arizona military museum courier - Department of Emergency ...

ARIZONA MILITARY MUSEUM
COURIER
Published by the Arizona National Guard Historical Society, Inc.
The Arizona National Guard Historical Society is a
private non-profit corporation established under the laws of
Arizona and consistent with the Internal Revenue Code. It
is the sponsor of the Arizona Military Museum. The Historical
Society’s purposes are: “To enhance the appreciation
of the military history of Arizona and the contributions
of the Militia of Arizona and the Arizona National Guard to
the State of Arizona and to the Nation…” (Bylaws, Article
I, Section 1). To accomplish its purposes, the Historical
Society shall strive: “…to discover and memorialize the
history of the Military of Arizona, the Arizona National
Guard, and the general military history of Arizona, and to
establish and maintain a museum on land leased, owned, or
otherwise controlled by the Society.” (Id.). The policy
statement states that the Historical Society is “…to portray
events, persons, and other historical information relating
to…the military service of Arizonans in wars and other
military actions in Arizona and around the world.”
The Articles of Incorporation for the Arizona National
Guard Historical Society were executed on March 28,
1975.
The Historical Society was incorporated on April 25,
1975 with the aforementioned purposes and the added purpose
as stated in its policy statement: “…to portray events,
Fall 2008 Issue 34
HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND ARIZONA
MILITARY MUSEUM HISTORY
persons, and other historical information relating …the
military service of Arizonans in wars and other military
actions in Arizona and around the world.”
On July 14, 1978 the Arizona National Guard General
Staff dedicated a portion of the old arsenal building for a
museum for the Historical Society.
In January 1980 the director and officers were elected
who were committed to creating the museum. They did
most of the demolition and construction to establish the
museum.
In December 1980 the Adjutant General designated the
museum an official permanent historical activity of the Arizona
National Guard.
In April 1981 the General Staff dedicated the space for
the East Room of the museum.
On September 12, 1981 the Arizona Military Museum
had is Grand Opening.
On July 13, 1999, the Arizona National Guard Historical
Society and the Arizona National Guard executed a
Memorandum of Understanding reaffirming their historical
relationship and mutual support.
On September 30, 2006, the Arizona Military Museum
celebrated the 25th anniversary of its opening.

Courier page 2
Published by the Arizona
National Guard Historical
Society, 5636 E
McDowell Rd, Bldg
M5320, Phoenix, AZ
85008-3495
President/Director:
Joseph Abodeely
Vice President:
Thomas Quarelli
Secretary:
Carolyn Feller
Treasurer:
Klaus Foerst
Board of Director
Members:
Jean McColgin
Anna Kroger
Dan Mardian
Harry/Mary Hensell
Rick White
Eugene Cox
George Notarpole
Jon Falk
Robert Lutes
Trudie Cooke
Ex-Officio Board Member:
MG David Rataczak
Museum Hours:
The Arizona Military
Museum is temporarily
closed pending roof
repairs.
How to Contact Us:
Write or call
Phone: 602.267.2676
Or: 602-253-2378
Fax: 602.267.2632
DSN: 853-2676
Editors: Joseph
Abodeely and Trudie
Cooke
Submit address
changes and articles to
the Arizona Military
Museum, 5636 E
McDowell Rd, Phoenix,
AZ 85008-3495.
Arizona National Guard
Historical Society
“Lest We Forget”
REPORT TO THE MEMBERSHIP
I have good news and bad news. The bad news is that
the museum is still closed to the public. The Facilities
Management Office (FMO) determined that the museum should be closed right after he
saw the two cracked trusses in November 2007, and the engineers hired by the FMO
said to close the museum. Risk management has concurred based on the information
presented by their report. I complained to no avail about only the museum being singled
out to be closed down while the RTI classrooms (immediately to the west) and the
dining facility (immediately to the right) remained open because all three areas are under
the same roof in the north building of the RTI. The FMO engineers and an independent
engineer we hired said the shoring up of the trusses was sufficient to hold them
in place; but the engineers have taken the position to keep the museum closed supposedly
for safety reasons. The RTI classroom area, on the west side of the museum, is
still open to the public. And, the supposedly emergency situation is still not resolved.
The engineers report to the FMO took about six months to recommend repairing the
entire roof of the north building for a cost of $1.9 million. The Guard applied for
funds from National Guard Bureau to fix the building. We made the recommendation
that it take a more conservative approach and make only necessary repairs. On September
3, the Guard informed the Board that there was no money allocated for the repairs
at this time, and the Guard would not allow the museum to reopen to the public
relying on the engineers’ recommendation to Risk Management.
On September 10, I was given 45 minutes notice to attend a meeting with the engineers,
the FMO, the Chief of Staff, and the Army Assistant AG. Dan Mardian and I
were informed that the Guard just got money from NGB to do the major project—the
$1,900,000. The discussion dealt with whether it was a viable option to repair only the
broken trusses in the museum and the dining facility or fix all the trusses and the roof.
It appears the Guard will do all the repairs now to avoid potential problems in the future.
The museum may have to remove all of its artifacts during the construction. In
other words dismantle the museum. The FMO and the Chief of Staff assured me they
will work closely with us during construction and the likely removal of museum items.
Dan Mardian expressed our belief that the trusses were cracked due to A/C units on the
roof, but the engineers were adamant that the other trusses were at risk due to wear.
The engineers favored the total-repair option. We have been closed to the public for
the past ten months, and nobody on the Board believes an emergency exists only in
the museum to require its closure. But that is a moot point now. I asked the FMO
about the time frame, and he said that demolition would commence soon and that the
museum should be completed by around May 2009. I am taking the position of let’s
take lemons and make lemonade. We will have a new building for the museum when
all is done. But we’ve got to open soon. A museum not open to the public is merely
a collection.
The good news is that we are still working to keep one of the finest military museums
in the country alive. On February 14, 2008 (Valentine’s Day and Arizona Statehood
Day), the Arizona Military Museum participated in the annual Museums on the

