriment. Second—
That the true value of education to a community is revealed in a light
not perceptible in ordinary times. Third—That the stability and prosperity
of the State must be in proportion to the intelligence of its citizens.
"When business is widely diverted from its ordinarj^ channels, and
Government, both State and National, is severely taxed to sustain itself;
when in many States educational institutions are wholly or in part suspended,
and their funds perverted to other purposes—the friends of human
improvement will naturally inquire with increased interest, not to
:

91
say solicitude, how far tbo cause of education has suifered iu our owu
Commonwealth ?
" Five _ycavs ago the sum raised by taxes for the education of each
child in the State between five and fifteen years of age, was five dollars
eight3^-two cents and nine mills. The sum raised for the same purpose
the last year, was six dollars and forty-four cents.
" Then the country was enjoying the blessings of peace, but suffering
from a severe financial revulsion. Now, we are in the midst of a fearful
struggle to preserve our free institutions from ruin ; we are taxed heavily
in men, in money, in all supplies needful to carry on the war; yet the
people press their children into the Schools and freely furnish the means
for their support. When the fact is considered, that during this same
year in which the citizens of Massachusetts have raised by a self-iraj)Osed
tax, tlie munificent sum of more than a million and a half of dollars
($1,500,000) for educational purposes, they have also contributed in aid
of the Federal Government millions of dollars and scores of thousands of
men to subdue an unrighteous rebellion, the evidence is positive that the
people understand both their interests and duties, and will ever be found
faithful to both.
" During more than two centuries the conviction has been increasing
in strength that the diffusion of knowledge and cultivation of intellect
are indispensable, not only to preserve the institutions bequeathed to us
by our fathers, but to develop our
solve the grand problem, so often
material resources, and ultimately
tried without success, that man is
capable of self government. To this end the system of public instruction
has been continued, without interruption, to this day. The wisest
legislation, the most judicious counsels, and liberal contributions, have
all been made subservient to the great purpose of perfecting this system.
'•' What Massachusetts is, or possesses, is due, in no small degree, to
her general and generous system of instruction. It is this that has developed
the skill in the mechanic arts, by which every home within her
borders is furnished with all the comforts and conveniences of life found
scarcely anywhere else. It is this which enables her to send her mechanics
to perform work for leading European Governments, which the
skill of their own workmen have, as jQi, not been able to accomplish.
It is this that scatters over the broad prairies of the West the almost
self-acting agricultural implements, b}^ which are drawn from an exuberant
soil food for the millions both of this great nation and those across
the sea. It enables us to understand our rights, puts weapons in our
hands, and inspires us with courage to use them when those rights are
menaced. The declaration, ' there is that scattereth and yet increaseth,'
was never more fully verified than in the libei'al provision for education
Avhich the people of Massachusetts have evev been accustomed to
make for their sons and daughters.
" As the tax occasioned by the war increases, there may be a temptation
to consider whether educational expenses may not be curtailed. If
so, the question needs mature consideration before action. The period
of education is brief to the child. Cut off one, two, or three years of
instruction, or, which is perhaps worse, give him inferior Teachers, and
what he loses is lost for a lifetime. Let a whole community be deprived
of instruction, and it becomes first degraded and vicious, then powerless
and^mi.serable. The movement of our educational machinery cannot be
even retarded without immense loss, which will be felt thi-oughout every
department of societ}^.
"The interests of more than two hundred thousand children are'de-

:
92
pendent upon the provision you will make for their education. Every
one of these childi'en is to be an active agent, prepared by the instruction
thus furnished, to exert an influence on the coiumunity. Into their
hands will soon be committed the political power, the moulding of the
moral and intellectual character, as well as the controlling of the material
interests of the Commonwealth."
The Secretary of the Board, Joseph White, closes his report with the
folloAving
" The folly and wickedness of the father and mother who would stop
the growth of their offspring, and make them dwarfs forever, to avoid
the increasing charge of feeding and clothing them, are only paralleled
by that which would stop the intellectual growth, and cramp and shrivel
the moral and spiritual natiires of a whole generation, in order to escape
an increased annual taxation of a few mills on the dollar.
" But there is another view. This war which taxes us is not so much
a war of men as of institutions. It is the fearful impinging upon each
other of two diverse and hostile civilizations, the grand characteristics
of which are, the intelligence and freedom of the masses in the one, and
the ignorance and slavery of the many in the other. And shall we, who
boast of the superiorit}^ of the former, fail to keep open, and flowing to
the full, the fountains of that intelligence and virtue, which' are its right
eye and strong right hand? When the enemy is storming the ramparts,
shall we, with a suicide's hand, sap the citidel? When our young men,
trained in our Free Schools to a loft}^ patriotism and heroic valor, turn
their faces from the homes of their childhood, and go forth with a cheerfal
courage to the dreadful conflict, shall we w^ho remain behind, enduring
no hardship, and even failing in no luxury, suffer any of those institutions
to languish for the want of a generous support, for which they,
are freely pouring out their life blood ? Is not this, of all others, the time
when the pressure and strain are upon us—to rise with the occasion, and
rally around our free institutions, at home as well as in the field of.
battle, and redouble our efforts to support them ? Let us, then, not falter,
nor hesitate to submit to any sacrifice; let us retrench, if need be, in
everything else; nay, let us dig, beg, do anything but steal, that we may
j)rovide the means of keeping wide open the doors of our Free Schools
on every rood of territorj^ covered by the flag of our fathers."
Now when such States as Illinois, Wisconsin, Kentucky, ISTew York,
and Ohio, find it necessary to superadd a State tax to township- and district
taxes, is it probable that an efficient system of Free Schools will
ever be established in California without the same aid ?
Is it said—leave the question of taxation to the citizens of each district?
the fact that only eighteen districts voted a tax last year, is good
evidence that the districts will fail to do their duty. If it is argued that
the Boards of Supervisors of the different counties will assess a county
tax sufficient to maintain good Schools, the statistical exhibit of the condition
of the Schools proves the contrar3^ Only four counties in the
State assess the maximum rate allowed by law.
Santa Clara County, with an assessment roll of six million dollars,
(SG,O00,000,) or firteen hundred dollars (,^1,500) ])er each child, assesses a
county tax of only ton cents on a hundred dolhvrs !
Sonoma County, with an assessment roll of throe millions three hun-
—
1

93
drcd and ninety thousand dollars, (83,390,000,) assesses only the same
low rate.
Napa Count}^, with three millions (S3, 000,000) of assessable property,
raises the same low rate of County School tax.
Table nine exhibits the amount of assessable property last year in each
county, and the rate of County School tax.
B}^ reference to Table seven, showing the amount of money raised last
year by county tax in each county for the education of each child between
four and eighteen j-ears of age, we find that while San Francisco raised
eleven dollars and ninety cents, (§11 90,) San Luis Obispo raised eighteen
cents ! Seven counties raised less than one dollar; thirteen counties, more
than one dollar and less than two; eleven counties, between two and
three dollars ; eight counties, between three and four dollars ; two counties,
between four and five dollai"s. Is auj^ one so blind as not to perceive
the need of legislative enactment to reach Boards of Supervisors,
who. to save themselves a dollar a year on their taxable property, would
be glad to close the doors of the School-houses nine months in the 3"ear?
Is it said the money raised by a State School tax would be unequally
distributed among the counties on the present basis of apportionment
according to the number of children ? An examination of Table ten, exhibiting
the amount which would be raised in each county by a half mill
tax, and the amount which would be apportioned to each county, will
show that XQvy few counties either gain or lose anything, most of them
receiving just abotit the amount the}'' would raise.
San Francisco, in consequence of the great concentration of capital
there, would raise thirty thousand dollars, ($30,000,) and receive only
sixteen thousand dollars, ($16,000) ;
but from the relation that city holds
to the rest of the State, she can well alford to be liberal.
Shall we rely on the interest of the School Fund for the sujDport of
our Public Schools ? Our School Fund amounts to less than a million of
dollars, and it will not be largely increased for many years to come.
The annual apportionment from that source amounts to only one dollar
($1) per child; is that sufficient to projDcrl}^ educate the children?
Can it be said, in view of facts, that California is doing her full duty
in maintaining Public Schools? She raises by taxation only four dollars
and forty-two cents ($4 42) per child, and the total amount raised from
all sources, rate bills included, is only seven dollars ($7 00.) Massachusetts
raised by tax, last year, six dollars and forty-four cents ($6 44) per
child; and, as the cost of educating in California is at least four times as
great as in that State, to make as liberal a provision, we ought to raise
twenty-five dollars ($25) per child. The cost of educating a child in the
Public Schools for ten months in the year, in San Francisco, where it is
made economical in consequence of classification, and the concentration
of large numbers, is twenty-one dollars ($21) per year. Is an average
of seven dollars per child sufficient for the State at large ? San
Francisco derives from all sources an average of thirteen dollars and
seventy cents ($13 70) per child; and j^et, with this liberal provision,
the Public Schools are crowded to their utmost capacity, and one thousand
children more would attend were room provided.
Is it wise for legislators to fold their arms in apathetic indiff'erence,
when TWENTY thousand children of School age, or twenty-five and
ONE-HALF PER CENT are rej^ortcd as " not attending any School V Is
this recognizing the principle " that it is the bounden duty of Government
to provide for the instruction of all youth V When the average
length of time School is continued is only six months in the year, is it

94
probable tbat tbe children will be more than half educated? When the
percentage of daily attendance on the Public Schools is only twenty-five
per cent of the whole number of children in the State of School age,
and the percentage of attendance on the whole number enrolled is only
fifty-five per cent, can the State be said to educate her children ?
When California has only two hundred and nineteen Free Schools
out of seven hundred and fi.ftj'-four Public Schools, can she boast of her
liberalit}" in tbe presence of the other loyal States, whose Schools are
all Free Schools ?
If one State in the Union needs a system of Free Schools more than
any other, that State is California. Her population is drawn from all
nations. The next generation. Avill be a composite one, made up of the
heterogeneous atoms of all nationalities. Nothing can Americanize these
chaotic elements and breathe into them the spirit of our institutions but
the Public Schools.
As tbe first step towards the organization of a system of Free Schools,
and the better maintenance of the Public Schools, a special State School
tax of half a mill on the dollar ought to be levied on the assessable property
of the State. This would yield a revenue of at least seventy-five
thousand dollars, (675,000.) or about one dollar per child—and two dollars
per child on the number enrolled in the Public Schools. True, this
would not make the Schools free, neither would it continue them ten
months in the yeox; but it Avould give a fresh stimulus to count}' and
district taxation, and, in four years, would, I believe, give the State a
system of Schools virtually free.
The public opinion of the State is in advance of legislation. After
travelling extensively through the State, addressing public assemblies,
with every facility for careful observation, it is ra}' opinion that the people
would indorse this measure, were it submitted to a popular vote, by
an overwhelming majority.
The following petition has been extensively circulated in the various
School Districts throughout the State :
" PETITION FOR STATE SCHOOL TAX.
'• To the Honorahle the Memhers of the Legidature of the State of (Jalifornia :
•' Whereas, We believe that it is the duty of a representative government
to maintain Public Schools as an act of self preservation, and that
the property of the State should be taxed to educate the children of the
State ; and, Avhercas, the present School Fund is wholly inadequate to
sustain a system of Free Schools ; we, the undersigned, qualified elect-
ors of the State of California, respectfull}' ask your honorable body to
levy a Special State Tax of half a mill on the dollar, during the fiscal
years eighteen hundred and sixty-four and eighteen hundred and sixtyfive,
the proceeds of the same to be disbursed in the same manner as the
present State School Fund."
All these petitions have not yet been returned to the Department of
Public Instruction, and it is impossible to estimate the number of signatures
obtained.
In the districts who-e they have been circulated, Teachers and School
officers report that it Avas a rare exception to find a man declining to
sign them, and that the only objection raised was that the petition did
not ask for a higher tax.
.

95
The names attached to this petition will be entitled to the serious consideration
of legislators. They will represent the substantial citizens of
the State; men of families, men of propert.y, men who, in attaching their'
names, considered it equivalent to voting the tax and paying it.
It ma}^ be urged that, nccessar}- as tJiis measure is, the financial condition
of the State will not warrant the expenditure. But if we wait until
there is a surplus in the Treasury, the children now in the State will
have grown up, half educated men and women, or without any education
whatever. True, the financial condition of the State, with a funded debt
of three millions of dollars, and a floating debt of half a million, is bad
enough ; will it be bettered ten j^ears hence, by having twenty-five thousand
half educated boys admitted to the right of elective franchise?
Does an}' legislator suppose that if ever}- citizen in the State had been
thoroughly educated in good Public Schools to a knowledge of his duties,
such a debt would have been fastened upon this State by reckless
expenditure, and by swindling schemes for plundering the Treasury?
Shall we leave our children to suffer the same evils again in the future
that we have borne in the past?
A State tax of half a mill on the dolllar was levied last year, and is to
be levied annually, for carr3'ing on the work of building the State
Capitol; shall the work of building School-houses cease ? By the time
the Capitol is finished it will have cost as much as all the School-houses
in the State, built up to that time. Is it not quite as essential that
houses should be erected for educating a hundred thousand electors, as
that a costly pile should be built for the accommodation of a hundred
and fifty legislators ?
Is not the Department of Instruction as intimately connected with
the material interests of the State as any other? The State, at a
heavy expense, has been placed upon a militar}^ footing; is it any the
less necessarj' for its preservation in its future, that it be placed on an
educational footing ? Ai-e not educated, intelligent, patriotic men quite
as eflicient, as a means of defence, as iron-clads, or field batteries, or bayonets
? The amount expended last year for Militar^^ Encampments was
more than half as great as the whole amount expended on Public
Schools; was it expended to any better pui-pose ? AVill it make better
returns to the State ?
The people, by an overwhelming majorit}', have voted seventy-five
thousand dollars. (875,000) for enlarging and completing the buildings of
the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and Blind. If they cheerfully vote
seventy-five thousand dollars (§75,000) for educating one hundred and
sixty-six unfortunates in the State, will they not cheerfull}' raise a like
sum for educating tmcntt/ thousand children in the full use of their faculties,
who are growing up not attending any School? Are we taxed more
heavily than the States which have borne the burden of the war? Are
Ave so tax-ridden, and so poor, that Ave cannot raise one fourth as much
for educating our children as Illinois, or Michigan, or Massachusetts ?
California stands to-day tiie most peaceful and the most pi'osperous State
in the Union. Wheu the people of other States, staggering under taxation,
their sources of prosperity dried up, their able-bodied laborers more
than decimated by the calls of the army—when they declare that not a
doUai' less shall be raised for Schools, that not a School-house shall be
closed—shall California, of all the States, alone shrink back from the
duty of educating her children ? Shall all our inexhaustible resources
of mineral wealth be expended on '• feetj" and the brains of the cliildren

96
be left undeveloped ? Shall millions be expended in constructing a
Pacific Eailroad, and the State fail to lay the solid foundations of char-
'acter and intelligence on which rest the permanent prosperit}' of the
generation which Avill reap the benefits of that great highway of the
world? Shall Ave make every sacrifice of men and money to maintain
the Union for a generation unfitted, through want of education, to
api^reciate either our sacrifices, or the value of the inheritance we leave
them ?
The real wealth of the State lies, not in mines of silver, or gold, or
copper; not in productive fields and fertile valle3'S ; but in her educated
men and intelligent free laborers. Educated mind has made the world
rich by its creative power The intelligent minds which have invented
the hundreds of labor-saving machines in every depai^tment of industry,
have created a wealth greater than the total product of the mines of
Mexico, California, and Australia combined. AH these inventions were
once dim ideas in the busy bi'ains of educated men—ignorance found out
none of them.
How many feet of the Gould & Curry would it take to weigh down
the value to the nation of the invention of Monitors and ironclads ?
For how much gold dust would the nation sell the invention of Parrott
guns, and the artillery which is throwing Greek fire into Charleston, and
battering down the crumbling ruins of Sumter ? How many dollars is
the electric telegraph worth ? How inany cattle, and horses, and copper
mines, the invention of sewing machines? What influence is so mighty
in developing this creative power of society, as the intelligence imparted
in the Public Schools ? Go to the Patent Office and find out how many
inventions come from the land of Common Schools, and how many from
the States that have failed to establish thein.
ISTot many years ago, a member of the British Parliament urged as
a reason against a system of national instruction, " that if they dej^rived
the farmers of the labor of the children, agriculture could not be carried
on, because there was no machinery to get the weeds out of the land."
The policy of 'New England always has been to send the children to
School, and let Yankee ingenuity invent machines "to get the weeds
out of the land."
She has "saved" enough by the invention of " machines," contrived
by laboring men educated in her Schools, to pay for the whole cost of
her Schools twice told.
An agricultural report says :
" The saving to the country from the improvements in ploughs alone,
within the last twenty-five years, has been estimated at no less than ten
millions of dollars a year in the work of teams, and one million in the
price of ploughs, while the aggregate of the crops is supposed to have
been increased by man}'' millions of bushels."
The machinery brought into use since eighteen hundred and sixteen,
is estimated to be equal to the labor of five hundred millions of men.
Ignorance never invented a machine to save the labor of a single
man.
Tlie life of the nation lies not in a few great men, not in a few brilliant
minds, but is made u]) of the men who drive the plough, who build
the sliips, wlio run the mills, and fill the machine shops, who build the
locomotives and steam engines, Avho construct the railroads, who delve
1

97
in the mines, who cast the cannon, who man the ironclads and gunboats,
who shoulder the musket, and who do the fighting; these constitute
the life and strength of the nation ; and it is with all these men
that the Public Schools have done and are now doing their beneficent
work. The nation will not be saved by any one "great man;" the bone
and muscle of intelligent laboring men must work out its salvation.
Blundering statesmen maj^ mar the fortunes of the war; General after
General may show up his own incompetence ; the concentrated and consolidated
intelligence of the working men and fighting men will, in the
end, prove victorious. When the bayonet has done its work, the ballot
box must pi-otect the freedom won on the battle field. When every
ballot represents an idea, and falls electrified with intelligence to "execute
a freeman's will," the States will revolve harmoniously around the
central sun of a consolidated Union; no star will shoot off in eccentric
orbit into the chaos of disunion, or the cometary darkness and desolation
of secession.
THE SCHOOLS AND THE STATE.
The highest purpose of the Public School is to train its scholars to become
good citizens of the community, the State, and the Nation. In a
government where all jDOwer emanates directly from the people, and
where public opinion makes and unmakes constitutions at will, the vital
relation to the State of the Schools in which the vast majority of the
people are educated, must be self-evident. And where citizens are called
from the common walks of life to administer the laws, it is equally evident
that, not onl}" is intellectual training needed, but that an education
is necessar}^ which shall train
of integrity.
to a high standard of honor, of honesty,
The right of elective franchise is the highest duty and the dearest
yet what is it worth unless the elector
jDrivilege of an American citizen ;
can decide for himself the political questions on which he is called to
cast his vote? Failing t^ think for himself, he is as much the serf of
some political master as was " Garth, the born thrall of Cedi'ic the Saxon."
The right of trial bj' jury—what is it but a mockery, when ignorance
and prejudice sit in the jury box ?
County, township, and disti-ict offices, all must be filled by citizens
selected from the ordinarj^ walks of life ; will the laws be well administered
b}' men either uneducated or wrongly educated ? Wealth may be
transmitted from father to son, from generation to generation; but
character, intelligence, and morality, must be taught anew to each generation.
It is not enough, then, th^t the Public Schools teach how to read, and
write, and cj^pher. They have a higher and nobler mission. Education
implies development, training, discipline, a repression of bad tendencies,
as well as the culture of good ones. The Schools, in addition
to intellectual training, and beyond it, should train to habits of obedi-
ence and subordination ; should inculcate love of country, love of liberty,
and patriotism; and should
tional Government, and the
impart some knowledge of State and Na-
duties, rights, privileges, and honors of an
13

:
98
American citizen. "A man who cannot read," says President "Wayland,
" is a being not contemplated by the genius of tlie American Constitu-
tion." Does it contemplate the existence of any citizen who cannot, to
some extent, understand and comprehend its provisions ? How many
electors in this State annually cast their votes into the ballot boxes, who
have never even read the State Constitution ? How many American
citizens who never read the Constitution of the United States, every
four years vote for a President ?
There is good reason for believing that the Public Schools fail to do
their full duty in training boys to a knowledge of the first principles of
our Government, and the duties of good citizens.^ There are not a few
'Teachers, even, judging from examination papers, who have a very confused
notion of the Government under which they live. The lessons
taught by the war should bring the Schools up to their full duty in this
respect.
The following resolutions were unanimousl}^ adopted in the last JSTational
Teachers' Convention, held in Chicago, on the fifth of August,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three :
" Whereas, in a Democratic Government, wherein the people are of
necessity the sovereigns, it is indispensable to the prosperit}' and pei'petuity
of such Government tliat these sovereigns, the people, understand
the principles of said Government; and, lohcrcas, the exigencies
of the times demand the highest intelligence and purest patriotism
therefore,
^^Resolved, 1. That it is imperative that the History, the Polity, and
the Constitution of our Government be taught in all our Schools wherein
the maturity of the pupils is equal to the subjects.
" Resolved, 2. That this Association earnestly commends this subject to
the attention of Teachers, Trustees, and Comniitteemen throughout the
nation.
" Resolved, 3. That this teaching should never be prostituted to the
inculcation of merely partisan sentiments and principles."
Hon. D. N. Camp, State Superintendent of Connecticut, says on this
topic
" Thus fiar, allusion has been made to the knowledge requisite when
considering only the physical interests of society. But man has also
duties and privileges in relation to those higher social, political, and religious
interests, bj' which he is connected with every other person in
society, and for which his education should prepare him. These interests
require a knowledge of the principles of government, and especially of our
State and National Constitutions and laws, of the general j^rinciples of
political and social science, and of the unwritten laws of social action and
social intercourse.
" Our country has been engaged in conducting the great experiment of
the application of the democratic theory of government to a large State,
and ere a single century lias elapsed, in the midst of uncxamjiled prosperity,
the very existence of the Government has been put to a trial perhaps
unequalled in the history of the world. Though there may be no
doubt as to the final results, and the Government ma}- come out of this
trial stronger at home and more respected abroad, yet questions must
arise in the future which will demand profound thought and intelligent
action. These are not mere questions of party politics, but propositions
,
;

99
which lie at the very foundation of this Government, and which will
require a pi-actical decision bj' every citizen. No one can fail to see that
the events of the last year have demonstrated not only the necessity to a
free country of universal education, but of more thorough instruction in
the science of government and in the theory and practice of private and
public inorals."
Hon. ISTewton Bateman, ex-Superintendent of Public Instruction of the
State of Illinois, in his fourth annual report, eighteen hundred and sixtythree,
so eloquently and ably sets forth the necessity and importance of
such instruction that I quote his views at length :
" What, then, is the duty of our Public Schools in this matter ? What
can the}' and must they do to remedy the wide-spread and fatal popular
ignorance of the fundamental principles of our political system and institutions,
and of the rights and duties of citizens ?
"Let the Constitution itself, the great organic embodiment of our
political system, be made a class-book and diligently studied in all our
Normal and High Schools, and in the most advanced departments of
all our graded Schools. Does this proposal to make our older School
boys students of constitutional law excite a smile ? Why should it ? Is it
becausethe subject is deemed too difficult for minds so immature? If it
were proposed to impart a knowledge of the fundamental law that should
rival in depth and grasp that possessed by Marshall, and Storj', and Webster,
the objection would indeed be well founded, and the suggestion absurd.
But if it is assumed that elementar}'' ideas of incalculable value may not
be thus imparted—clearly, explicitely,and impressivel}'—ideas that shall
bear the same relation to the whole science of government, that the
acquisitions of the same students in the same Schools and in the same
time, in grammar, bear to the whole science of language; or in algebra,
to the Avhole science of mathematics ; if this is the point of incredulity,
the assumption is believed to be utterly- unreasonable and erroneous.
" The system of government infolded in the Constitution is simple,
progressive, and harmonious. Its axioms, postulates, arguments, and
logical sequences, are as clearly defined and as intelligible as those of
any other science of the same class. It admits of definitions, analysis,
and synthesis, as much as natural, moral, or mental philosophy. Indeed,
its rudimentary principles are far more easily comprehended than
those of the sciences named, and many others.
"It is more difficult to define the word 'Eepublic.' than the word
'Preposition ;' or 'Constitution,' than ' Case? '
" Shall a boy understand this: 'A noun may be indirectly modified or
limited by another noun, connected wnth it by a word usually placed
before it, and therefore called a preposition,' and/avY to understand this :
'A Eepublic is a community in which the people govern?'
" ' Is the intellect that can comprehend this : When a noun is used as
the subject of a sentence, or to explain or describe it, denoting the same
person or thing ; or to limit the predicate denoting the same person or
thing as the subject ; it is in the nominative case,'—too feeble to comprehend
this': 'The Constitution is the fundamental law which prescribes
the manner in which the Government shall execute its authority?'
"Yet two of these definitions are taken from the work of a profound
legal writer, and the other two from a popular elementary treatise on English
Grammar !'

100
" Is the style of the Constitution less captivating than that of gram-
mar ? ' We,
the people of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for
the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings
of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish
this Constitution for the United States of America.'
" So reads the preamble of the great instrument of seventeen hundred
and eighty-seven, which some suppose to be too dry and metaphysical
for the imaginative natures of School boys.
"'A complex sentence is one that contains dissimilar propositions.
The propositions or clauses of a complex sentence are connected by sub-
ordinate conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, relative pronouns, phrases,
or incoi'poration, as, '
" The wicked flee, when no man pursues." ' So reads
a paragraph in a prominent text book on grammar, which
suitable for pupils scarcely in iheir
is considered
' teens.'
" Is the instruction contained in the Constitution as^j;-ac

101
Avhich was the mature and glorious fruit of the deliberations of those
illustrious men, could be mastered—na}^, that every line and word of the
whole instrument, and all its amendments, article by article, section by
section, and point by point, could be committed indelibly to memory, in
less time than is required to master, with equal thoroughness, either
Greene's Anal^ysis, or Covell's Digest, or the rudiments of Latin, or the
rudiments of Greek, or fractions in arithmetic, or the elements of algebra,
or three books of Euclid.
" And what resources of antithesis arc adequate to depict the relative
value to a plain practical citizen of the former and either of the latter
acquisitions ?
" Is it no mean acquisition to be able to analj'ze a sentence, resolve it
into its elements, determine the logical and grammatical relations and
dependence of the several parts, and apply the arbitrary rules of construction
? Admitted. But is it a meaner acquisition to be able to
analj'ze the vast and complicated mechanism of civil government, resolve
it into its constituent elements, determine the harmonious relations
of i-he component parts, adjust the sphere within which it shall be
the provhice of each to act, and apply to the whole the everlasting rules
of mutual and co-ordinate accountabilit}"? Is it more important for an
American student to know that the verbs- of his language are divided
into three classes : active, j^assive, and neuter ; than to know that the
Government of his countrj^ is divided into three great departments
legislative, judicial, and executive ? or to understand the appropriate
functions and attributes of each of the former, than of each of the latter?
" Is it a better preparation for American citizenship to know that,
'prepositions govern the objective case;' than to know that, 'the Federal
Constitution, and the laws of the United States made in pursuance
thereof, shall be the supreme law of the land, anj^thing in
tion or laws of an}:' State to the contrary notwithstanding?'
the Constitu-
" True, the student of language is able to announce the important fact
that the indicative mode has six tenses, namely :
' Present, imperfect,
perfect, pluperfect, future, and future-perfect'—but then, the student of
our fundamental law is able also to state that the people of the United
States, in establishing the Constitution, had in view six distinct objects,
namely: 'To form a more perfect union—establish justice—insure domestic
tranquillity— provide for the common defence— promote the general
welfare—and secui-e the blessings of liberty to themselves and their
posterity.'
" But is it not time to baptize our sons afresh in the wisdom of the
fathers? Is not the Government falling to pieces because, among other
reasons, the people do not understand, and therefore do not reverently
love and jealously guard our glorious national polity?
" And as the Christian resorts to his Bible for light and safety when
his heart is sad, and his faith eclipsed, and calamities are upon him, and
the sweet heavens are wrapped in blackness—so, shall not the patriot fly
to the national patristic Scriptures, his political Bible, the Constitution,
when his hopes fail, and impending ruin seems ready to burst upon his
country? Is there any other refuge, any clearer light, any safer or
surer gfiide ? Shall he look for instruction to the political press ?
Great as is its power, and indispensable its agency in wielding all the
forces of modern civilization, the press cannot afford that systematic and
thorough exposition of our national law and polity which our youth
must have. Such is
fessional politicians ?
not its province or claim.
Too few of them have the
Shall he apply to pro-
requisite wisdom and
:

102
candor—too few of them accept or comprehend that beautiful definition
of politics :
' The art of making a people happy.'
" In the midst of the Avaves and the darkness, the Constitution lifts its
beacon light, and sounding through the night and the storm, ring out
the voices of Washington, Franklin, Livingston, Madison, Pinckney, and
their associates. To the suicidal dogma of the inherent right of seces-
sion, their terse and solemn answer is :
' No, never.' We ordained this
constitution in order to 'form a xi\ove jjcrfect Union.'
" Does the doctrine of ' This
State Eights ' menace the Federal prerogative ?
Their emphatic answer is :
'
.Constitution shall be the supreme law
OF THE land; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the
contrary notwithstanding.'
" Does the Federal power threaten to overshadow the States, and en-
danger the liberties of the people ? Tlie authoritative voice of the
fathers again replies :
' The
powei'S not delegated to the United States by
the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
States respectively ^ or to the peoj^le.'
" Does any one seek to soften the crime of Davis and his fellow-con-
spirators, and give it a milder name than treason? Loud and clear peals
out again the decisive voice of Washington and his compeers :
' Treason
against the United States shall consist in levying war against them.'
Are they making Avar upon the Groveimment? Then Washington pronounces
them traitors.
" Is the personal libertj^ or private property of the citizen imperilled
by abuse of the writ of search and seizure? The nameless atrocities
committed under color of the license granted to officers of the law bj^the
General Warrants of English history, are perem])torily prohibited by our
organic law. Its language is :
' The right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not he violated^ and no warrants shall issue but upon
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing
the place to be seai'ched, and the j)orsons or tilings to be seized.'
"Do the people complain of injustice and partiality in the trial of
criminal prosecutions ? Again the Constitution utters its clear and em-
phatic corrective :
' In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with
the witnesses against him, to have compulsorj^ process for obtaining Avitncsses
in his fa\"or, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.'
" And so Ave may pass, step b}'^ step, through the Avhole instrument,
and our admiration of its Avonderful Avisdom, comprehensiveness, and
adaptation to all the circumstances and contingencies of the Government,
at home and abroad, in peace and war, Avill increase to the end.
" It erects an impregnable bulwark against the prcsumptous encroachments
alike of State and Federal power; it throws the shield of its loA'^e
and protection around the life and property of the humblest loyal citizen ;
Avhile its })onderous arm is mailed with iron to crush its enemies, domestic
or foreign, its care is as minute and its tenderness as paternal, as
its presence is ubiquitous and its power irresistible. Now it rescues a
child from the grasp of a despot and softly restores it to the mother's
heart; now it storms a fortress or sinks a navy Avith its invincible artillery.
From preaml)le to the hill of rights, it is the grandest exjionent
and safeguard of constitutional liberty, the sublimest embodiment of political
wisdom that the world ever saw.

103
" And especially now, when the everlasting lights of the Eepublic are
in danger of being extinguished by the fury of the tempest, and the
political vessel freighted with the hopes of ourselves and our posterity
is driving in darkness upon tl»e rocks, is it meet to recur for instruction
to the chart of the political ocean traced by the fathers. The Constitution
is the ' right bower ' of safety in. this tempest—it is able to save us
even now—it is strong enough and broad enough for even this emergency—let
us trust to it, resolved ' never to give up the ahip.' It is in this
way only that our people will have an unerring standard by which to
judge of public measures, and determine their duty as citizens. Without
this the}" will continue to be driven about by ever}^ wind of political doctrine,
a pre}' to the wildest theories and the most profligate demagogues.
To save a popular Government, the people must understand it; in no
other way can the}' with certainty bring their whole strength to support
the right and oppose the wrong. Let these things be tanght in our
Public Schools.
"These views ai'e based upon the assumed fact of the amazing ignorance
of the mass of our citizens in respect to the Grovernment under
which they live. Is the assumption challenged? Is issue taken on the
question of fact? The criterion is practical and easily applied. Let
such questions as the following be propounded : What three forms of
government existed among the thirteen original colonies, prior to the
Eevolution? Define each of those three forms of government. Which
of the colonies Avere under a Provincial or Royal Grovernment? Which
were under a Proprietary Government ? Which of them had Charter
Governments? Through what three distinct forms has the Government
of the United States passed? When did each form begin and end?
What is the history of the Articles of Confederation ? What led to the
abandonment of the Confederate form of Government, and the adoption
of the Constitutional? What States were represented in the Constitutional
Convention ? Who was chosen President ? Who were the delegates
? When did the present Constitution go into operation, that is,
how long has the present form of government existed ? Give an analysis
of the fundamental law. State ' the principles upon which the government
is founded—the political and individual rights of the citizens—and
the manner in which the sovereign powers are organized, distributed,
and administered.' These points are few, and strictly elementary, yet
how many of our citizens can answer them? Can one in a hundred of
the uneducated ? Can one in ten of the hojs in the advanced classes of
our graded and high Schools ? Can all the graduates of our Colleges,
Seminaries, and Univei'sities, answer them?
" Sup2)lementary to the theory and framework of our political system
as described in its organic law, let our sons be imbued with an exalted
sense of the elements and obligations of the citizenship which it creates.
Let our sons be taught in the Public Schools that they have duties to perform
as well as rights to enjoy. Teach them that liberty is not license
to do as the}^ please. Never was there ni the minds of American youth
an idea so common, and at the same time so radically and fatally wrong
as this. No definition of the word could be wider of the truth. God
never made such liberty as that. And the School boy who has no other
conception of it, has yet to begin the alphabet of American citizenship.
" We of this generation shall not "live to see the fruition of our labors
and hopes; but we must sow that our children may reap. He who has
no heart to plant the goodly tree, because he will never sit
friendly shade—who does not find requital for his toil in
beneath its
the thought

104
that his children and children's children will be benefited hy it, is not
equal to the demands of times like tliese. Let us begin the good work
now; let us teach our sons, in the Public Schools, to add to obedience,
rectitude; to rectitude, a knowledge of the organic law; of the true
nature of liberty and equality, and of the transcendent importance and
solemn duty of elevating the whole body of the people to a fitness for
the duties of citizenship.
" The past four years have been most eventful. When 1 entered this
office, in January, eighteen hundred and fiftj'-nine, we were a united,
powerful, and prosperous people; as I leave it, in January, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three, we are in the fiery crucible of war and commotion,
if not in the throes of national dissolution. It sometimes seems
like a horrid dream, from which we shall surely awake to find all as it
was—one country, one flag, one destiny. I yet have faith in God, in the
patriotism of our people, and in the justice of our cause. But whatever
the future, the sacred duties we owe to ourselves and our children cannot
be neglected or deferred ; our solemn obligations in these respects
are not diminished, but enhanced, by the perils and darkness which environ
the nation. If the safeguards of a virtuous education ai*e essential
in peace, they are still more so amid the downward tendencies incident
to a state of war.
" I love the commonwealth of Illinois. Arriving upon her soil in early
childhood, all the years of my youth, manhood, and maturity, are associated
with her history and progress. Her amazing resources were then
undeveloped ; her great career as a State was just commencing. For
thirty years I have observed her growth, sympathized in her struggles,
and rejoiced in her prosperity. To-day she is the fourth State of the
Union in population, and, with pardonable pride, be it said, the first State
for the Union, in the relative number, if not in the heroic achievements,
of her citizen soldiery. Ma}^ the day never dawn when one shall blush
to say that he is aij Illinoisan. I long to see this great State as distinguished
for the intelligence, integrity, and honor of her people, as she is
for the elements of material wealth and greatness; that she may be prepared
for the exalted destiny which God and Nature have placed within
her grasp."
PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND PATEIOTISM.
A distinguished rebel contemptuously said, not long ago, " The Grand
Army of the North is the offshoot, the legitimate fruit of Free Schools."
He spoke trul}^, and with equal truth we may say that treason, rebellion,
and anarchy, are the apples of Sodom, which spring up in States
where Free Schools cannot take root.
Three years ago, so jooliticaily demoralized was the Nation, it seemed
as if patriotism had been buried in the graves of the fathers of the Republic;
but it was onl}^ latent, and the events of the war have ])roved
that the Schools had been silently educating the ]:)eople to an intelligent
compi'ehension of the value of constitutional liberty, and to a deep love
of country.
The Teachers of tlic Public Schools, as a class, have been second to
none in patriotic devotion to the Union. The various Normal Schools
have sent more than their full quotas to the war. Illinois has sent not

105
less than thi'co thousand Teachers into the arm3^ In one countj^ not a
single male Teacher was left. Ohio has sent five thousand Teachers
into the army, or one half of tlie young men who were teaching at the
breaking out of the rebellion.
Says the State Superintendent : "So
far as I am informed, none of our
five thousand Teacher-soldiers have done dishonor to their new calling.
In the camp, on the march, and in the hour of battle, they have been
true to their country; as patient, as enduring, and as brave as the best
of all our troops. Ohio maj' well be proud of these, her sons."
New York has sent not less than three thousand of her Teachers from
the School-room to the battle field. The number sent from other States
is not returned ; but all the reports bear witness to their practical pat-
riotism.
California is so far removed from the scene of conflict that few of
her Teachers have entered the army. The old corps of San Francisco
Teachers is represented by Captain J. C. Morrill, who is as pojjular
among the "boys" of his command as he was among the boys of the
Spring Valley School.
The men who were trained when boys in the Public Schools, are the
men who make up the rank and file of the army, who carry the muskets,
dig the trenches, and do the hard fighting. The School reports of other
States are full of recognitions of this tact, and I cannot foi'bear quoting a
few extracts in this connection.
The Massachusetts report says :
" The Common Schools of the Free States are now fighting the battles
of the Union, and will triumph over the rebellion. Our Union
armies are strong in an intelligence derived from the Schools. Educated
mind makes men better soldiers, as it makes men better for every other
work. Educated men fight better than other men, because they put
thought into war. Thus it is true that ' bayonets think.' The volunteer
soldiers who sprang to arms from a thousand valleys of the North,
from the hills of New Hampshire and Yermont, from the prairies of Illinois,
from the shores of Maine and Massachusetts, from the machine
shops and manufactories, from the broad, sunny farms of New York,
and Pennsylvania, and Ohio—came because they saw and felt the importance
of the hour. This 'rising of a great people' was the work of
our Common Schools. Only a Nation thoroughl}^ educated, like ours,
could thus extemporize armies and navies, and in a few mouths change all
its habits to meet the exigencies of the occasion. Europe looks with
astonishment at us, unable to comprehend how a Nation so unmilitary
as ours, can rise up in a day armed for one of the greatest struggles the
world has seen. She cannot understand how a people, unaccustomed to
any restraint except its own will, can at once submit to the most arbiti'ary
acts of Government, and to the surrender of all the guarantees of
freedom. She is amazed to see a people, unaccustomed to taxation,
clamoring to be taxed. While she is dogmatically declaring our Union
at an end, she sees it rising up stronger than ever."
The Boston School report says
:
" Our Schools were founded in poverty and adversity, and maintained
14

106
through wars and revolutions. They have come down to us, a sacred trust.
We ai'e not departing from the principles of the founders of these institutions
when we encourage self-denial, generosity, and kind tlioughtfulness
for the welfare of others. Nor are we deviating from the pursuit
of the great objects of public education when, not satisfied with teaching
useful facts, strengthening the memory, and developing the intellectual
powers, we cherish the virtues of loyalty and patriotism, foster the
growth of the best feelings of the heart, and endeavor to train ut) in
habits of obedience, truth, and honesty, the citizens of the Comraonwealth."
The Superintendent of Maine, Hon. E. P. Weston, says :
" I have found the Teachers and pupils of some Schools warmly interested
in responding to the calls from battle fields and Hospitals for aid to
the sick and wounded. Manj^ a little School girl has taken her first lesson
in the love and service of her country, while sewing bandages or
scraping lint for the wounded soldiers ; dropping great teai*s, perhaps,
among the shreds, as she thought of brother or neighbor in the army
who might need for himself the very service she was rendering.
" In other Schools the pupils have been receiving lessons in geography,
history, and patriotism together; while thej^ have traced the march of
our armies, and marked with breathless interest every noble strike for
God and their countr}-, or grown pale with indignation at the intelligence
of cowardly and traitorous defeat. The School-rooms of our land, today,
cannot be better employed than in learning all that is possible of the
geogi'aphy and history of this terrible conflict. Let the chronicles of
the Avar, every day written, be stereotyped in their memories forever.
"In many of our Schools, primary and higher, I have been greeted
Country, 'tis of Thee,' 'The Star-
with patriotic songs; such as, ' My
-spangled Banner,' 'The Eed, White, and Blue,' the ' Liberty or Death'
of the old Mai'seillaise, and others of like spirit, poured from hearts and
voices on fire with the noble sentiments which they expressed. The influence
of these songs of liberty", as sung by our young patriots, in School
or elsewhere, and made familiar to the ears and hearts of the people, is
proverbially more powerful than laws and Constitutions—than the clearest
deductions and cold utterances of political philosophy. JSTor can even
popular oratory, however impassioned, arouse the fires of patriotism in
an assembly like ' ' The Dear Old Flag,' and The Land of the Free.' I
would encourage singing in all our Schools, nor only for its geueral influences,
but for its special power in this direction.
" There is another incidental exercise for the School-room closely allied
to tliis. I refer to the reading, or if you please, to the studying of the
literature ofUhertij; not of our own country alone, but of all liberty-loving
nations. The oratory, the narrative, and the poetry, which have been
begotten of the love of libcrt}", in all the history of her struggles against
oppression, constitute a most interesting chapter of the world's literature.
If our young people in the Schools were taken no farther back
than to the times which preceded the Eevolution, to study the speeches
which sprung from the heads and hearts of Fisher Ames and Patrick
Henry, and the Adamses, and the events which followed, it would be a
most appropriate and valuable incidental training for the times. Let
them add in the same kind, the addresses of Webster at the founding
and completion of Bunker Hill Monument, and Everett's oration at the
Anniversary of the Pilgrims' Landing. Let them also become familiar

107
with tlie songs of liberty which our more recent poets—Bryant, and
Long-fellow, and Whittier—have uttered. They will thus cultivate within
them a love for truth and beaut}', libert}' and patriotism together ; the
influence of which will be felt in their whole after life, as citizens of the
Great Republic."
The law requiring Teachers to take the oath of allegiance requires
theni to "teach those under their charge to love, reverence, and uphold
the Constitution and Government of the United States." There are
still a few Schools in the State where Teachers hardly dare to breathe
a few where the national patriotic songs are " con-
the word patriotism ;
"
traband;" a few where the under-current of the Teacher's influence is
anj'thing but patriotic. But the spirit of the great majority of the
Teachers of the State is well expressed in the following resolutions,
unanimously adopted by the State Institute last May :
" Resolved, That we, Teachers in the Public Schools of this State, regard
it as a sacred duty and a welcome task, to instil in the minds and hearts
of the young an undying love for their country, and an unwavering devotion
to our National flag.
" ResoJoed, That the Teachers of our country who are battling far the
unit}' and perpetuity of our JSTational Government, are entitled to all
honor, and we bid them Godspeed in the work of suppressing a rebellion
which is opposed alike to the cause of popular education and the spirit
of modern civilization.
" Resolved. That on the last School day preceding the Twenty-Second
of Februar}^, and also on the Fourth of July, we read, annually, to our
Schools, 'Washington's Farewell Address.' and the 'Declaration of Independence.'
The children in the Public Schools of San Francisco have given their
patriotism a practical direction by contributing lai'gely to the Sanitary
Fund. One noble little fellow in the Rincon School, only seven years
old, carried to his Teacher his little tin " Savings' Bank," which contained
seven dollars, his little hoardings for several yeai's, saying: "When I
woke up this morning I thought I would give this for the sick and
wounded soldiers." lie is dead now, but hundreds of boys and girls
Avill remember, when they have grown to be men and women, and when
the war will be only a subject of history and tradition, the self-sacrificing
patriotism of this little boy in the Public Schools. But, while the spirit
of the Schools is unmistakably loyal, there is too little systematic endeavor
to directly inculcate a devoted and patriotic love of country, which, next
to the worship of the Great Father of us all, is the deepest and grandest
emotion of the human heart.
In a majority of our Public Schools, the study of the history of our
own country is utterly neglected.
Some Teachers and Trustees, who think that education is bound up in
the covers of the text book or ai'ithmetic, and Avho gaze with more delight
on the algebraic symbols of the blackboard than on the stars of our
national flag, consider it a waste of time to study history ; and others,
knowing nothing of it themselves, are content to leave their pupils in
the same condition. The number of boys and girls in our Schools above
the age of fifteen, who know as little of th# history of their native
country as of China, is not limited by hundreds.
How can boys be expected to have any national pride when the whole

:
108
glorious record of our country is a sealed volume to them ? Chronological
tables of dates, the chaff of history, are of little consequence;
verbatim recitations of memorized pages of unimportant details are
little better than a waste of time; but the spirit of American history
can be infused into scholars by any Teacher who possesses a spark of
it himself, without interference with what are termed the " regular "
studies of the School-room.
The patriotic lessons of our national histor}' ought not to be subordinate
to those of the multiplication table. Many a dull boy wftl be
made alive, and man}'^ a vacant eye lighted w^ith attention, when some
story of the Eevolution is told by a Teacher who knows how to stir
young hearts. The heroic chapters of our history—let them be learned
by heart, committed to memory, told over and over again, and interwoven
with every memory of School days. The story of the sufferings,
privations, and dangers of the early settlers who founded the JSTation ; the
stubborn instinct with which the Colonists clung to principle, in the
preliminary struggles of the Eevolution; the character of Washington,
and how politicians intrigued to remove him from the head of the
army when victory failed to crown its banners ; the heroic endurance of
the old Continentals in the log huts of Valley Forge, starving, sick, barefoot
in mid-winter; the daring of " Old Put," " Mad Anthony," and
Ethan Allen ; the story of Lafayette, which ought to be told again to
Louis Napoleon; the damning treason of Benedict Arnold, the Cojjperhead,
whose " conditional loyaltj^ " depended on place and promotion ;
how the disgrace of the " Tories," those constitutional peace men of the
Eevolution, clung like the shirt of ISTessus to their descendants; how
" Old Hickory " treated the British invaders, meddlesome Judges, Calhoun,
South Carolina, and nullification ; how Webster and Clay stood by
the Constitution and the Union—all these, and a hundred more, should
be told till they are familiar as household tales.
Hon. J. S. Adams, State Superintendent of Vermont, says in his last
report
" The Prussians say that ' whatever you would have appear in a nation's
life, you must put into its Schools ;' and if this maxim be ever or
anywhere true, how much more so now and here. If we would have
courage, devotion, and a highminded patriotism to be the dominant traits
of our national or State character, Ave must teach them in our Schools.
" It is worse than idle to suppose that arithmetic and grammar, sci- .
ence and the classics, everything that is worthy of acquisition, is to be
taught with diligent and painful labor, while we may expect that an
unselfish love of country and home will come as it were by instinct,
unsought, and untaught. We must teac7i our children in the earlier and
fresher days of youth, to become brave, and true, and magnanimous.
" The qualifications of citizens for the duties of their citizenship is the
end and purpose for wdiich Schools were established. Why, then, do they
so carefully attend to the mint and cumin of arithmetic and gran\mar,
and neglect the weightier matter of the direct qualification of youth for
the duties of citizenship? When we find in our Schools upwards ofi
forty thousand children studying arithmetic, the fact that there is prob-[
ably not a single class in all the Schools who are receiving instruction in
regard to the Government and Constitution of our own State, is strongj
proof of a serious deficieflcy.
" But an intelligent citizenship requires a clear head as well as a warr
and true heart; it needs ability as well as true heartedness. He who u

109
shortly to become a legal voter, and therefore a sovereign lawmaker of
a republican commonwealth, will of necessity have force and usefulness
in direct proportion to his acquaintance with the Government, laws, instit
Uions, condition, capacities, and Avants of the State. A special and
accurate knowledge of the geography and history, the resources, the
capacities, the laws and institutions of Vermont, then, is a legitimate,
and should bo the leading object of instruction in Vermont Schools.
'' The neglect of these things in our Schools is so entire as to have the
appeflrance of design rather than accident. As was remarked in a preceding
quotation from the last report, ignorance of the history and geography
of our own State seems to be the rule, rather than the exception ;
and in this respect we stand in marked contrast with some of our neighbors.
The general familiarity of the pupils of many of the Massachus-
etts Schools with the history and geography of their own State, is
singularly pleasing to a stranger; her history is made a common study,
and in the hearts of her children, Plymouth Eock and Bunker Hill are
words of deep significance—the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, and the
struggles of Lexington and Concord have consecrated the soil of the
' Old Bay State' to the undying veneration of her children. Whei'ever
3'ou enter the Public Schools, maps of Massachusetts, and charts and
books upon her resources and capacities abound, and constant dwelling
upon the theme has made a patriotic attachment to their State and
country a pi'overbial and almost an inevitable trait of her people.
" The most singular foot th^ can be stated in connection with our
Public Schools, is that while oMensibly and really established for the
purpose of teaching our children how well to discharge the duties of
their future citizenship, this particular subject is almost the only one in
the whole range of scholastic attainments that receives absolutely no
attention whatever.
" There can sui'ely be no room for doubt in this matter. Freemen, in
the true sense of the.word, cannot happen like accidental fires, or grow
like turnips. The plaj^ of Othello, without any mention of the Moor himself,
would be a monument of sagacity by the side of a republican School,
organized expressly to impart all necessary qualifications to republican
citizens, that should never teach even the simplest elements of the prin-
ciples of republican institutions.
'• These gx'and fundamental piuncij^les should then be regularly taught'
in all our Schools. The minds and hearts of our children should grow
daily in constant familiarity with those moral and political principles
that precede and underlie all possible republicanism.
" Xor is this all. The State Bill of Eights, and the leading features
of the State and National Constitutions, with a knowledge of the different
departments of Government, both State and National, together with
some acquaintance with the method of making and executing laws,
should be topics of common conversation and particular instruction in
every Common School, to all the older pupils at least."
In an address before the New York State Teachers' Association, President
Pomeroy thus eloquently sets forth the relation of Public School
education to the Government:
"A remarkable statement is recorded in the archives at Washington.
It stands vouched for b}" the signature of the President. I allude to
the circumstance that in the old army and navy of the United States,
not a private was found willing to join the insurgents, or could be in-

110
duced to join them, in their mad revolt against the Government. In
these two branches of the public service the rebellion was confined entirely
to the officers; while in the country at large it origijially embraced
none but the leading politicians and the few over whom they
were able to exercise a controlling influence.
" These officers and leaders were the most intelligent men of their section
; many of them possessed of fine scholastic attainments, and the most
liberal culture. Now, if education is to be regarded as the principal
safeguard of the Nation, why is it that we find the Constitution set at
defiance, their sworn allegiance abrogated, and the Government brought
into peril, bj^ these educated men ? At first view, one would be led to
suppose, either that our theory of universal education, as we have
understood it, was a fallacy, or that our systems of education were not
what they ought to be. The supposition may be partiall}' correct on
both these points, but before passing judgment too hastily, there are
other facts to be considered, which present the subject in a somewhat
different aspect.
" The unconditional outspoken loyalty of the country is found only in
those sections where Schools are most abundant and best appreciated
and where education is the freest. I believe it will be found true, thatt
just in proportion as the privileges of School instruction are withheld
from the niasscs of the people, or in proportion as these privileges are
disregarded by them, just in that proportion disloj^alty prevails. As
those are provided, this disappears, '^e New England States, for instance,
are the most intensely educatiowil, and I think it will not be denied
that they have shown themselves the most intensely loyal; though
no inviduous distinctions should be made, of course, between States that
are absolutel}^ loyal. The Cotton States, where a general diffusion of
educational privileges is more restricted than in other jjarts of the;
country, (and necessarily so,) were the first to raise the standard of revolt,
and have been all the time most unanimous j^nd bitter in their opposition
to the Government. And anywhere at the North, in thosei
localities where the least attention is given to education, and the least
provision made for the support of Schools, we find the sympathies of thei
people most inclined to favor the cause of treason. In southern Illinois,
for instance—often called the Egypt of that State, on account of its
darkness—the School privileges of the children, and the'
heart-felt loyality of the people, ai*e. equally deficient and un^DOjoular.
" This is true, also, of southern Indiana—western Tennessee—north
ern Missouri—and some parts of Kentuck3\ And so with the country
at large— North or South — the education and intelligence of the^
masses of the people, maj^ everywhere be taken as a true guage of their
loyalty. The rule will apply with equal certaint}' to the wards of our
Northern cities—and to neighborhoods in the country. In those wards
and neighborhoods where ignorance and vice arc the ruling characteristics
of the people, evidence is not wanting to show that there, and
there only, rebellion
finds its counterpart.
has its truest Northern partisans; there secession
" These arc facts of overwhelming importance. They prove, or, at
least, justifj^ the inference, that however much our Schools may have
seemed to come short of that desirable result which reduces the general
aggregate of crime, they are
the Government.
sure and unfailing nurseries of loyalit}^ tc
"But while we perceive the importance of universal education, as a
political necessity of the country, we must not forget that this wan
' educational
—

Ill
teaches anothei* great lesson, equally suggestive to the Educator and the
Statesman— that a monopoly of learning is no less dangerous, and is,
perhaps even more dangei'ous than a deficiency of intelligence. The two
extremes are to be equally avoided if we would preserve our national
integrity" from overthrow and decay.
" Of the two hundred and thirty-eight Colleges in the United States,
according to the census of eighteen hundred and fifty, one hundred and
twenty-four were located South, with a nominal population of about six
millions to support them, though less than one tenth of this population
are the only real patrons those institutions ever have, or are ever expected
to have. The other one hundred and fourteen—considerably less
than one half—belong to the North, and accommodate a population of
over twenty millions. In addition to this, our Northern Colleges are
often filled with Southern students, but it rarely happens that Northern
students are sent to Soutliern Colleges.
" Since they have few Schools accessible to the poor, as compared with
the number of persons embraced in that large class of their population,
it follows that education with them is confined almost entirelj^ to the
ranks of the aristocracy—those who are able to send their children to
the higher Seminaries of learning, or employ private tutors for them at
home. The great majority of the people are too poor to do this, in
any part of the country, or in any part of the world. Hence there is
a monopoly of learning with them ; and whenever such a monopoly exists,
society will soon come to discharge all its functions in accordance with
the leading political idea of Calhoun—A few to think ; the many to work.
From this the transition is easy and natural to the later maxim of his
numerous disciples—The thinkers to rule ; the workers to serve. Conspiracies
are easily formed where such a state of things exists; it only
requires the motive to develop the dispositi,on, and a slight motive will
suffice. It enables the ruling class to keep the political power of their
section in their own hands, because an}' combination they may enter into
will possess a moral force equivalent to law."
MILITAEY DEILL IN SCHOOL.
The question of military drill in Public Schools has recently excited
much discussion among Teachers and educators.
As usual when new questions are agitated, much has been said and
written on the advantages which would result from such training in
School, and very little has been done.
In the Rincon School, San Francisco, a company of boys has been
organized under the instruction of a gentleman of military tastes and
habits, and the experiment has proved quite Successful.
During the many years the same School w^as under my own supervision,
the older bo^^s were regularly and systematically trained to a full
course of gymnastic exercises. One of those bo3'S is now in West Point
Military Academy, and he holds the ph3-sical training he received in the
Rincon School a thousand times more valuable to him than the intellectual,
because it gave him the physical stamina so necessary in a Military
Academy. I know that most of the young men who were members of

112
those gymnastic classes look back upon their physical training as the
most useful part of their School education.
In a few of our Colleges, High Schools, and City Grammar Schools,
boys may be organized into companies and drilled in the elements of
militarj' tactics; but, in the great majority of the Public Schools in the
State, this is utteidy impossible, in consequence of the small number of
boj'S in each School, and the inequality of age and size.
"What, then, can be done in the Schools ? An}- experienced military
man who has passed through even a single campaign of actual war service
will declare that the first great requisites for a good soldier, before
which all others sink into secondary importance, are sound health, stamina,
activity, and jjower of endurance. The mere manual and tactics can
be learned by the rawest recruits in a few v^^eeks ; but muscles of iron and
sinews of steel cannot be fastened upon them like knapsacks. The ancient
Greeks and Eomans trained their boys from childhood to become
efficient soldiers by inuring them to exposure and hardship, and by systematic
gymnastic exercises. The long lists of " exempts" from militar}*
service show a fearful condition of physical weakness among men in the
prime of life ; and the fate of thousands in the army who have sunk
under the hardships of a soldier's life into the Hospitals, and from the
Hospitals into their graves, reveals lack of Rtaniina in the Nation. Something
more than military drill is needed to raise the standard of phj^sical
vigor, and make a nation of fighting men fit to carry on a war. We must
begin at the foundation with the three millions of boys in the Public
Schools, by training them, during their whole School life, to gymnastic
exercises, systematicall}^ followed up—to games of ball, leaping, wrestling,
boxing, and all other athletic out-door exercises.
Were they to grow up, under such a training, to a manhood of muscular
power, instead of effeminate weakness, they Avould make fit soldiers
to fight and win the battles of the I^ation. This war is teaching us some
useful lessons at the point of the baj'onet, and nothing less effective will
ever reach the minds of those who think the sole object of the Public
Schools is to teach arithmetic, reading, and writing.
CONCLUSION.
The first official term of eleven months, for which I was elected to the
office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, closes with this report,
which has necessarily been prepared, without even the opportunity of
revision, at odd intervals of time, snatched from the performance of
other office duties.
The importance of the various subjects presented has precluded the
possibility of a brief report j
and, as the School reports of other sections
of the Union seldom i-each this State, I have quoted extensively the
views of eminent educational men, for the purpose of imparting to
School officers some information concerning the pi-ogress of Public
Schools in the older States.
I have endeavored to set forth in plain words the defects and the
wants of our Public School system. Could I have conscientiously done
80, it would have been pleasanter to have found more to commend and
less to censure; but unmerited laudation seldom effects needed reforms.

