1 THE AUTONOMIC PHYSIOLOGY OF TERROR MANAGEMENT ...

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vagal tone people quickly habituated. Low vagal tone people also showed persistent defensive responses to threatening words that high vagal tone people responded to only with orienting. In another work supporting the notion that vagal tone indexes the potential for threat responding (Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997), a daily diary study showed that the participants with higher baseline vagal tone tended to experience less negative emotional arousal as a consequence of their stressors. Research also connects vagal tone to the eyeblink startle reflex (Ruiz-Padial et al., 2003), a response that appears mediated by the central nucleus of the amygdala. Higher baseline indices of vagal tone predicted less forceful startle responses triggered by blasts of white-noise during neutral and positive stimuli. Thus, low vagal tone people appeared to be more easily threatened, or in more defensive states than high vagal tone people when primed with non-threatening neutral and positive slides. Vulnerability to hostility Further implicating low vagal tone in potentiating fight or flight and threat-related experience, research has suggested an association between vagal tone and hostility. Brosschot and Thayer (1998) note that hostility is often characterized by poor cardiovascular recovery following anger induction. This slow recovery is indexed by sustained sympathetic arousal—high HR and blood pressure. From this evidence Brosschot and Thayer surmised that, following evidence and theory that vagal tone exerts an inhibitory effect on sympathetic arousal, hostility should correspond with lower vagal tone. 32
Empirical work has in part born out this vagal tone and hostility link (Sloan, Shapiro, Bigger, Bagiella, Steinman, & Gorman, 1994). In younger participants (under 40) during the daytime, higher hostility scores on the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Cook & Medley, 1954) predicted lower the vagal tone. However, this correlation did not reach significance with vagal tone measured during the night-time hours, nor did it reach significance in older adults (over 40). Perhaps as with anxiety disorders, vagal tone differences in hostile people tend not to emerge in highly comfortable situations, such as during sleep. Vulnerability to depression Research on depression further links vagal tone to threat experience. A number of studies show that depressed participants exhibit lower tonic vagal tone (Dalack & Roose, 1990; O’Conner, Allen, & Kaszniak, 2001; Rechlin, Weis, Spitzer, & Kaschka, 1994). Further work has linked vagal tone to state changes in hope and hopelessness (Schwarz, Schachinger, Adler, & Goetz, 2003). In other work, improvement in depression over time corresponded with increased levels of vagal tone (Chambers & Allen, 2002). In yet another study, higher baseline levels of depression corresponded with a less increase in vagal tone during a cold pressor task and a greater withdrawal of vagal tone during a stressful speech task (Hughes & Stoney, 1999). Thus, a greater tendency for vagal withdrawal and a lesser tendency for vagal increase predicted depression. Further research suggests that a specific type of depressed affect is associated with lower vagal tone. Analysis of BDI subscales showed a negative correlation between 33
Page 1 and 2: THE AUTONOMIC PHYSIOLOGY OF TERROR
Page 3 and 4: STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertati
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Curre
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Main
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT Theory and research sugges
Page 11 and 12: Theory (e.g., Pyszczynski, Solomon,
Page 13 and 14: From this perspective, when we meet
Page 15 and 16: certain knowledge that the feeling
Page 17 and 18: only the level, but the resilience
Page 19 and 20: usually have opposite effects on th
Page 21 and 22: Parasympathetic and sympathetic dir
Page 23 and 24: These interactions have been demons
Page 25 and 26: sympathetically super-powered and s
Page 27 and 28: estimated by this procedure is that
Page 29 and 30: tone in infancy may simply index mu
Page 31: distorted due to impression managem
Page 35 and 36: and arousal causes attentional infl
Page 37 and 38: Katz, & Hooven, 1996; Katz & Gottma
Page 39 and 40: more rigidly direct self-regulatory
Page 41 and 42: Connections Between Vagal Tone and
Page 43 and 44: about the self, such as when charac
Page 45 and 46: therefore posit that state self-est
Page 47 and 48: than state self-esteem and state va
Page 49 and 50: This study should also serve to add
Page 51 and 52: communication, we compiled a person
Page 53 and 54: were in presented in folders in ord
Page 55 and 56: to how quickly participants categor
Page 57 and 58: preparation block, participants rec
Page 59 and 60: associations between happy and deli
Page 61 and 62: .01. On a 9-point scale from “ver
Page 63 and 64: Lastly we conducted a 2 (feedback:
Page 65 and 66: Correlations between self-esteem an
Page 67 and 68: change scores between pNN50 at time
Page 69 and 70: self-esteem IAT pre to post feedbac
Page 71 and 72: STUDY 2 Study 1 provided some suppo
Page 73 and 74: words in a discrimination task. Thu
Page 75 and 76: yet ready. The experimenter gave pa
Page 77 and 78: Rosenberg self-esteem scale Partici
Page 79 and 80: log-transformed latency for positiv
Page 81 and 82: in the positive feedback condition
Page 83 and 84:
onto the mediator and independent v
Page 85 and 86:
esteem due to feedback onto feedbac
Page 87 and 88:
function of personality feedback, F
Page 89 and 90:
GENERAL DISCUSSION Across both stud
Page 91 and 92:
(Bosson, Swann, & Pennebaker, 2000)
Page 93 and 94:
suggests one method for assessing a
Page 95 and 96:
In addition to these implications f
Page 97 and 98:
less than the usual amount of probl
Page 99 and 100:
Study 1 correlations among variable
Page 101 and 102:
APPENDIX E Study 2 vagal tone score
Page 103 and 104:
Bosson, J.K., Swann, W.B., & Penneb
Page 105 and 106:
J.T.Cacioppo, LG.Tassinary, & G.G.B
Page 107 and 108:
Implicit Association Test: I. An im
Page 109 and 110:
Klein, E., Cnaani, E., Harel, T., B
Page 111 and 112:
motivational style. Unpublished Man
Page 113 and 114:
symptoms: Prospective data testing
Page 115 and 116:
Cardiorespiratory and plasma catech
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