Biogas from Pig Farm

Biogas from Pig Farm
FOR
S O L A R E N E R G Y
1 / 2 0 1 1 C L A S S
BY
P A N T H U I S A R A N K U R A
5 3 4 0 2 6 4 2
E N E R G Y T E C H .

Background & Scope
Last Lampang visit, found that there is a big pig farm
~ 10,000 pigs without Biogas production.
Searched to find 3 interesting papers (pdf);
1. Kestutis NAVICKAS, Lithuanian University of Agriculture
November 2007
2. Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D., Faculty of Engineering,
Chiang Mai University
3. Choke Mikled, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Animal
Science and Aquaculture, Chiang Mai University

Technical POV
Biogas has CH4 around 55 – 88 %(65%), remaining
15-45 of CO2, saturated vapor, H2S < 5 ppm, and
NH3 < 0.5 ppm
Energy Value
1. 20-25 MJ/cubic m., 5.5-8.0 kWh/cubic m.
2. 1.2-1.4 kWh/cubic m. (0.46 kg LPG)
3. 23.4 MJ/cubic m., 1.2 kWh/cubic m.
Opportunity from Crisis
Change Pollution to Energy
Capture CH4 ( 25 time of CO2 global warming)

BIOGAS FOR FARMING, ENERGY CONVERSION
AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Kestutis NAVICKAS
29 Novembra 2007, Rakičan
Department of Agroenergetics
Lithuanian University of Agriculture
Rakičan, 2007

Number of plants
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1990
Development of biogas industry in Germany
100 120 139 159 186
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
P. Weiland, 2007
274 370 450
1996
1997
Rakičan, 2007
1998
617
1999
850
2000
1050
2001
2000
1800
1600
2002
2003
2004
2400
3500
2800
2005
2006

Process design
Technology flows and elements
Substrate
collection and holding
pretreatment - separation, cutting, mixing, sanitation
loading and removal
digestate storage and utilization
Process
mixing
heating
Biogas
collection and holding
conversion
Rakičan, 2007

AD Process scheme
Rakičan, 2007
British Biogen

Process parameters
Temperature
Psychrophilic (10 o C - 25 o C)
Mesophilic (25 o C - 45 o C)
Thermophilic (55 o C - 60 o C)
Hydraulic retention time HRT
(the average time the substrate remain in a digester)
HRT = Vl / Sd (Vl – liquid volume, Sd – daily flow)
Cattle manure - 12 – 18 days
Pig manure - 10 – 15 days
Organic loading rate OLR
(organic material fed daily per m 3 of digester volume)
Cattle manure - 2.5 –3.5 kg VS/ m 3 day
Pig manure - 3.0 –3.5 kg VS/ m 3 day
Rakičan, 2007

Process indicators
SUBSTRATE
• Composition (TS, VS, Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates)
• pH level (about 7.0)
• Rate of C:N
• Biogas yield potential (m 3 /kg substrate or m 3 /kg TS)
BIOGAS
• Biogas rate (m 3 /m 3 of digester volume per day)
• Biogas composition and energy potential
OTHER
• Energy efficiency or biogas utilization factors
• BOD and COD in feed and removal or VS in feed and removal
• Pay back
Rakičan, 2007

Substrate, t
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Influence on biogas production of the
industrial substrate
manure industrial waste biogas per week
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Weeks
Rakičan, 2007
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Biogas, 10 3 . m 3

Composition of Biogas
Component Dimension Content
CH 4 % 55 - 80
CO 2 % 15 - 45
H 2 S mg/m 3 0 - 5000
NH 3 mg/m 3 0 - 450
Humidity - Saturated
Caloric value MJ/m 3 20 - 25
Caloric value kWh/m 3 5,5 – 8,0
Rakičan, 2007

Biogas use
BIOGAS
Boiler Cogenerator Fuel cell Storage
Heat
Separation of sulphur, dust and moisture
Rakičan, 2007
Upgrading
Conversion Compression
Electricity Heat Electricity Heat Liquid fuel

Pig Farm Biogas Plant, Lithuania
60 m3 pig manure / day + Industrial wastes: ~ 3 t / day
Digester: 3 x 300 m3 horizontal steel digesters
Biogas production: 1200 - 2500 m3 /d
Co-generation: 1 x 75 kW and 1 x 110 kW
2 x 300 kW gas burners
Rakičan, 2007

