OSPREY - Memorial University of Newfoundland
OSPREY - Memorial University of Newfoundland
OSPREY - Memorial University of Newfoundland
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NEWFOUNDLAND NATURAL mSTORY SOCIETY QUARTERLY<br />
THE<br />
<strong>OSPREY</strong><br />
JANUARY/ MARCH, 1977<br />
Vol. 8, No. 1<br />
CONTENTS<br />
Flosculous Snippets . ....... . . ....... ... 1<br />
First Flowering Dates from Central<br />
<strong>Newfoundland</strong> ....................... . ..... .. 30<br />
The Insects .............. . ........... . ..... 33<br />
Nature Sketches .. ..... . .....•..... 35<br />
Ecowatch ......... . . . ... . . . ...... . . . . .. .. .. 36<br />
Ecowatch Environmental Education<br />
Bulletin . . .......... . .......... . .......... 37<br />
Red Island - a Study in Adaptation <strong>of</strong><br />
Gulls and People ............. ',..... . . . . . .. 41<br />
Here and There ............... . . . ..... ... . 49<br />
The Last Page ......• . ..•••• . • • . . ... ... . . . . 50
TIlE NEWFOUNDLAND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY<br />
President<br />
Past PreSident<br />
Vice President<br />
Treasurer<br />
Secretary<br />
Ordinary Members<br />
Editir <strong>of</strong> the Osprey<br />
Editorial Address<br />
P. O. Box 1013<br />
ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND<br />
THE EXECUTIVE FOR 1976-1977<br />
Don Steele<br />
Guy Brassard<br />
Charles Horwood<br />
Mar lene Hoope r<br />
Clarence Burry<br />
Jim Hancock<br />
Bodi! Larsen<br />
Peter Scott<br />
Mike Parmenter<br />
Don Barton<br />
Allan Stein<br />
Tom Northcott<br />
P.O.Box 1734<br />
St. John's<br />
<strong>Newfoundland</strong><br />
The Osprey is pubUshed four times a<br />
year by the <strong>Newfoundland</strong> Natural History Society.<br />
579-9653<br />
722-6063<br />
579-6983<br />
753-4354<br />
579-3645<br />
437-6078<br />
726-8940<br />
753-[323<br />
753-9735<br />
726-0326<br />
579-0580<br />
579-4235<br />
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LATIN NAMES<br />
LYCOPODIACEAE<br />
COMfollN NAMES<br />
Lycopodi urn a 1 pi num L.<br />
Alpine Clubmoss<br />
L. annotfnum l.<br />
Stiff Cl ubmoss<br />
L. clavatum L.<br />
Staghorn C1 ubmoss<br />
L. cOlllllanatum l. Run"; n9 Pi ne<br />
L. 1nundatum L.<br />
Bog C1 ubmoss<br />
L. luc1dulum M1chx.<br />
Shi ni ng Cl ubmoss<br />
l. obscurum L.<br />
Tree C1 ubmoss<br />
L. sabinaefolium Willd.<br />
Sav1 n-1 eaved C1 ubmoss<br />
L. selago L.<br />
F1 r C1 ubmoss<br />
L. tristachyum Pursh Ground Cedar<br />
SELAGINELLACEA E<br />
Selag1nel1a selag1noides (L. ) Link Sti ff Spi kemoss<br />
ISOETACEAE<br />
Isoetes echfnospora Durieu<br />
I. macrospora Ourieu<br />
I. tuckermani A. Sr.<br />
EQUISETACEAE<br />
Equ1setum arvense L.<br />
E. fluviatile L.<br />
E. hyemale L.<br />
E. X litorale Kuhl.<br />
E. palustre L.<br />
E. pratense Ehrh<br />
E. sci rpo1des Mfchx.<br />
E. 5y1 vaticum L.<br />
E. var1egatum Schleich.<br />
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE<br />
Braun's Quillwort<br />
Lake Quillwort<br />
Tuckerman I s Quillwort<br />
Field Horsetail<br />
SwalTf,l Horsetail<br />
Rough Horseta i 1<br />
Shore Horseta 11<br />
Marsh Horsetai l<br />
Meadow Horseta 11<br />
[Marf Horsetail<br />
Wood Horsetail<br />
Variegated Horsetail<br />
Botrych1um lanceo latum (Gmel.) Angstr. Triangle Grape Fern<br />
B. lunari. (L.) Sw. Moonwort<br />
B. matr1cariaefol ium A. Br.<br />
Daisyleaf Grape Fern<br />
B. mu1t1fidum (Gmel.) Rupr. leathery Grape Fern<br />
B. simplex E. Hitch
LATIN NAllES<br />
S. fluctuans (Morong) Robi nson<br />
S. hyperboreum laestad.<br />
S. minimum (Hartm.) Fries<br />
S. 1TkJ1tipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb.<br />
ZOSTERACEAE<br />
Potarrogeton alpinus Balb i s<br />
P. amplifolius Tuckerm.<br />
P. berchtoldi Fieber<br />
P. confervoides Reichenb.<br />
P. epihydrus Raf .<br />
P. fl1iformis Pers.<br />
P. fr1esii Rupr.<br />
P. gram; neus L.<br />
P. longi11gulatus Fern .<br />
P. natans L.<br />
P. oakes i anus Rabbi ns<br />
P. oblongus Viviani<br />
P. obtusifol ;us Mert. & Koch<br />
P. pectinl.tu5 L.<br />
P. perfoliatus l.<br />
P. prael ongus Wulfen<br />
P. rlchardsonli (Ar. Benn . ) Rydb.<br />
P. spi rill us Tuckenn.<br />
P. vaginatus lurez.<br />
Ruppia maritima L.<br />
Zanni chell ;a palustris L.<br />
Zostera marina l.<br />
NAJADACEAE<br />
Najas flexills (W i l1d.) Rostk. & Schmidt<br />
