forest tree species selection - Forest Sector Support Partnership

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
FOREST SECTOR SUPPORT PROGRAMME AND PARTNERS
FOREST TREE SPECIES SELECTION
FOR PLANTING PROGRAMMES IN VIETNAM
Compiled by:
Le Dinh Kha, Nguyen Xuan Lieu, Nguyen Hoang Nghia,
Ha Huy Thinh, Hoang Sy Dong, Nguyen Hong Quan, Vu Van Me
HANOI, NOVEMBER 2003

Contents
Table of contents
Background and justification
Method of study
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I. Selection criteria and lists of priority species for
production forests
1. Selection criteria of priority species for production forests
2. Lists of priority species for production forests
Part II. Selection criteria and lists of priority species for
protection forests
1. Selection criteria of priority species for protection forests
2. Lists of priority species for protection forests
Part III. Selection criteria and list of priority species for
special-used forests
1. Selection criteria of priority species for special-used forests
2. List of priority species for special-used forests
Part IV. Annexes
Table 1. List of forest tree species used in tree planting
programmes in Vietnam
Table 2. Site conditions for planting priority species for
production forests
Table 3. Site conditions for planting priority species for
protection forests
Table 4a + 4b. Site conditions for planting priority species for
special-used forests
Part V. Introduction to major important species for planting
programmes
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FOREST TREE SPECIES SELECTION
FOR PLANTING PROGRAMMES IN VIETNAM
BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
1. Present situation and necessity of selecting species for plantation
Together with concentrated plantation forests using investment from donor projects
and scattered tree planting progarmmes of the communities, the five million hectare
reforestation programme (5MHRP = P.661) was approved by the National Congress
and the Government of Vietnam has conducted to implement in the whole country
since 1999 and gained some initial optimal results.
In process of tree planting programmes' operation, the forestry owners in the
provinces are concerned with identification of types and structures of planting
species, especially the species that are valuable in some aspects, ecological
requirement matching with the site conditions, is prioritized to plant in wide range.
According to forest development strategy for period 2001-2010, the forest resources
in Vietnam have been classified into 3 categories that should be in concentration:
- Production forest
- Protection forest
- Special - used forest
In order to implement the main objectives of the 5MHRP and others, the planting,
taking care, enriching forest activities should meet 3 following purposes:
1. For production and people’s living standards: The products processed from
forests should meet various and increasing needs of the society.
2. Ensure that the forest ecological system stable and improve its role in
environment protection.
3. Protect, maintain and enrich the biological diversification of Vietnam forests.
In the past plantation programmes, especially in the programme 327, some lists of
planting species have been proposed (104 species for Programme 327, 208 species
for STRAP, etc.). Those programmes emphasized in using indigenous species for
plantation forests and enrichment of natural forests.
Presently in implementation process of 5MHRP and other planting programmes,
plantation and enriching activities in the proposed objectives are based both on
endemic-indigenous species and exotic-fast growing species for protection,
production meeting the social various demands. Therefore, the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural development (MARD) made on report on planting structure
and plan for forestry development in 9 forestry economic-ecological zones in the
whole country for research.
Since 2000, Vietnam Tree Seed Project (VTSP/DANIDA) funded by Royal Danish
Government through DANIDA has held 6 regional workshops and one national
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seminar on species selection in order to discuss on selection criteria and establish
the lists of priority tree species serving for 3 major planting purposes, as: production,
protection and special-used forests. Based on the results from those workshops, and
seminar, VTSP has proposed the lists of 57 priority species for production forests, 78
priority species for protection forests and 63 priority species for special-used forests.
The current proposals of forest tree species for planting programmes, which based
on the results of investigation and scientific, practical research, is applied in
reforestation programmes over the country gained considerable achievements.
However, these proposals are mainly concentrated on selection of indigenous
species for specific economic areas. In order to fulfill one of three important
functions, the 5MHRP has to establish 3 million hectares of production forests,
provide diversified products for the society. Therefore, beside indigenous endemic
species in the regions, the planting programmes also use several exotic fast-growing
and multi-purpose species.
So, it is neccessary to consider to revise, adjust, supplement data and elaborate the
lists of tree species used for reforestation programmes, especially, it is important to
establish a site-specific selection procedures which permits the ecological matching
of species with site conditions.
To support the development of forestry sector in Vietnam, 21 International partners
have signed the agreements with the forest sector of Vietnam (documented in July,
2003) in the "Forest Sector Support Programme and Partners - FSSP&P". In this
programme, the partners have defined 9 priority areas for support. To carry out the
FSSP&P successfully, one of the four important tools which can help the foresters in
particular and the men who are interested in forestry activities in general, is that we
have elaborate the "Forestry Sector Manual". The main objective of "Forestry
Sector Manual" is to provide tolls to plan, implement and to monitor projects and
activities within the forestry sector of Vietnam. Master list of subject areas of the
"Forestry Sector Manual" consists of 37 major issues. Of which, the species
selection for planting purposes is considered one of 18 very important issues,
because it is prerequisite, affect to the success of planting programmes. So, based
on requirements of FSSP&P and REFAS, one working group has been established
with the main duty is responsible for selecting of species for planting programmes in
Vietnam.
2. Objectives
- Collection, revision and elaboration of lists of tree species used in planting
programmes on national level based of available materials collected from the
workshops and end-user studies and lists of prioriry species using for individual
planting purpose, i.e. production / protection / special-used forests.
- To compile in data-format a list of key ecological data based on key climatic,
elevation and, where possible, soil data for a number of selected species in
Vietnam which can be entered into the site-specific selection system.
- Up-date basic informations and introduce to major important species used in
planting programmes for foresters in the local units.
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3. Outputs
- List of tree species used in planting programmes in Vietnam.
- Propose priority criteria to choose priority species using for various planting
purposes in Vietnam, i.e. production / protection / special-used forests.
- Lists of prioriry species using for individual planting purpose, i.e. production /
protection / special-used forests.
- Data-format a list of key ecological data based on key climatic, elevation and,
where possible, soil data for a number of selected species in Vietnam which can
be entered into the site-source matching system and used as the guidelines for
foresters.
- Introduce the up-date basic informations to major important species used in
planting programmes for foresters in the local units.
4. Activities
- Collect all the available lists of forest tree species used in planting programmes in
Vietnam, i.e. P.327, PAM, STRAP, P.661, VTSP/DANIDA, WB, KfW, etc.
- Collect all the data relating to forest tree species used for domestication,
introduction, species/provenance trials, germplam sources and planting materials
movement.
- Gather assessments of the results of trials on species: introduction, species/
provenance trials, species screening, ex-situ conservation plots, etc.
- Draft proposals for end-user studies e.g. questionnaires and interview schedules.
- Go through existing priority species lists and group species according to end-use,
national or regional priorities or other criteria.
- Base on ecological data of slected species and provenances, establish a sitespecific
selection system with various levels of detail, from national to provincial,
regional level. Data files indicating elevation and climatically suitable areas for
particular species could be taken to MapInfo:
+ Compile ecological data from existing sources such as species distribution
maps, research reports, surveys and other reliable sources.
+ Fill in a data-sheet of key ecological parameters for selected tree species.
+ Assess optimum range and tolerance level for relevant parameters such as
rainfall and temprature.
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METHOD OF STUDY
The contents and methodology used to identify forestry planting species and to
select priority species for planting activities and forest restoration are summaried as
follows:
1. Target group and scopes:
- Selected species including species for concentrated plantations and scattered
planting are included.
- Species, which have been successfully planted and demonstration models have
been established; or
- Species with high potentials (distributed in many regions, high economic and
ecological values).
2. Species name:
- Species name is defined in Vietnamese (common name and local name (if any),
scientific name is attached to the author's name. The main reference is "Names
of Vietnam Forest Trees", published in 2000 and some exceptions.
- Species name is arranged in alphabet. Less known name or local name are
placed in bracket.
- The scientific name attached with its author is the official common name. In
specific cases, name of co-authors are placed in the bracket.
- Plant's family is placed according to the scientific name. In specific cases, the
plant's family according to Vietnamese name is placed in the bracket.
- Distribution area of indigenous species are recorded in three large regions: North
(N), Centre (C) and South (S).
- Exotic species are recorded as (*) in the column Vietnamese name.
3. Group division:
a) Species are grouped according to the establishment purposes of
production forests, protection forests and special-used forests.
b) Each group is divided into sub-groups according to their main using
purposes for each category of forests:
- Species use for production forests: 2 sub-groups:
+ Species supply wood (Raw materials: paper, chip; Mining poles; Furnitures
and Construction).
+ Species supply non-timber products (bark, leaves, resin, oil, fruits, seeds, . . .)
- Species use for protection foresst: 4 sub-groups:
+ Watershed protection, soil erosion prevention
+ Windbreak, sand dune protection
+ Wave break, dike protectiion
+ Landscape, environment
- Species use for special used forests: choice species based on:
+ Threatened level
+ Endemicity
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+ Representative level for ecological system
+ Economic value
+ Scientific value
+ Regenerative ability
+ Planting ability
In general, there are three main criteria should pay more attentions when select
priority species use for planting programmes, as followings:
• Criteria of economy:
- Meet the demand of commecial purposes.
- High effectiveness of investment.
- Large and stable market.
• Criteria of environment:
- Ecological characteristics of species match local conditions.
- Species have high adaptability to wide range of ecological conditions.
- Environmental improvement.
• Criteria of science and technology:
- Good seeds are available, seed sources and propagation methods are known.
- Seed handling, planting, tending techniques are known.
According to different planting purposes, the priority order is also different. When
choose species serving for planting production forests, the priority order is: Economy
-Science/Technology-Environment. In the other hand, when choose species serving
for planting protection and special-used forests, the priority order is: Environment-
Science/Technology-Economy.
For exotic species, when define the requirement of planting conditions in Vietnam, it
is based on the results of species/provenance/introduction trials, intensive and
extensive plantations in recent years in the regions of the country, and refered to the
site conditions in original areas.
The mentioned works have been done by a Working Group (WG). The group
members were short term consultants from Forest Science Insititute of Vietnam
(FSIV), Central Forest Seed Company (CFSC), Forest Inventory and Planning
Institute (FIPI), Forestry University (FU), Forestry Department (FD), and some other
experts, specialized in aspects of Silviculture, Forestry Soil, etc.
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PART I
SELECTION CRITERIA AND LISTS OF PRIORITY SPECIES
FOR PRODUCTION FORESTS
1. Selection criteria of priority species for production forests
1.1. Common criteria:
- Economic value suitable to the purpose of forestry industry
- Ecological characteristics of species match local conditions.
- Large and stable market.
- Short rotation, produce in short time.
- Easy to grow or growing techniques known
- Resistibility to diseases/insects, non-toxic for environment.
1.2. Detailed criteria:
Production forests are devided into two sub-groups:
- Species supply wood
- Species supply non-timber products (bark, leaves, resin, oil, fruits, seeds, . . .)
1.2.1. Selection criteria for species supply wood:
Main criteria for selecting species which can supply wood is large exploited volume
of wood and wood quality in the given time.
The major groups of tree species supply wood are:
- Industrial raw materials.
- Mining pole wood.
- Wood for construction and furnitures.
• Species supply raw materials for industries must be fast-growing, annual
productivity in the intensive cultivation condition over 15 m 3 /ha/year.
Raw materials consist of: Paper pulp, chip wood and MDF.
+ Wood for paper pulp has density more than 0,40 (at moisture content (MC)
12%), effective use more than 47%.
+ Wood for making chip wood and MDF has density 0,40 - 0,45, easy to work.
+ Chip wood has fine texture, density 045-0.50, easy to work.
• Species supply mining pole wood must be fast-growing, density more than
0,45, resistance to termites, insects, durable and easy to work.
• Woods for construction and furniture: beautiful texture, colours, durable,
suitable with the market.
Moreover, those species have straight trunks, high and round-shaped boles (over
4m)
1.2.2. Selection criteria for species supply non-timber products:
The major groups of tree species which supply non-timber products are:
- Bark and products from bark
- Leaves and products from leaves
- Resin/oil and products from resin/oil
- Fruits/seeds and products from fruits/seeds
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The major criterita for selection of species supply non-timber products are as follows:
- Species supply bark and products from bark: fast-growing, high bole and
products must be high quality and suitable with market's requirements.
- Species supply leaves and products from leaves: fast-growing, large crown and
branches, good ability of budding.
- Species supply resin/oil and products from resin/oil: Average growing, high
quality and high productivities.
- Species supply fruits/seeds and products from fruits/seeds: high quality, high
productivities, large crown and high ability of budding.
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2. Lists of priority species for production forests
2.1. List of priority species supply wood
No. Species
Vietnamese name Scientific name
1. B¹ch ®µn lai E’lite clones
2. B¹ch ®µn caman Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
3. B¹ch ®µn tere Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
4. B¹ch ®µn uro Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake
5. DÇu r¸i Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don
6. §−íc ®«i Rhizophora apiculata Blume
7. Giæi xanh Michelia mediocris Dandy
8. Huûnh Tarrietia javanica Blume
9. Keo l¸ liÒm Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth.
10 Keo l¸ trµm A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth
11 Keo lai A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth x A. mangium Wild.
12 Keo tai t−îng Acacia mangium Wild.
13 L¸t hoa Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.
14 Phi lao Casuarina equisetifolia Forst & Forst f
15 Sao ®en Hopea odorata Roxb.
16 TÕch Tectona grandis L.
17 Th«ng ba l¸ Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon
18 Th«ng caribª Pinus caribaea Morelet
19 Th«ng m· vÜ Pinus massoniana Lamb.
20 Trµm cõ Melaleuca cajuputi Powell
21 Trµm l¸ dµi Melaleuca leucadendrra (L.) L.
22 Xµ cõ Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.
23 Xoan ta Melia azedarach L.
2.2. List of priority species supply non-timber products
No. Species
Vietnamese name Scientific name
1. Bêi lêi ®á Machilus odoratissima Nees
2. §iÒu Anacardium occidentale L.
3. Håi Illicium verum Hook f.
4. QuÕ Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl.
5. Th«ng hai l¸ Pinus merkusii Jungh.et de Vries
6. Tr¸m tr¾ng Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.
7. TrÇm dã Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte
2.3. Bamboos
- Luång: Dendrocalanus membranceus Munro
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PART II
SELECTION CRITERIA AND LISTS OF PRIORITY SPECIES
FOR PROTECTION FORESTS
1. Selection criteria of priority species for protection forests
Protection forests in Vietnam have 3 major categories: Watershed, sea-shores
(wind-break, sand dune fixing in sea shores and wave prevention) and environment,
landscape, urban and industrial areas protection forests.
1.1. Selection criteria of priority species for watershed protection forests
No Criteria
1 Adapt to ecological conditions in water-shed areas and easy to create
protection forests
2 Perennial plant with strong stem and deep root system, dense crown and
evergreen
3 Adapted to planting method of mixing forests with multi-storey stands
4 Tolerate drought, high slope, poor soils, high altitudes or complex
geographical situations and rock mountainous areas.
5 Multipurpose trees, secondary products may have economic value but still
pertain to strong protective ability.
6 No environment pollution
1.2. Selection criteria of priority species for protection forests in sea-shores
1.2.1. Selection criteria of priority species for wind-break, sand dune fixing in
sea shores
No Criteria
1 Adapted to poor sand soils in sea shores
2 Strong deep root system, limited evaporative water leaves, dense crown,
evergreen.
3 Tolerate wind, sand movement, drought
4 Perennial hard plant, suitable height.
5 Multipurpose trees, secondary products may have economic value but still
pertain to strong protective ability.
6 No environment pollution, can be used as seaside resorts.
1.2.2. Selection criteria of priority species for wave prevention in sea shores
No Criteria
1 Tolerate flooded conditions.
2 Strong deep root system, dense crown, evergreen.
3 Perennial hard stem, tolerate strong wind, storms.
4 Multipurpose trees, provide timber, fire-wood or non-timber products.
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1.3. Selection criteria of priority species for environment, landscape, urban
and industrial areas protection forests.
No Criteria
1 Adapted to local site conditions and environment, landscape, urban and
industrial areas
2 Perennial plant, tolerate dust, smoke and waste materials from urban areas or
industrial zones.
3 Strong deep root system, beautiful flowers, stem and crown, evergreen.
4 No environment pollution and attraction of harmful insects
5 Ability to prevent, filter dust, smoke and sounds
2. Lists of priority species for protection forests
2.1. List of priority species for water-shed protection forests
No. Species
Vietnamese
name
Scientific name
1. Bêi lêi nhít Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. (Litsea sebifera Willd.)
2. C¸ng lß Betula alnoides Buch. Ham.ex D.Don
3. Chß chØ Parashorea chinensis H. Wang
4. Chß n©u Dipterocarpus retusus
5. DÇu r¸i Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don
6. DÎ bép Lithocarpus fissus (Champ.ex Benth.) A. Camus;
Castanopsis fissa (Champ. ex Benth.) Rehd & Wils
7. DÎ ®á Lithocarpus ducampii (Hickel et A. Camus) A. Camus
8. §iÒu Anacardium occidentale L.
9. Giæi xanh Michelia mediocris Dandy
10 Håi Illicium verum Hook f.
11 Huûnh Tarrietia javanica Blume
12 Keo l¸ trµm A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth
13 Keo tai t−îng Acacia mangium Wild.
14 L¸t hoa Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.
15 Lim xanh Erythrophloeum fordii Oliv.
16 Lim xÑt Pelthophorum dasyrrachis (Miq.) Kurz. var. tonkinensis
(Pierre) K. & S.Larsen
17 Luång Dendrocalanus membranceus Munro
18 Muång ®en Cassia siamea Lam.
19 QuÕ Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl.
20 Rµng rµng mÝt Ormosia balansae Drake
21 Sa méc Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.
22 Sao ®en Hopea odorata Roxb.
23 Së Camellia oleifera C. Abel.
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24 Th«ng ba l¸ Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon
25 Th«ng hai l¸ Pinus merkusii Jungh.et de Vries
26 Th«ng m· vÜ Pinus massoniana Lamb.
27 T«ng dï Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem
28 Tèng qu¸n sñ Alnus nepalensis D. Don
29 Tr¸m tr¾ng Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.
30 TrÇm dã Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte
31 Tre gai Bambusa blumeana Schultes
32 Vªn vªn Anisoptera costata Korth. (Anisoptera cochinchinensis
Pierre)
33 Vèi thuèc Schima wallichii var. noronhae (Blume ) Bloemb.
34 Xoµi Mangifera indica L.
2.2. Lists of priority species for sea shores protection forests
2.2.1. List of priority species for wind-break, sand dune fixing in sea shores
No. Species
Vietnamese name Scientific name
1. Dõa Cocos nucifera L.
2. §iÒu Anacardium occidentale L.
3. Keo d©y Acacia dificilis Maiden
4. Keo l¸ liÒm Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth.
5. Keo l¸ trµm Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth
6. Keo Tumi®ª Acacia tumidae S. Muell
7. Muång ®en Cassia siamea Lam.
8. Phi lao Casuarina equisetifolia Forst & Forst f
9. Tre gai Bambusa blumeana Schultes
10 Xoµi Mangifera indica L.
11 Xoan chÞu h¹n Azedirachta indica Juss.
2.2.2. List of priority species for wave prevention forests
No. Species
Vietnamese name Scientific name
1. BÇn chua Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.
2. Dõa n−íc Nypa fruticans Wurmb.
3. §−íc ®«i Rhizophora apiculata Blume
4. MÊm tr¾ng Avicennia alba Blume
5. Só Aegiceras corniculatum
6. Trµm cõ Melaleuca cajuputi Powell
7. Trµm l¸ dµi Melaleuca leucadendrra (L.) L.
8. Trang Kandelia candel (L.) Druce
9. VÑt dï Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny
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2.3. List of priority species for protection of environment, landscape, urban
and industrial areas
No. Species
Vietnamese name Scientific name
1. Bµng Terminalia catappa L.
2. B»ng l¨ng Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz
3. D¸i ngùa Swietenia macrophylla King
4. DÇu r¸i Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don
5. Hoµng lan Michelia champaca
6. Keo l¸ trµm Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth
7. Keo tai t−îng Acacia mangium Wild.
8. Long n·o Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl
9. Me Tamarindus indica L.
10 Muång ®en Cassia siamea Lam.
11 Muång hoa vµng Cassia fistula L.
12 Nhéi Bischofia javanica Blume (Bischofia trifoliata (Roxb.)
Hook.f.)
13 Ph−îngvÜ Denolix regia (Bojer ex Hook,) Raf.
14 Sao ®en Hopea odorata Roxb.
15 SÊu Dracontomelon dupperreanum Pierre
16 S−a Dalbergia tonkinensis
17 S÷a Alstonia scholaris (L.) B. Br.
18 Th«ng ba l¸ Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon
19 Th«ng caribª Pinus caribaea Morelet
20 Th«ng hai l¸ Pinus merkusii Jungh.et de Vries
21 Th«ng m· vÜ Pinus massoniana Lamb.
22 Trøng c¸ Calophyllium sp.
23 ViÕt Manilkara kauki
24 Xµ cõ Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss.
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PART III
SELECTION CRITERIA AND LIST OF PRIORITY SPECIES
FOR SPECIAL-USED FORESTS
1. Selection criteria of priority species for special-used forests
1.1. Method:
Based on given points: The higher the point, the higher the priority level.
1.2. General criteria of priority level:
1.2.1. Endangered or extinct species.
1.2.2. Rare, valuable species for science, economics, environments, lanscape, etc.
1.2.3. Species can be planted in mix with other species and do not show negative
impact to development of ecosystem.
1.2.4. Difficult in natural regeneration and in cultivation.
1.2.5. Endemic species for each eco-region.
1.3. Detailed criteria
Criteria Point
1.3.1. Threatened level:
- CR (Critically Endangered)
- EN (Endangered)
- VU (Vulnerable)
- NT (Nearly Threatened)
- LC (Low connected)
1.3.2. Endemicity:
- Ecological zone
- Country
1.3.3. Representative level for ecological system:
- Country
- Ecological zone
1.3.4. Scientific value:
- High
- Average
- Low
1.3.5. Economic value:
- High
- Average
- Low
1.3.6. Regenerative ability:
- Low
- Average
- High
1.3.7. Planting ability:
- High
- Average
- Low
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2. List of priority species for special-used forests
No. Species
Vietnamese name Scientific name
1. B¸ch vµng Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon & Hiep
2. B¸ch xanh Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz
3. B¹ch tïng Podocarpus imbricatus Blume
4. CÈm lai Bµ RÞa Dalbergia oliveri Gamble ex Prain
(Dalbergia bariaensis Pierre, Dalbergia mammosa
Pierre)
5. C¨m xe Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Theob.
(Xylia dolabriformis Benth.)
6. Chai l¸ cong Shorea falcata Vidal
7. Chß chØ Parashorea chinensis H. Wang
8. Chß ®·i Annamocarya sinensis J. Leroy
9. Chß ®en Parashorea stellata Kurz
10 Chß n©u Dipterocarpus retusus
11 DÇu bao Dipterocarpus baudii Korth
12 DÇu c¸t Dipterocarpus chartaceus Sym
13 DÇu ®ät tÝm Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco
14 DÇu song nµng Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre ex Laness.
15 DÎ tïng säc n©u Amentotaxus hatuyenensis Hiep et Vidal
16 Du sam Keteleeria evelyniana Mast
17 Du sam ®¸ v«i Keteleeria fortunei (Murray) Carriere
18 §inh Markhamia stipulata (Wall) Schum
19 §Ønh tïng Cephalotaxus hainanensis H.L.Li
20 Gi¸ng h−¬ng Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz
21 Giæi xanh Michelia mediocris Dandy
22 Gâ ®á (Cµ te) Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib
23 Gâ mËt (Gô mËt) Sindora siamensis Teysm.
24 Gô biÓn Sindora siamensis var maritima
25 Hoµng ®µn Cupressus torulosa D.Don
26 Hoµng ®µn rñ Cupressus funebris Endle
27 Hång quang Rhodoleia championii Hook
28 Hång tïng Dacrydium elatum Wall.ex Hook
29 KiÒn kiÒn Hopea pierrei Hance
30 Kim giao Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel
31 Kim giao nam Podocarpus wallichianus Presl
32 L¸t hoa Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss
33 Lim xanh Erythrophleum fordii Oliv
34 M¹y chÊu Carya tonkinensis Lecomte
35 Mì Ba V× Manglietia hainanensis Dandy
36 Mun Diospyros mun A.Chev.
37 Mun säc Diospyros sp.
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38 NghiÕn Excentrodendron tonkinense (Gagnep) Chang & Miau
39 P¬ mu Fokienia hodginsii Henry&Thomas
40 Rµng rµng mÝt Ormosia balansae Drake
41 Re h−¬ng Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Meisn
42 Sa méc dÇu Cunninghamia konishii Hayata
43 Sao l¸ h×nh tim Hopea cordata Vidal
44 Sao m¹ng Hopea reticulata Tardieu
45 S¨ng ®µo Hopea ferrea Pierre
46 SÕn c¸t (SÕn mñ) Shorea roxburghii G.Don
47 SÕn mËt Madhuca pasquieri H.J.Lam
48 S¬n ®µo Melanorrhoea usitata Wall
49 S¬n huyÕt Melanorrhoea laccifera Pierre
50 Th«ng ®á L©m §ång Taxus wallichiana Zucc
51 Th«ng ®á Pµ Cß Taxus chinensis (Pilg) Rehd
52 Th«ng hai l¸ dÑt Pinus krempfii Lecomte
53 Th«ng n¨m l¸ Pinus dalatensis de Ferre’
54 Th«ng Pµ Cß Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex Tsiang
55 Th«ng tre Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don
56 Th«ng tre l¸ ng¾n Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw
57 Thñy tïng Glyptostrobus pensilis K. Koch
58 Trai Nam Bé Fagraea fragrans Roxb.
59 Trai lý Garcinia fragraeoides A.Chev.
60 Tr¾c d©y Dalbergia annamensis A. Chev.
61 Tr¾c nghÖ Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre
62 TrÇm h−¬ng Aquilaria crassna Pierre
63 ¦¬i Scaphium macropodum (Miq) Beumee ex K.Heyne
64 Vµng t©m Manglietia fordiana Oliv.
65 Vï h−¬ng Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte
66 X¸ xÞ (Re lôc phÊn) Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz.
67 Xoay Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre
17