Pig Farm Biogas Plant, Lithuania 2
90 m3 pig manure / day + Industrial wastes: ~ 10 t / day
1 x 2000 m3 vertical steel digester
Biogas production: 3000 - 3500 m3 /d
Co-generation: 4 x 150 kWel Rakičan, 2007

Benefits for environment
Mitigation atmospheric methane concentrations
reduces impacts on global climate change
Treatment of wastes reduces water, air
pollution, odors and destroys pathogens
Application of digestate fulfils the phosphorus
requirements of the crops and completes the
nitrogen requirements from mineral fertiliser.
Displacement of fossil fuels reduces CO2 emissions
Rakičan, 2007

Thailand Swine Farm Biogas
Implementation
Programs/Policies
Poon Thiengburanathum, Ph.D.,
Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University

Swine in Thailand
Farm Size
There are 7.15 million
swine in Thailand
No. or
pigs
No. of
Farms
Total
Pigs
head
(million)
Small 50-500 >200,000 3
Medium 500-5,000 1,309 1.36
Large >5,000 186 2.78
Source: Department Livestock Development

Scope / Marketing
Issues/Analysis
Annual number of swine in Thailand (animals)
65

Farm’s Environment

Key Types of System
• Fixed Dome: Small Scale
• Plastic Bag System: Small Scale
• Cover Lagoon: Medium to Large Scale
• Chanel Digester: Medium to Large Scale
• CSTR: Medium to Large Scale

Cover Lagoon

Cannel Digester

H-UASB

IC-UASB

Biogas System is introduced

• Pre-Treatment
• Bioreactor
• Post-
Treatment
• Energy
Utilization
Electrical/heat utilization in farm
Piggery
Farms
Reused water
Biogas Flare
System
Garbage/Large
Aggregate
Screen
Biogas
Biogas
Reactor
Effluence
Gas
Storage
Gas
Utilization
System
Collecting
Tank
Sand Trapping,
Cyclone
Sludge Drying
System
Garbage/
Large
aggregate
Sand
Post
Treatment
Pond
Open
Pond
Water
Reserved
Pond
Energy Fertilizer Fertilizer

Facts
• 1 LU = 500 kg = Average 8.3 pigs
• 37-40 liters/day
• 10-12 kg of solid waste
• 25-27 liters of urine
• 185-190 liters/day of water/farming activity
• 0.9 cu.m./day (@ 0.55 biodegradable rate)
• 1 cu.m. of Biogas
• 0.46 kg LPG
• 0.67 liters of gasoline
• 1.2-1.4 kwh

Pre-Treatment: CT

Pre-Treatment: ST

Reactor

Reactor

Post-Treatment: Solar Drying

Post-Treatment: Liquid Fertilizer and
Artificial Pond

GAS Utilization: Heat

GAS Utilization: Electricity

Join Funding or Subsidy Issues
• Small scale > Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE)
Implemented by DOAE since 1996-2004
Installed 1,655 fixed dome biogas unit
Total digester volume is 75,000 m 3
Government subsidized 45%
• Medium-Large farms > Chiang Mai University
The technology modified from an imported
prototype in 1984
Installed 150 plants in medium-large swine farms
Channel Digester + UASB, remove 80-90% COD
Government subsidized: Phase I (1995-1998) 47%,
Phase II (1997-2003) 33% and Phase III (2002-2008)
18%
Financial : Energy Conservation Fund, Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO), Ministry of Energy

Provide
Technical
Assistance
and O&M
MoU
ERDI’s agents
ERDI
LOI/ERPA
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4 Farms …
Buyers
Signed Emission Reduction
rights transfer agreement
ERDI = Energy Research and Development Institute, Chiang Mai University
The World Bank = Assist in Project Development and Purchase Emission Reduction
MOU = Memorandum of Understanding
LOI = Letter of Intend
ERPA = Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement

April 6, 2009
Project Component
24 of 8

Technology Selection

Development of biogas
technology for livestock
farms in Thailand
Choke Mikled
Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture,
Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
E-mail: agani008@chiangmai.ac.th

Development of biogas
technology
Biogas technology was first introduced to
Thailand around 1950 at Kasetsart
University with the Indian floating drum
system for dairy farms.
Later the biogas systems were utilized for
the purpose of sanitation on the village
level where the farmers usually raised
their livestock (cattle, buffalo, pig and
poultry) under livestock-cropping systems.