JUN CAGI NACEAE<br />
Scheuchzeria pal ustris L.<br />
Tr1g1ochin maritima L.<br />
T. palustris L.<br />
ALISMATACEAE<br />
Al 1sma triviale Pursh<br />
Sag1ttaria graminea Michx .<br />
GRAM HIEAE<br />
Agropyron repens (l.) Beauv.<br />
A. trachycaulum (link) Malte<br />
Agrostis alba L.<br />
A. borealis Hartm.<br />
A. cani na l.<br />
A. geminata Trin.<br />
A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm .<br />
A. rossae Vasey<br />
A. scabra Willd .<br />
A. tenu1s Sibth.<br />
COMi'IlN NAMES<br />
Fl uctuating Bur-reed<br />
Arctic Bur-reed<br />
Small Bur-reed<br />
Peduncled Bur- reed<br />
A 1 pi ne Pondweed<br />
Largeleaved Pondweed<br />
Berchto 1 dIs Pondweed<br />
Conferva Pondweed<br />
Floati ng Pondweed<br />
Thread- li ke Pondweed<br />
Fries I Pondweed<br />
Grassy Ponclweed<br />
L igul ed Pondweed<br />
Swi nrning Pondweed<br />
Oakes I Pondweed<br />
Ob long Pond'weed<br />
Bl untleaved Ponrlweed<br />
Sago Pondweed<br />
Cl asping- leaved Pondweed<br />
Whitesterrmed Pondweed<br />
Red- head Pondweed<br />
Coiled Pondweed<br />
Sheathed Pondweed<br />
Sea 01 tchgrass<br />
Horned Pondweed<br />
Eel grass<br />
Flexible Naiad<br />
Bog Arrowgrass<br />
Marine Arrowgrass<br />
Marsh Ar rowgrass<br />
Wa ter Pl anta i n<br />
Grassleaved Arrowhead<br />
Quackgrass<br />
Sl ender Wheatgrass<br />
Redtop<br />
Northern Bentgrass<br />
Velvet Bentgrass<br />
Twi n Bentgrass<br />
Autumn Bentgrass<br />
Ross I Bentgrass<br />
Ticklegrass<br />
Co 1 on13 1 Bentgrass<br />
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LATIN NAI1ES<br />
Carex trisperma Dewey<br />
C. vagi nata Tausch<br />
C. vesicaria L.<br />
C. vi r idula Michx.<br />
C. vulpinoidea Michx.<br />
C. wi egandi i Mackenz; e<br />
Cladium mar;scoides (Muh1. ) Torr.<br />
Dul; chi urn a rundi naceum (L . ) Britt on<br />
Eleocharis acicularis (l.) R. & S.<br />
E. elliptica Kunth<br />
E. halophil a Fern . & Brack. .<br />
E. nitida Fern.<br />
E. ovata (Roth) R. & S.<br />
E. palustris (L.) R. & S.<br />
E. parvula (R. & S.) Link<br />
E. paucHlora (Lightf.) Link<br />
E. small;; Britton<br />
E. unigl umis (Link) Sch ultes<br />
Er;ophorum angustifol ium Honckeny<br />
E. callitrix Cham.<br />
E. chamissonis C.A. Meyer<br />
E. gracile W.D.J. Koch<br />
E. opacum (Bjornstr. ) Fern.<br />
E. scheuchzeri Hoppe<br />
E. sp;ssum Fern.<br />
E. tenellum Nutt.<br />
E. virg;n;cum L .<br />
E. v;ridi - carinatum (Engelm. ) Fern.<br />
Kob resia s;mplic;uscula (Wahlenb.)<br />
Mackenz i e<br />
Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl<br />
R. capillacea Torr.<br />
R. fusca (L . ) Ait. f.<br />
Scirpus acutus Mu hl .<br />
S. americanus Pers .<br />
S. atrocinctus Fern.<br />
S. atrovirens Willd.<br />
S. cespitosus l.<br />
S. cyperinus (l. ) Kunth<br />
S. hudsonianus ( Mi chx.) Fern.<br />
S. rubrotinctus Fe rn.<br />
S. rufus (Huds.) Schrad .<br />
S. subtermi nalis Torr.<br />
S. val;dus Vahl<br />
ARACEAE<br />
Calla palustris l .<br />
LEM NACEAE<br />
lemna mi nor l .<br />
XYRIDACEAE<br />
Xy r is montana Ries<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
Three- seeded Sedge<br />
Sheathed Sedge<br />
Sl adder Sedge<br />
Greenish Sedge<br />
Fox-ta i l Sedge<br />
Wiegand's Sedge<br />
Twigrush<br />
Three-way Sedge<br />
Needl e Spi kerush<br />
Ell iptic Spikerush<br />
Salt Spikerush<br />
Neat Spi kerush<br />
Ova te Spi kerush<br />
Marsh Spikerush<br />
Tiny Spikerush<br />
Few-flowered Spikerush<br />
Small ' 5 Spikerush<br />
One-glumed Spikerush<br />
Na r row- leaved Cottongrass<br />
Beaut; fu1-hai red Cotton grass<br />
Chami sso's Cottongrass<br />
Slender Cottongrass<br />
Dark Cottongrass<br />
Scheuchzer's Cottongrass<br />
Hare ' s - tail<br />
Delicate Cottongrass<br />
Tawny Cottongrass<br />
Green- keeled Cottongrass<br />
Kob res' Rus h<br />
Whi te Beakrush<br />
Hair- like Seakrush<br />
Sooty Beakrush<br />
Hard-stem Bulrush<br />
Three-square Rush<br />
Bl ack-gi rdl ed Bul rush<br />
Green Bul rush<br />
Tus sock Rush<br />
Cyperus - l i ke Bu'rush<br />
Hudson Bay Bul rush<br />
Red- tinged Bulrush<br />
Redd1sh Bulrush<br />
Swayi ng Rush<br />
Great Bulrush<br />
Wild Calla<br />
Duck Weed<br />
Ye ll ow-eyed Grass
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LATIN NAMES<br />
IRIOACEAE<br />
Iris pseudacorus l.<br />
I. setosa Pall.<br />
I. versicolor L.<br />
S i syr;nchi urn bermud; anum L.<br />