Part IV. Annexes
Table 1. List of forest tree species used in tree planting
programmes in Vietnam
Table 2. Site conditions for planting priority species for
production forests
Table 3. Site conditions for planting priority species for
protection forests
Table 4a+4b. Site conditions for planting priority species
for special-used forests
18

Table 1. List of forest tree species
used in tree planting programmes in Vietnam
No.
Species Family
Natural
Distribution
Vietnamese name Scientific name
WOODY TREE SPECIES
N C S
1. B¹ch ®µn chanh * Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. f. Myrtaceae
2. B¹ch ®µn ®á * Eucalyptus robusta Sm. Myrtaceae
3. B¹ch ®µn liÔu (B.®µn
long duyªn) *
Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell. Myrtaceae
4. B¹ch ®µn mò nhá * Eucalyptus microcorys F. Muell Myrtaceae
5. B¹ch ®µn salinha * Eucalyptus saligna Smith Myrtaceae
6. B¹ch ®µn th©n lín (B¹ch
®µn grandis) *
Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden Myrtaceae
7. B¹ch ®µn tr¾ng caman
(B¹ch ®µn caman) *
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Myrtaceae
8. B¹ch ®µn tr¾ng terª (B.®
l¸ nhá, B.®. terª) *
Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Myrtaceae
9. B¹ch ®µn ur« * Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Myrtaceae
10 Bµng * Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae
11 B»ng l¨ng (S¨ng lÎ) Lagerstroemia calyculata Kurz Lythraceae + + +
12 B»ng l¨ng c−êm Lagerstroemia angustifolia Pierre
ex Gagnep.
Lythraceae +
13 B»ng l¨ng n−íc Lagerstroemia flos-reginae Retz. Lythraceae + + +
14 BÇn chua Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. Sonneratiaceae + + +
15 BÇn æi Sonneratia ovata Back. Sonneratiaceae + + +
16 BÇn tr¾ng Sonneratia alba Smith Sonneratiaceae +
17 Bå ®Ò Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib
ex Hardw.
Styracaceae + +
18 Bå kÕt Gleditsia australis Hemsl. Leguminosae + +
19 Bå kÕt t©y * Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Leguminosae
20 B«ng gßn * Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae
21 Bêi lêi ®á (Kh¸o vµng) Machilus odoratissima Nees Lauraceae + + +
22 Bêi lêi nhít Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob.
(Litsea sebifera Willd.)
Lauraceae + + +
23 Bøa Garcinia oblongifolia Champ. ex
Benth.
Clusiaceae + + +
24 Cµ na Canarium subulatum Guillaume Burseraceae + +
25 C¨m xe Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Theob.
(Xylia dolabriformis Benth.)
Leguminosae + +
26 CÈm lai (CÈm lai bµ rÞa, Dalbergia oliveri Gamble ex Prain Leguminosae + +
CÈm lai vó)
(Dalbergia bariaensis Pierre,
Dalbergia mammosa Pierre)
27 C¸ng lß Betula alnoides Buch. Ham.ex
D.Don
Betulaceae + +
28 Cao su * Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex
Juss.) Muell - Arg.
Euphorbiaceae
29 ChÌ ®¾ng (ChÌ kh«m, Ilex kaushue S.Y.Hu (Ilex Aquifoliaceae +
Khæ ®inh trµ, Trµ ®¾ng) kudincha C.J.Tseng)
19

30 ChÌ Shan (chÌ tuyÕt) Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze
(Thea sinensis L.)
Theaceae +
31 ChÑo tÝa Engeldhartia roxburghiana Wall.
(Engeldhartia chrysolepis Hance)
Juglandaceae + + +
32 Chiªu liªu Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae + +
33 Chß chØ Parashorea chinensis H. Wang Dipterocarpaceae + +
34 Chß ®en (Chß chai) Parashorea stellata Kurz Dipterocarpaceae + +
35 Chß n©u Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpaceae + +
36 Cä khiÕt l¸ nhá (Cä khÑt Dalbergia assamica var. laccifera Leguminosae + +
l¸ nhá)
(Eberh & Dubard.) Niysmdham
(Dalbergi balansae Prain)
37 Cä khiÕt l¸ to (Cä khÑt l¸ Dalbergia assamica Benth. Leguminosae + +
to)
(Dalbergi hupeana var. laccifera
Eberh. & Dubard)
38 Cä phÌn Protium serratum (Wall. ex
colebr.) Engl.
Burseraceae + + +
39 Cãc (Qu cãc) Spondias cytherea Sonn. Annacardiaceae + +
40 D¸i ngùa (Nh¹c ngùa)* Swietenia macrophylla King Meliaceae
41 DÇu con r¸i (DÇu r¸i, DÇu Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex Dipterocarpaceae + +
n−íc)
G.Don
42 DÇu mÝt (DÇu c¸t) D. costatus Gaert.f.
(D.artocarpifolius)
Dipterocarpaceae + +
43 DÇu song nµng Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre ex
Laness.
Dipterocarpaceae +
44 DÇu trµ beng Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teym.
ex Miq.
Dipterocarpaceae + +
45 DÎ b¾c giang Castanopsis bacgiangensis Fagaceae +
46 DÎ bép (Såi phng) Lithocarpus fissus (Champ.ex
Benth.) A. Camus; Castanopsis
fissa (Champ. ex Benth.) Rehd &
Wils
Fagaceae + +
47 DÎ ®á Lithocarpus ducampii (Hickel et A.
Camus) A. Camus
Fagaceae + +
48 DÎ gai (Cµ æi) Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) A.
DC.
Fagaceae + +
49 DÎ trïng kh¸nh * Castanea mollissima Blume Fagaceae
50 DÎ yªn thÕ Castanopsis boisii Hickel et A.
Camus
Fagaceae +
51 Dã (Dã lµm giÊy) Rhamnoneuron balansae (Drake)
Gilg
Thymeleaceae + +
52 Däc Garcinia multiflora (Champ. ex
Benth.), Garcinia tonkinensis
Vesque
Clusiaceae + + +
53 Du sam (M¹y hinh) Keteleeria evelyniana Mast.
(Keteleeria roullettii (A.Chev.)
Flous
Pinaceae + +
54 Du sam ®¸ v«i Keteleeria davidiana var daviana
(Bertrand) Beissn
(K. calcarea W.C. Cheng &
L.K.Fu )
Pinaceae +
55 §iÒu (§µo lén hét) * Anacardium occidentale L. Annacardiaceae
20

56 §inh (ThiÕt ®inh) Markhamia stipulata (Wall.)
Schum.
Bignoniaceae + +
57 §inh h−¬ng Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern Meliaceae + +
58 §inh thèi Fernandoa brilletii (Dop) Steen.
(Hexaneurocarpon brilletii Dop)
Bignoniaceae +
59 §−ng ( §−íc bép) Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rhizophoraceae +
60 §−íc (§−íc ®«i) Rhizophora apiculata Blume Rhizophoraceae +
61 §−íc vßi (§©ng) Rhizophora stylosa Griff. Rhizophoraceae +
62 G¹o Bombax ceiba L. (Bombax
malabaricum DC.)
Bombacaceae + + +
63 Gi¸ng h−¬ng l¸ to Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz
(Pterocarpus cambodianus
Pierre)
Leguminosae + +
64 Giæi ¨n h¹t Michelia tonkinensis Dandy Magnoliaceae + +
65 Giæi nhung Michelia braiaensis Gagnep Magnoliaceae + +
66 Giæi xanh Michelia mediocris Dandy Magnoliaceae + +
67 Gâ ®á (Gâ cµ te) Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib.
(Pahudia cochinchinensis Pierre;
Pahudia xylocarpa Kurz)
Leguminosae + +
68 Gâ n−íc Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O.Ktze
(Afzelia bjuga (Colebr.) A. Gray)
Leguminosae +
69 Géi (Géi nÕp) Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) Jain.&
Bennet. (A. gigantea (Pierre)
Pell.)
Meliaceae + +
70 Gô lau Sindora tonkinensis A. Chev. ex
Larsen
Leguminosae + +
71 Gô mËt Sindora siamensis Teijm ex Miq.
(Sindora cochinchinensis Baill.)
Leguminosae + +
72 HoÌ (Hoa hoÌ) * Styphnolobium japonica (L.)
Schott (Sophora japonica L.)
Leguminosae
73 Håi (§¹i håi, Håi t¸m
c¸nh)
Illicium verum Hook f. Illiciaceae +
74 H«ng Paulownia fortunei (Seem.)
Hemsl.
Scrophulariaceae +
75 Huûnh (HuyÖng, HuyÖnh) Tarrietia javanica Blume Sterculiaceae + +
76 Keo d©y * Acacia dificilis Maiden Leguminosae
77 Keo ®en * Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Leguminosae
78 Keo lai * A. mangium Wild. x A.
auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.
Leguminosae
79 Keo l¸ b¹c * A. aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex
Benth.
Leguminosae
80 Keo l¸ liÒm * A. crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. Leguminosae
81 Keo l¸ trµm * A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex
Benth
Leguminosae
82 Keo l«ng * Acacia torulosa Benth. Leguminosae
83 Keo tai t−îng * Acacia mangium Wild. Leguminosae
84 Keo tumi®ª * Acacia tumidae S. Muell Leguminosae
85 Kh¸o Phoebe cuneate Blume Lauraceae + +
86 KiÒn kiÒn Hopea siamensis Heim Dipterocarpaceae + +
87 KiÒn kiÒn phó quèc Hopea pierrei Hance Dipterocarpaceae +
88 Kim giao Nageia fleuryi (Hickel) De Laub.
(Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel)
21
Podocarpaceae + + +

89 L¸t hoa Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Meliaceae + + +
90 L¸t mªhic« * Cedrela odorata Meliaceae
91 Lim xanh Erythrophloeum fordii Oliv. Leguminosae + +
92 Lim xÑt Pelthophorum dasyrrachis (Miq.)
Kurz. var. tonkinensis (Pierre) K.
& S. Larsen
Leguminosae + + +
93 Lâi thä Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae + +
94 Long n·o (D· h−¬ng)* Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.
Presl
Lauraceae
95 Lßng mang l¸ côt Pterospermum truncatolobatum
Gagnep.
Sterculiaceae + +
96 Lßng mang l¸ m¸c Pterospermum lancaefolium
Roxb.
Sterculiaceae + + +
97 Lßng møc (Thõng møc) Wrightia annamensis Eberh. &
Dub.
Apocynaceae + + +
98 Léc võng Barringtonia acutangula (L.)
Gaertn.
Lecythidaceae + + +
99 M¹y ch©u (M¹y chÊu) Carya tonkinensis Lecomte Juglandaceae +
100 M¾c mËt (Hång b× rõng) Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliv. Rutaceae +
101 M¾c r¹c (DÇu choßng) Delavaya toxocarpa Franch.
(Delavaya yunnanensis Franch.)
Sapindaceae +
102 M¾c trai Mangifera sp. Annacardiaceae +
103 MÆc n−a Diospyros mollis Griff. Ebenaceae +
104 MÊm biÓn
(M¾m biÓn)
Avicennia marina (Fork.) Vierh. Verbenaceae + +
105 MÊm l−ìi ®ßng (M¾m
®en)
Avicennia officinalis L. Verbenaceae +
106 MÊm qu¨n (M¾m qu¨n) Avicennia lanata Ridl. Verbenaceae +
107 MÊm tr¾ng
(M¾m tr¾ng)
Avicennia alba Blume Verbenaceae +
108 Me * Tamarindus indica L. Euphorbiaceae
109 MÝt Artocarpus intergrifolius L. f. Moraceae + + +
110 Mß l¸ b¹c Cryptocarya maclurei Merr. Lauraceae + +
111 Mì Manglietia conifera Dandy
(Manglietia glauca Blume)
Magnoliaceae + +
112 Mï u Calophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae +
113 Mun Diospyros mun A. Chev. ex Le
comte
Ebenaceae + +
114 Mun säc Diospyros sp. Ebenaceae +
115 Muçm Mangifera foetida Lour. Annacardiaceae + + +
116 Muång ®en Cassia siamea Lam. Leguminosae + + +
117 Muång hoa ®µo
(Bß c¹p n−íc)
Cassia javanica L. Leguminosae + +
118 Muång hoµng yÕn Cassia fistula L. Leguminosae +
119 Muång ngñ (Cßng) * Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Leguminosae
120 Muång rµng rµng (C−êm Adenanthera pavonina L. Leguminosae + + +
r¾n)
(A.microsperma Teysm)
121 NghiÕn Burretiodendron tonkinensis
(Gagnep.) Kosterm.
Tiliaceae + +
122 Ng« ®ång Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight. Sterculiaceae + +
22