The first phase
Began in 1960, the Department of
Health, Ministry of Public Health
promoted biogas digester
as a mean of reducing pollution from
livestock wastes in the village.
The project ran from 1960-1992,
approximately 6,000 floating drum type
biodigesters were constructed.

The second phase
The biogas production systems were operated by
National Energy Institute from 1970-1980 during
the period of energy crisis.
In each village at least one floating drum type
biodigester was constructed as the demonstration
unit
and if any farmers willing to construct a
biodigester, the Government would support the
budget for 1,200-1,500 Baht per farm.

Chinese Fixed Dome System in Pig Farms

The third Phase
The third phase of the
development of biogas
technology began with the
Thai-German Biogas
Programme (TG-BP) from
1988-1995.

This programme was supported by
German Technical Coorperation
(Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Techische
Zusammenarbeit GmbH-GTZ)
in cooperation with Chiang Mai
University
and Department of Agricultural
Extension, Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperative.

The model of plug flow channel type
digesters (2 x 100 m3)
and a UASB (50 m3) digester in
connection with sand-bed filter was
constructed
as a research and demonstration unit at
the Chiang Mai University Farm.

In pig farms, the plug flow channel type
digester
plus the UASB (Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket) digester
were designed to use, mainly in
medium size
and large-scale farming systems (sizes
of 600 and 1,000 m3).

Apart from that, studies on utilization of
fermented slurry
as biofertilizer for vegetables and
forages were also carried out (Mikled et
al, 2002).

Table 1 Number of pig and dairy farms
with potential of biogas production
Catories Pig farm Dairy
farm
-Total no. of farms
-No. of farms wanted to
have biodigester
-No. of farms with
potential of biogas
production
- LSU 1)
- Size of biodigester, m 3
5,978
1,984
1,247
127,946
255,892
1) 1 LSU = 500 kg LW
1 LSU required 2.0 m3 biodigester.
Source: Potikanond et al (2,000)
13,261
4,590
2,120
22,702
45,404
Total
19,239
6,574
3,367
150,648
301,296

The programme of dissemination has
been operated according to the budget
supported into different phases as
follows:
Phase I: from 1995-1998 with 6
medium and large-scale pig farms and a
total volume of 10,000 m3 biodigesters.

Phase II: from 1997- 2003 with 14
medium and large-scale pig farms
and a total volume of 46,000 m3
biodigesters.

Phase III: from 2002-2010 which divided
into 2 sections as follows:-
Section 1: with 215 medium size pig farms
and a total volume of 150,000 m3
biodigesters.
Section 2: with 34 large-scale pig farms and a
total volume of 130,000 m3 biodigesters.

Phase IV: from 2008-2013 which also
divided into 2 sections as follows:-
Section 1: with medium size pig farms
and large-scale pig farms.
Section 2: with small size pig farms (<
60 LSU) used would be CD-Junior
(Channel Digester- Junior) plus Fixed
Dome biodigesters.

The target of this phase would be with
at least 240,000 LSU
or approximately 2,000,000 pigs for the
medium and large-scale pig farms
and at least 400,000 pigs in the small
size pig farms.

Biogas produced contains approximately
65 % methane by volume
and can be used as a substitute for
LPG, fuel oils
or directly supply to biogas engine for
power generation.

A cubic meter (m3) of biogas contains
23.40 MJ
which equivalent to 0.46 kg of LPG
or 0.55 liter of fuel oil
converting to 1.2 KW-hr of electricity.

Since the beginning of the project,
EDRI completely designs and
constructions of more than 300 medium
and large-scale biogas systems
producing approximately 80 million m 3
of biogas per year.

Biodigester for Large-scale Pig Farms

Biodigester for Cassava Processing Factory

Biodigester for Pig Sluaghterhouse

Biodigester for wastes from hotels

Biodigester for Oil Palm Factory

Anaerobic Covered Lagoon
Using HDPE Plastic Sheet

In conclusion
The biogas production in
Thailand becomes increasingly
important
particular to reduce pollution
from wastes in the livestock
farms.

Thank you
for your kind attention