Letter to Membership continued.
Courier page 3
the Mall event held on the grounds of the State Capitol. We had two tables with artifacts on display. Harry
and Mary Hensell and I attended. Rick White and Jon Falk helped transport our artifacts to and from the
event. Numerous other museums also participated, and the event always gives your museum great visibility.
The museum received a $1700.00 grant from the Arizona Historical Society which we used to purchase a
fireproof lateral file cabinet. We preserve important documents in it such as the original muster rolls of the 1 st
Arizona Volunteer Infantry. We really appreciate the continued support from AHS. We did not ask for a grant
this year since the museum was still closed. On March 2 and 3, I attended the Arizona Library, Archives, and
Public Records Convocation in Tucson. It was informative about records collections, preservation, and conservation.
In April, three Board members (George Notarpole, Trudie Cooke, and me) attended the Museums
Association of Arizona (MAA) annual convention in Wickenburg. I spoke about the creation, maintenance,
and operation of the Arizona Military Museum. The convention was very informative about museum governance
and procedures.
Also, in April your Board of Directors was selected for the year. The Officers and Board of Directors are
Col. Joseph Abodeely (USA Ret.)-President; BG Thomas Quarelli (ANG Ret.)-Vice President; LTC Carolyn
Feller (USAR Ret.)-Secretary; Klaus Foerst-Treasurer; and the Directors are Jean McColgin, Anna Kroger,
Dan Mardian, CSM Harry Hensell (Ret.), Mary Hensell, Rick White, Eugene Cox, George Notarpole, Jon
Falk, Robert Lutes, and Trudie Cooke.
MG David Rataczak serves as an ex-officio member of the Board of Directors. He will be retiring this
year, and we wish to thank him for the support he has given us in the past.
While the museum has been closed, Board members installed slat walls in the display cases to facilitate
hanging artifacts from the walls. We have conducted inventories of USPFO weapons and vehicles, and also of
our own weapons and artifacts. Trudie Cooke and Nancy Goodson have been working on the library; and
George, Nancy, Trudie, and I have been working on specific inventories of the items displayed in each display
case.
I attended a MAA workshop on August 18 in Tucson at AHS about the changing population growth in Arizona
and how it will affect museums. Arizona will double its population by 2030 with many more retirees and
Hispanics. There will be a rise of the “creative class” which will be 30% of the population with 50% of the
population’s income.
On Saturday, November 8, we will celebrate Veterans’ Day. We will have artifacts from the museum on
display in the quadrangle and military motor vehicles, provided by the two military motor vehicle clubs in the
Valley. We will also have a book sale. Come and visit with us. We need the morale booster. Of course, admission
is free.
We are looking forward to the Arizona’s centennial celebration in 2012, and we are hoping to be a focal
point of interest because of our portrayal of Arizona’s military history. We are applying for the Arizona Centennial
Commission’s Legacy Project certification. We are pleased and proud to honor Arizona’s veterans,
militia and National Guard members who have served in the past and present. We are extremely pleased to
have guest articles in this Courier from Marshall Trimble, the Official State Historian, Jim Turner, the Historian
from the Arizona Historical Society, and John Langellier, Director, Sharlot Hall Museum.
The Officers and Directors of the Historical Society have kept the museum going, and we would like to
continue to do so. We do it voluntarily to provide the Arizona National Guard and the public one of the best
military museums in the United States. We could not do what we do without your support and the support of
MG Rataczak and his staff. As the state’s centennial is approaching, the museum is gearing up to be the showcase
for the Arizona National Guard. We hope you’ll help.
Joseph E. Abodeely
Colonel (USA Ret)
President, AZNG Historical Society

Courier page 4
Geronimo’s Last Campaign
By Marshall Trimble, Official Arizona State Historian
There were stretches of country picturesque
to look upon and capable of cultivation, especially
with irrigation; and other expanses not
a bit more fertile than so manmade brickyards,
where all was desolation, the home of
the cactus and the coyote. Arizona was in
those days separated from “God’s country”
by a space of more than fifteen hundred
miles, without a railroad, and the officer or
soldier who once got out there rarely returned
for years. (p. 3)
….During this campaign we were often
obliged to leave the warm valleys in the
morning and climb to the higher altitudes and
go into bivouac upon summits where the
snow was hip deep, as on the Matitzal (sic.),
the Mogollon plateau, and the Sierra Ancha.
To add to the discomfort, the pine was so
thoroughly soaked through with snow and
rain it would not burn, and unless cedar could
be found, the command was in bad luck. (p.
185)
Captain John G. Bourke, On the Border
with Crook, 1971
In the years following the Civil War, the Frontier Army was
charged with the thankless task of keeping the peace in the
West. That meant not only protecting the whites from the Indians
but protecting the Indians from the Whites. Playing peacemaker,
the Army was caught between a rock and a hard place.
There were some 2,600 soldiers to police about 200,000 Indians.
Many times the natives were better armed than the soldiers.
The Army was also caught in the middle between eastern
politicians and activists who believed the Army was too harsh
in its treatment of Indians and the westerners who insisted the
Army mollycoddled the natives.
Deaths resulting from such diseases as cholera and yellow
fever killed far more than those resulting from fighting Indians.
Between the years 1860 and 1886, 1,993 soldiers were killed or
wounded in the Indian Wars. In 1886, 1,217 soldiers died from
cholera alone.
Harsh living conditions, fatigue, poor pay, poor rations, and
little appreciation from his fellow countrymen were the grim
prospects the soldiers faced. They were often sent into battle
with obsolete weapons and equipment as well as under strength
in numbers. Desertion, alcoholism and suicide rates were high
on the isolated military posts. Loneliness and boredom was the
soldier’s constant companion. Typical meals on the posts consisted
of such culinary delights as beef hash, dry bread, and
coffee for breakfast. Evening meals were just simply bread and
coffee.
Punishment was harsh especially for acts such as drunkenness
and desertion. Yet these men became good soldiers. Under
the professionalism of the corps of officers and noncommissioned
officers, along with the rigid discipline instilled,
Geronimo, circa 1886.
the small Spartan army made up largely of Irish and German
immigrants became veteran, reliable and even efficient. It was
admired and understood by foreign military observers who ventured
west to observe them.
Following General George Crook’s successful 1872-1873
campaign against the Apache in the rugged mountains of central
Arizona, the tribes were located on reservations after agreeing
to the federal government’s promise to provide provisions.
Trouble began almost immediately after the Chiricahua were
relocated to San Carlos in 1876, and thrown in with other
Apache groups who regarded them as enemies. Also, leaders
like Juh, Chatto, Chihuahua, and Victorio were unhappy with
reservation life and continued bolting the reservation, leading
raids in Arizona and Mexico. This initiated the so-called
“renegade” period in the Apache Wars where soldiers would go
in pursuit of those who left the reservation.
Two issues led to the final outbreak. The Apache men had a
custom of biting off the nose of the unfaithful wife, a practice
General Crook had strictly forbidden. They insisted he had no
business interfering with their customs. The other was the
drinking of tiswin, a beer made of fermented corn. Mangus’s
wife was a maker of excellent tiswin and she hated Whites. She
goaded her husband, the son of the legendary chief, Mangas
Colorados, constantly. Chihuahua was one of her best customers.
He liked to drink and complain but wasn’t too interested in
bolting the reservation again. The consummate malcontent
Geronimo took advantage of the situation to stir up trouble.
In May, 1885, a group of Apache decided to test the policy
against tiswin. They got drunk and confronted the officer in
charge, Lieutenant Britton Davis. Davis informed them he was
wiring General Crook for instructions. The wire was sent to a
Captain Francis Pierce; an officer new to the area failed to
grasp the gravity of the situation and determined it wasn’t important
enough to bother the general. Meanwhile, the Apache
grew restless wondering what kind of wrath the general would
bring upon them for their drunken binge and bolted once again
for Mexico.
Thus began the last campaign to end the Apache Wars. In
January, 1886, Captain Emmett Crawford defeated Geronimo