113
In entering upon another official term of four years, 1 am able to comprehend
in some measure the magnitude of the work to be done, and I
assume the task in no spirit of self-confidence. Having devoted my
whole life to the profession of teaching—having taught ten years in the
Public Scliools of this State—I have an ambition to co-operate with the
many earnest and devoted Teachers in California who are striving to
awaken public opinion to a truer estimate of the relation of Free
Schools to the future permanence and prosperity of the State, and to
a higher estimation of the profession of teaching. The efforts of
Teachers and Superintendents, however, will effect comparatively little,
unless seconded by judicicms legislation, Avhich shall anticipate the future,
as well as comprehend the present.
I appeal to every legislator, in considering the question of a State
School tax, to bear in mind that his vote will influence the destinies of a
hundred thousand children for good or for evil ; that twenty thousand
children in the State are growing up "not attending any School ;" that
the best "franchise " which can be granted to the State is a generation
of young men, trained to an intelligent patriotism ; and that true economy,
anticipating the future, sometimes consists in a liberal expenditure
of means, rather than in short-sighted retrenchment.
Department op Public Instruction, \
San Francisco, November 1, 1863. j
15
JOHN SWETT,
Superintendent of Public Instruction.

i
STATISTICAL TABLES.

STATISTICAL TABLES.
TABLE 1.
Statement of the total amount of State School Fund apportioned during
the School year ending August thirty-first, eighteen hundred and
sixty-three.
TABLE 2.
Abstract of the Statistical Eeports of the Count}- Superintendents of
Public Schools in the State of California, for the vSchool j^ear ending
August #thirt3--first, eighteen hundred and sixty-three—statistics taken
from returns of School Census Marshals.
TABLE 3.
Abstracts of the Statistical Eeports of the County Suj3erintendents of
Public Schools of the State of California, for the School year ending-
August thirty-first, eighteen hundred and sixty-three—statistics taken
from reports of Public School Teachei's. and District School Trustees.
TABLE 4.
Abstract of the Financial Eeports of County Superintendents and
County Treasurers of the State of California, for the School j^ear ending
August thirty-first, eighteen hundred and sixty-three—receipts.
Expenditures.
TABLE 4 .—Continued.

118
TABLE 5
Abstract of the Supplementary Reports of County Superintendents.
Miscellaneous statistics for the School year ending August thirty-first,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
TABLE 5.—Continued.
TABLE 6.
Abstract of the Financial Reports of County Superintendents and
County Treasurers, showing errors and variations.
TABLE 6 .—Continued.
TABLE 6.—Continued.
TABLE 7.
List of County Superintendents in the State of California.
TABLE 7 .—Continued.
TABLE 8.
Statement showing the amount of School mone}- raised by county tax
in each county, for each child between four and eighteen years of age,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
TABLE 9.
Statement showing the amount per School child in each county, derived
from all sources.

I
119
TABLE 10.
Statement showing the assessed valuation of i)ropei"ty in each county
in eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and the rate of county School tax on
each one hundred dollars.
TABLE 11.
Statement showing the amount wdiich would be raised in each county
by a half mill School tax, and the amount to such tax which the county
would receive back.

120
TABLE 1.
STATEMENT of the Total Amount of State School Fund apportioned during
the School Year ending August Sls^, 1863.
No. COUNTIES.
1 Alameda
2 Amador
3 Butte
4 Calaveras
5 Colusa
6 Contra Costa
7 Del Norte
8 El Dorado
9 Fresno
10 Humboldt
11 Klamath
12 Lake
13 Los Angeles
14 Marin
15 Mariposa
16 Mendocino
17 Merced
18 Mono
19 Monterey
20 Napa
21 Nevada
22 Placer »..
23 Plumas
24 Sacramento
25 San Bernardino .,
26 San Diego
27 San Francisco
28 San Joaquin
29 San Luis Obispo.
30 San Mateo
31 Santa Barbara....
32 Santa Clara
33 Santa Cruz
34 Shasta ....
'.
35 Sierra
36 Siskiyou
37 Solano
38 Sonoma
39 Stanislaus
Carried forward 1
$58,346
January July
Apportionment. Apportionment.
$1,909 80
1,564 20
1,521 00
1,791 00
400 50
1,346 40
138 60
2,754 00
36 90
628 20
63 00
321 20
2,158 20
574 20
791 10
666 00
240 30
47 7u
1,435 50
1,158 30
2,211 30
1,607 40
418 10
3,957 30
864 00
310 50
11,686 50
2,830 50
661 50
711 90
1,149 30
3,207 60
1,323 90
862 20
684 00
664 20
1,805 40
3,451 50
308 10
30
$2,323 61
1,949- 19
1,855 70
2,218 70
524 10
1,834
182
3r>oo
,ooo
44
771
83
395
2.581
'669
961
813
290
46
1,776
1,408
2,714 41
1,962 68
485 42
4,962 86
1,080 55
381
14,505
3,449
779
873
1,434
4,067
1,622
1,063
841
813
2,235
4,271
463
172,080 55
Total
Apportionment.
$4,233 41
3,513 39
3,376 70
4,009 70
924 60
3,181 06
321 37
6,092 55
• 81 73
1,399 44
146 60
726 29
4,740 19
1,243 89
1,752 87
1,479 20
530 51
94 34
3,211 85
2,566 86
4,925 71
3,570 08
898 52
8,920 16
1.944 55
691 60
26,192 30
6,280 35
1,441 30
1,585 23
2,584 06
7,275 38
2,946
1,925 24
1,525 55
1,477 64
4,041 18
7,723 30
831 'i7
$130,406 85

No. COUNTIES.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Brought forward
Sutter
Tehama
Trinity
Tulare ,
Tuolumne
Yolo
Yuba
Totals
16
121
Table 1—Continued.
January
Apportionment.
$58,346 30
691 20
490 50
270 90
739 80
1,593 90
1,243 80
1,662 10
)5,038 50
July
Apportionment.
$72,080 55
870 34
620 35
343 38
938 36
1,988 73
1,531 66
2,125 97
Total
Apportionment.
$130,406 85
1,561 54
1,110 85
614 28
1,678 16
3,582 63
2,775 46
3,808 07
),499 34 $145,537 84

^
-^
^
122

123
r-liOr-rCM^QC QO
rH^r-i ofr-I' CO" -t^'of rH^CO'^rn" rn" C^fco" C^Tr-Tr-
-*Q0G0Ot^>O(MCD— cc
c3!:S(:Sc3c3cS«ciJ=.:x.iC O '
S ^o
"3
+J r-C .^
cS
r- O Hh =! S o
• ^
a:a2ccc»i/icccoc/:Kc»Jca:'a:i2iX'EHE-iEHHl>^H
(
I
lO
lO
C0_^
oo"
CO
o

^-
c
124

125

^
§
a
^
e
^
^^
^ CO
S^i—
I
o »
CO
2 «
I 1^
1^
CQ
^
0^
O
M
H
CO
Total Amount received
from all sources for
support of Schools ..
Amount received from
Rate Bills and Sub-
.'
scription
Amount of money received
from District
Taxes
Amount of School
money received from
County Taxes
Amount of School
Fund received from
the State
126
T-lb-CMQOQDrtlOOCiCO'H^iOt^OiO^O
OCOCOi—liOCOOrt

t~- o
CD r-i
00 -^
c
I—I i-H t-
-^ CO O
tM
^
O O
-M .10
1:^ lO 1—
I
127
(MCOOifMCOiOQOiCursiMOOO'^OJCiCOOlO-^-rhlODOOCqb-ai
COOifMCOCM-TtHOSCOOt^COOOOiCOOiOt-G^lOt^OJCOOCOTtl
C0iO(M

C3
a
'•^
- o O
pq
Balance on hand at close of
the School Year
Total expenditures for School
Purposes
Amount expended for Rent,
Fuel, and Contingent Expenses
Amount expende'd for School
Apparatus
Amount expended for School
Libraries
Amount expended for Sites,
Buildings, Repairs, and
School Furniture
Amount paid for Teachers'
Salaries
128
lO Ci l^ ID CO 05
CO (M -rJH C5 CO CO
CO O O O -f c>
t^ I— (M -;t< rH CO
O rH r-< (M GO CO
>—I CO o
'* C

129
.—I -f CO o 'DO o GO >—I o ri -t< 1-^ c -t< to O >!
C.
CO O Ol CO O Ol
(M lO •—I O 00 C-l
rH rH Ci
05 lO
1—1 iM
O lO O (M
O O CO lO
OO i-H Ci CO
O 05 00 I—
rH O lO
OCOCOt^OlOOi'^Oi—li-HO(MO-ti05C0OOi—llr^Oi—l(MO' C01>»—I^GOOGO'+iOOi—It^OOi—((MOO
OOGOiOi—l-rroOCSGiGOi—iClO^Ht^iCOO^COCOt^iOCOCOCOCiiOCO
'*''co''o"co'~r-rco'~i—T CO't-^ Co'^r-ri>rco"co"o~Co"o'"co"T-rco'~C3"i—TiM^O^Oo'c^t"
rH (M 00 r-l rH r-^ t-H
O -1-J
S3
o o
g^;zi|z;SPH
17
O
esPQ
c3 ^
5S
o
&4
03
03
•50
o3 3
I -I ,^ m Q 6
H,^^o3o3o33j3^gg.2
fl fl i3 S a is ?-, a;! oQ rs c3
C^ G^ CS o ?s
o3 c3 03 03 S3 oJ c3 oS J3 .^iJ .ifi O 6 X2 ^- ^-^ " - - - . .-
I
00
C5i
G5
-*
o
CO
oo
'M
(M
CO
Ci
OO
CO
CO
(M
CO
o

s
s
^
^
s
^
^
K CO
^ CO
'^ rH
S „
Is OD
•s >—
?: CO
>^
^
e
S
5Q
O
EH
pq
'
No. Schools maintained 9
months and over
No. Schools maintained more
than 6 & less than 9 months
No. Schools maintained more
than 3 & less than 6 months
No. Schools maintained only
three months
No. Schools maintained less
than three months
Average monthly Wages p'd
to all Teachers
Lowest Monthly 'Wages, b'rd
incl'd, p'd Female Teachers
Lowest Monthly Wages, b'rd
incl'd, paid Male Teachers
High't Monthly Wages, b'rd
incl'd, p'd Female Teachers
High't Monthly Wages, b'rd
incl'd, p'd Male Teachers...
Total No. Teachers employed
during year
No. Female Teachers employed
during year
No. Male Teachers employed
during year
Total No. of School Districts
130
lO iM (M ^
"* (M ?D ^ CO lO rH CO

131

Salary of County Superintendents.
Rate of County School Tax.
No. of Teachers allowed and paid for
time in attendance on Institutes....
No. of Teachers who attended County
Teachers' Institutes
No. of Teachers who attended State
Teachers' Institute
No. of Teachers who subscribe for an
Educational Journal
No. of School Districts which have
raised a District Tax
No. of Free Public Schools maintained
without Rate Bills
No. of School visits made by other persons
No. of School visits made by Trustees
No. of School visits made by County
Superintendent
No. of applicants rejected by County
Board of Examination
No. of Temporary Certificates issued by
County Superintendent
No. of Second Grade Certificates issued
by County Board of Examination...
No. of First Grade Certificates issued
by County Board of Examination...
No. of School-houses which disgrace
the State
No. of School-houses built of wood...
No. of School-houses built of brick.
132
Average No. mos. School was maintained
in all S«hool Districts of County..
o o o o • o
-t^ o o o : lo
C-l O rH CO • r-i
«©= :
(M (M 1—I r-( rH !M r-H CI
^^
(M C» Ci O O T+H
«:>
(M
r-i Gi . r-i
lO 1~- O O i-- lO 0-1 (M
1:^ CO 't M '^ CO
OOOOOiOC»OrH'*
CO lO M CO (M J—
lO O "* GO
o i—i GO r^ t~ Cvi
I—I i-H l-H -^
CO C-l O GO CO I—I CM T—
(M (M CO' r-t I—I (M TjH
I
I
O O O O
M O O O
1—I (M lTi (M
lO CO O O
T—I (M iM 1—
Jt^ O GO GO

oooooooo
(Mr-Hi—l-^OOi—IO
iO O O O O O
(M r-H (M (M O -M
I I
o o o o
O LO lO o
O >0 -H CO
O (M O O
(M (M O 00:D'OOOiOO
I—(Ol .r-Hi—It—It—l(Mr—(0- I— I
o t^
O (M
6TJ^L6urj-^CO-T)^COOlO^OcjcdcdlOlJ:OTl^LdTJ^'^^docO
^3
-
-^
O O CS 15 ^
•3-|0
b£
p;fi^^^^qg^ c3^|
c3
-1-3 +J -^J a;
^ .1-? fl
'w f-l
C -t-3
!= C C S c = c s
_^
fe;ju:5k;::i4r^^:r":r'Sc3cic3c3i:sc3c;i:3rt-^.;:..x:oo-M^j^
c3 ci cS ci ci c3 c5 rt
I
B
I
lO
3 o s
o
CD
00
0-1
O CO
O CO
CI
as
C-1
CO
id
be
">
o

^3
s
S.
^
^
'^^
H
O
^ CO o-i
lO O lO — f< iC lO
C» t^ CO CO t^ O
rH O CO OO CO 1—1
go" -^^ co" of c

I
lO Tt< «o I—
tJ< I— I O CO
rH 00 t^ -tl
T—i CO C
lO r—
O >—I CO -+I O r-H
r^ CO O rH O 05
d CO -^< CO CO ^
'-i^ O O [^ o -t
CO ^^-t lO^Ci^CO
CO r-H lO t-^
I
I
05 T+H
O CO
>0 CO
II
135
IT
i-^ 1— I Oi lO O
CO Ol t^ lO O
^^ t^ -M C3
^
O
CO lO t^ I—
CO CM 1—1 t^
lO O O 00 lO iM CO O CO oo
COOCOl-^COOOCO

Variations.
Approximate Amount, from corrected
returns in Department of
Public Instruction
Variations
Receipts, as formed by corrected
addition of County Superintendents'
reports
a
'-+3
a
o
O Total Amount received from all
sources for support of Schools,
from column of "Totals" as returned
by County Superintendents
136
t- 05 Tt< b- (M -.^ 00 I— I CO
O lO Oi CO -^ CM CD t^

Or-(OMOr-ii—iiOO
I—(C

o
en
Balance on hand, as returned by
County Treasurers.
Variations
.
Balance on hand, as reported by
Pounty Superintendents
Balance on hand, from corrected
reports
Variations.
Amount as reported iu column of
totals by County Superintendents
Total Expenditure, found by correct
addition of "itums," as returned
by County Superinteudents
138
I
O (M GO (M CO 1—
00 C-l O -* (M I--
O "^< -GOi—lO
COl-^GOCSGO-^tOSCO
OOCO»OCOO'^i—
t^t^iOt^COCOl^O
lO t^ I—I lO CO rH T—
cTj o CO ctj sq
GO

(M ^ '^ -* GO T-l
139

140
TABLE 7.
LIST of County Siqjerintendents in the State of California.
No Counties. Term Expiring March 1st, 1864. Post OflBce Address.
1 Alameda
2 Amador
3 Butte
4 Calavaras ,
5 Colusa
6 Contra Costa
7 Del Norte
8 El Dorado
9 Fresno
10 Humboldt
11 Klamath
12|Lake
13 Los Angeles
14 Marin
15 Mariposa
16 Mendocino
17 Merced
18 Mono
19 Monterey
20 Napa
21 Nevada
22 Placer
23 Plumas
24 Sacramento
25 San Bernardino..
26 San Diego
27 San Francisco....
28 San Joaquin
29 San Luis Obispo.
30 San Mateo
31 Santa Barbara....
32 Santa Clara
33 Santa Cruz
34 Shasta
35 Sierra
36 Siskij^ou
37 .Solano
38|Sonoma
39|Stanisraus
40lSutter
4l!Tohama
42|Trinity
B. N. Seymour
Alvarado
Samuel Page
Jackson
S. B. Osbourne
Oroville
Robert Thompson.. Mokelumne Hill...
John C. Addingtou. Colusa
D. S. Woodruft'
Contra Costa
C. N. Hinckley
Crescent City
M. A. Lj-nde
Diamond Springs.
H. M. Quigley
Visalia
W. L. Jones
Humboldt
R. P. Hirst
Orleans Bar
W. E. Matthews.... Lakeport
John M. Shore
Los Angeles
James Mi Her San Rafael.
|
J. R. McCready.
Mariposa
E. R. Budd.
Ukiah...
R. B. Huey.
Snellinof
C. A. Niles iAurora.
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Forest Hill
Quincy
Sacramento
San Bernardino..
San Diego
San Francisco
Stockton
San Luis Obispo.
Redwood City
Santa Barbai'a....
San Jose
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Downieville
Yreka
Vallcjo
Santa liosa
G. W. Bird
A. Higbie
J. C. Chittenden
A. H. Groodrich
A. S. Titus
F. W. Hatch .
A. F. McKinney
George A. Pendleton.
George Tait
Cyrus Collins
Alexander Murray....
W. C. Crook
R. De la Guerra
S. S. Wiles
D. J. Haslam
Grove K. Godfrey. ...
W. C. Pond
T. N. Stone
J. W. Hines
C. G. Ames
A. B. Anderson 'Knight's Ferry.
J. E. Stevens lYuba City
W. H. Bahney |Red Bluff
F. AValter
'.
jWeaverviUe

No
141
Table 7—Continued.

142
TABLE 7—Continued.
LIST of County Superintendents in the State of California.
No. COUNTIES.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
9Zo
Alameda
Amador
Butte
Calaveras —
Colusa
Contra Costa.
Del Norte
El Dorado
Fresno
Humboldt
Klamath
I
Elect; fen- two years from March I p^^^
1st, 1864, to March 1st, lbt)6.
B. N. Seymour.
D. Townsend...
Isaac Upham...,
W. C. Masher..
T. J. Andrus....
J. T. S. Smith..
R. J. McLellan
S. A. Penwell...
S. H. Hill
W. L. Jones
B. Lee
Lake Thomas B. Sleeper
Los Angeles.
Marin.
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced :.
Mono
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Placer
Plumas
Sacramento
San Bernardino..
26|San Diego
27 San Francisco....
28 San Joaquin
29|San Luis Obispo.
SOjSan Mateo
3l|Santa Barbara...
32 Santa Clara
33 Santa Cruz
34 Shasta
35 Sierra
3(5 Siskiyou
37 Solano
38 Sonoma
31) Stanislaus
40 Sutter
41 Tehama ..
A. B. Chapman.
J. W. Zuver
F. C. Lawrence.
J. L. Broaddus .
R. B. Huey
E. Eari
A. Higbie
M. S. Deal
A. H. Goodrich
M. Hollingsworth. ...
Sparrow S mith
E. Robbins
Jose M. Estudillo
George Tait
Molvill Cottle
Alexander Murray....
W. C. Crook
A. B. Thompson
Wesley Tonner
^^^^ ^^^^^.^^^_
Alvarado
Volcano,
Oroville
Mokelumne Hill...
Colusa
Pacheco
Crescent Cit}^
Placerville
Scottsburg
Humboldt
Sawj'er's Bar
Upper Lake
Los Angeles
Bloomfieid, Sonoma
County
Mariposa
Ukiah
Snellino-
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Forest Hill
Quincy
Sacramento
San Bernardino..
San Diego
San Francisco
Stockton
San Luis 01)ispo.
Redwood City
Santa Barbara...
San Jose
W. C. Bartlett iSanta Cruz.
John J. Conmey Shasta
W. C. Pond IDowmieville
Thomas N. Stone
G. W. Simonton
C. G. Ames
George W. Shell
Yreka
Green Valley
Santa Rosa
Knight's Ferry...
N. Furlong jWest Butte
W. H. Baliney |Red Bluft'...

No.
143
Table 7—Continued.

144
TABLE 8.
STATEMENT showing the amount of School Money raised hy County Tax
in each county, for each Child between Four and Eighteen years of age,
18G3.
San Francisco.
Trinity
Colusa ,
Placer
Marin
Alameda
El Dorado
Stanislaus
Merced
Fresno
San Joaquin ...
Mono
Mendocino
Sacramento
Yuba
Yolo
Nevada
Amador
Tehama
Butte
Monterey
Solano
Mariposa
Siskiyou
Sierra
Contra Costa..
Los Angeles ...
Santa Cruz
Del Norte
Shasta
Sutter
Santa Clara....
Humboldt
Tuolumne
Napa
Calaveras
Sonoma
San Diego
Tulare
Plumas
Lake
COUNTIES.

Santa Barbara
San Bernardino
San Luis Obispo
Klamath, (not known),
19
145
Table 8—Continued.
COUNTIES. Amounts.
54
42
18

146
TABLE 9.
STATEMENT shoioing the Amount per School Child in each County derived
from all sources.
San Francisco
Sacramento ...
Trinity
Del Norte
San Joaquin ..
El Dorado
Stanislaus
Yuba
San Mateo
Colusa
Placer
Nevada
Klamath
Yolo
Alameda
Amador
Marin
Santa Clara ..
Tehama
Fresno
Merced
Sierra
Butte
Mariposa
Siskij^ou
Solano
Sutter
Contra Costa
Sonoma
Napa
Shasta
Monterc}'
Calaveras
Humboldt
Mono
Santa Cruz ...
Tuolumne
Los Angeles.,
Plumas
Tulare
Lake
Mendocino
COUNTIES. Amounts.
S13
10
9
9
S
8
8
8

San Diego
Santa Barbara ..
San Beraardino.
San Luis Obispo
147
Table 9—Continued.
COUNTIES. Amounts.
82 93
2 48
2 41
2 15

148
TABLE 10.
STATEMEJSTT showing the Assessed Valuation of Property in each Comity in
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Hi
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
l!!^62, awl the Rate of County School Tax on each Hundred Dollars.
Alameda
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte
El Dorado
Fresno
Humboldt
Klamath
Lake
Los Angeles
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Montere}^
Mono
Napa
Nevada
Placer
Plumas
Sacramento
San /Bernardino..
San Diego..
San Francisco....
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara...
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
COUNTIES.
00 M
OS ,
14,100,000 00|
2,187,708 OO;
2,950.551 00
5,248,624 00
2,643,809 00
1,840,000 00
300,435 00
3,862,649 00
962,985 00
1,352,790 00
291.645 00
313,246 00
3,065,330 00
1,817,553 00
1,536,330 00
1.165.502 00
966,221 00
1,297,442 00
310,896 00
2,937,760 00
5.055,370 00
3.225,248 00
1,070,000 00
8.820,018 00
417,238 00
471,806 00
66,531.207
4,670,194
512,742
00
00
00
2,165,366 00
819,405 00
6,038,375 00
1,086,918 00
Carried forward ||140,635,343 00

149
Table 10—Continued.
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Brought forward
Shasta
Sierra
Siskij'ou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter
Tehama
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Yolo
Yuba
8140,635.343
1,364.998
1,159.205
1,653,000
3,601.171
3,390,677
768,058
1,946.076
2,013,749
1,166,414
1,266,488
2,742,450
2,322,975
5,022,424
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Total valuation |8169,053,028 00
10
10
15
10
25
10
6
25
10
10
15
10

150
TABLE 11.
STATEMENT showing the amount tvhich would he raised in each County hy
a Half-Mill School Tax, and the amount to such Tax tvhich each Couutt/
woidd receive hack.
1
2 o
O
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
COUNTIES.
Alameda
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte
El Dorado
Fresno
Humboldt
Klamath
Lake
Los Angeles
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Montere}^
Mono
Napa
Nevada
Placer
Plumas
Sacramento
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Francisco
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Carried forward
^ <
o
- H
^4,100,000 00
2,187,708 00
2,950,551 00
5.248,624 00
2,643,809 00
1,840.000 00
300.435
3,862.649
962.985
1,352,790
291.645
313,246
3,065,330 00
1,817,553 00
1,536,330 00
1,165,502 00
966,221 00
1,297,422 00
310,896 00
2,937,760 00
5,055,370 00
3,225.248 00
1,070,000 00
8,820,018 00
417,238 00
471,806 00
66,531,207 00
4,670.194 00
512,742 00
2,105.336 00
S132,670,545 00
-SCO
o] I-? S.
82,050 00
1,093 00
1,475 00
2,624 00
1,321
920
150
1,931
481
676
145
156
1,532
908
768
582
483
648
155
1,468
2,527
1,612
535
4,410
258
235
33,265
2,335
256
1,032
.^66,351 00
'
O £?"• JL r B
a s 2. s c
h- ? S S s
c-. 5 1=-
^
$2,143 00
1,875
1,722
2.281
'494
1,607
153
2,879
32
700
81
325
2.373
'725
858
848
276
1,599
109
1,250
2,225
1,940
514
4,510
1,072
348
16,228
3,156
732
835
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
853,890 00

COUNTIES.
Brought forward.
31 Santa Barbara
32 Santa Clara
33 Santa Cruz
31 Shasta
35 Sierra
36 Siskij'ou
37 Sohino
38 Sonoma
39 Stanislaus
40 Sutter
41 Tehama
42 Trinit}-
43 Tulare
44 Tuolumne
45 Yolo
46 Yuba
Totals.
151
Table 11—Continued.
-¥

2Q
APPENDIX'

154
APPENDIX.
EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS.
No. County. Name.
1 Amador County
2 Sacramento County.
3 Calaveras County...,
4 Yolo County
5 Nevada County
6 ISTapa County ,
7 Marin County
8 Siskiyou County
9 Shasta County
10 Alameda County.
11
12
13
Merced County
Butte Count}^
Eeport of State Normal School
Samuel Page Superintendent.
Dr. F. W. Hatch Superintendent.
Eobert Thompson Superintendent.
Henry Gaddis Superintendent.
J. A. Chittenden Superintendent.
A. Higbie Superintendent.
James Miller Superintendent.
Thomas N. Stone Superintendent.
Grove K. Godfrey Superintendent.
B. N. Seymour Superintendent.
R. B. Iluej' Superintendent.
S. B. Osbourne Superintendent.

EXTRA.CTS
FROM
REPORTS OF COUNTY SDPERINTENDENTS.
AMADOE COUNTY.
Samuel Page County Superintendent.
We find by looking over the Teachers' and Trustees' reports, that our
average School term this year would have been longer than the last if
the School year had not been shortened. The attendance is better;
more interest is manifested in furnishing School-rooms with apparatus,
and in building new School-houses. Much, however, is needed in fencing
and improving playgrounds. The revision of the School Law has remedied
many defects.
We have tried, as far as practicable, to comply with the recommendation
of the State Board of Education in regard to text books. In many
districts the new books are used with satisfaction, but others wish to be
excused until the desired change can be more conveniently made.
STATE TAX.
The anticipated State Tax for School purposes we commend. The
only objection we have heard is, that it is not enough. The Trustees
of one district write as follows : " AVe are in favor of the contemplated
appropriation for School purposes, but it should be two mills,
instead of half a mill. Oilr School system can never become what it
should be, until it is made self sustaining by taxation that will reach
the purse of everj^ person who receives the protection of our Government.
At least ten per cent of foreign miners' tax should go into the
School Fund. We would earnestly request the State Superintendent to
visit our county, and deliver half a dozen lectures at different places
where the least interest is manifested. Such a course would, in my opinion,
awaken an interest that would otherwise lie dormant for years to
come, and would be of great advantage to the rising generation. '^

156
BASIS OF APPORTIONMENT.
The present one is preferable, and more just, than the one founded on
the percentage of attendance. If the Schools were free, there would be
more justice in it; in either case, we consider the present system better.
Important changes in any law should not be made unless great benefit
is to result.
TRUSTEES—HOW THEY PERFORM THEIR DUTIES, ETC.
Trustees have done well. Many of our School officers have exemplified
praiseworth}^ conduct in advancing the interest of the Schools
under their supervision. All the districts, except one, have organized
under the new law. From the knowledge we have of those elected, we
have reason to believe that thej^ will keep a correct record of their
transactions, and that they will be the means of raising our Schools to a
high standard of excellence.
TEACHERS.
Our Teachers, as a general thing, are doing a good work. We have
been well pleased, when visiting their Schools, to find such good order
and so much interest manifested by the pupils in their studies, and the
Teachers absorbed in the welfare of those under their charge. I need
not say these Schools prosper. If all were like some which we have
witnessed, the masses would cling to them as the earth clings to its
centre, and its beneficence would permeate everj^ avenue of life.
SCHOOL-HOUSES.
Two School-houses have been built, and one completed from last year.
Much credit is due the Trustees and others of Fiddletown District for
their indomitable energy and perseverance in prosecuting the work to
completion, of building and furnishing one of the best School-houses in
the count}^, the furniture of which will compare favorably with any in
the School-rooms of the metropolis.
APPARATUS.
You will see that we have quite an increase in the expenditure for this
necessary aj)pliance in the School room.
LIBRARIES.
In a few Districts a nucleus is formed.
TOTAL EXPENDITURES FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES.
Exceeds that of last year by about one thousand and six hundred
dollars, ($1,G00,) besides leaving a balance in the Treasury of fifteen
hundred and eleven dollars and twenty two cents, ($1,511 22.) This
speaks well for our citizens. With the present amount on hand and
the existing County tax, we have a prospect ahead of an average term
of eight months for the School year of eighteen hundred and sixty-four.

157
MINERALOGICAL CABINET.
We believe in the formation of one in every district where there
would be a sufficient interest felt to keep it in good order; and it should
be encouraged by the State. Its credit could not be used to better
advantage, under proper restrictions, for this is, and is likely to remain,
one of our greatest interests.
GENERAL REMARKS.
We have given you a partial outline of our progress in School affairs.
We think it quite encouraging; yet we have much to do to come np to
a proper standard. We must have ornamental playgrounds, and Schoolrooms
made attractive to pupil and patron. To bring this about, we
must have more Teachers who are educated to teach. AVe must place in
the School-room something for them to work with, to change the monotony',
and present knowledge in attractive forms so as to make its
acquirement pleasurable. Then there will be a probability that education
shall not cease when Schooldays end. The most important of the
new practices that have grown up during the decline of old ones, is the
sj'stematic culture of the powers of observation. Our conceptions must
be erroneous, our inferences fallacious, and our operations unsuccessful,
without an accurate acquaintance with the visible and tangible properties
of things. The method of Nature is the archetype of all methods. The
system of object lessons shows this. The leaving of generalizations
until there are particulars to base them on, the disuse of rule teaching,
and the adoption of teaching by])rinciple, show this. The rudimentary
facts of exact sciences should be learnt b}^ direct intuition, by employing
the ball frame for the first lessons in arithmetic, and of the actual yard
and foot, pound and ounce, gallon and quart ; and let the discovery of
their relationship be experimental, instead of the present practice of
learning the tables. Manifestly, a common trait of these methods is,
that they would carry each child's mind through a process like that
which the mind of humanity at large has gone through. The truths of
number, of form, of relationship in position, were all originally drawn
from objects, and to present these truths to the child in the concrete, is
to let him learn as the race learnt them. Abstractions have no meaning
for him, until he finds that they are but simple statements of what he
intuitively discerns.
We do not believe the child must be driven to its task, nor do we believe
the child will, at all times, be inclined to wisdom's ways, even if it
has been instructed in the most approved manner. The truth is, harshness
begets harshness, and gentleness begets gentleness ; children who
are unsympathetically treated, become relatively" unsympathetic. It is
with family or School government as with political : a harsh despotism
itself generates a great part of the crimes it has to rej^ress; Avhile, conversely,
a mild and liberal rule not only avoids many causes of dissention,
but so ameliorates the tone of feeling, as to diminish the tendency
to transgression.
The babe commences its education, even as soon as its eye beholds
surrounding objects, and its tiny hand can grasj) the coral. Gesture,
motion, and sound, are soon copied. Now is the time the child should
receive its proper training. Then, with Teachers educated to teach, we
shall have more interesting Schools. The State has commenced right
in giving life to its Normal School. Let her appropriate Avith a bountiful

158
hand. In eveiy School-room a Mineralogical Cabinet should be encouraged.
We believe this would aid materially the sj'-stem foreshadowed
in these few lines. The child is dependent on its mother for a period j
after this must have its food administered ; must, after it has learned to
feed itself, continue to have bread, clothing, and shelter provided, and
does not acquire the power of complete self-support until he is in his
'= teens." Now, this law applies to the mind as to the body. For mental
sustenance, also, the child is dependent on adult aid. The babe is as
powerless to get material on which to exercise its perceptions, as it is to
get supplies for its stomach ; unable to prepare its own food, it is in like
manner unable to reduce many kinds of knowledge to a fit form for
assimilation.
It is the chief function of the parent to see that the conditions requisite
to mental and corporeal growth are maintained. Just as food, clothing,
and shelter are given for the body, so should the proper aliment be given
to the mind, in the form of sounds for imitation, objects for examination,
books for reading, and problems for solution. If these should be
presented in an acceptable manner, an approximation to the desired end
will be attained.
" To prepare the young for the duties of life is tacitly admitted by all
to be the end which parents and Teachers should have in view."
SACEAMENTO COUNTY.
P. W. Hatch Count3^ Superintendent.
In reviewing the past, there is every i-eason for congratulation and
satisfaction. The progress of the system has been steadily onward, and,
though man}^ of its features need improvement, and a lack of true, stirring,
and effective energy has been sometimes exhibited in a few localities,
I believe it may be truly said, that in practical utility, in the zeal
of those immediately engaged in the work, in the fidelity and fitness of
the Teachers, as well as in real, permanent advancement, amid so many
trying and adverse circumstances, our Schools may compare favorably
with those of other sections.
The returns submitted are as complete as they can be obtained. The
census has been thorough, embracing ever}^ district; the Teachers have
generally complied with the Uxav by transmitting their reports, and only
a few of the Trustees have neglected to send in their usiial statement of
the condition of the Schools. Wherever this duty has been neglected, I
am confident that it has arisen from a misunderstanding of the law, rather
than a wilful omission of duty. Tlie change in the School ^'car, breaking
in upon an old established custom, might well be expected to produce
some confusion.
This has also had the effect of somewhat shortening the School term.
It will be observed that two of the districts have failed to maintain their
Schools a full term of three months, the close of the year two months
earlier than usual having deprived them of the advantages they inight
have had under the old law. These Schools are now in progress, and
will have completed the requisite number of months before the anticipated
expiration of the year.

159
The census returns are interesting, and could well furnish a subject for
critical anaij'sis. They exhibit a small increase of the juvenile population
over previous years, notwithstanding the supi)Osed reduction of the
general population as the result of emigration to Nevada Territory.
The}' cannot, however, be made a reliable basis for an estimate of the
total white inhabitants, inasmuch as the ratio of children under twentyone
3'ears of age to the entire population is, as 3'et, much less than in
old and long settled communities. This ratio, for different countries, has
been estimated at about forty-two per cent, or forty-two thousand four
hundred and sixt3"-three in each one hundred thousand. A similar basis
of calculation would give the Cit}^ of Sacramento but about seven thousand
five hundred inhabitants, and the whole county but fifteen thousand
nine hundred, in round numbers j
or San Francisco County, according to
the last census, but about fifty-four thousand six hundred. If this were
correct, at least five and six-tenths of the entire population of Sacramento
County must have their names enrolled upon the School registers. The
comparative excess of adults in proportion to the whole in this State
leaves us no data upon which to base an estimate from this source.
We learn from these returns, that there are seven hundred and twentyfive
children in the count}- between six and eighteen years of age, and
six hundred and twelve between four and six j-ears, who have' been connected
Avith no School, public or private; and of these, six hundred and
thirtj^-two are resident in the country districts. Such a proportion is
entirely inexcusable, and exhibits an apparent indifference to the subject
of education entirelj- unworthy of an intelligent communit}^. The fact
that twenty-nine per cent of the juvenile population between four and
eighteen years of age should have neglected to avail themselves of the
advantages so liberall}" furnished, is a sad commentary upon the appreciation
in which these beneficent institutions are held.
So far as concerns the six hundred and twelve children between four
and six 3'ears of age, it is well enough—far better, in my judgment, than
that the}- should have been confined in the School-room. The youth of
the country would be benefited if the practice were generally followed.
They need freedom from restraint, exercise—that kind of physical and
mental exercise which is to be obtained out-of-doors, and which the
School-room can never furnish. But, setting these aside, we still have
not far from sixteen per cent shut out from a participation in the benefits
which legitimately belong to them, and which it is the duty of some one
to see that each of them enjoys. Such a statement seems strange in a
land where the system of Common Schools has so long prevailed, and in
a community unsurpassed in practical intelligence and energy.
We may derive some satisfaction, however, from the fact that the year
just closed exhibits a very decided increase in School attendance over the
past. While the census places the total increase of children between the
ages of four and eighteen at ninety-five, the number attending School has
been in excess of last year by four hundred and fifty-three. I trust that
the next report from Sacramento County will " speak yet better things."
Nor is it only in the enrolment of pupils upon the School registers
that our progress is indicated. In the average attendance—one of the
best evidences of success, as well as of a general interest in the subject
and in the private expenditures for School purposes, we have stronger
and more gratifj'ing assurances.
Last year, the number of pupils in daily attendance was reported to
have been fourteen hundred and ninety-eight ; this year it has been fifteen
hundred and twenty-seven, and the average number belonging to
—

160
the Schools, eighteen hundred and fifty-eight. The average duration of
the forty-three country Schools for the ten months included in the report
is shown to have been six months and five days. Eighteen were maintained
six months, or more than six, and eleven for eight months or more.
Last year, for twelve months, the average duration was six months and
eleven days, for the forty-two Schools.
In eighteen hundred and sixty-two, the amount expended in the country
districts alone, from private sources, for the support of Schools, was
four thousand and fifteen dollars and eighty-five cents ($4,015 85) ; the
present report swells the amount to six thousand one hundred and six
dollars and sixty-nine cents ($G,106 69). If we add to this the expenditures
from city tax, it amounts to eighteen thousand nine hundred and
fifty-six dollars and fourteen cents ($18,956 14.)
It will be noticed that one of the districts has given a practical illustration
of the advantage of the law for a district tax. In Folsora. nearly
three thousand dollars were raised for School purposes, and a building
erected, which for neatness and convenience, as well as durability, has no
superior in the county. Three other districts are either noAV collecting
taxes under the law, or are making preparations to do so, and their example
will, doubtless, be followed by several more.
Aside from these evidences of improvement, we have another, not less
genuine, in the character of the Teachers employed, and the decreased
number of changes which have been made. There seems to have been
a gi'eater degree of stability manifested, a disposition to retain a Teacher
once tried and proven to be good, a growing conviction of the evil attendant
upon the old practice of engaging a new Teacher for every term of
School, and especially of the habit, once so prevalent, of picking up
strangers in search of Schools, where others, equally good, or better,
were to be had, familiar with our system, and whose efficiency had long
been tested in the county. Of the Teachers now engaged, or who have
been occupied in teaching in this county during the past year, twenty-six
have been resident here and actively employed for two years or more,
and fourteen for more than three years. They have all passed the ordeal
of an .examination before the County Board, and have given ample evidence,
in the School room, of their practical acquaintance with the business.
The habit of frequent changes of Teachers, I regard as most pernicious.
It is discouraging to the individuals themselves, and strikes a
fatal blow at the pleasant and successful conduct of the Schools. I wish
it could be said that each of the Teachers enumerated above had been
all the while engaged in a single School. Such is, by no means, the
case. In one School, the term being eight months, three Teachers were
employed; in another, for four and one half months tuition, there were
three Teachers ; and in eight other districts, for School terras varying
from eight and one half to three and one sixth months, each had two
Teachers. In most cases, there was no valid necessity for a change. It
was simply the result of a restless spirit of dissatisfaction, a capricious
dislike or distrust which would have equally exhibited itself if the incumbent
had been the most thorough scholar, the most accomplished and diligent
instructor, and the most unexceptionable, morally, and intellectually,
to be found in the State.
While tins disposition prevails, our Schools cannot flourish. The best
Teacher will fail uidcss he feels that ho has the confidence of those around
him, and loses all motive to exertion when he is in hourly expectation of
a " notice to leave."

161
Bad jis this condition of thin_f;-s is now, it lias been worse, and we may
take coui'age in the anticipation of a gradual amendment.
One of the great evils existing among us in the past, has been the call
for cheap Teachers. It arose, not from a want of appreciation of the
good, but from an inability to pi'ocure them—a pecuniary limitation.
Yet even this seems to be gradually on the decline, and a disposition has
been manifested to procure the best which the limited resources at the
disposal of our districts will permit. These resources are, however,
vastly inadequate to the necessities of the Schools. They aiford some
slight encouragement for individual action and exertion, and that is all.
The}' are entirely insufficient for the substantial and reasonable recompense
of a faithful and diligent Teacher. In the present condition of
the districts, it is, in many cases, impossible for private liberality to
supply the deficiency; hence, the salaries of Teachers are entirely too
small—totally incommensurate with the responsibilities and onerous
duties of their positions. So long as thirty, forty, or forty-five doUai-s
which is generally the extent of the salaries paid here, excluding board
are the limits allowed by the Trustees for the services of a Teacher, we
cannot expect to procure the best talent. The market price for knowledge
and experience is higher in other pursuits—the wear and tear of
muscle will bring as much—and the educated man, capable of filling
positions of responsibility, and of acquitting himself honorabl}^ in more
remunerative callings, will not often consign himself to the less profitable
and more laborious business of teaching. The consequence is, that
among the applicants for positions in our Public Schools, we seldom find
the possessors of that higher kind of talent, of that superior ability as
scholars and Teachers, on which we must rely to build up among us a
really useful and excellent School system. The success of our Schools
depends mainly upon the Teachers engaged ; and, unless we pay more
than some sections are now able to do, we cannot expect to obtain the
best.
AVe want, too, better School-houses. Comparatively few of our districts
are suitably provided for in this respect. They have Schoolhouses,
it is true—four walls and a roof—but they are inadequate in size,
rude in construction, inappropriate in their arrangements, and, with
only one or two exceptions, poorly supplied with the proper kind of
desks and seats. Such temporary accommodations might have been well
enough in the iucipiency of our Schools—well enough to begin with
but ai'e entirely unsuited for a system which is designed to be permanent,
and whose blessings, it is hoped, may be extended to the latest
generations. J^o one can feel more sensible of these defects, in many
cases, than the Trustees and people themselves. They are, as yet,
without a remedy. Compelled to tax themselves to the utmost of their
ability to support the School, to pay the Teacher, they cannot endure
the additional weight of a tax for a new house.
The remedy for these evils is in an increased fund for the maintenance
of Schools. Give them more money to pay the Teachers, and they will
have more to syjare out of individual resources to build houses, and adorn
them with all the conveniences and comforts which modern art and
ingenuity have contrived. Relieve them from the rate bills, and they
will cheerfull}'' provide, by a district tax. everything conducive to the
well-being of their children.
For relief in our present difficulties, I look to the result of the petition
21
—

162
now being circulated, asking the imposition of a half mill tax for the
support of Schools. If by this means seventy-five thousand dollars
($75,000) can be raised antiually, and placed to the credit of the Schools,
it will go far towards establishing them upon a substantial basis, and
redeeming the State from the reproach of liaving failed suitably to provide
for a perfectly free S3^stem of public education. I believe that the
appeal now made to the people in this behalf will be liberally responded
to. I am sure that the object will meet their fullest approbation, and
that their voice M'ill be heard in the halls of legislation with a decision
which will not fail of the attainment of a result so desirable. Until
some such step is taken, the sj^stem must languish, or, at the best, struggle
on, harrassed by poverty and impeded by obstacles which it has
proven itself hitherto unable completely to overcome. A tax of this
kind will render the burden of supporting the Schools light and equable.
By the common system of rate bills it falls upon a few, and these not
always the most able to bear it. It is right that the whole property of
the State should be made to educate the youth of the State, and that
those who have no families of their own to share its direct advantages
should pa}^ for the indirect benefits which the}^ and all derive from the
diffusion of intelligence and the propagation of those pure germs of virtue
which it is equally the office of the Free School system to disseminate.
This plan has been found to succeed eminently in other States.
In Ohio the tax is one and one half mills; and even in Kansas it is one
mill. There is no reason why it should not be tried here.
The report herewith subuiitted is made up, as before intimated, from
the best sources of information in my possession. It is required to embrace
the 3^ear commencing September first, eighteen hundred and sixtytwo,
and ending August thirty-tirst. eighteen lumdred and sixty-three.
The change in tlie law, however, has so interrupted the regular order to
which our Trustees have been accustomed, that most of the reports received
have dated from October thirt^^-first, eighteen hundred and sixtytwo—the
time of the last annual returns. I have, consequently, been
compelled to make my own to coi*respond. This is excusable, inasmuch
as no records have been kept by a large majority of the Trustees, and
the newl}^ elected officers have had no data from which to compile a
complete statement of facts from September, eighteen hundred and
sixty-two, to the present time. It will be eas}^ another year, to give a
more perfect and accurate report. In this connection, it is well to mention
a few defects in the law^ on this subject
The School Law requires the Count}' Superintendent to make his report
"on or before the fifteenth day of September" in each j-ear, and
the Trustees are permitted to delay an important portion of theirs until
the same date. The consequence will alwa3'8 be, that the latter will bo
dela3'ed until the longest time allowed. As the report of the Superintendent
is to be made up. to a great extent, from those of the Trustees,
the inconvenience likely to arise can be readily seen. It will always be
just as easy for the Trustees to complete their reports by the third or,
fifth of September as at a later date. The Marshal has made his ro^"
turns by the first of August; the Teacher completes his term on th(
thirty-fii'st of the same month ; the School year expires on that datej
and a new organization of the Board of Trustees takes place on the firsi
Saturda}^ thereafter. The reports of the old year should be made up bj
the Trustees of the same year, or, if deemed better, can as well bo prej
pared by the new lioard, as two of them are sii])poscd to be i'amiliar witl
the affairs of the district. In either case, they could be placed in th(
:

163
hands of the County Superintendent in time to enable him to examine
and compile the statistics the}' contain. Tiie law, as it now stands, is
indefinite, inasmuch as while it allows the Trustees until the fifteenth of
September for their financial statement, it requires them to forward an
abstract of the Census returns, of the Teachers' report, and much other
information, " on or before the tenth of September." Is it intended that
they shall make two reports? As the labor imposed upon the County
Superintendent, in fillino- up accurately all the columns and items of his
report, is somewliat arduous, requiring no small amount «>f labor for its
completion, an amendment to the law, correcting these inconsistencies,
and fixing an earlier date for the reports of the Trustees, would, doubtless,
be generally acceptable. I am sure that no County Sujierintendent,
after having tested the exact facility with which his own report can be
prepared, will find fault with the law, or consider it a serious reflection
upon his industry and skill in compilation, for distrusting his ability to
examine, compare, and arrange the multitudinous items embraced in the
various reports from which his own is to be made, in a single day.
But this is not the only inconvenience. Au experience of six years
has taught me that whatever date may be fixed for the reports of the
Trustees, they will, in at least a lai'ge majority of instances, be behindhand.
The earlier, therefore, the better. If required to be made on the
fifth of September, they will probably be on hand by the tenth; thus
giving the Count}- Superintendent five days for the compilation of his own
report. I can speak tlie more earnestly and freely upon this subject, as
I am not personally interested, this being probably the last report Avhich
it will be my duty to make. Having tested the inconvenience myself, I
can the more urgently recommend the adojition of a better plan for ni}'
successor.
While onthe School Law, I wish to speak of one habit prevalent with
some Trustees, of permitting Teachers to commence a School term without
having first obtained the requisite certificate of qualification, relying
upon their ability to pass an examination at some future time. The
amendment to the School Law authorizing the County Superintendent
to grant a temporary certificate for such as desire to commence their
duties in the interim of the sessions of the Board of Examination, entirely
obviates the necessity of such a procedure, and leaves it without
excuse. Yet it is still practiced to a small extent, on the plea of inability
to visit the city, M'ant of time, or some other equally frivolous reason.
Even though the County Superintendent should refuse to allow for the
time thus occupied in teaching, which he should do, the fact of a Teacher
being already engaged in a School, places the Board of Examination in a
position of some embarrassment when, as has happened, the ajiplicant fails
to respond to the standard demanded. It compels, from motives which
can be readily understood, a greater leniency on the jiart of the Board
than is consistent with exact justice. A proper correction of the evil
would be a positive legal prohibition against the allowance of salary for
the time taught previous to the reception of certificate of qualification,
temporary or permanent. This is now the fair construction of the [aw,
yet it is indirect. I have felt it ray duty in one instance recently, to decline
drawing a warrant upon the order of the Trustees for a terni of
nearly three months, taught without the authority of any certificate. •
Another habit which requires correction, is that of the appointment of
Teachers holding Primary certificates to Schools of a higher grade. It
is true that few of our country Schools ai-e rigidly graded, yet the status
of a School at a given time can very well be determined by the general

164
character it has previously maintained, the classification of the pupils,
and the branches of study commonly taught. I hold it to be good philosophy'
to suppose a Teacher to be incapable of teaching grammar and
the higher branches of arithmetic, when ho has demonstrated his inability
to pass an examination upon these branches. Such, at least, is the
basis of all our examinations, and of the grades established. To ignore
the grade of our certificates, and to consider them as passports to any
School, without regard to the branches to be taught, would be to nullify
their validity, /ind bring the whole sj^stem into ridicule.
I think it would be proper, as a means of avoiding misunderstanding
and of correcting abuses, to state distinctly that a certificate of any one
grade shall not be considered valid for a School usually recognized as
belonging to a higher.
I have alluded thus far mainly to the country Schools, as being more
immediately under ray supervision. To the city Schools more than a
passing notice is due. In their general management and in the proficiency
of the Teachers they have never been better than at the present
time. The number of pupils in dailj^ attendance during the year has
been six hundred and eighty-four, and the percentage of attendance
eighty-four. The duration of the Schools was eight months and twentyseven
days.
The Superintendent reports eleven Schools in successful progress, requiring
the services of twenty-two Teachers and Assistants. The highest
salary allowed is for the High School—one hundred and twenty-five
dollars ($125) per month ;
the lowest, thirty dollars ($30) for the Assist-
ants in the Schools of lower grades.
Financially the School Department was never in so good a condition.
By prudent management it has been relieved of the pressure of a heav}^
indebtedness, and has been brought, substantiall}^, to a cash basis.
At the last general election a special tax for School purposes was decided
upon with a unanimity which attested the interest of the people
in this important subject. It is believed that it will very materially
facilitate the prosperous working of the system. Probably some four
thousand five hundred dollars ($4,500) will be raised this year for the
purpose, and hereafter an amount sufficient for the successful management
of the Schools.
The city has, within a few weeks, been unfortunate in the loss of one
of its most convenient frame buildings by the act of an incendiary; and
only a few days since the School-house for colored children was similarly
destroyed. The latter, though not the property of the city, was well
adapted to the purposes to which it was applied. The School was maintained
under the direction of the City Board of Directors. The number
of children of this class reported as belonging is forty-three.
For the present prosperous condition of the City Schools amid so
tnany unforseen difficulties the Board of Directors deserve much credit.
The following brief summary of a few of the statistics of the year,
having reference both to the city and county, may not be without
interest :

a^
^
^
o
o
Ph
-Ji
pq
165
Total Expenditures
Other Expenses.,
Expended for Sites, Buildings, etc...
Paid for Teachers' Salaries..
Received from all sources..
Subscription and Rate Bills.
District Taxes..
County Fund.,
State Fund.
Valuation of School-houses and Furniture
Average salary for thirty seven
Country Schools
3 g o ri a
t3 E.-? r-i 'r; 7<
Days..
Months..
Percentage of attendance—average..
Average daily attendance..
Average belonging to Schools..
Between 6 and 18 years, attending
Public Schools
Attending Private Schools
All ages, born in California..
Children between 4 and 18 years
.
.