123 Nhéi Bischofia javanica Blume
(Bischofia trifoliata (Roxb.)
Hook.f.)
Euphorbiaceae + + +
124 Phi lao * Casuarina equisetifolia Forst &
Forst f
Casuarinaceae
125 Ph−îng vÜ * Denolix regia (Bojer ex Hook,)
Raf.
Leguminosae
126 P¬ mu Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry
& Thomas
Cupressaceae + +
127 QuÕ Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl. Lauraceae + +
128 Rµng rµng mÝt Ormosia balansae Drake Leguminosae + +
129 Re hoa tr¾ng Cinnamomum curvifolium (Lour.)
Nees (Cinnamomum albiflorum
Nees)
Lauraceae + +
130 Re h−¬ng Cinnamomum partheroxylum
(Jack.) Nees
Lauraceae + +
131 Sa mu (Sa méc) * Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)
Hook.
Taxodiaceae
132 Sa mu dÇu
Cunninghamia lanceolata var. Taxodiaceae + +
(Ngäc am)
konishii (Hayata)
133 Sao ®en Hopea odorata Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae + +
134 Sao mÆt quØ
(T¸u mÆt quØ)
Hopea mollissima C.Y.Wu Dipterocarpaceae +
135 Sao xanh Hopea sp. Dipterocarpaceae +
136 Sau sau Liquidambar formosana Hance Hammamelidaceae + +
137 SÊu Dracontomelon dupperreanum
Pierre
Annacardiaceae + + +
138 SÕn bo bo
(Vªn vªn nghÖ)
Shorea hypochra Hance Dipterocarpaceae +
139 SÕn mËt Madhuca pasquieri (Dunbard.) H.
J. Lam.
Dipterocarpaceae + + +
140 SÕn mñ (SÕn c¸t) Shorea roxburghii G. Don
(Shorea cochinchinensis Pierre)
Dipterocarpaceae + +
141 SÕn trung (SÕn hi nam, Homalium ceylanicum Benth Flacourtiaceae +
Chµ ran sÕn)
(Homalium hainanensis Gagnep)
142 SÕn xanh Mimusop elengi L. Sapotaceae + +
143 SÕu (C¬m nguéi) Celtis sinensis Pers. Ulmaceae + + +
144 So ®òa * Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers Leguminosae
145 Së * Camellia oleifera C. Abel. Theaceae
146 Së th−êng * Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
(Thea sasanqua (Thunb.) Pierre)
Theaceae
147 Sung (Cä ®−a) Ficus racemosa L. (Ficus
glomerata Roxb.)
Moraceae + + +
148 Só Aegiceras corniculatum Myrsinaceae + + +
149 S÷a (Mß cua) Alstonia scholaris (L.) B. Br. Apocynaceae + + +
150 Tai chua Garcinia cowa Roxb. Clusiaceae
(Guttife-rae)
+ + +
151 T¸o mÌo Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne Rosaceae +
152 T¸u mËt Vatica odorata ssp.
brevipetiolatum (Vatica
tonkinensis A. Chev.)
Dipterocarpaceae +
23

153 T¸u muèi Vatica diospyroides
(Vatica fleuryana Tard.)
Dipterocarpaceae + +
154 TÕch (GÝa tþ) * Tectona grandis L. Verbenaceae
155 Thanh thÊt Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.)
Alston
Simaroubaceae + + +
156 Thanh trµ (S¬n trµ) * Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.)
Meisn.
Apocynaveae
157 Thµn m¸t Millettia ichthyochtona Drake Leguminosae + + +
158 Th«ng ba l¸ Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon Pinaceae + +
159 Th«ng Ca ri bª * Pinus caribaea Morelet Pinaceae
160 Th«ng ®á nam Taxus wallichianus Zucc. Taxaxeae + +
161 Th«ng ®á trung quèc Taxu chinensis (Pilg.) Rehd. Taxaxeae +
162 Th«ng hai l¸ (Th«ng
nhùa)
Pinus merkusii Jungh.et de Vries Pinaceae + +
163 Th«ng hai l¸ dÑt Pinus krempfii Lecomte Pinaceae +
164 Th«ng m· vÜ (Th«ng tµu,
Th ®u«i ngùa) *
Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae
165 Th«ng n¨m l¸ Pinus dalatensis D. Ferre Pinaceae +
166 T« h¹p h−¬ng Altingia siamensis Craib. Altingiaceae + +
167 T« méc (Vang) Caesalpinia sappan L. Leguminosae + + +
168 T«ng dï (M¹y sao) Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M.
Roem
Meliaceae +
169 Tèng qu¸n sñ (Tèng qu¸
sñ)
Alnus nepalensis D. Don Betulaceae +
170 Tra (Tra lµm chiÕu) Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malvaceae + + +
171 Trai Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume
var. kochangensis Heim.
(Shorea vulgaris Pierre)
Dipterocarpaceae + +
172 Trµm (Trµm cõ) Melaleuca cajuputi Powell Myrtaceae + + +
173 Trµm l¸ dµi Melaleuca leucadendrra (L.) L. Myrtaceae + + +
174 Trµm l¸ b¹c * Melaleuca argentea W. Fitzg. Myrtaceae
175 Trµm l¸ dµi * Melaleuca leucadendra L. Myrtaceae
176 Trµm l¸ 5 g©n * Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Myrtaceae
177 Trµm l¸ réng * Melaleuca viridiflora Myrtaceae
178 Trµm salina * Melaleuca saligna Myrtaceae
179 Tr¸m ®en Canarium pimela Leench.
(Canarium nigrum, Canarium
tramdenum)
Burseraceae + +
180 Tr¸m hång
Canarium bengalense Roxb. Burseraceae + +
(Tr¸m 3 c¹nh)
181 Tr¸m tr¾ng Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. Burseraceae + +
182 Trang Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Rhizophoraceae + + +
183 Tr¾c Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre Leguminosae + +
184 Tr¾c vµng (S−a, Tr¾c
thèi, Huª méc gç vµng)
Dalbergia tonkinensis Prain Leguminosae + +
185 Tr©m bÇu Combretum quadrangulare Kurz Combretaceae + +
186 Tr©m vèi Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeel Myrtaceae + +
187 TrÇm dã (TrÇm h−¬ng) Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex
Lecomte
Thymeleaceae + + +
24

188 TrÈu Vernicia montana Lour.
(Aleurites montana (Lour.)
Wilson)
Euphorbiaceae + +
189 TrÈu cao b»ng * Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw
(Aleurites fordii Hemsl.)
Euphorbiaceae
190 Vµng t©m Manglietia dandyi (Gagnep.)
Dandy (Magnolia dandyi
Gagnep.)
Magnoliaceae + +
191 V¹ng trøng Endospermum chinense Benth. Euphorbiaceae + + +
192 VÑt dï Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.)
Savigny
Rhizophoraceae +
193 VÑt ®en (VÑt khµng) Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Rhizophoraceae +
194 VÑt t¸ch Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight
et Arn, ex Griff.
Rhizophoraceae +
195 VÑt th¨ng (VÑt trô ) Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume Rhizophoraceae +
196 Vªn vªn Anisoptera costata Korth.
(Anisoptera cochinchinensis
Pierre)
Dipterocarpaceae + +
197 ViÕt Manilkara kauki Sapotaceae + +
198 Vèi thuèc
Schima wallichii var. noronhae Theaceae + +
(Kh¸o dÆm)
(Blume ) Bloemb.
199 Vï h−¬ng Cinnamomum balansae Lecomte Lauraceae +
200 Xµ cõ (Sä khØ) * Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A.
Juss.
Meliaceae
201 Xoµi Mangifera indica L. Annacardiaceae + +
202 Xoan (Xoan ta,
SÇu ®©u)
Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae + + +
203 Xoan chÞu h¹n
(Xoan Ên ®é, Nim) *
Azedirachta indica Juss. Meliaceae
204 Xoan ®µo Prunus arborea (Blume) Kalkm
(Pygeum arboreum Engl.)
Rosaceae + +
205 Xoan méc
Toona surenii (Blume) Merr. Meliaceae + +
(Tr−¬ng v©n)
(Toona febrifuga M. Roem.)
206 Xoan nhõ (L¸t xoan) Choerespondias axillaris (Roxb.)
Burtt. & Hill
Annacardiaceae + +
207 Xoan qu to Melia toosendan Sieb. & Zucc. Meliaceae +
208 Xoay Dialium cochinchinensis Pierre Leguminosae + +
209 Xu Xylocarpus moluccensis ( Lamk.)
M. Roem.
Meliaceae +
210 Xu æi Xylocarpus granatum Koenig Meliaceae +
BAMBOOS (BAMBUSOIDEAE)
1. B¸t ®é * Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro
(Sinocalamus latiflorus MacClure)
Poaceae
2. B−¬ng
Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Poaceae + + +
(Tre m¹nh t«ng) Back. (Dendrocalamus flagellifer
Munro)
3. DiÔn ®¸ Dendrocalamus sp. Poaceae +
4. DiÔn trøng Dendrocalamus sp. Poaceae +
5. Dïng * Bambusa chungii McClure
(Lingnania chungii)
Poaceae
25

6. GÇy (M¹y hèc ®á) Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro)
Kurz.
Poaceae +
7. Hãp ®¸ Bambusa tultoides Munro Poaceae + +
8. Hãp cÇn c©u Bambusa multiplex (Lour.)
Raeusch
Poaceae + + +
9. Hãp sµo Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro Poaceae +
10 Le (Le ®en) Gigantochloa nigro-ciliata (Buse)
Kurz
Poaceae + +
11 Lå « Bambusa procera A. Chev. ex
Camus
Poaceae + +
12 Lå « trung bé Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Poaceae +
13 Lôc tróc * Dendrocalamus sp. Poaceae
14 Lïng Bambusa sp. Poaceae + +
15 Luång (MÐt) Dendrocalanus membranceus
Munro
Poaceae + +
16 Mai Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro
(Sinocalamus gigangeus)
Poaceae + + +
17 MËy b«ng Bambusa tulda Roxb. Poaceae +
18 MËy hèc Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees
et Arn. ex Munro
Poaceae +
19 MËy sang Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro Poaceae +
20 Nøa l¸ to Schizostachyum pseudolima
MacClure
Poaceae + + +
21 Nøa ngé Schizostachyum funghomii
MacClure
Poaceae + +
22 TÇm v«ng * Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble Poaceae
23 Tre gai Bambusa blumeana Schultes Poaceae + + +
24 Tre lµ ngµ Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss.
(Bambusa arundinacea (Ret z.)
Willd.
Poaceae + +
25 Tre léc ngéc
(Tre nghÖ)
Bambusa sp. Poaceae + +
26 Tre mì Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. in
Wendl.
Poaceae + + +
27 Tre mì L¹ng s¬n Dendrocalamus farinosus L.C. Poaceae +
(M¹y p×, M¹y t×) Chia &H.L. Fung
28 Tre vµng säc
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Poaceae
(Tre træ) *
Wendiand cv. Vitata (McClure)
29 Tróc cÇn c©u vµng (Tróc Phyllostachys sulphurea (Carr.) Poaceae +
cÇn c©u xanh)
A. et C. Rw
30 Tróc ®en * P. nigra (Lodd. ex Loud.) Munro Poaceae
31 Tróc ho¸ long P. aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Riv. Poaceae +
32 Tróc sµo * P. heterocycla (Carr.) Mitford (P.
edulis (Carr.) H. de Leh.,
P. pubescens Mazel ex H. de
Lehaie)
Poaceae
33 Tróc vu«ng Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
(Fenzi) Makino
Poaceae +
34 VÇu ®¾ng Indoasa amabilis McClure Poaceae + +
35 VÇu ngät l¸ nhá Arundinaria sp.
Poaceae
+
26

RATTANS AND PALMS (PALMAE)
1. Bóng b¸ng
Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. Palmae + +
(B¸ng, §o¸c)
(Arenga saccharifera Labill.)
2. Cä (Cä bÇu) Livistona cochinchinensis (Lour.)
Mart. (Livistona saribus (Lour.)
Merr. ex A. Chev.)
Palmae + +
3. Cä b¾c s¬n
(§ïng ®×nh b¾c s¬n)
Livistona bacsonensis Magalon Palmae +
4. Cä xÎ Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. Palmae + +
5. Dõa n−íc Nypa fruticans Wurmb. Palmae + +
6. L¸ bu«ng Caryota lecomtei Becc.
(Corypha lecomtei)
Palmae + +
7. M¸i (M©y tr¾ng, M©y
n−íc)
Calamus tonkinensis Becc. Palmae + +
8. M¸i n−íc Calamus amarus Lour. (Calamus
tenuis Ro xb.)
Palmae +
9. M©y c¸t Calamus viminalis Willd. Palmae + +
10 M©y t¾t (M©y ruét gµ) Calamus tetradactylus Hance Palmae + + +
11 Mãc Caryota urens L. Palmae + +
12 Mãc ®ïng ®×nh Caryota mitis Lour. Palmae + +
13 Song bét Calamus poilanei Conrard Palmae +
14 Song ®en Calamus rudentum Lour. Palmae + + +
15 Song mËt C. platyacanthus Warb. ex Becc. Palmae + +
16 Thèt nèt Borassus flabellifer L. Palmae +
PLANTS USED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT
1. Chµm c¸nh Indigofera zollingeriana Miq. Leguminosae + + +
2. Chµm phông (§Ëu chµm) Indigofera galegoides D.C. Leguminosae + + +
3. Cèt khÝ * Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC. Leguminosae
4. §µi loan t−¬ng t− * Acacia confusa Merr. Leguminosae
5. §Ëu thiÒu (§Ëu triÒu, §Ëu
s¨ng)*
Cajanus cajan (L.) Mills Leguminosae
6. §iªn ®iÓn Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Leguminosae +
7. §iªn ®iÓn tr¸i to Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl. ex
Rafin.
Leguminosae +
8. §iÒn thanh hoa vµng Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.
(var. floribunda Gagnep.)
Leguminosae + + +
9. Hång mai (Anh ®µo gi)* Gliricida sepium (Jacq.) Steud. Leguminosae
10 Keo giËu * Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.)
De Wit (Leucaena glauca (Willd.)
Benth.
Leguminosae
11 Muång ph¸o * Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner Leguminosae
12 Tãp mì l¸ to (Thãc lÐp, Flemingia sootepensis Craib. Leguminosae + + +
Hµm s×)
(Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.)
Prain)
13 Trøng c¸ Calophyllum sp. Clusiaceae + +
Remarks : * Exotics
+ Distributed
- N: North
- C: Centre
- S: South
27

Table 2. Site conditions for planting priority species for production forests
Species Climatic conditions Soil conditions
Annual temperature ( 0 No
Latitude Altitu-
Vietnamese Scientific name
de Rain fall Length
C)
Type of soil pH
name
(m) (mm/yr) of dry Mean Mean Mean
a.s.l.
season
(month)
temp.
of the
hostted
temp.
of the
coldesd
months months
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
I SPECIES FOR TIMBER
1. B¹ch ®µn lai E’lite clones of
hybrids of
Eucalypts
2. B¹ch ®µn Eucalyptus 08 - 20°N < 500 1.500 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 32 - 34 14 - 22 + Feralite soils developed on 4-7
caman camaldulensis
2.500
schists, shale. Optimum:
Dehnh.
Sandy-loamy mixed soil, well
drainage.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 60 cm
3. B¹ch ®µn Eucalyptus 08 - 20°N < 500 1.500 - 0 - 6 23 - 28 32 - 35 14 - 22 + Sandy-loamy mixed, loamy 4-6
tere tereticornis Sm.
2.500
soils, well drainage.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 60 cm
4. B¹ch ®µn uro Eucalyptus 13 - 22°N 100 - 1.500 - 0 - 6 20 - 25 30 - 32 10 -14 + Feralite soils developed on 4-6
urophylla S.T.
1.500 2.500
schists, shale. Optimum:
Blake
Sandy-loamy mixed soil,
deep, high moisture, but well
drainage.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
5. DÇu r¸i Dipterocarpus 08 - 19°N 100 - 1.800 - 0 - 6 25 - 28 32 - 34 18 - 22 + Feralite soils developed on 4-5
alatus Roxb. ex
600 2.500
alluvial and ancient alluvial
G.Don
+ Soil layer depth: > 100 cm,
optimum: > 150 cm
6. §−íc ®«i Rhizophora 08 - 11°N 0 - 5 1.800 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 30 - 33 20 - 23 + Sandy mudflats soils, fertile 3-5

7. Giæi xanh Michelia mediocris
Dandy
8. Huûnh Tarrietia javanica
Blume
9. Keo l¸ liÒm Acacia crassicarpa
A. Cunn. ex Benth.
apiculata Blume 2.400 and frequently affected by
tide
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
10 Keo l¸ trµm A. auriculiformis A.
Cunn. ex Benth
11 Keo lai A. auriculiformis A.
Cunn. ex Benth x A.
mangium Wild.
11 - 22 < 400 1.500 -
3.000
17 - 19°N 100 -
< 800
08 - 19°N 3-200
1.800 -
2.500
1.500 -
2.300
08 - 20°N < 500 1.200 -
2.500
08 - 22°N 5-500
1.500 -
2.500
30
optimum: > 60 cm
0 - 5 21 - 24 32 - 34 06 - 16 Grows on brown yellow soils
developed on old alluvium;
red soil developed on neutral
and basic magma; red yellow
soil developed on
metamorphic rock, shale or
acid magma; yellow soil on
sandstone
0 - 5 23 - 26 30 - 35 15 - 22 + Feralite soils developed on
shale, mica-schist, with deep
and rich in humus.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
3 - 6 23 - 28 32 - 34 13 - 23 + Many kinds of soils: coastal
sandy soil, yeallowish red
basalt, sediment, ancient
alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 70 cm
0 - 7 22 - 30 25 - 37 12 - 22 + Many kinds of soils: coastal
sandy soil, yeallowish red
basalt, sediment, ancient
alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
5 - 7 23 - 28 31 - 34 13 - 23 + Coastal sandy soil, feralite
soil developed on schists,
shale, alluvium and ancient
alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 60 cm
4-7
4-6
4-7
3-9
4-7

12 Keo tai t−îng Acacia mangium
Wild.
13 L¸t hoa Chukrasia tabularis
A. Juss.
14 Phi lao Casuarina
equisetifolia Forst
& Forst f
15 Sao ®en Hopea odorata
Roxb.
08 - 22°N < 800 1.800 -
2.500
16 - 22°N 50 -
1000
1.600 -
2.300
11 - 20°N < 100 1.500 -
2.500
09 - 17°N < 800 1.500 -
2.500
16 TÕch Tectona grandis L. 09 - 22°N 100 -
700
17 Th«ng ba l¸ Pinus kesiya Royle
ex Gordon
11 - 23°N 700 -
2.500
1.500 -
2.500
1.400 -
2.500
0 - 6 22 - 28 31 - 34 14 - 22 + Alluvial soil, coastal sandy
soil, ancient alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
0 - 4 19 - 23 32 - 33 9 - 16 + Alluvial soil in the deltas,
feralite soil developed on
granite, limestones.
Optimum: Sandy-loamy
mixed soil in delta, forest soil
wihith deep layer and high
moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 6 23 - 28 32 - 34 13 - 25 + Alluvial soil, sandy-loamy
mixed soil in deltas, sand
dunes in coastal areas. It can
be planted on acid, inundated
soil.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
4 - 6 25 - 28 33 - 35 11 - 18 + Feralite soils developed on
shale, mica-schist, deep
layers and high moisture
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
4 - 7 25 - 28 30 - 33 18 - 22 Red yellow feralite soils
developed on granite, gneiss,
especially well on basalt with
deep soil layer
0 - 6 18 - 23 23 - 29 5 - 18 + Feralite soil, redish-yeallow
potzolic soil developed on
basalt, granite.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
18 Th«ng caribª Pinus caribaea 10 - 22°N 10 - 1.500 - 0 - 6 23 - 27 30 - 35 14 - 21 + Feralite soils, potzolic soils 4,0
31
4,5
-
6,0
5-7
4-7
4-5
5-7
4-5

Morelet
19 Th«ng m· vÜ Pinus massoniana
Lamb.
20 Trµm cõ Melaleuca cajuputi
Powell
21 Trµm l¸ dµi Melaleuca
leucadendrra (L.)
L.
22 Xµ cõ Khaya senegalensis
(Desr.) A. Juss.
20 - 23°N 500 -
1.100
08 - 21°N 1 -
120
08 - 21°N 3 -
150
08 - 22°N
23 Xoan ta Melia azedarach L. 15 - 22°N 5 -
600
II SPECIES FOR NON-TIMBER PRODUCTS
1. Bêi lêi ®á
(Kh¸o vµng)
Machilus
odoratissima Nees
12 - 22°N 20 -
400
800 2.500 on hills.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
1.500 -
2.300
1.500 -
2.500
1.600 -
2.300
1.500 -
2.300
1.800 -
3.000
1.900 -
2.500
32
optimum: > 60 cm
1 - 4 18 - 21 27 - 32 9 - 13 + Feralite soils developed on
rhiolite, granite, shale.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
0 - 6 23 - 28 31 - 34 18 - 24 + Light and medium acid
sulphate soil with heavy clay
texture and peat with 3 month
water logging
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 6 25 - 28 32 - 34 18 - 24 + Sulphate acid soil in coastal
areas. It can tolerate shallow,
hot and arid hilly soil,
strongly eroded, usually
growing in pure or nearly
pure stands
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 60 cm
18 - 23 26 - 29 15 - 20 Adapts to many types of
soils. Grows best in alluvial
soil.
4 - 6 18 - 26 30 - 33 10 - 17 + Loamy, sandy-loamymixed
soils, feralite soils
developed on gneiss, rhiolite.
Optimum: alluvial soil in
deltas with deep layer and
high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
4 - 6 22 - 27 32 - 34 10 - 15 + Feralite soils developed on
basalt, schists, rhiolite.
-
5,5
4-6
3-5
3-5
4-6
4-7
4-6