and band in the Sierra Madre. Two months later the Apache
leader met with General Crook at Canon de los Embudos, and
agreed to surrender. Thus began the last campaign to end the
Apache Wars. In January, 1886, Captain Emmett Crawford
defeated Geronimo and band in the Sierra Madre. Two months
later the Apache leader met with General Crook at Canon de los
Embudos, and agreed to surrender. That night bootleggers
came into the Apache camp and sold them booze, at the same
time telling them the soldiers planned to kill them once they
were in Arizona.
Geronimo and warriors bolted once again causing Crook’s
superior in Washington, General Phil Sheridan, also his roommate
at West Point, to suggest he was placing too much trust in
the Apache. Crook asked to be replaced and General Nelson
Miles was sent to relieve him.
Camels in the Southwest Desert?
Photograph and story by Marshall Trimble, Official Arizona
State Historian
Arizona has always been a place where bizarre events were
accepted as normal. But perhaps the strangest of all occurred in
1857 when a caravan of camels looking like something out of
the Arabian Nights trekked across northern Arizona.
At the time, the federal government was planning to survey
a wagon road along the 35 th Parallel from New Mexico to California
and wanted to test the feasibility of using camels as
beasts of burden. The camel experiment was the pet project of
Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, who believed that camels
were the solution for transporting cargo across the arid lands of
the American West.
The man chosen to lead the experiment was a colorful adventurer
named Lieutenant Edward F. “Ned” Beale of the Army
Corps of Topographical Engineers. Beale, a former Navy officer,
had been a hero at the Battle of San Pasquel in California
during the Mexican war when he and Kit Carson sneaked
through the enemy lines to bring a relief force from San Diego
to General Kearny’s Army of the West, under siege by Mexican
forces.
Following the discovery of gold in California in 1848, Beale
took a sack full of gold nuggets and traveled across Mexico
disguised as a Mexican. He eventually reached Washington
D.C. and presented the gold to President James Polk, proving
that rumors of the gold strike in California were indeed true.
Courier page 5
The campaign was nearly over by the time Miles arrived.
He continued Crook’s policy of using Apache scouts, durable
pack trains and relentless pursuit. The Army also rounded up
the Chiricahua on reservations and shipped them to Florida.
That summer five thousand U.S. troops or some 20% of the
U.S. Army were chasing less than two dozen warriors. In August
Lieutenant Charles Gatewood, an officer known and respected
by Geronimo, Tom Horn, along with two Apache
scouts named Martine and Kayitah undertook a dangerous mission
to Geronimo’s camp. They held a parley with Geronimo
and his band. After some haggling, Gatewood dealt the warriors
his ace card. Their relatives had been exiled to Florida and
if they wanted to see them again they would have to surrender.
On September 3, 1886, the wily war chief surrendered and the
Apache Wars were finally over.
Beale’s Camel expedition nearly a decade later was
unique
in the annals of exploration in the American West. The
camel’s amazing ability to travel great distances without
water, and thriving on natural forage along the trail made
them a natural for hauling cargo.
Although Beale championed his illustrious camels, referring
to them as the “noblest brute alive,” his muleskinners
scorned them. They were especially upset when entire
herds of mules stampeded at the mere site of the homely
creatures. The camels propensity to be extremely stubborn
and spit at the muleskinners certainly didn’t endear them to
their American handlers. The problem handling the animals
was solved when camel drivers were imported from the
Middle East. A Syrian named Hadji Ali was the most famous.
His name was quickly Americanized to “Hi Jolly.”
The camels passed a supreme test when Beale was challenged
to pit them against the packers’ mules on a 60-mile endurance
trek. Using six camels against twelve mules, a 2.5 ton
load was divided among the camels, and a like amount was
loaded on two Army wagons, drawn by six mules. The camels
finished the trip in two and a half days while the mules took
four days.
Beale and his camels managed to successfully open the
wagon road along the 35 th Parallel. That road later became the
storied Route 66 and is today Interstate 40. He persisted in
naming the various rivers, passes and mountains after his fellow
officers in the U.S. Navy. The names usually didn’t stick and if
they had, most of the geographical features in western Arizona
would today sound like a battleship’s roster.
Hi Jolly remained in Arizona, got married and became a
prospector. He is memorialized on a pyramid-shaped monument,
topped off with a lone camel, at Quartzsite, Arizona.
This brief, but romantic event in Arizona history came to an
end just before the Civil War began and was overshadowed by
the great events that took place in the East. As for the camels,
they were turned loose to roam the deserts of western Arizona.
One, “Red Ghost,” became the stuff of legends. When pranksters
tied a dead body on his back the animal went insane and
attacked a woman, killing her. Over the next few years the
camel, with a skeleton tied to its back, was seen at various parts
of Arizona, causing havoc when it came around humans and
became the subject of many a campfire story.