166
CALAVEEAS COUNTY.
Robert Thompson, County Superintendent.
For the fourth time I am called upon to make an annual report, as
County Superintendent of Public Schools in Calaveras County.
It has given me much pleasure to serve as Superintendent, and I shall
ever look back upon my labors as among the most useful and pleasant of
my life.
As the ripple that surrounds the pebble thrown upon the water continues
to enlarge, so every good impulse given to educational matters
will continue to spread for all coming time, and he who gives that impulse
can reasonably hope that his influence will outlive himself. We
have a dread of being forgotten, but w^e must ever keep in mind that if
we are remembered by those who come after us, it will be only in connection
with the good we accomplish .and the principles wo advocate;
correct principles are imperishable, and although they may be disbelieved
for a time, thej^ are certain, in the end, to gain the ascendency and govern
mankind.
The conquest of the sword mav for a time bo potent, but it is transient,
while the conquest of correct principles is as enduring as mankind.
We live in an age of progress. The arts of war and peace are progressing
together. War, though an evil, will come, until mankind is so thoroughly
educated, that his intellect will perceive and his moral power
cause him to obey the S2:)irit of that rule given by Christ from the Mount,
" Whatsoever ye would that men should do to j^ou, do ye even so to them."
The means by which this rule is to gain power is not to be expected so
much from the pulpit as from the School-room. Both must act together,
but the School-room will have the greater influence. The one acts five
days in seven, and the other only one. The Teachers should exert a much
stronger influence than the clergy, even in morals. The progress beingmade
in matters pertaining to education is fast producing this result.
The earnest workers for the cause of education sometimes get discouraged,
but without reason. The last thirty years has shown more progress
than any hundred before it, and the end is not yet. There is great reason
to hope that the next thirty will show as much progress, if not more,
than tlie last. Like developing a child's intellect, it is the work of time
and patient labor, and the lovers of human progress are diligently to sow
the good seed, remembering that in due time it will spring up and bear
fr.uit.
Educators should look well to the introduction of a systematic course
of moral training in our Schools. This at present is too much neglected.
Our youth are better mentally than morally trained in our Schools at the
present day, and we should labor to introduce some general exercises in
which the great moral principles essential to usefulness in life should be
frequently brought to mind and thereby firmly fixed. A single allusion
to these great moral principles may do some good, but it is the frequent
interviews that leave an indelible impression. Like reading a good book,
a moral lesson leaves its mark, but if followed by another, and still
another, like a succession of good books, it forms and moulds tho young
mind while in its ])lastic state, and if so kept until age solidifies and fixes
it, it will be likely to remain so thi-ough life. The youth that is governed
by go(Ml moral princi])les until he leaves School at twenty-One, will
generally continue to be for life. This healthy moral tone is not given

167
b}' tiny one great effort, but by daily bringing around tbe child a moral
atmosphere in which shall float moral precepts, potent, though unseen.
This is the work of years, and it will not do to depend on an occasional
effort. Systematic training should be introduced. Eacli day should have
its moral as well as its intellectual lessons. Mental training gives power,
but simply intellectual culture does not give moral worth. We have a
moral and an intellectual field before us, and although the cultivation
of one may aid the cultivation of the other, still they are separate
fields. Both must be cultivated or our youth will not be fitted for usefulness
in life.
Some of our Teachers look well to the moral as well as mental culture
of their pupils, but large nunbers neglect the moral culture almost entirely,
and seem to think that it belongs to the Church and Sabbath
School entirely.
We are making rapid progress in education matters. Compared with
the age of our State, we have not been excelled. Still there is a great
Avork to be done, and the friends of education must not falter. Eate
bills are to be done away by raising a ])roperty tax large enough to
support the Schools generally. School Libi-aries arc to be ])laced in each
School-house, containing books for reference. The standard of Teachers'
qualifications is to be raised, and also their wages, that there will be
an inducement to make teaching a permanent profession instead of a
mere makeshift until something better turns up. Teachers' Institutes
are to be established and well attended in the different counties of the
State. Educational periodicals are to be more generally disseminated,
and a better system of moral training introduced into our Schools.
These, and many other matters, require the attention of the friends of
education in our State, until these changes are brought about, and our
Schools are what they should be—as good as any in the world. We
have much to encourage us every year. More competent parties are becoming
interested and taking charge of our Schools. One im])rovement
after another is being made, and the .time is not far distant when our
Schools will compare favorably with those of the older States.
I have removed for a time from Calaveras county, and on closing my
labors as Superintendent, 1 am pleased to be able to say that for the last
four years I have had the hearty co-operation of Teachers, parents, and
the friends of education. I leave the county and the position of Superintendent
with many regrets, and I shall ever remember the many
friends I leave behind with pleasure.
I leave, as Superintendent, an able and faithful successor, wbose years
of experience will render him of great value to the Schools of the couut}^,
and enable him to more than till my place.
YOLO COUNTY.
Henry Gaddis County Superintendent.
The State of California, in providing for a system of ])ublic instruction,
has wisely adopted the principle so long recognized by some of her
elder sisters, that the property of the State shall educate the children of
the State; yet, up to the present time, adequate measures have not been

168
adopted to carry this principle into full operation. It is the right of our
youth to be educated by the State, as it is the right of the State to be
protected by her children. Money is said to be the sinews of war. and
it is no less so of Schools. No tax is more cheerfully paid into the
Treasury than the School tax, and of none is the use made by the stewards
of the public more satisfactory to them. I have conversed with
many tax payers in this count}' upon this subject, and am well convinced
that a large majority of them are in favor of the small State tax sought
to be levied ; for after we have exhausted all the means tliat the present
law places within our reach, the consummation so much to be desired,
Free Schooh

169
be re£;-ardcd as an axioinatic truth, that until n-oman is properly educated,
in order to be qualified for all the walks of life, as wife, mother, sister,
or friend, all the lawgivers and Teaehei-s in the world cannot make men
what they should be. The mother, alone, can make the most sacred and
lasting- impressions upon the mind of the child. The most illustrious of
American citizens, Avhose name is seldom mentioned without revei*ence
bordering on adoration, is a brilliant example of maternal influence and
early moral training, that forbade the hero of the story of the little
hatchet and the cherry tree to tell a lie. Why do our most zealous sectarians
manifest so much interest and zeal in the establishment of
as3dums for orphan children, and the erection and endowment of seminaries
of learning on so cheap a plan that man}" are induced to patronize
them on the score of economy ? Is it not that they fully understand
the truth of the adage, "just as the twig is bent, the tree is inclined."
Give them the tender mind of youth to mould, and they will fashion them
to suit their own purposes.
The importance of the right kind of early education must be fully
realized b}' those who are at all familiar with the daily records of crime.
Seven decades have passed away since some of the older States of the
Union established a system of Public Instruction. Since that time, it
has become an acknowledged duty on the part of every civilized government,
even among the despotisms of the Old World. Of the crowned,
heads of Eui'ope, the " Frederick of the Prussians," was among the first
to imitate our example in this particular, and to establish a system of
education that maj' one day undermine the throne of the djaiasty of
Brandenburg. In our own times, the most consistent and loyal friend of
our country, among foreign j^otentates, since our present struggle for
national existence commenced, is and has been the worth}^ monarch
who fills the throne once occupied by Peter the Great. True to the enlightened
policy of his illustrious ancestor, who raised Russia to her
present commanding position among the powers of the earth, he is at
present maturing a system of instruction that will free his subjects from
the bonds of ignorance, and enable them to enjoy and appreciate the
boon of personal freedom Avhich he has recently conferred upon them,
and which is the natural inheritance of all mankind. The lustre of the
jewels in the Russian diadem is eclipsed by the immortal radiance of
such acts.
The sun of liberty and intelligence, which shines so brightly in the
New World, has thus cast its_ radiance across the horizon of oppressed.
Europe, and lights up the abode of a benighted people. But we are too
apt, when contemplating our national progress, to forget the foundation
on which our free institutions rest.
As our countr}^ extends the area of its domain and influence, and gives
to the world surer evidence of the wisdom and stabilitj^ of our institutions,
education, which is the most essential element of national prosperity,
must also move forward with a steady course.
As citizens of California, Ave have reason to be thankful for the position
that we have occupied during our present internecine struggle. It is a
pleasing reflection, and one that should give us greater courage, that we
have not been called upon to participate dii'ectly in the unhappy scenes
that have deluged the Atlantic States with fratricidal blood. We have
rather cultivated the arts of peace, enlightenment, and prosperity, than
those of war. but the general diffusion of knowledge has ever kept
alive a feeling of patriotic devotion.
22

170
Let us, then, by fostering a judicious system of education, and bestowing
proper attention upon the true principles which are the palladium of
our liberties, show to our sister States of the Union, that we deserve the
proud name that they have given us : Thi Golden State.
NEVADA COUNTY.
J. A. Chittenden Count}^ Superintendent.
The Teachers of this county have, with an exception or two, given
evidence of interest and efficiency in their work. The report for the
past year is not so favorable as it would have been had the School year
been of usual length. Less time by two months makes a very important
difference with those Schools that have only a session in the summer.
Various causes have rondei^ed it quite difficult for the smaller
districts to obtain Teachers, so that they have been later than usual in
opening their Schools. The emigration to new mining regions has taken
away many of the patrons of the Schools, and in several instances a majority
of the Trustees.
The series of text books adopted by the State are rapidly finding their
way to place and favor in our Schools. Much good must result from this
provision of the law, which has long been very generall}^ desired, but,
for some reason, very long delayed. I tliink the books well selected;
they are certainly a vast improvement on many of tlie books heretofore
in use. I cannot omit especial mention of Willson's Eeaders, which,
while they are well adapted for instruction in reading, afford to the pupil
a fund of information on a variety of subjects on which the mass of the
people are lamentably ignorant.
1 think the School Law might be amended in one respect so as to meet
an important want. At present a new district must itself support a
School three months before it can be entitled to share in the public
funds, and it cannot avail itself of them till the next 3'ear. It sometimes
happens that measures are not taken for the organization of a
School District till near the close of the School year, so near that there'
may not be time for a School term of three months, in which case the
law requires them to wait more than a year before they have an}"" share
of the funds. I have witnessed cases where the people of some ])lacc
had resolutely begun to take measures for a Public School, and where
they have been quite discouraged on being told that they could not
obtain assistance for nearly or quite a year. I believe that this can
easily De remedied, and that it should be. If the law be so amended as
to permit a new district to share in the next regular apportionment of
the county or State funds, after their supporting a School at their own
expense—a School of three months—the funds will be more equitably
dispensed, and a greater good be accomplished. A case would not probably
arise where the new district would not be a part of an older one;
if. then, it is desired to know what portion of the funds they are entitled
to, it would only be necessary to ascertain the number of children in
theii" district, deduct this fi-om the one from which the}' arc separated,
and the number for b(;th is obtained.
I have not thoroughly examined the question relative to apportion-

171
mcnt according; to attendance, but I am inclined to doubt whether it
would be as well as the present plan. 1 had thought that it might stimulate
to a larger attendance on the Schools, but I have rccentl}^ witnessed
an instance where two Schools were to divide the funds according
to the average attendance, and no appreciable difference was made in
the number of either; and the Schools were in different villages, which
might be supposed to affect it to some extent. Such a change in the law
would probably work to the injury of the smaller Schools in countiy
places; besides, one objection to change in the School LaAvs consists in
the fact that it is often a long time before they come to be known and
understood.
^
NAPA COUNTY.
A. HiGBiE Count}- Superintendent.
SCHOOL REGISTER AND ORDER BOOKS.
These have been received with rejoicing by Teachers and Trustees.
They say, " Now we will try and have our records and accounts kept
more accurately." These were very much needed, and I have no doubt
the next returns will show the benefits resulting from the provision.
UNIFORMITY IN TEXT BOOKS.
In my School visitations, fifty in number, I have found the people
unanimous in favor of uniformity. Of course, the}- do not all agree on the
kind of books, but are willing to adopt any author, rather than have five
or six different kinds. This multipHcit,y of books has been a great detriment
to the pi'ogress of our Schools. 1 think the new books will be in
general use within the coming year.
riNANCES.
Financially, we labor under great disadvantages. Until the present,
the county appropriated five (5) cents per one hundred dollars (§100 00)
for Public Schools. Our County School Fund, for the coming year, will
be nearl}^ twice the amount of last year, for we now have a tax oi ten
(10) cents per one hundred dollars, ($100.) We hope soon to have at
least twent}- (20) cents. I find the people quite ready, also, for the State
tax. Petitions are already coming in, signed by every voter in the district.
But a word as to the
CASH ON HAND.
Though the plan is not a good one, several districts do not pay the
Teachers from any Fund till the close of the term for which they were
hired. This is the case with most of the districts that have cash on
band. Had the last School year closed, as previous-years, on the thirt}'"-
first of October, the balance in their favor would be small. The cash
account of the Superintendent and Treasurer may not agree in some par-
ticulars, because of the transfer of some balances, on account of the divi-

:
172
sion of districts, and change of time for reports, but the final result, as
to balances, is the same.
SCIIOOL-PIOUSES.
In your blank reports you ask, " How man}^ School-bouses disgrace
the State ?" I am compelled to answer, eight ; five are tolerable, and four
are good. There were, I think, two reasons for this state of things :
the first was, the unsettled State of land titles; the second, a general!
indifference on the subject of education. This indifference was pro-duced,
in part, by the fact that nian}^ knew not what hour they might
be compelled to say
" Jfo foot of land do I possess,
No cottage in this wilderness—
while many others were renting ground from large landholders. Under
these circumstances, it is not strange that so little attention has been
given to our Public Schools and Public School houses. Now the land
titles are being adjusted, or are already settled, and parties are purchasing
farms and making permanent improvements. In several districts
they are about to levy a tax for new School-houses. A better day is
coming.
EXAMINATIONS OF TEACHERS.
Examinations have been quite thorough, and quite unsatisfactory to
some. Twenty, in all, have been examined by the Board of Examination
or by the County Superintendent. Some of the patrons sa}^ the
Board is too rigid in the examinations—that their district is small, and
their children not advanced, and that an ordinary Teacher will answer
their purpose. The Teacher, then, who takes such Schools becomes
oi'dinary in the estimation of the people in such district, and also by his
own admission. I think they will learn, after a while, that the same
principle that holds good in the harvest field, viz : that a good hand is
cheaper than a j)' one, will hold good in the School-house, and that
good Teachers, onl}^, will be employed. Not till then may w^e expect to
see our Schools exert such influences as the}^ ought in our glorious
Eepublic. Our Public Schools in California, all things considered, have
made great advances. Maj^ the day soon come when they will not be a
whit behind the Schools of any State in the Union.
MAKIN COUNTY.
James Miller County Superintendent.
I am sanguine in the belief that in no other count)' of our State has
the Public School system progressed so rapidly toward tlie pinnacle of
perfection as in this county during the last two years. That the
method by which this progression was attained abounded in difficulties,
would be superfluous to state. Suffice it that, thanks to the energetic
co-operation of the School officers and the friends of education generally,
those great barriers to success have, to all reasonable extents, been re-
"

173
moved, and instead, confidence in the efficiency aiid economy of the
63'stem is permanently established in the minds of the liberally disposed
peo])Ic; larger attendance of pupils, longer terms of continuance at
School; good faithful Teachers employed; and all the districts furnished
witii an amount of Public School Fund sufficient to meet general expenses.
These are circumstances under which I think it impossible that
the system will not, in a very brief period of time, attain a distinction of
excellence in this county inferior to that of but few others in the State.
It is to be regretted by the 3'outhful generation here that not even a
fractional part of the funds received, applicable to such purpose, were
expended in purchasing libraries.
With what salutary results could not a few dollars be invested in such
a cause without even remotely infringing on the financial resources of
the Trustees. It is reasonable, however, to believe that the Trustees
will exert themselves to the utmost of their capacities in remedying this
evil during the coming year. Heretofore they have acted upon the
principle that momentous projects require a long period of time to reach
an effective consummation, otherwise occasions of disappointment, disagreement,
and disgust occur to such an extent that the principal object
dwindles into nothingness before the all powerful influence of these miscreated
2)i'eiiidices. So it is with the Public School S3'Stem: hurried, premature
action may entail injurj^, but sober, steady action ever attains
its object.
TRUSTEES.
With few exceptions, the Trustees are gentlemen well qualified for the
position. In all cases have they well and faithfull}' perfoi'med their duties.
I have frequently, during the year, consulted with members of each
and ever}' Board upon all particulars concerning their respective Schools,
and I confess to a feeling of pride in saying that in no one instance did
I find them deficient in that general knowledo;e which must .ever be accepted
as the balance wheel, so to speak, to beneficial results.
TEACHERS.
A majorit}^ of the Teachers employed dm-ing this were much superior
to those of last year. In some districts the same Teachers continued in
charge. With those, experience in the profession counterbalanced all
minor deficiencies. In other districts changes were effected, but they
were always for the better. We even boast a graduate from the State
Normal School. With few trivial exceptions, they have rendered ample
satisfaction to all concerned.
SCHOOL-HOUSES.
We have eleven School-houses, all frame buildings—five new and neatlj'"
finished; others—those situated in the " wilds of Marin"—are built on
principles more of economy than of attraction ; their furniture consists
chiefly of desks, chairs, blackboards, and stoves.
ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL.
Improved since last year, nevertheless, it is impossible that all the children
may attend School, for the reason mentioned in my rej^ort of November,
eighteen hundred and sixty-two.

174
BOARDS OF EXAMINATION.
It has been impossible to call together a sufficient number of qualified
Teachers to constitute a full Board, nor was it even necessary, because
competent citizens were easily found to do justice in the capacity. The;
amendments to the School Law which vest the County Superintendent with
power to grant special certificates to Teachers, has a salutary influence,
too, in compelling all such to attend the regular meetings of the Board ofi
Examination. Heretofore it was necessary to convene a special Board
for each a])plicant, and to those to whom certificates of qualification were
granted, it was a matter of quiet indifference whether the Board of Examiners
ever held a subsequent meeting or not.
Their own interest being at stake now, it is to be expected that the
next regular meeting of the Board will witness the presence of many a.
gifted wii-'ht.
SISKIYOU COUNTY.
Thomas N. Stone County Superintendent.
The Public Schools of Siskiyou have been sadly neglected by their
patrons, but there are evidences of a growing interest, which is manifest-ing
itself by the demand for icrll qualified Teachers, and by visits to the;
Schools. One and all agree that the Public School is the nursery of am
intelligent comtnunitj^, and must be supported. Many assert their readi-nesR
to contribute to its support, clieei'fully and liberally, but a tax they
will always defeat. The justice of being obliged to educate other people's
children is a theme on which they love to dwell, but forget, too
many of them, that their own intellects were cultivated and expanded in ;
some of the Public Schools of an xVtlantic State.
,
SOHOOL-IIOUSES.
I am sorry to say that but one new building has been erected during
the 2)ast 3"ear. The citizens of Cottonwood District have built a neat
and comfortable little School-house by subscription. Many more oaglit
to be built, but the result of the vote in Yreka City District has given
this branch of improvement a decided chill.
At the late election of School Trustees, a specified amount for repairing
and enlarging the City Public School building was defeated by ove;one
half majorit3^ I hope the subject will be reconsidered, and the citizens
of Yreka will show by their votes that the comfort and health o\'
their children, while at School, are not secondary considerations with
them, but equal, if not paramount, to their regard for their Poor-house or
Court-house. Siskiyou boasts of the best Court-house in northern California.
Can sl)e not have one respectable School-housed
The Board of Examination find the general excuse of ap])licants to be,
that they have not been engaged in the profession for several years,
have been otluu'wisc em})loyed, and have not reviewed the branches
usually taught in a Common School. I am happy to say the Board do
not think such excuses valid. The School should not be taxed to educate
the Teacher, or, in other words, the School should not be brought dowi)

175
to the capacity of the Teacher. His standard must be hig-h, or our Public
Schools Avill always be Primary in grade. A few districts still cling
to the idea that a goml fclhw will do to teach their School, no regard
being paid to his qualifications, fitness to impart knowledge, or ability to
govern; but simply -Avish him to be a good, social, easy-tempered chap.
The Board holds its examinations publicly, and if the ap])licant does not
exhibit sutfieient knowledge to entitle him to a certificate, he is informed
of the fact, and notified of the bi'anches in which he failed. Justice to
the children and justice to the Teachers, is the motto of examinations.
SHASTA C0U:N^TY.
Grove Iv. Godfrey Count}- Superintendent.
The present statistical report furnishes ample evidence of a gradual
and health}" advancement in all the essential elements of a good and
practical School system in its workings, as it shows an earnest and efficient
set of Teachers in their profession; an increase in the numlier of
Schools; the greater length of time during which they were maintained;
a gradual increasing attendance on the part of pai-ents, guardians, and
children, to the necessity of uniformity and punctualit}" of attendance
upon the exercises of the Schools within my jurisdiction.
The times demand for the public good that Schools should be provided
for the rapidly increasing number of children in the county, for good
Schools will give a reputation to a place that is worth more tlian wealth
or real estate. School-houses must be built in every district where they
are required. They shouKl be agreeable and attractive, instead of
gloomy and repulsive. Good Schools cannot be kept in uncomfortable
houses, where dreary walls pain the eyesight, and ill made seats cramp
and torture the physical sj-stem of children. School-houses ought to be
pleasant places, with beautiful surroundings, and furnished with appliances
for teaching, with maps, libraries, apparatus, etc.; then will our
children delightfully assemble there, and learn with greater emulation.
Good School-houses, efticient Teachers, money, apparatus, uniibrmity
of text books, and perfect classification, are the grand essentials to progress
and general prosperity to ever}' School.
During the past year the officers connected with the Schools have exhibited
increased interest and zeal in the discharge of their duties.
Thei*e is a wide field open for them to display their energy and talents in
promoting the be.st interests of this institution.
Trustees are the agents of the Public Schools of this State, and on
them depends in a great measure their prosperity and usefulness. But
they must inform themselves thoroughly concerning all their official
duties, provide good School-houses, and make the place attractive ; employ
professionally trained Teachers, pay them well, visit and inspect
the Schools frequently, purchase maps, charts, blackboards, globes, and
libraries, for School use.
The successful working of our School system requires the co-operation
of all who are directly or indirectly connected with the 25i't»sperity of
our free institutions. Let parents. Trustees, and Teachers, do their duty
and work in concert to the best advantao-e ; let children be made to

176
foel the importance of learning, and bow much their future life will depend
on their present deportment and application ; then will our School
system realize its glorious designs, and the character of the next generation
will prove that we have done our duty to the youth of the present
age in providing for liberal and progressive education.
ALAMEDA COUNTY.
B. N. Seymour County Superintendent.
Not more than about two fifths of tlie children returned by the Census
Marshal are enrolled as attending the Public Schools at all, and only
about one fourth attend regular!3^ The number of visits made bj: the
parents is very small. It is very difficult everywhere to get men enough
together to elect Trustees, and in many places it cannot be done at all
the only election, I think, in all our American polity where there is a
want either of candidates or voters. These facts, to a reflecting mind,
speak volumes. They show that the School is something outside of the
thoughts, sympathies, and plans of parents; that if children can earn
money, or it is a trouble or expense to send them to School, they are
not sent; that the mass of parents think more of politics and pleasure,
of gossip and display, and gain, and everything else, than of the mental
and moral culture of their children. Public Schools can never advance
to a high stage of efficiency and excellence under such an incubus of 23arental
indifference. It takes three parties to make a good School— good
Teachers, good children, and good parents; and each of the three factors
is alike, and I think 1 may safely say, equally important. The occasional
presence of the parent in the School-house is just as essential to
the prosperity of the School aa the constant attendance of Teacher and
j^upils. His acquaintance with the School, his interest, advice, and cooperation,
are indispensable elements of its prosperity. Of course, good
Teachers and good pupils can make Avhat we in our ignorance call good
Schools; but then, parents can add just one third to that excellence if
they would only know it and do it.
Then, many of the School-houses are anything but inviting. One
looks as if it had been a wanderer in a strange land, without friends or
home, and, having set down at the forks of the road, by the side of a
brook, to weep over its desolation, some benevolent individual had taken
pity on it and fenced it in. Another is in the further corner of a cow
pasture, and were it not for a door and window in front, and a beautiful
woman and bright children within, would certainly be taken for a cow
shed. There is another, that looks as if it had got lost wandering over
the plains, and had moored itself to the corner stake of somebodj^'s
quarter section to keep from running awa}^ with itself I noticed, as I
recently passed that way, that it had had another season of peregrination,
only to fetch up at another corner stake, in a condition not unlike
Virgil's sailor, when all his fleet had gone to the bottom, and he alone
was left swimming, with naught in sight but sea and sky; not a tree,
nor fence, nor scarcely a house in sight. I concluded, however, that it
had made up its mind to settle there, for I saw an artesian well had been
bored. These arc country School-houses. But some in the villages arc
—

177
hardly superior to them yet it is not necessary to characterize ; them.
In many districts in the county there is need of new, comfortable, and
convenient School-houses. Quite a number have none at all, and depend
upon renting.
The State ought to levy a State School tax. I suppose every believer
in popular government will admit the truth of this proposition : It is
the right and the duty of the State to govern itself. It might be modified
in this form : It is the right and the dut}^ of the State to perpetuate
its own life in the best and cheapest manner. I think the second proposition
is equally incontrovertible with the first, and broader and stronger.
That proposition being admitted, there is another just as plain and simple.
It is that (food School Teachers are the best and strongest police force. If there
is any doubt on this point, we need only to open our eyes ujjon our country.
Why is the North loyal and the South disloyal 't Simply because,
at the North the State has propagated its life through the Public School,
while at the South it has not. If you point to the mobs and the Copperheads
at the North, j^ou do but strengthen the argument. For I suppose
it is a notorious fact that, in a great manj^ instances at least, " Governor
Seymour's fi'iends," as has been wittily remarked, " have X for a
middle name." Patriotism, a holy regard for government and law, is
most ardent where Public Schools are most regarded. If these things
are so—and to doubt them seems to me as diflicult as to doubt the
clear shining of the noonday sun—then it is the wisest, cheapest, and
best polic}^ for the State to levy such a tax. If it be said that the South
could never have maintained slavery with a system of Free Public Schools
for all her people, of every color and condition, I suppose no one will be
found foolish enough to deny it. But if she had always maintained a
thorough system of public instruction, slavery had long "ago died a natural
death, and she now, instead of being one vast battlefield, her soil
drunk with human gore, and her ground filled with the slain, would be
far advanced in such a career of prosperity and true glory as we little
dream of; and her whole people would be filled with the most ardent
loyalty, instead of glorj'ing in their shame.
If that example be thought too general and vague, take another. In
Butte County, at the November term of the District Court, in eighteen
hundred and fifty-seven, there were thirteen murderers to be tried. Unless
my memory is very much at fault, the County Treasurer told me
that the expense of trying those mui'derers swelled the county debt
nearly sixty thousand dollars (^60,000.) If ihej had been taken by the
State in early childhood, for hoAV much less money might they have
have been taught to be useful and honorable citizens, instead of bloodthirsty
demons. If ixnj one sees here an argument against employing
any but persons of the firmest rectitude and purest morals for
Teachers, I have no objection to its being used in that way. I believe
it is the duty of the State to pi'opagate its own life through Schools
where the purest righteousness and virtue are taught by precept and example.
If it be tnie, as I think it is, that Schools are a fundamental part of
healthy popular government, then there can be no question as to the
right of levying a tax for their support; for I suppose it will be universally
conceded that Government may levy a tax for its own support.
If it is objected that a State tax, in addition to the School Funds
already provided, would give some disti'icts more money than they need,
23

178
then let a new law of distribution be framed tbat will put the money
where it is needed. The State had better spend a few thousand dollars
to teach any single family to be useful and honorable members of society,
than to suffer that famil}^ to grow up to be boors and brigands.
The method of government b}^ education will be found infinitely cheaper
and better every way than that by punishment. Every one at all acquainted
with the condition of the Schools throughout the State knows
that the present revenues are not at all adequate to the wants of the
Schools.
MEECED COUNTY.
R. B. HuEY, County Superintendent.
Many of the Boards of Trustees seem to manifest too little interest in
the iniportant subject of Public Schools. While they wish them to
succeed and prosper, they are too cai'eless and negligent to give them
that care and attention which is expected fi'om them and which it is
their duty to do. I have visited the districts, and counselled with the
Trustees on the importance of encouraging in every possible wa}' all the
means calculated in any wise to enhance the utility and effectiveness of the
Schools of the county. I find, however, that too many of them depend
upon the County Superintendent to do all the work, and look to him as
being wholly responsible for the efficiency or inefficiency of the Schools.
In fact, some of them have read the School Law so little that they remain
ignorant of its contents, depending on the Superintendent for information
Several reports came into
regarding the duties of their official position. .
my office deficient in statistics, notwithstanding my earnest request that
the requirements of the law might and must be fully complied with.
I anticipate some trouble in some of the School Districts in regard to
obtaining Teachers—especially at Snelling's.
The citizens composing the Jackson District are divided in politics, and
are so opposed to each other that it seems no Teacher is likely to be obtained
that will suit both parties. One of the Trustees of this district
has sent in his resignation^ and most likely the other two will resign.
I do not know whether it will be possible to establish a School there or
not. I have used every means to reconcile the factions, but without
effect so far. It is to be hoped that this state of feeling will not long continue
to exist in opposition to the interests of the School and the community.
In order to promote the interests of education in the county, I called
an Educational Convention at Snelling's on the fourth of last June. The
object was to organize a County Teachers' Institute, the examination of
persons applying for certificates, the adoption of a uniform system of
books for tlie use of the Public Schools, and to discuss the interests of
the Schools and education generally. The meeting, though not largelj^
attended, was quite interesting. The Convention remained in session
two days, accotnplishing most of the purposes for which it was called,
and adjourned to meet subject to the call of the County Superintendent.
The Board of Supervisors placed at my disposal the full amount allowed
by law for the use of Institute ))urj)0ses. But a small amount has yet;
been used. It is the intention of the institute to apply most i)f the Fund

179
to the purchase of maps, charts, globes, and books, for its special use, to
be preserved in a library. All who were pa*esent at the Convention
were pleased with the proceedings, and the Teachers present expressed
themselves greatly benefited from hearing each others' views and experience
on the art of teaching, and the best mode of government to be
observed in the Public Schools in order to promote their greatest success
and advancement.
Although the past year has not proved as successful and encouraging
as was to have been desired, I do not feel discouraged, but enter upon
the duties of the new School year with an increased desire and fuller determination
to discharge to the utmost jiossible extent every duty devolving
ujjon me in my official relation to the people, and as a warm supporter
of the system of Public School instruction.
Upon receiving books, blanks, and instructions from 3'our department,
I have forvrarded them to their respective destinations, with the request
that the}' be faithfully observed in every particular, and that full, correct,
and prompt returns be made at the proper time, and in a proper manner,
to my office.
I think, under the neworder of things, we may expect to see a greater
degree of prosperity develop itself in the Schools of our little county.
In consequence of the small amount of funds provided by the county
for the maintenance and support of the Public Schools. 1 resolved to
appeal to the Board of Supervisors for an additional percentage for
School purposes. I accordingly presented the matter to them for consideration,
and they finally agreed to raise the per cent for School purposes
to twenty per cent, which will double our County School Fund for
the ensuing School year.
The sum which the several districts will draw from this Fund,
increased b}" that which will be derived from the State School Fund,
will, with a small rate bill or district tax, enable each district to continue
their Schools the greater part of the year. Should we be fortunate
enough to get experienced and competent Teachers, which is my determination,
together with a uniformity of the best of School books, I can
anticipate a flourishing and prosperous condition of our Schools for the
ensuing year.
As regards School Libraries, we have none. Our School Fund has
been so small that we could not spare any for the purchase of books;
and as such is indispensabh' necessary to the proper growth of a School,
I have called the attention of Trustees and citizens to the matter. I
suggested that a small district tax might be levied for such a purpose ;
it would not be felt by each one, and the sum thus collected would provide
a small librarj- of historical and other useful books, which, if properly
used, would attbrd matter of instruction and usefulness that might
produce a lasting benefit to the young scholar.
One great object to be attained in the course of instruction pursued in
our Public Schools, is a practical, thinking scholar—one that can apply
his ideas to some defined purpose. Unless this is accomplished, we fail
of the proper end to be attained, and for which our Public School system
was instituted.
We imagine we hear some say : " Our children have learned to read
and write, studied arithmetic, geography, and English grammar, and is
this not sufficient? Why, then, all this ado about Schools? Cannot
other children attain the same ?" But such persons do not comprehend
the real difference between a dead, inactive knowledge, and one that is
practical and jDrogressive.

180
Now. reflect a moment. Where is the boy or girl, just from School,
that can sit down and compose an intelligent letter, or read understandingly
any complex subject or discourse, or solve the practical problems
of arithmetic, or give the descriptive geography of a country, or analyze
a sentence or discourse into its component parts? Understand that
pronouncing short or long sentences with ease is not reading ; perfoi'ming
certain chirographical movements of the pen by imitation, or from
an impress of the mind, is not writing; reciting a long list of geograph-
ical names and definitions is not understanding geography ; neither is
analyzing a sentence and giving the parts of speech a correct knowledge
of the synthesis and analysis of composition ; nor is producing the
solutions of problems in arithmetic, according to the rules laid down,
comprehending the practical application of numbers to the business relations
of life. Indeed, we may remark, that so far as practical utility is
concerned, the branches of a common education, such as is considered
complete by many parents, is no more than an imperfect mixture of
undefined ideas, from which the young scholar turns in disgust, and
seeks that employment for the body and intellect, amid the fashionable
resorts of gayety, idleness, and dissipation, which, for the want of proper
advantages, are denied to him elsewhere.
If we wish the youth of our land to have an education that will make
men and women of them, we must come forward with the means, and
raise our Schools to a first class standard. Let us infuse into them a
spirit of activity that will encourage a vigorous course of instruction,
such as will make itself both seen and felt in the daily rounds of business,
in society, and amid the faniily circle ; that will expand the mind,
cultivate the virtues of the heart, bring peace and consolation, and impart
solid enjoyments and sunshine to the decline of life. That this may
be accomplished, we must have the means to keep our Public Schools
moving, and that w^e neglect none of the essentials to render them comfortable
and attractive. When this is done, it is equally as important
that the pupils have all the advantages of regular attendance. Punctual
attendance, only, will lead to success. They should be instructed to be
diligent, obedient, and studious, and to consider no task as impossible.
By pursuing this course, with active, energetic, and competent Teachers
at the helm, we may anticipate a degree of success and prosperity in our
Schools that will redound to the honor of our State and the glory of our
common country.
THE STATE SCHOOL TAX.
I regard this move on the part of the friends of education in our State
as one of vital importance ; and I think no one friendly to the cause of
Public Schools will object to the passage of such an Act on the part of
our Legislature. Thei'c are, however, many persons who will oppose
the passage of such a law by throwing every obstacle they can in the
way. Such persons are unfriendly to reform in general, and oppose
every scheme set on foot for the improvement of the social, moral, and
intellectual condition of society. This class of people cannot be looked
upon in the light of true friends to the Commonwealth. They are narrow
minded and contracted in their views, and look at everything that
does not immediately benefit them as unwise or impolitic. I regard the
passage of such a law as one of the very best Acts which our Legislature
could pass. It seems to me that it is a right which the State should, in
a great measure, reserve to herself—the education of her youth. It is a

181
part of the political economy of a nation to provide such means as may
either directly or indirectly act against the prevention of crime.
I am heartily in favor of the passage of such a law, and sincerely hope
it may meet with the acceptance and heart}- co-operation' of our ensuing
Legislature.
APPORTIONMENT OF SCHOOL MONEYS.
As regards the apportionment of the School monej^s on the basis of
attendance, as taken from Teachers' reports, 1 think is good. It will
induce parents to send more regularly.
But where two Schools are kept in the same district, it sometimes
occurs that the scholars belonging to one of the Schools at certain
seasons of the year cannot attend regularly, whilst the scholars belonging
to the other attend regularly; one School may have forty names
registered, and the other onl}- seventeen, yet the latter will draw nearly
as much of the School moneys as the former, which I consider hardly
equitable.
We have adopted the new series of text books in the Schools which
have opened. They meet with entix-e success, and are well received by
the pujDils. 1 think they are decidedly the best I have ever seen, and
deserve to be retained in our Schools for some time to come.
BUTTE COUNTY.
S. B. OsBOURNE County Superintendent.
FINANCIAL.
There are twenty-eight School Districts, thirty School-houses, two of
which ai'e rented, and twenty-six Schools in good running order, save
that a number of School-houses are a disgrace to the Slate, and especially
the School-house at Oroville. Many of the districts are intending
to build good and comfortable ones, and I hope the work will not cease
until new ones take the place of all the old ones.
The School-house at Forbestown reflects credit on the citizens of that
place. The fact of having good School-houses, comfortably seated and
furnished, is a strong inducement for children to love to attend School.
THE DUTIES OF TRUSTEES.
As a general thing, they desire to attend to their duties, but many of
their reports are made as a mere matter of form rather than of interest.
But I trust for the future that the new order book furnished by the State
will remedy this evil, so as to arrive at a correct expenditure of all
moneys api^ropriated for School purposes, and likewise all receipts for
money, and from what source it is derived.
TEACHERS.
There are about thirty Teachers following the profession in the
county. Of this number six can be rated as Number One, and the re-

182
mainder Number Two, and I would not have the latter class bury their
talent in the ground, but strive to bring forth in time other ten talents,
and thereby place themselves above the mediocrity of Teachers. Not
more than one half of the Teachers in the county subscribe for an educational
journal.
Since the middle of August I have visited all the Schools that were in
session, and endeavored, as far as in m}' power, to test the patriotism of
the scholars, and the kind of teaching and impressions they received from
their Teachers to further their general knowledge of things outside of the
School-house ; and I am happy to say that among the manj^ there were
Bome of more than ordinary acquirements— boys, from six to eight years
of age, who would put to shame those of riper years. I would state that
in one of the Schools, (Stoneman District,) I found the American flag unfurled
behind the Teacher's stand. I thought it was commendable, and
well calculated to instil into the youthful mind a lesson that nothing
but death could ever eradicate. Query—Would it not be a good idea to
introduce one into every School ?

REPORT
OF THE
laarb d %xmtm of \\t California State |tormal ^djooL

REPOKa .
The State Normal School of Califoi'nia was duly organized under the
provisions of a legislative Act, approved May second, eighteen hundred,
and sixty-two.
At their first meeting, May twenty-second, eighteen -hundred and sixtytwo,
the Board of Trustees accepted a proposition made by the Board of
Education of the City of San Francisco, whereby the use of the High
School building of San Fi"ancisco, and its philosophical apparatus, was
tendered to the Normal School. At this meeting it was resolved that the
number of pupils admitted to the School shoiild be limited to sixty for
the first session, or to one pupil from each county in the State; and that
in case there should be no applicant from any county at that time, applicants
from other counties should enjoy the privilege of admission thus
forfeited by the delinquent counties.
A detailed plan for the organization, classification, and general management
of the School, which has been published by the State Superintendent
in pamphlet form, was subsequently perfected and adopted by the
Board.
The Trustees, ddsiring to procure the best professional talent possible
for the instruction of the School, invited hy public announcement candidates
for the j)Osition of State JS'ormal School Principal to present let-
ters of application with accompanjnng testimonials of qualification.
The salary offered was two hundred and fift}^ dollars ($250) a month
during the session of the School. Mr. Ahira Holmes, a gentleman of
ong experience in teaching, was elected. Having settled the preliminary
arrangements for the opening of the School, the Board appointed
Eon. A. J. Moulder, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction ; Geo.
lait. Superintendent of Public Schools of San Francisco; and Gustave
Taj^lor, of Sacramento, an Executive Committee to carry into effect their
orders, and to arrange the details for the future conduct of the School.
On the twenty-first of July, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, the Nornal
School was opened in one of the vacant recitation rooms of the San
Francisco High School building, which the Board of Education of that
iity had previously supplied, according to their agreement, with the
equisite furniture and School appliances.
24

186
Before the expiration of the first session the capacity of this room was
found to be too contracted for the proper accommodation of the Normal
School, the attendance at which had steadily increased from the commencement
of the term. The Executive Committee applied to the Board
of Education for further facilities for the Normal pupils. This application
resulted in the procurement of a building, which, although not well
adapted to the use of a School, still afforded ample accommodations for
the increasing number of Normal pupils. At this time the Board of Education
established an Experimental School, or School of Practice, in connection
with the Normal School. The Teacher of this School was appointed
by the Executive Committee. The advantages of this School,
which was composed of gii"ls, taken mostly from the Grammar Schools
of the city, can hardly be estimated. With such an auxiliary, student-
Teachers in the Normal School were provided with every facility for
acquiring that knowledge of books and practical skill in teaching, on the
possession of which depends their future success as Teachers.
At the close of the term in December, an informal examination of the
School was held in presence of some invited guests. The report of this
examination was published, and reference thereto will show that at the
date above named, the Normal School was in excellent condition, having
an attendance of thirtj^-four pupils, of whom twenty-four were present
at the time; whilst the Experimental School had so much increased as
to require the ernployment of an additional female Teacher, whose
appointment, as well as salary, were received from the Board of Educa-
tion.
At the close of the School year, May fifteenth, eighteen hundred and
sixty-three, the pupils were subjected to a rigid examination by written
questions and answers, with a view to ascertain if they were pi-epared
for graduation. Diplomas were awarded to four ladies, who, immediately
after graduation, received appointments to teach in different parts
of the State.
The appropriation made by the Legislature in eighteen hundred and
sixty-two, for the support of the School, was totall}^ inadequate to the
maintenance of the School, and had not the Board of Education of San
Francisco generously -supplied the means that were lacking, this institution,
whose establishment had been so long and so earnestly desired by
all the friends of popular education in the State, would have terminated
a painful existence. The good results of the enterprise have been thus
far so apparent to the educational community of San Francisco, that the
Board of Education of that city will exert itself to retain the location of
the School at San Francisco after the expiration of the two years which
were specified by law for the location of the School in San Francisco.
* Already three cities have signified their intention to compete for the
location of the School in their midst. A like generous competition has
prevailed in other States of the Union for the location of State Normal
Schools, and the inducements offered to this end, have been buildings and
funds amounting, in many instances, to hundreds of thousands of dollars.

187
FINANCIAL REPORT, FOURTEENTH FISCAL YEAR.
Expenditures.
A. Holmes, salaiy
Miss H. M. Clark, salary
E. P. Fisher, bills and salary as Janitor
James ISTorman, Janitor
Hubert Burgess, salary, Teacher of Drawing and Penmanship
J. D. Stevenson, janitorial sei'vice
Appai'atus, maps, etc
Advertising
Furniture
A. D. Hill, labor and cash
Teacher of Calisthenics, and incidentals
Printing
Total
Apj^ropriation, fourteenth fiscal year
Deficiency appropriation, fourteenth fiscal year.
Total
Balance unexpended
$2,450

Ahira Holmes
188
JE. P. Carlton
Miss H. M. Clark
Miss Sullivan
^
Principal.
Associate Teacher.
Model School.
Model School.
During the year it will doubtless be necessary to employ an additional
Teacher, and the appropriation of six thousand dollars ($6,000) will be
barely sufficient to keep the School in good working condition during
the year. In view of the anticipated increase of expenditures, the lowest
sura with which the School can be continued during the sixteenth
fiscal year is estimated by the Board at eight thousand dollars, ($8,000,)
and the Legislature is requested to appropriate that amount for the support
of the State Normal School. The Trustees have reduced the expenses
of the School to a very economical basis ; but they do not deem it
advisable to reduce the salaries of the Teachei'S to the pittance which is
characteristic of so many parts of the State. When thej^ cannot pay
Teachers a respectable salarj'- they will close the School.
The success of the Normal School, thus far, has exceeded the expectation
of its friends. It is a necessity to the State, public opinion demands
that it shall be sustained as a part of the Public School system, and the
Trustees ask the members of the Legislature to bear in mind that the
surest means of raising the standard of our Common Schools will be to
foster an institution which shall send out Teachers who, comprehending
the responsibilities, and skilled in the art of teaching, will make our
Public Schools ihe best Schools in the State.
December Ist, 1863.
GEOEGE TAIT, Secretary.
LELAND STANFORD, Governor,
J. F. HOUGHTON, Surveyor-General,
JOHN SWBTT, Supt. Pi.blic Instruction,
GEORGE TAIT, Supt. of San Francisco,
G. TAYLOR, Supt. of Sacramento,
Board of State Normal School Trustees.

REPORT
or THE
PRINCIPAL OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

]RE P* O R T.
To the Honorable the Board of Trustees of the State Normal School
Gentlemen :—In submitting this, the first annual report of the condition
and prospects of the State Normal School, the undersigned expresses
the hope that he may be deemed excusable for presenting facts
and statistics with which your Hoard are already familiar, as well as for
indulging in some suggestions relative to the reorganization and future
management of the institution.
For the sake of conciseness and convenience of reference, I will present
the subject under the following heads, viz :
Normal School proper—its histoiy and prospects.
II.
Course of study and exercises in School.
Statistics of attendance.
III.
IV.
The necessity of maintaining a Teachers's Seminary at the expense of
the State.
What the School needs in order to inorease its efficiency.
Y.
VI.
The Model Department, or School of Practice, and its relations to the
Normal Department.
:

^
192
I.
HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF THK SCHOOL.
The Normal School was organized on the twenty-third of July of last
year, m accordance with an Act of the Legislature, approved May of
the same year. By a provision of this Act, the sum of three thousand
dollars ($3,000) was appropriated for the support of the School during
ne term of five months.
Although notice of the opening of the School was given in the newspapers
some weeks before the commencement of the session, but two
applications for admission were received previously to the day fixed
upon for the examination of applicants, and one of these did not present
himself for the purpose of undergoing the appointed ordeal. On
the day of examination, however, five others were in attendance. These
pioneer applicants were all admitted, although several of them could not
stand the test of eligibility to membership established by a rule of your
Board, but were deficient with respect to a knowledge of the 'simplest
rudirdents of the common English branches. They were all admitted,
however, on probation, in accordance with the advice of the Superintendent,
and all retained their connection with the School until the close
of the term.
At the opening exercises the Honorable A. J. Moulder, Superintendent
of Public Instruction, and Doctor Taylor, of the Board of Trustees, were
present and raa4e appropriate remarks to the class relative to the desig^is
and objects of the institution, and their duties and responsibilities
as pupils of the first Normal School established in California.
In this quiet and unostentatious manner, and under the most unfavorable
auspices, the State Normal School was organized.
During the first month of the session ten or twelve other members
were added to the class, and before the expiration of the term, in December
following, the class had increased to upwards of thirty.
A public examination of the class, conducted by the State Superintendent
and the Principal, was held on the twenty-first of December, but no
diplomas or certificates of graduation were issued to any of the members,
as none had completed the prescribed course of study.
Although the provisions of the Act under which the School was established
contemplated only one session of the School, of five months
duration, during the year, it was deemed expedient by the Executive
Committee of j^our Board that the School should be re opened after a
short vacation, as there was a balance of the appropriation left undisbursed,
sufficient for its support for about two months. Accordingly the
tSchool was re-opened on the twelfth of January following, with about
thirty pupils, about twenty of whom had attended the previous term.
A considerable number of those who attended the first session engaged
in teacliing after leaving the School, and did not return; others were
prevented from attending by other circumstances, and one was dismissed
for delinquency.
As it was deemed probable that the Legislatui"e, then in session,
would make a small appropriation to meet the financial deficiency that
might accrue by keeping the School open after the three thousand dollars
($3,000) appropriated at the previous session, it was deemed advisable
to continue the session for a few weeks longer than the time fixed
upon at its re-oponing, and in accordance with the advice and consent of
the State Superintendent, the session was continued until May four-

; ; :
;
193
teenth—four months from the time of commencement. Daring the term
there were forty-one pupils in the class—five males, and thirty-six
females.
During the four last days of the session an examination of the class was
conducted. The oral examination was conducted by the State Superintendent
of Public Instruction, assisted by Professor Swezey, Doctor
H. Gibbons, and the Principal. This time was principally devoted to
an examination of the pupils in physical geography, physiology, ai'ithmetic,
grammar, rhetoric, algebra, geometry, spelling, and methods of
teaching, by means of printed questions, to which the pupils were required
to give written answers. A limited time (fron\ one hour to two
houi'S and a half) was allowed the class for preparing their answers to
each set of questions, and the average standard fixed at seventy per
cent.
The applicants for diplomas were also examined by the Committee
with special reference to their ability to conduct class exercises, by being
required to teach in their presence in the Model Department.
After a careful examination of the manuscripts of the pupils, it was
decided by the Committee of Examination that only four of the applicants
were entitled to certificates of graduation. The names of these,
together with copies of the questions propounded to the class, will be
found appended to this repoi-t.
A verj' large majority of those who have entered the School during
the session, have been found exceedingly deficient in a knowledge of the
elementary branches of study that are usually taught in our Primas-y
and Grammar Schools, and all have required special instruction and
training in the rudiments of the common English branches. Many had
not attended any School whatever for a long time, and were sadly deficient
in relation to the amount of mental vivacity and dicipline so necessary
for the Normal student to possess. Several were dismissed during
the term, in consequence of their want of application, and for other
delinquencies, and their consequent inability to maintain a respectable
standing in their classes. Four or five young ladies were admitted on
probation, (by the advice and consent of the Executive Committee,) of
whom but two were found qualified, after two or three months trial,
to pursue the course w^ith advantage to themselves, or credit to the
School. 9
The following counties have been represented in the institution during
the session, viz
Contra Costa;
San Francisco;
Nevada
Sacramento
Marin
Santa Clara
Solano
Alameda;
San Joaquin
Yuba;
Napa;
El Dorado.
It is a matter of disappointment and regret to me that so few from
the mining and agricultural counties of the State have been inclined to
eek the advantages which the School affords, and, more particularly,
;hat those who have entered have been found so very deficient in point
)f both scholastic attainments and mental discipline. As the objects
hich the School seeks to accomplish become more generally under-
25
;
;
''

194
stood, however, it is probable that this latter obstacle to its success in
meeting to the fullest extent the designs of its establishment will be
gradually removed.
But the above does not exhibit the true proportional attendance from
the several counties, as a consderable number of those who have attended
from San Francisco must be considered as residents of other sections
of the State, as their parents reside in the "rural districts," and
they are onl}^ remaining temporai'ily in this city with their friends or
relatives, in order to avail themselves of the privileges which the
School affords. It is presumed that nearly one half of the students that
have attended are bona fide residents of other counties. It is furthermore
pi'obable that a large proportion of the future members of the institution
will attend from this city, whatever place the Legislature may
hereafter designate for its permanent location.
A considerable number of applications for admission to the institution
next term have already been received, and among these I am pleased to
notice a larger number of those w^ho have had experience in teaching
than have heretofore applied.
The whole number of pupils who have attended during the nine
months that it has been in session is forty nine, while the average daily
attendance has been only about twenty-five. This exceedingly low
average attendance has been occasioned, in a great measure, by the fact
that so large a proportion of the members entered after the opening of
the session j but some of the pupils who reside in the city have been
habitiially irregular in their attendance.
One of the most prominent disabilities to which I have been subjected
in conducting the School, has been a want of a convenient and comfortable
School-room in which to hold the sessions.
During the first three months .of the session the City Board of Education
appropriated to the use of the School a small class-room on the basement
floor of the High School building, but in -November, as it was
deemed expedient to organize a Model Department, and as there was no
convenient room- that could be obtained for the latter, either in the
building occupied by the Normal or in the vicinity, it was found necessary
to remove the School to some locality where accommodations could
be obtained for all the departments in the same building.
Eooms well adapted to the wants of the School could not be procured,
but as a last res/^rt it was finally decided to rent f(?i- its use those
which it continued to occupj^ up to the close of the session. This house
was in every respect unfit for the use of a Normal School.
II.
COURSE OF STUDY AND EXERCISES OF THE SCHOOL.
The following branches have been taught in the School during the
year, viz : Practical and mental arithmetic, physical and descriptive
geography, English grammar and analysis, rhetoric, composition, reading,
penmanship, algebra, plane geometry, physiology, natural philosophy,
vocal music, calisthenics, and the theory and practice of teaching.
During the latter part of the session Doctor II. Gibbons has delivered a
scries of lectures to the class on the subject of botany, ho having generously
volunteered to give gratuitous instruction in this science.
The direct instruction on the science or methods of teaching which

195
has been given to the class, has been principall}' of an incidental nature,
and in connection with the ordinary class drills or recitations, and but
few of the pupils have furnished themselves with any text book on this
subject. But the more advanced pupils have been required to conduct
class exercises in the Model Department under the supervision of one of
the Teachers, and have also done the same in tbe Normal School at every
favorable opportunity. Moreover, I have availed mj'self of all the means
at command for impressing upon the minds of those under my care
and instruction an idea of the great responsibilit}" that they have incxirred
in connecting themselves with the School as candidates for the
Teacher's profession, and the importance of the work in which they had
declared their intention to engage. I have also conducted all the exercises
of the School w^ith special reference to the cultivation of the pupils'
power of verbal expression, and have also taken every available opportunity
to call the attention of the classes to what I considered the best
methods of teaching the various branches, and the means to be brought
into requisition for developing and strengthening the faculties of the
young pupil. Criticisms, and an unrestrained interchange of opinion, on
the part of all the pupils of the class, both in relation to the principles
of the various subjects or sciences which have been taught, and the
methods pursued in presenting them, have been at all times encouraged,
and they have been required to make use of frequent blackboard illustrations
by way of elucidating the principles or subjects comprised in the
Jessons assigned them.
While a lai*ge portion of each daily session has been devoted to imparting
especial instruction in the vai'ious sciences enumerated, the importance
of physical training, as a branch of Common School education,
has not been overlooked or underrated. During the last session, the
members of the School have taken i-egular gymnastic and calisthenic
exercises, under the instruction of Madame Parrot, a graduate of Dr.
Dio Lewis' Normal Institute in Boston, and all the members of the
School have been subjected to systematic physical training, adopting
such exercises as are prescribed by the best authorities on this subject.
The apparatus which has been employed in conducting these exercises
consists of wooden dumb-bells, wands, rings, and small bags containing
beans or grain, by means of which a variety of exhilarating games and
performances have been introduced, calculated to furnish diversion for
the pupils by arousing competition among the performers, as well as to
develop the muscles, strengthen the physique and increase mental vigor.
This system of physical culture is, I think, well adapted to the wants of
our Common Schools, and I hope to see it generally introduced throughout
the State. I had great difficulty at first in introducing these exercises,
as very few of the pupils appeared to take anj^ interest in them,
or even to appreciate the advantages of any system of physical culture
in the School-room. A commendable degree of interest has, however,
been since awakened, and the members have recently not only engaged
in the exercises without apparent reluctance, but in most cases have
manifested an apparent fondness for them.
A system of assigning " credits " to the members of the class, at the
close of each exercise, both in the Normal and Model Departments, has
been regularly adopted, and has been productive of favorable results, by
inciting the pupils to application and habits of attention and observa-
tion. It is a fact worthy of notice that the relative standing of the students,
as exhibited by the aggregate number of credits ^ch obtained
during the session, generally coincided with the relative *verage per-

196
centage of credits that they respectively received on their examination
manuscripts at the close of the terra.
III.
ATTENDANCE.
The attendance of the pupils has been somewhat irregular during the
session. This kind of delinquincy I have made a strenuous effort to
check, and have succeeded to a certain extent, although it has continued
to exist, and has proved decidedly detrimental to the progress of the
pupils and to the general welfare of the School.
But, in commenting upon the various disabilities and obstacles to
which I have been subjected in conducting the School, I am fully aware
that it has not been in the power of your Board to furnish all the appliances
and conveniences necessarj^ for the more perfect establishment
and better management of the institution, as but an exceedingly limited
fund was placed in your hands by.the State Legislature—a sum barely
sufficient for continuing the School for about one half the year.
Notwithstanding it would have afforded me extreme pleasure to have
been able to present to your honorable bod}^ a more flattering and encouraging
report of the School, at the close of this the first year of its
existence, both with respect to the number of applicants for admission,
and the interest that has been manifested in its welfare, I am prepared
to state that ray anticipations have been, in this respect, fully realized.
I entered upon the duties assigned me with some misgivings, and, in
view of the imperfect arrangements that had been made for its successful
opening, considered the success of the School in meeting the design
of its establishment, or even its long continuance, as problematical. It
was frequently remarked to rae, by those who deemed it very desirable
that a School for the special education and training of Teachers should
be established in the State, that it was probable that but verj- few would
connect themselves with the School during the first session, and that my
class would not probabl}" number raoro than a dozen, at most, during the
year. But if the number of students attending the School is to be considered
the measure of its prosjDerity, then the experiment, as far as it
has been tried, ma}' be regarded as quite satisfactory, as there were fifty
pupils in attendance during the session—a larger number, by far, than I
even dared to hope would resort to the School so soon after its organization.
I apprehend, however, that the labor of organizing a Normal School
in this State, and of establishing it upon a permanent basis, is attended
with greater difficulties, and met by more formidable obstacles, than it
has been in almost any other State where similar institutions are now
established. Although there are many, both males and females, who are
desirous of teaching for a limited time, and succeed in obtaining positions
as a stepping stone to more lucrative employment, and although
many of this class of our Teachers are unfitted, both in regard to education
and experience, to take the charge of Schools, the}' are not willing
to spend a year, or even a shorter time, in preparing themselves for the
work in which they desire to engage. This is especially the case with
the young men who are temporarily engaged as Teachers.
I have conversed with many Teachers, and corresponded with others,
who have contemplated entering the School, but who subsequently

I
197
decided not to do so at present, as they thought that they could not well
aflFord the expense of time and money to which they would be subjected
by attending the course. Others would willingly attend in case the
State had provided for paying their board bills while they were members
of the institution. Some have signified their intention of connecting
themselves with the School at some future day, when its efficiency
in meeting the ends of its establishment shall have been more thoroughly
tested, and when more extensive and adequate provisions shall
have been made for its permanent organization and support.
The insatiable desire to invest in "feet," and to accumulate the gold of
our placers, and the restless, unsettled spirit, so characteristic of the
young men, and, to some extent, the young women of the State, militate,
in no slight degree, against the success of the Normal School.
At the close of the last session, the State Superintendent of Public
Instruction announced by circular that an advanced class would be
formed in the vSchool next session, consisting of those who were already
familiar with the principles of the various branches taught in the School,
who intended to teach in the Public Schools of the State, and who
required special instruction in the theprj^ and pi'actice of teaching.
In the Normal Schools of the Eastern States many experienced Teachers,
graduates of Seminaines and Colleges, and others who possess a good
knowledge of the common and higher English branches, may be found,
w^ho resort to these institutions solely for the purpose of acquiring a
knowledge of the methods of imparting instruction, or of learning how
to teach.
There is obviously a deficiency of earnest professional spirit existing
among a large class of the Teachers of the State—such a spirit as is absolutely
essential to the successful development of a sound and permanent
Free School system, and which is requisite in order that the public
sentiment may be thoroughly revolutionized in favor of greater liberality
on the part of the State Grovernment, in making ample provision for the
support of Free Public Schools throughout the Commonwealth. I say
Free Public Schools, for we have no system of Free Schools in the State
at large. Outside of the cities and the larger towns, parents are compelled
to send their children away from home to be educated, or are subjected
to the payment of rate bills for the support of a District School
from three to seven months in the year. Competent and enthusiastic
Teachers can do much by efficient labor in the School-room, as well as
by more direct personal effort dui'ing their hours of leisure, by way of
inciting the residents of their respective districts to build better Schoolhouses,
and to otherwise increase their facilities for sustaining good
Schools throughout the year.
Many of our Teachers, especially those in the sparsely settled sections
of the State, are not professional Teachers; that is to say, they do not
possess a thorough knowledge of even the rudiments of the branches of
knowledge which they attempt to teach, and know little or nothing of
the laws of mental development, and the rational order in wdiich the
various faculties of the child should be called into exercise. They have,
moreover, no love for the work in which they are for the time engaged,
only resort to teaching as a means of gaining a temporary livelihood,
and are therefore constantly watching for something to " turn up,"
whereby they may obtain a situation more in consonance with their
tastes and habits of life, and for which they are by education better
adapted. I am fully aware, however, that some of those who are engaged
in teaching in our Public Schools, and who have been driven into

198
the vocation by force of circumstances, but do not intend to make it a
life work, are Ijoth corajjetent instructors and faithful in the discharge
of their duties; but these are only exceptions among the class which I
denominate unprofessional Teachers. There are also many faithful and
successful instructors among us, who have not received a professional
education in any institution especiall}' devoted to the instruction and
training of Teachers ; but the}' have become eiRcient educators of the
young by years of experience, observation, careful study, and untiring
devotion to their School-room duties. We must have more of this class
of workers in our rudimentary Schools.
,'
The idea seems to prevail in some sections of our State that almost
any one is qualified to assume the charge of a Primary and Mixed School,
and accordingly, we find in many cases that those are often employed
who will work for the least salary, without apparent regard to the qualifications
of the applicant. It requires as much and perhaps more skill
or tact to instruct a Primary School successfully than it does that of a
higher grade. In some of our Eastern cities this fact is fully recognized
by the Superintendents and Trustees, and female Teachers who obtain
appointments in Schools of the lo^vest grade receive higher salaries than
those occupying similar positions in Intermediate and Grammar Schools.
I have examined both male and female applicants for admission to the
•Normal School during the past year, who stated that they had been engaged
in teaching from one to five j'ears in " the Interior," and who
held certificates of qualifications from the Boards of Examiners of various
counties, that were not able to solve examples involving the most
simple operations in fractions, to explain one in simple addition, or write
a grammatical sentence. One young man, of two j^ears' experience in
teaching, failed to perform a single example assigned him as a test of his
knowledge of the rudiments of arithmetic, and could not spell correctly
more than one word in ten which I gave him at random, although they
were all words in common use, and not of difiicult orthography.
I received a letter from a County Superintendent recently in which
the writer expressed his regret that his county was unrepresented in the
Normal School, and stated, furthermore, that at least three fourths of
the Teachers in the county ought to attend the institution, and that if
he could induce them to do so, even for one term, and then to return
to their respective posts, he should expect to see a manifest improvement
in the Schools in that section, as a result of their etforts to improve themselves.
Not long since, when visiting a School district, not twenty miles from
this city, seeing a number of boys at play in the vicinity of a Schoolhouse,
I inquired of them why they were not attending the School.
The}^ stated that the Teacher was in a state of intoxication at the time,
and had gone home. They also told me that he was addicted to the constant
use of inebriating liquors.
The instances that I have cited may be, and probably are, exceptional
cases, but they serve, at least, as illustrations of the fact that School
Trustees do not, in some cases, exercise suflicient care in the selection of
Teachers whom they employ to develop the mental and moral powers of
the children intrusted to their charge.
But how shall this defect be remedied ? What course shall be taken,
in order that each School District shall be supplied with an instructor
who shall realize the magnitude of his labor and the responsibilities and
importance of his mission ?
In the first place, much can be done by way of attaining the result

V
199
named by elevating the profession of the instructor, and by assigning it
that rank among tlie other learned professions which its im])ortance
merits and imperatively demands. But good Teachers demand a fair
compensation for their labor, and, in order to secure their services in all
parts of the State, ample provision should be made for keeping the
Schools in session for ten months in the year, and taxes should be levied
for the purpose of providing funds for erecting comfortable and commodious
Scliool-houses and paying living salaries. Much can be accomplished
with respect to improving our Schools by educating at a School
especially devoted to the object hundreds of earnest and enthusiastic
Teachers, who shall go forth, from year to j^ear, thoroughly imbued with
the spirit of the true Teacher ; those who love their profession and are
willing to make any sacrifices, in order that they may accomplish the
work devolving on them, and accomplish it well.
ly.
NECESSITY OF MAINTAINING A NORMAL SCHOOL AT THE EXPENSE OF THE
STATE.
It has for a long time been a maxim of government in all of the most
populous and loyal Commonwealths of the Union, that all the citizens of
a State should be educated by the State. Admitting this to bo wise
governmental policy, (and few, I think, will question its practicability,)
it would seem important that not onl^' ample public provision should be
made for establishing the requisite number of Free Common Schools in
every section of the State, but that means should be provided, at the
public expense, for securing good Teachers and the proper kind of
instruction; for the public money is not only absolutely squandered by
placing bunglers and tyros in so responsible a position as that occupied
hy the instructor of children, but a vast amount of positive injury may
result from the habitual delinquency or incompetency of a single Teacher.
The same principles should be recognized pertaining to the vocation
of teaching that are generally received and acted upon relative to all
trades and professions.
If we wish a horse shod, we do not employ a man to do the work that
has not even served an apprenticeship as a farrier ; or, if a watch is to
be repaired, it is not put into the hands of a careless experimenter.
Furthermore, we do not hazard the lives and health of our children by
intrusting, them, when sick, to the care of an ignorant charlatan. Indeed,
if a Physician cannot produce a diploma from the Faculty of some
Medical College, and still presumes to practice medicine, he is deemed
unworthy of jDublic patronage, and pronounced b}^ the fraternity of Doctors
an ignoramus or an unscrupulous empiric. On the other hand, our
children are sometimes placed in charge of tutors who know as little of
the branches they attempt to teach, or of the laws of mental development,
or methods of mental and moral culture, as does the uneducated
medical practitioner of the principles of anatomy, hygiene, or materia
medica.
How shall this defect be remedied ? Obviously, by placing the Teachers'
profession on an equalit}- with other professions, or by assigning it
that relative rank among the various professions and avocations which
its importance demands. In proportion as we elevate the Teacher and
his calling, we improve the Schools.