2. §iÒu Anacardium
occidentale L.
3. Håi Illicium verum
Hook f.
4. QuÕ Cinnamomum
cassia (L.) J.Presl.
5. Th«ng nhùa Pinus merkusii
Jungh.et de Vries
6. Tr¸m tr¾ng Canarium album
(Lour.) Raeusch.
08 - 15°N 5 -
600
21 - 23°N 50 -
300
15 - 21°N 100 -
400
11 - 21°N 50 cm,
optimum: > 80 cm
0 - 6 25 - 27 32 - 36 19 - 22 + Feralite soils on the hills,
sandy-loamy mixed soils in
sea shore
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 4 20 - 23 30 - 31 9 - 11 + Red, brown-red or yeallow
feralite soils, developed from
schist-sandstone with deep,
fertile and well drained soils.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 4 22 - 27 32 - 33 12 - 18 Grows well on moist clay
soils developed on shale,
mica-schist with deep soil
layer. Soil texture from light
to medium loam, not well on
too soft alluvial soil. Do not
plant on limestone, sandy or
water-logged soils
0 - 6 22 - 27 32 - 34 14 - 17 + Feralite soil developed on
mica-schist, granite, schists,
basalt.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
0 - 5 22 - 25 27 - 32 13 - 15 + Feralite soils developed on
mica-schist, shale. Optimum:
forest soil with deep layer and
high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
7. TrÇm dã Aquilaria crassna 08 - 22°N 20 - 1.900 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 29 - 31 11 - 22 + Feralite soils developed on 4-7
33
4-5
4-5
4-6
4-5
4-7

III BAMBOOS
1. Luång Dendrocalanus
membranceus
Munro
Pierre ex Lecomte 700 2.500 mica-schist, shale. Optimum:
forest soil with deep layer and
high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
16 - 22°N 50 -
800
1.600 -
2.300
34
22 - 28 30 - 35 10 - 16 + Alluvial soil in the deltas to
hilly feralite soil with deep
layer and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
4-7

No
(1)
Table 3. Site conditions for planting priority species for protection forests
Species Climatic conditions Soil conditions
Annual temperature ( 0 Latitude Altitu-
Vietnamese Scientific name
de Rain fall Length
C)
Type of soil pH
name
(m) (mm/yr) of dry Mean Mean Mean
a.s.l.
season
(month)
temp.
of the
hostted
temp.
of the
coldesd
months months
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
I SPECIES FOR WATERSHED PROTECTION
1 Bêi lêi nhít Litsea glutinosa
(Lour.) C.B. Rob.
(Litsea sebifera
Willd.)
2 C¸ng lß Betula alnoides
Buch. Ham.ex
D.Don
3 Chß chØ Parashorea
chinensis H. Wang
4 Chß n©u Dipterocarpus
retusus
5 DÇu r¸i Dipterocarpus
alatus Roxb. ex
G.Don
6 DÎ bép Lithocarpus fissus
(Champ.ex Benth.)
A. Camus;
Castanopsis fissa
(Champ. ex Benth.)
Rehd & Wils
09 - 17°N 100 cm,
optimum: > 150 cm
3 - 5 23 - 27 25 - 37 16 - 22 + Red-yeallow, yeallow-red
feralite soils developed on
sandstone-schist, mica-schist,
forest soils.
+ Deep layer, well drainage.
4,5
-
5,5
4-5
4,5
–
5,5

7 DÎ ®á Lithocarpus
ducampii (Hickel et
A. Camus) A.
Camus
8 §iÒu Anacardium
occidentale L.
9 Giæi xanh Michelia mediocris
Dandy
10 Håi Illicium verum
Hook f.
11 Huûnh Tarrietia javanica
Blume
12 Keo l¸ trµm Acacia
auriculiformis A.
Cunn. ex Benth
11 - 22°N 200 -
1.000
08 - 15°N 5 -
600
1.500 -
2.500
700 -
3.100
11 - 22 < 400 1.500 -
3.000
21 - 23°N 50 -
300
17 - 19°N 100 -
< 800
1.500 -
2.400
1.800 -
2.500
08 - 20°N < 500 1.200 -
2.500
3 - 5 23 - 27 25 - 37 16 - 22 Red-yeallow or yeallow-red
feralite soils developed on
acid-magma, sandstone-
schist, forest soils.
0 - 6 25 - 27 32 - 36 19 - 22 + Feralite soils on the hills,
sandy-loamy mixed soil in
sea shore
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 5 21 - 24 32 - 34 06 - 16 Grows on brown yellow soils
developed on old alluvium;
red soil developed on neutral
and basic magma; red yellow
soil developed on
metamorphic rock, shale or
acid magma; yellow soil on
sandstone
0 - 4 20 - 23 30 - 31 9 - 11 + Red, brown-red or yeallow
feralite soils, developed from
schist-sandstone with deep,
fertile and well drained soils.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 5 23 - 26 30 - 35 15 - 22 + Feralite soils developed on
shale, mica-schist, with deep
and rich in humus.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 7 22 - 30 25 - 37 12 - 22 + Many kinds of soils: coastal
sandy soil, yeallowish red
basalt, sediment, ancient
alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
13 Keo tai t−îng Acacia mangium 08 - 22°N < 800 1.800 - 0 - 6 22 - 28 31 - 34 14 - 22 + Alluvial soil, coastal sandy 4,5
36
4,5
–
5,5
4-5
4-7
4-5
4-6
3-9

Wild. 2.500
14 L¸t hoa Chukrasia tabularis
A. Juss.
15 Lim xanh Erythrophloeum
fordii Oliv.
16 Lim xÑt Pelthophorum
dasyrrachis (Miq.)
Kurz. var.
tonkinensis (Pierre)
K. & S.Larsen
17 Luång Dendrocalanus
membranceus
Munro
16 - 22°N 50 -
1000
1.600 -
2.300
17 - 23°N < 700 1.500 -
3.500
08 - 22°N 50 -
800
18 Muång ®en Cassia siamea Lam. 10 - 18°N
(22°N)
19 Rµng rµng
mÝt
Ormosia balansae
Drake
1.200 -
2.500
10 - 21°N < 300 1.800 -
2.300
30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
+ Alluvial soil in the deltas,
feralite soil developed on
granite, limestones.
Optimum: Sandy-loamy
mixed soil in delta, forest soil
with deep layer and high
moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 4 20 - 27 21 - 36 11 - 15 Red yellow feralite soils
developed on granite, shale,
mica-schist. Prefers moist,
soft, humus soil
1 - 6 20 - 25 24 - 33 10 - 16 Many feralite soil types
developed on gneiss, schists,
mica-schist, red basalt.
Prefers deep, moist, humus
soil
5 - 6 23 - 24 32 - 34 13 - 22 + Alluvial soil in the deltas to
hilly feralite soils wihith deep
layer and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
2 - 6 20 - 27 26 - 37 15 - 22 Red yellow feralite soils
developed on basalt,
porphyrite, mica-schist,
limestone; mixed sandy to
light loam texture
Red yeallow or yeallow red
feralite soils developed on
shale, mica-schist. Prefers
deep and moist soil
-
6,0
5-7
4-6
4-6
4-7
4-6
5,0
-
6,0

20 Sa méc Cunninghamia
lanceolata (Lamb.)
Hook.
21 Sao ®en Hopea odorata
Roxb.
22 Së Camellia sasanqua
Thunb.
(Thea sasanqua
(Thunb.) Pierre)
23 Th«ng ba l¸ Pinus kesiya Royle
ex Gordon
24 Th«ng hai l¸ Pinus merkusii
Jungh.et de Vries
25 Th«ng m· vÜ Pinus massoniana
Lamb.
26 T«ng dï Toona sinensis (A.
Juss.) M. Roem
19 - 23°N 400 -
1.500
1.300 -
2.300
09 - 17°N < 800 1.500 -
2.500
>17°N 100 cm
0 - 4 18 - 26 29 - 35 12 - 16 Grows well on yellow brown,
red yellow or yellow red soils
developed on shale,
sandstone schist, ryolite; on
basalt red soil and stabilized
sand
0 - 6 18 - 23 23 - 29 5 - 18 + Feralite soisl, redishyeallow
potzolic soils
developed on basalt, granite.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
0 - 6 22 - 27 32 - 34 14 - 17 + Feralite soils developed on
mica-schist, granite, schist,
basalt.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
1 - 4 18 - 21 27 - 32 9 - 13 + Feralite soils developed on
rhiolite, granite, shale.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
Feralite soils developed on
granite, shale, limestone,
clay-schist, mica-schist.
Prefers deep, high humus
content and moist soil
5,0
-
6,5
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-6
5,5
-
7,0

27 Tèng qu¸n sñ Alnus nepalensis D.
Don
28 Tr¸m tr¾ng Canarium album
(Lour.) Raeusch.
29 TrÇm dã Aquilaria crassna
Pierre ex Lecomte
30 Tre gai Bambusa blumeana
Schultes
31 V¹ng trøng Endospermum
chinense Benth.
32 Vªn vªn Anisoptera costata
Korth. (Anisoptera
cochinchinensis
Pierre)
33 Vèi thuèc Schima wallichii
var. noronhae
(Blume ) Bloemb.
22 - 23°N 1.000
-
3.000
13 - 22°N 100 -
700
08 - 22°N 20 -
700
500 -
1.800
1.800 -
2.200
1.900 -
2.500
08 - 23°N 1.300 -
2.000
19 - 22°N 100 - 1.000 -
700 2.000
08 - 15°N 50 -
700
19 - 23°N 400 -
1.500
1.500 -
2.500
1.000 -
2.000
34 Xoµi Mangifera indica L. 08 - 22°N < 500 1.000 -
2.000
39
15 - 20 Yeallow-red feralite soils
developed on granite
0 - 5 22 - 25 27 - 32 13 - 15 + Feralite soils developed on
mica-schist, shale. Optimum:
forest soils with deep layer
and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 6 24 - 28 29 - 31 11 - 22 + Feralite soils developed on
mica-schist, shale. Optimum:
forest soil with deep layer and
high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
23 -25 Adapts with many types of
soils.
Grows well on soils
developed from shale, mica
schist, sandstone, porphyrite,
with deep layer, moist, high
humus content.
3 - 6 24 - 28 25 - 36 16 - 22 Grows well on grey soils
developed on old alluvium,
shale or yellow brown soil on
old alluvium; prefers deep
and moist soil
Grows well on soils
developed from shale, mica
schist, sandstone, poorphia,
with deep layer, moist, high
humus content.
3 - 6 24 - 28 25 - 36 16 - 22 Adapts to many types of
soils: sandy, loamy, alluvial
soils. Prefers alluvial soil
5,0
-
5,5
4-7
4-7
4,5
–
6,5
4-5
5,0
-
6,5
5,5
-
6,5

along the banks of rivers,
moist and deep layer.
II 1. SPECIES FOR WIND-BREAK, SAND DUNE FIXING IN SEA SHORES
1. Dõa Cocos nucifera L. 08 - 22°N
1.500 - 2 - 5 24 - 28 25 - 36 16 - 22 Adapts to many types of 5-8
2.000
soils: sandy, loamy, alluvial,
sulphate soils.
2. §iÒu Anacardium 08 - 15°N 5 - 700 - 0 - 6 25 - 27 32 - 36 19 - 22 + Feralite soil in the hills, 4-5
occidentale L.
600 3.100
sandy-loamy mixed soil in
sea shore
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
3. Keo d©y Acacia dificilis 08 - 21°N 3 - 1.500 - 3 - 6 23 - 28 32 - 34 13 - 23 + Many kinds of soils: coastal 4-6
Maiden
200 2.300
sandy soil, yeallowish red
basalt, sediment, ancient
alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 70 cm
4. Keo l¸ liÒm A. crassicarpa A. 08 - 19°N 3-200 1.500 - 3 - 6 23 - 28 32 - 34 13 - 23 + Coastal sandy soil, 4-7
Cunn. ex Benth.
2.300
yeallowish red basalt,
sediment, ancient alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 70 cm
5. Keo l¸ trµm A. auriculiformis A. 08 - 20°N < 500 1.200 - 0 - 7 22 - 30 25 - 37 12 - 22 + Many kinds of soils: coastal 3-9
Cunn. ex Benth
2.500
sandy soil, yeallowish red
basalt, sediment, ancient
alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
6. Keo Tumi®ª Acacia tumidae S. 08 - 21°N 3 - 1.500 - 3 - 6 23 - 28 32 - 34 13 - 23 + Many kinds of soils: coastal 4-6
Muell
200 2.300
sandy soil, yeallowish red
basalt, sediment, ancient
alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 70 cm
7. Muång ®en Cassia siamea Lam. 10 - 18°N

8. Phi lao Casuarina
equisetifolia Forst
& Forst f
(22°N) 3.500 developed on basalt,
porphyrite, mica-schist,
limestone; mixed sandy to
11 - 20°N < 100 1.500 -
2.500
9. Tre gai Bambusa blumeana 08 - 23°N 1.300 -
Schultes
2.000
10 Xoµi Mangifera indica L. 08 - 22°N < 500 1.000 -
2.000
11 Xoan chÞu
h¹n
Azedirachta indica
Juss.
II 2. SPECIES FOR WAVE PREVENTION
1. BÇn chua Sonneratia 08 - 21°N 0 - 5 1.500 -
caseolaris (L.)
Engl.
2.500
2. Dõa n−íc Nypa fruticans 08 - 16°N 0 - 5 1.500 -
2.500
3. §−íc Rhizophora
apiculata Blume
08 - 11°N 0 - 5 1.800 -
2.400
light loam texture
0 - 6 23 - 28 32 - 34 13 - 25 + Alluvial soil, sandy-loamy
mixed soil in deltas, sand
dunes in coastal areas. It can
be planted on acid, inundated
soil.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
23 -25 Adapts with many types of
soils.
3 - 6 24 - 28 25 - 36 16 - 22 Adapts to many types of
soils: sandy, loamy, alluvial
soils. Prefers alluvial soil
along the banks of rivers,
moist and deep layer.
0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 Alluvial, mudflats soils,
sometimes affected by rather
salty water
0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 Alluvial soil flooding in
season along the banks of
canals, streams, rivers
0 - 6 24 - 28 30 - 33 20 - 23 + Sandy mudflats soil, fertile
and frequently affected by
tide
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 60 cm
0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 Mudflats salty soil in sea
shore
4. MÊm tr¾ng Avicennia alba 08 - 21°N 0 - 5 1.500 -
3-5
Blume
2.500
5. Só Aegiceras 08 - 21°N 0 - 5 1.500 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 Mudflats salty soil in sea 3-5
41
4-7
5,5
-
6,5
3-5
5-6
3-5

corniculatum 2.500
shore
6. Trµm cõ Melaleuca cajuputi 08 - 21°N 1 - 1.500 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 + Light and medium acid 3-5
Powell
120 2.500
sulphate soil with heavy clay
texture and peat with 3 month
water logging
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
7. Trµm l¸ dµi Melaleuca
08 - 21°N 1 - 1.500 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 + Sulphate acid soil in coastal 3-5
leucadendrra (L.)
120 2.500
areas. It can tolerate shallow,
L.
hot and arid hilly soil,
strongly eroded, usually
growing in pure or nearly
pure stands
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 60 cm
8. Trang Kandelia candel 08 - 21°N 0 - 5 1.500 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 Alluvial, mudflat, salty soils 3-5
(L.) Druce
2.500
9. VÑt dï Bruguiera
08 - 21°N 0 - 5 1.500 - 0 - 6 24 - 28 26 - 37 18 - 24 Alluvial, mudflat, clay, salty 3-5
gymnorrhiza (L.)
Savigny
2.500
soils
III SPECIES FOR PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT, LANDSCAPE, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL AREAS
1. Bµng Terminalia catappa 08 - 23°N
1.200 - 0 - 7 22 - 30 25 - 37 12 - 22 Can be planted on many 5-6
L.
2.500
kinds of soils, including poor
soils
2. B»ng l¨ng Lagerstroemia 09 - 22°N < 800 Prefers deep layer, moist, 4-5
calyculata Kurz
well drainage soils
3. D¸i ngùa Swietenia
1.500 -
26 - 29 15 Adapts to many soils. grows 4-5
macrophylla King
2.300
well on alluvial soil
4. DÇu r¸i Dipterocarpus 08 - 19°N 100 - 1.800 - 0 - 6 25 - 28 32 - 34 18 - 22 + Feralite soils developed on 4-5
alatus Roxb. ex
600 2.500
alluvium and ancient
G.Don
alluvium
+ Soil layer depth: > 100 cm,
optimum: > 150 cm
5. Hoµng lan Michelia champaca 09 - 22°N 20 - 1.800 - 3 - 6 23 - 29 25 - 37 16 - 22 Grey soils on ancient 4,5
500 2.500
alluvium, clay miexed with –
42

6. Keo l¸ trµm Acacia
auriculiformis A.
Cunn. ex Benth
7. Keo tai t−îng Acacia mangium
Wild.
8. Long n·o Cinnamomum
camphora (L.) J.
Presl
9. Me Tamarindus indica
L.
08 - 20°N < 500 1.200 -
2.500
08 - 22°N < 800 1.800 -
2.500
20 - 23°N <
1.000
10 Muång ®en Cassia siamea Lam. 10 - 18°N
(22°N)
11 Muång hoa
vµng
12 Ph−îng vÜ Denolix regia
(Bojer ex Hook,)
Raf.
1.500 -
2.000
09 - 22°N < 500 1.500 -
2500
40 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
0 - 6 22 - 28 31 - 34 14 - 22 + Alluvia soil, coastal sandy
soil, ancient alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
Moist clay soil developed on
shale, mica-schist with deep
layers, high humus content
and good drainage
3 - 6 23 - 29 25 - 37 16 - 22 Grey soil on anciaent alluvial,
light texture, yeallow red
feralite soils developed on
sandstone, schist-sandstone,
deep layers
2 - 6 20 - 27 26 - 37 15 - 22 Red yellow feralite soils
developed on basalt,
porphyrite, mica-schist,
limestone; mixed sandy to
light loam texture
3 - 5 20 - 27 26 - 37 15 - 22 Red yellow feralite soils
developed on basalt,
porphyrite, mica-schist,
limestone; mixed sandy to
light loam texture
0 - 7 22 - 30 25 - 37 12 - 22 Adapts to many types of
soils. It can be planted on
poor soils
5,5
3-9
4,5
-
6,0
4,5
-
6,0
4,5
–
5,5
5-6
5-6
5-6

