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20 Dengue fever: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; “42nd Bombardment Squadron: Addendum to Squadron History,” September 11, 1945, AFHRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala.; Louis Zamperini, affidavit, John D. Murphy Collection, HIA, Stanford, Calif.; Louis Zamperini, 1946 notes on captive experience. 21 Second round of interrogation: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview. 22 Condemned, then saved from execution: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA. Chapter 19: Two Hundred Silent Men 1 Attacked on ship: “42nd Bombardment Squadron: Addendum to Squadron History,” September 11, 1945, AFHRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala.; Louis Zamperini, affidavit, John D. Murphy Collection, HIA, Stanford, Calif.; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Louis Zamperini, 1946 notes on captive experience; Robert Trumbull, “Zamperini, Olympic Miler, Is Safe After Epic Ordeal,” NYT, September 9, 1945. 2 Sailor knocking on Louie’s head, beaten in car: Louis Zamperini, telephone interview. 3 Louie allowed to bathe: Ibid. 4 Meeting Sasaki, “We meet again”: Ibid. 5 “unarmed combatants”: William R. Gill and Davis P. Newton, “A Compilation of Biographical Source Documents Concerning Major William Herald Walker, U.S. Army Air Force (1919–1945), a Prisoner of War in Japan During World War II,” 1999, p. 15. 6 Life in Ofuna: Yuzuru Sanematsu, “A Record of the Aftermath of Ofuna POW Camp,” Shukan Yomiuri, August 1974, translated from Japanese; William R. Gill and Davis P. Newton, “A Compilation of Biographical Source Documents Concerning Major William Herald Walker, U.S. Army Air Force (1919–1945), a Prisoner of War in Japan During World War II,” 1999; “Ofuna: Dolder Rescue Team Report,” September 22, 1945, http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/tokyo/ofuna/ofuna.html
(accessed September 20, 2009); Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Jean Balch, letter to legal section, prosecution division, SCAP, January 18, 1948; Gamble, p. 321; Affidavit, Arthur Laurence Maher, from Case Docket No. 218: Nakakichi Asoma et al. (vol. II, part 2 of 2 sections, exhibits, 1945–1949), RG 331, RAOOH, WWII, 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Administration Division (10/02/1945–04/28/1952?), Record of the Trial File, 1945–49, NACP; John A. Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; Gregory Boyington, Baa Baa Black Sheep (New York: Bantam, 1977), pp. 251–53; Johan Arthur Johansen, Krigsseileren, issues 1–2, 1990, translated from Norwegian by Nina B. Smith; “Main Subject Is on Ofuna POW Camp, February 1946–July 1947” and “Main Subject Is on Ofuna POW Camp, September 1945– May 1947,” RG 331, RAOOH, WWII, 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Administration Division (10/02/1945–04/28/1952?), Miscellaneous Subject File, NACP; information on Ofuna from the following files on Kunichi Sasaki and James Kunichi Sasaki in RG 331, RAOOH, WWII, 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Administration and Prosecution Divisions (10/02/1945–04/28/1952?), NACP: Kunichi Sasaki et al., 1945–1948, Investigation and Interrogation Reports; Nakakichi Asoma et al., trial, exhibits, appeal, and clemency files, NACP; Nakakichi Asoma, 1945– 1952, POW 201 File, 1945–1952, Charges and Specifications, 1945–1948, NACP; Yuichi Hatto, Aa, Omori Shuyojo (Tokyo: Kyoshin Shuppan, 2004), translated from Japanese. 7 “My job”: Glenn McConnell, telephone interview, June 8, 2007. 8 “were of such intensity”: Affidavit, Glenn McConnell, from files on Sueharu Kitamura, RG 331, RAOOH, WWII, 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Administration Division (10/02/1945–04/28/1952?), NACP. 9 “Iron must be beaten”: Yuichi Hatto, written interview, August 28, 2004. 10 “No strong soldiers”: Ibid.
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Also by Laura Hillenbrand SEABISCUI
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For the wounded and the lost
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PREFACE ALL HE COULD SEE, IN EVERY
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man under the raft.
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Courtesy of Louis Zamperini. Photo
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that summer, demolition was soon to
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in amazement. Soon after, on a pedi
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ants. In the lobby of the Torrance
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myth. Though Pete earned grades lit
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their chins, each waiting for the o
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As Louie prepared to start Torrance
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couldn’t kick free. In the back b
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1932. Pete had big plans for Louie.