DRCHlDACEAE<br />
Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks) Hulten<br />
Arethusa oulbosa L.<br />
Calopogon tuberOSu5 (l. ) Britt. et a1 .<br />
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes -<br />
Coeloglossum viride (l.) Hart.<br />
Corallorhiza macu l ata (Raf.) Raf.<br />
C. trifida Chatelain<br />
Cypr;pedium acaule Ait .<br />
C. calceolus L.<br />
C. reg; nae Wa 1 t.<br />
Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br<br />
G. tesselata Lodd .<br />
L ;stera auriculata Wieg.<br />
L. borealis Morang<br />
L. convallar;oides (Sw . ) Nutt.<br />
L. cordata (L. ) R. Sr.<br />
Malaxis monophyl los (l. ) Sw.<br />
M. unital ia Michx.<br />
Platanthera albida (l.) lindl.<br />
var. straminea (Fern.) Luer<br />
P. blephariglottis (Wi1ld.) Lind.<br />
P. clavellata {Michx.} Luer<br />
P. dilatata (P ursh) Lindl.<br />
P. grandiflora (Bigelow) LIndl.<br />
P. hooker; (Torr.) l indl.<br />
P. hyperborea ( L. ) Lindl.<br />
P. lacer a ( Michx . ) Don .<br />
P. obtusata (Pu r sh) Lindl.<br />
P. orbiculata (Pur:sh) lindl .<br />
P. psycodes (L.) Lindl.<br />
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L . ) J uss.<br />
Spiranthes roman z<strong>of</strong>fiana Cham.<br />
SALICACEAE<br />
Populus alba L.<br />
P. balsamifera l.<br />
P. canescens (Ait.) Smith<br />
P.X gil eadensis Rouleau<br />
P. nigra L.<br />
P. tremuloides Michx .<br />
Salix alba l.<br />
S. amoena Fern .<br />
S. ancorifera Fern.<br />
S. arctica Pallas<br />
S. arctophila Cock.erell<br />
S. a rgyroca rpa Anderss.<br />
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CDr-lMON NAMES<br />
Yellow Iris<br />
Beach- head Flag<br />
Blue Flag<br />
B1 ue-eyed Grass<br />
One- leaf Orchis<br />
Dragon ' s Mouth<br />
Grass Pink.<br />
Ca lypso<br />
l ong-bracted Orchi d<br />
Spotted Coral-root<br />
Northern Cora l-root<br />
Pink. Lady' s-sli pper<br />
Yellow lady's-sl ipper<br />
Showy l ady' s-s' i pper<br />
lesser Rattlesnak.e Plantain<br />
Tessellated Rattlesnake Plantai n<br />
Auricled Twayblade<br />
Northern Twayb 1 ade<br />
Broad-l eaved Twayblade<br />
Heart- l eaved Twayb lade<br />
White Adder ' s Mouth<br />
Green Adder's Mouth<br />
Straw- coloured Orchi d<br />
White Fringed Orchid<br />
Little Club-spur Orchid<br />
Bog Candle<br />
l arge Purple Fringed Orchid<br />
Hooker's Orchid<br />
Northern Green Orch i d<br />
Ragged Fringed Orchid<br />
Small Northern Bog Orchid<br />
large Roun d- leaved Or chid<br />
Small Purple Fringed Orchid<br />
Rose Pogonia<br />
Hooded Lady ' s - tresses<br />
White Poplar<br />
Balsam Poplar<br />
Gray Poplar<br />
Balm-<strong>of</strong>-Gi lead<br />
Lombardy Poplar<br />
Trembling Aspen<br />
White Willow<br />
Charming <strong>Newfoundland</strong> Willow<br />
Anchor <strong>Newfoundland</strong> Willow<br />
Arctic [}warf Willow<br />
Tundra !Marf Willow<br />
Silverleaf Willow
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LATIN NAMES COMl{)N NAMES<br />
Salix bebbiana Sarg . Bebb Will ow<br />
S. brachycarpa Hutt. canada Willow<br />
S. calcicola Fern . & Wieg . Limestone Willow<br />
S. candi da Fl ugge Hoary Willow<br />
S. caprea L. Goat Willow<br />
S. cordata Michx. Heartleaf Willow<br />
S. cordito'ia Pursh Ungava Willow<br />
S. cryptodonta Fern. Woolly Willow<br />
S. discolor Huhl. Pussy Willow<br />
S. fragilis L. Crack Willow<br />
S. glaucophyll oi des Fern . Broadleaf Willow<br />
S. herbacea L. Wideleaf Owarf Willow<br />
S. humilis Marsh. Tall Prairie Wl1low<br />
S. jejuna Fern. Belle Isle rMarf Wi llow<br />
S. laurentiana Fern. Quebec W11low<br />
S. leiolepfs Fern. Smooth Owarf Willow<br />
S. lucida Huhl. Shi ni ng Willow<br />
S. iI1Yrtillifolia Anderss. MYrtleleaf Willow<br />
S. pedicellaris Purs h Bog Willow<br />
S. pedunculata Fern. Peduncl ed Newfound l and Wi 11 ow<br />
S. pellHa Anderss. Ontario Willow<br />
S. pentandra L. Bayleaf Willow<br />
S. planifol fa Pursh Flatleaf Willow<br />
S. purpurea L. Basket Willow<br />
S. pyritol;a Anderss. Balsam Willow<br />
S. reticulata l. Netvein I)./arf Willow<br />
S. ri gi da Huh l. Rigid Willow<br />
S. serissima (Bailey) Fern. Autumn Willow<br />
S. uva-ursi Pursh Bearberry (Marf Willow<br />
S. vestita Pursh Roundleaf Willow<br />
S. viminalis L. Osier Willow<br />
S. waghornei RYdb. Waghorne's Willow<br />
S. wi egand1i Fern. Wiegand Dwarf Willow<br />
MYRICACEAE<br />
MYrica gale L. Sweet Gal e<br />
