Upper Primary Mathematics Fractions - Commonwealth of Learning

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ICONS Throughout each module, you will find some or all of the following icons or symbols that alert you to a change in activity within the module. Read the following explanations to discover what each icon prompts you to do. Introduction Learning Objectives Text or Reading Material Important—Take Note! Self-Marking Exercise Individual Activity Classroom Activity Reflection Summary Unit or Module Assignment Suggested Answers to Activities Rationale or overview for this part of the course. What you should be able to do after completing this module or unit. Course content for you to study. Something to study carefully. An exercise to demonstrate your own grasp of the content. An exercise or project for you to try by yourself and demonstrate your own grasp of the content. An exercise or project for you to do with or assign to your students. A question or project for yourself—for deeper understanding of this concept, or of your use of it when teaching. Exercise to assess your understanding of all the unit or module topics. ix
CONTENTS Module 2: Fractions Module 2 – Overview.......................................................................................................... 2 Unit 1: Common Fractions ................................................................................................ 3 Common Fractions and Rational Numbers ...................................................................... 3 Comparing Fractions: Use Concepts, Not Rules .............................................................. 7 Equivalent Fraction Concepts ........................................................................................ 10 Unit 2: Addition and Subtraction of Common Fractions .............................................. 16 Adding Conmmon Fractions Using Models .................................................................. 16 Subtracting Conmmon Fractions Using Models ............................................................ 18 Error Analysis.................................................................................................................. 21 Unit 3: Multiplication and Division of Common Fractions .......................................... 26 Multiplication of Common Fractions: Concept Exploration .......................................... 26 Division of Common Fractions Using Models .............................................................. 31 Unit 4: Decimals ................................................................................................................ 42 Introducing Decimals ...................................................................................................... 42 Decimals Using Place Value .......................................................................................... 45 Addition and Subtraction of Decimals............................................................................ 46 Multiplication of Decimals ............................................................................................ 48 Division with Decimals .................................................................................................. 49 Unit 5: Ratios, Rates, and Proportion ............................................................................ 57 Rates ................................................................................................................................ 59 Proportional Reasoning .................................................................................................. 61 Inverse Proportion .......................................................................................................... 66 Unit 6: Percentages ............................................................................................................ 70 Meaning of Percent ........................................................................................................ 70 Expressing a Proportion as a Percent.............................................................................. 71 Problems of Percent Increase and Decrease .................................................................. 79 References .......................................................................................................................... 85 1
Page 1 and 2: Module 2 Upper Primary Mathematics
Page 3 and 4: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND MATHEMATIC
Page 5 and 6: CONTACTS FOR THE PROGRAMME The Comm
Page 7 and 8: UPPER PRIMARY MATHEMATICS PROGRAMME
Page 9: Working with colleagues If there ar
Page 13 and 14: Unit 1: Common Fractions Introducti
Page 15 and 16: Variety of Examples When you demons
Page 17 and 18: Reflection Mary went to visit her f
Page 19 and 20: Reflection Is it right when introdu
Page 21 and 22: • What product tells how many par
Page 23 and 24: Unit 1 Test: Common Fractions 5 1.
Page 25 and 26: 3. 4. It is difficult to name the s
Page 27 and 28: Reflection When modelling addition,
Page 29 and 30: 0 2 3 Figure 2.5: Comparison: subtr
Page 31 and 32: 2. You are given two measuring cups
Page 33 and 34: 3 2 3. Write three story problems o
Page 35 and 36: 5. Let x be the weight, in kg, of f
Page 37 and 38: 3 4 3 3 × 4 Figure 3.1 3 In the ar
Page 39 and 40: Practice Activity 2 2 1. Discuss wi
Page 41 and 42: Practice Activity 4 • Arrange pup
Page 43 and 44: Algorithms such as ‘common denomi
Page 45 and 46: Self Assessment 1. Find Misheck’s
Page 47 and 48: Answers for Unit Activities Unit Ac
Page 49 and 50: 3 20 0 5 20 10 20 15 20 3 ÷ 5 = 3
Page 51 and 52: 5. Joyce has difficulty determining
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Page 55 and 56: Reflection How would you introduce
Page 57 and 58: Self Assessment 1 Do the sums below
Page 59 and 60: 1 1 1 0.3 1 Adding the parts of the
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Multiplication of a Decimal Fractio
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Self Assessment 3 1. Describe how d
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Answers for Self Assessments Self A
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Unit 5: Ratios, Rates, and Proporti
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Rates In the sugar cane exercise, y
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Practice Activity 5 Set the followi
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Practice Activity 6 This activity r
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Practice Activity 9 (using graphs)
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Self Assessment 4 1. Ng’endwa’s
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Answers for Unit Activities Unit Ac
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“percent” is used. The term per
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Self Assessment 1 1. Make use of eq
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The idea of using a number line may
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What percent of the original square
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0 40 Problems of Percent Increase a
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Practice Activity 5 Have pupils pla
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Unit Test Section A 1. Chiyumba sel
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References Ashlock R. A., Error Pat
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Upper Primary Mathematics Fractions - Commonwealth of Learning

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