Introduction to Medical Terminology - Delmar Learning - OPG Tools

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4 Chapter 1 urinalysis, separation of the urine into its constituents -scope (skōp) instrument to visually examine, as in endoscope, an instrument used to visually examine inside the body -scopy (skōp-ē) procedure to visually examine, as in endoscopy, the procedure of visually examining inside the body -therapy (thehr-ah-pē) treatment, as in chemotherapy, treatment with chemical substances or drugs DOUBLE “R” SUFFIXES -rrhagia or -rrhage (rā-jē-ah or rihdj) bursting forth, as in hemorrhage, bursting forth of blood from the vessels -rrhaphy (rahf-ē) to suture, as in enterorrhaphy, suturing of the intestines -rrhea (rē-ah) flow, discharge, as in diarrhea, complete discharge of the bowels -rrhexis (rehck-sihs) rupture, as in myorrhexis, rupture of the muscle What is the difference between human and veterinary medical terminology? Most times, the medical terms used in human medical settings are identical to the ones used in veterinary medical settings. The greater number of species in veterinary medicine and the addition of terms used in animal production greatly expand the vocabulary of veterinary professionals. Species-specific anatomical differences also influence the terms used in a specific area. Do you know where the calf muscle is located on a person? Where is the calf muscle in a calf? CONDITIONAL SUFFIXES -algia and -dynia (ahl-jē-ah or dihn-ē-ah) pain, as in arthralgia and arthrodynia, or joint pain -itis (ī-tihs) inflammation, as in hepatitis, inflammation of the liver -malacia (mah-lā-shē-ah) abnormal softening, as in osteomalacia, abnormal softening of bone -megaly (mehg-ah-lē) enlargement, as in cardiomegaly, enlargement of the heart -osis (ō-sihs) abnormal condition, as in cardiosis, an abnormal condition of the heart -pathy (pahth-ē) disease, as in enteropathy, disease of the intestines -sclerosis (skleh-rō-sihs) abnormal hardening, as in arteriosclerosis, abnormal hardening of the arteries -um (uhm) structure, as in pericardium, the structure surrounding the heart Noun cyanosis anemia mucus ilium condyle carpus Suffix -osis -emia -us -um -e -us Adjective cyanotic anemic mucous iliac condylar carpal Suffix -tic Suffixes may change the part of speech of a word. Different suffixes may change the word from a noun (naming people, places, or things) to an adjective (descriptor) (Figure 1-2). Examples of this include cyanosis is a noun meaning condition of blue discoloration, whereas cyanotic is an adjective meaning pertaining to blue discoloration anemia is a noun meaning a blood condition of deficient red blood cells or hemoglobin, whereas anemic is an adjective meaning pertaining to a blood condition of deficient red blood cells or hemoglobin mucus is a noun meaning a slime-like substance that is composed of glandular secretion, salts, cells, and leukocytes, whereas mucous is an adjective meaning pertaining to mucus ilium is a noun meaning a part of the hip, whereas iliac is an adjective pertaining to the hip condyle is a noun meaning a rounded projection on a bone, whereas condylar is an adjective meaning pertaining to a rounded projection on a bone carpus is a noun meaning the joint between the radius and ulna and metacarpal bones, whereas carpal is an adjective meaning pertaining to the joint between the radius and ulna and metacarpal bones ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS Medical terminology can be more easily understood if the following objectives are adhered to: Dissect: First analyze the word structurally by dividing it into its basic components. Begin at the end: After dividing the word into its basic parts, define the suffix first, the prefix second, and then the roots. If there are two roots, divide each and read them from left to right. Anatomical order: Where body systems are involved, the words usually are built in the order in -ic -ous -ac -ar -al FIGURE 1–2 Suffix variation depending on usage
which the organs occur in the body. For example, gastroenteritis is the proper term for inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. Because food passes from the stomach into the small intestine, the medical term for stomach appears before the medical term for small intestine. The order of word parts in a medical term may also represent the order of blood flow through organs. The exception to this involves some diagnostic procedures in which tools or substances are passed retrograde or in the opposite direction of anatomic order. In these cases the words are built in the order in which the equipment passes the body part. Using these guidelines, analyze the term ovariohysterectomy. First divide the term into its basic components: ovari/o/hyster/ectomy. Defining from back to front, the suffix -ectomy is surgical removal, one combining form ovari/o means ovary,and the other combining form hysteri/o means uterus. Together the term ovariohysterectomy means surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus. This term is based on the order in which the ovaries and uterus are found in the body. WHAT DID YOU SAY? Proper pronunciation of medical terms takes time and practice. Listening to how words are pronounced by medical professionals and using medical dictionaries and textbooks are the best ways to learn pronunciation. There will be individual variations in geographic location or personal preference. Medical dictionaries also vary in how they present pronunciation of medical terms. Some sources mark the syllable receiving the greatest emphasis with a primary accent () and the syllable receiving the second most emphasis with a secondary accent (). Other sources boldface and capitalize the syllable receiving the most emphasis, and other sources do not emphasize syllables. Consult with your reference before pronouncing the word. General Pronunciation Guidelines Vowels can either be short or long (Table 1–3). Consonants are generally pronounced as in other English words. DOES SPELLING COUNT? Be aware of spelling when using medical terminology. Changing one or two letters can change the meaning of a word. Hepatoma is a liver mass, whereas hematoma is a mass or collection of blood. The urethra takes urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body, whereas ureters collect urine from the kidney Introduction to Medical Terminology 5 and transport it to the urinary bladder. Medical terms may be pronounced the same but have different meanings, so spelling is important. For example, ileum and ilium are pronounced the same. However, ileum is the distal part of the small intestine (e enter/o or e eating), whereas ilium is part of the pelvic bone (pelvic has i in it). Some medical terms actually have the same spelling as terms used for other body parts. For example, the combining form myel/o represents the spinal cord and bone marrow (it originates from the term meaning white substance). Other terms have different spellings depending on how the term is used grammatically. For example, when used as a noun mucus (the slimy stuff secreted from mucous membranes) is spelled differently than when it is used as an adjective (as in mucous membrane). When you are looking a medical term up in the dictionary, spelling plays an important role. TABLE 1–3 Pronunciation of Guide Vowel Sound Example “a” at the end of a word ah idea “ae” followed by r or s ah aerobic “i” at the end of a word ī bronchi “oe” eh oestrogen (old English form) “oi” oy sarcoid “eu” ū euthanasia “ei” ī Einstein “ai” ay air “au” aw auditory Exceptions to Consonant Pronunciations Consonant Sound Example “c” before e, i, and y s cecum “c” before a, o, and u k cancer “g” before e, i, and y j genetic “g” before a, o, and u g gall “ps” at beginning of word s psychology “pn” at beginning of word n pneumonia “c” at end of word k anemic “cc” followed by i or y first c k, accident second c s “ch” at beginning of word k chemistry “cn” in middle of word both c (pro- gastrocnemius nounce k) and n (pro- nounce ehn) “mn” in middle of word both amnesia m and n “pt” at beginning of word t pterodactyl “pt” in middle of word both p and t optical “rh” r rhinoceros “x” at beginning of word z xylophone
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Page 3: TABLE 1-2 Directional Prefixes and
Page 7 and 8: 5. The suffix means incision. a. -e

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