13 Sao ®en Hopea odorata
Roxb.
14 SÊu Dracontomelon
dupperreanum
Pierre
15 S÷a (Mß cua) Alstonia scholaris
(L.) B. Br.
16 Th«ng ba l¸ Pinus kesiya Royle
ex Gordon
17 Th«ng caribª Pinus caribaea
Morelet
18 Th«ng hai l¸ Pinus merkusii
Jungh.et de Vries
19 Th«ng m· vÜ Pinus massoniana
Lamb.
< 800 1.300 -
2.500
18 - 23°N < 800 1.500 -
3.000
09 - 22°N 50 -
400
11 - 23°N 700 -
2.500
10 - 22°N 10 -
800
11 - 21°N 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
0 - 5 22 - 26 27 - 37 11 - 21 Brown-yeallow soil on
ancient alluvial, red soil on
neutral and alkaline magma,
red yeallow soils on acid
magma, etc.
0 - 6 18 - 23 23 - 29 5 - 18 + Feralite soils, redishyeallow
potzolic soil
developed on basalt, granite.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
0 - 6 23 - 27 30 - 35 14 - 21 + Feralite soils developed on
granite, shale, mica-schist,
sandstone, ligh texture
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 60 cm
0 - 6 23 - 28 26 - 35 10 - 18 + Feralite soil developed on
sandstone, mica-schist,
granite, schists, basalt.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
1 - 4 17 - 22 23 - 31 10 - 18 + Feralite soil developed on
rhiolite, granite, shale.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm,
optimum: > 50 cm
20 Trøng c¸ Calophyllium sp. 4-6
21 ViÕt Manilkara kauki 4-6
22 Xµ cõ Khaya senegalensis 08 - 22°N
1.500 -
18 - 23 26 - 29 15 - 20 Adapts to many soils. Prefers 4-6
(Desr.) A. Juss.
2.300
alluvial soil
44
4-5
4-6
4-6
4-5
4,0
-
5,5
4-5
4-5

Table 4a. List of priority species for speciesl-used forests
No
Species
Altitude Distribution H D Criteria of assessment (point) Total Planted
(m)
(m) (cm)
(point) 1.Botanical
Vietnamese Scientific name a.s.l.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
garden;
name
2.Trial
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
1 B¸ch vµng Xanthocyparis 1050 - Ha Giang 20 80 CR 0 1 1 3 3 1 14
vietnamensis
Farjon & Hiep
1330
5
2 B¸ch xanh Calocedrus 900 - Ba Vi, Son La, 20-30 60-80 EN 0 1 3 3 3 3 17 Ha Tay
macrolepis Kurz 1800 Lam Dong
4
3 B¹ch tïng Podocarpus
Ha Giang, Central 20-30 80 VU 0 1 3 2 3 2 14 Gia Lai
imbricatus
Blume
Highland
3
4 CÈm lai Bµ Dalbergia < 900 The South, Central 20-25 40-60 EN 0 1 3 2 2 2 14 Central
RÞa bariensis Pierre
Highland
4
Highland,
South East
5 C¨m xe Xylia xylocarpa
Central Highland 30-40 40-60 VU 0 1 3 2 1 3 13 Central
Taub
3
Highland
6 Chai l¸ Shorea falcata
Phu Yen, Khanh 12-15 100 CR 2 1 3 3 3 3 19 Binh
cong Vidal
Hoa
5
Thuan
7 Chß chØ Parashorea 100 - Centre of the North 40-50 80- VU 0 1 3 2 2 3 14 Cuc
chinensis H.
Wang
1200
100 3
Phuong
8 Chß ®·I Annamocarya
Cuc Phuong 20-30 50- CR 2 1 1 3 2 3 17 Cuc
sinensis J. Leroy
100 5
Phuong
9 Chß ®en Parashorea 300- Centre, The South, 30-40 80- EN 0 1 3 2 2 1 13
stellata Kurz 800 Central Highland
100 4
10 Chß n©u Dipterocarpus < 300 Centre of the North 35-40 100 EN 0 1 2 2 2 3 14 Phu Tho
tonkinensis
Chev.
4
11 DÇu bao Dipterocarpus 200– Lam Dong, Dong 40 80 EN 0 1 2 2 3 1 13
baudii Korth 800 Nai
4
45

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
12 DÇu c¸t Dipterocarpus < 600 Binh Thuan, Ba 30 60 EN 0 1 2 2 2 3 14 Binh
chartaceus Sym
Ria,
4
Thuan
Binh
Duong
13 DÇu ®ät tÝm Dipterocarpus < 700 Hue, Quang Nam 25-40 60 EN 0 1 2 2 2 3 14 Hue,
grandiflorus
4
Quang
Blanco
Nam
14 DÇu song Dipterocarpus 300– The South 40 200 VU 0 1 3 2 2 3 14 §ong Nai
nµng dyeri Pierre 500
3
15 DÎ tïng säc Amentotaxus 1500 Ha Giang 15 30-40 CR 0 1 1 3 3 1 14
n©u hatuyenensis
Hiep et Vidal
5
16 Du sam Keteleeria 500 - North West, North 25 100 VU 0 1 3 2 3 2 14 Son La,
evelyniana Mast 1600 East, Central
Highland
3
Lam Dong
17 Du sam ®¸ Keteleeria 400 - Cao Bang, Lang 15 30-40 CR 0 1 3 3 3 1 16
v«I fortunei
(Murray)
Carriere
1600 Son
5
18 §inh Markhamia
The North 20 80 VU 0 1 3 2 3 1 13
stipulata (Wall)
Schum
3
19 §Ønh tïng Cephalotaxus 600 - Ba Vi, Lam Dong 20 80 VU 0 1 2 2 3 1 12 Ba Vi, Da
(PhØ) hainanensis
H.L.Li
1500
3
Lat
20 Gi¸ng Pterocarpus < 1000 Nghe An,
25 120 VU 0 1 3 2 2 3 14 Central
h−¬ng tr¸i macrocarpus
Central Highland,
3
Highland
to Kurz
South East
21 Giæi xanh Michelia The North, Centre, 30 150 VU 0 1 3 2 2 3 14 Phu Tho,
mediocris
Central Highland
3
Central
Dandy
Highland
22 Gâ ®á (Cµ Afzelia
300 - Central Highland, 25 200 EN 0 1 3 2 2 3 15 Central
te) xylocarpa < 1000 The South
4
Highland,
(Kurz) Craib
The South
46

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
23 Gâ mËt (Gô Sindora < 900 Centre, The South 30 150 EN 0 1 3 2 2 3 15 The South
mËt) siamensis
Teysm.
4
24 Gô biÓn Sindora
< 50 Centre, The South 15 40 EN 0 1 3 2 2 1 13
siamensis var
maritima
4
25 Hoµng ®µn Cupressus 200 - Lang Son, Tuyen 15 40 CR 0 1 3 3 3 1 16 Lang Son
torulosa D. Don 1200 Quang
5
26 Hoµng ®µn Cupressus 400 - Ha Giang, Da Lat 15 40 CR 0 1 3 3 3 1 16 Da Lat
rñ funebris Endle 1500
5
27 Hång Rhodoleia 200 - Central Highland 25 80 VU 0 1 3 2 2 2 13 Da Lat
quang championii
Hook
2500
3
28 Hång tïng Dacrydium 500- Yen Tu, Centre, 25 80 VU 0 1 3 2 2 2 13 Bach Ma,
(Hoµng ®µn elatum Wall.ex 1200 Central Highland
3
Da Lat
gi) Hook
29 KiÒn kiÒn Hopea pierrei
Quang Binh to The 40 80 VU 0 1 3 2 2 2 13
Hance
South
3
30 Kim giao Podocarpus 50- Cat Ba, Cuc 25 70 VU 0 1 3 2 2 2 13 Cat Ba,
fleuryi Hickel 1000 Phuong
3
C. Phuong
31 Kim giao Podocarpus 50- The South 25 100 VU 0 1 3 2 3 1 13 Trang
nam wallichianus
Presl
1000
3
Bom
32 L¸t hoa Chukrasia 20- The North, Central 30 150 EN 0 1 3 2 2 3 15 Son La,
tabularis A.Juss 1450 Highland, Con Dao
4
Nghe An
33 Lim xanh Erythrophleum < 400 The North, Centre, 25-30 150 EN 0 1 3 2 1 3 14 Cau Hai,
fordii Oliv
Binh Thuan
4
Tam Dao,
Hoa Binh
34 M¹y chÊu Carya
600 - Son La 20-25 50-60 CR 2 1 1 3 3 1 16
tonkinensis
Lecomte
1200
5
35 Mì Ba V× Manglietia < 900 Ba Vi 20-25 50-60 VU 0 1 2 3 2 2 13 Ba Vi,
hainanensis
Dandy
3
Phu Tho
47

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
36 Mun Diospyros mun < 800 The North, Centre 15-20 50-60 CR 1 1 3 3 2 1 16 Lam Dong
A. Chev.
5
37 Mun säc Diospyros
The North, Centre CR 1 1 3 3 2 1 16
salletti Lecomte.
5
38 NghiÕn Excentrodendro
The North 30 80 EN 0 1 3 2 3 1 14
n tonkinense
(Gagnep) Chang
& Miau
4
39 P¬ mu Fokienia 800 - North West, 25-35 200 VU 0 1 2 2 3 1 12 Lao Cai,
hodginsii 2500 Centre, Central
3
Lam Dong
Henry&Thomas
Highland
40 Rµng rµng Ormosia 50 - Phu Tho 20 80 NT 0 1 3 2 2 3 13 Cau Hai
mÝt balansae Drake 500
2
41 Re h−¬ng Cinnamomum 300- Centre, Central 20-25 50-60 CR 0 1 3 2 3 2 16
(X¸ xÞ) parthenoxylon
Meisn
900 Highland
5
42 Sa méc dÇu Cunninghamia 1300 - Nghe An, Thanh 60 320 CR 0 1 3 3 2 1 15
konishii Hayata 2000 Hoa
5
43 Sao l¸ h×nh Hopea cordata
Cam Ranh 10 20 CR 2 1 1 3 3 1 16 Lam
tim Vidal
5
Dong, Bau
Bang
44 Sao m¹ng Hopea
< 400 Ca Na 10 20 CR 2 1 1 3 3 1 16
reticulata
Tardieu
5
45 S¨ng ®µo Hopea ferrea < 700 Central Highland, 25-35 80 NT 0 1 3 2 3 1 12
Pierre
The South
2
46 SÕn c¸t Shorea
Central Highland, 30 120 LC 1 0 1 3 2 1 3 11 Binh
(SÕn mñ) roxburghii
G.Don
The South
Thuan
47 SÕn mËt Madhuca
The North 30 100 NT 0 1 3 2 2 3 13 Cau Hai
pasquieri
H.J.Lam
2
48 S¬n ®µo Melanorrhoea
Central Highland, 30 100 VU 0 1 3 2 3 1 13
usitata Wall
The South
3
48

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
49 S¬n huyÕt Melanorrhoea

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
63 ¦¬i Scaphium
Cetral Highland, 25 80 NT 0 1 3 1 2 1 10
macropodum
(Miq) Beumee
ex K. Heyne
The South
2
64 Vµng t©m Manglietia 100 - The North 25 80 CR 0 1 3 2 3 1 15 Cau Hai
fordiana Oliv. 700
5
65 Vï h−¬ng Cinnamomum 100- The North 25 200 CR 0 1 3 2 3 1 15
balansae
Lecomte
600
5
66 X¸ xÞ (Re Cinnamomum
All country 20 100 EN 0 1 3 2 3 1 14
lôc phÊn) glaucescens
(Nees) Hand.
Mazz.
4
67 Xoay Dialium 400 - Centre 25 150 VU 0 1 3 1 2 1 11
cochinchinensis
Pierre
1000
3
50

Table 4b. Site conditions for planting priority species for special-used forests
Species Climatic conditions Soil conditions
Annual temperature ( 0 No
Latitude Altitu-
Vietnamese Scientific name
de Rain fall Length
C)
Type of soil pH
name
(m) (mm/yr) of dry Mean Mean Mean
a.s.l.
season
(month)
temp.
of the
hostted
temp.
of the
coldesd
months months
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
1 B¸ch vµng Xanthocyparis
Feralite soils developed on
vietnamensis Farjon
limestone, fine texture, high
& Hiep
moisture
2 B¸ch xanh Calocedrus
900 - 1666 –
11 -
Yeallow feralite soils
macrolepis Kurz
1800 1700
14
developed on shale and
> 2000
< 16
sandstone, yeallow alit,
humus alit soils developed on
schists or granite, shallow to
deep layers, deep litters
3 B¹ch tïng Podocarpus
Grows on rock mountains,
imbricatus Blume
loamy soils, deep layer, moist
4 CÈm lai Bµ Dalbergia bariensis
< 900 Brown yeallow or yeallow
RÞa Pierre
red feralite soils developed on
basalt, grey feralite soils
developed on ancient
alluvium, along the streams
and rivers
5 C¨m xe Xylia xylocarpa
Brown yeallow or yeallow
Taub
red feralite soils developed on
basalt, grey feralite soils
developed on ancient
alluvium, along the streams
and rivers
6 Chai l¸ cong Shorea falcata Vidal Dense evergreen tropical
forests in low lands, grows in
sand-dunes, sandy soils along
the sea shores.
51

7 Chß chØ Parashorea
chinensis H. Wang
8 Chß ®·i Annamocarya
sinensis J. Leroy
9 Chß ®en Parashorea stellata
Kurz
10 Chß n©u Dipterocarpus
tonkinensis Chev.
100 -
1200
100 -
600
300-
800
+ Feralite soils developed on
shale, limestone.
+ Prefers with deep layer and
high moisture.
Feralite soils developed on
limestone, deep layer, high
humus content, light to
medium alkaline in the dense,
evergreen tropical rain forests
Broadleaf forests, yeallow
feralite soils on mountains
with deep, moist layer
< 300 + Red-yeallow, yeallow-red
feralite soils developed on
shale, mica-schist, gneiss
+ Deep layer, well drainage.
200 –
800
Soils developed on basalt

(Wall) Schum rian forests, low elevation
19 §Ønh tïng Cephalotaxus
600 -
Deep, moist soils in dense,
(PhØ) hainanensis H.L.Li
1500
evergreen tropical rian forests
20 Gi¸ng h−¬ng Pterocarpus

28 Hång tïng,
Hoµng ®µn
gi
Dacrydium elatum
Wall. ex Hook
500 -
1200
Dense evergreen tropical
moist forests, soils developed
on basalt, fertile or unfertile
29 KiÒn kiÒn Hopea pierrei Hance Dense evergreen tropical
moist forests, red yeallow
feralite soils developed on
30 Kim giao Podocarpus fleuryi
Hickel
31 Kim giao
nam
Podocarpus
wallichiana
(Presl) Kuntze
32 L¸t hoa Chukrasia tabularis
A. Juss.
33 Lim xanh Erythrophloeum
fordii Oliv.
34 M¹y chÊu Carya tonkinensis
Lecomte
35 Mì Ba V× Manglietia
hainanensis Dandy
36 Mun Diospyros mun A.
Chev.
16 -
22°N
17 -
23°N
50 -
1000
50 -
1500
50 -
1000
1.600 -
2.300
< 700 1.500 -
3.500
600 -
1200
0 - 4 19 -
23
0 - 4 20 -
27
acid and alkaline stones
Dense evergreen tropical
moist forests on limestone or
loamy mountains
Dense evergreen tropical
moist forests
32 - 33 9 - 16 + Alluvial soil in the deltas,
feralite soil developed on
granite, limestones.
Optimum: sandy-loamy
mixed soil in delta, forest soil
with deep layer and high
moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
21 - 36 11 - 15 Red yellow feralite soils
developed on granite, shale,
mica-schist. Prefers moist,
soft, humus soils
Evergreen tropical forests,
deep, moist, humus soils, well
drainage

37 Mun säc Diospyros salletti
to poor soil in the sea shores
Dense evergreen tropical rain
Lecomte.
forests on limestone
mountains, moist soils with
high humus content
38 NghiÕn Excentrodendron
< 700 Dense evergreen tropical rain
tonkinense (Gagnep)
forests on limestone
Chang & Miau
mountains, moist soils with
high humus content
39 P¬ mu Fokienia hodginsii
800 - 1200 -
15 Yeallow, yeallowish-red 4-5
Henry & Th
2500 2500
feralite soils developed on
granite, sandstone, alternative
deep layer, fertile in the dense
evergreen tropical rain forests
40 Rµng rµng Ormosia balansae
50 -
Yeallowish-red and red-
mÝt Drake
500
yeallow feralite soils
developed on shale, mica
schist. Prefers deep layer,
moist and fertile soils
41 Re h−¬ng Cinnamomum
300 -
Grows in dense evergreen
(X¸ xÞ) parthenoxylon Meisn
900
tropical rain forests, deep
layer, moist and well drainage
soils
42 Sa méc dÇu Cunninghamia
1300 - 1300 - 3 16 -
Prefers forest soils with deep >5
konishii Hayata
2000 2000
19
layer, moist, high humus
content
43 Sao l¸ h×nh Hopea cordata Vidal Sandy soil in sand dunes
tim
along the sea shores, tolerates
to poor soils.
Grows in dense evergreen
tropical forests, low elevation
44 Sao m¹ng Hopea reticulata
Tardieu
< 400 Arid, poor soils on hills
45 S¨ng ®µo Hopea ferrea Pierre < 700 Evergreen moist forests.
Tolerate to dry, hot
55

46 SÕn c¸t (SÕn
mñ)
Shorea roxburghii
G. Don
47 SÕn mËt Madhuca pasquieri
H.J.Lam
48 S¬n ®µo Melanorrhoea
usitata Wall
49 S¬n huyÕt Melanorrhoea
laccifera Pierre
50 Th«ng ®á Taxus wallichiana
L©m §ång Zucc
51 Th«ng ®á Pµ
Cß
52 Th«ng hai l¸
dÑt
53 Th«ng n¨m
l¸ §µ L¹t
Taxus chinensis
(Pilg) Rehd
Pinus krempfii
Lecomte
Pinus dalatensis de
Ferre’
54 Th«ng Pµ Cß Pinus
kwangtungensis
Chun ex Tsiang
55 Th«ng tre Podocarpus
56 Th«ng tre l¸
ng¾n
neriifolius D. Don
Podocarpus pilgeri
Foxw
<
1300
<
1200
<
1200
1400 -
1500
600 -
1400
1000 -
2000
1500 -
2400
1200 -
1400
500 -
1600
56
conditions. Grows well along
the streams, rivers on sandy
soils, well drainage
Tolerates to poor,
deteriorated, hot, dry soils,
but grows well on deep layer,
high humus content soils
Dense evergreen tropical rain
forests on the low mountains.
Prefers fertile, light acidity,
deep layer, moist soils
Thin evergreen tropical rain
forests, poor sandy soils
Thin evergreen tropical rain
forests, poor sandy soils
Evergreen tropical rain
forests, soils developed on
acid stones
Evergreen tropical rain
forests on the limestone
mountains
Evergreen tropical rain
forests, brown-black soil with
humus layer 20-40cm thick
Yeallow or grey-black soils,
shallow layer developed on
granite, shale. Grows in
evergreen tropical rain forests
On limestone mountains
Evergreen tropical rain
forests, limestone mountains
Evergreen tropical rain
forests, limestone mountains

57 Thñy tïng Glyptostrobus
pensilis K. Koch
58 Trai Nam Bé Fagraea fragrans
Roxb.
59 Trai lý Garcinia
fragraeoides
A.Chev.
60 Tr¾c d©y Dalbergia
annamensis A.
Chev.
61 Tr¾c nghÖ Dalbergia
cochinchinensis
Pierre
62 TrÇm dã Aquilaria crassna
Pierre ex Lecomte
63 ¦¬i Scaphium
macropodum (Miq)
Beumee ex K.Heyne
64 Vµng t©m Manglietia fordiana
Oliv.
65 Vï h−¬ng Cinnamomum
balansae Lecomte
08 -
22°N
700 1713 4 23,4 25,7 20,8 Brown-red flooding soils
developed on basalt and
yeallow feralite soils
developed on basalt
< 800 Grows in evergreen tropical
rain forests, or sandy soils in
the sea shores
< 900 Evergreen tropical rain
forests on limestone
mountains, deep layer, moist
and fertile
< 500 Tolerates to poor, dry soils
50 -
1000
20 -
700
100 -
700
100 -
600
1.900 -
2.500
57
0 - 6 24 -
28
29 - 31 11 - 22
Grey, grey-yeallow ancient
alluvial, deep layer, fertile
soils in the dense evergreen
tropical rain forests
+ Feralite soils developed on
mica-schist, shale. Optimum:
forest soil with deep layer and
high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm,
optimum: > 100 cm
Evergreen tropical rain
forests
Evergreen tropical rain
forests, prefers acid, moist
and fertile soils
Yeallow or yeallow red
feralite soils developed on
mica-schist, gneiss, high
humus content, well drainage
4-7

