CHAPTER 7: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries to carry blood to each lung. In the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs, carbon dioxide is unloaded and oxygen is picked up by blood. Oxygenated blood from lungs is returned through pulmonary veins to left atrium. Not all arteries carry oxygenated blood and not all veins carry deoxygenated blood. Since blood in the pulmonary arteries is oxygen poor and blood in the pulmonary veins is oxygen rich they serve as the exception. C. The Systemic Circuit The aorta (artery) and vena cava (veins) are the main pathways for blood in the systemic circuit. The superior vena cava collects blood from the head, chest, and arms while the inferior vena cava collects blood from the lower body regions. Transport of oxygenated blood moves from left ventricle through aorta out to all tissues. Deoxygenated blood returns from all tissues via vena cava. The coronary arteries serve the heart muscle itself and are the first branches off the aorta. Coronary arteries lie on the external surface of the heart, where they divide into arterioles. Coronary veins collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries and empty into the right atrium. VI. Cardiovascular Disorders A. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of untimely deaths in the U.S. B. Risk of CVD can be reduced by following guidelines for a heart-healthy life style. C. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Occurs when blood moves through the arteries at a higher pressure than normal. Hypertension is present when the systolic blood pressure is 140 or greater or the diastolic blood pressure is 90 or greater.
Sometimes called the silent killer because it may not be detected until a stroke or heart attack occurs. Genetic predisposition. D. Atherosclerosis An accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, including cholesterol, beneath the inner linings of arteries –– plaque. As plaque develops, it tends to protrude into a vessel interfering with blood flow. Atherosclerosis begins in early adulthood and develops progressively through middle age, but symptoms may not appear until an individual is age 50 or older. Plaque can cause a clot to form on the arterial wall. As long as the clot remains stationary, it is called a thrombus. If a clot dislodges and moves along with the blood, it is called an embolus. Aspirin reduces the stickiness of platelets and thereby lowers the probability that a clot will form. E. Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) also called a stroke, often results when a small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus. A lack of oxygen causes a portion of the brain to die, and paralysis or death can result. A myocardial infarction (MI), also called a heart attack, occurs when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of oxygen. If a coronary artery becomes partially blocked, the individual may then suffer from angina pectoris, characterized by radiating pain in the left arm. When a coronary artery is completely blocked, a heart attack occurs. An aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood vessel, most often the abdominal artery or the arteries leading to the brain. Atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken the wall of an artery to the point that an aneurysm develops. F. Varicose veins develop when the valves of veins become weak and ineffective due to the backward pressure of blood.
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CHAPTER 7: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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