200
It is the peculiar office of the Normal School to instil proper princijDles
and motives of actions in the minds and hearts of those placed under its
fostering care; to create a working power in the prospective Teacher;
to enable the student to realize the influence he is called upon to exert,
and must exert, while engaged in leading and disciplining the unexpanded
intellect.
It is, or ought to be, a perpetual School Institute, in which the members
receive proper impulses, through the medium of association and the
instruction of those to whom it is directl}^ intrusted, and by directing all
their eftbrts to one end, where they may become gradually imbued with
the enthusiasm and spirit of the Teacher.
The history of all institutions that have for their sole object the education
and training of such as design to enter upon the arduous and
accountable labors of teaching, wherever they are established upon a
permanent basis, clearly demonstrates that the}'' serve as the most valuable
adjuncts to a sound Free School system, and that they constitute
most important auxiliaries to the successful development of that system.
Their efficiency has been most thoroughly tested in mofet of the States
of our republic, as well as in England, France, Prussia, and Chili. Even
Turkey, and disloyal South Carolina, can boast of having a Teachers'
Seminary within their respective borders.
Let us suppose, for instance, that one hundred of those now engaged
in teaching in this State, and who design to continue the occupation for
a series of years, but who are deficient with respect to the amount of
knowledge, discipline, and experience requisite to enable them to be as
useful in their several spheres as they otherwise might be, or as they
should be, could be induced to attend a good Normal Institute for only
one year, and if during this time they should devote their exclusive
attention to the science and art of instruction, and to such collateral
branches of learning as appertain more particularly to methods of teaching,
together with practice in the Experimental Department, under the
supervision of a thoroughly competent Principal, how much real good
might thereb}' be accomplished? These Teachers would carry out with
them a power for good, the influence of which would be felt far bej'ond
the boundaries of their resjDCCtive School-rooms or districts, for others
engaged in the same work would unavoidably catch a measure of their
spirit, and thus the benefits resulting from their year's tuition would be
multiplied and extended. I have sometimes heard it remarked that the
Academy and High School possess equal if not superior facilities to
those claimed for the Teachers' Seminary for imparting a knowledge of
the sciences, and, therefore, the Normal Institute is a superfluous appendage
to our system of Free Schools. The fallacy of this argument
appears in the fact that Teachers' Seminaries claim no rivalslnp with
any other institutions of learning. Their office is strictl_y professional.
The Normal School is sul. gerieri)^, an institution tliat has for its object
not so much the mere culture and discipline of the mind of the pupil, or
the mere imparting of general knowledge, as it has the instruction of
the student in specific knowledge relative to the means and appliances
to be brought into requisition in training and educating the young. It
is true that this peculiar kind of knowledge may, to some extent, at
least, be given in the High School or College; and in some institutions
in our country there is a department engrafted upon the academical
course for this special purpose of teaching the student how to teach.
It has been found, however, wherever this two-fold oflice has been
attempted, that the work respectively assigned to the two dej^artments

201
of instruction can be more thoroughly and effectually accomplished by
separating the pupils into two distinct classes under separate management.
If niv heau ideal of the Teachers' School could be fully realized, I
would have no pupil admitted as a member of the class who was not
tolerably well advanced in a knowledge of all the branches taught in
our best Grammar Schools. Under existing circumstances, however, it
would not be practicable, perhaps, to raise the standard of admission, as
comparatively but few who possess the necessary scholastic qualifications
to enable them to procure State or county certificates could be induced
to enter the School merely for the purpose of availing themselves
of its professional training.
WHAT THE SCHOOL NEEDS IN ORDER THAT IT MAY BECOME MORE EFFICIENT.
It is recommended that no pupil be permitted to enter the School
after the first week of each semi-annual session, excepting in extraordinarj'
cases, and that none be allowed to leave, for the purpose of ftigaging
in teaching, before the close of any term.
It seems desirable that a form for a dijDloma for future graduates
should be issued by your Board as soon as deemed practicable. Those
who have graduated have received certificates wherein it is stated that
they are entitled to diplomas after such shall have been engraved by
order of the Board of Trustees.
I would call the attention of your Board to the necessity of permanently
fixing the length and number of terms, in order that the Principal
ma}' make early announcement of the re-opening of the School,
for the benefit of those who may desire to attend and who reside remote
from its location.
In deciding with reference to what shall constitute a proper course of
study for the California State Xormal School, it is necessary to know
something of what is to form its constituent elements, for, as in all other
Seminaries, the system of instruction and ciirriculuni of studies pursued
must be regulated in accordance with the average mental capacity and
amount of scholastic attainments of those who enter as pupils, as well
as with reference to the objects which the institution seeks to accomplish.
If the test of eligibility to membership which has been adopted
by your Board remains as at present, and those who have entered during
the last session are to be regarded as samples of its future members,
it will be obviously necessary to establish an elementary course, or one
preparatory to that which may be justly considered more strictly profes'jional
as far as it relates to its aims and more immediate results. On
the other hand, if the School U to be divested of all the distinguishing
features of a purely academical course, the standard of admission should
be elevated, and the attention of the student mainly, if not exclusively,
directed to those departments of learning which directly or indirectly
appertain to processes of instruction, or education as an art.
The following presents a general outline of this advanced course :
Those sciences which relate to the nature of the mind and the laws
that govern its early development ; such as relate to the moral sentiments
; those that treat of the organization of the physical system, to-
26

202
gether with tlie organic functions and laws of health; and the means
and appliances that are to be brought into requisition for cultivating and
strengthening all the faculties of the child. In addition to these, the
pupil should be thoroughly instructed in methods of organizing and
classifying Schools, as well as in a knowledge of the School laws of the
State, and the details of School management and discipline.
If, however, it is deemed advisable to admit those who are deficient
with respect to the rudimentary branches of knowledge taught in our
Primary, Mixed, and Grammar Schools, they should be thoroughly instructed
in these branches, either jireparator}' to or in connection with
the course delineated. It seems necessary, moreover, that the Normal
graduate should understand the elements, if not the more advanced
principles, of algebra, geometry, physics, rhetoric, and natural history;
for who can understand and teach arithmetic well without knowing
something of the higher mathematics ? or who can comprehend all the
principles of geographical science unless he understands astronomy?
Even the instructor of our lowest grade of Schools can be more useful in
her particular sphere, if she possesses, in addition to a knowledge of the
branches usually introduced into this department, a stock of information
rMative to the sciences enumerated.
Ten of those who have attended the School during the year (including
the graduates) are now engaged in teaching, but those who did not
finish the course remained but a short time in attendance, and hence the
School should not be held responsible for their deficiency, in case they
do not meet the expectations of those who employ them, with respect to
their methods of instruction.
Not long since I saw a letter which was sent by a Count}' Superintendent
to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, in which the writer
takes occasion to allude to the incapacity of one of the Teachers of his
county who had attended about six weeks at the I^ormal School during
the latter part of the winter session, and who was then compelled, on
account of pecuniary embarassment, to seek a position as Teacher.
Although this _young man had never taught before, his want of success
was at once attributed to a defect in the system of training at the Normal
School; for, the Superintendent adds, "Our Normal School must
drill better."
It cannot be expected that any School should work a miracle by
transmuting a " raw recruit " into a good instructor of children and
youth in six weeks.
The Teachers' Seminary claims no supernatural agenc}'. It requires
long and careful drilling to inake good soldiers, and any amount of military
training fails to make efficient troops of such as lack native energy
and trueborn patriotism.
In ordinary cases it will require two years to finish the course of
study, and no one ought to enter the School unless ho can attend, at
least, during two consecutive terms.
But the success of the School in effectually accomplishing the objects
for which it has been instituted, does not depend so much upon the
number as the character of its students, and, under the most favorable
circumstances, much patient, arduous, unremitting labor must have been
expended by those in Avhose charge these prospective Teachers are
placed, before the good results will be made manifest throughout the
State.
Such pupils, and only such, should be admitted to the School as have
decided to teach, or have already had experience in teaching, and design

203
to graduate. We need such students as possess good native ability, a
sound ])hysical organization, and well disciplined minds. The Teacher
of the Normal School ought not to be required to spend the time devoted
to School exercises in infusing the breath of intellectual life into the
members of his class, inciting them to habits of application, and drilling
or instructing them in the rudiments of science. If he is compelled to
do this, he will have little opportunity for accomplishing the legitimate
work of the institution.
VI.
THE MODEL DEPARTMENT, OR SCHOOL OP PRACTICE.
This School was established on the twenty-seventh of October. At
first but one class was organized, which consisted eutii-ely of girls, averaging
about six years of age, and placed under the charge of an experienced
female Teacher. The pupils of this class were mostly taken
from several of the Public Primary Schools of the city. On the twentyfourth
of ISTovember a Senior Department was established, composed
exclusively of girls from fourteen to sixteen years of age. An additional
Teacher was employed for this class, and her salary paid from the
Normal School Fund.
The average daily attendance in the Senior Department has been
about thirty, and in the Primary' fifty-three.
During four days in the week pupils from the Normal Class have conducted
exercises in the Model School, under the supervision of one of
the Teachers.
I cannot speak in too high terms of commendation of the system of
instruction pursued by the Teachers of this department, and their peculiar
fitness for the positions respectively assigned them, or the untiring
devotion with which they have performed the duties which have devolved
on them.
Very respectfully,
AHIEA HOLMES,
Principal of State Normal School.

|kks m\h lUguIiitions mtb €mxBt of Stoh
OP THE
CALIFORNIA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

Itate llormitl Scljool of Califoma.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
F. F. LOW Governor of Slate, ex officio President of the Board.
J. F. HOUGHTON Surveyor-General.
JOHN SWETT.... Superintendent of Public Instruction.
GEORGE TAIT Superintendent of Public Schools, San Francisco.
Rev. WM. H. HILL Superintendent of Public Schools, Sacramento.
EXECUTIVE COMiMITTEE.
GEORGE TAIT, JOHN SWETT, Rev. WM. H. HILL.
'
SECRETART AND TREASURER.
JOHN SWETT.
Office— South-east corner of Montgomery and Jackson streets.
teachers.
AHIRA HOLMES Principal.
H. P. CARLTON Teacher of Natural Science.
training school.
Miss H. M. CLARK, Miss SULLIVAN.

HEaUL^TIONB.
All pupils, on entering the School, shall be required to sign the following
declaration of intention :
" We, the subscribers, hereby declare that our purpose in entering the
State Normal School is to fit ourselves for the profession of Teaching,
and that it is our intention to engage in teaching in the Public Schpols
of this State."
II.
Male candidates for admission must be at least eighteen j'cars of age
and female applicants at least fifteen years of age; and all must possess
a good degree of physical health and vigor.
III.
Examinations of candidates for admission shall be held during the
opening week of each term, and in such form and manner as may be
prescribed by the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees and
the Principal; and the candidate so examined shall be admitted to such
classes as their qualifications may entitle them to enter.
IV.
The Principal of the School shall be authorized, under the direction of
the Executive Committee, to examine and admit applicants at any time
during the term, when it shall appear that such candidates could not
present themselves at the opening of the term.
V.
. The Executive Committee shall have disci'etionary power to promote
pupils at any time during the term to higher classes, upon the repre-
27
;

210
/
sentation of the Teachers that such pupils have earned promotion by
rapid advancement in the course of study.
VI.
'The Board of Trustees shall hold an examination of the Senior Class
semi-annually, at the close of each term 5 and diplomas shall be awarded
to such members of the class as shall be found entitled to receive them.
.
vii.
Every Teacher in the School shall keep a class record of recitations,
and report the grade and standing of each member of the class at the
end of each month, to the Secretary of the Board of Normal School
Trustees.
VIII.
The Principal of the School shall keep a register of the attendance of
pupils, and shall report monthly to the Secretary of the Board the whole
number registered, the average number belonging, the average daily attendance,
and percentage of daily attendance.
TX.
The Principal of the School shall have power to temporarily sus];)end
any pupil, and shall immediately report such suspension, with the cause
of the same, to the Secretary of the Board.
Irregularity of attendance, without reasonable excuse, inattention to
the rules and regulations of the School, or continued imperfection in
recitations, shall constitute a sufficient cause of suspension by the Principal
of the School.
XI.
It shall bo the duty of the Principal to detail members of the Senior
Class, in alphabetical order, to take charge of the classes of the Model
School, and to keep a record of the manner in which such pupil-Teachers
discharge their duties.
XII.
All members of the Senior Class shall be required to take charge of
Model Classes, under the direction of the Principal, for the term of one
week, whenever detailed for that purpose; and it shall be their duty to
be punctually present at the opening of School, to faithfully discharge,
to the best of their ability, all duties devolving upon them as Teachers,
and to make out and present to the Principal, at the close of the week,
a schedule of the daily exercises of the classes while under their instruction,
and a general report of their condition and progress.
XIII.
No pupil shall be entitled to a diploma who has not been a member of
the School at least one term of live months; but certificates of attend-

211
ance, showing charactei* and standing, shall be given to all who pursue
an undergraduate or temporar}' course of studj^.
XIY.
The Normal School shall be divided into three classes : Sub-Junior,
Junior, and Senior; and the course of study for the term of five months,
ending June first, eighteen hundred and sixty -four, shall be as follows :
COUKSE OF STUDY.
SUB-JUNIOR CLASS.
Arithmetic—Eaton's Common School ; Mental.
Gramviar—Quackenbos'.
Geographi/^WQ.YYQx\'s, Common School and Physical; Cornell's Outline
Maps; Map of California; Outline Map Drawing.
Histoiy of United States—Quackenbos'.
Penmanship—Burgess' System.
Drmoing—Burgess' S_ystem.
Rending—Willson's Fourth Reader.
Spelling.
Oral Exercises— Willson's Charts.
Elorution—Analysis of Elementar}^ Sounds.
Blackboard—AYriting and Drawing.
Vocal Music.
School (Jcdisthenics and Gymnastics.
Elementary Instruction—Sheldon's.
JUNIOR CLASS.
Arithmetic—Eaton's Higher.
Algebra—Davies' Elementary'.
Grammar—Quackenbos'.
Geography—Warren's Physical ; Guj'ott's Wall Maps
History of United States—Quackenbos'.
Botany—Gray's.
Physiology—Hooker's.
Rending— Willson's Fifth Header.
Definitions and Spelling.
English Composition.
Elocutionary E.cercises—Russell's.
Elementary Instruction—Sheldon's.
Vocal Music.
School Ccdisthenics and Gymnastics.
Arithmetic—Eaton's Higher.
Algebra.—Davies' Elementary.
Geometry.
SENIOR CLASS.

.
212
Grammar—Quackenbos'.
Rhetoric—Quacken bos'
Geology—Hitchcock's.
Natural Phiioi^ophj—Quackenbos'.
History—Worcester's Compend.
Fhysiology—Hooker's.
Botany—Gray's.
Physical Geography—Guyot's Earth and Man.
Bookkeeping.
Select Readings.
Art of Teaching—Russell's Normal Training; Russell's Vocal Culture;
Sheldon's Elementary Instruction; Page's Theory and Practice.
Constitution of the United States.
School Law of California.
Use of State School Registers, Forms, Blanks, and Reports.
Vocal Music.
School Calisthenics and Gymnastics.
AUTHORIZED LIST OF TEXT BOOKS.
Arithmetic—Eaton's Series.
Algehra—Davies'.
Physiology—Hooker's.
Natural Philosophy—•Quacken bos'.
Geology—Hitchcock's.
Botany—Gray's.
•^History of the United States—Quackenbos'.
General History—Worcester's Compend.
Elocution—Russell's Yocal Culture.
Readers—Willson's Series; Willson's Charts.
Geography— Warren's ; Guyot's Wall Maps.
Grammar—Quackenbos'.
Rhetoric—Quackenbos'.
Russell's Vocal Culture
Page's Theory and Practice.
Penmanship—Burgess' System.
Drawing—Burgess' System.
Outline Maps—Cornell's.
Map) of the Pacific Coast—Bancroft's.
Art of Teaching—Russell's Normal Training ;
Sheldon's Elementary Instruction ;
GENERAL REMARKS,
The object of the California State Normal School is to provide for the
Public Schools of the State a class of well trained professional Teachers.
The course of study as adopted for the School in its present stage of advancement,
may seem very plain and unassuming, compared with the
more pretentious lists of sciences and languages pursued in many private

213
institutions ; but it should be borne in mind that the aim of the Normal
School is to teach thoroughly "what it assumes to teach, and that its purpose
is to fit Teachers for the actual duties of our Public School-i'ooms,
rather than to graduate mere literary scholars.
The !Xormal School building is situated in the Cit}' of San Francisco,
on tliQ north-west corner of Kearn}' and Post streets, nearly opposite
Dashaway Hall. The Third Term of the School will commence on the
sixth day of January, eighteen hundred and sixt3'-four, and end on the
first of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, making a term of five
months duration.
As the maximum number the School can accommodate is not yet
reached, pupils will be received from an}^ county in the State, without
reference to the county apportionment allowed by law.
All pupils receive their tuition free, and most of the text books used
are furnished free of charge, from the Library of the School.
The price of board, in private families, or in good boarding houses,
varies from twenty-five dollars to thirty-five dollars per month.
Applicants who desire further information, will apply b}^ letter to the
Superintendent of Public Instruction, or to the Principal of the School.
Public School Teachers, who have already been engaged in teaching,
and who wish to avail themsblves of the advantages oftered by the Experimental
School for imparting a thorough knowledge of the sj-stem
of Object Training, can enter the Senior Class, if sufficiently advanced in
their studies, and graduate at the end of a six months course.
TEAINING SCHOOL, OE MODEL CLASSES.
The object of this department is, to put theory into practice. There
are four classes, of fifty pupils each; three of which are low gi-ade Primary,
and one a fourth grade Grammar class. The course of instruction
followed in these classes will be modelled after the Oswego Training
School.
This department is under the general direction of Miss Clark and
Miss Sullivan.
Details of School-room duty learned in the drill-rooms of the Training-
Department will form a most important element in the course of Normal
School education.
SECTIONS OF THE REVISED SCHOOL LAW RELATING TO
THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.
[Approved April 6, 1863.]
OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.
Section 51. The Board of Education of the State of California, together
with the Superintendents of Public Schools in the Cities of San

214
Francisco and Sacramento, are herebj^ constituted (ex officio) a Board of
Trustees for the Normal School of the State of California.
Sec. 52. Such Board of Trustees shall be known and designated as
" The Board of Trustees of the State IS^rmal School," and thej^ shall
have power to establish in the City of San Francisco, or at such other
place as the Legislature may hereafter direct, a Normal School, for the
free instruction in the theory and practice of teaching of such persons in
this State as may desire to engage as Teachers in the Public Schools
thereof; to prescribe a course of study for such Normal School, and the
text books to be used therein ; to examine, employ, and fix the salaries
of Teachers therein; to hold stated examinations of the pupils attending
such Normal vSchool, and to award diplomas as hereinafter provided ; to
arrange and effect all the details necessary to conduct such Normal
School ; and to make all the regulations and by-laws necessary for the
good government and management of the same.
Sec. 53. Males over eighteen years of age, and females over fifteen
years of age, may be admitted as pu^iils of said School; provided, that
every applicant shall undergo an examination in such manner as may be
prescribed by the Board of Trustees ; such person having first filed a certificate
with the Principal of said Normal School of intention to engage
in the occupation of teaching in the Public Schools of this" State. The
seats in such Normal School shall be apportioned among the applicants
therefor from the different counties of this State, as near as may be, in
proportion to the representation of such counties in the State Legisla-
ture.
Sec. 54. It shall be the duty of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
to visit said Normal School at least twice in each term, and he shall
embodj' in his annual report a full account of the jDroceedings of said
Board of Trustees, of their expenditures, of the actual condition of such
School, and such other information relating to such School as he may
deem advisable.
Sec 55. Said Board of Trustees shall have power to make arrangements
for organizing and continuing experimental or model classes, to
be connected with such School, and to make all necessarj^ regulations
concerning the same.
Sec 56. Said Board of Trustees shall, at the end of each School term,
examine such applicants as are pupils of the Normal School respecting
their proficiency in the studies of the course, and especially in their
knowledge of the theory and practice of teaching, and shall grant diplomas
to such only as give satisfactor}'' evidence of their qualification in
both the studies of the course and in the theory and practice of teaching.
Such diplomas shall entitle the persons to whom they are awarded to
have and receive, without further examination, a certificate of the second
grade from the State Board of Examination.
Sec. 57. Said Board of Trustees shall hold at least two meetings in
each year. The Governor of the State shall be ex officio Chairman of
said Board, and tliree members thereof shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business.
Sec 58. The expenses of the State Normal Scliool shall be paid out
of such appropriations as the Legislatui-e ma}' from time to time grant
for its sup))()rt ; and the Controller of State shall draw his wan-ant for
the sum so appropriated in favor of tlie Board of Trustees of the State
Normal School.

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SECRETAEY OF STATE,
FOR
THE YEA^R 1863,

O. M. CLAYES STATE rRlNTtill.

^NISrUA^L HEFORT
State of California, Department of State, \
Sacramento, December 1st, 18G3. J
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of the State of California
Sir :—In obedience to the requirements of the laws of this State, I
have the honor to siibmit herewith a report of the transactions of this
office for the period commencing December fifteenth, A. D. eighteen hundred
and sixty-two, and ending December first, A. D. eighteen hundred
and sixty-three.
A. A. H. TUTTLE,
Secretary of State.
:

REPORT.
The'official acts of the Executive have been duly recorded in appropriate
books, as required by law.
Volumes XX and XXI of the Supreme Court Eeports, the Laws of
eighteen hundred and sixty-three, in English and Spanish, and the
Journals and Appendices of the fourteenth session of the Legislature,
were received and transmitted as required by law, without delay, excepting
to the States in rebellion against the Government of the United
States. The volumes remaining have been delivered to the State Librarian.
The creation of new counties and townships involves the necessity of
an additional number of copies of the Laws to meet the increased demand,
and I would respectfully recommend that an additional one hundi-ed
copies be provided for.
Under the provisions of an Act of the Legislature at its fourteenth
session, the Secretary of State was authorized to purchase the Eeports
of the Supreme Court, and Statutes of the State, and furnish the county
officers of Amador therewith ; but in the absence of any appropriation
for that purpose the purchase could not be made, excepting the most
necessary volumes for the County Judge, County Clerk, and District
Attorne}^, which were duly transmitted to those officers. The account
therefor will be presented to the Legislature at its next session.
The duties devolving upon this Department under the provisions of an
Act entitled an Act in addition to an Act entitled an Act to regulate
elections, approved March twenty-third, eighteen hundred and fifty, and
all Acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, approved April
twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, were performed within
the time required by said Act, and the returns of the votes cast by the
California Volunteers in the service of the United States were received
in time to insure the canvassing of the same in the various counties of
the State.
The offices of the Treasurer and Secretary of State have been repaired
at a reasonable cost.
I would respectfully recommend the propriety and economy of fitting
up the basement story of the building now occupied by the State, for
the accommodation of the various State officers, in case permission be

o-ranted by the Board of Supervisors of Sacramento County to that
effect.
The advantages arising from such action would be appreciated by
persons having business to transact at the State Capital, and the economy
thereof may be stated as follows :
Eent of offices for Governor, Attorney-General, Superintendent
of Public Instruction, Surveyor-General, Adjutant-
General, and State Arsenal (see Statutes of 1863, pages
518 to 523) for four years (estimated time for completion
of new Capitol building) at ^3,210 per year
Deduct estiuiated cost of improvements
Showing a saving to the State in four years of the above amount of
seven thousand eight hundred and forty dollars ($7,840.)
The Assembly and Senate rooms will be in readiness upon tbe day
fixed for the meeting of the Legislature.
The supply of stationery is deemed ample to meet the necessities of
the Legislature and State officers for the present fiscal year. Some additional
fuel maj^ be required.
The high prices of nearly all the articles purchased out of the api^ropriation
for stationery, lights, fuel, etc., during the last year, render it
necessary that an additional sum should be appropriated to supply an
estimated deficiency of three thousand dollars (|3,000) for the fifteenth
fiscal year.
The archives in this office prior to eighteen hundred and sixty are in
such disorder that some provision should be made to properly arrange
and classify them—an appropriation of one thousand dollars ($1,000)
would be sufficient for that purpose.
Under the provisions of an Act of the Legislature of eighteen hundred
and sixty-one, page three hundred and two, section six, it was
made the duty of this Department to furnish copies of the laws of each
session to the State Printer, to affix marginal notes to and index the
same, also to index the Journals of both Houses; and the Secretary was
authorized to employ the services of one Clerk during each session to
perform said service, at a salary of one hundred and fifty dollars ($150)
per month, for a period not exceeding three months. I would respectfully
suggest that the. amount allowed for the services required by said
Act is inadequate, and that the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000) be
appropriated, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of
State for the objects above mentioned, and thus secure the speedy and
correct publication of the laws and Journals.
The following is a statement of the value of stationery, lights, fuel,
furniture, etc., dolivored to the various Departments
:

Governor's Office
Adjutaut-Cleneral
State Treasurer, (including repairs of office)
Attorney-Gen eral
State Printer
State Translator
State Libi'ary
Swamp Land Commissioners
Supreme Coui't
State Controller
Surveyor-General
Legislature of 1863
«1,399 27

State op California, )
County of Sacramento. )
1, A. A. H. Tuttle, Secretary of State, on oath say that the foregoing
account of receipts and disbursements in the office of Secretary of State •
is true, according to the best of my knowledge and belief
A. A. H. TUTTLE.
r-^—. Sworn and subscribed to before me this seventh day of
December, A. D., eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
SEAL, y
SAMUEL CEOSS,
Notary Public, Sacramento County, Cal.
,

ANNUAL EEPORT
OF THE
ATTOENEY-GENEKAL,
FOR
THE YEA^R 1863.

O. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER

:
-ANNUAL REFOHT.
Attorney-General's Office, )
Sacramento, November 31st, 1863. j
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of California :
Sir :—In my last annual report to your Excellency, I recommended
the passage of a stringent law to prevent the carrying of concealed
deadly weapons. The law was passed, and whether the result is attributable
to this cause or not, the killing from sudden affray have been less
frequent during the past 3'ear.
Another suggestion of my last report was, to the great credit of our
legislators and to the honor of our State, acted upon, and Negroes were
accorded their rights in being permitted to give evidence in Courts of
Justice.
Another suggestion, made after careful examination of facts, was not
acted upon, and I now have the honor to again submit the proposition in
the hope that it may attract the attention of our legislators. In my last
report 1 said
"We have in the Prison about eix hundred convicts. From inquiries
among prisoners, information from outside sources, and facts given me
by the officers resident at the Prison, I am convinced that a very considerable
number of these convicts ought to be discharged from confinement,
and that an Act of legislative clemency, (after careful examination
of facts,) releasing such prisoners as may be entitled to the mitigation
of their punishment, would be of advantage to them and of profit
to the State. **********
" There are prisoners in San Quentin who have outlived the memory
of friends, too poor to publish their jDCtitions for pardon, and to whom
the pardoning power of the Executive is not likely to do full and impartial
justice. Your experience in this respect has already doubtless convinced
you that political influence, efforts of friends, and assistance of
paid Attorneys, is often brought to bear for those prisoners not most
likely to be entitled to a pardon.
" I would suggest that the Legislature appoint a Joint Committee of

the two Hon.ses to visit the Prison, examine the commitments, converse
with the prisoners, learn all the facts within their reach, and when informed,
introduce an Act such as policy, justice, and humanity may dictate
; the effect of which action, I am convinced, would be most healthful
upon the prisoners left in custody. They will feel that they had not
been entirely forgotten, and would hope that by g'ood conduct they might
in time become the recipients of a similar favor."
This suggestion met with but little favor, and no action was taken
uj)on it. It seems to me there are not a few persons in public life who
fear that anything like sjmipathy for a prisoner is proof of their sympathy
with crime, and that they illustrate their own very superior claims
to virtue by ignoring assistance to the unfortunate. Manj^ I found who
had only a sneer or a smile for the mistaken interest 1 exhibited for
convicts.
Again I recommend through 3"0ur Excellency to the Legislature that
this subject is worthy of consideration. I am convinced there are men
in the State Prison who are innocent of crime; there are manj^ who
have been barbarously punished by the length of term imposed ; there
are manj^ who, having committed a first offence, might be restored to
society by the exercise of judicious clemency.
I renew the suggestion of the appointment of a Legislative Committee
as involving considerations of justice and hu*nanity.
I have employed no additional Counsel during the past year, except so
far as I have had assistance of the law firm with which I am connected
in practice, and have made no expense to the State beyond the amount
allowed me for costs and disbursements in suits in which the State is a
party, and the small balance from last year's collection used in part payment
of a Clerk's hire.
I desire to call attention to the Act concerning the ofiice of Attorney-
General, which by a technical interpretation, imposes but light duties
upon this officer. The law provides :
" The Attorney-General shall attend each of the terms of the Supreme
Court, and there prosecute or defend, as the case may be, all causes to
which the State ma}- be a partj^ ; also all causes to which any county
may be a party, other than those in which the interest of the county
may he adverse to the State, or any officer of the State acting in his
official capacit}^ He shall assist in all impeachments. He shall give
his opinion in writing to the Legislature, State officers, and to Commissioners
of State Hospital, or Asylum, and to any District Attorney, etc."
The Attorney-General, then, is the legal adviser of certain State offi-
cials, and must attend to the litigation in which the State or its officers
may be a party in the Supreme Court. But questions and cases are continually
arising where the State has very important interests involved
in the lower Courts.
During my term of office, I have felt that the State has demanded my
attention in various questions of great importance, as the following statement
of cases will illustrate. I have brought and defended cases, given
opinions, and in all respects acted as though I was the Attorney of the
State, and without respect to the question of the duties required by law.
The duties of the Attorne.y-General should be enlarged. The power of
the Attorney-General should be increased. It would add to the dignity,
importance, and usefulness of this department. The Attorney-General

should be provided with a Clerk who is an Attorney-at-law, and with a
sahuy to employ talent that could be useful in the Courts, and not be
made dependant upon collections.
Tiie Attorney-Creneral should be allowed, in important criminal cases,
to go to the assistance of District Attornej'S, and travelling expenses
should be allowed him.
When I came into office, I found the State Prison authorities in gi-eat
embarrassment from the limited amount of land owned by the State in
the vicinity of the Prison buildings; the Cluard House, the Commissary
Stoi'chouse, the wells furnishing the only fresh water within five miles of
the PrisoD, the vegetable gardens, and the clay banks from which brick
were made, were found to be on the lands of private individuals, and for
which some sixty thousand dollars ($00,000) was demanded as the price
of purchase.
J have brought suit and condemned those lands, one hundred and
fifteen
to the
acres, at a cost
State a perfect
of seventeen thousand dollars (§17,000,) giving
title to so much laud surrounding the Prison
buildings.
Your predecessor in oflJce issued a patent for forty acres of land to
Mr. McCauley, and by him assigned to John Simins. I presume the
issuing of this patent was a mistake, as it covers the brick yards at the
Prison lands made by the State and redeemed from the waters of the
bay by Prison labor.
patent, and to enjoin
J have brought suit
the suit in ejectment
in equity to set aside this
brought by Simms against
the officers of the Prison. The plaintiff is willing to sell for thirty thousand
dollars ($30,000.) The judgment of his honor Judge Southard is
against the State, from which judgment I have caused
taken.
an appeal to be
In the year eighteen hundred and sixty-one, an Act was passed by the
Legislature, entitled an Act to provide for the sale of the Marsh and
Tide Lands of this State, in which I believe there was interpolated the
words " excepting Alcalde grants, which are hereby ratified and confirmed."
Under this alleged confirmation it is claimed that certain parties acquired
title to some twenty fifty-vara lots lying in the very heart of
our hai-bor, and worth, if this scheme can be consummated, two millions
of dollars ($2,000,000.) I have filed a bill and procured an injunction to
restrain the Agent of these pretended owners, William E. Denis, from
driving piles. This suit has been tried and submitted in the District
Court of the Fourth Judicial District.
I confidently expect to defeat what I believe to be a very bold scheme
of plunder.
I have caused suits to be brought by the Stamp Commissioners against
Messrs. Holladay & Flint, and also against Samuel J. Hensley, to recover
for stamps on passenger tickets in the Oregon and Northern trade, in
the conduct of which I have assisted the Attorney employed by the
Commissioners, John F. Swift, Esq.
These cases were referred, and judgments have been rendered in favor
of the State for five thousand dollars ($5,000) in each case.
I have filed a bill in equity to restrain the Oakland and San Antonio
Steam Navigation Companj^ from building a wharf on the city front,
between two wharves, and in a slip used for and necessary to the navigation
of our harbor, which seems to me to be in conflict with the provisions
of the Oulton Wharf Bill. This suit is still pending.
Peter Buimett has brought suit against the Treasurer of State for
some ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for State bonds, which he alleges

his Agent criminally disposed of, and which were presented to the State
Treasurer by the banking house of D. O. Mills & Co., and by him redeemed.
This suit is now pending in the District Court of the Sixth
Judicial District. These suits, together with the docket of cases in the
Supreme Court, will give you some idea of the duties of the office. The
correspondence of the office is large, from all parts of the State and
from a great number of county officials letters are received asking advice
touching land laws, revenue laws, advice touching the performance
of their duties, etc.
While it is probably the duty of the various District-Attornej^s to give
all advice of this chai'acter, yet the Attorney-General cannot well decline
to give opinions which are always courteouslj^ solicited by those
who believe the}" are appljing to the proj^er officer for advice.
I have, on several occasions, in San Francisco, where the interests of
the city and the State have seemed to be in harmony, consulted with
citj" officials touching the assessment and collection of revenue, and concerning
our harbor and water front.
By the Act of the last Legislature, commonly known as the " Oulton
Wharf Bill," it Avas made the duty of the Attorney-Cleneral to act as the
legal adviser of the State Harbor Commissioners.
This Commission organized and entered upon the discharge of their
official duties about the first of jSfovember.
Vigorous measures were taken by the Commission to secure the possession
of those wharves whose leases had expired. Already some fine
wharves have come into the possession of the Board, with no other legal
proceeding than arrests in the Police Judge's Court (under the Act) of
the wharfingers under the old lessees. These arrests were followed by a
prompt surrender of a number of the wharves, and the cases in that Court
dismissed.
Other actions will be commenced against those holding under the
Commissioners of the Funded Debt of San Francisco as difterent questions
are presented in those cases.
I have expended of the amount allowed for costs and disbursements,
in cases in which the State is a party, eighteen hundred and fifty dollars,
($1,850,) from drawing that amount in Controller's warrants, which are
not paid; also a balance of ten hundred and twenty dollars ($1,020) from
last year's collections, on account of Clerk hire.
I have collected for the State Prison Directors eleven hundred and
sixty-four dollars and ninety-four cents ($1,165 94.) No allowance is
made by the Legislature for Clerk hire except through a percentage on
collections.
No allowance is made for hire of a Porter. Nothing is allowed for
travelling expenses, or for exjjenses, or postage charges.
As I am retiring from office, I may with propriet}' suggest that in my
opinion this De|}urtment of the State Government should be placed upon
a more liberal footing, and without claiming any special credit for the
performance of the duties of the office of Attorney-General, I have at
least performed theni mj'sclf, and in point of economy saving many thousands
of dollars to the State, as compared with the expenses of i)reviou8
administrations.
I am, very respectfully,
FRANK M. PIXLEY,
Attorney-General.

TRANSCRIPT OF DOCKET.

CO
CO
oo
w
Q O
P
OQ
Hi

sg
S> CQ
a-s,
a g
o Ph

't^.
s'S a,
a.
?l
6C 5
ph a
10

S a S
S£ 9 o
, .2 a
o .9 ?
4,!a
a s
g a
z a
^
11

s?
13 '^ (-^
^ O (H
p^
M
13

**- i
14

apt,
SQ*^
o " o
'J S
s a,
60 o
teg
•So
15
3.1
a ^
Vi

o
O
I
H
Ui
o p
1-^

S; 03
Bzc
5 '->
17
1
•

o'-_s
18

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS
OF THE
Insane ^BDhm of Califontia,
^ o ^
FOR
THE YEA^H 1863

0. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER.

iffwir^ 0f tl.e gi^gteiE,
RESIDENT OFFICERS.
William P. Tilden, M. D Resident Physician.
A. Clark, M. D Assistant Physician.
A. Thorndike, M. D Apothecary and Second Assistant Physician.
H. Arents ». Steward.
Mrs. Davis Matron.
DIRECTORS.
G. A. Shurtleff President Stockton.
Austin Sperry Vice-President Stockton.
T. R. Anthony, Esq .*
Stockton.
H. B. Underhill, Esq Stockton.
E. S. HoLDEN, Esq Stockton.
Rev. J. Gr. GrASMANN Stockton.
F. C. Andrew Treasurer, and ex officio Secretary of the Board of Directors.

^lSr]SrUA.L REPORT.
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of California
The undersigned, Directors of the Insane Asylum of California, appointed
under the Act of the Legislature of said State, approved April
twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, respectfully report that
on the fifth day of May, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, they organized
by electing G-. A. Shurtleff, President ; Austin Speny, Vice President,
and Fletcher C. Andrew, Secretarj^ and Treasurer; that the unfinished
business of the Asjdura, while under the care and supervision of
the Trustees of the said Asylum, had been taken in charge by them, and
that the books and accounts of H. T. Compton, Secretary of said Board
of Trustees, had been referred to a Special Committee and found to be
correct.
They herewith submit the report of the Treasurer, which is made
a part of this report, and also the report of the Eesident Physician.
From the report of the Treasurer you will perceive that the appi'opriation
made for the deficienc}^ in the fourteenth fiscal year, ending June
thirtieth, eighteeen hundred and sixtj-three, had it been in cash, would
have been seven thousand five hundred and seventy-six dollars and
ninety-seven cents, ($7,576 97,) but discount and interest paid, amounting
to five thousand three hundred and thirtj'-six dollars and seventeen
cents, ($5,336 17,) has swelled the deficiency to twelve thousand nine
hundred and thirteen dollars and fourteen cents, ($12,913 14.) His report
shows that the sum of eight thousand seven hundred and seventeen
dollars. ($8,717,) has been paid for discount on Controller's warrants,
by order of the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors, to
meet the exigencies consequent upon the contract system required in
the Act. It will be seen that the sum of thirty-eight thousand three
hundred and forty dollars and fifty-six cents ($38,340 56) has been
drawn out of the Treasury for the fifteenth fiscal year, for the months
of July, August and September, a part of which was to defray the
deficiency in last j^ear.
We beg leave to call yoiir attention to the necessity of making some
provision, by legislative enactment, to enable the institution to realize
the full cash value of the annual approj)riations for its support.
:

6
During the past year the admissions have exceeded the number upon
which the amount of the last annual appropriation was based, while the
appropriation itself is reduced one fourth in converting the Controller's
warrants into cash. This is absolutelj" ruinous to any attempt at a
successful and prosperous management of the financial affairs of the
Asylum ; yet great as the sacrifice is, it is less than the unlawful alternative
of abandoning the contract system and purchasing the supplies,
from time to time, on credit, or payable in Controller's warrants.
"We can suggest no better method to obviate this evil than that of
levying a special tax for the maintenance of the Asylum, as was done
last year for building and improvements.
To relieve, so far as possible, the crowded wards of the old buildings,
(which had become so full that some of the patients were literally
crowded out, and had to have temporary beds nightly prepared for them
on the floor of the halls,) we were compelled to make some additions to
the Asylum previous to the commencement of the new building for
which provision was made last winter. These are constructed of brick,
and are permanent, comely, and valuable improvements, the cost of
which, with the other improvements, will be found in the accompanj'ing
tables of the Superintendent's report.
As an economical measure, (and one, too, which will doubtless be
found the most difficult so to frame as to be practical and effective,) by
far the most important is the adoption of some plan to arrest the truly
appalling increase of patients. The most obvious and direct way of
obtaining this end is in the adoption of such measures as will increase
the cures and diminish the admissions. For the accomplishment of the
former object, means have already been inaugurated ; but to effect the
latter, some reformation is necessar3^
Any provision which will rigidly exclude from the institution all such,
in the true meaning of the law, as are not entitled to its benefits, would
produce the desired result.
A member of this Board has been called upon, in his professional
capacity, to examine persons charged with insanity, who exhibited
mental aberration from typhoid fever; and frequently from that very
common malady, delirium tremens.
Such persons are temporarily of unsound mind, and often unsafe to be
at large ; but they are not insane, in the technical sense, nor in the statutorj"
use of the term, and are consequently' not the proper subjects for
commitment to the Insane Asylum ; yet successful efforts are made to
send such cases to the Insane Asylum of California. An English
author has said, if we make the definition of insanity too wide, the
whole human race may be involved in it.
Another and still larger class of improper patients is comprised in the
epileptics, paralj^tics, and idiotics, who are not unsafe to be at large,
except in the sense that a helpless infant is, who, if left to itself, would
perish for want of care.
'We here beg leave to introduce the views of Doctor Lorenzo Hubbard,
one of the Medical Visitors, who, after a thorough examination of
the institution, addressed a communication to the Board of Directors,
from which the following is an extract
" In order to place the institution in any considerable degree upon a
• curative footing, the buildings must be so arranged as to enable the inmates
to be properly classified. To accomplish this object, the patients
now on hand would requii'c the Asylum building to be increased to
:

nearly three times its present capacity. This done, under the present
practice of admitting patients, the accommodations would not meet the
increasing demand for any considerable time, notwithstanding, in all
probability, a much larger proportion of patients would be discharged
cured.
" Would not a more strict compliance with the law in regard to ad-
missions obviate in part, if not fully, the deficiency ?
" Tour institution is intended for the treatment of insane persons ;
whole energies of the State, in this regard, should be directed to the
one single end. Improper persons should not only be prevented from
entering, but such as have found their way there should be dismissed
from the establishment.
" Epileptics and paralytics should be treated in County Hospitals,
rather than the Insane Asylum. Other provisions should also be made
for the idiotics."
In the report of the Eesident Physician, also, will be found further
remarks on the subject of the commitment of patients who are not the
proper subjects for the Insane Asj^lum; and while we fully concur with
him as to what character of persons the law designed to be admitted to
the Asylum, we regret that we cannot join with him in the recommendation
that " the Superintendent, by and with the advice of the Directors,
should have power to fix the time of admissions, and determine the
fitness of those to be received."
In the older and more thickly settled States, where travelling can be
done with ease, cheapness, and speed, and whose institutions have been
multiplied to accommodate the different sections, or whose area is small
in comparison with California, such a plan is practicable ; but we could
hardly expect, in this State, patients would be brought to Stockton from
the remote Counties of San Diego and Siskiyou, or the transmountain
region of Mono, upon an uncertainty. We fear, therefore, that such a
plan would work an unnecessary inconvenience to the distant parts of
the State, and deprive them of benefits to which they are entitled equally
with the more central portions.
We think a prohibitory clause might be added to the law, touching
the kind of cases above referred to, which would in a degree obviate the
evil.
We do not deem it necessary to report in full upon the management
and wants of the institution, other than our own financial transactions,
as the elaborate and able report of the Superintendent has already accomplished
that task.
We take pleasure in testifying to the ability and unremitting devotion
with which the Eesident Physician applies himself to the discharge of
his onerous and varied duties, as also to the fidelity and zeal of his medical
assistants in their attentions to the patients. In fact, we can speak
in terms of unqualified approbation of all the employes of the institution,
both as to their fitness for the several stations they have been
called to fill, and the manner in which their respective duties are performed.
We take this occasion to say, in conclusion, that when we contemplate
the jiast, and consider the vast amount which has been expended by our
young State for the security and maintenance of her insane, we feel
compelled to speak in praise rather than in disparagement of her munificence.
Her annual response to their wants has been prompt and
generous; and when the appropriations have proved insufiicient, it has
the

een owing to unforseen circumstances, rather than to any improvidence
or illiberality on the part of the State,
We again invoke her beneficence in behalf of these most unfortunate
and wretched of our race, whose manifold miseries, in terms more impressive
and irresistible than words, implore a bountiful dispensation of
her charity.
G. A. SHUETLEPF,
President
AUSTIN SPEREY,
T, E. ANTHONY,
H. B, UNDEEHILL,
E, S, HOLDEN,
J. G. GASMANX, Directors.
:

TREASURER'S REPORT

RE I^ O R T
Office of Treasurer of the Insane Asylum,
Stockton, October 31st, 1863.
To the Board of Directors of the Insane Asylum :
Gentlemen :—1 have the honor of submitting the following statement,
showing the financial condition of the Insane Asylum on the first day
of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, as taken from the books
and vouchers in my office, from the seventh day of May, eighteen hundred
and sixty-three, the day on which I entered upon the duties of my
ofiice :
EXPENDITURES.
Amount of accounts unpaid, audited, and allowed
by the Board of Trustees, as per report of H.
T. Compton, late Secretary, to May 7, 1863 $21,829 77
From which deduct ^6,698 39, received from H.
T. Compton. May 7, 1863 6,698 39
Accounts allowed foi- Expenditures in May, 1863
Discount on Controller's warrant for April estimate, for
88,685 04, on which was realized from P. Fitzgerald $7,000..
Discount on Controller's warrant for May, 1863, for |10,178 20,
sold at 77^ cents on the dollar
Discount on Controller's warrant for June, 1863, for $8,467 54,
sold at 111 cents on the dollar
Accounts allowed for expenditures in June
Directors' per diem for June, 1863
Deficiencj^ in interest on loan, on September, 1862, estimate
paid to J. M. Douglass
Deficiency in interest on loan from J. M. Douglass on estimate,
October, 1862
Carried forward !
115,131 38
11,591 04
1,685 04
2,290 12
1,905 19
10,755 90
60 00
271 58
191 90
$43,882 15

Brought forward
Deficiency in interest on loan from J. M. Douglass on estimate,
November, 1 862
• CREDITS.
Eeceived Controller's warrant for April $8,685 04
Eeceived Controller's warrant for May 10,178 20
Eeceived Controller's Avarrant for June 8,467 54
Eeceived from J. M. Douglass, for surplus in interest
on loan on estimate of August, 1862 445 91
Eeceived from J. M. Douglass, for surplus in interest
on loan on estimate of December, 1862... 784 69
Of the expenditures recited above, the sum of
$2,630 57 was for improvements and repairs,
and has been collected from the State Treasurer. 2,630 57
12
$43,882 15
222 94
$44,105 09
31,191 95
$12,913 14
The above statement shows a deficiency in appropriation for the fourteenth
fiscal year, ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixtythree,
of twelve thousand nine hundred and thirteen dollars and fourteen
cents ($12,913 14.)
EXPENDITURES.
Accounts allowed for expenditures in Jul}^, 1863
Discount on Controller's warrant for $13,716 86, sold at 772
cents on the dollar
Accounts allowed for expenditures in August, 1863
Discount on Controller's warrant for $12,405 61, sold at 782
cents on the dollar
Accounts allowed for expenditures in September, 1863
Discount on Controller's warrant for $12,218 09, sold at 78
cents on the dollar
Interest allowed on bills
Directors' per diem for July, August, and September
CREDITS.
Eeceived Controller's M^arrant for July $13,716 86
Eeceived Controller's warrant for August 12,405 61
Eeceived Controller's warrant for September 12,218 09
Eeceived from Patients, for board 751 26
Eeceived from State Treasurer $4,691 25, on account
of building and improvements, of which
$2,630 57 is accounted for above, leaving balance 2,p60 68
n2,405 61
3,086 29
11,531 67
2,667 21
14,653 19
2,687 98
275 52
180 00
$47,487 47
41,152 50
$6,334 97

13
STATEMENT.
Deficienc}" in the Appropriation for Fourteenth
Fiscal Year, as above S12,913 14
Deficiency in Appropriation for first quarter of
Fifteenth Fiscal Year, to October 1, 1863, as
above 6,334 97
Accounts remaining unpaid $21,908 08
Less Cash on hand to pay same 2,659 97
^9,248 11
§19,248 11
There is due fi*om the Asylum Tax Fund, for amounts expended and
included in the foregoing, the sum of nine thousand and fourteen dollars
and ninety-four cents (§9,014 94), which will reduce the outstanding
debt that amount.
F. C. ANDEEW,
Secretary and Treasurer Insane Asylum.

REPORTS OF THE VISITING PHYSICIANS.

:
MA.JORITY HEFORT.
To THE Honorable Leland Stanford,
Grovernor of the State of California.
Dear Sir: — The undersigned Physicians having been elected to
semiannually visit the State Insane Asylum at Stockton, and I'eport to
you its sanitary condition, would respectfully submit the following annual
statement
On the seventh day of April, Doctors Whitney and Morse met and organized
a Board of Medical Visitors in conjunction with the General
Board of Directors. Doctor Hubbard, of Marysville, who is a member
of the Medical Board, on account of some failure of notice was not
present. At this visit we made a thorough inspection of the Asylum,
the grounds, garden, and outhouses, aid also a careful inquiry into the
general and specific management of the institution. This we did not do
with a view of duplicating reports, but that we might get a better idea of
the sanitary status of such an important public charity. At our last visit,
on Tuesday, October the sixth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, we
again carefully explored the condition and management of the Asylum,
and now submit our joint views as briefly as possible.
We would premise, however, that, in our opinion, all public charities
constitute the truest criteria hj which the civilization and enlightenment
of a State is judged. With this view of the case, we assure you that
much must be done before California can claim a high and desirable rank
in civilization and progress. Like most of the public institutions of the
State, too much money has been expended for the good accomplished.
Indeed, the chief features of the Insane Asylum seem to have been amazingly
overlooked in the institution in question. In the first place, an in-
][uiry into the policy of European and Eastern States in founding such
A-sylums, will s-how that a primary object is sought for in the location of
the buildings and grounds, an object which can only be accomplished in a
opography which aff'ords altitude, picturesque scenerj^, fertility of soil,
latural and complete drainage, ample water facilities, accessibility, and
;ood health; yet, while the State of California abounds in sites which

18
would fulfil the indications of such a j^olicy to an unsurpassable extent,
the Asylum is located upon grounds so destitute of these general features
that drainage, scenerj^, and water must be revealed and maintained
by artificial means, which are expensive, continuous, and troublesome.
But, inasmuch as the Asylum is located, buildings erected, and gardens •
and drainage provided, and especially as the citizens in the midst of Avhich
the charity is situated are so devoted and generous in their attempts to improve
the moral and social appliances of the institution, we feel that our '
recommendations must be confined to the promotions of policies already
inaugurated.
In doing this we have much to lament in connection with the present
management of the institution, but nothing to censure. We lament the
dreadful imperfections of the charity placed in their hands, the inexorable
calls being made upon them, and the stinted and totally insufiicient
means within their control.
We have no acquaintance Avith the gentlemen comprising the General
Board of Directors except that which has been formed by watching them
in the discharge of gratuitous duties as Asylum Managers, yet we feel
that their character as thus displaj^ed to us, affords a cheering guarantee
of progressive improvement. It is quite plain that the status of the institution,
in a sanitary point of view, is being improved to a degree
beyond what any one could expect who was acquainted with the insufficiency
of resources.
When the number of inmates reported by the Superintendent are considered,
no one will be surpi'ised that rooms are crowded, and that outhouses
are converted into lodging places for lunatics or attendants.
This, however, the State has generously provided against in the appro-
priation it has made for the erection of a new and adequate edifice—
structure which the Directors and Superintendents are determined shall
be thoroughly and completely adapted to the wants of the State and
humanity.
In our investigation of the internal policy of the Asylum, we were necessarily
brought into contact with tJip Superintendent and his qualifications
for the important trust committecl to his charge, and it was in this connection
in which we found the most inspiring evidence of adaj^tive talent
and that sort of moral sensibilitj^, taste, and devotion, that are indispensible
to such a charity.
The first great object of the Superintendent was to adopt a system
which would promote order and economj^ in the hygienic and ruedical
treatment of the inmates.
The next, b}^ no means insubordinate object, was the conversion of the
Asylum into a curative retreat for the insane.
In the first labor, he has been enabled, through the co-operation of Dr.
Clark, the Visiting Physician, and a devoted Board of Directors, to completely
succeed in his jiurposes. So much cannot be said of the second
effort, for the reason that his resources were utterly deficient. But when
your committee were informed of the changes which had been made, of
the curative appliances which had been introduced, it excited a question
of surprise and wonder as to what the establishment must have been
without them ?
Imprisonment and medicines must have been the chief curative agencies
relied upon to woo back the wandering minds of th« unfortunate inmates.
Fortunately, an cntircl}^ different policy has been adoj^ted, and a metamorphosis
commenced, which if pro})erly sustained, will make of the
Asylum an institution so ample in its provisions, so perfect in its system
a
,

19
80 beneficial and curative in its efiects, that it will excite the pride and
gratitude of a people who contemplate with melancholy solicitude the
pitiable victims of insanity. We believe, indeed, that the State has been
fortunate in securing the services of men whose talents, taste, and sympathy,
so eminently fit them to enact the part of Physicians and business
Superintendents of an Insane Asylum.
Yet we lament that while simple justice compels us to bear such testimony
to men of merit, that we are forced to mingle our commendation
with regret that the operation of an incoming law will so far reti-ench
their salaries as to drive them from their places, and leave the institution
in the hands of men whose services are too cheap to have any legitimate
connection with humanity or science.
When the Legislature fully understands the double duties performed
by Dr. Tildeu, and more especially when they learn his peculiar fitness
for such a place, we believe they will reconsider the question of salary,
and at least continue the present compensation of Eesident and Visiting
Physician until the new building is finished, and the system of the Asylum
is so completely established as to be in good working order.
In all States and countries, one of the chief objects of Insane Asylums
is to obtain medical services which are peculiarly suited to the invention
and application of remedial agencies in the most dreadful disorders to
which humanity is liable. And when such qualification is found, it is
not subjected to a capriciousness of tenure or parsimonious requirement.
We therefore earnestly and disinterestedly hope that the State will not
drive Doctors Tilden and Clarke from that refuge of lunatics which their
ability and zeal are fast making an honor to the State and humanity.
Eespectfully submitted.
J. P. WHITJ^EY, M. D.
JOHJS" F. MOESE, M. D.

MINORITY REI^ORT.
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of California :
Dear Sir :—As a member of the Board of Visiting Physicians to the
Insane Asylum of California, I concur mainly in the report signed by
Doctors Whitney and Morse, but do not desire to have it understood that
I make recommendations in advance to the Legislature in regard to subjects
upon which I maybe called to act as a member of that body. Also,
what is said in their report in regard to location is eminently just, and
the defects of the present site should be remedied, so far as possible, in
the future construction of buildings. This subject is so important that
it should not be lost sight of in the contemplated improvements of the
Asylum.
It may not be impertinent to add here, that while location is so important
on account of salubrity of atmosphere, abundance and purity of
water, and convenient sewerage, ample rooms, and proj)erly constructed
apartments, are particularly indispensable for the successful treatmeut
of the insane. Without these, no proper system of classification can be
•adopted, and all experience proves that the indiscriminate commingling
of insane persons only contributes to confirm their hallucinations. It is
in vain to calculate on cures while patients of all conditions, temperaments,
and grades of insanity, are confined in the same apartments,
occupy the same grounds in their daily exercise, sit at the same table,
and for weeks and months are forced comj^anions. To assimulato is natural,
the weak with the s.trong, the hopeful with the hoj^eless, and thus
does common association breed the prevailing disorder.
The buildings, when viewed without reference to the number of inmates
to be accommodated, are well apportioned and provided ; the rooms, though
not large, are mostly well lighted and ventilated, and I am happy to bear
testimony to the scrupulous cleanliness of the whole establishment, and
moreover, that all its siiri-oundings are as bright and cheerful as constant
application, under the disadvantage of inconvenient numbers, can make
them, while every opportunity is afforded the inmates for exercise and
amusement.
When wo visited the institution, it contained five hundred and seventyfour
patients, in our judgment, three hundred and forty more than can

21
be treated in the Asylum to advantage at any one time. Thus crowded,
no opportunity is offered the Physicians to exhibit their skill in combating
the morbid conditions of bod}^ which always exist to a greater or
less extent in every case, leaving out of view for the moment the quite
as important fact, the moral influence to be exei'cised on the disordered
mind.
Insanity may be but a symptom of physical derangement, organic or
functional. Destroy in auy way the healthy balance of nervous influence
of the brain, and insanity or irregular performance of its functions
is the consequence. The disease may be directly in the organ itself, or
its functions may be deranged by sympathy with some remote organ.
In either case, symptoms may be so anomalous (as is often witnessed) as
to require the strictest scrutiny to detect or determine the seat of primary
morbid action.
The usefulness of the Physician will depend upon his ability to judge
correctly of the existing phenomenon of disease, for on these alone will
depend the success of medical treatment. It is obvious, therefore, that
nice, intricate medical management is required, which cannot be expected
unless necessary accommodations for separation and proper appliances
are provided. The confusion consequent upon the indiscriminate association
of five or six hundred insane persons, positivel}^ forbids the idea
of sound, reliable diagnosis and successful medical treatment.
From what has been said, it will be understood that we are of the
opinion that if there is defect in the management of the institution, it
is owing to the icant of necessary room and appliances. But on reflection,
even for these we can scai'cely conceive that fault should attach.
This is a young State, and her institutions are only in their infancy. In
fact, we may well be surprised that so much has been really accomplished.
With the highest consideration for yourself, the above is respectfully
submitted.
LOKENZO HUBBAED,
Member Board of Visiting Physicans of Insane Asylum.

REPORT OF THE RESIDENT PHYSICIAN.

To the Directors of the Insane Asylum
:
HE P O H T.
Stockton,
October 20th, 1863.
Gentlemen :—The results obtained in the management of the Asylum,
from December first, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, to October twentieth,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three, are shown as follows
From December 1, 1862, to October 20, 1863.
:

26
Of the two hundred and fifty-two received since December first, one
hundred and twenty were about equally divided between old eases of
second, third, and fourth attacks—a class but few of whom ever recover
under the most favorable circumstances—and those whose physical
condition, at the time of admission, placed them beyond all pos-
sibility of relief.
If we deduct these cases from the number received, and add the remaining
one hundred and thirtj^-two to the sixty-seven favorable, and
ninety-two unfavorable, remaining from last year, we have the number
of two hundred and ninety-one only, from which to take the one-hundred
and five recoveries—all the others in the institution belonging to
a class regarded in all Asjdums as hopeless.
Judging the management, therefore, in the light of these facts, and
remembering that our wards have been crowded all the time beyond
twice their caj)acity, that we have but one attendant to twenty-five or
thirty patients, while one to ten is required, and that in curative agents
and other important provisions, we have been at no time more than
half supplied, the results ought to satisfy any reasonable person with
mind and information enough to comprehend the subject. The eff"ects
consequent upon the improvements made in the last two years, not only
show an inci'eased percentage of cures, but demonstrate beyond a peradventure,
that with the additional buildings and other improvements,
projected under the law of last winter, with proper restrictions as to
the class of patients admitted, and with the advantages we have in our
climate, the results attainable in California are not exceeded b}^ those of
the most favored institutions in the East.
The table next below exhibits the nativity, age, sex, length of residence
in the Asylum, duration of insanity, and causes of death, of the
forty-seven patients who have died since the date of my last annual report.