66 X¸ xÞ ( Re lôc
phÊn)
Cinnamomum
glaucescens (Nees)
Hand. Mazz.
67 Xoay Dialium
cochinchinensis
Pierre
400 -
1000
58
Evergreen tropical rain
forests
~2000 > 20 Brown-red feralite soils
developed on basalt, granite,
ancieat alluvium with deep
layer in the evergreen forests
or secondary forests

Part V
Introduction to major important species
for planting programmes in Vietnam

Major important species for planting programmes:
Selected provenances and planting regions
Planting Regions
Species / Provenance NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1. Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Dehnh
Laura River Qld xx xx xxx xxx xx
Morehead River Qld xx xx xxx xxx xx
Kennedy River Qld x xx xx xxx xx
2. Eucalyptus
tereticornis Sm.
Sirinumu PNG x xx xx xxx xx
Oro Bay PNG x xx xx xxx xx
Mt. Molloy Qld xx x xx xx
3. Eucalyptus
urophylla S.T. Blake
Lembata x xxx xx xx
Waikui xx xx xx x x x
Egon vµ Lewotubi xx xx xx x xxx x
U6, PN14 xxx xx xx xx xx xx xxx
Hybrids UU, GU xxx xx xx xx xx xxx xxx
Ba Vi, Van Xuan xxx xx xx xx xx x
4. Machilus
odoratissima Nees
Local Sources xx xxx
5. Dipterocarpus alatus
Roxb. ex G.Don
Ho Chi Minh City x x xxx xxx
Seed Production Areas x xx x
6. Anacardium
occidentale L.
Selected grafts xx xx xxx
7. Rhizophora
apiculata Blume
Can Gio, Ca Mau x xxx xxx
8. Michelia mediocris
Dandy
Local Sources xx xx xx
9. Illicium verum Hook
Van Quan (Lang Son) xxx
10. Tarrietia javanica
Blume
Local Sources xx
11. Acacia crassicarpa
A. Cunn. ex Benth.
Dimisisi PNG xx xxx xxx xx xxx xx
Deri-Deri PNG xxx xx xxx xx xxx xx
Morehead R. PNG xx xx xx xxx xx
Benbach PNG xx xx xxx xx
60

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
12. A. auriculiformis A.
Cunn. ex Benth
Mibini PNG xx xxx
Morehead R PNG xx x x xx
Coen R. Qld x xx xxx xx xx xxx
Wenlock R. Qld xx x
Kings Plains Qld x xx xx x x xxx
Manton R. LT x x xx
Goodmadeer R NT xx x x xxx
Ba Vi xx x xx x x
Dong Ha xx xx x xx
13. A. auriculiformis A.
Cunn. ex Benth x A.
mangium Wild.
BV10, BV16, V32 xx x xxx xxx x xx xxx x
BV33, V71, BV75
TB6, TB12 xx xx xx x
14. Acacia mangium
Pongaki PNG x x xx xx xx
Deri-Deri PNG x x x x xx xxx
Oriomo PNG x xx xxx
Bimadeum PNG x x xxx
Ingham Qld x xx
Cardwell Qld xxx
Pascoe R Qld xxx
Ba Vi xx xx x xx xx
15. Chukrasia tabularis
A. Juss.
Udomxay (Laos) xx x xx x xx
Son La xx x xx x x
Tuyen Quang xx xx x x
Thanh Hoa x xx xx x
16. Dendrocalanus
membranceus Munro
Thanh Hoa x xx x xxx xxx xx
Cau Hai x xxx xx xxx x
17. Casuarina
equisetifolia Forst &
Forst f
601 and 701 xxx xxx x xx xx
Central Regions xx xx xx xx
18. Cinnamomum
cassia (L.) J.Presl.
Yen Bai xxx xx x
Tra My xx
19. Hopea odorata
Roxb.
HCMC xxx xxx xx
Dong Nai xxx xxx xx
20. Pinus kesiya Royle
ex Gordon
61

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Hoang Su Phi HG xxx x xx
Simao China xxx x x
Doi Suthep, Thailand xxx
Th¸c Prenn Da Lat xx
Xu©n Tho Da Lat xx x x x
21. Pinus caribaea
Morelet
Poptun Guatemala xxx xx xx xxx xx xx xxx
Cardwell Qld xx xx xx xx x xx xxx
Dong Ha xx xx xx
Dai Lai xxx xx xxx xx xx xx xx
Ba Vi xxx xx xx xx xx xx xx
22. Pinus massoniana
Lamb.
Tam Dao xxx x xx
Loc Binh xxx x
23. Pinus merkusii
Jungh.et de Vries
Local sources x xx xxx xx
24. Melaleuca cajuputi
Powell
Bensbach PNG x xx xx xxx
Wangi NT x xx xx xxx
Long An VN x x x xxx
Phu Quoc VN x x xxx
25. Melaleuca
leucadendrra (L.) L.
Weipa Qld x xx xxx
Lawrence Qld xxx
Cambridge WA xxx
Proserpine Qld xx xxx xx
Rifle Cr. Qld x xx xx
Ba Vi VN xx xxx xx
Long An VN x xx xxx
26. Canarium album
(Lour.) Raeusch.
Local sources xxx xx xx xx
27. Aquilaria crassna
Pierre ex Lecomte
Local Sources x x xx x xx x
28. Melia azedarach L.
Local Sources x xx x xxx x
• Notes:
- Very adaptable: xxx,
- Adaptable:xx,
- Less adaptable:x
62

Vietnamese name: B¹ch ®µn tr¾ng caman
Scientific name: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh
• Some main characteristics:
A big tree, in its native region can reach 60m in hight and up to 3.6m in diameter.
Bole straight. Bark grey-white, or greenish-grey and glabrous, splitted into thin
pieces. Near the base, bark is longitudinally fissured and not splitted. Young
branchlets red, slender, pendulous. Leaves simple, alternate. Flowers mediumsized,
with small pedicel. Sepals connate at the base into hemisphere, on which
seated petals operculiform, same length as the calyx-tube, tip of operculum
pointed. Fruit hemispherical, 0.7-0.8cm long and 0.5-0.6cm wide, opening by 3
triangular valves.
• Natural distribution:
- Originated from Australia and widely distributed in tropical zones. The tree is
planted in many countries in the world. In vietnam, this species has been
imported for planting for a long time in low hilly areas from the North to the
South.
- Latitude: 12 0 - 38 0 S
- Altitude: 20 - 700 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 250mm - 1200mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 20 0 - 27 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 29 0 - 33 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 11 0 - 20 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 20 0 N
- Altitude: < 500 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): > 5 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 14 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on schists, shale. Optimum: Sandyloamy
mixed soil, well drainage.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm, optimum: > 60 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7
+ Limited slope: < 15 0 , optimum: flat land (0 0 )
• Uses:
- Main uses: Wood reddish, grains fine. Hardness and density medium (0.5-0.7),
annual rings obscure and irregular in distance, easily curved. Can be used in
63

underwater construction, paper pulp, furniture, bridge-building, for sleepers,
electric posts, planks and normal implements.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood:
Furniture: x
Staked wood:
Mining pole: xx
Fire wood: xx
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break: xx
Bee-feeding: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 12 - 15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Scattered, concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
Laura River Qld xx xx xxx xxx xx
Morehead River Qld xx xx xxx xxx xx
Kennedy River Qld x xx xx xxx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
64

Vietnamese name: B¹ch ®µn tr¾ng tªrª
Scientific name: Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith.
• Some main characteristics:
A woody evergreen tree, 20-30m, sometimes reach 45-50m in hight and 25-30cm
(up to 100cm) in diameter. Bark grey, smooth. Leaves oval, rather long and curved..
Flowers white. Seeds small-sized, brown.
• Natural distribution:
- Originated in Australia (from Victoria to Queensland) and Papua New Guinea.
The tree is planted in many countries in the world. In vietnam, this species has
been imported for planting for a long time in low hilly areas from the North to the
South.
- Latitude: 8 0 - 38 0 S
- Altitude: under 1000 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 500mm - 3000mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 29 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 24 0 - 36 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 5 0 - 19 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 20 0 N
- Altitude: < 500 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): > 5 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 35 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 14 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Sandy-loamy mixed, loamy soils, well drainage.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 60 cm
+ pH: 4 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 15 0 , optimum: flat land (0 0 )
• Uses:
- Main uses: Sapwood light yeallow, heartwood red, grains fine. Density 0.6-0.8.
Can be used in construction, furniture, paper pulp and normal implements.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
65

Staked wood:
Mining pole: xx
Fire wood: xx
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break: xx
Bee-feeding: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 12 - 15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Scattered, concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
Sirinumu PNG x xx xx xxx xx
Oro Bay PNG x xx xx xxx xx
Mt. Molloy Qld xx x xx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
66

Vietnamese name: B¹ch ®µn ur«
Scientific name: Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake
• Some main characteristics:
A big, evergreen tree, 20-25m in hight (can be reached 40-45m) and up to 1m or
more in diameter. Trunk straight, high bole (10-15m). Bark grey-brown, slightly
longitudinally fissured.
• Natural distribution:
- Originated from Indonesia, major distributed in islands: Timor, Wetar, Alor,
Flores, Adonara, Lomblen and Pentar. The tree is planted in many countries in
the world. In vietnam, this species has been imported for planting in low hilly
areas from the North to the South.
- Latitude: 7 0 - 10 0 S
- Altitude: 300 - 1100 m a.s.l (Alor, Flores, Adonara, Lomblen and Pentar),
sometimes grow at the elevation of 1000 - 2900 m a.s.l (Timor).
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1300mm - 2200mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 18 0 - 23 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 27 0 - 32 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 8 0 - 12 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 13 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 100 - 1500 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): > 5 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 20 0 - 25 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 32 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 10 0 - 14 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on schists, shale. Optimum: Sandyloamy
mixed soil, deep, high moisture, but well drainage.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 20 0 , optimum: flat land (0 0 )
• Uses:
- Main uses: Wood brown, density 0.54-0.57, grains fine. Can be used in
construction, furniture and paper pulp.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber and construction: x
67

Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole: xx
Fire wood: x
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break: xx
Bee-feeding: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 12 - 15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Scattered, concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Lambata x xxx xx xx
Waikui xx xx xx x x x
Egon vµ Lewotubi xx xx xx x xxx x
U6, PN14 xxx xx xx xx xx xx xxx
Hybrids of UU & GU xxx xx xx xx xx xxx xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
68

Vietnamese name: Bêi lêi ®á (Kh¸o vµng)
Scientific name: Machilus odoratissima Nees.
• Some main characteristics:
A medium or large-sized tree, up to 30-35m in hight and 40-60cm in diameter.
Trunk straight with few branches. Crown small. Bark greyish-white with numerous
lenticels. Inner bark yeallowish, 8-10mm thick, aromatic. Twigs brownish, glabrous.
Leaves simple, alternate, coriaceous, lanceolate, 12cm long and 3.5cm wide, tip
slightly acute, base cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces. Lateral veins 7-10 pairs.
Petiole lanky, 7-15mm long. Inflorescence in a panicle, equal or longer than the
leaf, tomentose at rachis-base. Flowers yeallowish, bisexual. Perianth 6 lobes,
equal, oblong, shortly tomentose outside. Stamens 9, in 3 circles, 6 outer stamens
without glands, 3 inner ones biglandular at the base. Anthers 4-locular. Staminodes
3. Ovary globose and glabrous, style long, stima globose or subglobose. Fruit
globose, 10-12mm in diameter, calyx persistent and spreading, blackish-violet
when mature, covered with white powder. Fruit pedicel.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in whole country, concentrated in Gia Lai, Kon Tum.
- Latitude: 8 0 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 50 - 400 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm - 2500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 27 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 10 0 - 15 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 12 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 20 - 400 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1900mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October (or August - January)
+ Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 27 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 10 0 - 15 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on basalt, schists, rhiolite. Optimum:
forest soil developed on basalt, schists.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 80 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7, optimum: 4 -5
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber with distinctive heartwood and sapwood: Heartwood
yeallowish, sapwood white, rather durable and heavy (density 0.87), easy to
69

work, rather resistant to termites and insects, used in construction or in precious
furniture-making.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood: x
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products: Bark makes incenses.
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break:
• Increment rate/ productivity: 10 - 12 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: 1-2 ha in the gardens or around the houses.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Local seed sources xx xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
70

Vietnamese name: DÇu r¸i (DÇu n−íc)
Scientific name: Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.
• Some main characteristics:
A very big tree, 35-45m in hight and 60-100cm or more in diameter. Trunk
cylindricle, straight. Crown umbellate, late branched. Branches big. Twigs coarse.
Bark white-grey. Inner bark yeallowish-brown, resinous. Leaves simple, alternate,
ovate or oblong-ovate, elliptic, 20-25cm long, 10-15cm wide, slightly acute, dark
green above, pale green beneath, tomentose. Lateral veins 10-20 pairs, parallel,
evident beneath. Bud-stipule large, red, covered with tomentum. Inflorescence is a
whitr-pink raceme. Flowers pentamenrous (sepals 5, petals 5). Stamens about 30,
arranged in 2 rings. Fruit big, 1.5-2cmin diameter with 2 big wings, developed from
sepals, 11-14cm long and 1.5-2cm wide, red when young and yeallowish-brown
when mature. One seed.
• Natural distribution:
- A rather common species of the Dipterocarpaceae family in Southeast asian
countries, distributed from India, Myanmar, Thaland, Laos, Cambodia and
Vietnam to Indonesia and the Philippines. In Vietnam, found from Quang Nam-
Da Nang and Southwards, most commonly in Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Binh
Duong, Ba Ria-Vung Tau provinces, often growing gregariously in small pure
stands along streams and river banks.
- Latitude: 0 0 - 16 0 N
- Altitude: under 800 m a.s.l, mainly 100 - 400 m .
• Climatic conditions in original area (Vietnam):
- Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm - 2500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 27 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 18 0 - 22 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 19 0 N
- Altitude: 100 - 600 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): > 5 months, optimum 6-7 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 18 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on alluvial and ancient alluvium
+ Soil layer depth: > 100 cm, optimum: > 150 cm
+ pH: 3.5 -5, optimum: 4 -5
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 15 0
71

• Uses:
- Main uses: Wood rather hard with a density of 0.7 and fine grains, easy to saw
and polish. Used in light construction, for furniture and household implements.
Its resin used in painting industry and for burning. It is a very common shade
tree in Ho Chi Minh City and many towns of Southern provinces.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: xxx
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xxx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products: Resin
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break:
• Increment rate/ productivity: > 10 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation or along the roads, streets.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Hochiminh City x x x xxx xxx
SPAs x x xx x
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
72

Vietnamese name: §iÒu (§µo lén hét)
Scientific name: Annacardium occidentale L.
• Some main characteristics:
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 6-25m in hight and 30-45cm in diameter. Early
branched. Crown globose, dense, dark green. Bark greyish-brown and rough with
abundant warts. Leaves simple, alternate, obovate, 9-15cm long, 6-8cm wide.
Flowers polygamous. Fruits developed from the swollen and juicy receptacle,
pyriform, yeallow or red. Seed white, contains oil and starch.
• Natural distribution:
- Originates from South America, widely cultivated into plantations in Vietnam,
Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Srilanca, India etc. In
Vietnam, it is cultivated from Quang Nam to Phu Quoc island. A lightdemanding
tree, suitable for distribution from the 15 parallel and Southward.
- Latitude: 20 0 N - 20 0 S
- Altitude: 5 - 250 m .
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 700mm - 3100mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 20 0 - 22 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 15 0 N
- Altitude: 5 - 600 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 700mm – 3100mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 27 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 36 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 19 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils in the hills, sandy-loamy mixed soils in sea shore
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 3 - 6, optimum: 4.5 - 5
+ Limited slope: < 10 0 , optimum: < 5 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: The wood is red-brown, hard, but crooked. It is used for huts, sheds
and production of charcoal. Old fruit rich in water, sugar and vitamine C, edible
in fresh or as a salad. Also used in production of alcohol. The real fruit are rich
in oil, processed to make water-protection to apply as cover over paint. Seeds
are rich in starch and sugar, oil, tasty with good smell. Can be used to make
high quality cake and candy.
73

- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction:
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: x
+ Non-timber products: Seed as food: xxx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity:
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation or around the houses
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Tested Grafts xx xx xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
74

Vietnamese name: §−íc (§−íc ®«i)
Scientific name: Rhizophora apiculata Bl.
• Some main characteristics:
A tree, 10-20m high, especially in mangrove forests of the South, there trees with
large size of 30-35m in hight and 60-70cm in diameter. Bark grey, thick,
longitudinally fissured. Branches rough. Stilt-roots numerous at the base, fishpotshaped,
1-2m high. Leaves simple, opposite, 10-16cm long and 2.5-6cm wide.
Leaf-blade thick, stiff, glosy, lanceolate or oval, apex acute, base cuneate. Midrib
red, obvious beneath, lateral veins inconspicuos. Flowers at axil of fallen leaves,
usually 2 flowers in a cyme with a pedicel shorter than the pediole. Fruit pyriformlike,
2-2.5cm long, brown, pendulous; propogule cylindrical, green, swollen at the
base, 15-20cm long, pinkish-green when mature.
• Natural distribution:
- Mainly distributed in tropical coastal regions of the Northern hemisphere. In
Vietnam, R. apiculata is one of the main components of mangrove, usually
being dominant, or growing into nearly pure stands. Prefers sandy mudflats
along the coast of the South, or at river mouth, such as Ca Mau, Bac Lieu and
the estuary of Dong Nai river.
- Latitude: 8 0 - 11 0 N
- Altitude: Sandy mudflats along the coast
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm - 2400mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 26 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 33 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 23 0 - 25 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 11 0 N and some locations along the coastal areas in the North
- Altitude: Sandy mudflats along the coast
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm – 2400mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 26 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 33 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 21 0 - 23 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Sandy mudflats soil, fertile and frequently affected by tide
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 60 cm
+ pH: 2 - 5, optimum: 3 - 4
+ Limited slope: 3 - 4 0 , optimum: 0 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Wood is pinkish, heartwood the drrkest. Wood hard, heavy, easy to
work when fresh. Can be used in construction, for furniture and pit props.
75

Rather durable in dry conditions. Previously, it was much used for burning
charcoal, yielding high calorific output and little smoke. Bark is rich in tannin,
used in dyeing and tanning.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood:
Furniture:
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood and charcoal: xxx
+ Non-timber products: Tannin: xxx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break: xx
Wave prevention: xxx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 10 - 13 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated forests along the coast of the sea.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Can Gio, Ca Mau x xxx xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
76

Vietnamese name: Giæi xanh
Scientific name: Michelia mediocris Dandy
• Some main characteristics:
A large evergreen tree, 25-30m in hight and 70-80cm in diameter. Trunk straight,
cylindrical. Bark grey. Inner bark brownish-yeallow, with stinking smell. Twigs
tomentose, leaving stipule scars and bearing scattered round lenticels. Leaves
simple, alternate, irregularly fixed on branches, leaf-blade coriaceous, glabrous, 8-
20 cm long and 5.5cm wide, oblong-ovate, tip with a short point, base round or
cuneate. Flower-bud enclosed by 3 caducous bracts. Flower solitary , terminal or
opposite feaf. Pedicel 3-3.5cm long, tomentose. Fruit compound, 10cm long when
mature; follicle oblong-ovate, 22mm long and 13mm wide, with many atomata,
dechiscing by a cover. Light-demanding and rather fast-growing species. Natural
and coppice-regeneration are good under thin forest cover. Flowering in April,
fruiting in October.
• Natural distribution:
- An endemic species to Vietnam, distributed in hilly or mountainous regions, in
dense primary or secondary tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests of
Northern and Central provinces, such as: Lao Cai, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha
Tinh, Kon Tum, Gia Lai. Usually mixed with Michelia faveolata, Pelthophorum
ferrugineum and Aglaia gigantea, sometimes forming a dominant stand.
- Latitude: 11 0 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: under 400 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm - 2900mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 21 0 - 24 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 6 0 - 16 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 11 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 400 - 1000 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2900mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): March - November
+ Mean annual temperature: 21 0 - 24 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 27 0 - 33 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 6 0 - 16 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on schists. Optimum: Forest soils with
deep layer and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 15 0
77

