A closer look at Vietnamese spinel - Kingdom of Red Spinels
A closer look at Vietnamese spinel - Kingdom of Red Spinels
A closer look at Vietnamese spinel - Kingdom of Red Spinels
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
A <strong>closer</strong> <strong>look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Vietnamese</strong> <strong>spinel</strong><br />
By Christopher P. Smith, C.R. “Cap” Beesley,<br />
Elizabeth Quinn Darenius, and Wendi M. Mayerson<br />
American Gemological Labor<strong>at</strong>ories<br />
Over the past couple <strong>of</strong> years, a supply <strong>of</strong> <strong>at</strong>tractive<br />
<strong>spinel</strong> exhibiting various colors has been entering the<br />
intern<strong>at</strong>ional gemstone market from a rel<strong>at</strong>ively small<br />
mining region in Northern Vietnam. The majority <strong>of</strong> these gems<br />
are being processed and marketed through Bangkok, Thailand,<br />
and finding their way to the major American, European and<br />
Asian centers.<br />
In recent months, Vietnam has produced a significant quantity <strong>of</strong> fine quality <strong>spinel</strong>s,<br />
ranging in color from red to pink and violet to blue. Photograph by Fred Kahn and Sun Joo<br />
Chung.<br />
G E M O L O G Y<br />
Spinel exhibiting a broad spectrum <strong>of</strong> colors is known to<br />
derive from many countries around the world, however, the<br />
two most well-known and historical deposits are found in Sri<br />
Lanka and in the area surrounding the Mogok valley in Burma<br />
(Myanmar). More recent finds <strong>of</strong> <strong>spinel</strong> in places such as Namya<br />
Zeik (northern Burma), Kenya, Tajikistan and Tanzania have led<br />
to an increased supply <strong>of</strong> this highly desirable and sought after<br />
gem m<strong>at</strong>erial.<br />
Spinel from the Luc Yen region <strong>of</strong> northern Vietnam began<br />
making its way into the market as mineral specimens and<br />
faceted gemstones during the l<strong>at</strong>e 1980s and the early 1990s.<br />
This coincided with the discovery<br />
<strong>of</strong> ruby deposits in Luc Yen and<br />
Quy Chau (Kane et al, 1991). More<br />
recently, Vietnam has re-emerged<br />
and made an exciting re-entrance<br />
into the world <strong>of</strong> fine gem <strong>spinel</strong><br />
with its l<strong>at</strong>est production. The<br />
main part <strong>of</strong> the most recent<br />
production yields faceted stones<br />
th<strong>at</strong> range from below 1 car<strong>at</strong> to<br />
1-5 car<strong>at</strong> sizes. More rarely, some<br />
fine <strong>spinel</strong>s have been produced<br />
in sizes larger than 10 car<strong>at</strong>s, and<br />
even up to 20 car<strong>at</strong>s in very fine<br />
quality (M. H<strong>at</strong>ik pers. comm.<br />
2008).<br />
Color appearance<br />
The most famous and popular<br />
color <strong>of</strong> <strong>spinel</strong> is red, although<br />
it actually occurs in a wide range<br />
<strong>of</strong> hues and s<strong>at</strong>ur<strong>at</strong>ions. The <strong>spinel</strong><br />
from Vietnam is no exception,<br />
as it exhibits a number <strong>of</strong> very<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive colors and shades. The<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> <strong>Vietnamese</strong> <strong>spinel</strong><br />
occurs in a deep red to purplish<br />
red hue. Additionally, a number<br />
<strong>of</strong> lively, <strong>at</strong>tractive pink colors<br />
are also produced. Of the more<br />
exceptional colors, Vietnam has<br />
also produced a number <strong>of</strong> very<br />
<strong>at</strong>tractive violet to violet-blue<br />
stones, as well as a small number<br />
<strong>of</strong> “cobalt-blue” <strong>spinel</strong>, which are<br />
highly sought after and prized by<br />
collectors.<br />
Gemological properties<br />
The standard gemological<br />
properties for a number <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Vietnamese</strong> <strong>spinel</strong>s examined<br />
InColor l Spring 2008 31
G E M O L O G Y<br />
by the authors are consistent with those reported in the<br />
gemological liter<strong>at</strong>ure for n<strong>at</strong>ural <strong>spinel</strong>. The stones tested<br />