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themselves and eating,” he said l
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Nearly every afternoon, he commuted
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Louie wins the 1933 UCLA Cross Coun
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he felt a tug of regret. He felt to
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July, and the Olympic committee wou
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5,000 qualifier, but the toe injure
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lead, with Bright in close pursuit.
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Louie and Lash at the finish line a
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Louie Zamperini was on his way to G
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unners were buffeted about, all sta
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at Hamburg, a doctor noted that qui
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were treated to a thunderous show t
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elax, knowing how far he had to go.
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miles ever run, the winner’s fina
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The guards conferred, went inside,
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around Tokyo, Japan. * Louie would
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Sasaki’s scholarliness; prior to
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Louie had a four-minute mile in him
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With a cracked rib and puncture wou
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Olympic stadium was partially colla
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warned military officials that a Ca
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In Texas, Louie was in a theater, o
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PART II
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in a police car, sirens blaring, sh
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uns, he had the Norden bombsight, a
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Ephrata, Washington, where there wa
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Russell Allen Phillips. Courtesy of
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Phil’s crew. Left to right: Phill
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turbulence; one slip and you’d tu
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another, in stereo, from a colonel
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and judging by their training score
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where they would serve. Judging by
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* In June 1941, the air corps becam
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involving all sixteen officers, Phi
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average. Louie’s bombing scores w
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Louie’s two proudest moments as a
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Waiting to fly. Courtesy of Louis Z
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ig news: The Japanese had built a b
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the bomb bay door control valve, an
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done. With the bomb bay yawning ope
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oadcasters had a different take. Th
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Moznette, had lived in the pornogra
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a result of enemy action. In many c
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they’d land simultaneously, with
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The risks of flying were compounded
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ditching, enabling the plane to flo
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thousands of square miles. The long
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The man’s boilersuit had been in
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letters to Cecy on an upturned box,
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* Two published accounts of this in
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Two days later, the men flew back t
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enforced their authority with the s
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ay, and the plane rocked again. At
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iplane. Its gunners shot down one Z
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The Zero had sprayed the entire rig
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arely keeping the plane up, and the
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crew would later report that not on
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he breathed. Pillsbury couldn’t b
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plane. Later, ground crewmen would
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Ten The Stinking Six AS EVENING FEL
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was alone. He had apparently been f
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Staff Sergeant Frank Rosynek huddle
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Japanese bombs lying in a neat row.
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through the holes, a shower of star
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mix up a crew, they have a crack up
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Eleven “Nobody’s Going to Live
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Green Hornet. Courtesy of Louis Zam
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Louie ran from the flight deck, yel
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He emerged in a puzzle of debris. H
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PART III
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Louie pulled out his raft’s oars,
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e unpalatably bitter so soldiers wo
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Louie came up with ground rules. Ea
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Thirteen Missing at Sea DAISY MAE T
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escue search was surely under way.
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The plane was Daisy Mae. Its crewme
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kidded around with them but now the
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In Saranap, California, Payton Jord
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frantic and confused and didn’t k
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overwhelming guilt. “If I had onl
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sweat and fuel from their pores, sl
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Louie used the pliers to tear the b
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October, a B-17 carrying Rickenback
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imaginary meal was prepared, the me
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and starvation loomed, this act too
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person had died naturally, would be
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have whisked it through the water a
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water. The men were able to keep th
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huddled there, watching bullets tea
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teeth, widened his eyes, and rammed
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after it, another. The men gripped
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ief sleep rotations. Once the top w
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far side of the earth’s tilt. The
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ocean. To Louie’s surprise, it wa
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In his Honolulu survival course, Lo
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over Mac and let the blood flow int
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In the morning, Phil wrapped Mac’
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Joyful and grateful in the midst of
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Japanese. As the days passed, more
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Phil and Louie had drifted into wha
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One of the Japanese opened his shir
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he arrived in Hawaii, noted that he
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men’s shoulders, and carried. Lou
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PART IV
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slashing gesture. He pointed to the
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into the pan and slurped up the wat
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een lost: dignity. This self-respec
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What did he know about the E-model
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at Louie. When his shift was up, he
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minutes, Louie’s entire body was
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law, put in contact with the Red Cr
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This clipping was in Louie’s wall
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could only just make out the silhou
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secret place, they could, and did,
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was another inspection outside, ano
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prejudices may still have been vuln
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out for gang attacks from his fello
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These murders were the first applic
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of Fitzgerald, clubbing him, jammin
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terrible curse. Jimmie Sasaki made
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emembered for descriptions of his m
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In a secret place inside his cell,
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The stealing left Ofuna in a state
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cigarettes, sank to the ground duri
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had arrived at Ofuna, he had asked
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this “plush” camp before the ca
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at any moment. What the Zamperinis
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On October 6, Louie’s army trunk
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emains of a wooden structure, saw s
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ponder what little they knew. They,
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or they would have notified us long
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Twenty-two Plots Afoot THE PLOT BEG
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was left of the Weasel’s bushy ey
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Tojo. He began to sound like he was
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memory, and the conviction that the
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y civilians, who beat them, struck
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coming. The Quack noticed something
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William Harris. Courtesy of Katheri
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Twenty-three Monster IT WAS LATE MO
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Louie and the other prisoners stood
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The corporal’s name was Mutsuhiro
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Japanese compensated the POWs for t
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sent Watanabe into an explosion. He
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Quack were simply goons, Watanabe c
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more. * In POW memoirs, Watanabe’
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then race in to choose his victim.
