200616

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One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest TEACHING UNIT Terms and Definitions Allusion - a reference to a person, place, poem, book, event, etc., which is not part of the story, that the author expects the reader will recognize. Example: In The Glass Menagerie, Tom speaks of “Chamberlain’s umbrella,” a reference to British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Black Humor - grotesque subjects like death, disease, war, insanity, etc. are presented humorously in order to point out their absurdity. Example: Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five. Flashback - a scene that interrupts the ongoing action in a story to show an event that happened earlier. Example: The movie, Citizen Kane, tells its story almost exclusively through the memories of its characters, who all knew Kane before his death. Foreshadowing - the use of hints or clues in a story to suggest what action is to come. Foreshadowing is frequently used to create interest and build suspense. Example: Two small and seemingly inconsequential car accidents predict and hint at the upcoming, important wreck in The Great Gatsby. Hero - the central character, usually one who possesses noble qualities such as selfsacrifice, courage, wisdom, etc. Examples: Tarzan, King Arthur, Frodo. Irony - a perception of inconsistency, sometimes humorous, in which the significance and understanding of a statement or event is changed by its context. Example: The firehouse burned down. • Dramatic Irony - the audience or reader knows more about a character’s situation than the character does and knows that the character’s understanding is incorrect. Example: In Medea, Creon asks, “What atrocities could she commit in one day?” The reader, however, knows Medea will destroy her family and Creon’s by day’s end. • Structural Irony – the use of a naïve hero, whose incorrect perceptions differ from the reader’s correct ones. Example: Huck Finn. • Verbal Irony - a discrepancy between what is said and what is really meant; sarcasm. Example: A large man whose nickname is “Tiny.” Motif - a situation, incident, idea, or image that is repeated significantly in a literary work. Examples: In Hamlet, revenge is a frequently repeated idea. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden continually comments on the phoniness of people he meets. 5 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest TEACHING UNIT Point of View - the position or vantage point, determined by the author, from which the story seems to come to the reader. The two most common points of view are First-person and Third-person. Examples: First-person point of view occurs in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; the reader receives all information through Huck’s eyes. An example of third-person point of view is Dickens’ Hard Times, in which the narrator is not a character in the book. Reliable Narrator - a narrator that readers can trust to relate the story, incidents, and characters accurately. Most third-person narrators are trustworthy, but firstperson narration is frequently unreliable, due to the narrator’s closeness to the story. Example: Anne Frank, although she is a first-person narrator, tells her story in an accurate manner, and what she says can be believed. Symbol - an object, person, or place that has a meaning in itself and that also stands for something larger than itself, usually an idea or concept; some concrete thing which represents an abstraction. Example: The sea could be symbolic for “the unknown.” Since the sea is something that is physical and can be seen by the reader, and also has elements that cannot be understood, it can be used symbolically to stand for the abstraction of “mystery,” “obscurity,” or “the unknown.” Theme - the central or dominant idea behind the story; the most important aspect that emerges from how the book treats its subject. Sometimes theme is easy to see, but, at other times, it may be more difficult. Theme is usually expressed indirectly, as an element the reader must figure out. It is a universal statement about humanity, rather than a simple statement dealing with plot or characters in the story. Themes are generally hinted at through different methods: a phrase or quotation that introduces the novel, a recurring element in the book, or an observation made that is reinforced through plot, dialogue, or characters. It must be emphasized that not all works of literature have themes in them. Example: In a story about a man who is diagnosed with cancer and, through medicine and will-power, returns to his former occupation, the theme might be: “Real courage is demonstrated through internal bravery and perseverance.” In a poem about a flower that grows, blooms, and dies, the theme might be: “Youth fades, and death comes to all.” Unreliable Narrator - a narrator who may not be telling the truth or who may be telling only part-truths. Reasons for false storytelling are varied; narrators may be sick, ill informed, deliberately or innocently misleading, or incapable of understanding what is happening. Example: Chief Bromden, the narrator of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, is delusional and in a mental institution; therefore, the reader must question whether what he says is true. 6 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
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200616

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