27
CAUSE OF DEATH. NATIV'Y.
1 luflammation of brain
2 Softening of brain
3 Enlargement of the heart.,
4 Acute mania
6 General paralysis
1 Apoplexy ,
2 Consumption ,
.3 Consumption
4 Consumption
5 General paralysis
6 Softening of the brain
7 Softening of the brain
1 Consumption
2 Congestion of the brain....
3 Convulsions
1 Consumption
2 Consumption
1 Consumption
2 Softening of the brain
1 Pnevimonia
2 Softening of the brain
3 Dropsy
1 Tumor in base of brain
2 Epilepsy
3 Consumption
4 Phlebitis
6 Softening of the brain
1 1 Exhaustion
2 1 Acute
inflammation of brain
Softening of the brain
Inflammation of the brain..
Consumption
Erysipelas
Marasmus
Inflammation of the brain..
Consumption
Consumption ,
Consumption
Consumption
Marasmus
Congestion of the brain.
Softening of the brain...,
Acute mania
I
10 Exhaustion
lllMarsamus
1 Acute mania ,
2 1 Acute mania
unknown...
W. Indies..
Mexico
France
New York..
France
China
Georgia
Ireland
22
46
29
40
40
30
35
40
unk'n.,
New York., unk'n.,
New York
New York
Poland....
Naples
unknown.,
unknown...
Maine
Missoui-i ...
England....
England ...
unknown...
Finland
Ireland
Ohio
Germany...
Ireland
Pennsylv'a
Tennessee.,
unknown...
Ireland
Ireland
England ..
N. Carolina!
America....
Norway
Canada
Pennsylv'a
Ireland
Louisiana ..
Ireland
Ireland
New York..
New York..
New York..
Mexico
Ohio
Sweden
30
60
48
37
!uuk'n.
unk'n.
68
36
33
unk'n.
unk'n.
33
31
33
35
unk'n.
36
31
unk'n.
32
32
34
38
43
22
34
64
50
32
38
28
42
28
35
50
31
46
RESIDENCE IN
THE ASYLUM.
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
4
9
1
3
5
8
1
10
4
6
6
5
1
6
9
3
11
1
1
9
10
1
4
10
1
6
2
1
4
7
1
3
4
2
4
1
1
DTJKATION OF
INSANITY.
It will be seen that the percentage of deaths among the males is much
greater than among the females, a fact accounted for principally by the
better physical health in which the latter are usually admitted, and the
more ample accommodations, in proportion to numbers, to be found in
their department. Crowded sleeping apartments are everywhere known
to lead to the causes of death, and when the causes exist the effects will
be sure to show themselves, whether in an Asylum or elsewhere, hence
it will not be until after we can be supplied with ample room, and the
committing Courts shall cease to furnish us with illegitimate cases—many
21
1

28
in a dying condition when received—that we can hope to reduce our bill
of mortality.
The one, however, herein presented is much smaller than we had reason
to expect; indeed, in view of the large number of old cases in broken
down health, and the wretched physical condition in which many were
received the past year, it is remarkable that there have been but fortyseven
deaths among the seven hundred and fifty-one under treatment.
Other items of information in relation to the inmates of special Intercast
are herewith submitted in the usual tabular forms.
IMPROVEMENTS, EXPENDITURES, ETC.
You will also find tables showing the amounts laid out in imj)rovements,
repairs, etc., together with the cost of maintaining the several
departments of labor and expense since December first, eighteen hundred
and sixty-two. It is not possible, without giving too great length to my
report, to enumerate everything done during the year to enhance the
capacity of the Asylum, and otherwise add to the comfort and convenience
of the patients. It is enough, perhaps, to say that for every dollar
expended, a well attested voucher can be seen, and for every change
made good and sufiicient reasons can be given.
Every instance of ordinary or extraordinary expense incurred has
been made in compliance with the demands of necessity, and has been
of such character as could not be longer deferred with proper regard to
the dictates of humanity.
It will be observed that our current expenses have been kept within
the amount of the annual allowance, or perhaps, more j^roperly speaking,
they have not exceeded, in cash, the amount of the appropriation, which,
when it was made, it was supposed would be paid promj^tly by the
Treasurer of the State. Any deficienc}', by reason of an empty Treasury
or other cause, will receive due notice, I doubt not, in the Treasurer's
Eeport.
It is disgraceful as well as embarrassing in the administration of the
institution, for the Treasurer to be required to knock at the doors of
capitalists from time to time and beg for loans at enormous rates of interest,
or go into the market and sell his warrants at ruinous discount,
in order to maintain a State charity.
There is no reason why such a demand should not be met in California
as in other States, by means of an Insane Asylum tax, or by a special
appropriation from the General Fund. The reason heretofore offered
against such a measure, " that it is not right to make an institution of
the kind a pi-eferred creditor of the State," cannot be supported against
such an imperative necessity.
Speculators in State securities, of all others, should be made to give
place to the demands of such institutions. They evidentl}^ expect it,
and they can afford it, as they never buj- State scrip, or loan on State
security without a margin large enough to cover a long credit ; but the
people of the State do not expect and cannot afford to support their
charitable institutions upon loans at two per cent a month, and ujion the
sale of warrants at a discount of twenty or twenty-five per cent. Nevertheless,
the insane must have food, they must be clothed, and they must
be otherwise provided for. and the best, easiest, and least cxijcnsive way
to do it, is to establish a fund which shall not bo disturbed for any other
purposes of the State Government. Such an arrangement would save

29
the State at least twenty thousand dollars annually in the maintenance
of the institution.
THE ORGANIC LAW.
The people of the State have reason to congratulate themselves on the
steps taken by the last Legislature towards a complete reformation in the
character of their Insane Asylum. The evils calling for such action had
been accumulating for six years or more, hence the "Act concerning the
Insane Asjdum," etc., approved April twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and
sixty-three, in re-organizing the institution, and in levying a tax " for
additional buildings and other improvements," was as righteous as it was
wise; and if the improvements, etc., shall be carried out on the plans
contemplated, ever^^ citizen tax jDayer in the State will have cause
to be proud of the expenditure, and the friends of the insane have reason
to thank God and take courage.
Although generally good, the law of last winter requires some changes
to make it practical in several of its px-ovisions. The Superintendent,
by and with the advice of the Directors, should have power to fix the
time of admissions, and determine the fitness of those to be received,
otherwise we shall be overrun from year to year, as we are now, with
cases having no possible claim upon the provisions made for the insane.
The objects intended to be secured in the establishment of Insane Asylums,
are :
First—To protect society against the acts of insane persons;
Second—To guard the victims of insanity against personal injuries to
themselves ; and,
Third—To atford the best possible means for the comfort and recovery
of all thus afllicted, not one of which is subserved by the admission of
those having no fitness other than bad physical health, and a state of
mind simply loo feeble to engineer a business of life.
Such persons constitute a class whoso claims upon the charity of their
fellow men should not be overlooked, but who are never made subjects
of Insane Asjdums in the Atlantic States.
Incurable in the nature of their bodily diseases, and harmless in their
mental condition, they can be better cared for and at less cost on "Poor
Farms" and in County Hospitals. The j)rincipal objection, however, in
their occupying places with us, is in the fact that their presence among
the really insane, and the great amount of attention they require, interferes
so materiall}^ with the management, it is not possible to reap all
the benefits to be expected from a well organized Hospital, nor is it in
any way reasonable to expect such results if the practice of committing
this class of patients be continued.
The unlimited discrimination given to or more properly practiced by
the committing Courts is, to say the least, a temptation to the county
authorities to rid themselves of the responsibility of taking care of their
indigent subjects, and as the regulation above suggested has been adopted
in the eastern Asylums as the best if not the only means of protection
against the admission of such cases, I think the Legislature will see the
propriety of making such an amendment.
Section seven of the law requires the Superintendent to " see that all
of his accounts and records are fully made up to the twentieth day of
October of each year, and that the principal facts and results, with his
report thereon, be presented to the Directors as soon as possible thereafter,
that thej^ may submit the same, and a report therewith, to the
Governor on or before the first day of November.'" This provision is so

30
utterl}^ impracticable that reference need be made to but a few facts to
convince any one of the necessity of its amendment.
Its author certainly overlooked the nature and extent of the work he
was laying out for the Superintendent and Directors, or he would have
seen the necessity of allowing them more time in which to perform it
especially if he had remembered that it must be done in connection with
their ordinary everyday duties ; and had he not also forgotten that the
statistics in which are shown "the principal facts and results" must be
made up after the expiration of the year—that whatever the Superintendent
may have to say must be written after the statistics shall have been
completed—and that the Directors cannot prepare their report till after
the Superintendent's report is duly made up and submitted, he would
not have required so much to be done in the space of eleven days.
The interest of the State and of the Asylum would be quite as well
served, and the convenience of all concerned more certainly secured, if
the Asylum year were made to end with the expifation of September,
and the annual report submitted to the Governor, as now required, on or
before the first of November.
The Superintendents of the Atlantic Asylums appoint and discharge
at their pleasure all attendants and other employes connected with the
institutions under their management, and they have the right, by virtue
of their ofiice, to nominate to the Boards of Directors of their institutions
the names of persons for all offices, medical as well as others. The
propriety of such a regulation is believed to exist in the fact that it is
not right or just to make one responsible for the conduct of another
over whose official position he has no control, and, as they are held
wholly responsible bj'the Directors for the management of the Asylums,
the right to select such persons as they may desire to assist, in the highest
as well as in the less important positions, is conceded to them.
The same responsibility rests upon the Superintendent of the Asylum
of California, and, for the same reasons, he is entitled to equal power
with Superintendents of other institutions to control the appointments
of those upon whose fidelity he must more or less rely for success in his
management. It is true, there is no present necessity for such a change
in the law, as the most perfect harmon}^ exists between all concerned in
the government of the institution, but as it is hoped the Legislature will
make the amendments now required, it would be well, at the same time,
to provide against evils which might arise hereafter.
There is still another section of the law which, in my judgment, ought
to be changed. I mean that in which the salaries of the medical officers
are to be reduced at the expiration of the term of the present incumbents—the
Superintendent's in the sum of fifteen hundred dollars, and
the Assistant Physician's in the sum of five hundred dollars. The compensation
attached to these offices under the old law is as little as those
competent to fill them should be asked to accept. There are, however,
I doubt not, men of the profession who would not hesitate to assume the
duties, and willingly accept in return half of the amount now paid ; but
to one who fully comprehends the resjDonsibilitics, no better evidence of
incapacity for such places could bo given.
The remuneration for official services should never be less than enough
to command the finest talents, and to keep them engaged as long as
possible; otherwise, changes, which are always disadvantageous, and
sometimes disastrous, where official duties are faithfully performed, will
not unfrequently occur. Competent persons for such positions are entitled,
perhaps, to as much credit for a spirit of self-sacrifice as any other
—

31
class of men, but they have their domestic responsibilities as well as
other men, and there is no reason why they should not employ their
talents, as other men do, where they will command the largest reward.
It should not be forgotten that the knowledge necessary for the management
of insane persons is not obtained in the schools, and is not
requisite to graduation in medicine, but is acquired by experience obtained
in immediate contact with insanitj^ for years ; hence there is not
one of a thousand of the medical profession, without such experience,
who is prepared to take upon himself the management of an Asylum.
Besides, it should be remembered that the duties of the presiding
officer are of a twofold character—those of the Resident Physician, embracing
the medical and other management of the patients, and those of
the Superintendent, in which ai'e involved, more or less, every matter of
a pecuniary interest. To be qualified, therefore, for the position, he
must be not only thorough in the profession ofmedicine, and well informed
in the spec ialitj/, but he must also possess business talents of a high order,
without which the State would suffer largely in the expenditures, or the
patients be deprived of many comforts they would enjoy under good management.
And it should further be borne in mind, that the duties of the office
are always of an unpleasant nature, and not unfrequently attended with
dangei-s of personal injurj^, and that when faithfully attended "to there
are no Sabbaths of rest, no holidays, no time for pleasure excursions—in
short, no room for anything but anxiety and labor from early morning
till late bedtime, and often in the sleeping houi's of the night—the same
unremitting toil every day, every week, and every month.
If, therefore, the compensation should be determined, as in other cases
of professional services, by the nature and extent of the duties performed,
the officers of the Insane Asylum are entitled to an advance instead
of a reduction of their salaries.
Without claiming credit for more than ordinary fidelity, I will add,
that so urgent and so constant have been m}' duties since entering upon
my term of office, now approaching three years, I have not felt at
liberty to absent mj^self as much as ten days altogether, except in attention
to business of the As3-lum directed or sanctioned by your body.
ASYLUMS IN THE EAST.
Under a resolution j^assed by your Board at the stated meeting in May,
I left here on the first of June, with instructions to visit the leading
Asylums and Hospitals for the insane in the Atlantic States, and obtain
the best plans for buildings, etc., whereby the intention of the Legislature,
in providing for an extension of our Asylum, might be carried out
in the best manner possiole, with a faithful and economical exj^enditure
of the means provided for that purpose.
The time allowed for my absence being but four months, and the field
of travel and observation of such great extent, the journe}'' proved to be
one of great hardship, and rendered the more so by reason of severe
indisposition from Avhich I suffered most of the time of my absence.
Nevertheless, I made the trij). and reached home on the first of October,
having carefully examined nearly all of the Asylums in the Northwestern,
New England, and Middle States, and one in Canada West, bringing with
me the plans of the most recently established, which are, in my judgment,
best adapted to the wants of our State.
In an annual report, necessarily limited, it is not possible for me to

32
notice every object of interest which came under my observation in the
eastern Hospitals, especially at this time, as such an undertaking, however
interesting and profitable it might be, is virtually forbidden by the law,
which makes the Asylum year end with the nineteenth of October, and
requires the annual report to be presented to the Governor within eleven
days thereafter.
While it is not possible to comply with this provision, without neglecting
other and important duties devolving upon the Superintendent, it
is, nevertheless, a duty to consume no more time in the preparation of
the report than absolute!}^ necessary. I must, therefore, be brief in what
I have to say in relation to the Asylums and Hospitals on the eastern
side of the continent.
It is but proper first to express my acknowledgements to the medical
gentlemen connected with the institutions visited, for the cordial welcome
I received at their hands, and for the readiness and cheerfulness
with which they extended to me every facility for as thorough and complete
examination of their several institutions as possible in the brief
period I had to spend with them.
In nothing, perhaps, is the progress of the present age more noticeable
than in the change which has taken place in the treatment of insanity.
While other branches of science and art have been brought to
their present degree of eminence by the gradual developments of ages,
opinions of the nature of insanity, and, consequently, the practice upon
insane cases, have undergone a thorough revolution in the period of a
single generation, and in no one thing is this fact more clearl}'' perceptible
than in the character of the Hospital buildings and attendant accommodations,
established within the time referred to. The unfortunate
victim of a mind diseased is now taught that his follies are not crimes -,
that his miseries are not helpless ; and that his misfortunes are not punishable
; in a word, he is treated as a man, and not, as formerly, like a
brute.
One whose feelings are deeply interested in behalf of this most
wretched class can but look upon the extensive and elegant buildings
provided for their use, in many instances ornamentally as well as comfortably
furnished, with feelings of exultation at such noble expressions
of man's humanity to man. In furnishing homelike comforts and conveniences,
and providing curative appliances, as in the outlay for buildings,
the question of cost seems to have been one of only secondary consideration,
and the more important question—what can be done for the
insane?—is answered by the adoption of the means attainable, regardless,
to all appearances, of expense.
It is scai'cely more than a decade of years since the progressive spirit
of the age showed itself in the erection of such large and commodious
buildings for the treatment of insanity, and nowhere has it been seen
in a more commendable light than in the establishment of the State
Asylum at Mount Pleasant, Iowa; the Lunatic Asj-lum for the Arm}"
and Navy, and the District of Columbia, near Washington City -, the
male department of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, near
Philadelphia; the Asylum at Northampton, Massachusetts; the Hamilton
County Asylum, near Cincinnati; the State Asylum, at Kalamazoo,
Michigan, (not completed) ; the Sheppard Asylum, near Baltimore, (being
erected,) and the Provincial Asylum for Criminal Lunatics, at Kingston,
Canada West, also in course of erection.
There are other Asylums of older date which, though equally commendable
in many respects, still present disadvantages that have been
new

33
obviated in the construction of those of more recent origin ; and there
are still other institutions that embrace both the improvements of later
years and the inconveniences of less enlightened times. These are represented
by such establishments as the ones at Utica, New York ; Trenton,
New Jersey ; Bloomingdale, New York; Jacksonville, Illinois; and
Summerville, Massachusetts. The latter in its "Applcton Wards," and
in its "cottage," recently established, the former for a wealthy class of
patients, and the latter for the accommodation of intractable cases, takes
the lead of all Asylums, old or new. while in its other buildings there is
nothing especially commendable in view of the purposes for which they
are in use.
For State purposes, the one in Iowa imjiressed my miiul especially as
most suitable to the wants of California, and I feel quite confident that
a building erected on the plan of that institution, with improvements of
which it is susceptible without increase of cost, added to our present
ones, as a reti'eat for incurables, would make an institution which, in
combining the provisions of a Hospital as well as an Asylum, would not
be exceeded in anj'thing required for the insane by that of any State in
the Union.
The Eastern Asylums are not only large and imposing in exterior, but
their excellence is also seen in internal arrangements and general government,
everything being made to subserve the first great object of
their establishment—the ewe of insanity. A certain amount of room
having been ascertained to be essential to the proper management of a
given number of jDatients, a fixed capacity is given to their buildings,
which being once full, no further admissions are allowed, except when
vacancies occur by reason of discbarges, removals, or deaths; hence every
presiding officer knows the sum of his responsibilities, and can reckon at
any time on the extent of his duties, and the probable results of his efforts.
In the administration of an institution where there is room
enough, assistance enough, and curative agents in number and variety
enough, he is enabled to perform his duties with a degree of pleasure but
few can understand or appreciate.
In the disposition of their patients, the number in each ward ranges
from fifteen to twenty, but the}' are as often found with less than fifteen
as over eighteen. The number of attendants emjjloyed is never less than
two to each ward, whatever may be the number of patients. It is the
rule, however, to employ one attendant to every ten patients, though in
some institutions the average number will not exceed five or seven to an
attendant.
The importance of these regulations, as bearing upon the results, is
ver}^ great, and can be understood by those only engaged in the management
of Asjdums.
In topography, architectural convenience, room for inmates, number
of assistants, variety of curative agents, and, indeed, in almost everything,
the Asylum of California bears a sad comparison to the oldest and
least commendable institutions of the kind in the Atlantic States.
Wards of the size of ours, in which we are compelled to provide for
over a hundred, are occupied with them by fifteen or twent}-. The proportion
of attendants to the number of patients average one to ten with
them, while with us it is one to twenty-five.
They have every means at command known to be advantageous in the
treatment of their patients, whereas our means are limited in number,
and indifferent in quality.
5

34
Thej'^ can separate, divide, aud classify to the utmost extent, but we i
ai'e compelled, for Avant of necessary room, to forego such advantages
altogether.
They obtain certain ends b}' the use of certain means, while we are
left to look for ends, without the means to use.
In regard to medical treatment and special management, I found
nothing diiiering, materially, from the practice pursued bj^ us in the last
two years and a half. The same classes of medicines are used for the
attainment of the same ends, and the same principle prevails in regard
to the importance of employment to divert the minds of patients from
their insane thoughts, by means of labor and amusements.
The published works of eminent men engaged in the speciality, the
Psychological Journal and the Journal of Insanity, are sources of information
common to all, for which reason we can, in a great degree, account
for the harmony, in theor}^ and practice, observable in the management
of all American Asylums, followed with results determined
mainly by the advantages attained in the construction of their buildings,,
and by the extent of the provisions made for the application of received
and adopted opinions.
SEWING ROOMS.
Besides the following articles made up in the Sewing Eooms, the
necessary repairs have been made for seven hundred and Mij-oxie patients—the
number under treatment from December first, eighteen hundred
and sixty-two, to October twentieth, eighteen hundred and sixtythree.
Dresses
Chemise
Skirts
Drawers
Sacks
Under Waists
Shirts
Aprons
Nightcaps
Spanish Scarfs
Corsets
Pairs Stockings
Han dk e rch i e f
Sun Bonnets
Napkins
Toilet Covers
Table Cloths
Towels
Camisoles
Pillow Ticks
Sheets
Shrouds
Carried forward
s
Department for Females.
276
270
342
58
84
14
59
82
18
3
1
31
()
84
80
23
12
:^5G
7
1,772

Bi'ought forward.
Bed Spreads
Pillow Slij^s
Bed Ticks
Window Curtains
Musqnito Bars
Clothes BaffS
Number of Articles
Coats
Pants
Mats
Sheets
Pillow Slips .
Bed Ticks
Pillow Ticks
Bedsjireads .,
Towels
Shrouds
Camisoles
35
Department for Males.
Number of Articles
Number of Articles in Female Department
Whole Number of Articles
STOCK ON HAND OCTOBER 20, 1863,
Store Room.
Provisions, Clothing, Shoes, Hats, Hardware, Tinware, etc.
Dairy^ Farm, and Garden.
Gardening and Faruaing Implements.
Horses
Harness and Saddles
Wagons and Cart
Cows
Bull
Heifers
Calves
Hogs and Pigs
Fruit Trees and Vines planted last spring.
Nursery Stock
Hay
Carried forward
1,772
58
324
109
6
4
4
2,277
7
6
22
281
208
179
57
18
8
40
834
2 277
3,111
S3,450 37
504

Brought forward
86
Lumber^ Bride, Coal, and Wood Yard.
Lumber, Laths, and Shingles
Brick
Lime, Plaster, and Cement
Coal
Wood
Total
).120 3-
249

APPENDIX.

39
TABLE A,
Showing the di^erent Counties from which Two Hundred and Fifty-Tv.o Patients
were Admitted.
County.

40
TABLE B,
Showing the Nativity of Two Hundred and Fifty-Txco Patients.
Nativity.
UNITED STATE8.

Nativitj',
Ireland
New Brunswick
China
England ,
Italy
Canada
Holland
Saxony ,
Madeira Island
Chile
New Zealand
West Indies
Prussia
Australia
Mexico
Austria
Lower California...
Phillippine Islands
Switzerland
Sweden
Azores
Hanover
Norwa}'
Denmark
Totals
Nativity.
41
Table B—Continued.
Male.
33
1
7
6
5
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
112
RECAPITULATION.
Female.
24
"l
35
Total.
57
1
8
6
147

42
TABLE C
Showing the Ages at ichich Insanity First Appeared in Two Hundred and Fifty-
Two Patients.
Ages.

43
TABLE E
Showing the Supposed Cause of Insanity in Two Hundred and Fifty-Two
Patients.
Intemperance
Epilepsy
Typhoid Fever
Spinal Disease
Spermatorrhoea
Masturbation
Loss of Property
Puerperal Fever
Suppressed Menstruation
Hereditary.
Intemperance and Masturbation.
Religion and Politics
Rheumatism
Poverty
Pecuniary Trouble
Chronic Inflamvnation of Brain .
Religious Excitement
Disappointment in Love
Hereditary and Masturbation....
Injury to the Head
Family Trouble
Jealousy
Bad Health
Sun Stroke
Prostitution
Secondary Syphilis...
Eating Opium
Spiritualism
Inflammation of the Brain
Mercurial Disease
Failure in Business
Softening of the Brain
Leucorrhoea
Chronic Meningitis
Cerebral Congestion
Suppressed Secretions
Consumption
Paralysis
Mesmerism
LTterine Affection
Swedenborgianism
Paralysis and Epilepsy
Unknown
Totals
Cause. Male. Female.
,
11
6
3
1
1
14
1
1
1
105
197
23
55

44
TABLE F,
Slioicing the Mentcd Condition of Two Hundred and Fifty- Tico Patients at
the time of their Admission.
Form of Disease.

45
TABLE G,
Showing the Civil Condition of Two Hundred and Fifty- Two Patients
Admitted.
Civil Condition.

December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
Averages
MONTHS
54
TABLE SEVENTH
Avera(/es.
^3
2 P
5.^

ANNUAL REPORT
OP THE
STATE PRISON DIRECTORS,
FOR
THE YEA.R 1863.

0. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER.

^lSr]SrXJA.L REI>OIlT.
Office op the Board of State Prison Directors, ")
February 1st, 1864.
j
To the Honorable,
The Legislature op California :
In accordance with section nine of the Act of April twenty-fourth,
eighteen hundred and fifty-eight, the undersigned, late members of the
Board of State Prison Directors, present herewith their annual report,
embracing the statistics of the Prison, and a record of its management,
from January first to December fifteenth, eighteen hundred and sixtythree.
LELAND STANFOED,
J. F. CHELLIS,
A. A. H. TUTTLB,
State Prison Directors.

•
REP^OIIT
The details of receipts and expenditures, the amount of assets and
liabilities, and the sum expended for improvements at the State Prison,
are fully shown in the statements and tables which the Board of Director%
transmit with this report.
The same financial difficulties that characterized the year eighteen
hundred and sixty-two had to be met and overcome by the Managers of
the Prison throughout the year eighteen hundred and sixty-three. The
receipts from the State Treasurer from Januaiy first to November first
of the latter year were forty-five thousand one hundred and eighty dollars
and eighty-eight cents, ($45,180 88), less by nearly five thousand
dollars (85,000) than the amout due to the Board of Directors on the appropriation
of the year eighteen hundred and sixty-two. It became
necessary, therefore, to keep up the same system of credits during the
year eighteen hundred and sixty-three that had entailed so much additional
exj)euditure the previous year, most of the funds received from
the State being required to. pay off the indebtedness of eighteen hundred
and sixty-two.
The permanent improvements in and about the Prison, of which details
were presented in our last annual report, were continued, as far as
practicable, through the past j^ear, though it has been a source of sincere
regret that the finances of the institution would not admit of still
greater outlay for the security and comfort of the prisoners, and for the
convenience of those who employed convict labor within the walls.
The various modes of emplojing convict labor, and the kinds of manufacture
that best subserve the interests of the State and of the public at
large, are questions that have eJccited, and will continue to excite, a good
deal of interest in the Legislature of our State. During the last two
years the convicts have been employed, inside the walls, in the manufacture
of clothing, boots, and shoes, and on coopering, foundry, and blacksmith
woi'k. Outside the walls, a large number have been worked upon
contracts for the making of brick. In consideration of the additional
cost of maintaining a sufficient guard, and the facilities afforded for general
outbreaks, when large numbers of convicts are at work beyond the
walls, it is a question of serious import whether the whole body of
prisoners should not be kept, and emjDloyed if possible, within the gates,
and under the immediate supervision of the Prison officers. If this

:
:
6
course were adopted, it would induce the necessity of a greater extent
of sho}3
tractors.
room, and other necessary adjuncts for the convenience of con-
Important changes and additions connected with the buildings for the
confinement of convicts have been so often adverted to, and the necessity
of them has been so frequently acknowledged by Committees of the
Legislature, and others who have visited the Prison, that they need not
be urged in this report. To accomplish what is imperativelj' demanded
will require a special appropriation at the hands of the Legislature sufiicient
to place the Prison upon a- footing as favorable as
institutions in other States.
that of kindred
By a law passed at the last session of the Legislature, the Board of
Directors were authorized to allow interest at the rate of ten per cent
per annum upon all indebtedness of the Prison in the hands of original
claimants. In obedience to this law, the sum of four thousand one hun-
'dred and twenty-eight dollars and ninety-eight cents (^,128 9S) has
been paid as interest upon outstanding claims. In addition to this, the
sum of eighteen thousand three hundred and seventy-two dollars and
seventy-five cents ($18,372 75) has been expended during the two years'
management of this Board, upon permanent improvements that were
actuall}^ required about the premises. Both of these sums have been
paid out of the regular annual appropriations for the support of the
State Prison. With this showing, and with the improved conditi(^ of
the buildings and grounds, both inside and outside the walls, the Directors
submit to the Legislature—with no little satisfaction—their second
annual report.
Particular attention is invited to the full and interesting report of
Doctor Stillman, the Visiting Physician to the Prison, which will be
found appended hereto. His details of the sanitary condition of the institution,
and his ideas relative to the advantages it enjoys in the matter
of location, are worthy of consideration with all who are interested
in Prison statistics
The number of convicts in the Prison on the fifteenth of December,
eighteen hundred and sixtj^-three, was five hundred and fifty-one. The
number of escapes during the year preceding that date, not recaptured,
was twenty.
The following schedules and tables will give in detail the entire stat-
istics of the Prison during the year, j)revious to December fifteenth,
eighteen hundred and sixty-three
Schedule A—Shows the Prison liabilities.
Schedule B—Shows the assets of the Hfison.
Schedule C—Shows the cash receipt^'during the year eighteen hundred
and sixty-three.
Schedule D—Shows the disbui'sements for the year eighteen hundred
and sixty-three.
Schedule E—Shows a detail of Prison improvements.
The tables, from one to twelve, exhibit the number of convicts, their
crimes, ages, terms of sentence, nationality, educational abilities, etc.

There is also appended a complete inventory of all property at Point
San Quentin belonging to the State.
ICELAND STANFOED,
J. F. CHELLIS,
A. A. H. TUTTLE,
State Prison Directors.

SCHEDULES AND TABLES.

11
[A. ]
LIABILITIES OF PEISON, DECEMBEE 16th, 1863.
Nature of Liability. Amounts.
Due for merchandise, commissary stores, etc.
Due for salaries of officers and guards
Scrip of 1862, unpaid
Scrip of 1863, unpaid
Total.
ASSETS OF PRISON, DECEMBEE 16th, 1863.
^2,692 70
6,336 40
8,364 01
16,700 30
^34,093 41
Assets. Amounts.
Due from George D. Nagle
Due from Eoss & Quinn
Due from Thos. G. Fritz
Due from Schooner " Vinah"
Due from John Keys
Due from Geo. A. Worn
Due from A. Englander
Due from T. Ogg Shaw
Due from W. D. Mason
Due from Thos. G. Fritz & Co
Bills receivable
Interest in building used as foundry
Commissary stores
Cash on hand
Furniture, beds, and bedding in officers' and guards' quarters
Live stock, wagons, etc
Amount due from State on appropriation of Fifteenth Fiscal
Year
Total.
1,064
56
40
150
30
1,071
1,318
529
4,291
36
67
54
00
81
00
90
25
68
14
85
75
5,000 00
2,716 95
1,058 01
2,629 00
1,900 00
$21,967 55
21,625 00
$43,592 55

13
Cash Eeceipts—Continued.
Month. Received. Amount.
i^OV.
Dec. 1
to 15.
Brought forward
For convict labor $1,927 29
From State 20,000 00
Sale live stock, etc 330 00
From visitors 1 00
For convictJabor $2,204 73
From State 7,300 00
Sale stores, etc 189 10
From visitors 5 00
Total cash Eeceipts
$72,367 21
22,258 29
9,698 83
t,324 33

[ D
14
]
CASH DLSBUESEMBNTS IN 1863.
Month. Disbursed. Amount.
Jan
Feb,
March.
April
May.
June
July.
For merchandise
On account salaries
19,599 06
*
320 98
Redemption of scrip 994 85
Livestock 60 00
Freight, etc 29 60
Incidental expenses 108 00
Conveyance prisoners 28 50
Discharged prisoners 40 00
$11,180 99!
For merchandise
On account salaries....
54
15
75
Incidental expenses ..
38 39
Discharged prisoners.
22 00
For merchandise $3,370 46
On account salaries 66 33
Incidental expenses 124 12
Discharged prisoners 35 50
For merchandise .-
On account salaries
$1,62104
481 53
Eedemption of scrip 700 00
Incidental expenses 75 00
Freight 37 80
Discharged prisoners 31 00
For merchandise
On account salaries...
Incidental expenses..
Discharged prisoners.
81
59
75
30
91
26
00
For merchandise
On account salaries
$6,184
2,775
52
93
Eedemption of scrip , 1,822 18
Services of Dr. D'Hierry 200 00
Incidental expenses 188 63
Discharged prisoners 46 50
For merchandise $7,140 80
On account salaries 4,451 65
996 29!
3,596 41'
2,946 37:
267 47
11,217 76!
11,592 45
Carried forward $41,897 74

Dec. 1
to 15.
15
Cash Disbursements—Continued.
Disbursed. Amount.
Brought forward
Freight bills $382 05
Eedemption of scrip 8,533 55
Interest on scrip 425 50
Conveyance and capture of prisoners 425 00
Incidental expenses 150 75
Discharged prisoners 42 50
For merchandise $2,735 96
Onaccount salaries 1,316 70
Eedemption of scrip 354 68
Interest on scrip 14 00
Eewards 40 00
Incidental expenses Ill 00
Discharged prisoners 80 00
For merchandise
On account salaries...
Eewards
Incidental expenses ..
Freight
Discharged prisoners.
Total disbursements
,981 03
515 99
30 00
98 00
64 25
30 00
For merchandise $1,504 19
On account salaries 428 86
Incidental expenses 186 05
Eewards 30 00
Discharged prisoners 30 00
For merchandise $714 67
On account salaries 1,466 48
Eedemption of scrip 15,978 68
Interest 2,188 12
Incidental expenses 216 85
Discharged prisoners 87 50
For merchandise $1,603 06
On account salaries 4,484 43
Eedemption of scrip 5,015 94
Interest 586 68
Incidental expenses 212 80
Freight 26 00
Pursuit of prisoners 16 00
Discharged prisoners 20 00
$41,897 74
9,959 35
4,652 34
2,719 27
2,179 10
20,652 30
11,964 91
1,925 01

16
[E ]
PEISON IMPEOYEMENTS, JAN. 1st TO DEC. 15th, 1863.
Nature of Improvement.
Building Shoe Shop
Eoofing Buildings within the walls, and repairs on same...
Brick and wood Flooring renewed in Dining Eoom and
other B uildings ,
Permanent Improvements connected with Workshops
Improvement of Grounds
Total, 1863
Improvements in 1862
Total, two years
Cost.
$1,550 00
1,800 00
550 00
900 00
450 oo:
$5,250 00
13,122 75
$18,372 75
CF ]
EE CAPITULATION OF AFFAIES OF PEISON TO DECEMBEEi
15th, 1863.
Liabilities and Assets.
Total Liabilities of Prison outstanding December 15, 1863,
per schedule A
Eeceived from State during twenty-three months pre(?eding
December 15, 1863
Assets, per schedule B.
Deduct amount expended on Prison Improvements, as per
schedule E •
Actual cost of maintaining Prison from Januarj'' 18, 1862,
to December 15, 1863—twenty-three months
Amounts.
$34,093 41
72,480 88:
$106,574 291
21,967 55
$84,606 74'
18,372 75
$66,233 99
1

YEARS.
17
TABLE FIEST.
Prison Account from 1851 to December 15//i., 1863.
to

Character.
Murder
Murder, Second Degree
Manslaughter
Assault with intent to kill ...
Assault with deadly weapon
Mayhem
Rape
Assault with intent to rape..
Crime against nature
Robbery
Assault with intent to rob ...
Burglary -
Attempt to commit burglary
Arson
18
TABLE SECOND.
Classification of Crime.
Number.
9
79
39
31
4
3
11
8
3
51
6
75
2
9
Character. Number.
Attempt to commit arson
Forgery
Perjury
Embezzlement
Counterteiticg
Receiving stolen goods
Breaking jail
Felony
Grand larceny ,
Attempt to commit grand larceny.
No charge specified
Total.
4
2
1
1
204
1
1
551

County.
19
TABLE THIED.
Number of Prisoners from each County.

20
TABLE FOUETH.
Term of Imprisonment.
Duration of Sentence. Number. Duration of Sentence. Number.
Life
Twenty years and upward
Fifteen to twenty years....
Ten to fifteen years
Seven to ten years..........
Five to seven years
Age.
18
13
22
111
47
18
Five years
Four years
Three years
Two years
One year
Less than one year
Total
TABLE FIFTH.
Ages of Prisoners.
101
47
88
41
44
1
551

State.
TABLE ^IXTR—maivit^ of Prkoners.
UNITED STATES.

Occupation.
TABLE SEVENTH.
Occupation when Sentenced.

.
January 1, 1863,.
February 1, 1863
March 1, 1863....
April ]•, 1863
May 1.1863
June 1, 1863
July 1, 1863
January ...
February .
March
April
May ,
June
July
August ,
September
October
November
December..
23
TABLE EIGHTH.
Number of Primners at Various Periods during the year 1863.
Time. Number. Number.
August 1, 1863
September 1, 1863.
October 1, 1863
November 1, 1863..
December 1,1863...
December 15, 1863
TABLE NINTH.
Prisoners Escaped and Rerajitured in 1863.
Escaped. Number. 1
Total Escapes. 24
Recaptured.
January....
February ..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
November.,
December .
557
550
548
546
545
551
Number.
Total Recaptured.

United States
England
Scotland
Wales
Ireland ,
British America.
France
Sweden
Germany
Belgium
Poland
Italy
Spain
Portugal
Mexico
California
Chile
Brazil
West Indies
Manilla
China
Austria
Australia
Prussia
Russia
Polynesia
Peru
Ecuador
Isle of Wight
Malta
Denmark
Norway^
Isle of France
Corsica
Cape do Verde....
Greece
24
TABLE TENTH.
Educational Abilities of Prisoners.
NATIVITY.
180
21
5
1
42
2
8
2
24
2
22
18
3
2
3
1
27
2
1
8
173
18
5
1
36
2
S
2
21
14
13
3
1
3
1
22
2
1
7
173
18
5
1
36
2
8
2
21
1
22
2
1

NATIVITY.
25
RECAPITULATION.

27
INVENTORY OF PROPEETY
Belonging to the State Prison of California^ on the Ibth day of December^ 1863.
Description. Number.
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
Brass field pieces, 6-pounclers, with ammunition chest and gun
carriages, complete
Brass mounted howitzer, 12-pounder, with appurtenances, gun
carriage, etc
Minie Eifles
Yager or Mississijjpi Eifles
Colt's Nav}' Eevolvers
Dragoon Ee volver
Double Barrel Shot Guns, with slings, flasks, etc., complete
Pistol Flasks
Pistol Holsters
Waist Belts
Shot Pouches for Pistols
Cartri dge Boxes
Mississippi Eifles in hands of Sheriff of Marin County
Marine Glasses
Spy- Glass
Description.
1
18
5
34
1
4
40
37
30
28
20
12
3
1

28
Description.
Chairs
Basins, Wash Stand, and Pitchers.
Chambers
Mirrors .-
Spittoons :...
Coal Scuttles
Lamps
Stoves
Tongs. Shovel, etc
Safes
"Window Shades
Maps
Dusters
Settees
Comb and Brushes
Benches
Brooms
Pails
Calendars
Inkstands
Copying Presses
Paper Clasps
Paper Files
Paper Punch
Description.
KITCHEN AND DINING ROOM OF OFFICERS AND GUARDS.
Range, with two Ovens
Copi)er Boiler and "Water Heater
Boilers
Sauce Pan 8
Coffee Pots
Syrup Pots
Bake Pans and Plates
Bake Pans and Plates—Sheet Iron
Milk Pans
Tin Cups
Tin Pans
Tin Wash Basin s
Tin Oil Cans
Waffle Kings
Strai n ors
Dippers
Number.
60
12
13
15
6
4
15
2
12
2
26
4
4
6
12
12
6
18
2
3
2
6-
2
1
Number.
1
1
12
13
15
2
56
19
2
12
3
8
2
24
2
10

forks, Ladles, etc
Carving Knives
Knives and Forks, dozen..
Spoons, Table, dozen
Spoons, Tea, dozen
Cups and Saucers, dozen ,
Plates, Soup, dozen
Plates, Dinner, dozen
Plates, Dessert, dozen
Platters
Dishes, Vegetable, dozen.
Bowls, Sugar
Bowls, Soup
Castors, complete
Pitchers
Tumblers
Glasses, Wine
Salt Cellars ,
Table Cloths
Napkins
Towels....,
Tables
vSafes—Meat, etc
Cotfee Drum
Coffee Mills
Window Shades
Clock
Hatchets
Waffle Mould:
Benches
Tubs
Eire Irons
Shoe Brushes
.
29
Description. Number.
Description. Number.
STABLES, LIVE STOCK, HARNESS, AND WAGONS
Horses, draft
Horses, saddle ,
Cows
Swine
Wagons, Buggy
Wagons, Buggy, single, and buffalo robe
Truck, four wheel
Carts, dray

Carts, Avater
Hax'ness, dray—sets
Harness, team—sets
Harness,, light—sets
Harness, Bugg}'—sets
Saddles and Bridles
Horse Blankets
Curry Combs and Brushes.
Whips
Iron Boiler
Axes
Hog Hook
Windlass
Maul
Beef Trees
Bull Rope
Breetchens ,
Closet
Meat Tanks
Steelyards— pair
Meat Saws
Cleavers
Scrapers ,
Skewers
Balance Scales....
Hand Hooks
Desk
Tables
Blocks
Buckets
Tubs
Barrels
Wheelbarrow
30
Description. Number.
Description. Number.
SLAUGHTER HOUSE AND BUTCHER SHOP.
1
1
1
1
1
12
1
2
1
3
1
2
6
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
5
3
3
3

31
STATEMENT OF PEOPEETY
Tn Cells and Rooms inside the walls of the State Prison.

Andirons.
Broom ....
Bench
Stove .T
Chairs
Stools ., ,
Table
Bath Tub
Buckets
Wash Basins
Bed Pan
Water Cans ,
Tin Cups
Tin Sprinkler
Knives and Forks ,
Spoons
Clock
Lamps
Tongs and Poker
Looking Glass
Broom
Duster
Desk
Kule
Slate
Scales and weights, pair.
Medical books
Bougies
Silver Catheter
Thumb Lancet
Scarificator
Cupping Glasses
Syringes, Eectum
Syringes, Penal
Mortar and pestle
Tile
Spachelors
Scissors, pair
Tooth Forceps
Turn Knee
Surgical needle
32
Description. Number.
Description.
HOSPITAL.
Number.

33
Description. Number.
Apparatus for fracture of leg
Monthly Calendar
Medicines—sufficient for one month's consumption
Description.

Chopping Knife.
Meat Forks
Scrapers
.",...
Strainers
Dippers
Coffee Mills
Tin Pans
Lockers
Tables
Benches
Bread Boxes
Clock
Scrub Brushes..
34
Description. Number.
1
4
1
2
19
2
5
5
4
57
4
Description. Number.
BAKERY.
Bread Pans 13
Bread Boxes 10
Dough Cutters 2
Dough Tray 1
Scraper j
Peelers i
Sieve j
1
5
1
3
1
Scales, pair
1
Pots
I
2
Tubs 4
Tubs, Salt 1
Buckets 3
Benches 2
Poker 1
Duster 1
Boiler, copper
Boiler, cast iron
Heater, iron
Description. Number.
LAUNDRY.

35
Barrel, hot water
Barrels, shower bath, with pipe and sprinkler
Wash tub, 210 gallons
Wash tubs, small
Wash basins, small
Water buckets
Well buckets and rope
Water tank for well
Water can >
Eange and fixtures
Plat irons
Tongs,- pair
Poker
Shovels
Ash hopper
Troughs
Desks ;
Tables
Chair, arm
Benches
Cupboard
Drjing rack
Clothes horses
Clothes press
Clothes lines, feet
Clothes pins
Clothes baskets
Wash boards, large and small
Window curtains
Brooms
Description. Number.
••
1
2
1
14
25
8
2
1
1
1
9
1
1
2
1
4
2
4
1
4
1
1
2
1
400
300
4
Description. Number.
LAMP DEPARTMENT.
Lamps for rooms
Lamps for yard, with reflectors
Lamps for yard, no reflectors
Chimnej's, extra....,
Oil cans ,
Oil Feeders
Table
Benches
Pails
14
8
3
12
2
2
1
2
2

Description.
36
TOOL HOUSE AND GENERAL LUMBER ROOM.
Steel, bars of.
Truck wheel bands
Iron grate
Lot of steam boiler irons ..
Boxes bolts and screws
Garden hoes
Garden rakes
"Water buckets
Water cans
Spades
Shovels
Picks
Scythes
Shovel blades
Buck saw blade
Axle wheels, sets
Chopping axes
Wood saws
Saw bucks
Wood mauls
Iron wedges
Hammers, stone cutting ...,
Hammers, mason
Hammers, lath
Drills, stone
Stone spoons ,
Windlass, cast iron
Windlasses, wood
Well buckets and rope
Crowbars
Steel points
Cold chisels
Masons' trowels
Plastering trowels
Log chains
Branding irons
Asphaltum kettle, etc
Trace chains
Derrick hooks
Water bucket wheels, iron.
Wheelbarrow axles, iron ...
Hand pumps ,
Brick moulds, iron
Window sashes
Mortar hods
Mortar bed
Mortar boards
Plumb bobs
Iron squares

Description.
Spirit level
Iron pots
Dirt stampers
Box barrows
Grappling iron
Hoop iron, small, bundles
Iron work, set
Iron dirt sci'aper
Iron doors for brick kiln
Iron grubs
Iron hoes
Iron hand hooks, small
Iron, round, bars
Iron, round, for bucket bails
Iron lathe
Iron frames for well buckets
Stone wedges
Stone wedges, half round
Derrick and chain
Tongue and axle for stone truck
Handle, etc., for outside well
Hay forks
Straw cutter
Plough
Monkey wrench
Wash tubs
Wash board
Hand trucks ,
37
Number.
1
2
2
12
1
2
1
1
73
4
2
2
1
6
1
2
20
20
1
Description. Number.
CARPENTEES SHOP.
Work Benches 7
Yices, wooden 5
Vices, iron 2
Planes, bench—sets 6
Planes, sash 2
Planes, match— pair 2
Planes, hollow and round 1
Planes, dado • 1
Planes, rabbit 1
Planes, moulding 8
Planes, block 4
Planes, bead 5
Planes, plow. 16 bits 1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
3

38
Description.

Hand screws
Plan es
Eevels
Oil stone
Glue-pot
Squares, iron
Squares, try
89
Description. Number.
WAGON MAKERS DEPARTMENT.
Mallets.....'
Hammer
Wheel Horse
Wheel Horse Block
Shoulder Braces
Bits
Augurs
Screw Drivers
Compasses— pair
Saws, tenon ;
DraAving Knives
Chisels, assorted
Gauges, half-inch
Gauges
Spolie Shave
Wao-on Pattern—set
Augurs
Adze, foot
Adze, convex....
Axe, broad
Saws, hand
Saw, tenon
Saws, whip
Saw, frame
Saw. crosscut....
Plane, nosing....
Plane, jack
Plane, smooth..,
Drawing knives.
Mallet
Spoke shaves..,
Pincers— pairs.
7
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
5
6
2
1
2
1
10
2
4
Description. Number.
SHIP CARPENTERS DEPARTMENT.
1
1

Braces
Callipers— pair
Granges
Chisels, mortice
Chisel, firmer
Bevels
File, wood
Caulking tools—kits
Cross irons— pairs
Balls and chains
Balls
Anvils
Bellows
"Vices
Sledges
Screw plates
Horseshoeing tools—kit
Description.
40
Number.
Description. Number.
BLACKSMITHS DEPARTMENT.
Tongs— pai rs
Swedges—sets
Swedge block
Monkej^ wrenches
Heading tools
Hand hammers
Drilling machines
Mandril
Pointing stand ,
Water bucket
40
6
20
4
5
2
3
2
1
15
2
1
2
22
2
2
Description. Number.
GUN AND locksmiths' DEPARTMENT. {Repairing.)
Cold chisels
Files, assorted
Hammers
Saws, hack
1
1
1
15
14
3
3

Brace
Screwdrivers
Callipers— pairs
Compasses— pairs
Punches, center
Drills
Screw plates
Taps for plates
Burnisher
Hand-vice
Pliers, cutting— pairs.
Pincers ,
41
Description. Number.
Description. Number.
ENGRAVERS SHOP.
Bench 1
Table 1
\^ice 1
Hand Vice
Hammers ,
Files 4
Bnffravers' Tools—kit 1
Brushes—dozen
Pots—dozen
5tone
duster
,
Description. Number.
PAINT SHOP.

42
Description. Number.
TINNERS SHOP.
Benches—work
Benches—small
Vices
Stakes—wood and iron
Squares
Mallet—wood
Compasses
Hammers
Chisels and Punches—assorted (box).
Nippers
Pliers
Seaming Board
Files
Easps
Eules—two-foot
Shears—large (pair)
Tongs— pair
Soldering Irons
Melting Ladle
Pails
Benches :
Stove and Fixtures
Dipper
Iron Bolts
2
5
2
11
Description. Number.
TAILORS SHOP.
Sewing Machine—Ladd & Webster.
Squai'es
Shears— pairs .
Irons
Desk
Tables
Benches
Wash Basin
Pails
Tin Cups
Stove
Broom
1
1
2
7
1
2
2
1
4
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
5
1
1
5

¥
Description.
43
SHOE SHOP.
Sewing Machine and Spooler
Stove and Fixtures
Benches
Buckets
Ciitting Tables
Cutting Boards
Crimping Boards
Leg Boards
Clamps—Fitters (pairs)
Bench Tools—sets
Lasts—Cobbling (pairs)
Lasts—Boot (from 5(S)10)— pairs.
Lasts—Shoe (from Q@ll)—pairs
Lasts— VVomens' (pairs)
Lasts—Misses (pairs)
Boot Trees (pairs)
Boot Irons and burnishers .
Shoe Punches
Seam Set
Gauges
Irons, stamping
Slicker
Eiile, three foot
Work Bench
Eubber Stone
Eein Eounder
Cutting Board
Hammer, tack
Knives, I'ound and shoe
Awls, stitching and cushion ...
Needles, cushion
Needles, harness (papers)
Claw and edge tool
Channeller for patent leather.
Creasers, iron and wooden
Pliers, (pair)
Compasses (pair)
Shears, (pair)
Number.
1
1
9
6
2
5
2
1
2
9
11
6
8
3
2
3
29
1
1
Description. Number.
SADDLER SHOP.
4
18
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
12
3
6
2
1
4
1
1
1

Punches, round..
Punches, bag
Chisel, cold
Files
Stitching Horses
Plane, smooth....
Stool
Benches
Marlin Spikes
Mallets
Prickers
Palms
Eope-Making Machine.
Feeds
Oakum Press
Bucket
Tub
Axe
Sail Needles
Mop and Tar Brush
Caulking Irons
44
Description.
Description.
SAIL MAKER SHOP.
Description.
Number.
Number.

45
Description. Number.
BARBER SHOP.
Eazors 7
Sbaving Pots 3
Shaving Brushes 3
Eazor Strops 3
Hones 2
Scissors, (pairs) 2
Chairs, with Footstools 3
Table 1
Benches 2
Tubs 1
Washbasin 1
Stove and Kettle 1
Looking Glass 1
Fire Shovel 1
Poker 1
Broom 1
Comb 1

Ordnance Department
Mounted Guns, Carriages, &e.
Small Arms
Field Glasses
:
46
EECAPITULATION.
Officers' Quarters, Guard and Reception Kooms
Beds and Bedding
Furniture
Kitchen of Officers and Guards
Kitchen Furniture
Live Stock, Wagons, &c.
Horses
Cow
Hogs
Carriages
Carts and Drays
Saddlery
S3,000 00
1,S50 00
100 00
1,624 00
1,005 00
525

REPORT OF VISITING PHYSICIAN.

REPORT OF VISITING PHYSICIAN.
To the Honorable the Board of Directors of the California State Prison
The past year has not been distinguished by any extraordinary circumstances
in the medical department of the Prison. It has been a year
of unusual good health among the convicts. The whole number of deaths
has been but four, and those were from organic and incurable diseases,
viz :
Consumption
Disease of Heart, (Angina Pectoris)
Abdominal Tumor
Total
Two of these were Indians, and two whites.
There have been no prisoners pardoned on medical grounds, that I am
aware of—none whose remaining would have been likely to have increased
the mortality.
The number admitted into the Hospital during the year has been
fifty-four. I have classified them as follows :
Average number of prisoners for the year,
Number of deaths
SURGICAL DISEASES.
Fractures
Ulcer
Wounds
Abcess .,
Secondary Syphilis... ,
Phlegmonous Erysipelas
Diseases of Bye
7
:
562 i
4

ConsuraptioB
Haemoptysis
Asthma
Disease of Heart
Dysentery
Diarrhoea, Chronic
Cholera Morbus
Enteritis
flemittent Fever
Intermittent Fever
Spinal Meningitis, Chronic
Eheumatism and Lumbago
Ascites
Abdominal Tumor
Debility
50
DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
BOWEL COMPLAINTS.
FEVERS.
The number of applications for treatment that have been prescribed
for as outside patients has been four hundred and fifty-one. Many of
these seek every opportunity to get upon the sick
work, or to be favored in their diet ; while many are
report, to escape
really infirm and
unable to endure long-continued labor, and yet
disposed as to require Hospital attendance.
are not so seriously in-
The outside patients remain in their usual sleeping places, and their
diet is adapted to their necessities ; when it has been necessary to vary
from the established rations they have been supplied from the Hospital.
There are a number of insane prisoners whom, at times, it has been
necessarj' to confine apart from the other prisoners ; others are harmless,
and are allowed the largest liberty consistent with the character of the
place. I would not recommend them to be sent to the Lunatic Asylum
at Stockton for the following reasons :
First—It requires the united testimony of the officer of the Prison in
charge, the Physician, the County Judge, and two Physicians appointed
by him, and giving their testimony under oath, to establish a prisoner's
insanity, and no prisoner has been charged with insanity who has not
been for months under the immediate supervision of the officers, who are
accustomed to deal with rogues, and are familiar with their tricks; and
yet, so loosely has the provision of the law been made, that the simple
declaration of a man who has charge of the Asylum is sufficient to compel
the rxovernor to return him to the Prison as " cured." Such has been
the result with those sent to Stockton last year, although the Physician
of the Asylum, in his report for eighteen hundred and sixty-two, says
only three of the seven sent were really insane ! Three of those return-

51
ed are still insane at tlio Prison, where any one curious enough to investigate
the matter can satisfy himself whether " a Physician accustomed
to the daily examination of the insane" or " the Physician whose judgment
is usually rendered in a single examination," is best entitled to confidence.
One of those returned twice as " cured" is now, after more than
a year, restored to reason, after passing through the vainous stages fi'om
violent mania to melancholy, and has the hearty sympathy of all who are
brought in contact with him; sg far from desiinng to go to the Lunatic
Asylum to " enjoy greater facility for escape," it was onl}'" by force, in the
first instance, that he was got there, and afterwards, by strategy, that
he was induced to go to aid in conveying another prisoner there, and
there is nothing in the whole period of his imprisonment that he remembers
with so great horror as his treatment at the Asylum. This man,
though ignorant and disgraced, has a fine nature, and I have no doubt
that the injustice, as he thought, and humiliation of his sentence, drove
him to madness, if he was not ali'eady insane when he committed the
assault which constituted his offence. His is not the only case of the
kind, although it is an exti'eme one.
With mankind at large, the fatal word " guilty," from a jury of twelve
men, is sufiieient to place an impassable gulf between the prisoner and
his fellow men who have been more fortunate and equally guilty; but a
man qualified to have charge of an institution for the insane ought to
take his view from a higher ground, and not play the part of a Dogberry.
Another one of those returned as " cured" ("the Physician accustomed
to the daily examination of the insane " did not do us the favor to
designate which were the imposters, but as all were imposters but three,
and that number corresponds with the number not returned, all those
.returned must have been regarded as imposters,) has never been known,
for the term of years that he has been in confinement, to articulate a
syllable, and all efforts to induce him to speak, or indicate a reason for not
doing it, only draw from him a cunning smile. Yet, he can write in his
native language, (German,) play a good game at drafts, and seems possessed
of considerable shrewdness. Generally very innocent, he is subject
to violent gusts of passion, and his fellow prisoners have learned
that it is not safe to impose upon him. I am told that he w^rote upon a
slip of paper to a fellow prisoner that he would not speak from fear that
if he did some one would "pump his wind out."
My next objection to sending the insane from the State Prison to the
Asylum at Stockton, is based on the ground of humanity. The law
authorizing this was doubtless based upon the presumption that the
Asylum was a better place to treat disorders of the mind than a State
Prison ; but from the official report of that institution, and all other reports
concerning it, I am satisfied that that is as far from being what a
Hospital for the insane should be as the State Prison is from being what
in most enlightened States is understood to be a proper institution for
the discipline of criminals. If the State Prison were provided with a
sufficient number of cells, so that proper discipline were possible, then
provision for the insane prisoners would be imperative, and until then,
or until the Asylum is under better auspices, I hope they will be indulged
by remaining where they are.
It is in serious contemplation to establish a Branch Prison at the stone
quai'ries near Folsom, and I deem it my duty to present some facts bearing
upon the subject from a sanitary point of view. The health of the
prisoners is a matter of surpi'ise to every one. I am not disposed to take
to mvself the credit for this. It should be borne in mind that from one

52
year's end to another the prisoners' apartments are without artificial
heat ; yet they are freely ventilated. How far can one go from the
coast and find a climate that will admit of this ? Has any one estimated
the additional cost of buildings necessary to guard the inmates from
freezing cold? I do not know the difference in the minimum range of
the thermometer at Folsom and San Quentin, but I do know that grass
is now, on the first of January, eighteen inches high within the Prison
yard ; and we know that at Folsom it freezes sometimes very hard, and
much of the winter is freezing weather. Suppose you do not warm
the apartments in such a climate, does any one believe that prisoners
could endure the cold continuously without serious damage to health ?
And if you do artificially heat their dormitories, can any one believe
that the result of the sudden changes of temperature would not be what
it has always been under the circumstances ? Would it be possible to
keep an average number of five hundred and sixty-three men for a whole
year without a single case of inflammatory disease sufficiently severe to
necessitate confinement to bed ?
There is another great source of disease in Prisons, and one that is a
cause of a large proportion of deaths—I mean malaria. Though we have
at San Quentin few severe cases of endemic diseases, yet the effective
physical strength of the prisoners has been much reduced from this
cause, and if they had all been contracted out the loss to the State would
have amounted to hundreds of dollars. I know of no locality in the
habitable parts of the State entirely free from the effects of malai'ia. It
has been ascertained that the mortality in Prisons from dieases of a malarious
origin exceeds threefold that from the same cause in the free
population of corresponding age. The statistics of European and
American Prisons agree in this, and its influence in predisposing to and
aggravating other diseases not recognized as malarious must be acknowledged.
Can any one doubt that a climate like that at Folsom, so
notorious for its malarious character, were it the site of a Prison, would
put one half of the number of inmates on the sick list during the summer
and autumn months ? Fevers, bowel complaints, and diseases of
the liver, would convert the Prison into a Hospital.
The annual average mortality of the Sing Sing Prison for thirteen
years is forty per thousand; the Eastern Penitentiary, (Penn.,) for a
period of eight years, gives sixtj'^-nine and three tenths, annually, per
thousand ; Auburn Prison, the healthiest of the American Prisons, gives
an annual average of eighteen and five tenths per thousand prisoners
San Quentin, for the last two years, has had an annual average of nine
and five tenths per thousand.
deaths by violence.
These estimates throw out of the count
I have given facts enough to demonstrate the superior advantages the
present site of the State Prison enjoys in a sanitary point of view, and
that is a point of view that the political economist no more than the
philanthropist can lose sight of.
There is another fact to which I desire to call attention while the subject
of remodelling our Prison system is under consideration.
It has been determined by Prison statistics that the dark races (the
Chinese are not included) suffer most severely in confinement. In the
Eastern Penitentiaiy, where the confinement is most strict, the mortality
of the white prisoners is twenty per thousand, while that of the negro
prisoners amounts to the startling number of seventy per thousand. In
the Baltimore Penitentiary, where the annual mortality is forty-eight and
four tenths per thousand, more than half of the pi-isoners are of the dark
;

53
race. The rate of mortality from consumption has been eleven per thousand
annually amongst the colored male population of the City of New-
York; while in the Eastern Peiitentiary it appears to have been as high
as forty per thousand. I give the following classification of the prisoners
at San Quentin, according to race, without regard to the place of nativity,
and judged by their appearance. There may be a Malay, or a Sandwich
Islander included among the Indians :
Indians
Mongolian
Africans
Caucasian
Mixed (Indian and Caucasian).
#
26
55
24
390
56
The Indians are chiefly from the southern counties of the State. Of
the seven deaths from tuberculous disease during the last two years, six
have fallen upon Indians. Would it not be practicable so to classify the
prisoners as to exempt this description of persons from the rigors of a
system so necessary to the proper discipline of the whites. The}' are, for
the most part, when they arrive, an innocent, harmless class, who so far
as appears would be better provided for on an Indian Eeservation.
This may not be the place, and I may not be the proper ofiicer, to
refer to the moral bearings of our present system of prison discipline—
system for which the Legislature of the State is alone responsible. The
fundamental principle upon which society claims the right to deprive a
criminal of his liberty is violated when, in addition to depriving him of
his liberty, it surrounds him with conditions that make him tenfold
more dangerous when he is again set at liberty. It has converted an
offender of one law into a wretch, who, by constant familiar intei'course
with the most desperate criminals, is prepared to violate all law. He
carries with him a conviction that society has done him a greater wrong
than he ever perpetrated upon society. Tbere is hardly a traveller
robbed on the highway, or a daring act of burglary perpetrated in the
State, but some graduate of our State Prison is not found to be the
master spirit. There they have learned each other well, and they know
whom to trust. When a dangerous man is discharged, his band are
ready to receive him, or he goes at once to their haunt, of which he has
been well informed. But alas ! for the poor prisoner whom not even the
brutalizing influence of such associations, the withering blight of the
cold world's scorn following him everywhei'e, could make a professional
thief of. If despair and revenge do not make a highwayman of him, it
is because he is too great a coward, or a better man than the majority of
mankind.
In all our large Eastern States there are associations formed for the
benefit of the prisoner, to encourage him in the way of reformation, and
to furnish him the opportunity to lead a useful life. There are many
very intelligent and w^ell meaning men whom unfortunate passion has
consigned to Prison. The labors of these philanthropic societies save
many such from utter ruin. Here we have no such society; to the
inmates of our State Prison, when their terms of confinement expire,
there is no shrine of refuge— "the eai'th beneath them is of iron, and
the sky above is brass." I have given serious offence to a Christian
a

54
gentleman for trying to aid a prisoner, whose term of four j^ears had
been completed, and his conduct and evidences of future good conduct
had been satisfactory, by soliciting for him the opportunity to work his
passage from the State, and reach those friends who knew him in his
better days. How we abominate unsuccessful crime ! M.ay God not
deal with us as we deal with His unfortunates
J. D. M. STILLMAN, M. D.,
-, ^ Visiting Physician,
ban Francisco, January 1, 1864.
!

ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL
OF THE
ST^TE OF 0_A.LIFOKNI-A.,

O. M. CLAYES STATE PRINTER.

A.NNUA.L REPOHT.
General Headquarters, Adjutant-General's Office,
Sacramento, December 3d, 1863.
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Govei'Dor of California
Sir :—I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report of this
department for eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
I am. Sir, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
:
WM. C. KIBBE,
Adjutant-General.

H E I> O H T .
State of California. Adjutant-Gteneral's Office, |
Sacramento, December 3d, 1863.
j
To His Excellencj-,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of the State of California :
Sir :—In accordance with the requirements of the laws of this State
and of Congress, I have the honor to submit the following report of the
organization, strength, and condition, of the Militia of the State of California,
and of her volunteers now in the seiwice of the United States.
The time and the occasion seem proper, in comj^lying with the law
which requires me to submit an annual report, to accompanj- it with a
few remarks, such as are suggested by the disturbed nature of home
relations.
It has heretofore been the policy of our National Grovernment, not only
to cultivate terms of amity with all foreign powers, but to secure to the
States respectively a tranquility so profound and healthful that it gave
promise of being perpetual. The Sciences, Agriculture, Commerce, and
the Mechanic Arts, were our boast and chief pursuit. They were nurtured
as the grand basis upon which an intellectual j)eople hoped to erect
an empire of future permanent greatness. Tliere was " neither war nor
rumors of war," and the tide of aflPairs floated on as peacefully as if no
obstacle could impede its course, until it mingled its waters in a vast
ocean of human happiness. In the midst of this imagined security, Discord
hurled the apple of contention. States became refractory, and the
Government embroiled. Our firesides were invaded by tales of blood-
shed, where formerly had entered only the boasts of fraternal affection
and with these stories came a warning voice, also, which admonished us
to look to our own immediate condition, and prepare against the hour
of calamity. Our attention then was for the first time aroused ; and
now, on looking around us, we are not only alarmed at the comparative
helplessness of our condition, but surprised that we had not previously
discovered and provided again-st it.
It were useless to conceal the fact that, as a State, we aue j^et almost
powerless against any suddenly precipitated danger. California not only
deeply deplores and condemns the wicked rebellion of a portion of the
;

6
Southern States, towards the supj^ression of Avhich she has thus far not
been backward in furnishing material aid, but she is compelled to notice,
in addition, that those foreign relations of the General Government
which were formerly of so encouraging and pacific a nature, if they ai'c
not actuall}' disturbed, are seemingly each day becoming more complicated,
involving a network of collateral issues, admonitory in character,
and which, unless intrusted to the most careful and adroit of diplomatic
management, maj- at any time lead to a conflict, not only of opinion, but
of arms. We can make the assertion with truthfulness and pride, that
the policy of the National Government, in its treatment of the nations
with which it is in correspondence, has undergone no change. It has
ever been forbearing, dignified, and respectful. Can as much be said of
all the powers of Europe ? Has not more than one pretext been sought
for a quarrel, growing out of alleged encroachments upon some of their
maritime interests ? And has not the exposed condition of California,
with reference to foreign invasion, stimulated the impertinence—to use
no harsher term—which has characterized the utterances of foreign offi-
cial agents, residents in the United States ?
The intermeddling with the affairs of the American continent, and the
introduction of a form of government' among some of its people, obnoxious
to their wishes and contrary* to their historical established customs
and laws, is onh^ another proof in the testimony accumulating for our
benefit and instruction. The present Government has bestowed some
attention upon our sea coast and harbor defences, perhaps as much as
could be expected under the circumstances; but we have a work of our
own to perform, and it becomes us to consider well how and in what
manner that work can best be accomplished. (The subject of harbor
defences has been noticed in nw two former reports.)
Until within a recent period, the State of California has been without
arms, munitions, or soldiers, commensurate with her enrolable population
and her requirements for a condition of successful defence. Indeed^ it
cannot be said that our condition is even now ver}' greatly improved.
Although it is evident to the most casxial observer that a spirit of mili-
tary' enthusiasm has been awakened and the latent chord of patriotism in
the hearts of our citizens touched, from which cheerful event we are led
to hope for greater results in the future, the record of sanguinar}- deeds
in which our noble country- men have bravely' given their lives fo preserve
the happiness and secure the liberties of their posterity, and the brilliant
achievement of our arms on raanj- a well fought field have .contributed
much to this end. The demands made upon our State for volunteers have
been nobly responded to b}- our patriotic 3'oung men, many of whom
have already repaired to the scenes of conflict. Others are preparing for
the encounter; and still others may be relied upon when the urgent necessity
requires their services.
But California must not be neglectful of her home interests. We have
among us all the elements to supply* both branches of the service, National
and State. The militia, upon Avhom we are to rely chiefly, embraces
as much genuine patriotism, heroic bravery, and sterling worth, as an}- of
our cotemporarj' armies in the field. All the}' require is organization,
drill, discipline, military education. The National and local laws demand
as much, and the local defences, when imminent, will assuredly
evoke it. The advantage of having at least one fifth of our adult male
population rendered subject to a regular military organization cannot
well be over estimated. The moral effect is—to stimulate a love of
country and promote a desire to defend that countr}- ; the phj^sical
—

to strengthen the muscles and harden the body for a greater power of
endui-auce. To the mind of the novitiate soldier a motive is presented in
the formula of the drill, which uot onl}' fixes itB intention, but enlarges
its ambition, and produces a spirit of emulation which is carried into the
ranks and which eventually developes tiie true veteran. If we would
profit b}' the lessons of'histor}* in securing success to our armies in the
field, we must not omit to obey their teachings, and in order to be
instructed we need not extend our research be^'ond our own National
borders. The militia of the Eevolution, enrolled to suit the exigencies of
some particular occasion, seldom proved reliable in their first fields of
battle. It was onlj^ after thej' had been trained to the profession of arms,
too often amid the privations and severities of active duty, when the
02)portunities Avere decreased in proportion to the greater demand upon
their services, that they could be led up in solid phalanx to face a foe
and receive his fire without exhibiting confusion or a break in the column.
It ma}' be asserted, with many notable instances of confirmation, that
the timidit}' manifested b}' raw troops in the first shock of battle, when
ably commanded, Avas Avholly and almost invariably ascribable to a want
of military education and training. Panics have been the result of the
same cause. The soldier who is naturall}- brave requires to feel that
his companion in arms is equally so. Valor begets valor. With this conviction
on his mind, derived from an exhibition of manlj' and courageous
bearing, he forms one of a serried column to Avhich braver}' is a fixed
principle, kept alive and stimulated by a noble pride that Avould lead il,
if occasion required, directly into the jaws of destruction. This, however,
is not the courage of hopelessness, but of almost certain victory.
He who feels it and acts it out in the hour of battle, becomes the admired
hero for whose bi'ow the wreaths of glory are woven, and Avho, among
men, lives to be honored and pointed at, as one deserving well of his
kind and his countrj'.
No fact is better established in physiology than that the mind and
body have an intimate and indissoluble connection. While it may not
always be true that the latter is invigorated and strengthened by the
assiduous labor of the former, it is invariably the case that the former
derives health, j^ower of concentration, enlargement, and, activity from
a vigorous development of the latter. In this view, if there were no
reason for apprehending anj- immediate need of California troops in the
field, the drill necessary to prepare our young men for usefulness in the
military department could not be otherwise than highh* beneficial.
While the complete drill imparts to the movements of a soldier all the
grace peculiar to calisthenics, it inui*es him to tenacious endurance, and
endows him with a great portion of the athletic poAver of the skilful
and dexterous gymnast. The outAvard form deriA^es symmetry from its
practice, and the vital organs force, from its numerous rapid changes,
inA'igorating marches, and inspiriting convolutions. It is based on the
rules "of health, and can never, under any circumstances, be practiced
Avitliout in some degree promoting the several objects for which it was
devised and established.
The measure of popular prosperit}' has perhaps been greater in California
than in an}- State of the Union. Wealth has floAved in ujion
many of her young men without much apparent exertion on their ])art.
Indulgence, too often of an enervating, demoralizing, and emasculating
character, folloAved in its train, by which their spinal column has become
afi'ected, their Avish and Avill to perform enfeebled, their ambition fat the
cost of personal efl:brt held in subjection,) to achicA-e noble deeds, and

their manhood generally so much impaired that nothing short of severe
discipline, coupled with a proper resti-aint upon their indulgences, can
ever restore them to that health and self-respect which they should enjoy,
and which is absolutely necessary to fit them for general usefulness.
To this class the ranks of the military organizations are invitingly open.
The fresh air of the camp, the coarse food of thfe soldier, the privations
of the march, are healing and restorative. The demand upon the time
of such, as contemplated by our military law and encampment system,
is comparatively trifling. It amounts to only a few days in the j^ear,
and a few hours of the inonth. Who that is ambitious of military fame
cannot spare as much ? Who that loves his country, and is ready to
defend it, would hesitate to sacrifice, not only his time, but his life, to
secure its grandeur and its glory. The maxim may be trite, but time
has given it proof, that " he who would command must first learn to
obey." Too many of our general ofiicers on active duty have failed to
fill the measure of public expectation because of a want of military
training.
In order to " set a command in the field," and with it accomplish the
duty assigned, the officer must not only have thorough confidence in his
own abilities, but possess also the talents to inspire confidence and valor
in his troops. When the troops are equally sanguine, this mutual fervor
is nearly always attended with victorious results.
The spirit of our National and State laws is averse to the maintenance
of standing armies in times of peace. In this fact consists the wide difference
between a Eepublic and a Monarchy. The former is founded
upon the love of the people, who constitute it, in authorit}^ and detail.
All that is beautiful and beneficent in their organic and statutory institutions,
is the oftspi-ing of their own choice and creation. There is no
w'ar between the law and the law making power. They are homogeneous
in character and sentiment. The. law was enacted b}'' and for the people.
Its tenure rests entirel}^ upon their tolerance. When it fails to answer
the objects of its enactment, the same genius which moulded it into form
and substance can alter, destroy, or amend it. The latter is arbitrary,
and, consequently, oppressive. Its power rests upon its absolute enforcement.
The Monarchy is one thing—the People another. The
interests of one may or may not be identical with those of the other.
Where there is a conflict of opinion, the Grovernment becomes despotic.
It yields nothing, but prepares to enforce all its demands. In order to
do this successfully, it must be jDrovided with standing armies. These
are constantl}^ surrounding and at the beck of the throne. They are
not only used /or the people, but against them, if occasion requires. Our
republican form avoids those evils. When armies are required, the citizen
becomes the soldier. His country calls upon his services, and he
willingly jnelds them. When the occasion for their exercise ceases to
exist, he ceases to be a soldier.
Our State militia laws and our volunteer system, when adhered to and
perfected, will prove equal to all sudden emergencies; and that they Avill
continue to be efficacious, I think there is little reason to doubt. In
familiarizing troops with the sacrifices and hardships attendant in some
instances upon the performance of militarj^ dut}'', opportunity is afl:brdcd
for acquiring a practical knowledge of the administrative details of eflicient
staff, camp, and field organizations. The founders of oiir republic,
during the protracted and arduous struggles of the Eevolution, acquired
a knowledge of the value and expressed full confidence in the patriotism
of our citizen soldiery to answer all the demands of supporting a free,

epresentative form of g-overnmeut. They had reason to know something
of the evils of standing armies quartered among the people, to
overawe tliem in the expression of their oijinions, and dejDrive them of
their rights. But they also had seen the necessity for some sort of preparation
on the part of the citizen to fit him for a soldier, and hence
their warning was accompanied by an injunction that, while standint/
annies were to be avoided, the citizen must in some sort, on suitable and
convenient occasions, nevertheless, qualify himself in the pi'actice of
arms when it became proper and urgent that he should use them.
I am aware that there are those in this State who doubt the propriety
of preparing our young men by military drill for efficiency in active service.
Their ideas are confined entirely to the cost of the experiment.
The same class of pati'iots existed during the Revolution. They may
be found on the floor of Congress, in our large cities, hanging as
spies about the skirts of the arm}^; among the Vallandighams, Coxes,
and Woods of the Atlantic border. A full purse is the god of their adoration
; but a noble country is not worth the defending. The same spirit
of economy is spoken of in the Scriptures. It would have sold the precious
balsam which was applied to staunch the wounded feet of our Savior,
and distributed ihe proceeds among the poor.
The activity recently clisplayed by the militia of our State, its rapid
increase in numerical strength, its improved education and training,
have mainl}'^ been induced by the generous legislation of the past two
years. Indeed, the visible improvement of every feature of our military
arm. has shown that it has more than paid for the liberal amounts expended
upon it; and our enemies, both at home and abroad, are taught
that in tlie preservation of the integrity of California as a loyal member of
t-lie Union, her people are in sober and terrible eai'nest. We can at this
time place forty thousand men in the field, under a corps of passable
instructors, possessing a devoted zeal for the maintenance of their cherished
free institutions. iSTearly five thousand of this number are already
instructed in the elements of military science, and well practiced in the
accomplishments of the soldier. A part of this education consists in company
and battalion drill, skirmishing, guard duty, grand tactics, and a
willingness to render cheerful obedience to supei'ior orders; and it is
believed that seventy-five per cent, or three thousand of the foregoing
number, are fitted to hold the positions of subaltern company officers,
and a proportionate subdivision to command any and every organization,
fi-om a platoon to an entire army corps. This, so far as the line
and staff are concerned, has been mainly accomplished through the instrumentality
of the encampment system of the present year. The total
cost of these encampments has been one hundred and forty thousand
dollars, or thirty-five dollars to the man, exclusive of camp equipage,
which the State now owns, and which will be serviceable for the same
uses for twenty years. The total expense, then, of transportation, pay,
and subsistence for ten days in camp, is thirty-five dollars, or an average
of three dollars and fifty cents per day for officers and men. When we
consider the current cost of transjjortation and travel in California, the
fact that a majority of the trooj^s in attendance at the camps travelled
from ten to three hundred miles, and the additional fact, that all purchases
had to be made on the credit of the State, these expenses cannot
be reckoned exorbitant.
It may be inquired : What benefit has the State derived from this large

10
outlay of money ? I answer: For one lumdred and fort}- thousand dollars
expended on encampments, we have instructed in the elements of
military science and all the details of camp life, viz : material for at least
five Major-Generals, twenty Brigadiers-General, two hundred field
oflScers, (regimental,) two hundred and fifty general staff', twelve hundred
line officers, twelve hundred non-commissioned officers. By this is
meant, that a sufficient number of officers will be found in the organization
competent to teach the elements of military science, and at the same
time others who are capable of taking the troops into immediate active
service.
The actual cost of transportation of troops to and from the camps
amounts, in round numbers, to fortj' thousand dollars. (A statement of
the expenses will be found appended to this report.)
The revenue for these purposes is derived from a poll tax of two dollars
per annum, and consequentl}^ is not found to be burdensome. Who,
then, in view of the undoubted benefits which will flow from the expenditure,
as alreadj^ foreshadowed by an increased sense of security to the
State at large, or who that is truly loyal, and is animated by the exalted
sentiment of an old time patriot :
" Not one cent for tribute, but millions
for defence," will suffer a complaint to escape his lips? Liberty is priceless;
and experience has taught the lesson that too often, where a mere
moneyed consideration was refused to defend it, the higher sacrifice has
been required of human blood.
It must be borne in mind, however, that the system of encampments
in this State is an experiment, only partially tested, and, like all other
experiments where the benefits to be derived are prospective, must be
thoroughl}' tested, and held open for revision and amendment. Although
each encampment has in itself been a complete success, the question
arises whether the same amount of instruction may not be imparted at
less expense to the State and time to the military organization. I
assume that there is but one sentiment pervading the minds of loyal citizens
in relation to the necessit}" for an efficient military establishment in
California, and that it must generally be admitted that most of the disasters
attending our National troops in the field, at the comn:iencement
of the existing civil disturbances, had their origin in the fact that our
armies were suddenly mustered, and almost wholly unprepared, in point
of discipline, for the sanguinar^^ battles which they were compelled to
fight. Witl? the example of their revei'ses before us, if we fail to be better
prepared in the future, the fault Avill not lie so much with our troops
as with those whose duty it is to see them in all respects prepared for
the difficult and trying duties before them. California has given too 1
many proofs of her loj-alty, to leave a doubt on the public mind that licr
legislation will manifest itself equal to every emergency against which it
may become necessary to j^rovicle.
The support and proficiency of our State military organization, upon
which dejjends the public safety and individual prosperity, have hitherto
been left almost entirel}' to the patriotism, liberality, and enthusiasm, of
a few individuals, who have made noble sacrifices from purely disinterested
motives. Tliey fitted themselves for active duty in the field,
formed companies, instituted drill, and made every' efibrt compatible
with surrounding circumstances to acquire that fitness; but being de.
tached, their evolutions lacked uniformity, which only can be attained in
perfection by battalion and brigade practice.
With a view to rendei- immediate the sj'stem of universal application
designed by encampments, as enacted b}' the last Legislature, and in the

11
hope of cutting down expenses without impairing its utility, I beg leave
respectful!}- to recommend the following changes in the law, viz :
First—Koduce the attendance at the Camp of Instruction to a detail of
the commissioned ofHcers and Sergeants from each company, and the
general, field, and staff officers ; continue this camp for twenty or thirty
days, and pay a reasonable stipulated per diem to those in attendance.
Under this arrangement we should have present about one thousand men.
Second—For the Brigade Encampments, (having first authorized the
Brigadiers-General to compel, in their discretion, battalion and regimental
organizations, composed of all the uniformed troops in their
brigades.) substitute encampments by battalions and regiments, for at
least twelve days in each j-ear in the aggregate, to continue four days at
each separate mustering. The Camp of Instruction might be held from
the tenth of April to the first or tenth of May; the battalion or regimental
encampments four days in June, four days in August, and four
daj'S in October, with rations in kind, or sub.sistence by commutation.
When two or more regiments or battalions exist in any one county, they
may be required to encamp together. These proposed amendments to
the law Avould save at least thirty thousand dollars to the State in the
item of transportation alone, and be the means of accommodating many
who could not, without considerable personal sacrifice, desert their occupations
for the length of time at present required. The intei'ests of the
military service would be equalh' if not better subserved by the proposed
simplification.
The militarj- force of the St?te, to be effective, must be consolidated
by central organization. This is not all—it must be capable of rapid
concentration ; and when massed, understand well such field orders as
may be necessary to hurl it in serried files upon a foe, or be detached in
its different parts with such ease and facilit}- as to avoid even the appearance
of confusion ; for a skilful feint is sometimes equal to a courageous
charge—a well drilled military corps should at all times be competent
to meet either.
A rigid collection of the military poll tax would soon enable us to liquidate
aU outstanding claims against the Military Fund, and provide amply
for such expenses as may be contemplated for the coming year. Some
more stringent enactment for the collection of this tax is necessary.
AEMS.
The necessity for arms for our militia has been stated in every previous
report from this department since eighteen hundred and fifty-two.
I have made repeated and continued apphcation to the General Government
for years past for a supply of arms for California, setting forth in
as graphic arguments as i:)0ssible. our necessities in that respect. In
accordance with my recommendation of last year, which is appended to
this paragraph, a bill was introduced into the last Legislature for the
pui'chase of a sufficient armament for our militia, which failed to pass
that body for the reason that the Secretary of War had given his direct
and unequivocal promise to your excellency that five bronze field batteries,
(rifled guns.) three thousand sets cavalry arms, and nineteen hundred
improved muskets, would be promptl}" furnished by the General
Government. No portion of these arms, however, have been furnished,
excepting three thousand muskets and six hundred pistols, and a few old
Mississippi rifles.
The last requisition made upon General Wright, commanding Depart-

12
ment of the Pacific, United States Army, who has discretionary powers
in the premises, was responded to as follows, viz
Headquarters, Department or the Pacific, }
Sacramento, November 11th, 1863.
j
General :—I find that I have issued to the State of California, five
thousand three hundred stand of arms over and above the quota allowed
by law.
It is not deemed advisable to issue an}- more government arms to the
militia of this State at this time. I have, however, a small supply of:
flint lock muskets, which would do Very well to organize and discipline
troops, and prepare them to receive a better class of arms in case of war,
and if j^ou desire it, I will issue a requisition, approved by the Governor
for one thousand stand of those arms.
With great respect.
Your obedient servant,
G. WEIGHT,
Brigadier-General United States Army, Commanding.
Adjutant-General W. C. Kibbe,
General Headquarters, Sacramento.
A sufficient supply of servicable arms and equipments is the one thing;
needful to call into existence a volunteer uniformed militia ample for all
purposes of home defence, and capable of rendering timely aid to thai
National Government in any sudden emergency. Without such provi
sion, all other measures to build up a large, useful, and reliable force, willj
prove unavailing. The organization of the able bodied volunteers of the
State into companies, regiments, and brigades, will be a paper organization,
unless the men in it are supplied with the proper class of arms, and
exercised in their use. The attention of the Legislature has been so frequentl}"
called to this subject, it is to be hoped that the time has arrived
when its importance is full}^ appreciated, and that the necessary steps
will be taken to obtain the arms promised by the Secretary of War from
the General Government, or by purchase.
The recommendations and arguments used in my last annual report,
upon the subject of arms, were as follows, viz
" We need artillery, and cavalry arms, and improved arms for our
infantry. The State should be supplied at once with at least fifteen thousand
muskets and rifles, eight or ten full batteries field artillery, and cavalry
arms sufficient to equip at least ten thousand troops.
" One of the most efficient arms of the service is artillery. We seeitsj
efficacy everywhere. It has gained most of our brilliant victories in thei
present war, and in all wars of modern times. We have but a single battery,
consisting of six field guns—four six pounders, and two twelve^
pound howitzers. (Two of these guns are now in use at the State Prison.)
This State should have at least a full and complete battery of light
artillery for each brigade. A manned battery is composed of one Cap-
tain, three Lieutenants, six Sergeants, eight Corporals, two musicians, twoij
artificers, and one hundred and twenty-five privates. Besides the six field
:
:

13
pieces, there are six caissons, two ammunition wagons, and one travelling
forge. Each battery requires for active service seventy-two horses.
If artillery arms could be supplied, the citizens of our large cities and
towns would promptly organize a pi-oper force.
" One of the causes of our militarj^ failures in the j^resent war has been
the want of a good cavalry force. When the war broke out, the Government
determined to have little or no cavalry, but its necessities soon made
it requisite to organize a large cavalry force, which was found invaluable
in checking the raids of the enemy, wherever they were to be attempted,
and for the most eflective field service. So in California, if an invading
force should be landed upon our shores, a well organized and well mounted
cavalry would be indisjaensable. California has ever been noted for
her horsemen, and for the vigor, strength, and endurance of her horses;
but between mere horsemen and well drilled cavalry there is much difference
; the latter w^e might have, if proper measures were taken. Let us,
then, provide for the organization of at least one squadron of cavalry in
each brigade, and mount our best men on the best trained horses, and
we shall soon have a cavalry force supei-ior to any in the world. The
organization and drill of cavalry is expensive, but we should not neglect
to have a due apportionment of each arm of the service. I therefore most
respectfully urge your excellenc}^ to commend the subject of our poverty
in arms and munitions of war to the Legislature, and recommend means
for providing the same. Adequate preparation oftentimes averts war,
and saves to a nation oceans of blood and millions of treasure. Had the
loyal States heeded the Avise councils of the patriots of our eai'ly history,
the present rebellion would never have shown its hydra head. Had the
spirit of Seventy-Six been heeded and lived up to in the now loyal States,
as declared by the Convention which framed the Constitution of the
State of New York, which provided that, ' Whereas, it is of the utmost
importance to the safety of every State, that it should be always in a
condition of defence, and it is the duty of every man who enjoj^s the
protection of society, to be prepared and willing to defend it. this Convention,
therefore, by authority of the good people of this State, doth
order, determine, and declare, that the militia of this State, at all times
hereafter, as well in peace as in war, shall be armed and di8cij)lined, and
ready for service, and that a proper magazine of warlike stores, proportionate
to the number of inhabitants, be forever, hereafter, at the expense
of this State, and by the acts of the Legislature, established, maintained,
and continued in every county of this State '—this war had never
existed. Let California, then, benefit by the experience of the past, and
do her duty to herself and the Nation by promptly providing means for
arming and equipping her troops."
MILITAEY ACADEMY.
Having on former occasions recommended the general advantages of
mch an institution, I will here add, substantially, the article published
n my last report, with a synopsis of what could be proper!}^ taught
here appended, and I trust that the same will be incorporated upon the
irst college established under the patronage of the State, or in some
nanner be carried into effect.
" That our citizens capable of bearing arms are imbued with sufficient
>atriotism to respond promptly to the call of the country, has been amply
lemonstrated ; but to serve the State or Nation successfully, requires

14
skill and ability as well as patriotism. " In peace we should be prejjared
for war," is an accepted axiom ; he who supposes that we can always be
at peace, either at home or with foreign nations, understands little of the
history of nations. The isolated position of our State from the seat of
the National Government, our extensive and exposed sea coast, the character
of the adjacent territory, its commercial importance to the Union,
and the necessities of a great and growing commerce, demand of us the
cultivation of a military character among our people upon this coast, if
we would retain our rich prize intact. A foreign power antagonistic to
our own in principle of government, jealous of our expanding commercial
influence, and reputed to be unscrupulous as to the means to crush
all oj)position to her maritime empire, exists on our northern frontier;
while at the south we find a peninsula of several hundred miles, sparsely
inhabited, without any government except that of a faction which may
obtain temporary power. France, taking advantage of our domestic
troubles, ignoring the doctrine of non-intervention, (which had become
to be regarded at least asprac^iVaMaw,) and the settled policy of all civilized
nations, that no foreign influence should be allowed to rule the destinies
of independent States, is attempting to conquer our sister republic,
Mexico, for some purpose not distinctly foreshadowed, though from the
alleged complicitj^ of this nation with the agents of the so called Confederate
vStates in vai'ious matters, we can have at least some idea of the
evident design of the Emperor of the French, should circumstances favor
the project. If it was the conquest of California, he has thrown his
troops into a country which ofters, either by the way of the Gulf of California
or by the mainland, an opening for the landing of larger armies and increased
munitions of war, with which to invade our soil. The perpetuity,
of the blessings of a free government which we enjoy, requires constant
vigilance and activit}', and as each State of the Union is dejjended upon
for aid in all its eff'orts for the maintenance of the Government, so each
is called upon, not only to provide for a militia, but also the means to
educate and fit their citizen soldiers for the responsible positions they
may be called upon to fill. To provide a comprehensive system of mili-i
tar}' education is the duty of the Legislature. War is a science, com-i
prehending in its meaning all other sciences, and a greater portion of alL
human knoMdedge. It has been the studj' of nations for all past time,
and large masses of men are devoted to the proficiency of arms. Govern-:
ments have liberally endowed schools for the instruction of the militarjH
art, until such progress has been made in the weapons of warfare and
strategy, that the science of war, the movements of troops, and the
modes of attack and defence, arc greatly changed. This extensive
knowledge, so cultivated by the nations of the earth, and our present*
domestic troubles, renders the necessity the more urgent in this country
for a stricter attention to the military education of the people. An army
without order, regularity, discipline, and education, is liable to be routed
at every point, and would resemble a victim sent to be slaughtered rather'
than an army led to battle. If the duties of the soldier to fit him for
service require years of training, how much greater the necessity foi
those who are to command armies and divisions of armies to have a finished
military education ? To them are intrusted the lives of thousands
of their fellow citizens, and the mistakes and disasters of armies in war
fare may be attributed, in a great measure, to the ignorance of those who
are intrusted with the command. It is not the simple duty of the officoi
who would aspire to command to understand the manual of arms, thf
formation and movements of the company or battalion ; he will often be'

15,
called upon to occupy positions which' require an acquaintance with the
different branches of service, so as to be able to act upon an emergency,
and without mistake or hesitation, either for defence or attack, be aide
to draw a plan, trace the lines of encamjmient, and in a moment's notice,
to direct a field fortification.
" The four grand divisions of which an arm}' is composed, namely :
infantrj^, cavahy, engineers, and artillery—and the mode of organizing
for military service, and moving troojjs armed with the various arms,
requires no common intelligence. The education of the Engineer and
Artillerist is the work of 3-ears, and includes the most comprehensive
and careful study. To the Engineer we look for plans of fortifications,
and skill to construct them ; to him the infantry and artillery are indebted
for their position on the battle-field and to their proper distribu-
tion, and also for the construction of ways over roads and rivers, and in
the intrenchments. Xor can the skilful Artillerist be considered much
behind in the important duties of the profession. He requires a knowledge
of projectiles, the laws of gravitation, the velocity and force of
bodies, and how he shall take position for breach, in point-blank, with
mathematical accurac}'. He should know how to construct gabions,
fascines, embrasures, and various other works required. * * *
'• There is no better Ava}' in which either this theoretical or practical
militar}' knowledge can be secured than by the establishment of a Militar}'
School, in which an opportunity' Avould be afforded to the young
men of the State to become skilled soldiers, to meet the necessity when
it should arrive. Every nation of account in modern times has paid
great attention to military ;.ducation.
science to the children in their Schools.
The Greeks taught the military
In Prussia every man is a soldier,
and required to do military duty for three j-eai's; and there are
Schools attached to every regiment and battalion, in which the privates
are taught the rudimentary elements of learning, while High Schools,
for the education of officers, are attached to every army division. There
are also Military Schools founded at Berlin, by Peter the Great. The
School of St. Cj-r, founded by Napoleon in eighteen hundred and three,
educates the youth of France, and there was established the system
which Eussia, Saxony, and Austria follow.
" It is our dutj' to educate our youth, and, for our security, in such a
manner as to give them the means of intelligence which the most prosperous
and intelligent States provide for the proper discipline of their
people. An institution established upon this basis would not only be
frequented bj' the 3'outh of the country, but adults who desire to become
skilled in the duties of the soldier, would attend the military and scientific
lectures at the hall of such an institution, and could thereby learn
of the profession of the soldier sufficient to fit them for active and difficult
duties. *********-;: -1:
•' In view of the present opportunity of establishing such an institution,
beg leave to suggest the propriety of setting apart means for the
founding of a State Military Institute, similar to those now existing in
several of the older States of the Union. The progress and success of
these institutions have fully demonstrated the practicability of engrafting
the militry system upon State Colleges, and I am full}- convinced the
suggestion will meet with public fiivor and support.
" The introduction of military discipline in a School serves to promote
regular habits and invigorate the physical constitution of the student ;
while, at the same time, it will give a practical tone to every department
of study, and thoroughness of instruction would constitute its

:
;
16
chief element. The habits of the soldier would conduce to sj-stem,
promptness, responsibilit}", energy, and decision.
" To the pursuit of scientific courses the principles and habits of duty
render military Schools the first institutions in the countrj^, and it is on
practical education that we mainly rely for our advancement in greatness,
as individuals, or as a State or Nation. It fits and prepares us for
all the duties of life, and should form the basis of ever}- State educational
institution. Its graduates would go forth—the teacher to his
School, the engineer to his rod and level, the architect and draughtsman
to his drawing-board, the farmer to his farm, the soldier to his
post—each with a sound practical education, based upon system and
order, which have been indelibly impressed upon his mind by the practical
and systematic character of his School."
The better to secure the important ends recommended in this article,
I would suggest that each Senatorial and Assembly District be empowered
to send one young man, nominated by its representative, to a vState:
Military Academy, engrafted upon some State institution or organized!
as a State College, free from charge for instruction, and with the simple
pledge to impart that instruction when required to militia encanipments
in the State. By throwing open the institution to other youth who
might seek and pay for its advantages, a small appropriation made from
the State would suflice.
In fact, the institution would be a Regimental School, where elemen-tary
and practical knowledge of the science and art of war in the service
of the three arms might be acquired, less comprehensive, but not
less practical, than the National School at West Point, and aiming espe-
cially to qualify the regimental, stafl:', company, and platoon ofiicers for'
effective service.
A period of three years, with two months in each spent in camj), one
for vacation, and nine in quarters at the Academy, would, in case of
those entering with certain qualifications, be sufficient.
It would, doubtless, by the union of the entering and gi'aduating ca-
dets, secure the presence in camp of enough files to illustrate the battalion
drill, and when the income of the School from pay cadets justified
the hir,e or purchase of horses, that of the squadron and batter}^—the
necessar}' equipments being furnished by the Geneial Government.
The outline thus sketched, I jjropose to submit a plan of organization,
as follows
His Excellency, the Governor of the State, ex officio Commander;
The Adjutant-General of the State, ex officio Inspector;
A Superintendent.
Milttari/ DepaHmcnt.
A Commandant of Cadets, Instructor of Tactics and of the Science
and Art of War
A Professor of Civil and Military Engineering, and Instructor of Ordnance
and of the Science of Gunnery
A Professor of Law (International, Constitutional, and Military,) and
of Military Ilistor}" and Pli^^-^ical Gcograph}-
A Professor of Anatomy, Physiology. Military Hygiene, Veterinary
Science, History, and KngliKh Literature;
A Professor of Ui'awiiig;
;
;

;
;
17
An Adjutant, Qnai'termaster, Commissan'^, and Paymaster;
A Chaplain
An Instructor in the Use of Small Arms, Equitation, Veterinary Art,
and Military Cxymnastics
The Corps of Cadets—two Divisions—Military and Preparatory;
An Ordnance Sergeant
One Principal Musician, and eight Musicians.
Preparatory Department.
A Professor of Mathematics and of Natural and Experimental Philoso-
A Professor of Languages, Ancient and Modern ;
An Assistant Teacher of Drawing.
Methods of Instruction.
Kecitations and lectures upon the same, preparation of reports, essays
and descriptive memoirs, theory and practice of constructions, encampnaents,
marches, reconnoisances, and study of ground and positions, use
of maps and instruments, drill—including use of small arms—target practice,
and military gymnastics.
1.—Recitations—In Infantry, Artilleiy, Cavalry, and Grand Tactics; in
Field Fortifications, Outpost and Detachment Service ; in Articles of
War and Army Regulations; in Civil and Military Engineering,
Science of G-eometry, Ordnance and Pyrotechny ; in International,
Constitutional, and Military Law, in its Application to Courts Martial
; in Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Mensuration, and Descriptive
Geometry; in Mechanics, (synthetical.)
2.—Lectures—Let one thousand dollars be applied from the income of
the School for twenty lectures annually, fifteen of which to be delivered
in the Annual Course, by distinguished literary, scientific, and
military men, and five by graduates. Let twenty lectures, annually,
at least, be delivered by the Professors in the Institution ; in all forty
lectures, one each week, upon Strategy, Campaigns, Battles, Marches,
Logistics, Architecture, Building Materials, Masonry, Applied Mechanics,
Military Histor}^, Physical Geography, Anatomy, Physiology,
Military Hygiene, Veterinary Science, History and English
Literature, Natural and Experimental Philosophy, (Mechanics excepted,)
Chemistrj', (especially Chemistry of Food, and Agricultural
Chemistry,) Mineralogy, Geology, Astronomy, Mental and Moral
Philosophy.
3.—Questions upon pi-evious Lectures, in the Lecture and Recitation
Rooms, and by Cadets in quarters, as rejDetitions.
4.—Preparation of Reports, etc., upon some campaign, some subject,
some point, assigned for investigation upon observations made in the
field or upon the march, results of reconnoisances, iteneraries, etc.
5.—Theory and Practice of Construction, Models in clay and sand of
Field Works, construction of Siege Materials—as Gabions, Fascines,
etc., tracing and profiling Field Works, posting of working parties,
Pontoon, Trestle, Raft, and Flying Bridges, preparation of different

18
kinds of ammunition and of militaiy fireworks, exhibitions and
handling of the various implements and munitions of war.
6.—Encampments, Marches, etc. Two months in each year devoted to
the practical duties of the soldier and officer; preparation of rations,
etc.
7.—Use of Maps and Instruments. Large maps of the most celebrated
campaigns of our own country ; large maps of modern battles
large maps for Physical Geographj" ; models, blank forms, and!
returns; mountain barometers, engineer's transit, level, rod, chain,
tape, sextant, and artificial horizon, etc.
8.—Drill, etc. Infantry—School of the Soldier, Company, and Battalion *;
\ Skirmishers, Bayonet Exercise, Target Practice. Artillery—School
of the Piece, Section, Battery Practice. Cavahy—Equitation, School
of the Trooper, dismounted, and of the Trooper, Platoon, and Squadron,
dismounted. Small Sword and Sabre (cut and thrust) Exercise,!
Parades, Eeviews, Inspections, Guard Mounting, G3nnnastics, Eowing,
Swimming, etc.
ESTIMATED EXPENSE.
Eleven months board, @ $Q per week
Clothing, (to be uniform, undress coat and pants, $20
dress coat and pants, S25 ; blankets, $6 ; overcoat, 615
Fatigue clothes, S12 ; shoes, $15; to Avhich add cost of
underclothing,) yearly expenses
Total
Por pay of Cadets add
;
;
$288 00
93 00
8381 00
120 00
Making for each of them, per annum. $501 00
CALIFOEKIA VOLUNTEERS.
Being satisfied that the suggestions in my rejiort of last year in regard
to the California Volunteers are correct, I here respectfully re-submit
them :
''Appended will be found a roster of the officers of the several regiments
of California Volunteers in the service of the United States. Trij
monthly returns of these regiments, as required by the War Depar
ment, have beCn made and transmitted from this office, as promptly
received during the past year. The roster will show many chan_
of officers during the year. The most important duty imposed l)^
the Act of Congress of July twenty-second, eighteen hundred and sixt}
one, upon the Governors of States, is that of commissioning oft'cers ot
troops called into service. This duty, responsible under any cinn instances,
is rendered doubly so from the nature of a volunteer force ; tli'
difficult}' and oftentimes the imjjossibilit}' of applying to its ])ei-li»nii
ance the well-defined rules of the regular service. In the exercise oli
this prerogative. ))romolioiis, if they could be made in the regular ordflil
of seniority, Avould be an easy task; but when men without any pi-evl
ous knowledge of military matters are commissioned and sent into tlit
I

19
field, it is not at all surpiMsing to find that the subaltern officer, in service,
frequently shows a proficiency in the performance of his duties of which
his superiors are wholly deficient. In such cases the interests of the
service require that the ordinary rules of promotion should be suspended,
and that merit should have its proper recognition and reward.
As a genei-al rule, it is doubtless well to promote regularl}', but a dej)arture
from it is sometimes required bj' strict justice and the interests
of the service. No oflSccr should be permitted to rest his claim for promotion
simply upon his right by seniority, and it should be promulgated
in all regiments that mfvitorious conduct may overhalance the accidental advantage
of poution. This would encourage a spirit of emulation which
could not fail to elevate the character of the volunteer officer, and to inspire
the rank and file with a worthy ambition.
" Promotions should generally be made to field and line offices regimentally.
When promotions are made from the rank and file they should
usuall}' be transferred to other companies. Each regiment should be considered,
with reference to jii'omotiou, a distinct bod}-, and all vacancies
filled, as far as practicable, from within the organization. This would remove
the apprehension with which outside appointments are regarded,
and hold out an incentive to the rank and file for such preferment as the
chances of the service might otfcr as a reward for soldierly conduct.
To open the door of promotion to the soldier, and keep it ojDcn before
him, cannot but have a salutarj- eff'ect ; he feels that he is no longer
doomed to an endless routine of duties, from which there is no relief,
and to a position from which there is no escape ; his ambition is aroused
by the hope of promotion, and his resolution strengthened to deserve it.
Filling vacancies in the volunteer service chiefly upon the recommendation
of Colonels of regiments, will carry into etfect the suggestions
herein made, and will hold out a fitting encouragement to officers and
men, so long as regimental commcuidcrs icill properlij act npon tlirm^ and use the
responsibility for the best interests of" their commands and of the service;
and it is to this end chiefly that these remarks are made, with a
hope that those oflficers who have hitherto been at fault in this respect
may be convinced of its great utility."
The volunteer milittiry organization, especially in a free country like
this, is based upon the patriotism and affection of the people. There
must be some incentive to foster and keep alive these ennobling sentiments.
It would be an insult to the intelligence of our citizens to suppose
that, in joining the ranks, they were actuated by a mercenary motive.
The pittance secured to them under the law is too insignificant
to supply their current wants, much less to excite their cupidity. And
yet every man has an ambition—no one is so impoverished in desire
as not to entei'tain a hope. With the rank and file, this ambition and
this hope is that Avhen he has signalized his fidelity by faithful and efficient
service, or by some brilliant achievement, it may be noticed and
rewarded in a manner suituable to the time and the occasion. 1 would,
therefore, respectfully urge that some general rule of promotion may be
established, and that the promotions made should, as far as conforms to
the interests of the service, be confined, as I have intimated, to the regiment
or battalion in which the service was rendered.
The soldier who has done faithful dut}^ in the ranks, or the subaltern
who has met the utmost expectations of his superior officers, should
never, when recommended by their oflRcers, be thrust aside or overlooked
in such promotions as the Goveimor of the State has the power to be-

20
stow, and to which the true soldier, more than any other, is richl}- enti-
tled.
The history of the past two years proves conclusively that the perfection
of any military system, either for militia or volunteers, depends
upon the absolute authority by which it is controlled. Few officers who
owe their position to the votes of those constituting their command, will
act wnth that paramount regard to the interests of the service which is
necessary to promote its highest success. 1 regard the elective principle,,
also, as prejudicial to the soldier. In the choice of officers, he is frequently
governed more by personal preferences than by any real merit
or proficiency of his candidate. Exjierience Has jiroved this in many
cases in the first organizations of the companies in the service from this
State, many of the officers elected having been found to be totally incapacitated,
not only to command, but to exercise a proper care for their
men, to the great detriment of their comjDanies and the service. I
would, therefore, recommend that in case new regiments should be organized
for the service of the United States, that no elections for line
officers should be authorized.
I am pleased to state that our volunteers, both officers and men, are;
second to none in the service. Their conduct, discipline, zeal, and soldierly
attainments have shed a halo around the name of California Volunteers
which has not been excelled by those of any other State. Al-
though they have not had the opportunity of meeting the rebel hordes
in pitched battle, yet many of them have done the severest service ; and
we have on record reports of several encounters with the Indians, in
which was exhibited a valor worth}^ a better foe. All who know them,
and particularl}" the officers of the regular army, yield them the very
highest meed of praise, and express their utmost confidence in theiri
ability to meet and repel the shock of their enemies in equal numbers,!
wherever they maj^ be found.
It is to be hoped that if an additional call is made for troops from this-
State, that our veteran volunteers mny have an opportunity to go into a
field of active service.
I am pleased to state, that most of the officers now in the service arei
very proficient, and will do honor to the State and countrj^ whenever
and wherever duty may call them.
While our troops have been organized and sent forth to duty, I have'
given much care and attention to the descriptive rolls of companies and
regiments, causing them to be made out carefully, and deposited in this
office. We have, therefoi-e, the name, residence at the time of enlistment,
age, place of nativity, and name and residence of nearest friend, of nearly
every man from this State in the volunteer service.
I have had to perform the duty of an obituaiy correspondence wit hi
the relatives of deceased soldiers almost weekly during the past year.
To the brave men who have gone forth to endure the hardships of mili-i
tary service, and, if necessary, to meet the ordeal of death in defence ofi
law and liberty, the State will ever be grateful.
DUTIES OF CIVIL OFFICEES.
The neglect of Assessors to enroll persons entitled to do militar}' duty,
and the disposition of some of them to practically nullify the law im
posing this duty upon them, and the neglect of many of the County anc
Township Collectors to collect the Military Poll Tax, suggests the ue

21
cessity of an effectual remedy. Some more stringent provision of law in
relation to these duties should be incorporated in our statutes. Had
this tax been thoroughly collected, the JVIilitary Fund would have been
ample to have satisfied all the claims against it. County and Township
Collectors should be required to do their dut}' fully in this respect.
ENROLMENT.
A necessary basis for an organization of the militia at large, if at any
time it should be required, is an enrolment of persons entitled to bear
arms. This should be provided for and carried out under the immediate
auspices of the Commander-in-Chief, with explicit directions as to the
manner of the enrolment—the persons who are to perform the duties of
enrolling officers, and the time in which the work is to be completed and
the books filed. In California, with a population constantly migrating, a
complete enrolment should be made every two or four years. I am fully
satisfied that, under the present law, in many counties the lists of persons
enrolled, to do military duty is nothing more than a mere transcript
from the count}^ tax lists. The imperfections of such an enrolment
would render it valueless for any purpose whatever.
On the twenty-fifth of April hist, the organized militia scarcely numbered
three thousand men. The strength of companies had been seriousl}'
impaired, owing to the personal sacrifices necessary to keep up
the organization unaided by the State, and by enlistments in the service
of the United States. In many cases company organizations onl}^ existed
on paper.
The jJassage of the Acts of the last session, contemplating not onlj^ the
organization, but the equipment, discipline, and instruction of the corjjs,
and also the prospect of obtaining a sufficient suj^ply of improved arms,
induced thousands of our 3'oung men (loyal, good, and true.) to attach
themselves to the organization, finding that it was to be established upon
a basis of real utility, and ths aid of the State in a tangible form had
been granted. The force has really been increased, therefore, from three
thousand to eight thousand men, and is still increasing at the rate of two
companies per week.
I would recommend that our militia laws be carefully revised and reduced
to system; that the defects made apparent during the experience
of the past year be remedied, and that the Governor of the State should be
invested with the exercise of a wise discretion in the issuance of military
commissions, either to the field, line, or staff. The reason for this
is obvious when we have in view the jiresent state of the countr3^
Companies which have been organized effectually since the twentyfifth
of June, eighteen hundred aiul sixty-three, should be allowed the
same amount for equipment as was allowed under the Act of April
twentj'-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
Those attending Camps of Instruction and Encampments should be
paid a fair compensation, and all who fail to attend should be required to
pa}' the fines levied by law.
It is urged upon the commandants of regiments, battalions, and companies
to take the necessary steps in all cases to enforce these penalties.
The people of this State have learned the use and importance of a well
organized militia, and the value of the militia system as a means of education
for officers and men ; and it is due to those who aid in its maintenance,
and especially to those of its members who are always at their
posts, that these fines should be thoroughly collected.

. .
22
The business of recruiting having been turned over to the Governor of
the State, the labor imposed thereby upon this office, and the constantly
increasing dailj" duties, will render the emploj'ment for the year of three
Clerks, and probably four, absolutely necessaiy. A Committee of the
Legislature should visit the office and ascertain the nature and extent of
the labors performed.
There have been issued during the year from this office eight hundred
and thirteen military commissions, and over twelve thousand official
letters have been written and copied by my Clerks. Company and regimental
returns have been received monthly, copied, entered, and copies
transmitted to the Washington Department.
In addition to the ordinarj' duties imposed by law upon this office for
this year, was the labor of carrying into effect the supplementary Election
Law authorizing our volunteers to vote. This extra duty made it
necessar}^ to increase the clerical force in the department to three in
number.
The Election Law referred to should be re-enacted this 3'ear, and continue
in force while we have volunteer troojDS in the field. The ett'ect of
extending this privilege to the recruit or veteran soldier is highly benefi-
cial to the troops, and at the same time is founded upon justice.
The beneficial effects of the Act appropriating bj' the State five dollars
per month to our enlisted men are apparent—it has stimulated all
to faithful service, diminished desertions, improved discipline, and by
this tangible recognition of the patriotism and personal sacrifices made
by troops who have entered the service, has done much to promote
their efficiency.
For this year the organized militia comprises one division, six brigades,
five regiments, five battalions, fiftj^-nine companies unattached,
and in the aggregate, eight thousand four hundred and eighty officers and
men, who are classified in the various arms of the service as follows, viz :
Infantry Companies
Cavalry Companies..
Artillery Companies,
Total ,
:
There have been organized during the present year sixty-two companies,
as follows
Infantiy Companies
Artillery Companies,
Cavalry Companies..
Total.
Which comprises one half of the entire militia force of the State.

23
COAST DEFENCES.
Tho necessity of rendering the harbor of vSan Francisco defensible
against vessels of Avar of every description, is keenl}^ felt by the people
of the whole State. A single vessel of war once within range of that
city, would hold it at its mere}' ; no matter how strong its forts n\ay be
garrisoned, or how many troops it may contain, it is al)Solutely helpless.
The first gun boat which, passing Forts St. Philip and Jackson, lay off
the levee at ]^ew Orleans, virtuall}' captured that city. A single war
steamer, therefore, which should run the gauntlets of Forts Point and
Alcatraz, this metropolis of our State must surrender or be destroyed.
The capture of ISTew Orleans shows how little power our fortresses have
to obstruct the passage of even ordinarj' steamei's of war. The range
of stationarj^ guns is so small, and their aim so uncertain, that it is a
matter almost of chance if a passing steamer is hit at all; at most, the
danger lasts but a short time. If the attack should be made, however, by
ironclad steamers, the jjeril of the cit}' would be almost certain. I am
sure that the Passaic or Ironsides, and perhaps the Alabama, could enter
the harbor of Sau Francisco unharmed, in spite of the fortifications which
defend it. Some new mode of defence, answering to the increased powers
of offence recently created, is clearly demanded The new ironclad
constructed for this coast, should she be rescued, will, I fear, be wholly
insufficient for defence of the harbor of tiie principal seaport and gold
exporting cit}" of this State. The Golden Gate is the real point of defence
; the passage here is about one mile in width. The mode of perfect
defence is, I believe, to be found in the revolving tower or turret,
j^atented by Mr. J. E. Timb}', of New York, in October, eighteen hundred
and sixty-tAvo. The plan suggested to completel}' fortify the City
of San Francisco, is to construct a tower at Point Bonito and Point
Lobos, and, if necessary, one in the middle of the passage. This turret
consists of an iron plated tower, with a dome-shaped roof, resting upon
a foundation of masonry, and jjierced for two tiers of guns; the foundation
provided with casemated guns; the tower to be one hundred feet
in diameter, and to mount sixty guns—thirty in each tier. The walls
may be of any required thickness, of from two to five feet; the increase
of weight for a land fortress is of no practical consequence. The tower
revolves, upon friction rollers, by means of a steam engine below and
beyond the foundation of the fort. As the tower revolves, each gun in
its turn is brought to bear upon the object direct, and the revolution is
made in one minute if desired; the whole on the principle of the turrets
used in»the new ironclads. Monitor, and others. Guns of any size
can be used. Across the throat of the harbor, from fort to fort, if they
were built, could be placed a series of massive chains, attached to windlasses
moved by the steam engines in the forts; these chains to be di-awn
up by the Avindlasses, when required, to such a deflection as to prevent
the passage of vessels. This would check the momentum of the vessel,
and it would be at a point blank range under the fire of two forts, each
capable of delivering a shot every second. The essential idea of a revolving
tower is, that every gun commands every point in the circle. In
our present land fortifications, onlj- a fifth of the guns can be used Avith
effect at any one time. If, then, towers could be built at the Golden
Gate, and the other approaches to the city fortified, upon the plan
alread}" adopted by the Government, the navies of the world could be
kept out of that harbor. I would, therefore, most respectfully recommend
that Congress should be memorialized upon this subject, that

24
prompt steps be taken for the complete defence of oar principal harbor.
The temporarj^ land batteries which are being constructed maj^ give
some confidence to the people, but I fear would oflPer feeble resistance to
the progress of an ironclad enemy.
[General Orders No. 1.]
CAMP OP INSTRUCTION.
General Headquarters, State of California, "I
Adjutant-General's Office, Sacramento, May 7th, 1863. j
A Camp of Military Instruction is hereb}^ ordered to be held near the
City of Oakland, Alameda County, commencing on the twenty-first day
of May, instant, and to be attended bj" all the commissioned officers,
non-commissioned officers, and non-commissioned staff of the organized
militia of this State.
The uniform required will consist of a dark blue cloth cap, dark colored
frock coat, and dark colored pants.
All necessary expenses of transportation and subsistence will be paid
by the State. Arms and camp equipage will be furnished at the camp.
General officers are hereby authorized to procure transportation for the
officers of their respective staffs; and commanding officers of regiments
and battalions, for the field, commissioned staff, and non-commissioned
staff, of their respective regiments and battalions; captains or commanding
officers of companies, for the detail from their companies, at not
above the usual rates of fare, and to give properly certified vouchers in
duplicate therefor, Avhich vouchers will be forwarded to the Adjutant-
General of the State for payment.
All officers and non-commissioned officers of the organized militia of
this State, will report for duty to Major-General Allen, or in his absence,
to the senior Brigadier-General present, at camp hereby ordered, on
the twenty-first day of May, eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
Commanding officers of companies will appoint Lance-Sergeants, to
command their companies during their absence.
By order of the Commander-in-Chief.
WM. C. KIBBB, Adjutant-General.
In accordance with the requirements of the above order, the camp was
duly established by Major-General Allen, and was named "Pamp Stanford,"
in honor of the Commander-in-Chief.
The officers and non-commissioned officers present were organized into
eight companies, and the whole force into a regiment, as follows, viz :
regijmental organization.
Colonel (Brigadier-General) John S. Ellis.
Lieutenant-Colonel (Brigadier-General) James Collins.
Major (Brigadier-General) T. J. Butler.
Adjutant (Majoi-) John Ilcwston, Jr.
(Quartermaster.. (Lieutenant) H. II. Thrall.
Sergeant-Major (Major) John Hill.

25
ComjKiu)/ A.
Captain (Captain) Lake.
First Lieutenant (Major) Davis.
Second Lieutenant (Captain) Scribner.
First Sergeant (Captain) Hunt.
Second Sergeant (Captain) Morsman.
Tliird Sergeant (Major) Racldiff.
Fourtli Sergeant (Lieutenant) Simpson.
Compant/ B.
Captain (Lieutenant-Colonel) Jacksou.
First liieutenant (Captain) Ludlum.
Second Lieutenant (Captain) Hare.
First Sergeant (Ca^itai n) Vaslit.
Second Sergean t (Captai n ) Woodward.
Third Sergeant (Captain) , Lewis.
Fourth Sergean t (Lieutenant) Meyer
Company C.
Captain (Lieutenant-Colonel)... Smith.
First Lieutenant (Captai n ) E. F. Eyan
Second Lieutenant (Captain) Bryaiit.
First Sergeant (Captain) Elliott.
Second Sergeant (Captain) Bell.
Third Sergeant (First Lieutenant) Burnett.
Fourth Sergeant (First Lieutenant) Baldwin
Company D.
Captain (Major) How ell.
First Lieutenant (Captain) Storer.
Second Lieutenant (Captain) Baker.
First Sergeant (Captain) . Eoberts.
Second Sergeant (Captain) Hainer.
Third Sergeant (First Lieutenant) Obenauer.
Fourth Sergeant (Second Lieutenant) .* Iveene.
.

