Caddisflies of the Yukon - Department of Biological Sciences ...

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826 G.B. Wiggins and C.R. Parker that they passed the last glaciation south of the ice or in other refugia under climatic conditions less severe than those in Beringia, and returned to northern latitudes as the glaciers receded. The possibility cannot be excluded that some of these species could have passed the last glacial period in East Beringia, failed to cross the Bering land bridge to Asia, and dispersed southward after recession of the glaciers. Most of these strictly Nearctic caddisfly species which now occur in the Yukon probably originated before the glaciation of the past 2 million years, although some may be the product of isolation in separate refugial areas to the south of the glaciers, e.g. the dichotomy between Mystacides alafimbriata and M. sepulchralis. Numbers in parentheses following the species names provide a cross-reference to distributional and other data in the Annotated List of Yukon Trichoptera. Spicipalpia Glossosomatidae Glossosoma alascense Banks (1) Glossosoma verdona Ross (3) Hydroptilidae Hydroptila rono Ross (5) Ochrotrichia sp. (6) Oxyethira araya Ross (7) Stactobiella delira (Ross) (8) Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila alberta Banks (9) Rhyacophila angelita Banks (10) Rhyacophila bifila Banks (11) Rhyacophila brunnea Banks (12) Rhyacophila hyalinata Banks (13) Rhyacophila pellisa Ross (16) Rhyacophila tucula Ross (17) Rhyacophila vao Milne (18) Rhyacophila verrula Milne (19) Rhyacophila vobara Milne (20) Rhyacophila vocala Milne (21) Rhyacophila vofixa Milne (22) Annulipalpia Hydropsychidae Arctopsyche grandis (Banks) (23) Cheumatopsyche campyla Ross (25) Cheumatopsyche sp. (26) Hydropsyche alhedra Ross (27) Hydropsyche alternans (Walker) (28) Hydropsyche amblis Ross (29) Hydropsyche cockerelli Banks (30) Hydropsyche oslari Banks (31) Parapsyche elsis Milne (32) Philopotamidae Wormaldia gabriella (Banks) (33) Polycentropodidae Polycentropus aureolus (Banks) (35) Polycentropus flavus (Banks) (36) Polycentropus remotus Banks (37) Polycentropus smithae Denning (38) Polycentropus weedi Blickle and Morse (39) Integripalpia Apataniidae Allomyia sp. (40) Brachycentridae Micrasema bactro Ross (46) Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma cascadense (Milne) (48) Lepidostoma cinereum Banks (49) Lepidostoma pluviale (Milne) (50) Lepidostoma roafi (Milne) (51) Lepidostoma stigma Banks (52) Lepidostoma unicolor (Banks) (53) Leptoceridae Ceraclea cancellata (Betten) (55) Ceraclea resurgens (Walker) (57) Mystacides alafimbriata Hill-Griffin (58) Mystacides interjectus (Banks) (59) Mystacides sepulchralis (Walker) (60) Oecetis immobilis (Hagen) (61) Oecetis inconspicua (Walker) (62) Triaenodes baris (Ross) (64) Triaenodes tardus Milne (65) Ylodes frontalis (Banks) (66) Limnephilidae Anabolia bimaculata (Walker) (70) Arctopora pulchella (Banks) (71) Asynarchus aldinus (Ross) (73) Asynarchus montanus Banks (76) Asynarchus mutatus (Hagen) (77) Chyranda centralis (Banks) (78) Clistoronia magnifica (Banks) (79) Dicosmoecus atripes (Hagen) (80) Ecclisomyia conspersa Banks (82) Glyphopsyche irrorata (Fabricius) (83) Grammotaulius interrogationis (Zetterstedt) (85) Hesperophylax designatus (Walker) (88) Lenarchus crassus (Banks) (89) Lenarchus fautini (Denning) (91) Lenarchus keratus Ross (92) Lenarchus vastus (Hagen) (93) Limnephilus argenteus Banks (94) Limnephilus canadensis Banks (95)
Limnephilus extractus Walker (99) Limnephilus hageni Banks (103) Limnephilus hyalinus Hagen (104) Limnephilus infernalis (Banks) (105) Limnephilus janus Ross (106) Limnephilus kennicotti (Banks) (107) Limnephilus partitus Walker (110) Limnephilus parvulus (Banks) (111) Limnephilus perpusillus Walker (112) Limnephilus sansoni Banks (115) Limnephilus secludens Banks (116) Limnephilus sublunatus Provancher (119) Limnephilus tarsalis (Banks) (120) Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagen) (121) Philarctus quaeris (Milne) (123) Psychoglypha alascensis (Banks) (124) Caddisflies of the Yukon 827 Psychoglypha subborealis (Banks) (125) Phryganeidae Agrypnia deflata (Milne) (130) Agrypnia glacialis Hagen (131) Agrypnia improba (Hagen) (132) Agrypnia macdunnoughi (Milne) (133) Agrypnia straminea Hagen (137) Banksiola crotchi Banks (138) Phryganea cinerea Walker (140) Ptilostomis semifasciata (Say) (141) Uenoidae Neothremma didactyla Ross (142) Oligophlebodes ruthae Ross (143) Oligophlebodes sierra Ross (144) Oligophlebodes zelti Nimmo (145) These Nearctic Trichoptera from glacial refuges to the south