Use Of Force Theory & The National Use Of ... - Braidwood Inquiry
Use Of Force Theory & The National Use Of ... - Braidwood Inquiry
Use Of Force Theory & The National Use Of ... - Braidwood Inquiry
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<strong>Use</strong> <strong>Of</strong> <strong>Force</strong> <strong><strong>The</strong>ory</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Use</strong> <strong>Of</strong> <strong>Force</strong> Model<br />
VPD Training<br />
Presented To:<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Braidwood</strong> Commission<br />
By:<br />
<strong>The</strong> Vancouver Police Department<br />
<strong>Force</strong> Response Options Training Unit
<strong>Force</strong> Options Context<br />
Presence<br />
Dialogue<br />
Empty Hand Control<br />
Compliance Tools<br />
Firearm
100<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
<strong>Use</strong> of <strong>Force</strong> Graph<br />
+97% presence/words 3% actions<br />
Tac-com<br />
<strong>Use</strong> of "<strong>Force</strong>"
Incident Management<br />
<strong>The</strong> Situation is Always<br />
Changing<br />
Police Are Obligated to<br />
Continuously…<br />
Assess<br />
Plan<br />
And Act Reasonably<br />
Throughout the Incident
Subject Behaviour<br />
Cooperative Subject<br />
Compliant With Verbal<br />
Commands<br />
No Overt Violence<br />
Average Citizen<br />
May Exhibit Some Verbal<br />
Abuse<br />
Can Still Pose a<br />
Significant Safety Risk
Subject Behaviour<br />
Passive Resistant<br />
Subject<br />
Will Not Comply With<br />
Verbal Commands<br />
Common Activist or<br />
Protestor Tactic<br />
Linking of Arms<br />
“Dead Weight” resistance<br />
Verbal Abuse is Common
Typical Passive Resistance
Subject Behaviour<br />
Active Resistant Subject<br />
Non Compliant<br />
Pulling Away<br />
Twisting & Turning<br />
Resisting Control<br />
“Turtle” On <strong>The</strong> Ground<br />
Prevent Arrest or<br />
Facilitate Escape Without<br />
Assault
Active Resistance
Subject Behaviour<br />
Assaultive Subject<br />
May Exhibit “Pre<br />
Exhibit “Pre-Assault” Assault”<br />
Indicators<br />
Fighting Stance<br />
Intimidation & Posturing<br />
Clenched Fists<br />
Rolling up Sleeves or removing<br />
clothing<br />
Verbal Threats<br />
Furtive Glances<br />
Staring<br />
Closes Distance to the <strong>Of</strong>ficer or<br />
Another<br />
Shove Push Grab or Tackle<br />
Punching & Kicking
Warning Signs…<br />
Furtive Glances<br />
Looking away while<br />
“listening”<br />
Asking you to repeat<br />
the question/comment<br />
Head shaking (quickly)<br />
Clenched Jaw/Pursed lips<br />
Deep inhale<br />
Proxemic Change<br />
Profanity
Assaultive Behaviour<br />
**Explicit Dialogue Warning**
Subject Behaviour<br />
Grievous Bodily Harm or<br />
Death<br />
Assaultive Subject With<br />
the Means Intent & Ability<br />
Possibly Armed<br />
Edged Weapon<br />
Firearm<br />
Improvised Weapon of<br />
Opportunity<br />
Lethal strikes to an<br />
unconscious person<br />
(“curb stomp”)<br />
Multiple Assailants
Dynamic Spontaneous Assaults<br />
**Explicit Dialogue Warning**
Grievous Bodily Harm or Death<br />
**Explicit Dialogue Warning**
Criminal Code Definition<br />
S 2. C.C.C. “Bodily Harm”<br />
Any hurt or injury to a person that<br />
interferes with the health or comfort of a<br />
person that is more than merely trifling or<br />
transitory in nature.<br />
R. v. Bottrell (1981) B.C.C.A.<br />
“Grievous Bodily Harm” means serious<br />
hurt or pain.