M. pensylvanica Loisel. Bayberry<br />
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BETULACEAE<br />
Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh Mounta 1 n Alder<br />
A. ",gosa (OuRoi) Spreng. Speckled Alder<br />
Betula alba L. European White Bi rch<br />
B. borea 1 i s Spach Northern Bi rch<br />
B. cordifol ia Regel Mountain White Birch<br />
8. glandulosa Michx. Tundra Dwarf B1 rch<br />
8. 1 utea Hi chx. f. Yellow Birch<br />
B. m1chauxi i Spach <strong>Newfoundland</strong> Dwarf Birch<br />
B. minor (Tucf.2nn.) Fern . [Marf Whi te Bi rch<br />
B. papyrifera Marsh. American White Birch<br />
8. pendula Roth European Weep1 n9 8i rch e.<br />
B. pumila L. Swamp Birch<br />
Coryl us cornuta Harsh. Bea ked Haze 1 nut<br />
e
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LATIN NAMES<br />
ULMACEAE<br />
Ulmus glabra Huds.<br />
CANNAS I NACEAE<br />
Humulus lupulu5 L.<br />
URTICACEAE<br />
Urtica di a;ea L.<br />
U. urens L.<br />
SANTALACEAE<br />
Comandra r; chards; ana Fern.<br />
Geocaulon lividurn (Richards.) Fern.<br />
LORANTHACEAE<br />
Arceuthob1um pusillurn Peck<br />
POLYGONACEAE<br />
Koenigia ;slandica L.<br />
Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib.<br />
F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn.<br />
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill<br />
Polygonum achoreum Blake<br />
P. allocarpum Blake<br />
P. amphibium l.<br />
P. aviculare L.<br />
P. bistortoides Pursh<br />
P. boreale ( Lange ) Small<br />
P. c;linode Michx.<br />
P. convolvulus L.<br />
P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucco<br />
P. fowl eri Rob; nson<br />
P. hydropiper L.<br />
P. lapathifol;um L.<br />
P. persicaria L.<br />
P. raii Bab.<br />
P. sagittatum l.<br />
p. 5cabrum Moench<br />
p. scandens l.<br />
p. v;viparum L.<br />
Rumex acetosa L.<br />
R. acetose 11 a L.<br />
R. crispus L.<br />
R. domesticus Hartman<br />
R. fenestratus Greene<br />
R. graminifolius L .<br />
R. mexicanus Meisn.<br />
R. obtusifolius L.<br />
R. orbiculatus Gray<br />
R. pallidus 8igel.<br />
13<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
Witch Elm<br />
Common Hop<br />
Sting;'ng Nettle<br />
8urning Nettle<br />
Richard's 8astard-Toadflax<br />
Northern Comandra<br />
Dwarf Mistletoe<br />
Koenigia<br />
Buckwheat<br />
Indiawheat<br />
Mountain Sorrel<br />
Homel ess Knotweed<br />
0; fferent-frui ted Knotweed<br />
Water Smartweed<br />
Prostrate Knotweed<br />
Bistort<br />
Northern Knotweed<br />
Ciliate Cornbind<br />
Black Bindweed<br />
Japanese Knotweed<br />
Fowler's Knotweed<br />
Corrrnon Sma rtweed<br />
Pale Smartweed<br />
Lady's Thumb<br />
Ray's Kno tweed<br />
Arrow- l eaved Tea rthumb<br />
Harsh Smartweed<br />
Clil1Ding False Buckwheat'<br />
Al pi ne Smartweed<br />
Garden Sorrel<br />
Sheep Sorrel<br />
Curled Dock<br />
House Dock<br />
Windowed Dock<br />
Grass-leaved Sorrel<br />
Mexi can Dock<br />
Bi tter Dock<br />
Water Dock<br />
Seabeach Dock
LATIN NAMES<br />
CHENOPOQIACEAE<br />
Atriplex glabriuscula Edrrondston<br />
A. patula L.<br />
Chenopodium album L.<br />
C. lanceolatum Muhl.<br />
Sal iearn;a europaea l.<br />
Salsala kal1 l.<br />
Suaeda richti Fern .<br />
PORTULACACEAE<br />
Clayton;a carol iniana Michx.<br />
Montia lamprosperma Cham.<br />
M. rivular1s Grnel in<br />
CARYOPHYLLACEAE<br />
Arenaria dawsonensis Br itton<br />
A. groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng.<br />
A. hurnitusa Wahlenb.<br />
A. later1flora L.<br />
A. macrophyl1a Hook.<br />
A. marcescens Fern .<br />
A. peploides L.<br />
A. rubella (Wahlenb . ) Sm.<br />
A. sajanensis W111d .<br />
Cerastium alpinum L.<br />
C. arvense l.<br />
C. beeringianum C. & s.<br />
C. cerastoides (l.) Britton<br />
C. terrae-novae Fern. & Wieg.<br />
C. viscosum l.<br />
C. vulgatum L.<br />
Lychnis alpina L.<br />
L. diaiea L.<br />
Sagina cespitosa (J. Vahl) Lange<br />
S. nodosa (L.) Fenzl<br />
S. procumbens l.<br />
S. saginoides (l.) Karst.<br />
Saponaria <strong>of</strong>fic1nalis L.<br />
Sl1ene acau l is L.<br />
S. cucubalus Wibel<br />
S. noctiflora L.<br />
Spergula arvensis L.<br />
Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) Don<br />
S. marina (L.) Griseb.<br />
S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl<br />
Stellaria alsine Grim<br />
S. calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong.<br />
S. crassifol ia Ehrh.<br />
S. graminea L.<br />