Courier page 6
By Trudie Cooke
By Trudie Cooke
Down Range: To
Iraq and Back
speaks to the hearts
of our military men
and women
Down Range: To Iraq and Back, by Bridget C. Cantrell,
Ph.D. and Chuck Dean, Word Smith Publishing, Seattle, WA
98168, 2005, is a small paperback book that offers help to all
the men and women who have served in combat.
This book is a surprise in such a compact form. The message
is timely, and to some veterans of past wars, long overdue.
Down Range is dedicated to bringing the troops home and addresses
the challenges of the re-integration process from combatant
to civilian.
On the back cover is written, “Bridget Cantrell, Ph.D. and
Vietnam veteran, Chuck Dean have joined forces to present this
vital information and resource manual for both returning troops
and their loved ones. Here you will find answers, explanations,
and insights as to why so many combat veterans suffer from
flashbacks, depression, fits of rage, nightmares, anxiety, emotional
numbing, and other troubling aspects of Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD).”
The Springfield 1903 Rifle and
those daring Bushmasters
An interesting comment on the famed Bushmaster’s M1903
rifle used during World War II:
Briefly, the 158th Infantry became the 158th Regiment
Combat Team and separated from the 45th Division of Oklahoma
on Sep 16, 1940. They spent a year in the Panama Canal
Zone where they earned their nickname “Bushmasters.” By Jan
16, 1943, they were at Port Moresby, New Guinea. They remained
in the Philippines for the remainder of the war.
They were equipped with the M1903 Springfield rifle prior
to departure for the Panama Canal Zone. While in the Canal
Zone , they modified their issued M1903 rifle. Lt. Col. William
S. Brophy, USAR, Ret., says in his book The Springfield 1903
Rifles, (1985), “Frequently brave souls in the military perform
unauthorized modifications to standard equipment. However,
the fear of the discipline meted out, and the possible attachment
of pay for the cost of the item, prevented many worthwhile and
inventive ideas from being tried….However, if high authority
blessed the project, it was not uncommon for ideas to be tried
and, in some cases, put to use….A good example of equipment
Some excepts from the book are:
“War forces its participants to go beyond the paradigms of
ordinary life, pushing them beyond what one would think are
humanly possible. When we assertively take the life of another
human being we are catapulted far beyond the range of normal
human behavior. As terrible as killing is, it is still not the worst
outcome of war. Cruelty to the souls of the soldiers who fight
is war’s greatest casualty….
At the end of each battle, and when the war is over, the images
and sounds of combat are still present in the minds and
hearts of those who engaged in it—and these will never go
away….Now comes the full realization that you willingly participated
in something so unnatural to the mind and
spirit” (page 24 and 25).
“We should never again blame the individual soldiers (like
so many did during the Vietnam War) for fighting in a war that
was decided upon by government leaders” (page 25).
This book also provides contact sources for help that include
such places as the Veterans Administration, the Vietnam
Veterans of America, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline,
the National Veterans Foundation, and many other groups that
specifically handle PTSD.
The whole point of this book is to be an educational guide, a
spiritual guide, a source guide—all rolled into one small paperback
book. The warrior and his family are not alone. Help is
out there.
This book may be obtained from the Arizona National
Guard Personnel Readiness Center, Frank Sandell, Transition
Assistance Advisor, Papago Park Military Reservation, 5636 E
McDowell Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85008 at 602-629-4421. It is free
while supplies last.
for a particular use in a specific area is the Bushmaster ’03 rifle.”
(page 82)
“By order of Major General Robert H. Lewis, Commanding
General of the Panama Mobile Force Command in 1942, Model
1903 rifles were shortened six inches for use by the Jungle Security
Platoon [the Bushmasters] while conducting missions in
heavy jungle foliage.” (page 83)
Alterations were done by the Ordnance Shops in the Canal
Zone once permission was granted by the Army Chief of Ordnance.
The altered M1903 was used by the Bushmasters in the
Canal Zone and also in the Philippines.
From The Springfield 1903 Rifle, William S. Brophy, 1985,
page 82.

The 1st Arizona Infantry fights Apaches:
Arizona Indian Wars 1865 to 1866
By Jim Turner, Historian for the Arizona Historical
Society—Tucson, AZ
(Editor’s note: With the Civil War still going on
and Carleton still fighting the Navajos, the U.S. War
Department authorized Governor John Noble Goodwin
of Arizona to raise five companies of Arizona
Volunteers in 1864. Recruitment was delayed for a
year, but by the fall of 1865, more than 350 men had
been issued into service under the command of nine
officers. The overwhelming majority was Mexicans,
many of them from Sonora, or O'odham and Maricopas
from the Gila River villages, who had grown up
fighting Yavapais and Apaches, as had their fathers
and grandfathers. Many never received shoes or
warm clothing. They lived in hovels and marched for
days on beef jerky and parched cornmeal. They carried
.54-caliber (14 mm) rifles with plenty of ammunition,
in addition to bows, arrows, and war clubs.
For the next year, these frontiersmen guarded wagon
trains between Prescott and La Paz and campaigned
relentlessly across central Arizona. The following
excerpt and description of the 1 st Arizona Volunteer
Infantry was presented by Jim Turner, Historian for
the Arizona Historical Society—Tucson—in an article,
“Pima Villages”, the Journal of Arizona History
1998. The article was too lengthy to include in the
Courier, but we highly recommend that the reader
seek out and read the entire article to learn some
important Arizona history.)
Governor John N. Goodwin, 1863—1866, received
permission from the United States Provost
Marshal James B. Fry to “raise within the Territory
of Arizona one regiment of Volunteer Infantry to
serve for three years or the duration of the war.” The
War Department intended that the recruitment of native
Arizonans would supplement the California Volunteers,
who hesitated to go on long scouting missions
against the Apaches because their Civil War
enlistment would soon be up. The Arizona Volunteers
served for one year, and gave Mexicans, Pimas
and Maricopas an opportunity to avenge the losses
they received at the hands of the Apaches while acquiring
much-needed guns from the government.
Courier page 7
Goodwin appointed Thomas Ewing, a teamster
from the Pima Villages, to recruit Maricopa Indians,
and former sergeant John D. Walker to recruit the
Pimas. (This is not the same John Walker who was
previously Indian Agent.) On October 2, 1865, First
Lieutenant William Tompkins of the Third California
Infantry arrived at Maricopa Wells and commissioned
First Lieutenant Ewing, Second Lieutenant
Charles Reidt, who was fluent in the Maricopa language,
and Captain Juan Chevereah, chief of the
Maricopas. He also mustered in 94 Maricopa recruits,
designated as Company B, Arizona Volunteer
Infantry. By May 16, 1866 there were 103 men in the
company. John D. Walker was commissioned as first
lieutenant and William A. Hancock as second lieutenant
of Company C, made up of Pima Indians.
Their chief, Antonio Azul, was made a sergeant and
89 Pimas were recruited to fill out the company. Five
more Pimas were added later at Sacaton.
A unique Arizona character, John D. Walker was
part Wyandotte Indian, born in Nauvoo, Illinois
about 1840. He arrived at the Pima villages as a
wagon master in the California Volunteers, and was
charged with expediting the distribution of the Pimas’
surplus wheat and corn to California Volunteer
posts as far away as the Rio Grande. When his enlistment
was up, Walker married a Pima woman and
settled in the Pima village of Sacaton. Quick to learn,
he compiled the first written grammar of their language
and became a leader in Pima councils. He
studied medicine and was something of a scientist.
Such a background makes the other side of his character
even more unusual. According to historian
James McClintock, "It is said that when they were in
the field you could not tell him from the other Indians.
He dressed like them, with nothing but a breechcloth,
and whooped and yelled like his Indian comrades."
The native Arizonans enlisted just as Apache raiding
reached new heights, and their orders — to destroy
Apache camps, crops and supplies and kill resisters
— coincided with their attitudes toward their
traditional enemies. The Indian soldiers received a
blue blouse, trimmed in red for the Maricopas and
blue for the Pimas, one pair of blue pants, one pair of
shoes and one yard of flannel for a headdress. Most