26
Covi])any E.
Captain (Captain) Tittol.
First Lieutenant (Captain) Teel.
Second Lieutenant (Captain) Eodden.
First Sergeant (Captain) Jlobbins.
Second Sergeant (Captain) Parsons.
Third Sergeant (First Lieutenant) Ewalt
Fourth Sergeant (First Lieutenant) Creighton.
Company F.
Captain (Captain) Gorliam
First Lieutenant (Captain) Wasson.
Second Lieutenant (Captain) ...Filer man.
First Sergean t ( Captain) Pratt.
Second Sergeant (Captain) Lewis.
Third Sergeant (Captain) Barbour.
Fourth Sergeant (First Lieutenant) Birdsall
Compcmy G.
Captain (Captain) Brown.
First Lieutenant (Captain) McCluire.
Second Lieutenant (Captain) Adams.
First Sergeant (Captai n) Wi ng.
Second Sergeant (Captain) Noel.
Third Sergeant y... (Captain) S. J. Ej^an.
Fourth Sergeant (Lieutenant) J. Jourdin.
Company II.
Captai n (Captain) McComb.
First Lieutenant (Captain) J. J. Owen.
Second Lieutenant (Captain) Allison
First Sergeant (Captain) Traylor.
Second Sergeant (Captain) Knowlton.
Third Sergeant (Captain) ITiggins.
Fourth Sergeant (First Lieutenant) Pcnnoyer.
Artillery.
I. Bluxome, Jr Captain.
George Osgood First Lieutenant.
. .

27
W. C. Burnett Junior First Lieutenant.
W. H. Silvertliorn Second Lieutenant.
George W. Baker Second Sergeant.
M. K. Miller Third Sergeant.
W. W. Wilson Fourth Sergeant.
Cavab-i/.
Maior E. A. Sherman "It 4 ^
• r< \ r* T rn ^ t instructor;
Captain C. L. Taylor j
Captain,. (Captain) C. H. Seymour.
First Lieutenant (First Lieutenant) P. L. Shoof.
Second Lieutenant (First Lieutenant) D. Moore.
Third Lieutenant (Captain) T. K. Hook.
Quartei'master-Sergeant (Corporal) S. Taylor.
Fii'st Sergeant (Orderly Sergeant) H. Kruse.
Second Sergeant TOrderl}- Sergeant) P. T. Gomer.
Third Sergeant (Third Sergeant) T. Steinhart.
Fourth Sergeant (Second Sergeant) T. Kennedy.
By General Orders, Xumher 1, issued by the Major-General commanding
at headquarters of the camp, the daily duties were divided as
follows, viz :
Reveille at sunrise
;
Police call, tifteen minutes later;
Surgeon's call, thirty minutes after reveille ;
Drill, three quartei's of an hour after reveille—also, at ten o'clock, a. m.,
and at half-past three o'clock, p. m. ;
Dress parade at eight o'clock, a. m. ;
Guard mounting, immediatel}' thereafter;
Retreat and dress parade at sunset
Tattoo at nine o'clock, p. m.;
Taps (the signal to extinguish lights) at half-past nine o'clock, p. M.
Recitations in tactics, daily, from two to three o'clock, p. m.
The following were detailed as Instructors of Tactics, viz
Colonel Joseph Wood
Colonel Thomas N. Cazneau
Colonel J. W. McKenzie.
;
;
Orders for the Twcnti/- Second.
Captains of companies will drill their commands in the School of the
Company as far as the firings.
3Iai/ 23—Captains of companies drilled their commands in School of
the Company up to fourth lesson, from ten a. m. to half-past twelve p. m.,
;
:
;

28
and the remaiuing portion of the School of Company from three p. m. to
five p. M.
The following will be the assignment of Instructors to companies
Colonel Wood, to Companies A and E;
Colonel Cazneau, to Companies D and H
Colonel McKeuzie, to Companies C and G
Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis, to Companies F and B;
Major Sherman, to Cavahy Companies.
May 25—Companies drilled as skirmisheivs, exclusively.
May 26—The regiment was divided into three battalions, of eight companies
each, for battalion drill, commanded as follows, viz
First Regiment '.
Colonel
; ;
:
Joseph Wood.
Second Eegiment Colonel Thomas N. Cazneau.
Third Eegiment Colonel J. W. McKenzie.
First Lesson—Articles One, Two, Three, and Four, in the School of the
Battalion, or as far as closing the column to half distance or in mass.
May 26, 27, and 28—Were spent in battalion drill and brigade evolutions.
3Iay 29—Reviewed by Brigadier-General George Wright, commanding
Department of the Pacific.
31ay 30—Troops mustered out at daj'-break, struck camp, and marched
over to San Francisco, where they were reviewed at Washington Square
by the Commander-in-Chief.
The real benefits derived by the eight hundred officers in attendance
at this camp, under that accomplished instructor and commander, Major-
General Lucius H. Allen, and the most efiicient field officers and instructors
of the regiment, as organized, are not to bo computed—they are,
indeed, immeasurable. If the cost of this camp alone had amounted to
the entire expenses of all of the encampments held during the year, the
State would have been well remunerated for the outlaj'. The detail of
daily duties was attended to with promptness and alacrit}', and all were
thoroughly instructed.
The untiring energy and military experience exhibited by Colonel
(Brigadier-General) Joh-n S. Ellis, while in command of the regiment, is
worthy of all praise, and contributed greatly to the success of tlie camp.
Colonels Wood, McKenzie, and Cazneau, as well as the line officers,
and the commissioned and non-commissioned staff, are deserving of
especial notice for their zealous cooperation wnth the Commanding
General, for the success of this Camp of Instruction.
:

20
General Headquarters. State of California, |
Adjutaiit-General's Office, Sacramento, August IStli, 1863. j
[General Orders No. 3.]
First—The troops of the organized militia of this State will encamp
as follows, viz : Second Brigade, on the sixth day of October, near San
Antonio, Alameda County, for ten days ; Third Brigade, on the fourteenth
day of September, at or near Stockton, for ten days; Fourth
Brigade, on the nineteenth day of September, near Sacramento, for ten
days ; Fifth Brigade, on the twenty-first day of October, at or near Red
Blutts, for ten days.
Second—Tents, cooking utensils, and camp tools will be furnished by
the State. The troops will furnish blankets for their own use.
Tklnl—Transportation will be furnished by the State, viz : to each
company, two wagons. Commanding officers of companies will procure
and be responsible for the means of transportation for their companies
Avhile on tlie march to and from the encampments hereby ordered, and
furnish dujilicate vouchers for the same, duly certified, to the Adjutant-
General of the State.
FoiirlU— Rations in kind will be furnished and issued to all troops in
camp upon requisition of the proper officers.
Subsistence for troops en route to and from jjlace of ^encampment will
be furnished to companies by the commanding officers thereof, Avho will
detail a Sergeant as Acting Commissary of Subsistence for this purpose.
Transportation and subsistence for general, field, and staff officers will
be commuted at the usual rates while in transit to and from place of
encampment. \
Fifik—Officers having separate commands will report to their respective
Brigadiers-General, or senior officer present, at or before two o'clock
p. M. on the day and at the place herein designated for brigade encampment.
The troops of the First and Sixth Brigades are granted the privilege
of encamping at either Of the above encampments.
^y order of the Commander-in-Chief,
WM. C. KIBBE,
Adjutant-General.
General Headquarters, State op California, ]
Adjutant-General's Office, Sacramento, September 3d, 1863. j
[Special Orders No. 42.]
So much of General Orders N"o. 3 as relates to the time of holding the
encampment of the Fifth Brigade is hereby revoked. The troops of the
organized militia of the Fifth Brigade will encamp at or near Red
Bluffs on the twenty-sixth day of October, for ten days.
By oixier of the Commander-in-Chief,
WM. C. KIBBE,
Adjutant-General.

30
Under and by virtue of the above order encampments were held as
follows, viz :
SECOND BRIGADE ENCAMPMENT,
Designated as " Camp Allen," at Encinal, Alameda.
General and Staff.
John S. Ellis Brigadier-General.
S. Claudius Ellis Lieut.-Colonel and A. Ass't Adjutant-General.
John Hewston, Jr., Major Assistant Adjutant-General.
John Hill, Maj or Inspector.
George W. Smiley, Major Quartermaster.
W. Frank Ladd, Major Ordnance Officer.
William Harney, Major Judge Advocate.
Henry Hasbach, Major Engineer Officer.
Samuel E. Gerry. Major Surgeon.
Will. N. Eabbit, First Lieutenant Assistant Quartermaster.
W. M. McDevitt, Sergeant-Major Staff Orderly.
Field and Staff" and N'on- Commissioned Staff' of the First Regiment Infantry^
Second, Brigade.
Joseph Wood Colonel.
R. P. Lewis Lieutenant-Colonel.
Peter Sesser Major.
Edwin LcAvis Adjutant.
Edwin Harris Quai'terraaster.
Charles C. Batterman Sergeant-Major.
John Haskill Quartermaster-Sergeant.
Frederick Brown Principal Musician.
James C. Colbay Musician.
Benjamin Harrington Musician.
Field and Steiff of the Second {Irish') Regiment.
T. N. Cazneau Colonel.
M. C. Smith *. Lieutenant-Colonel
Thomas Callan First Lieutenant and Adjutant.
Field and Staff of the First Regiment Artillery.
J. W. McKenzie Colonel.
A. Jones Jackson : Lieutenant-Colonel.
John Strattman Major,
H. Nelson Wright First Lieutenant and liegimental Quartermaster.
.

31
Fu'Jd Olficcrs and Nun- Commissioned Staff, First Lifantry Battalion.
P. B. Hewlett Major.
J. W. Bagley Adjutant.
J. Gr. Dow Quartermaster.
J. J. Piper Surgeon.
William E. Cowper Sergeant-Major.
Joseph H. Downing Quartermaster-Sergeant.
Field and Staff' of the First Mounted Battalion.
C. L. Taylor Lieutenant-Colonel, commanding.
A. McCa'll
'.
Major.
J. H. Marston Acting Adj utant.
S. B. Pike Acting Quartermaster.
r. Stei n hart Sergeant-Major.
John Cowley Quartermaster-Sergeant.
C. A. Peabody Acting Chief Bugler
H. Ivruse Instructor of the School.
First Rcijiment Infantry, Second Brigade.
Letter of Co. Name of Company. Commanding Officer.
Company B.
Company C.
Company D.
Company E.
Company F.
Company G.
Company H.
Compau}^ I.
Company K.
City Gfuard
National G-uard
Columbian Guard
California Fusileers
San Francisco Light Guard
Sigel Rifles
Ellis Guard
Sumner Light Guard
Ellsworth Eifles
Captain AVilliam C. Little...,
Captain B. Pratt
Captain J. V. McElwee
Captain F. G E. Tittle
Captain C. F. Eobbins
Captain Anton Ewald
Captain B. Schi-oeder
Captain Thomas B. Ludluni.
Captain T. J. Dixon
Second (^Irish) Re(jimrnt Infantry, Second Brigade.
Delegations were present from
Company A.
Company B.
Compau}' C.
Company' D.
Company E.
Company F.
Montgomery Guard ....jCaptain James T. Hj'de.
McMahon Grenadier Guard... jCaptain Charles Iletf'erman.
Shields Guard jCaptain E. F. Eyan
Wolf Tone Guard Captain Archibald Wason.
Meagher Guard 'Captain Michael Cody
Emmet Eifles [Captain T. F. Bayliss
.

32
Company G.lSarsfield Guard ICaptain Lawrence J. Ej-an
Company H.lEmmet Life Gruard jCaptain Michael Coonan....
Company I.jllugh O'Neil Guard iCaptain Mark W. Iliggins .
First Regiment Artillery, Second Brigade.
Letter of Co. Name of Company. Commanding Officer.
Company A.
Company B.
Company C.
Company D.
Company B
Company F
Union Guard
Ellsworth Guard
Oakland Guard...
Washington Light Infantry...
Franklin Light Infantry
Santa Clara Light Infantry...
Company G. McClellan Guard
Company Il.iSan Jose Zouaves
First Infantry Battalion.
Lieutenant S. D. Simmons...
Captain II. Lake
Captain James Brown
Captain James B. Storer
Captain John McComb
Captain George H. Parsons
Captain J. W. Wilkinson
Captain George H. Hare
Letter of Co. Name of Company. Commanding Officer.
1 1
,

33
Yallejo Eifles Captain J. H. K. Barbour.
Washington Light Artillery Lieutenant N. A. Green.
Alviso Guards Captain A. B. Eowley.
This encampment was the largest of any held during the year, and
the troops present made verj' great progress iu acquiring a knowledge
of elementar}" military science, and of the duties of camp life. The troops
present were consolidated into three regiments of iufantiy, commanded
respectively^ by Colonels Wood, McKenzie, and Hewlett; first cavalry
battalion, Colonel C. L. Taylor, commanding; and the brigade battery
commanded by Captain I. Bluxome, Jr.; the whole under the command
of that energetic and efficient soldier, Brigadier-General John S.
Ellis. To discriminate between the efficiency of the field, line, or staff
officers present, or the zeal manifested by each and all, would be simply
an act of injustice, when all vied together to bring their commands into
the highest possible state of discipline and efficiency. The progress of
the cavalry battalion in drill, (the troops being mostly inexperienced,)
was most apparent, yet improvement in all that is required to make efficient
troops was apparent in every part of the field.
Designated " Camp Gilmore."
THIRD BRIGADE ENCAMPMENT,
General, and General Staff Officers^ Third Brigade.
Alexander M. Dobbie Brigadier-General.
Joseph S. Knower Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.
Edwin A. Sherman Engineer Officer.
John Sedgwick Quartermaster.
John C. Scribner Paymaster.
Henry B. McNeil Judge Advocate.
William Jones Surgeon.
Joseph A. Smith Aid-de-Camp.
Field and, Staff First and Second Battalions, Third Brigade.
William A. Davies Lieutenant-Colonel First Battalion Commanding.
F. F. Davis, Major Second Battalion Acting Lieutenant-Colonel.
S. Blaisdell, Major First Battalion Acting Major.
M. C. Andross, Adjutant First Battalion Acting Adjutant.
Charles Harris, Sergeant-Major First Battalion... Acting Sergeant-Major.
A. M. Hilts Sergeant-Major.

34
First Battalion Infantry^ Third Brigade.
Letter of Co. Name of Company. Commanding OflScer.
Company
Company
Company
Company
Company
Company
Company
Tuolumne Home Guard
Sigel Guards
Tuolumne Home Guard
Jamestown Guards
Tuolumne Guard
Hooker Light Infantry.
Franklin Guards
Second Battalion Infantry^ Third Brigade.
Captain Stephen Wing
Captain W. W. Traylor....
Captain George H. Fisher.
Captain Parden B. Smith ..
Captain George Rodden....
Captain Jacob Hess
Captain E. M. Bryant
Letter of Co. Name of Company. Commanding Officer.
Company B.
Company C.
Company D.
Company E.
Union Guards, Campo Seco..
Stockton Union Guard
Angel's Guard
San Andreas Light Infantry
Unattached.
Captain John B. Sparks
Captain L. E. Lyon
Captain Philip W. Scxnbner
Captain James Barclay
Esmeralda Eangers Captain Henry J. Teel.
Stockton Light Dragoons Captain T. H. Hook.
This encampment was a complete success in every respect. The infantry
troops present were organized into a regiment, and Colonel
William A. Davies appointed to command it. General Dobbie and staff,
and the field, line, and regimental staff officers present, united their
efforts to make this encampment one of real practical utility. Captain
Joseph S. Knower, Sixth Infantry, California Volunteers, performed effi-i
cient service as Assistant Adjutant General.
Headquarters Third Brigade, C M., \
December, 1863. j
General:—In accordance with your request, I submit the following
brief report of the results of the Encampment of the Thii'd Brigade, at
" Camp Gilmore," in September last.
The attendance at camp in response to General Order No. 8 was full
and prompt, but one company being absent. Two of these companies
came across the Sierras, a distance of two hundred miles, showing an
interest in the efficiency of our militia system that cannot be too highly
praised.
The organizations represented were the First and Second Infantry
Battalions, one company unattached, and two companies of cavalry.

35
The progress made in instructing the troops in company and regimental
drill and the details of camp duty was creditable to the battalion
and companj^ officers present. AH seemed to be animated with the
desire of learning the soldier's duty, and making the camp really one of
instruction.
The condition of the brigade at the close of the encampment I shall
not review, as you were present, and fully informed by the several
inspections of its condition and requirements.
The effect of the late encampment has been most beneficial to our
militia organizations.
There Avere present at Camp Gilmore twelve companies—ten infantry,
and two cavalry—being the strength of the brigade at that time, with
the exception of the company before mentioned, who failed to appear.
Since that time there have been organized three cavalry and three
infantry, making a total of nineteen companies, of which number eight
companies have reorganized into and now form the Third liegiment.
Five companies compose the Second Battalion, and one remains unattached.
The five companies of cavalry have not yet organized as a
squadron, though I believe they design to do so. This increase of companies,
in connection with the fact that all the old companies have materially
strengthened during the same period, is most gi-atifying to all who feel
an interest in this important branch of the great Union army. This
increasing interest in military matters in the Third Brigade I ascribe in
a great measure to the liberal provisions of the law of the last Legislatui-e
providing for the equipment of companies, providing uniforms, and
the means of instruction by a system of encampments.
I beg leave to suggest, General, that as this brigade is now organized,
the State should issue camp equipage and furniture, which she has on
hand, to the Third Eegiment, Second Battalion, and the squadron of
cavalry, when formed, requiring, of course, good and sufficient bonds for
its safe keeping, in order that these organizations may be enabled to
hold regimental and battalion drills for three or more days—for instance,
the Third Eegiment, if furnished with such equipage, would meet for
drill at least every sixty days, and the State would secure the instruction
of her troops at vei-y trifling expense. It will be seen at once that the
location of this, (or anj^ other regiment out of San Francisco,) some of
the companies having ten to fifteen miles to march to tbe regimental
camp, is such as to make the one day's drill of little benefit, most of the
time being consumed in going to and returning from camp.
I intended referring as one of the " good results " of the revival of
the patriotic interest of the citizens of the Third Brigade in their citizen
soldiery, the enlistment of so many of her militiamen in the service
of the United States, and the many honorable positions they now occupy,
as the best evidence of the usefulness, to say the least, of a Avell organized
militia.
Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
ALBXANDEE M. DOBBIE,
Comd'g Third Brigade, C. M,

Designated as •' Camp K»ibbe."
36
FOURTH BRIGADE ENCAMPMENT.
General, and General Staff Officers, Fourth Brigade.
Jame.H Collins Brigadier-General.
Thomas Buckley, Major Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.
L. C. Wicks, Major Engineer Officer.
E. H. Daly, Major Ordnance Officer.
Edwin Bean, Major Paymaster.
C. y. D. Hubbard, Major Quartermaster.
A. Eackliff, Major Inspector.
J. Crawford Commissary.
Eeuben Leach, Captain Aid-de-Camp.
Field and Staff' First Battalion, Fourth Brigade.
Charles M. Kopp Major.
Henry Gooding Quartermaster.
Thomas Cross Adjutant.

37
Second Battalion Infantry, Fourth Brigade.
Letter of Co. Name of Company. Commanding Officer.
Company A.
Company B.
Company C.
Company D.
Company F.
Company CI.
Company H.
City Guards, Saci-amento....
Maiy sville Rifles *
Volcano Blues
National Guards, Sacrara'io
Sacramento Sharpshooters..
Washington Guards ,
Baker Guards
Unattached.
Captain Benjamin Peart
Captain Barney Eilerman ,
Captain James Adams ,
Captain L. L. Baker
Caj^tain Ed. E. Hamilton
Captain Amos Mathews
Captain Wentworth Crowell.
Forest Hill Eifles Captain E. Lyman.
National Guard, Downieville.. First Lieutenant William Wilburne com'g.
Grass Yalley Union Guards Captain E. W. Eoberts.
Union Cavahy, Buckeye Captain Charles Peterson.
Georgetown Union Guard Captain Aaron Bell.
Marysville Union Guard Captain Charles G. Hubbard.
Woodland Guard Captain Charles W. Lewis.
Nevada Light Guard Captain N. W. Knowlton.
Little Eock Union Guard Captain George H. Atkins.
Placerville City Guard Captain James J Green.
This encampment was well attended, and well conducted in all respects.
General Collins directed and established all the exercises upon a basis of
utility for active service. Many of the companies of this brigade being
newly organized, and all unaccustomed to anj'thing beyond company
drill, received much instruction, and made great progress.
The field, line, and staff, was composed of intelligent and enterprising
men, who will, if afforded the opportunity, do good service.
Headquarters Fourth Brigade, C. M.,
Patterson, December, 1863.
General :—I have the honor to report that, in compliance with an
order of the Commander-in-Chief, the organized militia of the Fourth
Brigade went into camp, near the City of Sacramento, on the nineteenth
day of September last. Twentj^-one infantry and two cavalry companies
reported for dut}'. The unattached companies were assigned to the
First and Second Battalions, commanded respectively by Majors Kopp
and Howell. Thus were organized two regiments, of ten infantry companies
each, the Forest Eifles and Baker Guard being consolidated for
the purposes of battalion drill, etc. The cavalry was organized as a
battalion, and placed under the command of Captain Peterson, of the
Union Cavalry. Major Josiah Howell was assigned to duty as Commander
of the Post. The rules adopted for the government of the
camp, and order of exercises, were made to conform as nearly as possible
to those of the United States army.

38
In addition to a preliminary review by the commanding General, the
command was reviewed and inspected by the Adjutant-General of California,
and also reviewed by Governor vStanford, and by Bingadier-General
Wright, of the United States Army. Company officers vied with each
other in a generous rivalry in their efforts to effect the greatest improvements
in discipline and drill. Under the judicious, enei'getic, and able
management of Majors Kopp and Howell, the command improved rapidly
in battalion drill.
•
Citizens and military men who visited our camp flattered us with the
assurance that our efforts were rapidly leading to success. Much of that
success is attributable to the character of the soldiers themselves, to
their desire to obtain and profit by military instruction, and their ready
submission to discijjline and good order. Whether on duty or in quar-
ters, all orders were submitted to with cheerfulness and executed w.ith
alacrity ; the utmost harmony prevailed throughout the command. The
only regret that seemed to be indulged in by officers and men was that
we could not continue to receive instruction during an additional ten
days.
I assert it with pride, that Camp Kibbe and its government compared
favorably with any it has been my fortune to visit, whether occuijied by
United States troops or by State militia. For the existence and maintenance
of this state of things very much is also due to the energy and
ability of the Post Commander.
My thanks are due and tendered to Captain Thomas Buckley, of the
United States service, who, in the absence of my Assistant Adjutant
General, kindly volunteered his services (to me invaluable) in that
capacit3^ Indeed, all the officers of my staff placed me under lasting
obligations by their courteous and soldierly bearing, and the valuable
assistance rendered me in the dischai'ge of my official duties.
It seems to be conceded upon all hands, that at least during this crisis
of our country, a thorough organization of the militia is essential to the
best interests of the State and Nation, yet in California it is objected that
its benefits are not commensurate with the expenditui'cs required to sustain
it. I beg leave to dissent from this opinion. Who will measure the
peace, quiet, and safety of the people of California by paltrj^ dollars and
cents? If, as I believe, the organization, with its public encampments
and drills, has had a powerful tendency to repress treasonable outbreaks
and keep down organized rebellion in the State, who may estimate the
advantages of the system ? If the appropriation and expenditure of a
few thousand dollars annuall}" has prevented or will prevent the waste
of millions, and sacrifice of thousands of valuable lives, which would be
the inevitable result of an armed contest with traitors in California, will
it not be money well invested? Would not the advantages of a thorough
preparation to meet and repel a foe be worth all and more than it costs ?
Yet I freely admit that it is a subject worthy of the most careful consideration,
as to whether the most essential portions (affording the greatest
benefits) of the system may not be retained, and the expenses materially
reduced. Mere company organizations and drills will not, however,
accomplish the object sought. The Camp of Instruction is essential
to the life of the system, yet I think it should be open only to commissioned
officers, Orderl}^ and Second Sergeants. Thus, I apprehend,
all the advantages of the Encampment would be retained and its expenses
materially reduced. The brigade parades may, without much disadvantage,
be abandoned and battalion drill substituted. To render this
effective, you must render it obligatory on the Generals of Brigade to

39
organize theiv respective commands into battalions and regiments, requiring
them by law to go into camp by battalions or regiments at least
once a year, such encampment to continue at least three days. This
would prepare the troops of the State to execute, with trifling practice,
evolutions of the line, and further curtail the expenditures of the sj'stem.
In my opinion, fighting material superior to that of California is not
obtainable within the wide universe of Grod. But secure to us an opportunity
(by the maintenance of a judicious military system,) to acquire
the science of arms, then should this wicked war, waged by black-hearted
traitors against the Clovernment, be brought to our Pacific home, or the
services of our troops be required in a contest with a foreign foe, they
will convince the most sceptical that hundreds of thousands of dollars
expended in imparting military instruction, is money well and judiciously
expended.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
General Wm. C. Kibbe,
Sacramento, Cal.
Designated as " Camp Ellis."
I have the honor to be,
Your obedient servant,
FIFTH BRIGADE ENCAMPMENT,
Field and Staff, Fifth Brigade.
JAMES COLLINS,
Brigadier-General Commanding.
John Bidwell Brigadier-General.
John Hill Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.
L. W. Elliott, Major ..Brigade Inspector.
L. B. Healy, Major Engineer Officer.
Eobert Simson, Lieutenant-Colonel Acting Ordnance Officer.
Alexander G. Simpson, Major Quartermaster.
John S. Follansbee, Major Commissary.
David E. Gordon, Major Paymaster.
J. E. Bradway, Major Surgeon.
M. H. Myrick, Major. Judge Advocate.
George C. Perkins, Captain Aid-de-Camp.
Dewitt Hubbell Orderly.
John Divelbess Orderly.
Companies.
Oroville Guard Captain H. B. Hunt.
Lassen Eangers
Lyon Light Infantry
Cajjtain B. Neel.
Captain Samuel Francis.
'
roil Light Guard Captain George W. Chase.

40
Douglas City Eifles Captain E. A. Kelton.
Halleck Eifles Captain C. McGowan.
Trueman Head Eifles Captain W. E. Hopping.
Headquarters Fifth Brigade C. M., )
Chieo, November 9th, 1863. j
Sir :—In compliance with the instructions contained in your communication
of the first instant, J have the honor to report that on the third
day of i!^ovember, instant, I discharged the agreeable duty of reviewing
the troops at Camp Ellis. The following were the companies present
during the encampment and at the review, to-wit : The Oroville Gruard,
Captain H. B. Hunt; Lassen Eangers, Captain B. Neel; Ijyou Light
Infantr3^ Captain Samuel Francis; Siskiyou Light (xuard, Captain Gr.
W. Chase; Trueman Head Eifles, Captain W. E. Hopping; Halleck
Eifles, Captain C. McG-owan ; Douglas Citj^ Eifles, Captain E. A. Kelton.
These companies had, with one exception, travelled long distances to
reach the place of encampment, ranging from forty to one hundred and
fifty miles. They had entered upon and gone through the course of instruction
with a rai*e earnestness of purpose, and the result demonstrated
that the}'- had appreciated the opportunity and well improved the
time. Their appearance was creditable and soldierly. All the movements
were executed with a precision which would have done credit to
older troops. For the purpose of instruction these companies were, during
the encampment, temporarily organized into a battalion, and Major
John Hill was appointed to act as Colonel, and instruct them in battalion
drill. He discharged the duties of the jiosition in a manner which left
nothing to be desired. Lieutenant-Colonel E. Simson (Acting Ordnance
Officer on my staff) devoted a part of each day and improved every
opportunity to impart instructions to the officers. This was done with
an alacrity and cheerfulness peculiar to himself, and which won for him
the gratitude of the entire brigade. It gives me singular j)leasure to
embrace this occasion to acknowledge the services of these accomplished
oflEicers, to whose skill and untiring exertions the Fifth Brigade Encampment
mainly owes its success.
I am, with very great respect,
General Wm. C. Kibbe, ) "
Adjutant-General, Sacramento, j
Your obedient servant,
J. BIDWELL,
Brigadier-General Commanding.

Mkx of California ^oIitnteerB
MUSTERED INTO THE SERVICE OF
THE TJI^TITED STi^TES.

CQ
P
w
EH
O
o
!>
CO
W
o
cc
P
CO
p^
f^
p^
H
tzi
P
h]
O
125
O
(—1
<
O
CO
• Ci^ ^ CO
CC CO ^ ^ CO
CO f^ CO ?C ^-j
CO 5C to o i£
CO c» CO cc ^
^ CO^ ;2; ^
9 a
^
=^ -^
CI » e
w (^- ^ g
^ o 2 g «
•^ !- r^ - a
o 3 .i^.i.i
"3 _c; a oj ej
42
Ct CO ^^ to
CO
>» >>
cs c3 a
p s s 5
: O 00
r-i CO aD r-l
«0 i-H r-( ^
s 5 s a
-is -= -= A
w w ^ i
: cc
W W " *f fr<
c c *- a o
be be J: a h
S - n^ a
« o?
I I
5 a a a .S 2 ;3
O 1, *j *j I— I fl
t. tn m i2 !2 a
Kj

so ^ ^
* 50 «5 IX «0 „ CO (
i - -
c3
O S 3 "aJ S * =2
[g

i CO iO
~ -1 CO
I > §
ti O (B
«D _.
CO to
>i^ l— I CO
sag
I ^ i
O O (U
cS o o
•^ _JJ 03 03 tS
44
to CO cc
CO to to
1— ( CO CO
- i< g g p a
tg 5 .a © S I
o g
CI « -^ "3
o 0^ OS -^ ;= M I—
M.2 .i o 2 "S -S
S '' S -
.j;
aJ

^ CO
-* ^ — — ^
^ "^ ^' 2 - ' o '- cT
2 iV. >. I >-.'^Z
45
'"^ o — 1—I "" ^ . , _.
- ' — 'J ^ 3 ^ >i >i 3
^ :i Ci i^
CC X "i
~ ^ X o" ii; — " - ^ » 2 ^ ^ cT • — - -3 o" cT ^
:= &: S ::^'-^ ^^ < :5 < i5 ^ I 3 :5 i; j: 5 £ :
o Q a li. i3 ^ -^ :> J g
CooOOoOoOu
o2o23i^2Ss^
< s; o c; a P^ 3 S - ^
>>>>>» >v >v r^. >> >^ >> >%
ao^ i:
3
a c
c = s d s = a
3 3 = 3 = 33
a .a a o 3 2 o
t3 -S -^ -3 rS
O O O 3 O O O
o a » o f "~ "~
-3 rs -S -3 -r — -3
a a a a a a a
O O 9 O 9
aQCQCQSQan
i§5

7i
.S
o
Q
p3
Eh
P
O
>
Z PS
o
13
<
o
o
H
CO
I?
o
M
I-:!
o
H
;?;
CS C

M
(N
'^ 'O ^ -,
!2il-5 O

^'w
g 9 g - -
cS 3 c3
a a a
^!2i
1«
^-50
OJM
Ss
I
M

^«=
50

^ U)
Ki^'«
ca ni «
a a- figs
a
to CO
cc rx>
a -x>
CO CC'
a g
E fl
Ph W
o o ^ *r -uT ^-
• CO "
*^ CO CO f—I ^ cc c

;=^ a
^ a
52
:i-5^Mi S^ CO CO
b o
a =3
fa
rS a
o .
4) 03
a .

-a Ph
;o O :
O H-s >-5 P^
\2 >. . &"
-i^-if^
: >^ t^ >, >^ >:> >-.
a 3 a a |a
o o o o o o
oooo OC OOOo
q p a a a a a a q a
cS cS 03 cS cd
a fl a a a
k^h^h^I^j^^jIi^hIh:!,-?
t3 -S -d ns IS rS T3 r— r^ rS
a a a a a a a a a a
o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o a o a a
oj 01 o a> (C
QQCOCCCCCC
53

CO C o « ^ hJ cy'^ -5
a S S a g !3
g 3 3 g ? s
o fl n > S c
fl 1-5 1-5 ^ iz; ^-5
to
1^1 a
oj a) >2 3
^ J 3 1 m o
log
o ^ —
fJ3 O K-
1-5 !S^
t^ >>
>^ !>-. >-. ^ I>i
g c fl fl a n a
c^ rt ccl c3 rt rt o3
^ P- & ^ C^ C^ O4
a a a a a a a
o o O o o o o
oooo 000
5 ^ ti -g -S -S
a s a a fl n a
D a- o) dJ o OJ o
"S "3 "3 3 3 3 3
^q iJ t^ hJ h^l i-:j i-q
Ph P-i P«H £ piH Ph P^

[t; H-i jvj
2 2 3
o =? o
2 S o •;
CO ,-, l-H —
(M T-H rH
^ £? >, >..
S 2 s 3
s I- s s
5 ]P S n
3 S
C OQ
.S o — o
a a
a, ca
s
o o
-*-. O 3-
2 .2 2 1-5 1-? HH
T3 ts -^ -a
I
,:= CO " >»
1. _ t. t-
O P W pq ^ W *-> tsj
>,>>>. t^ i^ t^ >, i^
assasasg
a a a ~
:S cS c3 =S
c a c =
O d o «
S "a 3 "3
2 » o 2
o e c a
"c c o o
o o o c
" o o
O
pt< [i| (i^ CC CC OQ OQ 02 02 CC CC CQ 02
55

CO CO CO
(y^ CO CO
CCi CO CO
p -^ fl
^5
v> o fco
^ c ce
CO CO
CO o
00 CO
56

sag
CO
; M , CO «3 c>^
• CO CO o
00 CO » .. CO '^
h, I S H^ g S

P5 »^cO
to "O 00
CO ^, i-H
3 ® a
>=,a
•T3 :;3
H^^
" o '-' J^ OOOO
59

^
60

(
m
%
(—1
o
Ph
Pm
cq
P
<
!2;
O
I—
CO
O
o
O S ro =^
-, r-4 *"" ^o
< .C U .^ S-. o
^
Gl
- = " «c -o , ^
! _o ^^ i^ C^ H
! a § s g;::; g
0) -« .r- » 3 tH
o X; -^ 3 a F^
J O OJ O d Ph CJ
; jz; fi, o P^ 1 ^1 1 £ a >>
iee'«oi;2aSi3
go ^O ac£i=t:a
oa^a-S^-^a
Or- o !- -" a M
.;:SSi'0(»fc

= '»-/; S
CO 1-1 ?2 1^
r~i ^ CO cfC
CO ^-"^ - o 2 ^ S
^-^'^ ^^^ >.

' to to ^
• :
CO ^ o o ^'
^ § 3 3 •" -g
^ B a fl
'• ft oj cs -
-j w ^
M -^ M
CL, a ft & A ft.j;
a a g a 3 ap^
o c o o o o
OOUQ OOhh
a a a "3 g "S S^
C3 CS C3 5d C3 C3 "2
a a a a a c S
a a
©
h:i k:; H^! ^q 1-5 h^
^ '3 'S Ti '3 -3
a a a g a a
o o o o
a h
a 'S a a a
J ^ ja
-> = o
t-H JtC CO >^
o or
63

ft
52^'

m
m
m
: CO
• cc o-s GO I
CO
^co ,
I CO CO
H; 6 b b
i3 cs d n cs
^ a a " a a .'^
o^ jd ts XI jd -s a ^
.3 o o 5 o c o ."

OI—
I
I—
GO
ID
P5
:=««
o o
§ a
1— ( CO
CO CO
^ CO ^
JS-H =OtO,
^ CO ^ m '
cvi
go
13 13 ^ c3 a h h b'3
o3cSi57:7;o3acScS
a2a5Hfi((i^ >.;>. t»>
a a a a
c^ ^ cj c^
ci< & a a<
a 3 a a
o o o o
o ^ '^
O C3 1,
is ®
9
a WPh
a a
66
t,
t».^ c-j CO o CO '^ o -* .-Tc^
I g-S^^^^-Sco^^^
" c« 3 w2 ,i5 i^w2 == ^ ^=^9 3
CT'c oiiiT-S fl C' ^ is £ 1^
^"^ .S^^.S'"' o fl
fl c S
.S S § 3 S 3 ^' -o .^ Ji .id S «
aaeaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaagaaa
oooocoooooooo
>- t»i >^ >-. >-. >-. >-i t>-, >^ X-. t>-. >% >i
cScScScScScJcScacScjcJoScS
p. gl^ p. p. p.. o. p. o. 0| p, p. o. o,

-50 '== ^ S
^^ 00 CO 2 CO
t. ,iD rt ^^ ^ rt
C) .—. CO
i'^-S^S
i,ij ii^ CTJ rtj -^' •;r
/^ ^ rH rH i-l '-H f-l CO O
P^ >^ Oi t*,-;
(- o o '2 5
a a,
WWPm-iddP^MWWodWwcS
BaaaaaflPiaaciaopoo
asagaaaaaasggssa
OOOOOOO^OOOOOOOO
ooooooooocoooooo
Ha"
73 M a ^-
a "£ a . ^
tn ^ .t^
'
S'
^ S I 1 I. i
^
a a p
a a a a fl
ci 03 a; o) cu
ID oj ;i a a
*J -M O)

FIELD RETURNS, ABSTRACTS, &c.

^.^ o
-3 "o^
^'
CO
71

^
^
^
S.P
^a
o -2 W)
O o o
a 9 .3
PW o
M ^
b
w " s a k^ uj
§3« ° 5 g
j; ^ ^ H S g
;:^ « -G S a a
a cs -.-• o o o
3 (3 S =S cS cj
o o = J5 :S S
HSWH KiWcs
-w n c3 ce
-S ^ © o (U
O 01
33 K^hJh:!
S Pm ^ . :
ro C3 (y C3 W Q t^*'
72
^i^ '^
c^
!:^i
S W
a
a a a a B fl c
.a a fl a a a n
M l-H M M M M M
S $ -^ -^ -3 -^
-3
'? % £ '^ '$ '?
'?
1
a a a a a a H
C-> Q> C) o O ft) t»
3 3 a 3 a a s
CJ C> 0) GJ ft) O ft) 0*
a a 13 a a a a
i i
Killed Killed

a a a a a
a a a a a
'C a o o cs
73

o
O
^s
f^
«?5
a
74

o^ Si
75

^
9-9
3 cd .:
i-'g
^is.
J-l ^
Mrf
76
"S fl "S fl a
-»^ cd c^ c3 c3 o3
fl fl p a a
— Qj a> a»
k!i-:1 33
a a a a a 00000
OP^a2!/iOPqoQr/i!X!i
O o
0) « 0) "s
;^5
IW „j3
"Co ^p: 9 S
c ha PL, . ;: 2 ^ • w a
o S
c5o -flJHsp^fPMHs
i-IMCO'^lO«Ot«.COO>Ol-l
&5
a
§ a
^ ^
o
1^
0-02
1'^

o S 1^ a) fe fci
3 !? ^ ^
S i^la-^ ^
- a^
-^^.S
a .JT Si: T! . O
!-M
^ S a ^ = •" .1
a b^ .s 2
;-a cj
fe s^s
§ d ^- S W g
a --
a ^ o ^ 3 > •« " O M => ffl
-^
g:SaHSS-=--°
oMH"^ fl „rg5 ^
M o a
I o .S c g
' -a ^ '7! a
b "^
2P
; j= ,?-;
^^ o J3 =e g^ "" § mS o
be ©
Nlllil?
© ? cS
o a
§^9
^§
O o
a -
i 2 ©
^ "o "S S
SH 3^
5 a ^-^
9-3 § 5?
o ;z: ©
!- cS t- .3
0-3 '^ o
"S -" to
© « == -^
-a fl
«i
-f c q =^
a^^2 fl © o ^ --;
52 mS9».2„-SS: © -a ^ tc.a
^ g - .9 ©
a -r! :?-^-s o'c- gfcjjs s M^r
^ 1 'tcil!
a o
g§^£ S5J-58.S M-n^- — >>
S a >. a
-Sl^-SgbBSl-^a&gc^ o -7; "
fl-a »nSn3cStjoo^QO-s
g3>-.sS-«a> ^'v: « --3 a as'-S
s a
gois^'^a-—^.f-j.csaggd
?'"e-Sga'^g|"g^o-a 22
-||;flgj©25^='-5g|.||5g^.
--gii-'2B:2£|>csog©©g;3o
^o^-^— © a a © '-' mcs-tf Jija"^
© c ©
-""-a ot-^o^a.
H^« - o flltog^l i'
%Hag5^a©o©5,
. 2 ;: § a ^ a £ S >.-«
^ -c a P 43 -2 i ^3i ^ -2 .„
-« ? a^M 9^
M

lO i-O la t- iM
ro cti C^ M e« M (M I
;

!0 li
e^ "t^ - H ^ ^
at ^^
P c2 rt
-I-. ^ CO ^^
'"' S ^ -O

S °5 =s fl ^^ -r r:3 =^ *^ ;3 Ji
e^ ,r
! 3 tS H S r 3
cjtu _H^ =53: a-3i~>o
•^ '^ fl ., M 0) "
^ '+J T3
^S OQ o H
1^ .;^'" o
'
es :;;
oa
•E -g - g [>.;
O lO ^
o ^
rt-fi
H S g a d ff-
a I
-^ a be oT S f^
•W >H .S

5> Sv
a
82

HlO ^
83
mO'OOOMOOOiOOOOMOOiOOOOOiOOOO
i-

t
15
O
I—
Hi
<
o
o
ft
p
Q
S
P^
EH
p
O
H
t- S '^ "3 ,^
o3 S fl
^ ^ .2" g o S
a § S a 2
^.
^ c« ;5 '^^ (^

^
Cm
^
85

ROSTER
OF THE
QMYV*Y*
Hitarg Jfora ai t|e ^late of California,
FOE THE YEAE 1863

CO
00
P^
O

o
O
o
El
1^
ffl
H
O
Eh
03
O
M.2
ss
h >-> >-i b
a> a> o IS
ssss
"S s "
cs a s
o ffl .2
-S jiJ
s'^ .
« o o
g< £ fl S
ca . - o 3
CC CO CC CO
CO cC ^O CO
CO CC GO CO
90
^
^ S §
^^ ^ '^ "^ r-( rH ,-. ^
s s s s s
p:^ Ph P

: N
91
o o o o
o o V a
h N Pm Ph Pm pR P=( fH Pt(
a a
^ ^
i;5h3
« • -H (D S
o o o o
o o

PRPR
p fl
SI3
CO CO
to to
00 00
ss
CO CO
to CO
OO CO
ss
o o o o
o o o o
fe Ph Pq [i(
a a a a
&
1^^
£ o o
" 1='
9
OPqCCI-5
CO CO CO
to to to
CO 00 00 .
O O O t>5
ooos
CO CO CO
to CO CO
CO CO CO CO
1—1 .— I I— I to
- ^ -CO
>-< r-l I— I r-l
CO CO CO
C^ CJ CJ p
000^^.
^ K ° m
c^ p.a
|«|-Sa
o o o o
p a fl CI
^ ^ ri cS
h h l-< ^
d fl a a
c^ (M (N e o
fifififi
(M M C% h E^
^ u ^ M
^ ^ ^ 42
0) V © v
ptH pLH PH pq
pHt-i«W
o o o o
pR^pqpH
p ^ (U (U
CO '^ L., tH
00 00 1?^ "
^^ a §
» O » r3
«* =^ & s
CO CO CO ~
CO CO OO 2
00 CO rH '"'
iH rH ^ -
I- S 2 p o a> o)
p, A ci< a<
« o » o
CO ^ CC O
CO CO CO CO
a a a a
(BOO)©
CCWJtCOQ
s • >- p
p
cS ii Ij
o ^ t- "S
-S ;=: ci p
ttl
w o w o
'3 'c 'S 'S
u u u u
g ^ n »
CO CO «^ CO
to to CO CO
CO CO t» 00
(» > >^ !>. t>.
s « '^ ^ -3
03 © r>
£ £ S P
PhI^
OPh
s d
3 a
Oq p
em ^.
o "^

Cl o « o
t^ b ;-! ^
a D oi
g-S a a
oi • — Qj a
; 00 00 OO
2: 00 00 05
"7 c^i cq c

5
i
o o o o
Ph Ph Ph pR
^;3hi
o o o o
l^^
94
o o o o
fe fH plH pt(
\S5
cS s g
2 o o
1-1 02 02
a a a
cS S !3
TO'^CDP OT---ia)'3 03.^0)3 TO'^a)3
OPhCO>-s OP^ 02 1-5 O Ph t» 1-5 O pR tOI-5
> l>- (>> t^
^Mi^:a
C^ IM CO
^3 to S CO OO 00
^^ 1-3 rH -
^ ,c^ to
^1 :i§r-
o o a "J
,„
'o^2 ^ -S
-£5 -S S
»-l " ws a
"^-=^53 2
"'^ S CO *
t< i-H --I 'n
(U „1—
'-' a ^ 2
§ f^^S)
s> « =5 s
r^ .H ,-1 -W
g e

e3 e3 :j
^ ti ^
PH pR hR
^y^ >^^
a £ a a
to CD O
cS CS cS
CO r^ CO
CD CO CO
CO 00 00
03 cS 5i
I'm g 12;
£^
CO m
o "^ a) a
i3 cj c3
f" b's
B «
.2 3 o
95
p CQ
i-s «
Ofs< 02 1-5
a CO CC CO
: «5 00 00
'"' '"'
i-H S
CO ^^^
=3 a a
Hjl-sfift
•
: CO eo
; CO cQ CO
• CO CO CO
00 CO
5^
b I a
^^ u 9 to
^ '3 0) a)
§ cd s -S o

o
96

\4) \Qj xCJ ^O
O O O O
© o o © d »
a"j©o Cjosi O'tO)®
•3'-'co!Z2 •g'-'cccc -gi-iaQCC!
97
§< £ c a g- £ a" 2 £- 2 c a
O feig ^^ OP^ DQi-s O fa CO >-5 g S
C^

ed to
a a
h^lH^
s a
da
m a
. *
bo be iJ3 bn
3 S 3 3
^ ? -^ -9
73 -^ -3 2
"^ "3 "3 cs
4) o a> o
w w s w
p © JJ
to to i^c 52
CO CO cc ?g
o o at ®
a a 3 a
o o o JJ*
!2;!z;^co
98
;3 S
o o c o
o o o o
'S '3 'S '3
a s n fl
ci a ci cS
H a a fl
cS ci « cS
CO CO 02 OQ
-t^ H-l rH
a . .
•S 3 r^ ro
CO CO CO ^
^ ;-t !-i ;-4
o a> o tc
Xi ^ ^ ^
a a a a
fs^f^P^fH
a 9
a ^
is a 55
^33
a)
-I J^ CO
COM
a «
CO C-l CO CO
CO ti to «3
00 c/:) CO CO
O 1> o CJ
c;> o o o

ooS3
07 M CC CO
i- l^ i~ t-
XI ^ ^ ^
a a a g
O O O ffl
t>- > > >
o o o o
f) V C3 V
0060
O O li o
99
^. ^ _Q ^
I
« .2
& £ 9 S
o o _o _o
cj ce :S cS
5 2.2

o
Q
1^
o
o
<
CO
o
o o o o
^^^^
ShPkI
C»J CO C%
rt cS cj d
CO CO CO 00
oo oo CO CO
M C. >^ (>,
cj cS cS ei
l'^ u .^ ^ 'S
o : Vj
£ a t
100
OOOO
d c3 cS e3 oooo
^^ £ c c
C3S M2I^
O O QJ 0)
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
oo 00 CO oo
0? Q) O 0^
fl fl fl fl
3 S 3 S
1-5 1-5 1-5 t-O
03
w

o o o o
c> « o o
o a o a
^ 12 S3 fl
CO M fO CC
-tj'^t:-!;
CO CO CO CO
«0 CC CO
CO CO GO 00
j:; j2 -c J2
C;. CJ O 4)
Ph Pj Ch ft
a> oj 01 0)
CO CO CO CO
so
=31
a a
PhO 1-5^5
\QJ vo) va> ^^l^ NO
en m tn m m
O O O O O
1-5 Hj 1-5 *-5 1-5
fl fl fl fl a
ri c^ A c€ oj
DQ cc CO a) cc
0-5 CO CO OO CO
CC O qD =C CO
CO CO CO 00 CO
1—I r—I rH ^ I—
CO CO CO CO CO
!>i >> >> t»i t>>
CO CO CO C-t CO
CO CO CO CO CO
CO 00 CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO Otl
)-l ^ b< t4 l4
o o o o o
.2 o . „ _ -
" "t^ . • o J-- '^
S .^ >1 far C5 C3
^ s g » X
OH §M a
. • ea uJ "^
I
d !S =i cS
I. b Sm L<
PL, On Ph P^
Qj o o a>
.S .9 .9 .9
Cw ^ cd C^
h-5i-:i
1-^
: oQ CO
CO CO o-j CO
Oi 0» Oi o^
a» (P o O)
Ph a ft a,
C^ O V o
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
o o o o
fc
a =^ o
(^ |ScC
12 . ft M
^P? g o
101
o o o o
o o o o
c; Q> o
n •- .§ ^
P4 d a g
C3 0^ S 0)
O CO 1-5 CO s s s s
^ CO CO CO
«o «o to
ni CC 00 00

S S O
>? ^ to
102
^ ^ ,o ^
g 3 a g
CC CC CO CO
CO CO CO CO
o o o o
a a a
o c o o
:
. o
CO CO
CO
CO 30 OO CO
to rt ^ 50
00 . ^co
T—( 0» OS i-H
^ *i j^ Ttl

a 3 a a
cS rt ci c3
M C fc/5 to
3 p. 3 s
a g a a
o o o o
1 .2 S
c i_q » »
(M IM (M % f»^ t>> t>>
^ ja ^ J
p, a^ &, Ph
3 5 3 3
(D -5 o
CM Ct CO CO
CO CO to eo
00 CO CO 00
0000
u o o u
0000
Ot A Qt eu
a a a a
B'" 9 3

•S
'-+3
1=1
o
O
w
H
o
E-i
O
W
o o o o
p o o o
Opqcci-s
SSco-2
P< 3 cu 3
!^ 3 a> S
, P-
Ph a
a a a
fi«i

105

o
(4
o
1^
H
Ph
O
«
Eh
GO
Oft
S S
S S
S ^
IM i-l i-J - I
5
S S
106
^ .a Xi ^
3 3 3 3
•B W W

CO ^tl
CO o
CO 00
^§1
ijt'
wmSm
a a fl fl
cS cS cS cS
bJ) &0 M tiD
S 13 S 13
o o o o
(N

a
o
O
O
o
Em
w H
O
H
02
o
o o o o
>t>t>l
u^^
a as a
^|2ih;^

o o
ijl-^
y^<
>>>>
O^CtO
3h5h1
ft £ a a
o P^ oj Hj
CO CO
CO CO
OD CO
'- ^ CO CO
>> >^'-' '-I
cS X CO CO
a a ^ _
CO CO
>Ht>l>H
SS-2
!-q^
C S 01 "
•^ 1-5 ro CQ
P< £ c a
O pR CO ^Ti
&: S
5 3 3
q O
33
"S. £ a a
c5 — C) 3
OPqCO>-5
CO CO
CO CO
CO oo
ft ft
109
o o o o
ggg ^^^&: ^
a S-g
ft 2 a a
c3 •— a> a
^ CO CO
CO CO CO
^ X: -j:i
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
oo 00 CO 00
CO QC CO GO
1—1 1— rH rH
cS cS eS :S
a a
_ a a
2-2 -S
gas goo
-s33

'+3
O
o
O
O O
a
2;3;3
CO CO CO CO
«0 CD CO O
c/: CO 00 CO
a^ oo CO 00

O O O p c o o o
Captain
;^-^^-^
Li Sec
Se(
First
Sen. Jun.
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CD CD
ao txi oi v:i
oj a3 03 a)
o o S S
a

S33o
SSSS
CO o^ or o-j
CO O

s
113
o o o o
133
s) 1)
ij^
O |i< OQI-5

114

« « o o
"5 1^3
CO CC CO CO
u U t-t u
O (D O 0)
J5 ^ ,^ ^
2 £ a a
o c? o o
!z;t5^|2;
c
,s ^ .^ ^
a a a a
a> (s

f3
.9
a
o
O
o
o
o
o
oooo
O) (V a> 0) a>
M Sh }-. ^
1-^1-5
;
Oi 05 Qi o>
-5
f-< ^ ^ IH
3 S 3 3
: 03
g
3 !=
1-2
3^ .
o S
i'.b g 3
CO CO CO M
5D ^ O CO
00 00 00 00
CO CO CO CO
O) o^ o% O)

HE P O HT
Fzzx; '^rxr.A.zi. ises,

II
I
>^
P^
O
I—
P^
o
I—

T3

121
oooooooooooooooeoco'^'^'^
iO
So
o t> o o

122

:g M M « M
"S o o o o
SfqpqWfq
123
j; -5; 60 MM) Moa Qr|,9 3u"gs-?^
3 o O t- J-t M J-.
0000
o o «:> o
rt a ^ ^
CO M M CO
s-^ <
w
Saar'^awSs
".^.^§^^".'^
^-tf g^^ ^&: 3 'H
fl-
. o -^ lJ '^ ^
3-3 1^-2 -§S^
->i
5 S^.g «r o £ '^ . oj
S t3 -73
*< b K
^ '5 o „
», ^ ^ ^-S
- ' " I "in O
1 d
S

i^ ^^
•2 o o o
gWWM
124
jPQW
; "O t3 tS
r„ ^ ^ ^
g CO CO cc
-2 -9 "S "S ^^ ^Pa Qao^^>Hgbog*^opa
^53racdc8oic3ij;Kj«e3ohlOcSceji

gMpMfP
S « >^ o o
M
o o
'
bo SB 6fl Mo S 'C W CQ
-n -g -s
o o J2 _j3
CO OO OO CO
CD «0 CO CO
CO 00 CO CO
I—I I—I 1—1 1—1
C!roi"r-i -.
^^^"^
CO CO CO CO
to CO CO CO
00 CO CO 00
33
_0 1^5 » ®
OfitCCH,
:
=2 -fl
5 f^ S o oT
S
g
1
"
&:
d fS -SO
§ . ^ CO-
.S >* .
r^l fe "^ J-.
o g ligjd
1 »r« ^ § "^
O •
O ^2 ^- ;r^
»2 ."S O M ^ fl "^
^ d '-' *^'
d X!
^ 5 ^-^ -3 S ^
.^^- o

126

s >< X « .„
O O O O : Qj
; ^ be l»
a ^^ .—t .^ .— •— '
' ,ij, ,»j .s-s ' "7} -? S^
>
o o o o
o o o o
CO M CO CO
«0 CD to «0
00 CC 00 GO
CO CO CO CO
CC -ys CO o
00 OO CO 00
0» Od Oi Od
!»> >i >^ >»
;i-:!h)
0(^(02 1-3
-g .S --0 -a
a 13 S m
i; '^ S '3
n cj ©
1
p 1-1 a © ca
S >— < 73 tc
S -g MO CO
M .5 O
2 g^_ g CO-
^ ci c3 a
I
o
s' ^ ^ i
^ 13 ^
t^ -.9
a a ^
^-^^
T3 a .
a >: s
!»? ,s H a .
a q .3 ^H ^ .3

:Ph
« M M M
o o o o
MPFPfP
^
feO-S ri2) O CO S S:
bD bO boM.H C .ii t< t^ 02 en
.S .- .S; -^ cc Qj S a -w -w
T3 T3 -rs -«
fl fl fl a
o o o o
rH (M T-l (M
to CO -O CO
00 CO O) O)
'Tl jo"
o°oo
(M C-^ 03
o rt Q^ ri
uJ
I
. (g cb w .s '^^
'"'
,< ctj s » a
O
I CO f^ ^- so
h4 § 2 o Ph ,

^ Od O »0 O •— • «3 T r^ «J
OS >o o -^ * -^ ^
g5
2 >^t. >-. ;
. O CS S C:,
=3 ^'
129
-S5JKKrjaE>-;0i=^«b3ftC3o

130
oooooooooooooco«0'^^'^
CO CO CD ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CD
K « «
r^ O O O . „ fe fc Es
M a ^^-t^ '^ -^ -^ '^5 -i^ r^ P ^ St^r^-r ^0 bs) bQ
o o o o
z:> ^ o c:>
IS -i O
3 3
& " o s
OPHOQ*-5
-o o ^
a S3 ti
« " T^ r^ 2
t* .g o .
Cb SB'S &! S
oj ca
2!i -D
tep^ § «i a
I o fl ca « CO

S-^
i:
5S ^
•g « X « I, _
'3 o o O O • A-i
131
-5 T3 -tf
'-' i: ^ coo
COCQQQ
"^ '^ S, P ® ? "o "« o - .-
-w -w fee te tc iC:2 23 o =2 ^
oo^*-'^^7;732'*Q^ ^ y ^ y
>.>>"££ -S Tf •§•§ -w - !> t- g — 'r- tC'tieso
^OMfc^fcjJ-i-a-a^^— ^hO r3 (^ ^- i-i fcn

3 k' >4 M «
"2 o c o o : Qj
»i * ^ « « « ^ ^ o M =
r^ a a .« •« .:5 .i5 ^j ^^ Q. oQ +s
Soo_^_j3_j3S-oQm'^ to
o o o o
(M 01 CO cc
CO O CD CO
00 CC OO CO
oo urj o lO
O ft| CCI-s
g a
Ol IS S a) « ^
I o B p 'r CO
I "^
c»
132
"^ -ft S
i-J a ^ fe
S 2
^ft -^^
a ^ J-" • o
§^- S"^ 9
o -^ kift
a S "^a 1^ %.
fl P O .== -- 3 O'»'
p §
^-i (^ I—
[^'^ i|l-5 O
^ oW gj
» '-' . cd -
k>
2 « . 2 ?^ .
• pJ r:; O T3
C i rt -^ r-l>
bo O S -j cc
r

i5 TS "3
;g ^ ^ 1^ *<
"3 o o c o :
— o a o
(M (M (M c^
to CO to to
CO CO CO 00
« (U © «
;iJh:i
-^ .2 -2 M
2 a a 2
p ^ g a
133

134
000^C500000-

0^2
135
OOOOOOOOOOOOO00OOO-*-* ka a
S pq m ^ „^ „ _
•"•
+^ bC MrS "^ " °

i'^
136
iOOlOiO'OlO'OOiOiOlOiO'Oi—(->>-. t. t. p
• -? w TO C5 C5 k, ro o ^ (•-)
S 5 s MgpS
a 02 Ch .S s .2 ^ SW
» _&, a i3 a := S'
t-^ o i^' ^ ;-) . r-. . p . ro M 03
pHMMOO^OOC:M;S:HHHHSa2 CB «

o o o o
>1 1>^ >%
cs cs ca
CO CO CO
CC CO to
CO CO GO
gss
Sh:]!-^
.Wo
M-s
137
*_^ "-* "^ ild*-" t-'^ noS
: o;:'Oce p: H H H H S yj gp o^ -< d ? ^
sf^
O
^•5
p -2 ®
a ijSp?
,

138

139

140

w
141
c5ooi=ii=^oooooooooe'^e>5"*TtiM
/< X X >i
o o o o PL,
Swpqpqpq is ^ « £ S
« ^ -2 -„ -co o
tj - .. - c3 ..^ 5S „ w w ^.
t-, J3 » i^ a ZZ! "C 5:0 ?C=|
t^ cj >^ O - = O & S lU S
o o o o

©
.B
o
Q
o

143
OOOOOOOOOOOWmOOCOCD^Tj'COff^
^ CC ?0 ^ ?0 ?D ?0 ^ ?0 ^ ^ rH 1-H r—i I—
_j hH PL, o
-£ ^ Meg !^ .S -C
S^«2 •a « ^ S
i
^^n
-S -d
a J?-
^cecSc3ti.M7'citro>^3S«'=*ft»o'-'0
o o o o
CO fO CO

; O
'W M w I-'
O •' m
Mffl " -. ,,
^ ^
144
,, ^ 5 ^ bo S „ ,„ .^
S (i oj .2 a .2 -2 ^
fe
^ q a S .g ^ ptn oi g -p. '2, ce 3 3 „ -^ ^tc ^ —
p^mmo I
H 1^ O; O; m

2^^ „
T3 (jj «
-J -^ bO MrS >< ;5 C
'S § § s '5 -s « fc
c

' ^ o o
CO CO cc cc
146
bJ3
is
a .g .S ^ ^ pq oj ^ 02
o> f a » T3

147
OOOOOOC3OOOOOO00OOO->*'>*'»ll'«J(e^iH

o o o o
N c

M

150

a" : fl g g -s 3
o 3 '< S ^ >- °
o c o o
CO CO cc cc
ft & Ci. Si.
a> © a> c^
CO CO CO CO
(M M (M ^-t, CO
S i r1 -^ •- =^
*7 i5 o a o
o , S c3 a
L o -S

O O >0 O lO IH r-l
m >0 M lO C^ S S S o
o o o o
o o t> o
CO C: "eS
a.
o o S ^
I'^i^
^< B^<
. fl g '^ a"
"< S ^ o" g .
..a . o a »
-a ^ ft ^ :S .ti
S -2 ^ •S E-i oj- fej
°1ai^ - -'^
-^ -S P- (-5 rB -
d « -'m .'^ P3 a
.

