Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories CHAPTER

CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES
Procedural memory
• Procedural memory is nondeclarative knowledge in the form of skills and
cognitive operations.
• Procedural memory cannot be consciously recollected, at least not in the form
of specific events or facts.
• Procedural memory is sometimes called “knowing how,” and recently it also has
been described as “implicit memory.”
• When students apply their abilities to perform a dance, their procedural memory
is at work.
declarative memory
• Declarative memory is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific
facts or events that can be verbally communicated.
• Declarative memory has been called “knowing that” and more recently has been
labelled “explicit memory.”
• Demonstrations of student’s declarative memory such as describing a basic principle
of math.
Episodic
• Episodic memories are the memories we have for times and places (like first day
Aidilfitri celebration).
• Information encoded in our episodic memory is in the form of images.
Semantic memories
• Semantic memories are our memories for general facts and concepts. Most of what
we learned in school (instructional content) is stored in our semantic memories.
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