effects of l-carnitine administration on growth performance

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386 C. ARSLAN et al. heart percentages showed that L-<strong>carnitine</strong> <strong>administration</strong> did not influence edible giblets weight in duck. As indicated in Table IV, L-<strong>carnitine</strong> supplementation did not affect serum cholesterol, total lipid, triglyceride and glucose levels. However, cholesterol, total lipid, triglyceride and glucose levels were 13.71, 6.33, 19.49 and 11.40% lower in the <strong>carnitine</strong> group than in the control group. Non significant decreases in lipid fractions (cholesterol, total lipid, triglyceride) were probably the result <strong>of</strong> b-oxidation <strong>of</strong> long chain fatty acids with the support <strong>of</strong> additional L-<strong>carnitine</strong>. Similarly, several studies conducted on different animal species indicated that L-<strong>carnitine</strong> supplementation decreased serum cholesterol, total lipid and triglyceride levels (Bell et al., 1987; Mondola et al., 1992). Lien and Horng (2001) noticed that the activity <strong>of</strong> <strong>carnitine</strong> palmitoyl transferase, which is the fatty acid b-oxidation enzyme, was significantly increased by supplementary L-<strong>carnitine</strong> in broilers. Whole serum parameters were in TABLE IV Blood serum parameters in ducks (Means + Sx, n = 25) Parameters Control group Carnitine group Cholesterol [mg/dl] 124.0 + 2.3 107.0 + 1.4 Total lipid [mg/dl] 454.8 + 16.9 426.0 + 18.9 Triglyceride [mg/dl] 175.5 + 3.7 141.3 + 1.0 Glucose [mg/dl] 186.0 + 1.8 164.8 + 2.0 TABLE V Fatty acid composition <strong>of</strong> abdominal fat in ducks [%] (Means + Sx) Fatty acids Control group Carnitine group C12:0 0.04 + 0.00 0.04 + 0.00 C14:0 0.57 + 0.01 0.53 + 0.04 C15:0 0.05 + 0.00 0.05 + 0.00 C16:0 23.77 + 0.88 a 22.65 + 0.19 b C17:0 0.10 + 0.01 0.08 + 0.00 C18:0 4.48 + 0.32 4.03 + 0.17 C20:0 0.07 + 0.00 0.06 + 0.00 C21:0 0.11 + 0.00 0.10 + 0.01 C24:0 0.04 + 0.01 0.03 + 0.00 S SFA 1 29.22 + 1.19 a 27.57 + 0.20 b C14:1 0.11 + 0.01 0.11 + 0.01 C16:1 5.16 + 0.26 5.33 + 0.27 C18:1 49.62 + 1.27 51.43 + 0.72 C20:1 0.34 + 0.01 0.45 + 0.05 C24:1 0.06 + 0.01 0.03 + 0.00 S MUFA 2 55.28 + 1.48 57.34 + 0.55 C18:2 11.24 + 0.37 11.95 + 0.48 C18:3 0.52 + 0.01 0.58 + 0.02 C20:2 0.11 + 0.01 0.10 + 0.01 C20:3 0.07 + 0.00 0.07 + 0.00 C22:2 0.14 + 0.01 0.10 + 0.01 S PUFA 3 12.09 + 0.38 12.80 + 0.51 1 SFA: Saturated fatty acids. 2 MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids. 3 PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Means with different superscript letters are significant (P 5 0.05).