Courier page 8
of them wore “teguas” — shoes of untanned hide
with broad soles turned up at the toes with a hole to
admit air and remove dirt. Scouts were often carried
out on foot with packs containing a canteen, a blanket,
and some dried beef and pinole, a food made of
one part sugar to two parts roasted ground corn or
wheat mixed with water. The Indians were expected
to provide their own horses, but allowances were
sometimes made for feed. Although these were the
intended provisions, circumstances did not always
afford them and the Indians often endured the cold
without benefit of warm clothes, bedding or shoes.
The Pimas and Maricopas were used to hardship,
however; they were familiar with the country and
knew the Apaches.
The two new volunteer companies left Maricopa
Wells with Colonel Clarence E. Bennett’s California
Volunteers on September 4, 1865 to establish a fort
seven miles north of the confluence of the Verde and
Salt rivers. Both companies helped construct Camp
McDowell to protect farms along the rivers from
Apaches. The Tonto and Pinal Apaches inhabited the
Tonto Basin, bordered by the Mazatzal and Sierra
Ancha Mountains on the east and west and the
Mogollon Rim to the north. These were some of the
last Apache tribes to be subdued, and the Arizona
Volunteers became their first considerable foe. The
Indians at Camp McDowell lived in brush shelters.
Military reports said their morale was high and they
were allowed to return to their villages almost as often
as they pleased. Although Hispanic and Anglo
volunteers suffered various forms of typhoid from
continuous attacks of fever caused by rain and humidity,
not a single individual from Indian companies
B or C was reported sick on post returns.
The Indian volunteers began their first foray on
September 8, 1865, led by Lieutenant Reidt. They
traveled northeast for several days into the Tonto Basin.
Maricopa guides took them up the east side of
the Mazatzal Mountains up Tonto Creek, 110 miles
up steep banks, across canyons, and through arroyos
thick with underbrush. “It was a trying, sorry march,
and the animals and men suffered from the cactus.”
When one Pima was accidentally shot in the hand, all
but fifteen returned to camp with him. The volunteers
eventually surprised an Apache ranchería just
east of Payson. One Apache was killed, several were
wounded and their crops and houses were burned.
The Indian volunteers proved their valor in battle
after battle. On October 15, 1865, Cuchavenashak,
a Company B Maricopa charged an Apache. The
Apache's first arrow went through his horse's ear, the
second hit the Maricopa's belt plate and the third hit
him in the forehead and glanced off, causing a flesh
wound. Cuchavenashak leaped off his horse,
clinched the Apache to him and killed him. This
alarmed a ranchería of about 20 families of Apaches
nearby. A volley of 100 shots were fired into the
Apaches as they retreated.
The Arizona Volunteers were an experiment in
cultural coexistence. For the good of the mission, the
Indians were allowed to practice their traditional war
customs without interference from white soldiers. On
March 6, 1866, Lt. Ewing took a party near the Polos
Blancos [sic] Mountains, on Rattlesnake Creek “The
night being quite dark, it was decded to await the rising
of the moon. During the wait, the Indian soldiers
consulted a prophet or tobacco mancer. A circle was
formed around the prophet who began to smoke
"cigarettes." As soon as one was consumed another
was furnished him by an attendant. After some time,
he began to tremble and fell "dead" (stupefied). He
lay there for several minutes, during which time not
a sound was heard from command. When he arose,
he said that his spirit had followed the trail, that the
command was on, towards the "Massasahl" and there
under the peak it saw two large rancherías with a
great many warriors. His spirit then followed the trail
north, where it found a ranchería that had been abandoned
because of the death of one of the occupants.”
When he finished, the Indians slept. When the moon
had risen high in the sky, Walker and Ewing led their
men up the mountain in search of the ranchería.

Halfway up the mountain they found an abandoned
ranchería and later a large camp of Apaches, just as
the tobacco mancer predicted.
On March 27, Lieutenant Walker led the largest
expedition of Arizona Volunteers on record; an estimated
260 Papagos and Pimas and 40 Maricopas
from Company B left the Pima villages. Those from
Company B left the Pima villages. Those without
rifles or muskets fashioned war clubs while they established
a temporary supply depot on Tonto Creek.
In a fight four days later, 25 Apaches were killed and
16 taken prisoner. Three Pimas were wounded, one
of whom eventually died. Because they were in
Apache country, the Pima warrior’s body was burned
along with the mourners’ clothes instead of his own
belongings as was the custom in the villages. Although
most warriors left the Pima villages well clad,
many returned naked. This is also probably the expedition
where the miners were shocked by the smashing
of heads. Conner relates that the Pimas would lift
a heavy stone above their heads and drop it on a dead
or wounded Apache, crushing the skull of their enemy.
Sometimes they placed the head of the victim
on a flat rock to suitably cave in his face, perhaps so
it would not be recognized in the next world. The
Apaches, possibly learning it from the Pimas, followed
this custom. Conner said he was more disgusted
that the Whites looked on with approval, musing
that “savage civilized men are the most monstrous
of all monsters.”
In late Aug, 1866, Colonel Charles S. Lovell became
commander of District of Arizona. He did not
appreciate the Pima and Maricopa custom of living
in their villages when not in the field and not being
subject to the post commanders’ orders. General Mason
had promised the Indians that they could do as
they pleased, and the spirit of cooperation had served
all parties admirably. As was often the case with
army/Indian relations, just as the vastly different cultures
began to understand each other, personnel
changed, previous arrangements were nullified and
once again the Indians had to adapt. Official feelings
were not unanimous on the subject of Indian soldiers,
however. In May, while still commander at Fort
McDowell, Colonel Bennett asked the Arizona’s Adjutant
General to extend the volunteer enlistment or
create a regular native regiment. If these options
proved unworkable, he proposed that the volunteers
be allowed to keep their arms when discharged so
they could continue fighting Apaches effectively.
Courier page 9
1907 Portrait of Antonio Azul, last hereditary chief of the
Pima Indians. Died at Sacaton, AZ, October 20, 1910 at
the age of about 76. He was a 2nd Lieutenant, 1st Arizona
Infantry, Company C, National Guard of Arizona
during the 1866 Indian Wars. Photograph courtesy of the
Pima-Maricopa Indian Community.
At Fort McDowell on September 11, 1866, because
of the legalities of retaining them, Maricopa
Company B was discharged from service by First
Lieutenant Ewing and now Captain Juan Chevereah.
The records indicated that Maricopas McGill, Yose,
Goshe Zep, and Duke were killed in battle. The same
day, Pima Company C was mustered out by Captain
John D. Walker. Hownik Mawkum, Juan Lewis and
Au Papat were Pimas listed as killed in battle. All the
men were allotted $50 pay and allowed to keep their
firearms and equipment. Many volunteers who believed
they would get no pay found that all at once
they had more money than they had ever had at any
time in their lives. In honor of the Arizona Volunteers,
in the fall of 1866 the Third Arizona Territorial
Legislature passed a memorial for their outstanding
service.
The services of Arizona Volunteers were definitely
missed. In November of 1866, General
McDowell let it be known that any Indians enlisting
as scouts would be treated as when they served in the
Volunteers. They would not be required to drill or
fight with army methods and could stay in their villages
when not on patrol. Pimas and Maricopas continued
to work with the military, but the practice
peaked in 1869 as more Apaches became willing to
serve as scouts.