<strong>Of</strong>ficer Response Options<br />
Cooperative Behaviour<br />
<strong>Of</strong>ficer Presence<br />
Tactical Communication<br />
Perception & Tactical<br />
Considerations are Key Factors to<br />
Every Response Option<br />
Distance to the threat<br />
Subjects perceived ability & Intent<br />
Ratio of officers to subjects<br />
Environmental factors<br />
Age size and skill differences<br />
between the officer & subject<br />
Ability to tactically withdraw<br />
Situational immediacy vs.<br />
containability<br />
Special knowledge of subject’s<br />
prior history<br />
Other factors
<strong>Of</strong>ficer Response Options<br />
Passive Resistant<br />
Behaviour<br />
Presence & Tactical<br />
Communication<br />
Empty Hand Physical<br />
Control Techniques<br />
Pressure Points<br />
Joint Locks<br />
Pain Compliance<br />
Response Options Pose<br />
Minimal Risk of Injury
<strong>Of</strong>ficer Response Options<br />
Active Resistant Behaviour<br />
Presence / Tac Comm<br />
Empty Hand Physical Control<br />
Strikes & Stuns to Primary<br />
Targets<br />
Neck Restraint<br />
Intermediate Weapons<br />
O/C Spray<br />
CEW Taser<br />
Primary Baton Strikes<br />
Response Options Pose an<br />
Increased Injury Potential
<strong>Of</strong>ficer Response Options<br />
Assaultive Behaviour<br />
Presence / Tac Com<br />
Empty Hand Physical Control<br />
Strikes & Stuns to Non<br />
Lethal Targets<br />
Intermediate Weapons<br />
Escalated Baton Strikes to<br />
Non Lethal Targets<br />
Impact Projectiles<br />
(Arwen – Beanbag Shotgun)<br />
CEW Taser<br />
Injury Potential From<br />
Response Options is High
<strong>Of</strong>ficer Response Options<br />
Grievous Bodily Harm or<br />
Death<br />
Someone May Die or Suffer<br />
Grievous Bodily Harm<br />
Without Police intervention<br />
Firearm<br />
Baton Strike to Lethal Targets<br />
Impact Projectiles Aimed at<br />
Lethal Targets<br />
Strikes or Other Empty Hand<br />
Techniques to Lethal Targets<br />
Any Weapon of Opportunity<br />
Serious Injury or Fatality<br />
From Response Options is<br />
Possible
Key Concepts<br />
<strong>The</strong> Police have the lawful authority to use<br />
reasonable force.<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Use</strong> of <strong>Force</strong> Model can be<br />
applied to formulate a response that is<br />
proportionate to the level of subject<br />
behaviour.<br />
<strong>The</strong> model is a guide only and not<br />
Canadian law<br />
<strong>The</strong> officer’s perception of the situation will<br />
determine the response option selected.<br />
Response options are balanced against<br />
their potential to cause injury and the<br />
totality of circumstances<br />
<strong>The</strong> officer continuously assesses the<br />
situation escalating or deescalating their<br />
response accordingly
4 Stages of Reaction Time<br />
Perceive<br />
Analyze<br />
Formulate Plan<br />
Execute Plan<br />
.75 second
Precursors to Assault<br />
(Fight or Flight Syndrome, Startle/Flinch)<br />
Adrenalin dump<br />
Skin color<br />
1,000m stare<br />
Verbalization-profanity<br />
Verbalization profanity<br />
Relative positioning<br />
Hands/feet<br />
Body language<br />
“We never start fights…we just finish<br />
them”
Recent VPD Training<br />
1995 Crowd Control Tactics<br />
1996 Excited Delirium, Positional Asphyxia<br />
1996 Multiple Assailants, Ground Fighting<br />
1997 Crowd Control<br />
1997 Stuns Strikes, Restraint Device (WRAP)<br />
1998 Knife Defense<br />
1998 OCS Baton VNR<br />
1999 Multiple Assailants<br />
**Pistol/Firearms Qualification every year
Recent VPD Training<br />
2000 OCS Baton VNR<br />
2000 Stuns, Strikes, Physiokinetics<br />
2001 Positional Asphyxia, Excited Delirium,<br />
Team Control Tactics, Restraint Devices<br />
2002 Crowd Control, Pressure Points<br />
2004 Positional Asphyxia Tactical<br />
Communication, Crowd Control<br />
**Pistol/Firearms Qualification every year
Recent VPD Training<br />
2005 OCS VNR Baton<br />
2005 Active Shooter Response<br />
2005 Excited Delirium (ED), Modified Restraint<br />
Device (MRD) Electronic Control Device (ECD)<br />
Support Training<br />
2005 Scenario (Reality Based Training-RBT)<br />
Training RBT)<br />
Knife Attack, ED subject ECD Team Tactics<br />
**Pistol/Firearms Qualification every year
Recent VPD Training<br />
2006 Close Quarter Combat, Tactical Ground<br />
Fighting<br />
2006 Active Shooter Response<br />
2006 Multiple Assailants, Weapon Retention,<br />
Handcuffing, Winning Mind, RBT<br />
2007 OCS VNR Baton<br />
2008 Tactical Communication, <strong>Use</strong> of <strong>Force</strong><br />
<strong><strong>The</strong>ory</strong>, Team Takedowns, S.P.E.A.R. Hobble<br />
Restraint Device, ED<br />
**Pistol/Firearms Qualification every year
<strong>Use</strong> <strong>Of</strong> <strong>Force</strong> <strong><strong>The</strong>ory</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>National</strong> <strong>Use</strong> <strong>Of</strong> <strong>Force</strong> Model<br />
VPD Training<br />
Presented To:<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Braidwood</strong> Commission<br />
By:<br />
<strong>The</strong> Vancouver Police Department<br />
<strong>Force</strong> Response Options Training Unit
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