S. humifusa Rottb.<br />
S. longifolia Muhl.<br />
S. longipes Goldie<br />
S. media (L.) Cyr1110<br />
S. m:mantha Hulten<br />
14<br />
COMl()N NAMES<br />
Smooth Drache<br />
Orache<br />
Lamb's - Quarters<br />
Pi gweed<br />
Slender Glasswort<br />
COlllOOn Saltwort<br />
Rich's Sea-blite<br />
Carolina Springbea uty<br />
Blinks<br />
Water-blinks<br />
Dawson Sandwort<br />
Mountain Sandwort<br />
Spreadi ng Sandwort<br />
Grove Sandwort<br />
Large-leaved Sandwort<br />
Dryl eaf Sandwort<br />
Sea beach Sandwort<br />
Reddi sh Sandwort<br />
Saiansk Mountains Sandwort<br />
Alpine Chickweed<br />
Field Chickweed<br />
Bering Sea Chickweed<br />
Brook Chickweed<br />
Newfoundl and Chi ckweed<br />
Sti ck)! Chi ckweed<br />
ttluse-ear Chickweed<br />
Alpine Campion<br />
Red Campion<br />
Tufted Pearl wort<br />
Knotty Pearlwort<br />
B1 rdseye<br />
Sag1na Pearlwort<br />
Bouncing Bet<br />
Moss Campion<br />
Bhdder Campion<br />
Night-flowering Catchfly<br />
Corn Spurrey<br />
Canadian Sand Spurrey<br />
Marine Sand Spurrey<br />
Sand Spurrey<br />
Alsine Chickweed<br />
Calyx-flowered Chickweed<br />
Fleshy-leaved Chickweed<br />
Lesser Stitchwort<br />
Spreading Chickweed<br />
Long- leaved Chickweed<br />
Long-stal ked Chickweed<br />
Corrrnon Chickweed<br />
One- flowered Chi ckweed<br />
•<br />
•<br />
••
LATIN NAMES<br />
ROSACEAE<br />
Agrimonia striata Michx.<br />
Alehemilla alpina L.<br />
A. f11icaulis Buser<br />
A. minor Huds.<br />
A. monticola Opiz<br />
Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer<br />
A. fernaldii Wiegand<br />
A. intenredia Spaeh<br />
A. laev1s Wiegand<br />
A. stolonifera Wiegand<br />
A. wfegandi1 Nielsen<br />
Aranta melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.<br />
A. prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder<br />
Crataegus brunetiana Sa rg.<br />
C. chrysocarpa Ashe<br />
C. macrospenna Ashe<br />
C. monogyna Jacq.<br />
C. pruinosa (Wendl . ) K. Koeh<br />
Dryas drunmond11 Richards.<br />
D. integrifolia Vahl<br />
D. lewinii Rouleau<br />
Fi11pendula hexapetala Gil1b.<br />
F. rubra (Hill) Robinson<br />
E. ulmaria (L.) Maxim.<br />
Fragaria vesca L.<br />
F. virginiana Duchesne<br />
Gel.Jl1 aleppicum Jacq.<br />
G. maerophyllum Willd.<br />
G. rivale L.<br />
Malus baccata l.<br />
M. plJ1\ila Mill.<br />
Potentil1a angl1ca laicharding<br />
P. anseri na L.<br />
P. argentea L.<br />
P. crantzif (Crantz) Beck.<br />
P. egedei Wonnsk.<br />
P. erecta (l. ) Rauschel<br />
P. fruticosa l.<br />
P. hyparctica Malte<br />
P. 1ntermedia l.<br />
P. nivea L.<br />
P. norvegi ca L.<br />
P. palustris (L. ) Seop .<br />
P. pecti nata Raf.<br />
P. recta L.<br />
P. s implex Mich.<br />
P. sterilis (L. ) Gareke<br />
P. tridentata Ait.<br />
P. usticapensis Fern.<br />
Prunus pensylvanica l.f.<br />
P. virginiana L.<br />
Rosa eglanter1a L.<br />
R. nitida Willd.<br />
R. rugosa Thunb.<br />
R. virginiana Mil l.<br />
18<br />
COMMON NAMES<br />
Grooved AgrilOOny<br />
Alpine lady's Mantle<br />
Thread-stemned Lady's Mantle<br />
Small Lady's Mantle<br />
Mountain Lady's Mantle<br />
Bartram's Chuckley Pear<br />
Fernald's Chuckley Pear<br />
Swamp Chuckley Pear<br />
Smooth Chuckley Pear<br />
Running Chuckley Pear<br />
Wiegand's Chuckley Pear<br />
Bl ack Chokeberry<br />
Purple Chokeberry<br />
Brunet's Hawthorn<br />
Go 1 den-fruited Hawthorn<br />
large- seeded Hawthorn<br />
Engl ish Hawthorn<br />
Frosted Hawthorn<br />
Toothleaf Mountain Avens<br />
Smoothleaf Mountain Avens<br />
lewi n' s Mounta i n Avens<br />
Dropwort<br />
Red Queen-o f - the- Pra i ri e<br />
White Queen-<strong>of</strong>-the-Prai r fe<br />
Wood Strawberry<br />
COOI!1On Strawberry<br />
Yellow Avens<br />
large- leaved Avens<br />
Water Avens<br />
Siberian Crab<br />
Apple<br />
English Cinquefoil<br />
Silverweed<br />
Silvery Cinquefoil<br />
Crantz's Cinquefoil<br />
Egede's Sl1 verweed<br />
Erect Ci nquefo; 1<br />
Shrubby C1 nquefo; 1<br />
Subarctic Cinquefoil<br />
Intermediate Cinquefoil<br />
Snow Ci nquefoi 1<br />
Rough C1 nquefoi 1<br />
Marsh Ci nquefoil<br />
Comb Cinquefoil<br />
Rough-fruited Cinquefoil<br />
COlTIOOn Cinquefoil<br />
Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil<br />
T hree- too thed C i nquefoi 1<br />
Burnt Cape Cinquefoil<br />
Pin Cherry<br />
Choke Cherry<br />
Sweet Brier<br />
Northeas tern Rose<br />
Rough Rose<br />
Virginian Rose<br />
•<br />
e<br />
e.
