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The origin of Italy 35 complained about Mommsen’s presence in a wakeup call for the creation of the museum, warning that those transalpine investigations would lead to a ‘cultural appropriation at the expense of the Italian heritage, deliberately attempted by the “Alemanni” in order to legitimate a German superiority over the Latin peoples’. 110 Finally, the museum society was launched on 16 October, 1871, with Maggi being elected to the council of the natural history section. 111 When the first exhibitions were organised in the town hall later in the same year, Maggi contributed his very conspicuous collection of rocks, which he had collected during his survey of the Valcuvia: as many as 462 specimens, according to the records. 112 Despite his time-consuming commitments in Pavia, Maggi continued his support for the museum in Varese over the coming years. Several of his letters to the museum’s board of directors have been preserved in the town’s archive, providing further evidence of the naturalist’s ongoing involvement, especially during the early years of the museum’s existence. His interventions give testimony of his own approach to natural history and evolution, as he insisted, against some resistance from his colleagues, on a chronological display of the specimens, and he gave advice on systematics and taxonomy. 113 The national interest in the Varese lake dwellings was emphasised by the Italian Society for Natural Sciences, whose decision to hold a meeting in Varese in September 1878 was explicitly motivated by the most recent discoveries of a wellpreserved palafitta on the islet of Lake Varese by the British archaeologist W. K. Foster in April and May of that year. 114 This meeting, as we have heard, was chaired by Leopoldo Maggi, who organised excursions to the main prehistoric sites of the area, including the little island, which on the occasion was named Isolino Virginia, to honour the island’s owner’s wife, Virginia Ponti Pigna, as Maggi 110 On the Esposizione Agricola-Industriale dell’anno 1871, organised during the congress of the Società Agricola di Lombardia, see Basso (1990):8-10. She paraphrases Apostolo’s concerns: ‘l’appropriazione culturale a danno del patrimonio italiano tentata volutamente dagli “Alemanni” al fine di legittimare una superiorità tedesca rispetto a quella latina’, from the manuscript of Apostolo’s address at the congress, under the title of “Thirty Roman inscriptions” (Trenta iscrizioni romane). 111 The list of officers has been reproduced in Basso (1990:22): Elenco degli Uffici della Società del Museo Patrio. Contini (2002:27, fn. 23) claims that Maggi had initially been voted President of that section, but that claim is not borne out by the official document. 112 When the present author visited the Museo patrio for the first time in 1994, this collection was no longer identifiable. We get an impression of Maggi’s comprehensive geological and mineralogical knowledge from his “Catalogue of the rocks of the Valcuvia”, presented at the 1878 congress of the Società italiana, where the author also describes his donation to the museum (M79:862). 113 Archivio Storico del Comune di Varese, Fondo Museo Patrio, paraphrased in Basso (1990:23). 114 De Marinis (1983): 74f. [though he writes “Forster”]; on these excavations, see Munro (1890), Evans (1985) mentions a W.K. Foster bequest at the Museum of Ethnography and Archaeology, University of Cambridge. According to personal information from Anne Taylor, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Walter K. Foster died on 5 July 1891 and was commemorated in the museum’s annual report in 1892.
36 The origin of Italy reminded his readers many years later (M271). 115 The Ponti family continued to sponsor the excavations well into the twentieth century, when a catalogue of the objects retrieved from the lake dwellings on the isolino was published in 1913. 116 However, Maggi himself was no longer involved in this line of research after the meeting in 1878, through which he had succeeded in making himself a name as a widely knowledgeable naturalist, both nationally through the Società, and locally among the supporters of the Museo patrio and the readers of the weekly Cronaca Varesina, contributing to the “re-appropriation” of the Fatherland’s natural and cultural heritage. Fig. 5: Sandy deposits of the moraine of Gaggio d’Azzio (Valcuvia) M15 (Memorie) p. 25. 115 The visit was captured in a lithograph by A. Ogheri given to the participants of the Society meeting. A reproduction can be found in Banchieri (1992:11). 116 De Marinis (1983):78.
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Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgements Research for this
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The configuration of t
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Page 14 and 15: Introduction 5 biological racism un
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Research school 89 mainly through t
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Research school 91 One of the inter
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96 Conclusion perspective of a phyl
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98 Conclusion transform into a net
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100 Conclusion anthropology”, cut
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Appendix 1: Leopoldo Maggi’s Lett
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Appendix 1 105 what belittles me be
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Appendix 1 107 Illustre mio Collega
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Appendix 1 109 Illustre Prof e Hæc
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Appendix 1 111 of thanks of 20 Febr
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Appendix 1 113 Illustre Professore
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Appendix 1 115 Mio caro Professore
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Appendix 1 117 Fig. 9: Banquet on t
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Appendix 1 119 Illustre Professore
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122 Appendix 2 Nulla dies sine line
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124 Appendix 2 28. ‘Sull’analis
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126 Appendix 2 64. ‘La mielina ne
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128 Appendix 2 106. ‘Esame protis
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130 Appendix 2 1885 145. ‘A propo
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132 Appendix 2 181. ‘La trasforma
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134 Appendix 2 215. ‘Alcune varie
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136 Appendix 2 254. ‘Ossicini met
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138 Appendix 2 Categories assigned
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140 Andres, A[ngelo] (1901): La lot
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142 Bastian, H[enry] Charlton (1871
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144 — (2006) ‘Leopoldo Maggi (1
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146 — & E[usebio] Oehl (1866): Ri
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148 Chiarelli, Brunetto & Giuseppe
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150 — (1982): ‘Medicina, ideolo
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152 Dove, Alfred (1871): ‘Was mac
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154 Fisher, John R. (1993): ‘Brit
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156 — & Manfred D. Laubichler (20
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158 — (1873): ‘Zur Morphologie
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160 — (ed. ²2003): Klassische Sc
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162 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de (1809
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164 fisiologia comparate, Universit
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166 Meschiari, A. (1990): ‘Critic
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168 Murani, Oreste (1899): ‘Comme
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170 Pavesi, Pietro (1905): ‘Sul P
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172 — (2008a): ‘Amoebae as Exem
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174 — (1992): ‘Richard Owen and
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176 — (1906): Fatti e pensieri di
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178 — (1997): ‘American Attitud
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180 Zoja, Luigi & Raffaello Zoja (1
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Annals of the history and philosoph
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