were all found to be singly refractive, with refractive index<br />
readings ranging from 1.712 to 1.718. Their specific gravity<br />
was determined hydrost<strong>at</strong>ically to range from 3.54 to 3.71.<br />
The fluorescent reaction to both long-wave and short-wave<br />
UV radi<strong>at</strong>ion was strong red (LWUV) and weak to moder<strong>at</strong>e<br />
red (SWUV) for the red group. The pink group exhibited a very<br />
strong red (LWUV) and moder<strong>at</strong>e to strong orangy red (SWUV)<br />
reaction, whereas the violet-to-blue stones were inert to both<br />
LWUV and SWUV excit<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
When examined with a Chelsea filter over a strong transmitted<br />
light source, the “cobalt-blue” <strong>Vietnamese</strong> <strong>spinel</strong> exhibited a<br />
strong red reaction, while the violet-to-blue group exhibited a<br />
weak red or pink reaction.<br />
Absorption spectroscopy<br />
The absorption spectra <strong>of</strong> the <strong>spinel</strong> from Vietnam were<br />
tested using a standard desk-model spectroscope and<br />
a UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer (range 850-280 nm). The<br />
red-to-pink group possessed two dominant broad bands<br />
centered <strong>at</strong> approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 540 and 388 nanometers (nm),<br />
with a shoulder positioned <strong>at</strong> approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 415 nm, as well as<br />
a series <strong>of</strong> narrow, sharp peaks <strong>at</strong> approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 694, 685, 665<br />
and 640 nm. These absorptions are primarily due to chromium<br />
(Cr3+ ) in octahedral coordin<strong>at</strong>ion (see for example Fritsch and<br />
32 InColor l Spring 2008<br />
Vietnam has also<br />
produced a very small<br />
supply <strong>of</strong> “cobalt-blue”<br />
<strong>spinel</strong>, such as this very<br />
fine example. Photograph<br />
by Fred Kahn and Sun Joo<br />
Chung.<br />
Violet: Fe 2+ >Co 2+ Violet-Blue: Fe 2+ /Co 2+ “Cobalt Blue”: Fe 2+ Co 2+ , whereas in the “cobalt-blue” colored sample<br />
the r<strong>at</strong>io was Co2+ >Fe2+ . Intermedi<strong>at</strong>e colors exhibited<br />
intermedi<strong>at</strong>e r<strong>at</strong>ios.<br />
Rossmann, 1988).<br />
All <strong>of</strong> the <strong>spinel</strong>s in the violet-to-blue group showed<br />
a combin<strong>at</strong>ion <strong>of</strong> spectral bands rel<strong>at</strong>ed to cobalt (Co 2+<br />
in tetrahedral coordin<strong>at</strong>ion) and iron (Fe 2+ in tetrahedral<br />
coordin<strong>at</strong>ion). The Co 2+ -rel<strong>at</strong>ed absorptions consisted <strong>of</strong><br />
a series <strong>of</strong> three superimposed broad bands positioned<br />
<strong>at</strong> approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 625, 585 and 550 nm. The Fe 2+ -rel<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
absorptions consisted <strong>of</strong> a larger series <strong>of</strong> bands positioned<br />
<strong>at</strong> approxim<strong>at</strong>ely 555, 477, 455, 385 and 370 nm. In the violet<br />
<strong>spinel</strong>s, the rel<strong>at</strong>ive r<strong>at</strong>io <strong>of</strong> these absorptions is Fe 2+ >Co 2+ ,<br />
with decreasing Fe 2+ absorption and increasing Co 2+ occurring<br />
as the color trended towards a more blue color. No chromium<br />
rel<strong>at</strong>ed absorptions were recorded in the violet-to-blue group<br />
examined in this study.<br />
<strong>Vietnamese</strong> <strong>spinel</strong>s play host to a variety <strong>of</strong> foreign minerals.<br />
These range from transparent colorless crystals, to black<br />
pl<strong>at</strong>y inclusions. Photomicrograph Christopher P. Smith, 88x.<br />
A distinctive inclusion fe<strong>at</strong>ure in the violet-to-blue series<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Vietnamese</strong> <strong>spinel</strong> consists <strong>of</strong> planar concentr<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong><br />
parallel needles. These needles may be confined to small<br />
“p<strong>at</strong>ches” or they may extend the length <strong>of</strong> the interior.<br />
Photomicrograph Christopher P. Smith, 48x.
