INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF ROOT ROT ... - ycjournal.net

Vol II, Issue II July 2012 Multilogic in Science ISSN 2277-7601
An International Refreed & Indexed Quarterly Journal
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF ROOT ROT DISEASE OF
MULBERRY CAUSED BY FUSARIUM SOLANI
S.S. Choudhari1*, N.S. Solanke1 and B.M. Kareppa2
1Department of Botany, Adarsh College, Hingoli.
2Department of Botany, Dnyanopasak College, Parbhani.
(Received : 24.05.2012; Revised : 14.06.2012; Accepted : 17.06.2012)
.ABSTRACT
Mulberry is a commercially important crop, raised for its nutritious leaves
required for production of most valued silkworm cocoons. Nowaday encountering a
serious problem due to severe incidence of root rot disease caused mainly by species of
Fusarium solani. Three antagonists T. viride, T. harzianum and Pseudomonas
fluorescence and five fungicides carbendazim, captan, dithane M-45, thiophanate
methyl and thiram were tested against Fusarium solani in vitro. T. viride was best in
inhibiting the growth of pathogen by 73.6 per cent. Among the fungicides carbendazim,
completely inhibited the growth of pathogen at all concentrations (100, 250, 500 ppm).
The conventional control measures are unable to provide total control. Hence,
antagonistic microorganisms along with fungicides were evaluated for their bio-control
potential against Fusarium solani.
Key words: Mulberry, biocontrol agents, fungicide, Fusarium solani.
INTRODUCTION:
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a
fast growing, deciduous, woody and
perennial plant. It has a deep root
system. The leaves are simple,
alternate, stipulate, petiolate and
lobed. The ideal range of
temperature varies from 24-28ºC,
humidity in the range of 65-80% and
the optimum pH is 6.5 to 6.8
(Dandin, 2003). There are about 68
species of the genus Morus, the
majority of them occurred in Asia,
especially in China (24 species) and
Japan (19 species). In India, there
are many species of Morus of which
Morus alba, M.Indica, M.serrata
and M.caevigata are grown wildly in
Himalayas and most of the states
have taken up sericulture as an
important agro industry with an
excellent results. The total area of
mulberry in India is around 2,82,244
hectare and in Tamilnadu is around
9,491 hectare (Vijayan,2009).
Being a perennial crop soil
borne diseases are widely prevalent
and are a serious constraint for the
production of quality leaf for feeding
silkworm. The problem is observed
both in nursery and established
fields (Philip et al., 1995). Among
the diseases, root rot caused by soil
borne fungi like Fusarium solani
and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is more
alarming due to the ability to thrive
well in soil and fast spread of
disease once occurred besides
absence of disease resistant varieties
and inadequate control measures
against this disease (Vineet et al.,
1998). Many fungicides are known
to be effective against soil borne
diseases. The disease is soil borne in
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Vol II, Issue II July 2012 Multilogic in Science ISSN 2277-7601
An International Refreed & Indexed Quarterly Journal
nature and spreads fast primarily
through contaminated soil,
irrigation, diseased saplings farm
implements etc. Due to its epidemic
nature and potential to kill the plants
completely, root rot is the deadliest
disease of mulberry. Chemical
control of disease is the most
common and widely accepted
method in the agricultural crops.
Due to environmental pollution
issues, imbalance in soil ecosystem
as well as potential threat to
silkworms the biological control
method has been considered as a
promising approach for the
management of soil borne diseases.
In this paper, we reviewed
potential biocontrol agents against
the fungal disease of mulberry. Also,
we discussed the beneficial effect of
application methods of the
antagonistic microorganism on the
suppression of Fusarium solani,
based on the ecological
characteristics of the disease and
antagonistic mechanisms of the
strain. In addition, integrated control
techniques including chemical and
biological control have recently been
developed from an ecological and
economic point of view.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Isolation and pathogenicity
Wilted plants of mulberry
were collected from cultivating field
of sericulture garden of Adarsh
college of Hingoli districts and
fungus was isolated from infected
root on PDA. The pathogenicity was
proved by water culture technique
(Nene and Kannaiyan, 1982) and the
pathogen was identified as Fusarium
solani based on morphological and
cultural characteristics.
In vitro evaluation of bioagents
against Fusarium solani
Efficient culture of
Trichoderma viride (NCIM No.
1221), T. harzianum (NCIM No.
1185) and bacterial bioagent P.
fluorescens (NCIM No. 5101) were
obtained from National Collection of
Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM),
maintained in the Department of
Botany, Adarsh College, Hingoli and
were evaluated for their antagonism
against Fusarium solani by dual
culture technique (Dennis and
Webster, 1971). Potato dextrose agar
medium was used for the study as a
culture media. Three replications for
each bioagent along with control
containing only one five mm disc of
5 days old culture of the pathogen in
the center of the 90 mm plates were
taken for the studies. All the plates
were incubated at 28±1°C for 8 days
and colony diameter of the pathogen
was measured periodically and per
cent growth inhibition over control
was calculated by the following
formula.
