Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Leadership Practices ...

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International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, Vol. 4 [2007], Iss. 1, Art. 23 Waltz (2001) was used to examine the concurrent validity of the Chinese LPI. The MLQ-5X was selected because of its widespread use and the similarity of underlying concepts. The Chinese MLQ-5X has 36 items, which was developed to measure 233 nursing faculty’s perceptions of their deans’ and directors’ leadership styles of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire in Taiwan. The Cronbach’s alphas of the Chinese MLQ-5X total and each subscale ranged from .71 to .94. The CVI was .75 and 1.0, as assessed by doctoral bilingual professors (Shieh et al., 2001). In Chen and Baron’s (2006) study for examining 175 nursing faculty’s job satisfaction and their perceptions of leadership styles of nursing directors, the Chinese MLQ-5X consistently demonstrated acceptable internal reliability (α = .70 to .88). Psychometric Analysis The internal consistency of the Chinese LPI-observer was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, and the acceptable coefficient was set at .70 (Kerlinger & Lee, 2000). Item analyses including item-total and inter-item correlations were performed to examine the homogeneity and multi-collinearity of the Chinese LPIobserver. Acceptable coefficients for item-total correlations are greater than .30, which indicate items contributing to the measure; and greater than .30 and less than .80 for interitem correlations, which coefficients greater than .80 indicate redundant items because of multicollinearity (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). A PCA using varimax rotation was first computed in an attempt to replicate the five factors, as originally proposed by Posner and Kouzes (1988, 1993). Then, a principal axis factor analysis (PAF) with oblimin rotation was used because the five factors were highly correlated (Tourangeau & McGilton, 2004). Oblique rotation is used when there was evidence showing that the underlying factors are correlated (Mertler & Vannatta, 2005). It is reasonable to assume that a leader will possess more than one leadership behavior. Factors were extracted based on the results of a scree plot, eigenvalues, total variance, and the conceptual consideration. A cutting point of .40 was used for factor loading, and the minimum eigenvalue of 1.0 was determined for retaining items (Pett, Lackey, & Sullivan, 2003). Pearson correlations for concurrent validity were computed to assess the relationship between the Chinese LPI-observer and the Chinese MLQ- 5X. http://www.bepress.com/ijnes/vol4/iss1/art23 6
Chen and Baron: Psychometrics of the Chinese LPI FINDINGS Initial Psychometric Properties of the Chinese LPI-Observer A total of 369 questionnaires were returned representing a 72% response rate. The majority (n = 335, 92.5%) of the participants were females and were married (n = 265, 73.4%). Most were between 31 and 40 years old (n = 231, 63.8%), and approximately 86.5% (n = 313) earned master degrees. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the 30-item Chinese LPI-observer were .96 for the total scale and .80 to .91 for the five subscales, respectively. For item analysis, the inter-item correlation coefficients for item 11 among all other items were less than .30. The coefficient for item 20 and item 15 was .81. Yet, the coefficients for item 15 among other items were less than .80. The corrected item-total coefficient of item 11 was .19. Thus, item 11 was deleted because of its lack of contribution to this measure, and the redundant item 20 was discarded. In terms of five factors developed from the original LPI, five factors were forced to enter the analysis using PCA with varimax rotation to examine construct validity of the 28 items. Two of the five factors had only three question items defining the factors, and one item composed one factor. Thus, PAF analysis with direct oblimin rotation was then used because of moderate to high correlations (r = .53 to .79) among the five factors found in this study. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .96. Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (χ 2 = 6753.83, p = .000), which indicated that the correlation matrix was not an identity matrix. Three factors’ eigenvalues were greater than one, and a discontinuity in the plotted values between the third and fourth factor was identified in the scree test. The three factors accounted for 57.3% of the total variance. Three items were deleted because they could explain less than 10% of the variance. Twentyfive out of the 28 items demonstrated moderate or strong loadings (> .40). The PAF with direct oblimin rotation was rerun to examine the 25-item Chinese LPIobserver. Three factors were found and accounted for 58.6% of the total variance, but one item was discarded owing to factor loading less than .40. Through initial item and factor analyses, six items were removed. Psychometric Properties after Deleting Six Items The Cronbach’s alpha of the 24-item Chinese LPI-observer was .96, and .92, .92, and .87 for the three subscales, respectively. The interitem correlation coefficients of all items within each subscale were greater than .30 and Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2007 7
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