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on, they’d labor at the work site
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wrenched the pins and bolts out, an
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Thanks to the stealing, a black mar
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taken off work duty, losing half th
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oadcast. The Japanese had written i
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At ten minutes to six on the mornin
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arracks. The men shushed each other
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maternal sound, a sort of Awwww. He
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evening’s broadcast to tease the
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foremost in the country speak highl
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egan, “this is the postman callin
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Your loving son, Louie —— Later
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Twenty-six Madness THE RADIO TOKYO
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it. They had hidden him from the wo
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A B-29 over Japan. Associated Press
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epeatedly for five minutes, made hi
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down the line of terrified POWs, sw
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Four days before Christmas, a card
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Japanese photographers circled, sna
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The Bird was suspicious. After Toku
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Twenty-seven Falling Down AT OMORI,
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POWs were ordered to dig shelters.
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hooked up with a Japanese fighter a
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itterly cold. Fitzgerald, who had a
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Australian POWs—one in every five
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a few slices of vegetable. The drin
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anything like the backbreaking labo
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fight. Early the next morning, as t
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saliva. There was just one bathtub
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through the knothole hard enough to
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cramming handfuls of the animal’s
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growing number of B-29 sightings ov
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With the Bird out of the way, the m
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wrote POW Joe Byrne, “as if they
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captives, Allied fighters circled t
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Peenen, looked about him, considere
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“Goat die, you die,” the Bird s
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looked at the clock when Louie had
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was terrified. “I have changed my
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As the day’s first light walked o
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Thirty-one The Naked Stampede THE N
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against the sea and two rivers, and
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outage. A few men celebrated the pe
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—— On August 20, a white sky st
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torpedo bomber, which was swooping
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Thirty-two Cascades of Pink Peaches
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mountain to the nearest villages. T
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massacre had been imminent, it seem
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unning into the drop zone. Louie sa
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numbing statistics are untold numbe
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—— Everyone in camp was eager t
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children and Mom and Dad and home.
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Thirty-three Mother’s Day THE NAO
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Frank Tinker told him to talk to Lo
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more had been killed in action. Of
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families couldn’t rest easy. The
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Phillips’s telephone began ringin
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story, from the crash to Kwajalein
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was the woman whose image had susta
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“Cara mamma mia,” he whispered.
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PART V
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going to be just fine. Sylvia had a
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down and slept. In the morning, he
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in August. The man said that Mutsuh
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he nosed the car back in the drivew
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was trying to outlast the other. Si
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to California to get married. Cynth
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house, he became convinced that it
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honored in Tokyo’s Yasukuni Shrin
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with such force that his face turne
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on mattresses, ducked in terror whe
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Many felt lonely and isolated, havi
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homey. At the end of his first day
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sudden, loud sound, perhaps a car b
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Thirty-six The Body on the Mountain
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aired, worried that they’d suspec
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and willing instrument in Japan’s
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egular summer visit to his sister M
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door closed. The detectives left. M
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Thirty-seven Twisted Ropes LOUIE KN
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ound and round. He stopped the car
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Cynthia was distraught over what he
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Louie, after the war. Frank Tinker
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Thirty-eight A Beckoning Whistle FO
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the failure of the massive search.
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man mentioned that an evangelist na
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was taken in adultery, in the very
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Louie rose from his nightmares to f
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ody on a raft, dying of thirst. He
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Thirty-nine Daybreak ON A CHILLY FA
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As Louie looked at this last man, h
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EPILOGUE ON A JUNE DAY IN 1954, JUS
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kicking back on the first-class dec
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Louie, skateboarding at eighty-one.