Courier page 10
Buffalo Soldiers served in Arizona during the Indian Wars of 1888
By John Langellier, Director, Shalot Hall Museum, Prescott,
AZ
Last February at the Museums
on the Mall event, I was
talking to John Langellier,
Director, Sharlot Hall Museum,
about the actions of the
Buffalo Soldiers in Arizona. I
told him that some people told
me that they never were in
Arizona during the Indian
Wars era. John, who is an
expert military historian, said
he would send me some information.
Here is what he sent:
The 10th U.S. Cavalry
regiment transferred from the
Department of Texas to the
Department of Arizona in 1886 with the regimental headquarters
at Ft. Whipple under Colonel Benjamin Grierson
and the various companies assigned to forts all over the
territory including Forts Apache and Grant. The 10th participated
in the final Apache campaigns, and the name
“Buffalo Soldiers” first appeared in print for a widespread
audience when Fredrick Remington wrote and illustrated
an article in Arizona in 1888 titled “Scout with the Buffalo
Soldiers.” The 24th Infantry also reported to Arizona
soon aft the arrival of the 10th, and two of their men received
the Medal of Honor for the incident cited below.
Thus, black troops have been stationed continuously in
Arizona since 1886 and continue to play a role in the
armed forces here to this day.
He also sent a story written by Paul L. Allen published
in the Arizona Republic on July 29, 2006:”Lookin' Back:
Safford-area Treasury Ambush Stuff of Legends”:
When you mix an audacious crime with goodly a
amount of loot and a sizable dollop of whodunit, you've
got a ready-made Old West legend.
Such is the Wham payroll robbery of May 11, 1889,
which bears the added distinction of being likely the most
frequently mispronounced incident name in the Southwest.
It is pronounced Wham (like "bomb") and not
Wham (like "Bam!").
Here's what happened:
Army Maj. Joseph W. Wham and an escort of 11 Buffalo
Soldiers from the 24th Infantry and 10th Cavalry were en
route from Fort Grant to Fort Thomas, but northwest of
present-day Safford on the Gila River.
Wham rode in an ambulance that also carried a strongbox
containing $28,345 in gold and silver coins, much of
it still in Treasury Department sacks. An escort wagon
followed the ambulance.
They were forced to stop at Cedar Springs because a
large boulder blocked the roadway
where it passed through a
narrow defile. Men in the escort
set about moving the obstacle,
but were immediately
fired upon from both sides of
the road. Eight were wounded
in the melee.
Their attackers numbered -
depending on whose account is
to be believed - from eight to
20.
Wham, in reporting the incident
to the Secretary of War,
wrote that the "party was am-
“Proud to Serve,” oil painting by Don Stivers, Waterford, VA,
bushed and fired into by a number
of armed brigands, since
estimated by U.S. Marshal (W.K.) Meade at from twelve
to fifteen, but to myself and entire escort, two noncommissioned
officers and nine privates, at fifteen to
twenty."
He indicated a signal shot was followed by a barrage
of gunfire, and a battle lasting more than 30 minutes ensued.
Two soldiers involved, one shot in the abdomen but
continuing to fire until shot again through both arms, and
another who, though wounded, walked and crawled
nearly two miles to Cottonwood Ranch to give the alert,
later were awarded the Medal of Honor.
The rancher who brought some of his cowboys to the
scene of the battle arrived after the attackers had fled with
the loot. They sent a courier to Fort Thomas to alert the
commander, and a surgeon and hospital ambulance were
dispatched to tend the wounded.
Lt. Powhattan H. Clarke and detachments from Troop
K, 10th Cavalry, and Company I, 24th Infantry, went in
pursuit of the attackers.* Eventually eight suspects
(another account indicates nine) were identified and arrested--all
Mormon ranchers and farmers from the Safford
area. The missing money was not found.
At the trial convened Nov. 11, 1889, in Tucson, they
were defended by attorney Marcus Aurelius Smith, a colorful
attorney and perennial congressional delegate Ben
Goodrich, and Frank Hereford. Prosecution attorneys included
U.S. Attorneys Harry Jeffords, William Herring,
Herring's Tucson-based son-in-law Selim M. Franklin.
(Both Hereford and Franklin were members of Tucson's
bachelor enclave known as "the Owls.")
The defense attorneys worked to attribute blame to a
dozen unidentified drifters alleged to have been in the
area at the time of the robbery. It is likely, the jury was

told, that they escaped into Mexico with the purloined
payroll.
Because of the confusion during the battle, neither
Wham nor any of his escort troops were able to identify
any of the defendants in court, and after a marathon 33day
parade of courtroom histrionics, the defendants were
acquitted.
Hearsay of the time indicated all those charged were
on good terms with the acting territorial governor, and
that he exerted political pressure to have them acquitted.
The Wham payroll robbery has become an enduring
legend in the Safford area and beyond, with some insisting
the accused were, indeed, innocent, and others noting
that times were hard in the area in 1889, and that government
money would have provided welcome relief.
Wham died Dec. 21, 1908, in Washington, D.C., and
is buried at Wham Hill Cemetery, Marion County, Ill.
*This is the same Second Lieutenant Powhattan H.
Clarke, Company K and who received the Medal of
Honor for rescuing Corporal Scott while under heavy fire
from Apaches at Pinito Mountains, Sonora, Mex., 3 May
1886. Entered service at: Baltimore, Md. Birth: Alexandria,
La. Date of issue: 12 March 1891. Citation: Rushed
forward to the rescue of a soldier who was severely
wounded and lay, disabled, exposed to the enemy's fire,
and carried him to a place of safety.
According to the June 15, 2007 “An Arizona Buffalo
Soldier,” Arizona Capitol Times article, Lt. Powhatan H.
Clarke referred to the soldiers of the black 10th Cavalry
Regiment under his command by racially derogatory
names. However, at the same time he wrote, “No men
could have been more determined and cooler.” A commander
in the Civil War, he met his end in the most famous
Indian battle in American history. His death at the
Little Bighorn might have prevented him from becoming
the only goat to be elected president of the United Stares.
Pickett, of course, has his name attached to one of the
world's most famous charges.
Much thanks to John for this colorful information
which helps put history in perspective and helps me win
arguments with people who think they know Arizona’s
military history when they don’t. The Director
8 November 2008
9am to 4pm
Come visit us at the Arizona Military
Museum
Displays of military vehicles, artifacts from
the museum, and books for sale.
Bring your children and grand-children to see
the old vehicles and weapons.
Enjoy Veterans Day With Us!
Survival
By Anonymous (worldwide web)
Courier page 11
Some Thoughts about Survival, Firearms, and Protecting
Yourself
This is the law:
The purpose of fighting is to win.
There is no possible victory in defense.
The sword is more important than the shield;
skill is more important than either.
The final weapon is the brain.
All else is supplemental.
These are the rules:
1. Don't pick a fight with an old man. If he is too old to
fight, he will just kill you.
2. If you find yourself in a fair fight, your tactics suck.
3. I carry a gun 'cause a cop is too heavy.
4. America is not at war. The U.S. Military is at war.
America is at the Mall.
5. When seconds count, the cops are just minutes away.
(Yep, shoot first, then call 911)
6. A reporter did a human interest piece on the Texas
Rangers. The reporter recognized the Colt Model 1911 the
Ranger was carrying and asked him "Why do you carry
a .45?" The Ranger responded with, “Because they don't
make a 46."
7. The old sheriff was attending an awards dinner when a
lady commented on his wearing his sidearm. "Sheriff, I
see you have your pistol. Are you expecting trouble?"
"No Ma'am", answered the Sheriff. "If I were expecting
trouble, I would have brought my rifle." (Winchester
Model 94, 30-30 Cal. and loaded with Winchester Silver
Tips, no doubt.)
8. Beware the man who only has one gun.... HE PROBA-
BLY KNOWS HOW TO USE IT!!!
Some thoughts about being armed:
I was once asked by a lady visiting if I had a gun in the
house. I said "I did." She said, "Well I certainly hope it
isn't loaded!" To which I said, "Of course it is loaded."
She then asked, "Are you that afraid of someone evil coming
into your house?" My reply was, "No, not at all. I am
not afraid of the house catching fire either, but I have fire
extinguishers around, and THEY ARE ALL LOADED,
TOO."