G E M O L O G Y<br />
Often, Often confined “p<strong>at</strong>ches” <strong>of</strong> these parallel needles can be<br />
seen surrounding a small mineral inclusion. Photomicrograph<br />
Christopher P. Smith, 60x.<br />
These planar concentr<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> parallel needles also<br />
occurred intersecting other groups or oriented individually<br />
in different directions. Photomicrograph Christopher P. Smith,<br />
112x.<br />
Healed fractures composed <strong>of</strong> aligned octahedra <strong>of</strong> various<br />
sizes are commonly present. Photomicrograph Christopher P.<br />
Smith, 58x.<br />
34 InColor l Spring 2008<br />
Chemical composition<br />
The samples were tested using energy dispersive X-ray<br />
fluorescence spectroscopy to determine their major to<br />
minor and trace element composition. Besides aluminum (Al)<br />
and magnesium (Mg), which are intrinsic to <strong>spinel</strong> (MgAl O ), 2 4<br />
the red-to-pink <strong>spinel</strong>s from Vietnam also contained iron (Fe),<br />
along with chromium (Cr) as major to minor elements. Other<br />
minor to trace elements included zinc (Zn), vanadium (V),<br />
titanium (Ti) and gallium (Ga).<br />
The violet-to-blue group contained iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn)<br />
as major to minor elements, with only trace concentr<strong>at</strong>ions<br />
<strong>of</strong> manganese (Mn) and gallium (Ga). Cobalt (Co) was not<br />
detected in the violet-to-blue group stones using this method<br />
<strong>of</strong> chemical analysis. It is presumed th<strong>at</strong> cobalt occurred below<br />
the detection limit <strong>of</strong> the spectrometer. These compositions<br />
are consistent with th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ural <strong>spinel</strong> from several other<br />
deposits (see for example Muhlmeister et. al, 1993).<br />
Inclusion fe<strong>at</strong>ures<br />
The red-to-pink <strong>spinel</strong>s from Vietnam display a varied<br />
array <strong>of</strong> internal fe<strong>at</strong>ures. These consist <strong>of</strong> planar growth<br />
structures th<strong>at</strong> follow octahedral crystal faces, healed fractures<br />
<strong>of</strong> various p<strong>at</strong>terns, and a variety <strong>of</strong> foreign mineral inclusions.<br />
The violet-to-blue group possesses a more distinctive series <strong>of</strong><br />
internal fe<strong>at</strong>ures. These consist primarily <strong>of</strong> arranged, planar<br />
concentr<strong>at</strong>ions <strong>of</strong> parallel needles which are either isol<strong>at</strong>ed in<br />
r<strong>at</strong>her small “p<strong>at</strong>ches” or are longer and extend throughout<br />
the stone. On occasion, these small “p<strong>at</strong>ches” <strong>of</strong> needles are<br />
seen surrounding a tiny mineral inclusion or intersecting one<br />
another from multiple directions. Lines or stringers <strong>of</strong> pinpoint<br />
particles are also observed, as well as variously sized octahedra<br />
aligned along healed fracture planes.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Although <strong>Vietnamese</strong> <strong>spinel</strong> has been available for more than<br />
a decade, recently a significant supply <strong>of</strong> fine, gem-quality<br />
faceted stones has been entering the market from the Luc Yen<br />
mining region in northern Vietnam. These gems exhibit a wide<br />
range <strong>of</strong> colors and shades, from red to pink, as well as rarer<br />
colors th<strong>at</strong> range from violet to blue. For the <strong>spinel</strong> enthusiast<br />
and collector, this production <strong>of</strong>fers an opportunity not only to<br />
collect fine, gem-quality specimens from an unusual source, but<br />
to collect samples in a rare and appealing range <strong>of</strong> colors.<br />
References<br />
Fritsch E., Rossmann G.R. (1988) An upd<strong>at</strong>e on color in gems.<br />
Part 3: Colors caused by band gaps and physical phenomena.<br />
Gems & Gemology, Gemology Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 81-102.<br />
Kane R.E., McClure S.F., Kammerling R.C., Khoa N.D., Mora<br />
C., Repetto S., Khai N.D., Koivula J.I. (1991) Rubies and fancy<br />
sapphires from Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, Gemology Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.<br />
136-155.<br />
Muhlmeister S., Koivula J.I., Kammerling R.C., Smith C.P.,<br />
Fritsch E., Shigley J.E. (1993) Flux-grown synthetic red and blue<br />
<strong>spinel</strong>s from Russia. Gems & Gemology, Gemology Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 81-98.<br />
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the<br />
following people for providing the samples tested during this<br />
study: Sam Khafi, Mourad H<strong>at</strong>ik and Bear Williams.