LATIN NAMES<br />
OXALI OACEAE<br />
Oxal1s corniculata L.<br />
O. montana Raf.<br />
LINACEAE<br />
Unum catharti cum L.<br />
L. usitatissimum l.<br />
EUPHORB I ACEAE<br />
Euphorbia cyparissias L.<br />
E. hel ioscopia l.<br />
E. peplus L.<br />
CALLITRICHACEAE<br />
Callitriche anceps Fern.<br />
C. hermaphroditica L.<br />
C. heterophylla Pursh<br />
C. p.l ustr is L. (423)<br />
AQUIFOLIACEAE<br />
Ilex verticil lat. (L . ) Gray (424)<br />
Nemopanthus mucronata (L. ) Trel .<br />
ACERACEAE<br />
Acer rubrlll1 L.<br />
A. spicatum l am.<br />
BALSAMINACEAE<br />
Impatiens capensis l-1eerb .<br />
I. pall ida Nutt.<br />
RHAMNACEAE<br />
Rhamnus aloifal;a L'Her<br />
MALVACEAE<br />
MalVa neg l ecta Wall r.<br />
M. moschata L.<br />
HYPERICACEAE<br />
HYper i cum boreale (Britton) Bicknell<br />
H. canadense L.<br />
H. ellipt;cum Hoole<br />
H. perforatum L.<br />
H. virginicum L.<br />
ELATINACEAE<br />
20<br />
Elatine minima (Nutt . ) Fisch. & Mey<br />
COMl'ON NAMES<br />
Creeping Wood Sa rra l<br />
Common Wood Sarre 1<br />
Fai ry Flax<br />
Conrnon Fl ax<br />
Cypress Spurge<br />
Sun Spurge<br />
Petty Spurge<br />
Two- edge d Wa ter Sta rwort<br />
Hermaphroditic Water Starwort<br />
Diverse-l eaved Water Starwort<br />
Marsh Wate r Sta rwort<br />
Wi nterberry Ho lly<br />
Mountain Holly<br />
Red Mapl e<br />
Mountain Maple<br />
Spotted Touch- me- not<br />
Pa 1 e Touch-me-no t<br />
Al der- l eaved Bucktho rn<br />
Cheeses<br />
Musk Mallow<br />
Northern st. John' s - wort<br />
Canadian St. Joh n' s - wort<br />
Pale St. John 's - wort<br />
COlJlOOn St. John 's - wort<br />
Marsh St . John 's - wo rt<br />
Sma 11 Waterwort<br />
•<br />
e<br />
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30<br />
FIRST FLO'NEIUNG DATES FROM CENTRAL NEWFOUNDLAND<br />
Over the surrmer <strong>of</strong> 1976. I kept a 115 t <strong>of</strong> f1 rst f1 oweri n9<br />
dates in "and around lewisporte. Since /OOst <strong>of</strong> the infonnation<br />
publ ished in the "Osprey" so far has been largely confined to the<br />
Avalon PeniAsula. the following list should be useful to anyone<br />
wishing to compare dates. The list was compiled from May-August. 1976<br />
and uses the following abbreviations:<br />
Lwspt ... lewisporte<br />
G. F ... Grand Falls<br />
N. O. P ... Notre Dame Park (on Trans - Canada near Lewisporte<br />
Laur ... laurenceton<br />
Junction)<br />
C. A . .. Cobb's Arm, New World Island<br />
S. 151 . .. Sceviour's Island, Notre Dame 8ay<br />
K. 151. a Knight Island, Notre Dame Bay<br />
Twill. = Twillingate<br />
F. O ... Fox's Dock., a cOlll1lunity park. near Embree<br />
Pussy Willow, Salix discolor, and Bebb Willow, S. bebbiana, NOP,<br />
May 2; Conrnon Dandelion, Taraxacum <strong>of</strong>ficinale, GF, May 7; Red Maple,<br />
Acer rubrum, Lwspt., May 12; Larch, Larix laricina. Lwspt .• May 15;<br />
Mountain Alder, Alnus crispa, Lwspt., May 15; Dog Violet, Viola conspera.<br />
Lwspt., May 19; Chuckley Pear. Ame1anchier sp., Lwspt., May 19 ;<br />
American White Birch. Betula papyrHera, NOP. May 20; Leatherleaf,<br />
Chamaedaphne ca lycul a ta, NDP, May 20; G111-over-the-ground, G1 echoma<br />
hederacea, Laur., May 30; Skunk Currant, R1bes glandulosum, Laur.·, May 30.<br />
Bristly Black Currant. Ribes lacustre. CA, June 3; Crackerberry,<br />
Cornus canadensis. CA. June 3; Pin Cherry. Prunus pensylvanica, Lwspt.,<br />
June 3; Rhodora, Rhododendron canadense, CA, June 5; Conrnon Strawberry .<br />
•<br />
•
32<br />
leontodon autumnalis, S. 151 . • July 12; True Forget-me- not. Myosotis<br />
scorpioides, lwspt .• July 14; Conmon Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris . lwspt.. e<br />
July 14; Butter-and-eggs. linaria vulgaris, lwspt .• July 15; Water Parsnip.<br />
Sium sauve, Lwspt., July 15; Tall Meadow-rue, Thalictrum polyganum, lwspt .•<br />
July 16; Conmon Plantain, Plantago major, Lwspt .• July 16; Canadian Burnet,<br />
SanQuisorba canadensis. Lwspt., July 16; Meadow Cranesbill. Geranium<br />
pratense. lwspt .• July 16; Northeastern Rose, Rosa nHida. lwspt .• July 16;<br />
Two-eyed berry. Mitchella repens, CA. July 18; Yellow Avens. Geum alepp;um<br />
var. strictum, CA, July 18; Corn Speedwell. Veronica arvensis. CA, July 18;<br />
Shepherd's-Purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris, CA, July 18; Blue-eyed Grass,<br />
Sisyrinchium bermudianum, Twill., July 18; Goldenrod, Sol idago sp., Twill.,<br />
July 18; 3-toothed Cinquefoil, Potentilla tridentata, Twill., July lS;<br />
Heal-all, Prunella vulgaris , Lwspt .• July 21; F1reweed . Epilobium<br />
angustifo1ium. Lwspt., July 23; New York Aster, Aster novae-belgii. Twill.,<br />
July 23. Rose Pogonia, Pogonia ophiog1ossoides, Twill.. July 23; Shrubby<br />
Cinquefoil, Potentilla fruticosa. Lwspt., July 26; Fragrant Waterli1y.<br />
Nymphaea odorata, CA, Aug. 16 .<br />
The cOlTIOOn names were taken from the 1 is t compi 1 ed by Or . Peter<br />
J. Scott. I would welcome any additions to these dates or any reports<br />
<strong>of</strong> these and other plants in other parts <strong>of</strong> Central <strong>Newfoundland</strong>. If you'd<br />
like to compare notes, I can be reached at 118 <strong>University</strong> Avenue , st.<br />
John's (579-4364). or at the Herbarium at <strong>Memorial</strong> <strong>University</strong>.<br />
Diane R. Savory<br />
e<br />
e.
