PDF of a General Tree Disease Presentation - University of Florida
PDF of a General Tree Disease Presentation - University of Florida
PDF of a General Tree Disease Presentation - University of Florida
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<strong>Disease</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tree</strong>s and<br />
Ornamentals<br />
Dr. Jason A. Smith<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Modified presentation by<br />
Dr. E.L. Barnard<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> Division <strong>of</strong> Forestry<br />
3.8.1
<strong>Disease</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tree</strong>s and Ornamentals<br />
CAUSES OF DISEASES<br />
• Abiotic Factors<br />
– Drought<br />
– Cold Damage<br />
– Heat Damage<br />
– Flooding<br />
– Nutrient Deficiencies<br />
(Plant or <strong>Tree</strong>)<br />
• Biotic Agents<br />
(Pathogens)<br />
– Algae<br />
– Nematodes<br />
– Bacteria<br />
– Viruses<br />
– Phytoplasmas<br />
– FUNGI<br />
3.8.3
Dogwood Anthracnose<br />
Introduced pathogen: Discula destructiva
Fire Blight<br />
• Bacterial pathogen<br />
(Erwinia amylovora)<br />
• Rosaceous and other<br />
hosts (apple, pear)<br />
• Pathogen overwinters<br />
in host tissues<br />
• Prune & destroy<br />
infected materials<br />
• Clean Tools
HARDWOOD FOLIAGE DISEASES-<br />
Rusts - Appreciate the Beauty!!!
BROWN SPOT NEEDLE BLIGHT<br />
Longleaf Pine
Redcedars & Leyland Cypress (Foliage)<br />
Phomopsis<br />
Cercosporidium
Stem <strong>Disease</strong>s: Decays
Inonotus Rickii (Ptychogaster cubensis)<br />
On Silver Maple<br />
-Illustrative <strong>of</strong> decay.<br />
-Atypical indicators.
Inonotus Rickii on Waxmyrtle
VASCULAR WILT <strong>Disease</strong>s<br />
Dutch Elm <strong>Disease</strong> –Vermont<br />
(Ophiostoma ulmi)<br />
Oak Wilt – Texas<br />
(Ceratocystis fagacearum)<br />
Neither Neither <strong>of</strong> these diseases in <strong>Florida</strong> occurs so in <strong>Florida</strong> far.<br />
as yet.
<strong>Disease</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tree</strong>s and Ornamentals<br />
Vascular Wilts<br />
Dutch Elm <strong>Disease</strong><br />
3.8.25
Fusarium Wilt <strong>of</strong> Waxmyrtle<br />
(Fusarium oxysporum)
Laurel Wilt <strong>Disease</strong><br />
• Causal agent: Raffaelea lauricola (related to Ophiostoma);<br />
transmitted by the exotic red bay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus<br />
glabratus)<br />
• Hosts: Lauraceae - Persea spp., Sassafras albidum, Litsea,<br />
Lindera, Cinnamomum, others…???<br />
• Red bay (Persea borbonia) is being decimated<br />
– >90% mortality in forests (Fraedrich et al., 2008)<br />
• Endangered species at risk <strong>of</strong> extinction<br />
– Federally endangered pondberry (Lindera melissifolia)<br />
– Many obligate arthropods<br />
• Avocado industry could potentially be eliminated in FL
http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt/dist_map.shtml
Bacterial Leaf Scorch (BLS) – Xylella fastidiosa<br />
Sycamore, Oaks, and others.
• Environmental<br />
Considerations<br />
and Vascular<br />
Wilts<br />
– Xylella fastidiosa
Galls<br />
Nectria on<br />
redbud.<br />
Cylindrocarpon on mangrove.<br />
Eastern gall rust on sand pine.
<strong>Disease</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tree</strong>s and Ornamentals<br />
Crown Gall<br />
• Bacterial pathogen<br />
(Agrobacterium)<br />
• Many hosts<br />
• Not common on trees<br />
• Soil fumigation?<br />
• Sanitation<br />
Apple<br />
Raspberry Root<br />
3.8.36
Galls: Sphaeropsis Knot <strong>of</strong> Holly, etc.
Cankers: Botryosphaeria<br />
Drought & Injury - Related
Botryosphaeria on Leyland Cypress ( illustration)<br />
Infection progresses<br />
from smaller branches<br />
to larger branches.
Cankers: Cryphonectria<br />
Yellow-Orange<br />
Pycnidial & Perithecial<br />
Stromata<br />
Chestnut Blight, etc.
PITCH CANKER OF PINES
Fusiform Rust <strong>of</strong> Pines
Fusiform Rust <strong>of</strong> Pines<br />
Management<br />
-hazard maps<br />
-nursery sprays<br />
-genetic resistance<br />
-decision models
Treatment <strong>of</strong> Slime Flux<br />
• No effective pesticide<br />
• Treatment usually<br />
not required<br />
• Insertion <strong>of</strong> drain<br />
pipe to relieve<br />
pressure and drain<br />
sap away from stems
Ganoderma Root Rot<br />
Primarily<br />
Hardwoods
Sudden Oak Death (California)<br />
> 1 Million <strong>Tree</strong>s in 14 Coastal CA Counties
Distribution <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Disease</strong>?<br />
Good News?
Susceptible Eastern Oaks<br />
• Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra)<br />
• Pin Oak (Quercus palustris)<br />
• White Oak (Quercus alba)<br />
• Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus)<br />
• Cherrybark Oak (Quercus falcata var.<br />
pagodifolia)<br />
• Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)
Phytophthora Basal Cankers on<br />
Laurel Oaks
Phytophthora canker on<br />
young Laurel Oak<br />
Nectria perithecia sometimes associated<br />
cankered tissues; usually on surface <strong>of</strong><br />
dead bark.
Annosum Root <strong>Disease</strong>
<strong>Disease</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tree</strong>s and Ornamentals<br />
Control <strong>of</strong> Annosum Root Rot<br />
• Recognition <strong>of</strong> high<br />
hazard sites<br />
• Timing <strong>of</strong> harvests<br />
• Stump treatments<br />
– (borax, etc.)<br />
3.8.61
Annosum Root <strong>Disease</strong>
<strong>Disease</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tree</strong>s and Ornamentals<br />
Prevention <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Tree</strong> & Shrub <strong>Disease</strong>s<br />
• Practicing good arboriculture<br />
– (Planting, watering, fertilization, pruning)<br />
• Practicing good silviculture<br />
– (Site selection, stand management,<br />
harvesting practices, etc.)<br />
3.8.63
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