agreement with data reported by Baranyiova and Holub (1969) and Janan et al. (2000) for ducks and geese. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid levels <strong>of</strong> abdominal fat were found to be 27.6 – 29.2 and 67.4 – 70.1% in the experimental groups (Table V). It is noticed that abdominal fat <strong>of</strong> ducks is rich for saturated fatty acids. The major SFA were palmitic and stearic acid, the major MUFA were oleic and palmiteloic acid and the major PUFA was linoleic acid. Although, L-<strong>carnitine</strong> <strong>administration</strong> did not affect total MUFA and PUFA content (P 4 0.05), but it significantly decreased the total SFA content (P 5 0.05). The total SFA, MUFA and PUFA in this study were in agreement with Kirchgessner et al. (1997) and Blotnicka et al. (1999) for geese. In conclusion, L-<strong>carnitine</strong> <strong>administration</strong> via drinking water did not affect growth performance, carcass traits and serum cholesterol, total lipid, triglyceride and glucose levels. Total saturated fatty acid content <strong>of</strong> abdominal fat significantly decreased, while mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not influenced by L-<strong>carnitine</strong> <strong>administration</strong>. References EFFECTS OF L-CARNITINE ON GROWTH AOAC (1984) Official Methods <strong>of</strong> Analysis. Williams, S. (Ed.), 14th Ed., Arlington, Virginia 22009 USA 73. Baranyiova, E. and Holub, A. (1969) Age changes <strong>of</strong> blood and plasma glucose level in ducklings. Acta Vet. (Brno), 38, 497–500. Barker, D.L. and Sell, J.L. (1994) Dietary <strong>carnitine</strong> did not influence performance and carcass composition <strong>of</strong> broiler chickens and young turkeys fed low- or high-fat diets. Poult. Sci., 73, 281 – 287. Baumgartner, M. and Blum, R. (1997) Typical L-<strong>carnitine</strong> contents in feedstuffs. In: L-<strong>carnitine</strong> Folder, Lonza Ltd., Basel. Bell, F.P., Raymon, T.L. and Painode, C.L. (1987) The influence <strong>of</strong> diet and <strong>carnitine</strong> supplementation on plasma <strong>carnitine</strong>, cholesterol, and triglicerides in WHHL (Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic) Netherland Dwarf and New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 87B, 587 – 591. Blotnicka, T.S., Rosisnki, A., Przysiezna, E., Woloszyn, J. and Wenda, G.E. (1999) Effect <strong>of</strong> dietary formulation supplemented with herbal mixture on the goose abdominal fat quality. Arch. Geflu¨gelkde., 63, 122–128. Bremer, J. (1983) Carnitine: metabolism and functions. Physiol. Rev., 63, 1420 – 1480. Borum, P.R. (1987) Role <strong>of</strong> <strong>carnitine</strong> in lipid metabolism. In: Horisberger, M. and Bracco, U. (Eds.) Lipids in Modern Nutrition. Nestle Nutrition, Vevey/Raven Press, New York. pp. 51 – 58. Buyse, J., Janssens, G.P. and Decuypere, E. (2001) The <strong>effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> dietary L-<strong>carnitine</strong> supplementation on the performance, organ weights and circulating hormone and metabolite concentrations <strong>of</strong> broiler chickens reared under a normal or low temperature schedule. Br. Poult. Sci., 42, 230 – 241. C¸ elik, L. and Öztu¨ rkcan, O. (2003) Effects <strong>of</strong> dietary supplemental L-<strong>carnitine</strong> and ascorbic acid on performance, carcass composition and plasma L-<strong>carnitine</strong> concentration <strong>of</strong> broiler chicks reared under different temperature. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 57, 27–38. Feller, A.G. and Rudman, D. (1988) Role <strong>of</strong> <strong>carnitine</strong> in human nutrition. J. Nutr., 118, 541 – 547. Gropp, J.M., Schumacher, A. and Schweigert, F.J. (1994) Recent research in vitamin nutrition with special emphasis to vitamin A, b-carotene and L-<strong>carnitine</strong>. In: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Meeting <strong>of</strong> the Arkansas Nutrition Conference, Fayetteville, Arkansas Poultry Federation, pp. 124 – 134. I˙s¸ güzar, E., Koçak, C¸ . and Pingel, H. (2002) Growth, carcass traits and meat quality <strong>of</strong> different local ducks and Turkish pekins (short communication). Arch. Anim. Breed., 45, 413 – 416. Janan, J., Bodi, L., Agota, G., Bardos, L., Rudas, P., Kozak, J. and Karsai, M. (2000) Relationships between force-feeding and some physiological parameters in geese bred for fatty liver. Acta Vet. Hung., 48, 89 – 97. Jones, R. (1984) A standard method for the dissection <strong>of</strong> poultry for carcass analysis. The West <strong>of</strong> Scotland Agricultural College. Auchincruive Ayr. Technical Note, No:222. Kirchgessner, M., Jamroz, D., Eder, K. and Pakulska, E. (1997) Carcass quality and fatty acid composition in growing geese fed various rations. Arch. Geflu¨gelkde., 61, 191 – 197. Leibetseder, J. (1995) Studies on the <strong>effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> L-<strong>carnitine</strong> in poultry. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 48, 97 – 108. Lien, T.F. and Horng, Y.M. (2001) The effect <strong>of</strong> supplementary dietary L-<strong>carnitine</strong> on the growth performance, serum components, carcass traits and enzyme activities in relation to fatty acid beta-oxidation <strong>of</strong> broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 42, 92 – 95. Mast, J., Buyse, J. and Goddeeris, B.M. (2000) Dietary L-<strong>carnitine</strong> supplementation increases antigen-specific immunoglobulin G production in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr., 83, 161–166. 387
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