• Uses:
- Main uses: Sap-wood and heartwood distinctive, the latter is yeallow. Timber
very hard, fine grains, easy to work, rarely curved or spitted after seasoning and
resistant to termites and insects. Used in construction, boat and furnituremaking.
Seed perfurmed, used as a spice and as medicaments for fever and
bellyache.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood: xx
Furniture: xxx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: x
+ Non-timber products: Seed perfurmed, used as a spice and as
medicaments for fever and bellyache.
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break:
• Increment rate/ productivity: 12 - 15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Enrichment of natural forests or plant under secondary
forest's foliage.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance/Cultivar
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
Local seed sources xx xx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Dalta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
78

Vietnamese name: Håi (§¹i håi)
Scientific name: Illicium verum Hook
• Some main characteristics:
A small tree, 6-8m in hight, sometimes over 10-15m, with a diameter up to 15-
30cm. Trunk straight, terete. Bark grey-brown, branchlets green, glabrous; crown
conicle to globose, looking beautiful. All parts of tree have an agreeable aromatic
smell. Leaves simple, usually clustered at branch-tips into pseudoverticils of 3-4
leaves. Leaves entire, 6-12cm long, 2.5-5cm wide, oval or ovate, tapering towards
both ends, apex obtuse or acute, base cuneate. Flowers big, pink-white, solitary
and axillary. Fruit consists of 6-8 (rarely 13) follicles, spreading, woody and brown
when mature, dehiscent by the ventral side. Seed solitary in each follicle, brown or
rufous, glosy and glabrous. Flowering twice a year: First time from February to
March, fruiting from June to August, and second time in August-October (fruiting in
February-March of the following year).
• Natural distribution:
- Lang Son (Vietnam) and South of China.
- Latitude: 22 0 - 23 0 N
- Altitude: 50 - 300 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm - 2000mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 21 0 - 22 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 31 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 11 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 21 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 50 - 300 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2400mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 20 0 - 23 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 31 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 11 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Red, brown-red or yeallow feralite soils, developed from schistsandstone
with deep, fertile and well drained soils.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 5
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Wood is fragrant. Used for houses, pillars and furniture. Fruits,
leaves and seeds have essential oil, which is used in medicine and relished in
food-industry.
79

- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction:
Veneered wood:
Furniture: x
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: x
+ Non-timber products: Seed perfurmed, used as a spice and as
medicaments for fever and bellyache.
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break:
Erosion prevention: x
• Increment rate/ productivity:
• Mode of planting
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Van Quan
(Lang Son)
xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
80

Vietnamese name: Huûnh
Scientific name: Tarrietia javanica Bl.
• Some main characteristics:
An evergreen, large-sized tree, up to 45m high and 100-150cm in diameter,
branchless to hight of 20-25m. Trunk cylindrical, with thin buttresses. Bark whitegreyish,
exuding latex. Crown dense. Leaves alternate, palmately compound.
Leaflets 3-7,obovoid, usually scaled beneath and with tufts of hairs at axils of
secondary veins. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate, 13cm long, much branched,
stellate hairy at tip. Flower unisexual. Fruit a globose nut with woody wall, has an
apical ridge enlarging into a wing. Flowering in January-February, fruiting in June-
July.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam. In Vietnam, met in
dense tropical evergreen forests of lowland areas. Concentrated in Quang Binh
province (Le Thuy, Tuyen Hoa, Quang Ninh districts).
- Latitude: 17 0 - 18 0 N
- Altitude: 150 - 400 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 2000mm - 2400mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 25 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 15 0 - 18 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 17 - 19 0 N
- Altitude: 100 - 400 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 2000mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): August - December
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 26 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 35 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 15 0 - 20 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on shale, mica-schist, with deep and
rich in humus.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 25 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Wood large, hard and durable with density of 0.9-1.1. Sapwood
brown, heartwood dark brown, grain fine and nicely figured, well resistant to
fungi, termites and salty water. One of the valuable woods of high quality
furniture, cabinet work, windows and door frame, stairs, sleepers, barrels and
81

ship and boat-building. It can be used for exterior implements, such as
telegraph and power-line electric ppoles, bridges and machine accessories.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: xxx
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xxx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: x
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break:
• Increment rate/ productivity: 10 - 13 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Enrichment of natural forests, scattered around houses or
concentrated plantation.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Local seed sources xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
82

Vietnamese name: Keo l¸ liÒm
Scientific name: Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth
• Some main characteristics:
A evergreen tree, 20-30m in hight. Bark greyish-brown, deeply longitudinally
fissured. Leaves curved, simple, green-grey. Fruit woody hard, brown. Seeds black,
6mm x 3mm in size.
• Natural distribution:
- Originated from Australia (North East of Queensland), South-West Papua New
Guinea, Indonesia (South West Irian Jaya). In Vietnam, it is planted in some
South Central provinces.
- Latitude: 8 0 - 20 0 S
- Altitude: 5 - 450 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1000mm - 3500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 12 0 - 21 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 19 0 N
- Altitude: 3 - 200 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): 6 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 23 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Many kinds of soils: coastal sandy soil, yeallowish red basalt,
sediment, ancient alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm, optimum: > 70 cm
+ pH: 4 - 6, optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 20 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Sapwood is light brown, heartwood yeallowish-red, density 0.72.
Used in house-building, boat-building, for furniture, veneered wood.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: xx
Ship-building: xx
Veneered wood: xx
83

Furniture: xxx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: xx
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: xxx
Wind-break: xx
Erosion prevention: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 30 - 40 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Dimisisi PNG xx xxx xxx xx xxx xx
Deri-Deri PNG xxx xx xxx xx xxx xx
Morehead R. PNG xx xx xx xxx xx
Benbach PNG xx xx xxx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
84

Vietnamese name: Keo l¸ trµm
Scientific name: Acacia aurculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth
• Some main characteristics:
A large, evergreen tree, 25-30m in hight and up to 60-80cm in diameter with a bole
12-15m high. Crown large and dark green. Bark black-grey, deeply longitudinally
fissured, 2-3mm thick. Inner bark 7-9mm thick, white-grey. Young branches slightly
depressed, angular, glabrous and green. Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit a thin
compressed pod, 7-8cm long and 1.2-1.4cm wide, glabrous. Seeds 5-7. Fruit-stalk
1.2cm long.
• Natural distribution:
- Originated from Australia, nowadays widely planted in Vietnam, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Sri Lanka and India. In Vietnam, it is planted in many provinces from
the North to the South, mainly concentrated from Quang Nam to Kien Giang.
- Latitude: 5 0 - 17 0 S
- Altitude: 5 - 400 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1400mm - 3400mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 29 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 17 0 - 22 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 20 0 N
- Altitude: 5 - 400 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): 5 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 35 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 16 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Many kinds of soils: coastal sandy soil, yeallowish red basalt,
sediment, ancient alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm, optimum: > 50 cm
+ pH: 3 - 9, optimum: 4.5 - 6.5
+ Limited slope: < 30 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber large-sized and straight. Wood is white-yeallow with
inconspicuous ribs. Density 0.5-0.7. Used in house-building, for furniture, boxes
and carriage-making and for paper pulp. The tree is planted for shading and
wind break in nurseries and also as a shade tree along streets and road sides.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
85

+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood: x
Furniture: xxx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: xx
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: xxx
Wind-break: xx
Erosion prevention: xxx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 30 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Mibini - PNG xx xxx
Morehead R - PNG xx x x xx
Coen R. Qld x xx xxx xx xx xxx
Wenlock R. Qld xx x
Kings Plains Qld x xx xx x x xxx
Manton R. NT x x xx
Goomadeer R. NT xx x x xxx
Seed Stand Ba Vi xx x xx x x
Seed Stand D. Ha xx xx x xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
86

Vietnamese name: Keo lai (gi÷a Keo tai t−îng vµ Keo l¸ trµm)
Scientific name: Acacia mangium Wild. x Acacia auriculiformis A.
Cunn. ex Benth.
• Some main characteristics:
A evergreen tree, 25-30m in hight and up to 30-40cm in diameter. Trunk straight,
with a bole high. Bark grey, slightly longitudinally fissured. Leaves, flowers, fruits
and seeds are intermediate characteristics between A. mangium and A.
auriculiformis. Grows faster than A. mangium and A. auriculiformis.
• Natural distribution:
- Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, India and some other
countries in Pacific-Asia.
- Altitude: 5 - 300 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1300mm - 2500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 27 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 31 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 15 0 - 22 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 5 - 500 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): 6 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 31 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 23 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Many kinds of soils: coastal sandy soil, feralite soils developed
on schists, shale, alluvium and ancient alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm, optimum: > 60 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7, optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Sapwood grey-white, heartwood light brown, density 0.56-0.63.
Mostly used for paper pulp. The tree has been planting widely in Vietnam.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood: xx
Furniture: xx
87

Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: xx
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: xxx
Wind-break: xx
Erosion prevention:
Bee-feeding: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 40 - 45 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance/Cultivar
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
BV10, BV16, BV32,
BV33, BV 71, BV75,
xx x xxx xxx x xx xxx x
TB6, TB12 xx xx xx x
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
88

Vietnamese name: Keo tai t−îng
Scientific name: Acacia mangium Willd.
• Some main characteristics:
A large, evergreen tree, 30m in hight. Trunk straight, bole 12-15m high. Bark rough,
greyish-brown to brown, deeply longitudinally fissured. Leaves simple, large, 25cm
long and 8-10cm wide. Flowers white. Fruit twisted. Seeds black, oval, 3-5mm long
and 2-3mm wide.
• Natural distribution:
- Originated from Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea (Western
province), Indonesia (Irian Jaya and Maluku). In Vietnam, it is planted in many
provinces from the North to the South.
- Latitude: 1 0 - 18 0 S
- Altitude: 5 - 800 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm - 3000mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 25 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 31 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 15 0 - 22 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 10 - 800 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm – 3500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): 5 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 27 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 31 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 14 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Alluvia soil, coastal sandy soil, ancient alluvium.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 50 cm
+ pH: 3.8 - 6.5.,optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 250 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Heartwood yeallowis-brown, sapwood light, density 0.42-0.48. Used
for paper pulp, veneered wood. The tree is planted for shading and wind break
and also as a invironmental improvement tree.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xx
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood: x
89

Furniture:
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: xxx
Wind-break: xx
Erosion prevention: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 35 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance/Cultivar
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
Pongaki PNG x x xx xx xx
Deri-Deri PNG x x x x xx xxx
Oriomo PNG x xx xxx
Bimadebum PNG x x xxx
Ingham Qld x xx
Cardwell Qld xxx
Pascoe R Qld xxx
SS Ba Vi (1)
xx xx x xx xx
(1) Provenance Pongaki
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
90

Vietnamese name: L¸t hoa
Scientific name: Chukrasia tabularis A.Juss
• Some main characteristics:
A big tree, 30m in hight and up to 100cm in diameter. Trunk straight, with arge
buttresses. Branches dense. Bark blackish, lenticellate, shortly reddish tomentose.
Leaves paripinate-compound. Flowers hermaphrodite, yeallowish, 1.5cm long. Fruit
elliptic, slightly mucronate at tip, 4-4.5cm long and 2.5-3.5cm wide, many seeds
piled up in each fruit-locule. Seed 1-1.2cm long and 0.4cm wide, endosperm
absent. Flowering in July, fruiting in December or January the followinf year.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Phu Tho, Tuyen Quang,
Lang Son, Son La, Lai Chau etc. provinces. The tree usally ocurres on
limestone mountains, mixed with: Pentace tonkinensis, Garcinia spp., Amoora
gigantea and Dracontemelum dupperreanum. Light-demanding when mature,
shade-demanding when young, slow-growing byt long-living.
- Latitude: 13 0 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 300 - 700 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1600mm - 2300mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 19 0 - 23 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 33 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 16 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 16 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 50 - 800 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1600mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October or October - February
(Central provinces)
+ Mean annual temperature: 19 0 - 23 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 33 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 16 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Alluvial soil in the deltas, feralite soil developed on granite,
limestones. Optimum: Sandy-loamy mixed soil in delta, forest soil wihith
deep layer and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7, optimum: 6 - 7
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
91

- Main uses: Wood hard and heavy (density 0.75-0.80), valuable,sapwood
pinkish, heartwood copper-res; veins handsome, fine grains. Used in
construction and furniture-making. An endangered in Vietnam.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xxx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break:
• Increment rate/ productivity: 10 - 15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation or scattered trees around the
houses and gardens
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Udomxay (Laos) xx x xx x xx
Son La xx x xx x x
Tuyen Quang xx xx x x
Thanh Hoa x xx xx x
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
92

Vietnamese name: Luång
Scientific name: Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro.
• Some main characteristics:
Growing in groups, 8-20m in hight and 10-12cm in diameter. Shoots sprout in April -
May. Fast-growing species. It can be harvested at 5 years old.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh. The species has been
planting widely in many provinces throughout Vietnam.
- Latitude: 19 0 - 21 0 N
- Altitude: under 300 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm - 2300mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 24 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 15 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 10 - 21 0 N
- Altitude: < 300 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥100 mm/month): May - October or September - February
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 24 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Alluvial soil in the deltas to hilly feralite soil wihith deep layer
and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7, optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 10 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Used in construction, paper pulp, making art/household
implements.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Construction: xx
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood:
93

+ Non-timber products: Bamboo shoots: xxx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break:
Dike protection: xxx
• Increment rate/ productivity: tons/ha/yr.
• Mode of planting:
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Thanh Hoa x xx x xxx xxx xx
Cau Hai x xxx xx xxx x
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
94

Vietnamese name: Phi lao (Xi lau, D−¬ng)
Scientific name: Casuarina equisetifolia L.
• Some main characteristics:
An evergreen, medium or large-sized tree, 15-20m in hight and up to 20-40cm in
diameter. Leaves reduced to scales, surrounding the nodes of the twigs, and in this
case, their function is replaced by the twigs. Inner bark has the colour of raw meat.
Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Male inflorescence is a catkin-spike, consisting of
many flowers, arranged in whorls. Female flowers inflorescence solitary, at the tip
of short lateral branches. Fruits grouped into a woody oval cone with persistent
bracts. Seeds solitary without endosperm.
• Natural distribution:
- Originates from Australia. Nowadays mainly planted in coastal areas of
Vietnam, and other countries in South East Asia.
- Latitude: 5 0 - 20 0 N
- Altitude: 1 - 10 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm - 2500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 20 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 6 0 - 23 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 11 - 20 0 N
- Altitude: 0 - 10 m a.s.l. (sand dunes in coastal areas and deltas)
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October or October - February
(Central provinces)
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 25 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Alluvial soil, sandy-loamy mixed soil in deltas, sand dunes in
coastal areas. It can be planted on acid, inundated soil.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 50 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7, optimum: 6 - 7
+ Limited slope: < 10 0 , optimum: < 5 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber brownish and soft with distinctive annual rings, density
0.978. Easily attacked by termites and insects. Usually used in construction, fpr
mining poles, furniture and fuel wood. It can be burned even when green. It is
also cultivated for wind break and sand stabilization. Bark is rich in tannin and
can be used for tanning.
95

- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood:
Furniture:
Staked wood:
Mining pole: xx
Fire wood: xxx
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: xx
Wind-break: xxx
Sand stabilization: xxx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation, along the roads, canals or fences.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance/Cultivar
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
601 & 701 xxx xxx x xx xx
Local seed source
of provinces in the
Central Vietnam
xx xx xx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
96

Vietnamese name: QuÕ
Scientific name: Cinnamomum cassia Bl.
• Some main characteristics:
An evergreen, medium-sized tree, 18-20m in hight and 40-60cm or morein
diameter. Trunk straight, cylindrical. Bark greyish-brown. All parts of tree are
pungently, agreeably perfumed. Twigs tetragonal, greenish, densely blackish-brown
tomentose, then gradually caducous. Leaves simple, alternate or subopposite,
oblong-ovate, 10-18cm long and 4-6cm widwe. Leaf-blade coreaceous, thick,
shinning green, thinly pilose beneath, 3-nerved from the base, evident. At young
leaves, veins evident on upper surface. Gland absent at axil of nerve. Petiole 1.4-
2.5cm long. Fruit cylindrical, pink-violet when mature, leaving a trace on branch
when fallen.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Vietnam and China (Southern provinces). In Vietnam, found in
many provinces, from the North to the South, but concentrated in Quang Ninh,
Yen Bai, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai provinces. Naturally
distributed in primary tropical dense forests.
- Latitude: 15 0 - 23 0 N
- Altitude: 200 - 400 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500 mm - 2200mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 23 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 33 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 12 0 - 18 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 15 - 21 0 N
- Altitude: 100 - 400 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): April - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 27 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 33 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 12 0 - 18 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on shale, mica-schist
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4.0 - 5.5
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber used in making of normal implements, house-pillars, sawing
boards. Bark, leaves, branches and roots can be exploited for medicine.
Essential oil extracted from all parts of tree used in industry and medicine.
97

- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: x
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: x
+ Non-timber products: Oil: xxx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break:
Erosion prevention: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity:
• Mode of planting:
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Yen Bai xxx xx x
Tra My xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
98

Vietnamese name: Sao ®en
Scientific name: Hopea odorata Roxb
• Some main characteristics:
A big, evergreen tree, up to 30-40m in hight and 60-80cm in diameter. Bole
cyclindrical, 15-20cm. Bark blackish-brown, longitudially fissured into many thin and
rough pieces. Inner bark redish-brown, much fibrous. Twigs and petioles covered
with grey stellate hairs, later glabrous. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, 8-14cm
long and 3-6 cm wide. Flowers subsessile, sepals 5, hairy on both sides. Petals 5,
falcate, serrate and hairy outside. Overy hairy. Fruit ovoid, 7-8mm in diameter, with
developed wings, 5-6cm long and 1-2cm wide. Perianth 6 lobes, equal, oblong,
shortly tomentose outside. Stamens 9, in 3 circles, 6 outer stamens without glands,
3 inner ones biglandular at the base. Anthers 4-locular. Staminodes 3. Ovary
globose and glabrous, style long, stima globose or subglobose. Fruit globose, 10-
12mm in diameter, calyx persistent and spreading, blackish-violet when mature,
covered with white powder. Fruit pedicel.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in India, Thaland, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. In Vietnam, found
in most provinces of Southern part, form Gia Lai, Kon Tum and Southwards.
Grows gregariously in dese tropical evergreen forests.
- Latitude: 10 0 - 16 0 N
- Altitude: 100 - 750 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm - 2500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 27 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 33 0 - 36 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 10 0 - 18 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 9 - 17 0 N
- Altitude: 10 - 700 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 33 0 - 36 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 10 0 - 18 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on shale, mica-schist, deep-layers and
high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 5, optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 15 0 , optimum: < 5 0
99

• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber greyish-yeallow, sapwood is lighter than heartwood. It is a
good and valuable timber of Vietnam, resistant to insects and termites. Usually
used in making of furniture, floors, railway sleeper, weagons and ship-building.
Trunk contains much resin and gum; is planted as avenue shade-trees in many
cities and towns in Vietnam.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber, ship-building and construction: xxx
Veneered wood: xx
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break:
• Increment rate/ productivity: 15 - 18 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting:
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
HCMC xxx xxx xx
Dong Nai xxx xxx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
100

