Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Leadership Practices ...

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Table 2 International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, Vol. 4 [2007], Iss. 1, Art. 23 Construct Factors of the LPI The 24-item Chinese LPI a in this study Factor 1: Enabling others to act LPI c 3 (9), 8 (14), 9 (21), 13 (19), 18 (4), 21 (18), 23 (24), 28 (29) Factor2:Inspiring a shared vision LPI c 1 (3), 2 (7), 4 (26), 6 (2), 12 (27), 17 (17), 24 (11), 26 (28), 27 d , 29 (23), 30 (20) Factor 3: Encouraging the heart LPI c 5 (20), 10 (15), 14 (6), 15 (5), 25 (25) Posner and Kouzes (1988, 1993) a : 30 items Factor: Enabling others to act LPI 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28 Factor: Modeling the way LPI 9 Factor: Challenging the process LPI 21 Factor: Inspiring a shared vision LPI 2, 12, 17, 27 Factor: Challenging the process LPI 1, 6, 26 Factor: Modeling the way LPI 4, 24, 29 Factor: Encouraging the heart LPI 30 Factor: Encouraging the heart LPI 5, 10, 15, 25 Factor: Modeling the way LPI 14 Tourangeau and McGilton (2004) b : 27 items Factor: Behavioral LPI 3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 29 Factor: Cognitive LPI 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 17, 21, 22, 27 Factor: Supportive LPI 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Note. LPI = Leadership Practices Inventory. a st The 1 edition of the LPI which is a 5-point Likert scale rating from 1 (seldom) to 5 (very often). b rd The 3 edition of the LPI which is a 10-point Likert scale rating from 1 (almost never) to 10 (almost always). c st rd LPI item number, the 1 edition (item number, the 3 edition). For example, LPI 3 (9) means item number 3 of the first edition is the same as item number 9 in the third edition of the LPI. d st rd LPI 27 in the 1 edition was deleted from the 3 edition of the LPI. CONCLUSIONS The 24-item Chinese LPI with three factors consistently demonstrated sound psychometric properties. This is a culturally appropriate instrument and it can be used in Taiwan’s nursing education. The results of psychometric examination can provide practical and empirical evidence for instrument modification when applied in populations with different cultures and languages. The research regarding leadership behavior of nursing deans and directors is relatively new in Taiwan’s nursing education. As well, most theories and measurements applied in leadership research originate from Western countries. http://www.bepress.com/ijnes/vol4/iss1/art23 12
Chen and Baron: Psychometrics of the Chinese LPI Further studies are recommended to test the reliability and validity of the 24-item Chinese LPI. The knowledge obtained from the psychometric and cultural examinations of the Chinese LPI in this study can contribute to the development of leadership concept in Taiwan’s nursing education, and provide an example for conducting a cross-cultural study using Western instruments. REFERENCES Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2000). Manual for Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Sampler Set (2nd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In J. W. Berry (Ed.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137-164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Chen, H. C., & Baron, M. (2006). Nursing directors' leadership styles and faculty members' job satisfaction in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Education, 45(10), 404-411. Chen, H. C., Beck, S. L., & Amos, L. K. (2005). Leadership styles and nursing faculty job satisfaction in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 374-380. Huber, D. L., Mass, M., McCloskey, J., Scherb, C. A., Goode, C. J., & Watson, C. (2000). Evaluating nursing administration instruments. Journal of Nursing Administration, 30(5), 251-272. Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research (4th ed.). New York: Harcourt College Publishers. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2002). The leadership challenge (3rd ed.). San Diego: Jossey-Bass. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. ( 2000). Leadership practices inventory: Psychometric properties. Retrieved April16, 2007, from http://media.wiley.com/assets/56/95/lc_jb_psychometric_properti.pdf Lee, E. E., Farran, C. J., Tripp-Reimer, T., & Sadler, G. R. (2003). Assessing the cultural appropriateness of the finding meaning through caregiving scale for Korean caregivers. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 11(1), 19-28. Lynn, M. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382-385. Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2005). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods (3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak publishing. Pan, H. L., Liang, W. C., & Chen, Y. H. (2000). The analysis of educational leadership theses during the last decade in Taiwan: Feminist perspectives. Journal of Women and Gender (Taiwan), 11, 151-190. Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2007 13
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