Courier page 12
Editorial:
America’s Global War on Terrorism:
Success or Failure
By Joseph Abodeely, Director
For several years, America has been engaged in what
has been called the “Global War On Terrorism” (GWOT).
The cost in lives and treasure has been tremendous, and
other tangential costs to America in loss of international
prestige, the devaluation of the dollar, the decline of the
economy, the diversion of attention to preserving the U.S.
infrastructure, and the over taxing of American armed
forces and related resources—all have a negative impact
on U.S. national security. Since September 11, 2001,
more than 4,600 Arizona National Guard soldiers and
airmen have been ordered to federal active duty in support
of Operation Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi
Freedom. It is essential that the American public and
those whose duty it is to combat “terrorism” truly understand
what it is.
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization
providing objective analysis and effective solutions
that address the challenges facing the public and private
sectors around the world. RAND's publications do not
necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and
sponsors. Recently, the RAND Corporation presented a
monograph relating to a study of how terrorist organizations
reached their demise. This research in the public
interest was supported by RAND, using discretionary
funds made possible by the generosity of RAND's donors,
the fees earned on client-funded research, and independent
research and development (IR&D) funds provided by
the Department of Defense. All RAND monographs undergo
rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for
research quality and objectivity.
For those who believed that the so-called GWOT was
ill-conceived and ill-implemented—not because of pacifistic
tendencies or political motives—but from a clearer
understanding of the nature of the threat of “terrorism”
than the political slogans which persuaded the majority of
the American public to believe, the RAND monograph
entitled, How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering
al Qa'ida, by Seth G. Jones and Martin C. Libicki,
is vindication. The full monograph can be obtained
online by Googling RAND Corporation, but the salient
points in summary about the monograph follow.
The research showed that all terrorist groups eventually
end. But how do they end? The evidence since 1968
indicates that most groups have ended because (1) they
joined the political process (43 percent) or (2) local police
and intelligence agencies arrested or killed key members
(40 percent). Military force has rarely been the primary
reason for the end of terrorist groups, and few
groups within this time frame have achieved victory.
This has significant implications for dealing with al
Qa'ida and suggests fundamentally rethinking post-9/11
U.S. counterterrorism strategy: Policymakers need to understand
where to prioritize their efforts with limited resources
and attention.
The authors report that religious terrorist groups take
longer to eliminate than other groups and rarely achieve
their objectives. The largest groups achieve their goals
more often and last longer than the smallest ones do. Finally,
groups from upper-income countries are more
likely to be left-wing or nationalist and less likely to have
religion as their motivation. The authors conclude that
policing and intelligence, rather than military force,
should form the backbone of U.S. efforts against al
Qa'ida. And U.S. policymakers should end the use of
the phrase “war on terrorism” since there is no battlefield
solution to defeating al Qa'ida.
America needs to set its priorities and use its military
and law enforcement resources wisely or it will be ineffective
in dealing with either international terrorism or
domestic terrorism. "Terrorism" is defined as "The calculated
use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate
fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or
societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political,
religious, or ideological.” The actions of al Qa'ida
have fit into that definition, but the Islamic world would
argue that the actions of the U.S. in invading and occupying
Iraq would also meet that definition. The point is that
the U.S. policy makers have not displayed a keen understanding
of “terrorism.” Similarly, “domestic terrorism”
must be recognized in order to effectively deal with it.
"Domestic Terrorism" is defined as "Terrorism perpetrated
by the citizens of one country against fellow countrymen.
That includes acts against citizens of a second
country when they are in the host country and not the
principal or intended target.”
The Pentagon in 1992 considered this problem as evidence
by a memorandum circulated by the legal officer
for the U.S. Army Military Police Operations Agency.

CONCLUSION
Since 9/11, U.S. policy on national security has
changed drastically in many ways. America invaded Iraq,
and is still an occupation force. Counterinsurgency or
antiterrorism military operations are being conducted in
Afghanistan. The Homeland Security agency has been
created to provide domestic security in the continental
U.S. Local federal and state law enforcement agencies
have the primary responsibility to deal with local criminal
acts which can include acts of terrorism in the U.S., but
after 9/11 combating terrorism has become a national priority.
Military units, including activated National Guard
units or personnel could be tasked to deal with terrorism
in the U.S. if the President so orders. As the RAND research
shows, policing and intelligence, rather than
military force, should form the backbone of U.S. efforts
against terrorism.
If National Guard personnel were to act in a quasi law
enforcement role to deal with terrorist acts or a broader
terrorist threat in the U.S., hopefully they would be sufficiently
trained to perform their duties consistent with
Constitutional protections afforded the American populace.
Many “professional” police are caught on tape committing
assaults.
The military needs to be used judiciously and only
when necessary to combat “terrorism” or it will become
over-extended as it is now at a time when Russia is invading
former members of the old USSR. Local police and
intelligence agencies should be relied on to arrest or kill
key members of terrorist groups. Lastly, U.S. policymakers
should end the use of the phrase “war on terrorism”
since there is no battlefield solution to defeating al
Qa'ida.
Courier page 13
The above photographs are from the worldwide
web. The upper two photograph show the Los
Angeles riot and a California National Guardsman
on patrol duty during the Los Angeles, California
Riots. The photograph immediately above
shows the Murrah Building in Okalahoma City,
Okalahoma, after the bombing. All dramatically
illustrate domestic terrorism in the United States.
Proper training of National Guard members will prevent
acts of uncontrolled violence. This Los Angeles Times photograph
to the left depicts officers arresting an individual
during the riots.