are of 2 broad groups— western montane species and transcontinental species. The western montane species are mainly members of the Spicipalpia and Annulipalpia whose larvae live in lotic habitats characteristic of mountainous terrain. This group is particularly diverse southward through Oregon to California and Colorado, but markedly less successful to the north (Table 1 below): Glossosomatidae, Rhyacophilidae, Hydropsychidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Brachycentridae (Micrasema), Lepidostomatidae, Limnephilidae (Chyranda, Discosmoecus, Ecclisomyia, Psychoglypha), and Uenoidae. Figures for declining species diversity at higher latitudes (Table 1) indicate that the lotic species of the western montane Trichoptera have populated the glaciated terrain of the Yukon with limited success. Lentic species of western montane origin in a few genera of the Limnephilidae (Asynarchus, Clistoronia, Lenarchus, Limnephilus) and the Leptoceridae (Mystacides, Ylodes) have extended farther north in the Yukon than have the lotic species of montane origin. Transcontinental species are inferred to have passed glaciation along a much wider ice front because overall they are now widely distributed in North America. They are, for the most part, species of lentic waters and slowly moving streams. These species are primarily case-makers of the Integripalpia; their diversity also declines with increasing latitude (Table 1), but not as much as in the Spicipalpia and Annulipalpia where most species live in lotic waters. Transcontinental Trichoptera occur to a large extent across the boreal forest biome but their lake and marsh habitats also extend through deciduous forests and grasslands. Larvae of these species, and of Trichoptera generally, have little or no specific relationship with vascular plants, and feed for the most part on the fungi colonizing plant detritus and on algae, or on other insects. In general, the effect of low temperature on aquatic habitats seems to be the major constraint to repopulation of the Yukon by species in both groups of Category I Trichoptera; this topic is explored further under Ecological Considerations. There is an interesting recurrence in northern Quebec of disjunct populations of several species which otherwise appear to be confined to western or northwestern North America (Roy and Harper 1979; Harper 1989): Arctopsyche grandis (23) (Hydropsychidae), Wormaldia gabriella (33) (Philopotamidae), and Goera tungusensis (47) (Goeridae). The first 2 are Nearctic species (category I) which probably passed the Wisconsinan glaciation south of the ice, and now range broadly in western montane areas from the Yukon southward. Goera tungusensis is Holarctic (category II) and may also have passed the last glacial period
Page 1 and 2: Caddisflies of the Yukon FRONTISPIE
Page 3 and 4: Caddisflies of the Yukon 789 and ta
Page 5 and 6: Caddisflies of the Yukon 791 impose
Page 7 and 8: Caddisflies of the Yukon 793 outlin
Page 9 and 10: Caddisflies of the Yukon 795 Genus
Page 11 and 12: Caddisflies of the Yukon 797 25. Ch
Page 13 and 14: Caddisflies of the Yukon 799 are de
Page 15 and 16: Caddisflies of the Yukon 801 53. Le
Page 17 and 18: Caddisflies of the Yukon 803 Family
Page 19 and 20: Caddisflies of the Yukon 805 85. Gr
Page 21 and 22: Caddisflies of the Yukon 807 Biolog
Page 23 and 24: Caddisflies of the Yukon 809 Biolog
Page 25 and 26: Caddisflies of the Yukon 811 Genus
Page 27 and 28: Caddisflies of the Yukon 813 FIGS.
Page 35 and 36: Caddisflies of the Yukon 821 above
Page 37 and 38: Caddisflies of the Yukon 823 was mu
Page 39: Caddisflies of the Yukon 825 recogn
Page 43 and 44: Apataniidae Apatania zonella (Zette
Page 45 and 46: Integripalpia Apataniidae Apatania
Page 47 and 48: Caddisflies of the Yukon 833 wester
Page 49 and 50: Caddisflies of the Yukon 835 Micras
Page 51 and 52: Caddisflies of the Yukon 837 been b
Page 53 and 54: Caddisflies of the Yukon 839 years,
Page 55 and 56: other reasons, most Palaearctic-Eas
Page 57 and 58: Caddisflies of the Yukon 843 In add
Page 59 and 60: Caddisflies of the Yukon 845 FIG. 2
Page 63 and 64: Caddisflies of the Yukon 849 press)
Page 65 and 66: Caddisflies of the Yukon 851 Pleist
Page 67 and 68: Caddisflies of the Yukon 853 Hydrop
Page 69 and 70: Caddisflies of the Yukon 855 TABLE
Page 71 and 72: Caddisflies of the Yukon 857 genera
Page 73 and 74: Caddisflies of the Yukon 859 strong
Page 75 and 76: Caddisflies of the Yukon 861 assure
Page 77 and 78: Caddisflies of the Yukon 863 Gislas
Page 79 and 80: Caddisflies of the Yukon 865 Reeves

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