Vietnamese name: Th«ng ba l¸
Scientific name: Pinus kesyia Royle ex Gordon (syn. Pinus khasya
Hook.)
• Some main characteristics:
A big tree, up to 30-35m in hight with straight, cylindrical bole. Bark is thick and
dark brown, deeply splitted longitudially . Branches robust, red brown, from the
second year, branches pointing downwards. Leaf-base scale shaped, caducous.
Leaves dark green, soft, usually with 3 needles in an ocreate fascicle at tip of a
short twig. Needle 15-20cm long, ocrea 1.2cm long, persistent. Cone ovoid, 5-9cm
long, often curved downwards, sometimes slightly distorted. Seed winged, 1.5-
2.5cm long.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Thaland, Laos, Myanmar, China and Vietnam. In Vietnam, found
in Ha Giang, Kon Tum, Lam Dong.
- Latitude: 10 0 - 23 0 N
- Altitude: 900 - 1700 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1700mm - 1800mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 18 0 - 20 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 26 0 - 31 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 8 0 - 11 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 13 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 900 - 1400 m a.s.l (in the South) and 700 - 1200 m a.s.l (North).
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1600mm – 1800mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): 6 - 7 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 18 0 - 20 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 26 0 - 33 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 12 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils, redish-yeallow potzolic soil developed on basalt,
granite.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 50 cm
+ pH: 3.5 - 5, optimum: 4 - 4.5
+ Limited slope: < 35 0 , optimum: < 25 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber soft and light. Can be used for housing implements, boxes,
matches, paper pulp and temporary electric poles. Resin good but not
abundant, therefore not yet much exploited.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
101

+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood:
Furniture:
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: xx
+ Non-timber products: Resin: xx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break:
Erosion prevention: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity:15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentraed plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance/Cultivar
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
Hoang Su Phi HG xxx x xx
Simao China xxx x x
Doi Suthep Thailand xxx
Prenn Da Lat xx
Xuan Tho, Da Lat xx x x x
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
102

Vietnamese name: Th«ng caribª
Scientific name: Pinus caribaea Morelet
• Some main characteristics:
A big tree, evergreen, up to 30-35m in hight and 60-80cm in diametere, with
straight bole and small branches. Leaves dark green, soft, usually with 4-5 needles
in an ocreate fascicle at tip of a short twig.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in:
+ Honduras and Nicaragua (larg-sized wood): Latitude: 12 0 - 18 0 N
+ Cuba (medium-sized wood): Latitude: 21 0 - 23 0 N
+ Bahamas and Caicos (rather larg -sized wood): Latitude: 22 0 - 27 0 N
- Altitude: 10 - 800 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 700 mm - 3000mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 33 0 - 39 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 17 0 - 21 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 10 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 10 - 1000 m a.s.l (in the South) and 20 - 600 m a.s.l (North).
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1600mm – 2400mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): 4 - 6 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 27 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 35 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 14 0 - 21 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils, potzolic soils on hills.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 60 cm
+ pH: 4 - 8.5, optimum: 4.5 - 5.5
+ Limited slope: < 30 0 , optimum: < 20 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber brownish,density 0.45-0.47. Can be used for making
furniture, boxes, paper pulp.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber: xx
Veneered wood:
Furniture:
Staked wood:
103

Mining pole:
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products:
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break: xx
Erosion prevention: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity:15 - 20m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting:
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Poptun Guatemala xxx xx xx xxx xx xx xxx
Cardwell Qld xx xx xx xx x xx xxx
Dong Ha xx xx xx
Dai Lai xxx xx xxx xx xx xx xx
Ba Vi xxx xx xx xx xx xx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
104

Vietnamese name: Th«ng m· vÜ (Th«ng ®u«i ngùa, Th«ng tµu)
Scientific name: Pinus massoniana Lamb.
• Some main characteristics:
A large tree can reach 30-40m in hight. Bole straight. Bark red brown, base darker,
split in pieces when old. Young branchlets yeallowish or fulvous, gabrous. Winterbuds
brown, tip acute. Trunk much resinous. Leaves lightly green, consisting of 2
(rarely 3) needles with an ocrea. Needle 10-20cm long, ocrea about 1cm long,
caducous. Cone matures in 2 years, when young subspherical, when old ovoid, 4-
7cm long and 2.5-4cm wide, brownish when mature, scale-surface rhomboid, flat,
margin rounded at a upper part, a transversal relief-line at the middle of the scalesurface.
Umbo concave or slightly convex, scale usually spiny in aridareas. Seed
brownish, with thin wings, 1.5cm long. Young tree has 5-8 cotyledons, newly
appeared leaves flat, 1.5-3.6cm long, margin hair- like spiny.
• Natural distribution:
- Originates from China (the South and the Centre), it has been planted in some
provinces of Vietnam, such as Ha Tay (Da Chong), Bac Giang (Luc Ngan, Phan
Son), Thanh Hoa (PHu Dien), Quang Ninh (Yen Lap) and largely in Lang Son.
- Latitude: 23 0 - 35 0 N
- Altitude: 600 - 1200 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm - 2000mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 15 0 - 22 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 25 0 - 30 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 6 0 - 12 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 20 - 23 0 N
- Altitude: 500 - 1100 m a.s.l
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 18 0 - 22 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 27 0 - 32 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 8 0 - 13 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on rhiolite, granite, shale.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 50 cm
+ pH: 4 - 6, optimum: 4 - 4.5
+ Limited slope: < 30 0 , optimum: < 20 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Sapwood and heartwood distinctive: heartwood yeallow-brown,
veins coarse, straight, density 0.60-0.65. Used in construction, for mining poles,
matches, ordinary furniture, boxes and underwater construction (on land, it is
105

easily attacked by termites and insects). Wood contains 62% of cellulose and
can be used for paper and artificial fibres. The resin is a precious material
source for industry and medicine.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xxx
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole: xx
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products: Resin: xx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break: xx
Erosion prevention: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity:15 - 20m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Tam Dao xxx x xxx
Loc Binh xxx x xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
106

Vietnamese name: Th«ng nhùa (Th«ng hai l¸)
Scientific name: Pinus merkussi J. et De Vries
• Some main characteristics:
A big tree, 30-35m in hight and 60-80cm or more in diameter. Trunk straight and
cylindrical, very resinous. Bark thick, reddish-brown, spliting deeply longitudially.
First year branches brownish and glabrous without white powder. Leaf base
persistent-scaled. Leaves dark green, 15-25cm long, 2 needles on a twig. Ocrea at
the base of leaf, 1-2cm long, persistent. Cone mature after 2 years. Scales of the
first year. Scales of the first year cone-fruit spineless. The second year cone-fruit
cylindrical or long-ovate, with pedicel about 1 cm long. Scale-surfacerhomboid,
margin sharp. Two transversal and longitudial relieved lines across the middle of
scale-surface, umbo slightly concave. Seed ovate, slightly flat, bearing a thin wing,
1.5-2cm long.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, China
and Indonesia. In Vietnam, found in large stands or in small groups at Lai Chau,
Son La, Thai Nguyen, Bac Giang, Quang Ninh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh,
Quang Binh and Thua Thien - Hue provinces, and also appeared in Kon Tum,
Lam Dong provinces.
- Latitude: 20 0 N - 10 0 S
- Altitude: 20 - 900 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm - 2300mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 27 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 14 0 - 17 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 11 - 21 0 N
- Altitude: Under 900 m a.s.l
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1500mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 27 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 14 0 - 17 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on mica-schist, granite, schists, basalt.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 50 cm
+ pH: 3.8 - 5.5, optimum: 4 - 4.5
+ Limited slope: < 30 0 , optimum: < 15 0
• Uses:
107

- Main uses: Sapwood and heartwood distinctive: Sapwood is yeallowish and
heartwood slightly darker. Wood heavy (density 0.88-0.96). Used in
construction, making of matches, paper pilp, common furniture, pit props, electic
poles, ships and vehicle-building. High content of resin, each tree gives 3-4kg of
resin per year, this is a pecious raw material, used in medicine, paints, printing
and the perfume industry.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole: x
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products: Resin: xxx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break:
Erosion prevention: xx
• Increment rate/ productivity:15 - 20m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated plantation
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
High resin
productivity
x xx xxx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
108

Vietnamese name: Trµm cõ
Scientific name: Melaleuca cajuputi Powell
• Some main characteristics:
A big, evergreen tree, 15-20m high, and 30-40cm in diameter (In Australia the tree
can reach 25-40m in hight, 100-120cm in diameter). Bark White-grey, thin layers.
• Natural distribution:
- Mainly distributed in:
+ Melaleuca cajuputy sub sp. cajuputi (East Indonesia, North-West
Australia)
+ Melaleuca cajuputy sub sp. cumingia (Vietnam: Mekong river delta, Quang
Binh, Ha Tinh).
+ Melaleuca cajuputy sub sp. platyhylla (North Queesland, South Papua
New Guinea)
- Latitude: 19 0 N - 20 0 S
- Altitude: 1 - 50 m a.s.l
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1300mm - 2500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 31 0 - 33 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 17 0 - 22 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 21 0 N
- Altitude: 1 - 120 m a.s.l
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1700mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): April - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 23 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 31 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 18 0 - 24 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Light and medium acid sulphate soils with heavy clay texture
and peat with 3 month water logging
+ Soil layer depth: > 40 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 3 - 5, optimum: 4 - 5
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: flat (0 0 )
• Uses:
- Main uses: Wood is light brown, heavy, hard, difficul to work when dry. Can be
used in construction, support poles. it is much used for burning charcoal,
yielding high calorific output and little smoke.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
109

Construction: x
Veneered wood:
Furniture: x
Staked wood: xxx
Mining pole:
Fire wood and charcoal: xxx
+ Non-timber products: Oil extract: xx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break: xx
Wave prevention: xx
Bee-feeding: xxx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 10m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated forests in the acid sulphate soil.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Bensbach PNG x xx xx xxx
Wangi NT x xx xx xxx
Long An VN x x x xxx
Phu Quoc VN x x xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
110

Vietnamese name: Trµm l¸ dµi
Scientific name: Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. Hä Sim (Myrtaceae)
• Some main characteristics:
A large tree, 20-30m high and 50-60cm in diameter (sometimes a shrub of 0.5-3m
high). Bole often curved. Bark white-grey, peeled off into many thin and soft layers.
The whole tree aromatic. Leaves simple, alternate, leaf-blade thick, coreaceous,
glossy and dark green. young leaves thin, soft, pale green. Flowers small,
yeallowish-white, arranged in 5-15cm long, terminal spikes. Fruit a capsule,
hemispherical or subglobose, 3-4mm in diameter, dehiscent by 3 pores. Seed
globose, pointed.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Vietnam, China (Hongkong, Hainam), Thailand, Malaysia, Papua
New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand, Brazil and Nigeria. In Vietnam, mainly
found in Southern provinces, and in Quang binh and Thua Thien - Hue.
- Latitude: 3 0 - 23 0 S
- Altitude: 3 - 500 m a.s.l
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 600mm - 1500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 27 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 31 0 - 38 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 19 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 21 0 N
- Altitude: 3 - 150 m a.s.l
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1600mm – 2300mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): > 5 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 25 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 32 0 - 34 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 21 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Sulphate acid soil in coastal areas. It can tolerate shallow, hot
and arid hilly soils, strongly eroded, usually growing in pure or nearly pure
stands
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 60 cm
+ pH: 3.5 - 5, optimum: 4.0 - 4.5
+ Limited slope: < 20 0 , optimum: flat (0 0 )
• Uses:
- Main uses: Sapwood and heartwood slightly diatinctive, pinkish-grey. Wood
hard, heavy, grains twisted, used for general implements, and for burning
charcoal. Bark is used in boat-caulking. Essential oil distiilled from leaves,
named eucalyptus oil and used in traditional medicine. Bark can be used as
insulation matter. Flowers are necta-source for bee-feeding. Attention neds to
be paid to this species for forest planting in acid-sulphate soil areas.
111

- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction:
Veneered wood:
Furniture:
Staked wood: xxx
Mining pole: xxx
Fire wood and charcoal: xx
+ Non-timber products: Oil extract: xx
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement::
Wind-break: xx
Wave prevention:
Bee-feeding: xxx
• Increment rate/ productivity: 15 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Mode of planting: Concentrated forests along the coast of the sea.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Weipa Qld x xx xxx
Lawrence Qld xxx
Cambridge WA xxx
Proserpine Qld xx xxx xx
Rifle Cr. Qld x xx xx
Ba Vi VN xx xxx xx
Long An VN x xx xxx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
112

Vietnamese name: Tr¸m tr¾ng
Scientific name: Canarium album Raeusch
• Some main characteristics:
A big tree, up to 20-30m high. Trunk cylindrical, straight and late branched. Bark
white, fissured into small pieces when old, exuding white resin. Leaves
imparipinnately compound. Leaflets oblong-ovate, 6-15cm long and 2.5-6cm wide,
crustaceous, with many shining white scales beneath, apex gradually tapered and
base unequal. Stipule awl-shaped, caducous. Inflorescence racemose, usually
shorter than the leaf. Flowers with short peduncle, 0.2-0.3cm long, yeallowishwhite.
Fruit an oblong-ovoid drupe, 3.5-4cm long and 2-2.5cm wide, yealow-green
when mature. Seedlings with leaves which are very variable in shape: first, they are
simple and deeply lobed, then they become entire and at last, imparipinnately
compound, similar to the leaves of mature trees.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in primary and secondary forests of most provinces in North
Vietnam, particularly in Thai Nguyen, Bac Can, Phu Tho, Quang binh, Gia Lai,
Kon Tum. Usually mixed with Erythrophloeum fordii, Peltophorum tonkinensis,
Hopea spp., etc.
- Latitude: 21 0 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: under 400 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm - 2200mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 24 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 27 0 - 32 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 15 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 13 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 100 - 700 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm – 2200mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - October
+ Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 25 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 27 0 - 32 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 13 0 - 15 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on mica-schist, shale. Optimum: forest
soil with deep layer and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 -7, optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 10 0
113

• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber greyish-brown, soft and light. Used for sawing-board, house
construction and fuelwood. The resin is used for incense, canarium perfume oil
and turpentine, being a raw material for paint and printing industries. Fruit edible
or used in medicine against diarrhoea, rheumatism and as disinfective. Seed
contains oil.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF): xx
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood: xx
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: x
+ Non-timber products: Extract resin. Fruits used for food. Seeds contain oil
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: xx
Wind-break:
• Mode of planting: Scattered, fences around houses, concentrated plantaton.
• Increment rate/ productivity: 10 - 13 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Local Seed sources xxx xx xx xx
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
114

Vietnamese name: TrÇm dã (TrÇm h−¬ng, Dã bÇu)
Scientific name: Aquilari cracsna Pierre
• Some main characteristics:
A large evergreen tree, 15-20cm (rarely 30m) in hight, with a diameter of 40-50cm
(sometimes 60-100cm). Bark greyish-brown, slightly fissured, easy to fpeel off,
smooth. Inner bark wet with much water. Branches nearly horizontal, not straight.
Crown open. Leaves coriaceous, oval, upper surface glossy and green, lower
surface light-coloured. Inflorescence umbellate, axillary or termonal. Flowers small,
pale blue-yeallow. Fruit a capsule, obovoid, 4x5cm in size, hard when dry, furnished
with short, greyish-yeallow hairs and persistent calyx.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, North Central region, Gia Lai, Kon Tum,
Phu Quoc. Growed in wet tropical forests.
- Latitude: 8 0 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: under 700 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1900mm - 2500mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 28 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 29 0 - 33 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 11 0 - 22 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 8 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 20 - 700 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1900mm – 2500mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): May - Oct. or Sep - Feb (following year)
+ Mean annual temperature: 24 0 - 28 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 29 0 - 31 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 11 0 - 22 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: Feralite soils developed on mica-schist, shale. Optimum: forest
soil with deep layer and high moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 50 cm, optimum: > 100 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7, optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 10 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: wood of high commercial value. Roots can be used as incense wood
(commonly known as eagle wood) and also for cosmetic preparation, fine art
article-making and as medicines. Coriaceous bark can produce good fiber for
hammock-making and paper pulp. Because the demand for its pecious
products, it has become very rare. A vulnerable species (V).
115

- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper pulp, chip, MDF). Bark makes paper: xxx
Timber and construction:
Veneered wood: x
Furniture:
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood:
+ Non-timber products: Insence wood, cosmetic preparation, fine-art articles,
medicines.
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break:
• Mode of planting: Scattered, fences around houses, concentared plantation
• Increment rate / productivity:
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Provenance/Cultivar
NW CN NE
Region
RR NC SC CH SE SW
Local seed sources x x xx x xx x
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
116

Vietnamese name: Xoan ta (SÇu ®«ng)
Scientific name: Melia azedarach L.
• Some main characteristics:
A deciduous, medium to big-sized tree, up to 20m high and 30-50cm or more in
diameter. Trunk straight. Crown open. Bark greyish-brown, smooth, with vertical,
orange lenticels. Inner bark white-yellow, 3-5mm thick, fibrous. Twigs tomentose.
Leaves bi- or tri-imparipinnate, alternate. Folioles ovoid or oblong-lanceolate, 3-
7cm long and 2-3cm wide, serrate, with stellate hairs when young, dark green
above and yellowish-green beneath. Lateral nerves 10-14 pairs, evident on both
surfaces, venules reticulate. Petiolule 2-5mm long, stellate hairy. Inflorescence is
an axillary panicle. Flowers symmetric, hermaphroditic, aromatic. Sepels 5-6, linear.
Staments united into a dentate tube. Anthers 10-12. Disk short, cupulate. Ovary 4-
5-locular, glabrous, style long. Fruit a berry, exocarp fleshy, endocarp woody, 4-5
loculi and 1 seed in each locule.
• Natural distribution:
- Distributed in North and Centre of Vietnam, Southern China and Laos.
- Latitude: 15 0 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: under 300 m a.s.l.
• Climatic conditions in original area:
- Mean annual rainfall: 1600mm - 3000mm.
- Mean annual temperature: 22 0 - 27 0 C
- Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 33 0 C
- Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 17 0 C
• Site conditions for planting in Vietnam:
- Latitude: 15 - 22 0 N
- Altitude: 5 - 600 m a.s.l.
- Climatic conditions:
+ Mean annual rainfall: 1800mm – 3000mm
+ Rainy season (≥ 100 mm/month): > 5 months
+ Mean annual temperature: 18 0 - 26 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the hostted months: 30 0 - 33 0 C
+ Mean temperature of the coldest months: 9 0 - 17 0 C
- Soil conditions:
+ Soil type: loamy, sandy-loamy-mixed soils, feralite soils developed on
gneiss, rhiolite. Optimum: Alluvial soil in deltas with deep layer and high
moisture.
+ Soil layer depth: > 30 cm, optimum: > 50 cm
+ pH: 4 - 7, optimum: 5 - 6
+ Limited slope: < 25 0 , optimum: < 10 0
• Uses:
- Main uses: Timber soft and light, rather resistant to rot, but easily destroyed by
termites. If put it in water for 5-6 months, the timber will be very durable. Used in
117

construction and for household implements. Timber gives high calori value and
its charcoal is used for gun powder. Leaves used as green manure. Seeds
contain oil.
- Suitable levels to uses (very suitable: xxx, suitable: xx, less suitable: x)
+ Timber products:
Industrial materials (paper, chip, MDF):
Timber and construction: xx
Veneered wood:
Furniture: xx
Staked wood:
Mining pole:
Fire wood: xx
+ Non-timber products: Timber gives high calori value and its charcoal is
used for gun powder. Leaves used as green manure. Seeds contain oil
+ For other purposes:
Soil improvement:: x
Wind-break:
• Mode of planting: Scattered, fences around houses, after cutivated areas
• Increment rate/ productivity: 10 - 13 m 3 /ha/yr.
• Selected provenances and planting regions:
Region
Provenance/Cultivar NW CN NE RR NC SC CH SE SW
Local seed sources x xx xx xxx x
Notes:
- NW: North West
- CN: Centre of the North
- NE: North East
- RR: Red River Delta
- NC: North Centre
- SC: South Centre
- CH: Central Highland
- SE: South East
- SW: South West (Mekong River Delta)
- xxx: Very adaptable
- xx: Adaptable
- x: Less adaptable
118