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
39<br />
In ways even much more complex than chis, artifical altering <strong>of</strong><br />
the environment can affect not only the plants and animals <strong>of</strong> forest. air<br />
and stream but our own lives as well. We as human beings also depend on<br />
the environment for food and shelter along with the birds, insects, moose,<br />
caribou, trout, lobsters and trees . We all require certain en'lironmental<br />
standards if we are to live healthy and pr<strong>of</strong>itable lives. If the organisms<br />
that are our food, shelter, income and sport have their lives altered because<br />
<strong>of</strong> unwise artificial environmental change, this will affect us directly<br />
in terms <strong>of</strong> health and also ultimately in terms <strong>of</strong> the numbers <strong>of</strong> dollars we<br />
have available in our pocketbooks.<br />
<strong>Newfoundland</strong> Pine Marten:<br />
An endangered species<br />
Organisms living in <strong>Newfoundland</strong><br />
over the ages have<br />
become adapted to the climate ;<br />
the temperature, rainfall,<br />
seasons and to the clean air,<br />
water and various soils that<br />
occurred here naturally. Too<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten we, in attempting to improve<br />
our lot , trade <strong>of</strong>f temporary<br />
wealth for long term<br />
disaster. We bulldoze ahead<br />
without actually knowing and<br />
caring about the long term affects<br />
our actions will have on<br />
the living things that surround<br />
us. At this moment in Canada<br />
along there are over 60 species<br />
<strong>of</strong> animals on the endangered<br />
list due to envirorunental alteration<br />
as well as a large number<br />
<strong>of</strong> plants. In recent times<br />
hundreds <strong>of</strong> living things have<br />
cl!ased to exist on the face <strong>of</strong><br />
our planet because no one knew or cared . Only after a pl!riod <strong>of</strong> many years,<br />
when the horrifying results are apparent and it is too late, do we begin to<br />
wonder why we are bent on destroying other living things and our environment.<br />
Do we know the full consequences <strong>of</strong> questions such as these before we<br />
act? How are clear cutting forestry practices affecting the last few Pine<br />
Martens that inhabit our forests? Is spraying <strong>of</strong> power lines affecting the<br />
health <strong>of</strong> berry eaters or users <strong>of</strong> nearby water? What damage will aerial<br />
spraying <strong>of</strong> our forests do to beneficial insects, song birds, fish and other<br />
wildlife that come in contact with t.he poisons? How will the wastes pumped<br />
into lakes, rivers and bays by sewage plants o r industry interact with the<br />
organisms living there? Are improperly disposed wastes in garbage dumps affecting<br />
the behaviour and habits <strong>of</strong> wildlife in the area (bears, foxes, etc.)?
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
41<br />
RED ISLAND - A STUDY IN ADAPTATION OF GULLS AND PEOPLE<br />
Fog! I t was black! I couIdn I t see fartber than 30<br />
meters . Tbis was better than my most optimistic hopes . And<br />
the men say its like this all summer! Red Island was all<br />
that it was supposed to be! How ' could anyone find their way<br />
around in such a fog? That was a real puzzle and made it<br />
the perfect study site. What kinds <strong>of</strong> changes in behavior<br />
would such a place necessitate ?<br />
When my department told me that the <strong>University</strong> was<br />
organizing an intensiv e study <strong>of</strong> Placentia Bay and suggested<br />
I make a proposal , I wondered what an animal behaviorist<br />
would contribute to such an effort. To me the most salient<br />
features <strong>of</strong> Placentia Bay were the new refinery and the fog.<br />
I was facinated with the fog. It seemed to me a formidable<br />
obstacle which birds that summered in Placentia Bay would<br />
have to cope with in their breeding and foraging activities.<br />
Upon seeing the southwest head o f Red Island I knew that,<br />
particularly for the nesting gulls in this col ony, fog could<br />
be a factor which necessitated rather specialized abilities<br />
in navigation .<br />
Along with several students, I had been study ing<br />
orientation to nesting territory in Herring Gulls on Little<br />
Bell Island, Conception Bay. Red Island was the perfect
42<br />
contrast. While fog occurred infrequently on Little Bell e<br />
Island during the gulls' breeding season. tbe colony Red<br />
Island was blanketed in almost perpetual fog throughout the<br />
summer. So since 1974 several students, my family, and I<br />
spent considerable time in Red Island fog. It's been<br />
interesting to observe the effects <strong>of</strong> this environment<br />
both gulls and people.<br />
In studying the behavior <strong>of</strong> the Herring Gulls <strong>of</strong> the Red<br />
Island it was evident that many typical behavior patterns<br />
differed from those displayed by gulls in other colonies such<br />
as the ODe on Little Bell Island. Some <strong>of</strong> these differences<br />
were due to a rather large rat population which lived in the<br />
Red Island gull colony. While we bad initially hoped to compare e<br />
birds <strong>of</strong> the two colonies based on visability characteristics<br />
it was necessary to examine the adaptations <strong>of</strong> the birds on<br />
Red Island to the intense rat predation as well .<br />
By comparing areas <strong>of</strong> the Red Island colony with low<br />
and high levels <strong>of</strong> rat predation and the colony on Little Bell<br />
Island, a pattern emerged by which the gulls seemed to be coping<br />
with the rats. Nests in high predation areas were closely clustered<br />
rather than distributed ---comfort in numbers. In selecting<br />
a nest site, most corrunonly the birds would choose an elevated<br />
area <strong>of</strong> low, sparse vegetation. The nests were not unusually<br />
large but were taller than those usually built by Herring Gulls .<br />
•
44<br />
right. Among the gulls on Little Bell Island the displaced e<br />
landmark produced an error equivalent to the displacement <strong>of</strong><br />
the landmark. but this procedure did not effect the nest<br />
relocation by the Red Island chicks. Similar experiments<br />
were performed with adults. Landmarks were altered in a<br />
100 m square area, we would then retire to a blind and watch<br />
wbat happened. On Little Bell Island the gulls were clearly<br />
confused as to which nest was theirs . Fights over nest owner<br />
ship occurred and several days were required for the birds to<br />
re-orient to the new landmarks and their relation to the nest.<br />
On Red Island such cbanges were unimportant . A returning gull<br />
would readily land by its nest witbout hesitation apparently<br />
not noticing that several six toot trees had grown beside it<br />
since it lett.<br />
Extensive testing on the Little Bell Island Herring<br />
Gulls indicates that piloting, the use ot visual landmarks ,<br />
is the typical means <strong>of</strong> orientation to the nest. The Herri ng<br />
Gulls did not pilot t o their nests. While several species at<br />
gull have been shown to use a sun compass, this was typically<br />
not available tor use by the gulls at Red Island. Herring<br />
Gulls on Red Island did, however, exhibit a vigorous compass<br />
orientation. In tests for compass orientation what we used was<br />
a Simple circular container lined with ink blotters to form<br />
a cone . A small absorbant cloth on the floor was soaked wi th<br />
e<br />
e.