Inhibition % = Growth of the
pathogen in (control plate – presence
of antagonist)
Growth of the pathogen in control
plate
In vitro efficacy of fungicides against
Fusarium solani
To select an effective
fungicide among systemic
(carbendazim, thiophanate methyl)
and non-systemic fungicides (thiram,
captan and dithane M-45) were
tested at 100, 250 and 500 ppm
concentrations by poisoned food
technique (Nene and Thapliyal,
1993). PDA medium was prepared
with double the recommended
strength and sterilized in an
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Vol II, Issue II July 2012 Multilogic in Science ISSN 2277-7601
An International Refreed & Indexed Quarterly Journal
autoclave. For each fungicide,
fungicidal solution was prepared
double the test concentration. 10 ml
of fungicidal solution was mixed
thoroughly with 10 ml molten PDA
medium in a sterilized Petri plate
under aseptic conditions and allowed
for 5 to 10 minutes to solidify.
Appropriate control was maintained
by using distilled water. From seven
day old culture plates 5 mm disc
were cut from outer margin of
vigorously growing fungus with
sterilized cork borer and transferred
to the centre of the plates containing
fungicidal medium. Three
replications were maintained for
each treatment. The whole procedure
was carried out under aseptic
conditions. The Petri plates were
incubated at 28+1oC. The diameter
of fungal colony was measured
when the growth of the fungus in
control plate was complete. Finally
per cent inhibition was calculated by
the formula.
Inhibition % = Diameter of colony
in the (control plate - treated plate) x
100 Diameter of the colony in
control plate.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The results of dual culture
technique revealed effectiveness of
all the antagonists with varying
degree of inhibition of the growth of
the pathogen, (Table 1). Among the
antagonists, Trichoderma viride was
the best in inhibiting the growth of
the pathogen by 73.6 per cent
followed by T. harzianum (64.0%)
and P. fluorescence (51.1%). Similar
results were obtained by Suneel
Anand and Harender Raj Gautam
(2006), Goudar and Yadav et al.
(2007) and Weindling (1932)
reported that T. viride generally coil
around the mycelium of the
pathogen with or without
penetration.
Table 1. Effect of fungal and bacterial antagonists on radial growth of
Fusarium solaniin vitro (dual culture technique)
Radial growth Percent inhibition of
S.N. Fungal Isolate
(cm)
growth
1 Trichoderma viride
Trichoderma
2.38 73.60
2 harzianum
Pseudomonas
3.24 64.00
3 fluroscens 4.40 51.10
4 Control 9.0 -
SEM 0.06 -
CD at 5 % 0.13 -
Table 2. Effect of systemic fungicides on growth inhibition of Fusarium solani
by inhibition zone method
S.N. Fungicide Concentration Radial Percent
(ppm)
growth growth
(cm) inhibition
1. Carbendazim 100 0 100
250 0 100
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Vol II, Issue II July 2012 Multilogic in Science ISSN 2277-7601
An International Refreed & Indexed Quarterly Journal
500 0 100
2. Captan 100 6.50 27.70
250 3.10 65.50
3. Dithane M-
45
4. Thiophanat
methyle
500 0.50 94.40
100 7.60 15.50
250 5.90 34.40
500 0.50 94.40
100 0.30 96.60
250 0 100
500 0 100
5. Thiram 100 2.70 70.00
250 2.10 76.60
500 1.50 83.30
6. Control 9.00 -
SEM 0.15 -
CD
at
5%
0.43 -
The results of poisoned food
technique revealed that all the
fungicides reduced the growth of the
fungus significantly at different
concentrations (Table 2).
Carbendazim inhibited the growth of
the fungus completely (100%) at 100
ppm followed by thiophanate methyl
(96.6%) and thiram (70.0%).
However, captan and dithane M-45
were found to be least effective in
inhibiting the growth of the fungus
by 27.7 and 15.5 per cent,
respectively. At 250 ppm and 500
ppm, carbendazim and thiophanate
methyl completely inhibited the
growth of the fungus (100%). These
were followed by thiram (76.6%) at
250 ppm and 83.3% at 500 ppm.
Captan and dithane M-45 were least
effective both at 250 and 500 ppm
concentration. These results are in
agreement with Sumitha and
Gaikwad (1995). Further, Sharma,
1984; Gaikwad and Sen, 1990,
reported complete inhibition of
growth of Fusarium solani by
carbendazim even at 25 ppm
concentration. It is therefore
concluded that the antagonist
Trichoderma viride and systemic
fungicide carbendazim can be
successfully utilized for the control
of wilt pathogen Fusarium solani.
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Vol II, Issue II July 2012 Multilogic in Science ISSN 2277-7601
An International Refreed & Indexed Quarterly Journal
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