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Allen Phillips with his children, C
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Bill Harris with his daughter Katey
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heavy-duty plastic bag to use as a
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city, and stopped before a house wi
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while wondering if he was free. Fin
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severe.” He made a fist and waved
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homes. In keeping with the goal of
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uneasy. “I wasn’t given militar
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If Watanabe received it, he never r
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “I’ll be an eas
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modest pilot known as Phil and unco
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he ran the Torrance track with Pete
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Bolling Air Force Base; Will Mahone
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generous, sharing his voluminous re
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NOTES All letters to or from Louis
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undated article from Zamperini scra
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3 “like a huge shark”: Botting,
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21 He was “bighearted”: Peter Z
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Zamperini scrapbook, NPN. 2 “the
Page 568 and 569: Kenneth Griffin, interview by Georg
Page 570 and 571: George A. Hodak, Downey, Calif., Ju
Page 572 and 573: 22 “Don’t let them see me!”:
Page 574 and 575: interview; Louis Zamperini, intervi
Page 576 and 577: interview; Payton Jordan, telephone
Page 578 and 579: and Brigadier General Sherman Miles
Page 580: PART II Chapter 6: The Flying Coffi
Page 583 and 584: Grenz, 2004; Louis Zamperini, telep
Page 585 and 586: 24 “It’s the Flying Coffin”:
Page 587 and 588: Pacific,” unpublished memoir. 4
Page 589 and 590: 19 STEEL FILLS JAP SOX: Undated art
Page 591 and 592: 15 “We just sat there”: Martin
Page 593 and 594: interview. 2 Makin, Tarawa missions
Page 595 and 596: Fight: Lou Zamperini, Former Track
Page 597 and 598: Times, Wings Home Safely,” Richmo
Page 599 and 600: 17 Francis McNamara: Louis Zamperin
Page 601 and 602: Zamperini, telephone interview; Rus
Page 603 and 604: 8 Hours after crash: Louis Zamperin
Page 605 and 606: 1943, AFHRA, Maxwell AFB, Ala. 9
Page 607 and 608: 6 Fishing: “42nd Bombardment Squa
Page 609 and 610: interview. 25 Catching birds: Louis
Page 611 and 612: 5 Death of Mac: Louis Zamperini, te
Page 613 and 614: 8 Seeing planes: Ibid. 9 Capture: L
Page 615 and 616: they were on Wotje. Phil also state
Page 617: Olympic Miler, Is Safe After Epic O
Page 621 and 622: Katsuo Kohara (Vol. I, Record of Tr
Page 623 and 624: 9 Phil doing calisthenics: Russell
Page 625 and 626: 38 Phil sent to Ashio: Kelsey Phill
Page 627 and 628: 8 Sasaki’s sudden change: Ibid. 9
Page 629 and 630: 9 Watanabe’s history: Martindale,
Page 631 and 632: Zamperini, telephone interview. 5 A
Page 633 and 634: aircraft_id=82 (accessed October 15
Page 635 and 636: 3 Reason Louie spared from executio
Page 637 and 638: 29 Red Cross packages delivered: No
Page 639 and 640: translated from Norwegian by Nina B
Page 641 and 642: RAOOH, RG 331, NACP. 14 B-29 seen:
Page 643 and 644: 16 “Frisco dive in ’45”: Knox
Page 645 and 646: http://www.echigonagaoka.com/index.
Page 647 and 648: 13 Rumors: Ken Marvin, telephone in
Page 649 and 650: 1 End of war at Rokuroshi: Emerson,
Page 651 and 652: Times, September 16, 1945; “Jap S
Page 653 and 654: Chapter 33: Mother’s Day 1 POWs o
Page 655 and 656: 28 Hospital parties: Louis Zamperin
Page 657 and 658: PART V Chapter 34: The Shimmering G
Page 659 and 660: Zamperini, letter to Edwin Wilber,
Page 661 and 662: 38 Concerns about Applewhites: Loui
Page 663 and 664: 13 Louie’s torment, resumption of
Page 665 and 666: 12 Watanabe in hiding: Mutsuhiro Wa
Page 667 and 668: 4 Meeting at restaurant: Mutsuhiro
Page 669 and 670:
21 Louie’s last flashback: Louis
Page 671 and 672:
13 Life, death of Harris: Katey Mea
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27 “I was just in a great joy”:
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR LAURA HILLENBRAND
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