O O lO O >« 1—I ^ o ^ *- ^
CO CO o^ cc
o cc cc «o
00 00 CO CO
CO ?c «o cc
^SP^SS
CO CO CO CO
CO ':0 O «0
CO CO GO 00
ec CO O ^
ssss
i-?*-:!
§ o g 2"
^ a S «
;i o » o
1 g ci »
5 .2 02 .g
§1 §
K 03
2 kl II
SO-? -3
(O
20
s s
© 1-5 >jM
O K
- a aH
•'si ^^
.•-^ cd ^ ^ •
C?l-5g 1'^"
pa a t3 . ih ca
. .S § m w .
« 5 S
;o
!^ r'=^ t-; a =" -S
I a ^ lab
e S , o '-S hJ
S^f^'
cq
O ci
l^^-T
£ ^ 'I . .£; o
^ e S Sr-; „-
^;2ci;a2 goo
153

On3
a 2
^ _2 . '^ J-f (B "^ t> (D
CO C.
1211^:2; 12;
CO CO CO CO
«0 «0 CD CO
CO 00 CC 00
CO CO CO CO
0000
4) a) oj »
OfifiP
a ^.
154
Li's '^ g 'A
2 "? "^ "

3f^
o o o o
a o o o
CO ^l M ^
O CO CO to
00 CO 00 CO
.^ uu UJ QD
^ T— I tH 1—
CO O-i CO CO
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
-^ lO lO ^O
l-H M CM .c
tf
«^S
I
k
w OOd
155
^ s .-
WhJ fc!^ a

^ >< § a p
a a Oj
o o o o
CC 00 CO CO
CO CO CO CO
OO 00 00 CO
CO ^ ^ -*
CC M CO CVJ
3 O O

g pp m _S ^ „^ _
CO o ~ a, a) tc >
-g M_br!
g (£; .2 i:
g ^ .g Oi 55
° g
is -S o
- « S-
- I, a. fl g
o o o o
CO 00 CO CO
-3 a. p, a
3 Q O) 0)
1-5 aci OQ cc
IM '^ CO D5
CO ?o :0 CO
CO CO 00 00
oPm»i-5
^ CO a
43 H .
I -^'^
•-' bOTS
Q 4,
.J-
- " .2 o
S o -
a |^«^ g
2 . -o -
. O ^ o .
* a h:^ . .
^
I
fcc © is^ "^ 02
m a W) ^
p "2 = »
'W
• -hJ Q .
*<
. !s oT m" . ^ •
>^ — ja a a «
.W eS « 3 s-
'd . a a ^ «
csHj o'^g a
^^.^^ '^.
-I . o . »rt
s*
i I .^ » . o
2 e a M "? bj !fi

159
OOOOOCOOOOOOOIM'O'fi'OCQtOMM
C0C0«0OC0* ^ §
£3 a -g -g *i 02 ^ cc g 2 £. d S 3 «:; «2 ^^ ^
CO f—' CO CO
cc «o to iO
00 CO 00 CO
CO 1-H CO CO
O CC «C CO
CO CO OC 00
2S§3
0«K,0
S- 2 o" 5
,
-J o"
< a .
o Jr CO
-si o O i-t
a, o
^'^
" J3 v5 .S
rW
o . S •
, QQ
ft*
mO
. ^ ^ iJ .-S
-^ n ^^ cs .
^- g K M H
« '; . ,^- •
; 02 =?
^1^1- • = ^
' g :z,
tc W ^ .
I -
• -S Q S -S S
2 J "»
2K =•

gpqWpqPa ^ S 2 ^ to
« *^ w) M) §) M(2 £2 >^ •- -a -c
» O ^rrj ^rg l-M r-) o a, -H ,2
o o o o
160
s " M bO
sp:«^
o <
c a
«

^
161

163
ooooo^o=>cccc(N
5D5050«C s
Scs'caS=s^cs§s5r:bXs3"3=scL,Sd
-s Ts T3 -a
s c a a
o c o o
o o o o
C 00 00
"5 "5 "B "3
CO CO M 05
CO ^ CO CD
CC 00 00 00
rH ;(3 cS o
opCfOfe
o S 2 j^
•C "3
s
<
s
^
"o
o
o
« § i « cj
o s^
J o -

o o c o
I (
y, H 5
CO o ffl » S •" a ^
"1 tjPm ?^ .2 .S t;
ts ts ;
'
CO CO

d o ° o
S m pq PQ « „^ ^
^^ o -c o -3 ^ b
*^ io to U'ja .S t:
a .g .jH .^ ^ oo _» _aj Oi
"
fe
^ H H H a: >
tt3 >^ >^ !-. t-i „
&.i3 g
d 53 cj eS cj
O
o
165
a y!g f^-2-s
piip;mooo?:C:a;p:WHHSccP5'
CO CO CO
CO CC CO
ao CO 00
a P. C<
(U a> ffi
airnxn
i3^
•3 ^^
e3 . M (U 3

o o o o
CC CO CO oo
«0 «0 50 CO
00 00 00 00
»0 lO lO lO
C^ A Pd A
03 O" o a>
XJlTJlUllfl
CO CO CO CO
CD CC CC '^
O) 00 00 CO
Od O O^ O)
(N cq (N

167

M 6
168
e^

169
: -3 T3

i M « ^ 1 - _
a s J §0 &|i 1 .5 -c
CO CO « CO
P- S 3 P<
CO CO CO CO
CO o ?o «o
CO CO CC CO
a '^ 5 «
w "
S* >-i
S . - lU 3
H tS ^ "
,i«! b- bO .
a c3 5^
.S O 00
M flj - 4>
ojpq
170
o a Hj 5
^
tD
fee;
-3 I*"
Z^" e-2t:»:
|1p^ §
o , .
-a t-s
o . «fe:
" „ .DQ
W (- . 03
n^ ^ o ^ -g o g
a. S fe ? - o •

171
OOOOOOOOOOOOCOOe^COMMrHrHC^i
OCOCCCOCOCOCOOCOCOr-(r-lr-(f-H
OH
ciJ-
a>
_ „ ^ oj
C>0 CO CO CO
O «D CC CO
CO 00 CO CO
QJ gj O (35
CO CO ro CO
to eo «S CO
00 00 CO 00
l^^S
(B (U
t-< aj
CO OQ

J1
172

173

174

ja -a ja psa
HHHH
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
OO C/D GO CO
It- t- X^ t-
^ t> > >
o o o o
- .J d o
m be » --
^ e3 o
o OffiHj
,d O .
. ?, -^ i^
fcj 2 o s-i
«PP
o .a
bC MtO
•2 i; CO
Ph W '^ o-fe
- • ^-^^
5 > . r' o3 M
^ bC" O ^ ,
h^i a w ° 3 *^_
S
f=
. - orffl -1^
H-ja -S -9 -
-d .«^.3 3
w
^^-^ ^ ;5 ^ -
-..fecjgjaw)
^ o oW cs . > g
^=^ g-^ d,/ gfe
2o'
bC
3^-25
" -w b: - ^J ^ ^ .
i ^^ .M
1
2"s i*-
be
-'-» • -
02 f4 !2i § ft
175

a
o
Q
en
o
<
E4
W
O
o
Ph
176
ooooooooooooooccococ^-^-rt^o
CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CO CO CD CO CO r^ ^
f< >i >^
i^
'^ ^ '^ ^ —
§ pq pq pq W « « .- „ „, ^
2 O) M
^
^-'
a. o » o ? s" s -g •£;
.2 " !,„_- .a-
'S is' ^' S ;3 S 3 « s 5" 3 S jT o »;i ft =« s S3 S D S o
-u 2j TO
^ ^^^
h) «
M © .2
c2 PP
-a
03
ft
CO
d ^ > .s"
og-Wg
3 § • S •
o ;^ o c3

177

178

179
0000000^00000^00(N'0'050eO'^-i(COe

3f^
o o
g *^ -tj bx) burn r tr' ":; t-
02
5 -S :S « Ah 'g
180
9 h! M ?„
IfMCO
a o 2>'
S-'S
IPO
-f5 60
M 02 u) oa oj u g
p^pppqool^Qacbaj^SE-iWHHSccPQoQaiai-sJfLi
00

181

182

183

184
ooooooooooooooo«oooocooO'^cq©
OOOOCOODOOOOOOOOCOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOl—IC^MC^ S « S^ i-J -20000
swfPMm
a

a 7S
!-• ^ »-< »M
CC CO CO cc
N c-1 e-1 -J
>= S !-
0« -
W .0
5W .
^ aj o fl
185
CO CO CO CO
to o to to
00 00 00 00
10 iO o o
eu d. a, Cl,
O (U o »
CO CC OJ 02
CO CO CO CO
to ?o to y^
00 CO 00 00
CO CO CO CO
(M C^ ^ 2
og|S
Q
o o S
« 00
« I
§"«
a © . o
W -SO
o c-i
S2 :2 s.
a
Q "5 t3
. a> a
^- .W
ja^ .
Efl a »
;=i a
S . - u - e
«^ 5 « h,- m
"
S .-'aipR
Ct
w 02
E '-5 !i
Ph -Ph
a .
P5 o r-
BO'S
J ^ o
'^
w- -
^ -*^ -iJ
q3 03 cj
HH o O
WW
S'O
o ^ r
fl o ^
C3|:^ a
8 03
I- cS •
iJ-a aT
O . i
1 a"H .
s .,
a^
2-^ Bu--
cS o EB J
M b .^
^ .
»
- • ^^

186
OOOOOOOOOOOOC»00

187
C5OOOOOOoOOMMC0'^TJ((Nc0M
S "S
M M S
0=^
g ^ ; io
fq si Ph W 00
P5
O O rj
*- iT :2 o
^^
,-^
o s =« a
O
>-5 .'S
-tJ ©
'"' M f^ .'ti
oT
73 H ._
^ ^ M t ^
^
bB . ^ 1-^ m »
:«
"C "^ t^ s^ „ •
o '^5 ^ _3 aTO
1 .=: SaiJ SS
5 T3

! « J^ X «
i O O O O •
^ » » - !-• tH
Ph Ph Ph ^
O? (M CO CO
CO ^ CO CO
00 00 00 CO
CO CS CO CO
33
»-' o -3 * 002^
fc fe as
>-i ^1 o rt
^ '^ C^ i^'o'm
p
C3 » ^
a . p5 n
m aSoQ
S . » fl
cS^ •
o^-? «-
.Wot)
§ cs
O .
^ . "^I
.Sd'i-s .
W I (^^
T! • . ^ »
mWpL;^w
^-» §^.2
S (U Lj '^ ^-<
O^^ S o CP^
- c ^ .(^ ^
^ -'^ ^ m *^
.

a
189
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00OOO-

190
0000000(M»OiO'OeOCD-^COi
"^ S •
a) M 1-1 ^i>
=5 M f tCTi
^ PI • .-•'
-« W •
S'b
P5 g - "
'a •«•
I'^f^i
^< S J5 2 . ^ ®
« . -^ a M . o
•^ CQ -^ 5 .9 5
pq
'^pp^ a^
S ^"TS S ii-! c3t5i*i
M
^
PPM

191
OOOOG-Oc^OOOOO-OOOOiO^OCOiOiOiCi-HO
COtOO':OOOOtO?CcO«OCOOCOO':C:i—
o
c3 « Ph op W
^ >< X >< ><
cj o o o o
oMpqeqpp
Ph

o o >3
fi* ^ pt( Em
CO
o
M « M
CD ?o ?D
CO CO 00 CO
e^ « CO M
CO CO CO CO
CO CC CO CO
CO CO CO CO
OPhcOHj
a
' w w m i ^ „
192
^
te tc o
5 g: o _M ^3 ^3 _5 ^ S a ' "

;S -^
&
193
ffi c5 rt c3 e3 1
p3 m M o o Q guoC;a2gHWHH^ccMco«3aia2

;-i tc >-• »-<
3 p S IS
o o o o
C^ (N CO CO
CD o «:> «o
00 M CC CO
oo

o
195

o o o o
CO c*:i cc CO
CO 3> » CD
CO CO CO CO
CO CO CO CO
CO 00 OO 00
"3 CO 02
1< 2 g a
tiO
Sa.
g a n
ii |3 O »J
g t3 a>
W • „ a
•^ S - fl
S 1
-s ^£?
« «"!« .
W o o g .,
^ OQ o R H CO
^.2
£1>
196
1^ , ja •
O. 2 9--w;i3 -C y! a «
c^
O S I
O
•

197

M 6
S pq m m M i2 ^
•r, T! s y t-
198
^ g. ^.-S I -S -£ -3 -S g< g 2 .£. a -^ -d ;3 .g g
tH L< Si ;-l
=1 !3 3
o o o o
CO CO CO
CD CO O
CO 00 00
CO CO CO
CO CO CO
00 00 00
-C.

199

?3 .-s s -i .g
f^
XI X
^ O pq pq ^ 1^ M M g
^ S m OT
^5
ph
O
~—'£ 'E W
3 « -2 "13
rj2 S P
g 2
^^^||
a H5 „- k)

S^.s^
201
S o o ^
s 2 3 a is a -a b s -c
S cs =s cs cS[5 cs o 5 ShT o X 3 =3 S OS Ci-i;^
S S S P
c o o o
P^ pt* pt< (i<
IM CO
to to
CO 00
Ot 0-2
CO to
CO 00
1—1 r-<
.-a
wo
o «t<
i-s i-s

202

2f^
^
J4
m p -i^ ^ ^
:§ M >< « S
«s .9 ^ .?
o pq W P5 ^ « a,
203
p 2 be ifl '
-^
I
a is ^ So re M^ 5 :2 .3 1 : fl 5 ^ u £ ^-^ t> _g cL
rtp5Pqooop:oaa;a2p:HWHHm^M«2- Em
o I- d = ja =s
^ S'
^ g
a bo • -a io
&5 ^ S'^
O *"3 ^ o
•^ te-a 5 a
^ ^ CO ^
f^ ^
Ph 9

'5 eS Tj "3
% y, y, y,
^ o o o
>;?->£ be M fccpq rn S .S 1-
[i< Ph P^ Ph
s "S
0) a>
a £ n s
o
^ Ph
w
^^ W ^
204
g6;S S
^.2
£>
. 6BH to"
f^S »:5 S^ «^
I ^ i § ^ M(^ d5 -c 2
•'- ^ S t< P S '-'
1- fcr
;3 J t>: i-^ p£ d

- cS a 1>
^ 3 i^ X
^ o S o :
205
-t-- +3 -i-i ''' ^' (i*
g J ^ S) Sb M^ ;S g .2 .2 -C : g .3 S ^ 2 > S a^ *
c o o o
00 00 =C CO
A A a ft
CC CC CO CO
CO CO ^

206

Ph
208

a a
^ So y ^ § ..
c i o S
; W « pq S ^ - - ^
^ o » «13 §-3 ^>;
! H H H to »
(^ 3 OQ M fcoO
"
gH a g 2 .& a
a
.T3osc3c«(ScSir;oso='5;r-o>

o
210

211
oooooooooooooooe^moiotocoe^o
cS ° o o
bo p
4^ -1^ bJO he bDrn ro S VT' ^ '-'
fl fl .jH .- .-. ^ 4J pq t iH
-51 fc
fl fi, cB .a g .2 -2
° u ^ P.'^> _g .
_^ --H ^ "- CO boo
pJWmooo^^OOC5aQgHWHH§coa2

I S
^ rS "OJ "3
S « PM W M
o « Kl « « 50000 .
,
gfqfqpqm^^ „, „ „
^ ffl a) CO © -3 -3 o -g ^c.>;
-w 60 M bo bOm CQ 3 .S .2 2
212
fl Ph 02 -p cj ^ .S
O — ' CU O) (JQ
f>-. ^ t- u fc- "^ '^ P^ P H S .
' a
-•03nc3c5«:iSK^k-ao-'ata.°'^^^i-jO='Ci(>-'O
03 O ^ a a ; -I = -j: a ><
ce cic fc. o
p X 3 s ^
Oj rr too O-
p:ipqp:ioooop:FQOOco^HWHHSaDWa;

213
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'C'^OOICq
CO CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
M
y. X tHi X
„ o o c o
S pq M W n
o a?

214
oooooooo^ooooooio«oe
p "^ "^ o "
fa
"S § '-5 2 tf g
•^ M 'S! "^ ^ •
^ ^ M F^ " »
w . a pq (1, o
Oo "^ • ^
g^^ a >.^
'^ o ^ -< w ^
S Ph > 3
u ® O 3 r." W
s po
rt 9 1-; .
P^ Ph -< g g ^
. g cS to .1^
"2 ^- > "^ o S
I—I m
pS.ce^
^-S-3 o
^1-5 .. ^ _
S . m ^ ^
re's .H-5 o^ S
5hJM^^p;ao
W q a'-a o a
?; o

to
215

(0
216

h t4 t^ ;h SPSS o o o o
pq fa pq fa
CO CO CO CO
CO CD CC CO
CO OO CO oo
z:t iji z:t ^
CO CO CO CO
o o o o
0) »
3i5
fl g
OfaODH;
Mco
J? CO
O 00
^

o o o o
CO CO CO CO
CD CO CO CO
CO CC CO O)
t- t~ t- t~
t> !> > t»
o o o o
CO c.^ CO CO
CO CO CO CO
CO 03 CO CO
o o o o
;l-5hq
S u ^
^ rt '^ ">
£ ^ t*
> 6BTS
I
n en

5 ^ S t>< »^
OQ
£> oi o _
-2 -S -S iP M^ MP CQ — S
J ^ jd J
ttJ C iS --S
fi* S Ph &<
CO CO CO CO
ssss
CO CO CO CO
CO ^ CO CO
CO CO CO oo
CO CO CO 00
33
H? OQ CO
j
OPqCOHj
'
219
s^tls

220
OOOOOOoOOC>OO^'«**'^C0OOOWr-4
3 K « M M
-^ O O O O eL,
' -" -»^ pd ^
M bo M bCro 03 " r\
S S "^ "* "^ '^
1^ PH PM pR
CO CO CO CO
60 to fcO M
SPSS
"^-^^^-^
CO CO CO CO
CO to CO CO
CO CO CO 00
It^l-^l
03 .rt (y S
so
4 S
H.y>oS
o
to iSO^
s
p4
'8
o
EH
02
MPh"
S^.
^ O
^^
IS
CO (<
Ul «2 U)3 3 r- 02
O eS
I i
• P4 •
^ o • O t*^
o i
-rTo
c£ 1^ T?
MM >-•
Ph W^
-a 5? o
,

221
OCDOO'^^>OOOC'C?OOO'OC^Oi0>0C0':0C0C^
tl, ^ 0) Jr
:§ XI >1 «
^C3 o .9 °
Oi
i-- W ^ • - -3
- - • (CO
>-> >%" s p. p .£- a £
•s ^
pjpq pq coQ^gOoo^EHo2HH£HScoPQ oD ^ H Ha go
g CO pq S ^-•-s -g
. p^ . la ^ •
w .a
'Mh-;*^4^
T CS "
. _ ^ -- ^
I
8 O P ti'-^ 5 ^
S .op .'i'cS
^ ;s ^ 3 W S •
^^ w .;^ M
I

222
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC^OiOi^^«OMC^
t) cS •
Cn Pm (in f5
c^ cc cc cc
to CO 5C «o
00 CO 00 CO
ssss
CO CO M CO
CO «0 «D CO
00 CO CO CO
CO tC CO CO
OS iM » >> t>> >^
cS cS e3 cS
y. X 'A
oWpqp _£
.2 d »
& S C fl
cS 3 o s
CO
fr- ^ cd
>
rS CO
-« i-T
O i-H
"
^•E-a
rt
^
£ § i I S: -
fcco

,
3 -2
"? n (B »
Ti r-! r-^ "^ '^
a a .g .g .- ^ ^ pj P^ S 1
fi( ^i^ fX| pi<
CO CO OO CO

50 CD
CC' CO
Xfl
[h^H^
O P^ i/Jt-:,
a> n
c I—
AI CO
I
p © "-I
PL,
>< >< ^
O O C -
S)S
•r- '- •- ^ ^-, o. "^ r/5 - fM „
S «2 fe fe 'E
.2 .2 ° ci. S el *>
cS cS
2 •«'
^ ??
Ph ,5
? o .
£ >• .2 a
s -'^ o
^?tf o
O r* . ^
§11
s . "^ bo
>- § ft J
3^ ar"«2
- . S^
ptj a >H
5^
o i_i K [>^
'•~ .2 • «>
224
«* « ^ m
• it)

OOOOOOCOOC^C^r-lrHirO
:S g,
1 Mpq
CO CO M
o 5
33
Si
. a to
CQ '^ °
5 ^w
29
S,-^ cS
^ cjPM S
"^ ^ s S
rt >> a
» "^ ^ s .
S "
*< • ^
»-l ^ •
03 52 r/1
03 . .
W few a
."^ -fS
o It
^ fi .3 -c
fp
h^ o o

226
O0'c;c>o00

o
227

228
00000000000-*C-ie

229

CO
CD
o
I—
I
o
o o
P
CO
I—
c»
Ph
O
CQ
1^
O
fen
<
p
p^
o
p
Q
P P^
o
p^
o
H
Wipers.
Screwdrivers..
Cone Pick.s.,
Cap Boxes..
Gun Slings..
,
Bayonet Scabbards.
Waist Belt Plates..
Waist Belts.
Cartridge Box Belt Plates.
Cartridge Box Belts.
Cartridge Box Plates.
Cartridge Boxes.
Rifles.
Muskets..
230
CO cc cs
tc ?c to
00 CC CO
CO CO CO CO
;C «D O O ,
^ yj CO CO
CO CO 00 CO CC CO
-^ irT o '^ * O ^ «0 CO' O O 1

o o o> cr; O o
CO OO «0 O CD CO
231
•00>CI>'OOC50'OC3>OCZ>0>C:>0'0'C5CD Ci; Oi C"0 C3CDCDO>COOOiO C:'C:>000>'3;COCDOO'0J0
pS^
-TO CO • •"
CO to
O) cc _,^ ^ _ ^^ , _^
C CO 0>
cq Ti< CO
o o o o
CO e

232

- . . CO CO •"
OCtO^^COCOcOCOrt^r-i;
I—ICO^-Ht— I—
,
(^_(^_,^^^_l
CO "^ ^J" h^ CO
-^ . . . . . '^
p3 c«
PtH C
S^"
-rfL, Mo «
2 .y 3 5*
I I
O O O O 0) o
53 cS S
^"h W 3 ^ ^
30
t
233

MISCELLANEOUS.
234

o
235

Bayonets-
Cartridges and Round Ball.
Boxes (packing)
Arm Chests.
Sergeants' Swords, Belts, and Plates
Cavalry Sabres.,
Artillery Swords
Extra Cones.
Bullet Moulds.
Spring Vices.,
Ball Screws.
,
236
w g
•s
a a a a a P a a
o o o o o o
a » 5 ft, fi, ft SI, A ftP^ -2 J>,
fcO
gaaaaag
rn^oooooo.S^o)
^ C C' c, o o o
-^i^ lO «o lO CO 00 »o
pH rH

"2 S o p
si: o g
O CS O 'O o
o o o o =>
O O O O "O
>• p >
35 ^ 3 ^-..-S'
o 2 -3 o cji
o >• O 5 C SJ t[,o O O T.
> o ;zi p o M ft -< S Ph oQ ph
237

w
238

- M ^ ^- •^
i CO
-* CO CO
: -^ ":*• ^ CO
• o 01 O N 00
COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCO
COcOcOcOOOco«OCOt—

Bayonets.,
Cartridges and Round Balls.
Boxes (packing)
Arm Chests.
Sergeants' Swords, Belts, and Plates
Cavalry Sabres.
Artillery Swords
Extra Cones.
Bullet Moulds
Spring Vices.
Ball Screws.
240
oo '.
to bo
; T3 T3
bo SD
CO •* ^ C^ '^

i ^ ti j^
) '-' CO cc
PMpqco
^co ».
•o o Ph
i rt S

242
A^ m: o u ]sr T s
CERTIFIED TO OUT OF THE DIFFERENT FUNDS APPROPRIATED FOR THIS
DEPARTMENT FOR THE FIFTEENTH FISCAL TEAR.
RENT OF OFFICE.
Amount appropriated for Eent of Adjutant-General's office....
Certified to the folloioing Monthly Rents, viz :
For month of July, to Daniel Hai-dy ^35 00
For month of August, to Daniel Hardy 35 00
For ten days in month of September, to D. Hardy.... 11 66
For months of October and November, to A. ilnyden.
Agent 80 00
Balance
RENT OF ARSENAL.
Amount appropriated for Eent of Arsenal
Certified to the following Monthly Rents, viz :
For month of July, to E. E. Hall $50 00
For month of August, to E. E. Hall 50 00
For month of September, to E. E. Hall 50 00
For month of October, to E. E. Hall 50 00
For month of November, to E. E. Hall 50 00
Balance
$420 00
161 66
$258 34
$300 00
250 00
$50 00 ,

243
POSTAGE AND EXPRESSAGE.
Amount appropriated for Postage and Expreesage.
Aug. 11 Certified bill for Postage Stamps ^51 00
Aug. 14 Certified bill for Express Stamps 25 00
Nov. 5 Certified bill for Telegraphing 16 27
Nov. 12 Certified bill for Telegraphing 27 05
Nov. 18 Certified bill for Postage Stamps 60 00
Dec. 1 Certified bill for Telegraphing 27 90
Balance
. ,
PAY OF PORTER.
Amount appropriated for Pay of Porter
Sept. 31|Certified bill for three months
Balance
CONTINGENT EXPENSES.
Amount appropriated for Contingent Expenses.
July 271 Certified to bill of J. G. Clark & Co $53 00
Nov. 30 Certified to bill of J. Bithell 12 00
Balance
$300 00
207 22
$92 78
$200 00
50 00
$150 00
$100 00
65 00
$35 00

Aug.
Aug.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Nov
Nov
Nov,
Nov,
Nov
Nov
244
CLEANING, CARTAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION OF ARMS.
Amount appropriated for Cleaning, Cartage, and
Transportation of Arms
13 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co
27 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co
3 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co
4 Certified to bill of Captain Geo. H. Hare....
4 Certified to bill of Captain L. E. Lyon
7 Certified to bill of John Schade
7 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co
29 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co
29 Certified to bill of R. Collar
30 Certified to bill of E. Collar
30 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co
3t) Certified to bill of Captain S. H. Ally
30 Certified to bill of Captain Samuel Francis.
30 Certified to bill of Captain C. L. Law
30 Certified to bill of H. N. Wright
30 Certified to bill of Captain W. W. Traylor.,
30 Certified to bill of Captain E. M. Bryant....
30 Certified to bill of John Schade
30 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co
. 23 Certified to bill of Captain M. Fennell ,
Certified to bill of Captain G. W. Chase
Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. , Co
Certified to bill of Alviso Eifles
Certified to bill of E. Collar
30 1 Certified to bill of Cal. Steam Nav. Co.
Balance
,
The above is hereby certified to be correct.
$69 25
146 87
60 00
22 00
2 00
214 30
17 50
70 75
70 00
82 00
10 50
29 75
29 77
44 95
15 00
23 92
9 75
276 00
7 00
164 00
52 40
3 25
13 50
58 00
5 75
$1,800 00
1,498 21
$301 79
WM. C. KIBBB,
Adjutant-General.

245
AMOUNTS
Audited hy Board of Military Auditors.
May Encampment $37,957 57
Second Brigade Encampment— ''Camp Allen" 20,274 48
Third Brigade Encampment— "Camp Gilmore" 15,679 63
Fourth Brigade Encampment—" Camp Kibbe" 13,250 27
For Camp Equipage 34,313 16
Total $121,475 11

aif%iammmmmtttam
ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE STATE GEOLOGIST,
FOR
THE YE^R 1863

O. M. CLAYE8 STATE PRINTER

^NNU^L REPORT,
OFFICli OF THE GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY, ]
San Francisco, November 26th, 1863. j
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Governor of California
Sir :—The earlier meeting of the Legislature, under the new Constitution,
makes it necessary that the annual synopsis of the operations of
the Geological Survey should be ti-ansmitted to you just as the field
operations for the season are about closing. I will, therefore, only
attempt to set forth, as briefly as possible, the plan which we have followed
during the past summer, adding a statement of our financial position,
and of wliat we propose to do in the way of publishing, in order
that the Legislature may take early action on the same—as will be necessary
to be done if the work is to go on without interruption.
As stated by me in my address before the Legislature, in March last,
on the relations of the Geological Survey to the interests of the State,
our labors during the season which is now closing have been directed to
extending our reconnoissance over as large a portion of the previously
unexplored and geologically unknown region of the State as was possible,
in order that, if the Survey was discontinued this winter, we might
be able to present some sort of a connected view of the geology of California.
With this aim, we have devoted our attention chiefly to the
Sierra Nevada, from Fort Tdjon to the northern line of the State, and
have added much to our knowledge of the geography and geology of
that great chain of mountains, especially of that portion which lies between
the parallels of 37° and 40°. There are only three counties in
the State in which some work has not been done by the Survey, and
these are, Klamath, Humboldt, and Mendocino Counties, in which Indian
difficulties have hitherto rendered it almost im))08sible for our small party
to operate to any advantage, or without considerable risk.
The organization of the corps has remained neai'ly the same as last
year, but the smallness of the appropriation made by the last Legislature
has had its effect in cutting down the Survey to some extent. Professor
Brewer has been employed as Assistant Geologist and Botanist,
and has been constantly in the field from April first up to the present
:

time. During a portion of this time he was accompanied by Mr. Clarence
R. King, as a volunteer Assistant. Mr. Hoffman has also been
uninterruptedly engaged in the topographical work. During the early
part of the season he was with Professor Brewer and myself in the
high Sierra; but he was afterwards employed in completing the map of
the vicinity of the Bay of San Francisco, both in the field and office.
The field work is now complete, and the map will be ready for the engraver
before the commencement of the session of the Legislature, and
can be examined by those of the members who may be interested in the
progress of the work. The map of the vicinity of Monte Diablo, on a
scale of two inches to the mile, is also ready for the engraver.
A large amount of rnaterial has been collected during the past season
towards a map of the central portion of the Sierra Nevada. From Mr.
"VVackenreuder, however, we have had no assistance, as he has been eno-ao-ed
in the service of the United States. The maps commenced by
him last year remain in the same condition which they were in at the
date of my last year's synopsis.
Mr. Gabb has continued the work of figuring and describing the fossils
collected by the Survey; he has also been employed during a part of the
time in the field.
In the Zoological Department, Dr. Cooper has been engaged fi*om
April first, a part of the time at Santa Barbara and on the adjacent
islands collecting marine and land animals, and afterwards in the Sierra
Nevada. He is now employed in preparing a catalogue of the animals
of the State-
Professor Brewer has continued the collection of botanical specimens,
and chiefly in the high Sierra, where much that is new and interesting
has been discovered, no collectors in this department having ever before
visited our highest mountain regions. The task of working out the
botanical and zoological collections has been proceeded with, and portions
of reports received from some of the eminent authorities, to whom
various subdivisions of the collections have been referred.
It seems proper at the present stage of the Survey, to make some
statement in regard to the probable amount of time and money required
to complete the Avork. Indeed, in my address before the last Legislatui'e,
I promised to do so during the coming winter. It is especially necessary
that some action should be taken soon in reference to this matter, as the
amount and character of the printing to be done this winter will depend
on the settlement of the question whether the Survey is to be continued
and, if so, for what probable length of time.
Undoubtedly, were the State in a position in which economy in the
public expenditures was not of the highest importance, there would be
no question that the Survey' might be continued to an indefinite period
with advantage, since all will admit that the results proposed to be
gained by a work of this kind, if it be proj)erly conducted, could not fail
to be beneficial to the community. Thus, no one in California objects to
the minute accuracy and consequent expense of the Coast Survey work
upon our shores, since the burden of
our shoulders.
payment does not fall directly on
The amount of time required for our work, combining, as it necessarily
does, a topographical with a geological survey, and adding thereto
a natural history survey, depends entirely on the degree of accuracy
with which it is carried on.
munications to the Executive
I have alread}^ stated, in previous com-
and Legislature, how much time and
money have been and are still being expended in other countries in
;

works of this kind, as, for instance, in Great Britain and France. But
the decree of perfection to be aspired to in such an undertaking must be
governed by circumstances ; and if we consider that it would reqire a
population of seventy-one millions within the borders of our State, in
order that our population shall equal that of England in density, it
will be readily seen that what would be feasible in that country might
be an impossibility here.
The furthest limit of completeness to which I ever aspired to carry
this Survey, was the completion of a map of the whole State on a scale
of six miles to the inch, making nine sheets, each about three feet square,
with the geology worked out on a corresponding scale of accuracy. Further
experience in the State, and more knowledge of what the people
expect, and a personal experience of the condition of the Treasury, have
convinced ma of the impossibility of carrj'ing out this undertaking, for
which certainly not less than fifteen years would be required. I am
fully convinced that the work carried to this extent of completeness,
would be of sufficient benefit to the State to justify its being done;
but I am also equally well assured in my own mind, that the people
would not recognize the value of the Survey until after it was completed,
and that consequentl}' it would be impossible to carry it forward on a
matured plan without danger and almost certainty of its being internipted.
In weighing the matter carefully, T have concluded that four years
longer is the extent of time to which the Survey should be protracted,
with a liberal appropriation of not less than forty thousand dollars per
3-ear. But 1 am, furthermore, of opinion that the Survey should be suspended
altogether until such time as the finances of the State are placed
on a cash basis, as I find that the delay and anxiet}^ caused by the necessity
of borrowing to meet the advances required by the Treasury's being
from one to two years behindhand in the payment of the appropriations,
is too disagreeable and prejudicial to the interests of the State
and the progress of the work, to allow me to be willing to continue on
this system any longer.
Should the financial condition of the State be improved, and the necessary
appropriations made, we might, in four years, accomiDlish the following
amount of work :
We should prepare a map of Central California, extending from the
parallel of 37° to that of 40° 20\ probably on a scale of three miles to
the inch. This map would embrace the area occupied by about nine tenths
of the population of the State. It is possible that we might be able to
complete the map of the Coast Range, from Santa Barbara to Monterey,
which was commenced two years ago. Detailed maps of various important
mining regions, including that of Washoe, would also be given. The
main object of the Survey, however, would be the elucidation of the
mineral resources of the State, including eveiything which bears on the
working of the mines, and reducing their products to a marketable condition.
We should require a commodious and well arranged laboratory,
where, with the necessary assistance in that department, all questions
touching the metallurgic treatment of our ores and minerals might be
investigated, and analysis made of our mineral waters and substances of
economical value. The zoological and botanical departments of the Survey
would also receive a share of attention.
The results of the Survey, in case it should be actively continued for
four j^ears longer, would probably be comprised in about five large
volumes, of which the first would embrace the physical geography and

6
general geology of the State ; the second, the description of the fossils
found in our rocks, both those of animal and vegetable origin; the third,
the economical geology, including all that relates to mines and mineral
products of economical value; the fourth, the botany and zoology, and
the fifth would contain such maps, sections, and other illustrations as
were not introduced into the otiier volumes, or printed with the text.
It is possible, however, that some of these volumes might have to be
divided into two parts, owing to the large quantity of matter it might
be desirable to publish.
If it be deemed necessary to close the Survey at once and permanently,
no further appi'opriation being made except for the ])urpose of preparing
for publication such of the matter as is already collected, so far as the
same can be made available without any additional field work, we shall
be able to furnish two volumes, and, perhaps, three, according to the
amount which may be appropriated for preparing the materials in hand
for the press, and for finishing up such work as is already near completion.
The appropriation for the Survey made for the second year of its
continuance by the Legislature of eighteen hundred and sixty-two
having just been paid, a volume is now due the State, in accordance
with the Act passed at that session, authorizing the printing of one
volume, and appropriating three thousand dollars (83,000) therefor. In
accordance with that Act, and with your excellencj^'s ajJiirobation, the
work has already been begun, and will be carried on as rapidly as
possible, provided the Board of Examiners will audit my estimates for
the printing, to the extent authorized by the law, so that I can make
the necessary financial ai'rangements, and be enabled to pay for the work
as it progresses, by borrowing on the security of the tState warrants.
By constitutional limitation, the office of State Geologist will expire
in the course of the year eighteen hundred and sixty-four, and, as I suppose,
on the twenty-first of April, the date of the approval of the Act
authorizing the Survey and creating the office, although I did not enter
upon the duties of State Geologist until November fourteenth, eighteen
hundred and sixty. Of course, unless re-appointed by the present
Legislature, ray duties will cease at the time above mentioned.
The printing of another volume of the report can be commenced
whenever an appropriation is made for the same by the Legislature,
and the money provided for that purpose. One of the two volumes due
the State whenever the appropriation of eighteen hundred and sixtythree
is paid, will constitute a portion of the final report, whether the
Survey be continued or not. The other volume will not be a portion of
a final report, unless the Survey should be stopped by the Legislature
this winter. It is impossible to specify the sum required for the printing
until it has been decided whether the report will be a final one—that
is to say, whether the Survey is to go on.
The total amount appropriated by the Legislature for the Survey, from
the beginning, has been seventy thousand dollars ($70,000.) Of the
twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) appropriated by the last Legislature,
the sum of eleven thousand four hundred and eighty-seven dollars and
ninety-eight cents ($11,487 98) had been expended from April first to
September thirtieth, eighteen hundred and sixty-three. Our expenses
from October first to December thirty-first of this year, may be estimated
at four thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars ($4,750), leaving
only about three thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars ($3,750) to go
on with after the New Year. It may be added that no part of the last

appropriation has been received, and that no information can be procured
at the State Treasurer's office as to when it is likely to be.
The question of providing a fire-proof building for the State geological
collections, and of the proper use and disposition to be made of the
same, is one which should engage the attention of the Legislature during
the coming session. For ray views on this subject, I would refer to the
report, to be presented to the Legislature early in the session, by the
Board of Commissioners ajjpointed last year to take this matter into
consideration. This Board, consisting of the State Geologist, the Surveyor-General,
and the Superintendent of Public Insti'uction, is required
to report to the Legislature, on or before the second Mondaj' of December,
on the feasibility of establishing a State University, embracing an
Agricultural College, a School of Mines, and a Museum, including the
geological collections of this State.
I am, with high respect,
Your obedient servant,
J. D. WHITNEY,
State Geologist.

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE
STATE REFORM SCHOOL,
FOR
THIS "K-DES-A-DFt 1063,

O. M. OLAYES STATE PRINTER.

j^:n'nu^l repoht.
Marys viLLE. "I
December 5th, 1863. j
To His Excellency,
Leland Stanford,
Cxovernor of the State of California
Sir:—As required by the law regulating- the State Eeform School, the
Board of Trustees present the following report of the affairs of the School
for the year ending December first, eighteen hundred and sixty-three.
WM. HAWLBY,
CHAS. M. GOEHAM,
JACOB DEETH,
Trustees State Eeform School.
:

REFOUT
We have practiced the most i-igid economy in the expenditures of the
institution, while, at the same time, nothing has been wanting that was
necessary to its successful ojieration.
The actual current expenses for the year amount to.
We have purchased lumber for fencing
Eebuilding wall, and other repairs
Cows, calves, swine, and poultry (now on hand)
Audited claims, prior to December 1, 1862
^9,810 GO
1,026 84
570 00
182 00
203 22
Total for claims audited by the Board $11,792 06
We present the following detailed statement of expenditures :
Salar}- of Superintendent.
Salar}- of Assistant
Salary of Trustees
Servant hire
Groceries and provisions...
Meats
Clothing, shoes, etc
Coal oil
Fuel
Plumbing,
Harness
Drayage
Printing circulars
Arrest of escapes
Hay and grain
Arbitration to settle ownership of Librarj-
Carried forward
82,333

Brought forward
Furniture, crockery, hardware, and tools.
Drugs and medicines
Medical attendance
Cows, calves, poultry, and swine;
Lumber
Eepairs
Claims accruing prior to December 1, 1862.
Castings, etc $23 72
Lumber 50 50
Clothing 69 00
Carriage hire 60 00
Total I
811,792
;9,272 75
240 50
114 75
182 00
182 00
1,026 84
570 00
2(18 22
06
The present Board of Trustees took possession of the institution the
first of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-two. AVe found a farm of one
hundred acres without a rod of fencing belonging to the State. It was
then too late to fence the farm, and last winter we were without the
means to do it. The appropriation of the last Legislature has enabled
us to purchase lumber sufficient to inclose the entire proper!}', which
will be done this winter.
We have expended the sum of five hundred and seventy dollars in
inclosing a spacious yard with a substantial brick wall twelve feet high,
and also have had constructed a cellar under the building sufiicicnt for a
store room. The bathing room for the pupils has been very much improved
; also, the water tanks about the building. About one hundred
bushels of potatoes have been raised the past season, and as soon as practicable,
about sixt}' acres of grain will be sown. The potatoe field and
vegetable garden will be planted, and we arc confident that hereafter
enough hay, grain, and vegetables will be raised upon the farm to supply
the wants of the institution.
The School, under the charge of Mr. E. Brsiey, Assistant Superintendent,
is one of the best in this section. The pupils appear ambitious and
anxious for improvement, and a very marked and cheering interest is
manifested by them in their educational and moral advancement.
For statistical and other information relating to the School we respectfully
refer j'ou to the accompanying reports of the Superintendent of the
School, Mr. J. C. Sargent, whose management we cannot too highly praise,
also, that of Mr. E. B. Bracy, Assistant Superintendent, who, during his
brief connection Avith the Institution, has shown competent fitness for
his position.
We have the honor to be. very respcctfullj',
Your obedient servants,
WM. HAWLEY.
CHAS. M. GOEIIAM,
JACOB DEETII,
Trustees State Eeform School.

SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.

HE I>0 R T
State Eeform School,
December 1st, 1863 .}
To the Honorahlc Board of Trustees of the State Reform School
Gentlemen :—In compliance with law I herewith submit to you the
second annual report of this institution :
Since the establishment of the institution in eighteen hundred and
sixty-one, the whole number of children which have been received is
forty-eight.
The number in the house on the first day of June, eighteen hundred
and sixty-three, was as follows :
White boys.
Eeceived since the first day of December, 1862
White boys
White girls
Colored boys
Total
Of these we Indentured
Escaped
Discharged
White boys....
White girls....
Colored boys.
Total
Eeraaining on the first of December, 1863 :
:
15
2
1
:
18
19
2
1
26
22

10
FROM WHENCE RECEIVED.
Amador Countj^ 1
Butte Count}" 2
Nevada County a 3
S utter County 1
Sacramento County... 5
Sierra County 2
Tuolumne Count}''. 1
Yuba County 7
Total ;
CAUSKS OF COMMITMENT.
Petit larceny 8
Committed by their friends under the Act of 1861 14
Total
FOR HOW LONG COMMITTED.
One year 11
Two years ... 2
Three years .3
Four years 1
Six years. ., 1
During minority , 4
Total
AGES.
Eight years 2
Nine years 5
Ten years 4
Eleven years 2
Twelve years 2
Thirteen years... 4
Fourteen years 2
Fifteen years 1
Total
•

11
PARENTAGE.
American 11
Irish 7
Italian 1
Spanish 2
German 1
Total 22
There are three orphans; seven are motherless; two have stepfathers;
one has a step-mother ; and the parents of six are separated.
The boys are required to make themselves useful in the general works
of the institution, assisting the cook and laundress, sweeping, scrubbing,
and pumping water.
They have ever manifested a readiness, when called upon, to engage
in any labor about the farm, and their deportment at such times has
been good.
A very remarkable degree of good health has prevailed during the
past six months; one girl and one boy have required the services of a
Physician. Cases of chills and fever, and intermittant fevers, have frequently
occurred; but care, with the common remedy, has soon found
the patient in his usual health. The impi-ovements made in the bath
room, 1 am confident, have contributed largel}- to the health of the institution.
AYe endeavor to show them the advantages of morality over immorality,
honesty over dishonesty, and virtue over vice, and teach
them by precept and example habits of industry and economy ;
and it
gives me great pleasure to be able to inform you that an this we have
succeeded beyond our expectations.
For further information in relation to the institution, I take pleasure
in referring j'ou to the accompanjnng report of the xissistaut and
Teacher, E. B. Bracy, Esq., who brings to this new field of labor a large
experience as a disciplinarian and teacher of youth, combined with
practical business qualifications aiid habits. He is also a practical
teacher of vocal music, which gives him a great advantage in controlling
and benefiting the boys.
The following table shows the quantity and description of supplies,
stock, tools, farm products, etc., for the six months ending December
first, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and amount of stock on hand at
that date :
Fresh and Corned Beef
Shoulders
Codfish
Salt Pork
Total
Meat and Fish.
2,427 pounds.
40 pounds.
100 pounds.
25 jDOunds.
2.594 pounds.

Wheat Flour
Graham Flour.
Corn Meal
Beans
Eice
Tapioca
Lard
Salt
Coifce
Dried Apples, (half barrel)
Onions
Butter
Soap
Starch
Tallow
Tartaric Acid
Cream Tartar
Saleratus
White Sugar
Brown Sugar
Tea
Syrup
Vinegar :
Mustard and Spices
Yeast Powder
Provisions.
Clothing.
Hats
Cotton Pants
Shirts ,
Cotton Eose
Shoes
Wool Sacks
Shoe Strings
Drawers
Undershirts
Cotton Gloves
Dry Goods
Sheeting ,
Table Linen ,
Oil Cloth for Table
Elastic
Calico
Eibbon
Merino
Gingham
Muslin de Laine
'.
Needles
12
3.950
400
150
300
25
20
90
170
150
115
30
250
96 i
60
11
I
5
12
250
225
47
25
25
3
1
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
l^onnds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pound.
l>ounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
gallons.
gallons.
clozeu
dozen.
2-2 dozen.
3 dozen.
5v dozen.
5i- dozen.
1^ dozen.
3 J dozen.
4 dozen.
2 pair.
1 pair.
1 pair.
153 j'-ards.
8 yards.
5 yards.
2 3'ards.
14 yards.
5o yards.
2 yards.
10 yards.
9 yards.
8 j)apers.
.

Pins
Braid
Spool Thread
Napkius
Towels
Window Curtains and Fixtures.
Milk Pans
Plates
Tin Plates
Dust Pans
Brooms
Preserve Cans
Table Spoons
Knives and Forks
Tin Cups and Saucers...
Bowls
Chambers
Lamp Chimneys
Wicks
Globes
Iron Shovel and Tongs.
Mop Stick
Egg Beater
Cake Cutter
Sieve
Churn
Spi'inkling Pot
Counter Brushes
Floor Brushes
Lamp Filler
Tea Kettle
Stove
Clothes Line
Wisp
Scrubbing Brushes ,
Butcher Knife
Clasps and Staple
Hinges
Sh ovels
Mattock
Bush Scythe and Snath....
Scythe Stone
Axe Handles
Pliers
Glue Pot
Scale Beam, (200 pounds).
Handcuifs
Furniture.
13
Hardware and Tools.
2

Thimble for Flue...
Cask
Water Spigots
Hose Couplings
Files, three-square
Files, flat
Wood Screws
Brads
Tacks
Clout Nails
Zinc
Eave Spout
Wrought Nails
Cut Nails
Lead Pipe
Solder
Kerosene Oil
Boiled Linseed Oil....
White Lead
Putty
Paint for Blackboard.
Glue
Sugar Pine, planed
Fencina*
Castor Oil
Castor Oil
Saltpetre
Camphor
Resin
Indigo
Spirits of Nitre
Essence of Peppermint.
Quinine
Alcohol
Cathartic Pills
Tonic Pills
.
14
Oils and Paints.
Lnmher.
Drugs and Medicines.
'.
1

Cows with Calves.
Hogs
Hens
Cords
Live Stock.
Wood.
16
Books and Stationery.
'.
Copy Books
Spelling Books
Penholders
Ink, small bottles
Ink, quart bottle
Pens
Chalk Crayons
Statutes of 1860
For the Statutes of 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1861,
1862, and 1863, we are indebted to the courtesy and
attention of the State Librarian, W. C. Stratton, Esq.
Medical Attendance.
Visits by Dr. Wilkins
Yisits by Dr. Harrington
Prescriptions by Dr. Wilkins
Bolts for wagon
Bolts for large iron door..
Clasps for large iron door
Irons for wagon seat
Staple for bell handle
Shoeing horse
Straightening iron pipe...
Blacksmith ing.
Labor Perforrtied.
By Catherine McCarty, Cook...
By Mathew Sniidt, Cook ,
By Mrs. A. J. Sloanan
By Julia Monahan, Laundress...
By Mrs. E. A. Bean, Laundress
By J. T. McComas, Mason
By E. C. Eoss, Plumber
Hay.
Products of Farm.
27
5 dozen.
2 dozen.
1 dozen.
2 dozen.
1
1 gross.
1 gross.
1 copy.
1 mo. 23 days.
3 mos. 4 days.
23 days.
5 mos. 2 days.
27 days.
32 days.
6 days.
6 tons.

Potatoes
Squashes
Tomatoes
Apple Melons.
Lead
Board of Laboi"ers...
Hay for pair Horses
Other Resources.
16
On hand Dccemher \st.
Vinegar...
Preserves
Tea
Cream Tartar.
Salt
Starch
Grraham Flour
Wheat Flour...
Rice
Lard
Beans
Nails
Corn
Wheat
Dried Apples...
Coffee
Potatoes
Yeast Powders
Spices ,
Shirts
Socks
Hats
Cows
Horse
Wagon
Harness
Hoffs
Hens
A good supply of axes, hoes, shovels, rakes, etc.
Stove wood
Fencing Lumber
White Sugar
Brown Suffar
37
100 bushels
300 pounds.
50 pounds.
100 pounds.
675 pounds.
491 days.
5 days.
9
8
11
3
75
24
175
850
15
30
150
50
300
500
75
40
1
5
1
1
1
2
5
30
,663
125
200
gallons.
gallons.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
pounds.
i:)0und8.
pounds.
: barrel.
pounds.
bushels
^-12 doz.
f dozen.
I
dozen.
dozen.
dozen.
set.
dozen.
cords,
feet,
pounds,
pounds.
We have lumber on hand sufficient to fence the farm and enable us to
cultivate it with safety, and I would recommend the purchase of seed
barley sufficient to seed at least thirty acres, and wild oats to seed twenty
or thirty acres ; this will afford hay and grain enough for the use of the
institution, and leave a surplus for sale.

17
The rebuilding of the rear wall is very desirable, and a fence in front
would enable us to beautify the place by planting trees, shrubbery, etc.,
and add greatly in appearance and comfort.
I hope you will see the propi-iety of planting a small orchard and vine-
this has been already too long delayed.
yard ;
It is gratifying to me to be able to inform you that the prejudice heretofore
existing against the institution is fast disappearing. Correspondence
with persons in different parts of the State convinces me of this
important fact. I have also been assured by those who have been its
active opponents that they have ceased their opposition, and hereafter
will be equally active in its support.
We tender our hearty acknowledgements to the publishers of the
" Marysville Appeal," " San Juan Press," and the " Golden Era," for the
donation of a copy of their respective papers for the use of the institution.
There seems to be a serious misapprehension in the minds of many in
relation to the nature and design of the School j it is regarded more as
a Penitentiary than a place of reform. They do not consider the grand
object to be to take youthful offenders out of the way of temptation, and
b}" precept and example to encourage them in well doing. Hence, boys
fourteen or fifteen years of age convicted of crime are sent here for one
or two years; such boys are invariably a damage to the School, and derive
no permanent benefit to themselves ; they think more of the end of
their term than they do of self-improvement ; they are restless themselves
and make others so, when, if they had been committed during minority,
they would consider this as their home, and their hope of release
would be in well established habits of propriety and well-doing. The
State then takes the place of a parent—educates and controls them, and
when qualified to resist temptation, the Trustees have full power to apprentice
or discbarge them.
It is not by a magic power that idle, unrul}^ bo3"s are converted into
industrious and obedient ones ; it is the work of time. By precept and
example, by kind but firm discipline, by encouraging words of sympathy,
show them that the right way is the best.
To the Board of Trustees I tender my grateful acknowledgments for
their continued courtesy and kindness, and the assistance they have rendered
to me in my official duties. Hoping to merit their continued
approbation and kindness, it will be my object on all occasions to perform
my duties in such a manner as to promote the best interests of the
institution.
EespectfuUy submitted.
J. C. SAEGENT,
Superintendent.

ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.

HE I* O R T.
To J. C. Sargent, Superintendent State Reform School :
Marysville, )
December Ist, 1863. j
Sir:—A connection of but three weeks with this institution, and the
entire absence of records by my predecessor, will necessarily preclude,
on my part, a report exhibiting progress attained. I regret that 1 can
only submit the present condition of the School.
The whole number of inmates under instruction is
Does not know the Alphabet
Commenced to read in First Eeader
Commenced to read in Second Eeader
Commenced to read in Third Eeader
Commenced to read in Fourth Eeader
In Arithmetic.
Commencing with oral instructions in Addition ....
Commencing with oral instructions in Subtraction
Commencing with oral instructions in Eeduction...
Cornell's First Steps...
Cornell's Intermediate
Smith's High School...
In Geography.
22
1
4
6
6
5
13
2
5

22
In addition, the entire School, classified according to capacitj", are ;
exercised daily upon the fine outline maps and charts with which the
institution is so well provided.
Cannot write at all
Just commencing to write
Can write legibl}^
Can write well
In Writing.
Weekly exercises are had in Declamation, Composition, and (original)
Debating, in which, with a subject adapted to their several capacities,
they all participate with great eagerness. Suitable exercises, including
Singing, are bad on Sunda3's.
iSTot the least of my incentives in assuming the responsibilities of this
position, was to test the efficacy of my theory in the government and
management of this class of boys ; and, I am pleased to state that, thus
far, the result has, in every way, proved to me entirely satisfactory^, and
demonstrated that even they, who, taken promiscuously from various
parts of the State, may be counted a fair average of that unfortunate
class of juveniles that, with little or no restraint, infest our cities and
towns, and ai'e regarded as already so steeped in vice and moral obliquity
as to be irremediably lost to all hope of reform, and recognized as " candidates
for the State Prison," yet possess the germ of manhood which,
pruned and cultivated, may be made to yield excellent fruit. In no
instance have I failed to see developed the latent spark of pride— pride
of character, which is easily fanned into self respect—a sure and easy
foundation upon which to build. During my occupancj^ of this charge,
though the ferrule and the rod, and all other means and methods of cor-
poreal punishment have been numbered among " the things that were
a schoolboy's tale, the wonders (terrors) of an hour," yet, never, throughout
a somewhat extensive experience, have I found scholai'S more docile
and obedient, possessing finer sensibilities j whose sympathies were more
easily aroused ; who exhibited towards each other a kinder feeling, or
w^ho who were more emulous of pleasing and doing the bidding of their
Teacher. More exemplary conduct, both out of School and in, I have
never seen among School children. I have mingled much with them out
of School, and I have never heard emanating from them an oath, or witnessed
an altercation threatening to lead to blows. Never have I witnessed
less inclination to depart from truth or strict honesty. The
interest which they manifest in their studies is quite satisfactory. All
appear happy and content. For the -alacrity which has characterized
their submission to my requirements in School, together with their uniform
good deportment out, too much cannot be said in praise of your excelleut
management of the institution, through which you have attained
80 high a degree of discipline.
I regard the condition of these children here, where they are continually
under proper restraint and control, as far superior to a hu'ge class
of the boys attending the Schools in our cities, and allowed to run at
will under no restraint except during School hours. 1 can discover nothing
like depravity in their natures. Should it excite our surprise that,
—
10
8
2

23
jjossesying all the impressibility of childhood, at a time when the mind
is little controlled by the judgement—without, in most cases, the protecting
care of parents or friends, and surrounded by influences which many
adults cannot brave, they should fall? What work, then, more laudable
than to elevate them from this moral degradation while they are 3'et susceptible
of impressions, and prepare them for a field of usefulness?
Estimating the many evidences of future promise among the inmates
of this School, and comparing them with other Schools for hojs of their
age throughout the country, one cannot but pronounce them already re-
claimed, and a few years will prepare most of them to assume respectable
positions among men ;
and what is true of the few, may it not also be
of the whole or greater part? Why may not this institution be claimed
as a success ? Those of a like kind pros|)er in the older States. We certainly
are not without abundant subjects; and in no State is the evil to
be remedied greater than in our own. Let, then, the State complete the
beneficent work she has so nobly begun, and build up an institution to
which she will not be ashamed to lend her countenance--^oae to which
she can point with pride as worthy of California.
Most respectfully,
E. B. BRACY,
Assistant Huperintend^nL

' ^-^
A V