e 1 nk . Chi cks we r e placed in these chamber wi th wire tops for<br />
.<br />
'<br />
•<br />
45<br />
sever al hours. Efforts to escape from the cage left the birds'<br />
footprints on t h e blotter. Later analysis <strong>of</strong> these footprints<br />
indicated tbat consistently the chicks bad showed a compass<br />
o r ientation ... escape attempts were usually oriented to tbe<br />
nort h or sou th. Such a compass or ientation was evident 1n tbe<br />
c h icks ' behavior in a variety <strong>of</strong> test situations. The constant<br />
availabil ity <strong>of</strong> a N- S p r eferences must be a basic means by which<br />
t he gulls o r ients itself. At present we a r e studying the sensory<br />
basis for this orientation and examining t he role <strong>of</strong> this compass<br />
information_in its navigational abilities.<br />
Living in the gull colony with fog and rats is not very<br />
appea ling. The first year we lived in a small tent on the<br />
edge <strong>of</strong> the gull colony for three months. As you might guess<br />
the mon ths i.n the wet cramped tent fostered some unique<br />
adaptations in its human residents! Perhaps less flexible<br />
than the gulls, (after all they could always flyaway for an<br />
occasional bit <strong>of</strong> sunshine). During the second year we secured<br />
the use <strong>of</strong> a house in Red Island Harbor on the eastern side <strong>of</strong><br />
the island. In contrast to the southwest head, Red Island Harbour<br />
has the remains <strong>of</strong> a resettled village and few completely foggy<br />
days. I n t he summer a few fishermen live in the remnants <strong>of</strong> this<br />
once thriving community. The Jeckle and Hy de Island gave us the<br />
best <strong>of</strong> both worlds . We would work with the fascinating gulls
46<br />
during the day and then leave the rats and tog and return in<br />
the evening to a bit <strong>of</strong> blue sky, the wonderful comfort <strong>of</strong> a<br />
wood stove and a dry sleeping bag. The greatest luxury was the<br />
new friendships and the pleasant evenings <strong>of</strong> conversation with<br />
the fishermen.<br />
My children Maren and O. J. woul d come to Red Island on the<br />
fish collecting boat and spend a day on occasion . We ' d trout,<br />
explore near by ponds or islands , watch the fisherme n in their<br />
boats or hike to the highest hill and build a carrin. When time<br />
came for my sabbatical, unfinished work on Red Island and vigorous<br />
demands for the children resulted in a family move. We spent<br />
from September to December <strong>of</strong> last year o n the Island. We. like<br />
the gulls, found it necessary to make some changes in our behavior. e<br />
Fine days would begin with the clicks <strong>of</strong> the motors in<br />
the skiffs which Signaled a peaceful day. The men would be out<br />
fishing till mid-afternoon,during which time we were tbe only<br />
inhabi tan ts <strong>of</strong> Red Island Harbour . The clicks <strong>of</strong> the engines<br />
were absent - there was "weather", and the men would be about<br />
working on gear , setting and checking snares, getting firewood--<br />
a busy sort <strong>of</strong> day for our teapot. Al though our work was largely<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> the sea conditions, tbe pace <strong>of</strong> our day fel l<br />
into stride with the rest <strong>of</strong> our commun i ty .<br />
•<br />
e.
I<br />
•<br />
•<br />
•<br />
47<br />
Each day beld t he same refreshing simpl !ci ty. School<br />
for Maren and O. J. and work for me after replacing wate r and<br />
firewood used at breakfast. We ' d work till mid- afternoon<br />
and then begin preparing supper . Sometimes we would get<br />
mussels or winkles from Goat Island, or jig a fish, or clear<br />
our snares for a rabbit. We'd collect firewood. eggs from<br />
our chickens . carr y water. Following supper the eveni ng round<br />
<strong>of</strong> visits would begin. The fasci nation we felt for Re d Island<br />
was given greater substance . Our new friends told us tales <strong>of</strong><br />
the community prior to resettlement that revealed the lives <strong>of</strong><br />
good men and women <strong>of</strong> past and present. Our sense <strong>of</strong> all the<br />
remarkable things this island required and e ncouraged in all its<br />
residents grew .<br />
Then quiet again, the kids in bed . Only the dim glow o f<br />
kerosene lamps in some <strong>of</strong> the remaining houses. A delic i ou s<br />
time to read and talk. It was perfect. It was during t hese<br />
peaceful , quiet evenings that we were most aware that the<br />
experiences <strong>of</strong> this special island was developing s ome new<br />
abilities and behaviors in ourselves .<br />
Jon Lien , M.U .N . St. John ' s , Nfld .
50<br />
THE LAST PAGE<br />
Loren Eiseley: "The notion that mice can be<br />
generated spontaneously from<br />
bundles <strong>of</strong> old clothes is so<br />
delightfull y whimsical t hat i t<br />
is easy to see why men were<br />
loath to abandon it. One could<br />
accept such incidents in a topsyturvy<br />
universe without trying to<br />
decide what transformation <strong>of</strong><br />
buckles into bones and shoe<br />
buttons into eyes had taken<br />
place. One could take lif e as<br />
a kind <strong>of</strong> fantastic magic and<br />
not blink too obviously when i t<br />
appeared, beady eyed and bustling<br />
under the laundry in the back room."<br />
("The Immense Journey". Vintage<br />
books. 1957. Page 147.)<br />
AIda Leopold: .. For one species to mourn the<br />
death <strong>of</strong> another is a new thi ng<br />
under the sun. The era- Magnon<br />
who slew the last mammoth thought<br />
only <strong>of</strong> steaks. The sportsman who<br />
shot the last pigeon thought only<br />
<strong>of</strong> his prowess. The sailor who<br />
clubbed the last auk thought <strong>of</strong><br />
nothing at all. But we, who have<br />
lost our pigeons, mourn the l oss."<br />
( .. A Sand Coun ty Almanac . " Oxford<br />
<strong>University</strong> Press , 1949 . )<br />
•<br />
.,<br />
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