Courier page 14
Documents Supporting the Editorial:
“Lest We Forget”
In honor of September 11, 2001, we remember
those who lost their lives that day that changed forever
the way Americans look at themselves and the
world.
We also take this time to honor the military men
and women who have lost their lives in the service of
their country since that day, and for all the other wars
and military actions before 9/11.
We take this time to thank all military men and
women who have served in the past, who serve now
and who will serve in the future to keep our great
country free.
Freedom is not free.

From the Report of the Adjutant General of Arizona 1891,
Edwin S. Gill, The Adjutant General
Dated January 1, 1892
To Hon. John N. Irwin,
Governor and Commander-in-Chief:
Sir:
I have the honor to submit the annual report of the Adjutant
General for the year ending December 31, 1891, as follows:
(This report contained 26 pages.)
The National Guard of Arizona now consists of one regiment
of Infantry, composed of nine companies, organized
into three battalions. The annual returns for the year show a
present force of 288 officers and enlisted men. This report
embraces only seven companies and the regimental and two
battalion organizations. Companies A and C having failed to
comply with orders issued, Colonel Brodie directed them to
turn in their arms and equipment. Efforts are now making to
re-organize both companies upon a firm basis, and I hope to
be able to report success in a short time. The remaining companies
are now recruiting and expect to soon have an enrollment
of from 45 to 55 men each..
Previous to March 19, 1891, Arizona had no Military
Code, hence the present organization really dates subsequent
to that time. Seven independent companies were organized
during the summer and fall of 1890, but the lack of State aid
caused the members to lose interest, and from December,
1890, until April, 1891, hardly a drill was had. Another company
known as “H” had been organized at Yuma, in January,
1891, but pending the action of the Legislature nothing was
done towards equipping it.
The Code as adopted provides that “The organized militia
shall consist of ten companies, *** of which the companies
now formed shall form a part. *** Infantry companies may be
organized into battalions of not less than two nor more than
six companies, and such battalions into regiments of not less
than two nor more than three battalions. To each regiment
there shall be one Colonel, one Lieutenant-Colonel, three
Majors, *** who shall be commissioned by the Commander-
In-Chief. *** Each company duly organized under the provisions
of this Code shall receive $30 per month to defray the
expenses of maintaining each company, said amount payable
monthly out of any funds in the Territorial Treasury not otherwise
appropriated. The said monthly installment to be paid
upon the requisition of the commanding officer of such company,
the same being accompanied by vouchers approved by
the Adjutant General.”
General Orders, No. 1, the first ever issued to the National
Guard of Arizona, were promulgated from this office, April
23, directing the then existing companies to be mustered in
under the new Code. This resulted in a virtual reorganization,
the different companies completing their muster
by May 30.
[Further on in the report--]
While the Code adopted was a start towards a military
organization, it is but just
to the guard to say that the
zeal of those in the organization
has more to do with
keeping it alive than aid
derived from the Territory.
Excepting the small sum of
$30 per month allowed
each company, not one
penny is appropriated for
military expenses. No
provisions whatever are
made for the pay or transportation
of troops if called
Courier page 15
Edwin S. Gill, The Adjutant General
of Arizona, 1892.
out, for encampments or inspections, for court-martials, for
headquarters, regimental or battalion office expenses, nor for
necessary official transportation, nor in short for anything.
The utter inconsistency of the law is especially shown in the
Article governing the Adjutant General’s office. It provides
that “The Adjutant General shall also be ex-officio Quartermaster
and Commissary General and Chief of Ordnance; that
he shall furnish commissions, without charge, to all officers,
issue and transmit all order, furnish blanks, muster rolls, certificates
of election, oaths of office, returns and copies of the
military code, and such other supplies as may be authorized
by law.” And yet no money is appropriated for this work and
expense.
The lack of funds has greatly hampered the organization
in its very department. Some blanks have been furnished
from this office, but not what there should have been, as the
Adjutant General is not a Croesus.
[Further on in the report--]
There is now considerable call upon the time of the Adjutant
general, by veterans of the Civil and Mexican wars, who
ask for the assistance of this office in securing copies of lost
discharges, etc., in seeking admission to Soldiers’ Homes and
in other work. While it is not incumbent upon the Adjutant
General to do this work, it would certainly not be humane to
refuse any possible assistance to these aged veterans.
In short the office has now become one of importance, and
should be recognized accordingly. There is no other State in
the Union which pays this officer less than $1,000 per annum,
from that to $10,000, besides providing an office, pay for
clerks, etc. An examination of the work of the office will
show that it is greater than that devolving upon any other Territorial
official excepting the Governor and Secretary.
[The remainder of the report contains reasons why Arizona
needed the National Guard and why the Territorial legislature
needed to fund the troops. This is an interesting document
to read and compare to today’s National Guard needs.
The National Guard of Arizona today faces many of the same
problems with the state legislature that were experienced in
1892; i.e. lack of building funds to repair existing armories.
This document may be found the Arizona Military Museum
Library.]

ARIZONA MILITARY MUSEUM COURIER
(Published by the Arizona National Guard Historical Society, Inc.)
MUSEUM LOCATION AND HOURS
The Arizona Military Museum is located on the northeast corner of 52 nd Street and McDowell Road. Enter at the main entrance
at 5600 East McDowell. The admission is FREE. The museum is open on Saturdays and on Sundays from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm.
Since our officers and directors are volunteers, the museum hours are related to their (volunteers’) availability. Please call the museum
to schedule tours beforehand to insure we’re not closed for holidays or the summer or for some other reason. The Arizona
Military Museum number is 602-267-2676 or you may call (602) 253-2378.
A FEW GOOD MEN AND WOMEN
You can help the Arizona National Guard Historical Society by becoming a member, by making a tax-deductible donation,
soliciting funds, by making the Historical Society a beneficiary in your will, or by donating historical artifacts. We
invite you to serve on the Board if you are interested in Arizona military history and if you are willing to give of your time
and effort to prioritize the museum activities in your already busy schedule. Call us if you are interested in becoming a
board member at (602) 267-2676.
Arizona National Guard Historical Society
Arizona Military Museum
5636 East McDowell Road
Phoenix, Arizona 85008-3495